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PROJECT FINAL REPORT

SOLA5053

01/06/2018

Wind Energy Converters

Dr Merlinde Kay

z5178981 Chairil, Zainal Abidin 20

z5204549 Mohammed, Izzeldeen Ali Abbas 20

z5189302 Yunfan, Meng 20

z5092070 ; z5016845 Ahmed, Muqaibal ; An Liz Hourani 20 ; 20

Chairil, Zainal Abidin 01/06/2018

Mohammed, Izzeldeen Ali Abbas 01/06/2018

Yunfan, Meng 01/06/2018

Ahmed, Muqaibal ; An Liz Hourani 01/06/2018

Golden Prairie Wind FarmFeasibility Study of2018

Chairil Abidin – z5178981Mohammad Izzelden Ali Abbas – z5204549Meng Yunfan - z5189302Ahmed Muqaibal – z5092070An Liz Hourani – z5016845

i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Anemoi Consulting Company has selected Golden Prairie in the province of Saskatchewan,

Canada for a feasibility study of Technical and Economic Performance of a 100 MW Wind

Turbine Generators. The purpose of this document is to present the analyses of wind resource

evaluation, system design, and project’s economic potential. Social and environmental

impacts have also been evaluated.

Golden Prairie’s wind resource is categorised as NREL Class 4 and IEC Class IIIA. These

classifications are based on the power density of 443 W/ m2 at the height of 50 m and mean

speed of 7.8 m/s measured at the hub height of 95 m. Based on resource analysis, V110-2MW

turbine manufactured by Vestas has been selected to harvest location’s wind potential. After

accounting all technical losses, the wind farm which consists of 50 turbines is expected to

achieve 40.48% capacity factor and produce up to 355 GWh of electricity yearly. As Golden

Prairie does not have adequate substation capacity to accommodate the output, a new

substation is also planned as part of this project.

The NPV of $148,327,265.63, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 17.3%, and short payback time

of only six years indicate the excellent economic potential of the project. During its lifetime,

the wind farm will contribute to more than 6 million tonnes CO2 emission saving.

Although the Golden Prairie wind farm falls in a cold climate area with underdeveloped

surroundings, these uncertainties won’t significantly hinder the project deliverables. This

project is not only technically and financially viable, but it’ll be an essential step towards

meeting Saskatchewan’s 2030 renewable energy goal.

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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... i

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ ii

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... iii

............................................................................................................................................. iv

1 – Site Background .............................................................................................................. 1

2 - Wind Resource Analysis .................................................................................................... 2

3 – Turbine selection ............................................................................................................. 7

4 – Wind Farm Layout ........................................................................................................... 9

5 - Grid Connection ............................................................................................................. 10

6 – Power Potential ............................................................................................................. 13

7 – Financial Assessment ..................................................................................................... 14

8 – Environmental Impact Assessment ................................................................................ 18

9 – Social Impact Assessment .............................................................................................. 20

10 – Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 22

References .......................................................................................................................... 23

Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 26

Appendix A – Turbine Data Sheet ................................................................................................ 26

Appendix B – Array Losses Calculation ......................................................................................... 28

Appendix C – Transformer Sizing and Transmission Loss Calculation ............................................ 29

Appendix D – Cable Loss Calculation ............................................................................................ 30

Appendix E – Cable Data Sheet [18] ............................................................................................. 32

Appendix F – Transformer Specification [17] ................................................................................ 35

Appendix G – Economic Calculation ............................................................................................. 36

INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................................... 38

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location of Golden Prairie wind farm [3]. ................................................................ 1

Figure 2 Satellite image of Golden Prairie Wind Farm [3]. ..................................................... 1

Figure 3 Vertical wind shear profile generated by Windographer [6]. ................................... 2

iii

Figure 4 Weibull PDF at hub height of 95 m. ......................................................................... 3

Figure 5 Average annual wind speed duration based on 10 year of wind data. ..................... 4

Figure 6 Wind speed monthly trend at 95 m hub height. ...................................................... 4

Figure 7 Golden Prairie's temperature changes in different months...................................... 5

Figure 8 Wind rose generated from 10-year data [6]. ............................................................ 5

Figure 9 Wind direction vs. frequency over 10-year period [6]. ............................................. 6

Figure 10 V110's power output vs. wind speed [13]. ............................................................. 8

Figure 11 Turbines layout on the farm land [3]...................................................................... 9

Figure 12 Golden Prairie’s Array loss calculation ................................................................... 9

Figure 13 Existing substation in Maple Creek, Saskatchewan [16]. ...................................... 10

Figure 14 Daelim 2.5 MVA 690/10kV distribution transformer [17]. .................................... 10

Figure 15 Proposed and existing substation location [3]...................................................... 11

Figure 16 One-line diagram for Golden Prairie Wind Farm. ................................................. 12

Figure 17 Net wind farm power potential. .......................................................................... 13

Figure 18 Cost Breakdown of a Typical Onshore Wind Power Farm ..................................... 15

Figure 19 High ecological risk - wind turbine avoidance zone [26] ....................................... 18

Figure 20 V110 Data Sheet .................................................................................................. 26

Figure 21 V110 Turbine Structure ....................................................................................... 27

Figure 22 V110 Turbine Power Curve .................................................................................. 27

Figure 23 Cable Data Sheet ................................................................................................. 32



Figure 26 Transformer specification table ........................................................................... 35

List of Tables Table 1 Wind data summary measured at 10 m .................................................................... 2

Table 2 Wind data statistical analysis at different hub height. ............................................... 3

Table 3 Comparison of all candidate turbines........................................................................ 7

Table 4 Vestas V110’s specification [13] ................................................................................ 7

Table 5 Lists of loss occurred in electrical system. ............................................................... 11

iv

Table 6 Capital cost elements in the project. ....................................................................... 15

Table 7 Annual O&M costs of the project. ........................................................................... 16

Table 8 Interest rate scenario ............................................................................................. 16

Table 9 NPV scenarios for the wind farm operation ............................................................ 17

Table 10 LCOE scenarios for the wind farm operation ......................................................... 17

Table 11 Carbon emission comparison between wind energy and coal power plants ......... 19

Table 12 Ontario's Ministry of Environment noise criteria [28] ........................................... 20

1

1 – Site Background

More than 70% of electricity in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, is currently generated

from coal and natural gas, 21% is from hydropower, and only 5% or 222 MW is harvested

from wind power [1]. However, the government plan to increase the renewable energy

portion to 50% mostly from wind power [2]. To contribute to exploiting the untapped wind

energy resource, Anemoi Consulting proposes to build the wind farm at Golden Prairie Village

in the province of Saskatchewan. The farm site is located at 50°14’50.1” N 109°51’49.2” W.

Figure 1 Location of Golden Prairie wind farm [3].

Golden Prairie’s terrain is open flat land covered with grass and grain vegetation [4]. As seen

in figure 2, the majority of the land area has been cleared for agricultural activities. There are

only few farm houses on the east side of proposed farm site. For wind resource evaluation,

the roughness scale (Z0) and power-law exponent (a) are defined as 0.1 m and 0.2,

respectively [5]. The site can be accessed through road 635 and 728.

Figure 2 Satellite image of Golden Prairie Wind Farm [3].

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2 - Wind Resource Analysis

A 10-year weather data is obtained from Golden Prairie weather station which is located

within 3 km proximity from the farm site. The data consist of wind speed and direction, gust

speed, and temperature at hourly resolution from January 2007 to December 2016.

Considering the uniform terrain and relatively short distance between farm site and weather

location, the data is only translated vertically to the hub height and the horizontal translation

is assumed to be negligible. Table 1 presents the summary of data obtained from the station.

Table 1 Wind data summary measured at 10 m

Height Mean Wind Speed Mean Gust Speed Average Temperature

10 m 5.21 m/s 7.00 m/s 6.5 °C

Figure 3 illustrates vertical wind shear profile generated in Windographer software [6].

According to NREL classification, the site is categorized as wind power class 4 based on the

power density of 443 W/m2 at 50 m [7]. At above hub height of 75 m, the mean wind speed

is larger than 7.5 m/s which makes it classified as low wind (class III) based on the

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard [8]. Since 10-minute resolution data

was not obtainable, the turbulence intensity (Iu) is approximated to be 0.18 based on the

roughness length [5]. Therefore, the wind resource is classified as IEC IIIA class [8].

Figure 3 Vertical wind shear profile generated by Windographer [6].

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The wind data is translated into four different hub heights of the chosen turbine as seen in

table 2. At the height above 80 m, more than 95% of the wind speed is between 3 m/s to 20

m/s which are the cut in and cut out speeds of the turbine, respectively. This shows that the

site has excellent wind resource to produce energy.

Table 2 Wind data statistical analysis at different hub height.

Hub Height (m) 80 95 110 120 Scale Factor – c (m/s) 8.52 8.74 8.92 9.03 Shape Factor – k 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 Mean Wind Speed 7.57 7.76 7.93 8.03 Wind Speed < 3 m/s 4.28% 3.97% 3.73% 3.60% Wind Speed > 20 m/s 0.0002% 0.001% 0.0013% 0.002% Wind Power Density (W/m2) 425 664 707 734

Figure 4 below illustrates the probability density trend of wind speed at the height of 95 m

analysed using Weibull distribution method. The wind speed trend is spread within the

productive range and centred around 3 to 10 m/s. The duration vs. wind speed graph in figure

5 has also shown the same trend.

Figure 4 Weibull PDF at hub height of 95 m.

4

Figure 5 Average annual wind speed duration based on 10 year of wind data.

On a monthly basis, it can be seen from figure 6 that the wind speed is higher during the

winter period of November to April. This indicates more energy production to support higher

energy demand for heating purpose. In contrast, the temperature will drop lower than most

turbines’ temperature rating and affect wind farm productivity. The monthly temperature

change is illustrated in figure 7. During winter (November to April) the temperature could go

as low as -40°C and icing could happen up to 20% of the entire season. The cold climate is

estimated to contribute additional 3.6% loss per month over the winter period [9].

Figure 6 Wind speed monthly trend at 95 m hub height.

5

Figure 7 Golden Prairie's temperature changes in different months.

The wind dominantly blows from the west side as seen in the wind rose in figure 8. However,

if broken down to monthly period, it can be observed that during warmer seasons, the wind

comes from all directions almost evenly as seen in figure 9.

Figure 8 Wind rose generated from 10-year data [6].

6

Figure 9 Wind direction vs. frequency over 10-year period [6].

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3 – Turbine selection

Table 3 below presents four type of turbines that were assessed to match site-specific

characteristics. Out of the proposed turbines, V110 is the most suitable turbine considering

Golden Prairie’s wind resource profile. Moreover, Vestas’ experience erecting 1710 turbines

in Canada [10] will benefit the wind farm’s construction processes and also maintenance

support after commissioning.

Table 3 Comparison of all candidate turbines.

Turbine Wind power

class

Power

rating

Country of

origin

Capacity

factor

Rotor

diameter

E-103 EP2 [11] IEC/EN IIIA 2.35 MW Germany 49% 103 m

GW-109 [12] IEA IIA/IIIA 2.5 MW China 53% 109 m

V110 [13] IEC IIIA 2 MW Denmark 55% 110 m

V112 [14] IEC IA 3.45 MW Denmark 52% 112 m

Vestas V110’s specifications are listed in table 3 below.

Table 4 Vestas V110’s specification [13]

Turbine Data

Turbine Type Vestas 110 - 2 MW Wind Class IIIA Cut-in speed 3 m/s Cut-out speed 20 m/s Minimum Temperature -20 deg C (- 30 deg C) Maximum Temperature 45 deg C Rotor

Diameter 110 m Swept Area 9503 m2 Tower

Hub Height 80/95/125 Type Steel Tube Shape Conical Corrosion Protection Painted

8

Based on wind resource evaluation, the turbines will be erected with 95 m towers. At this

height, more than 95% of the wind speed data is between the cut-in speed of 3 m/s and cut-

out speed of 20 m/s. Using power curve (figure 10), a single wind turbine can produce 9,569

MWh electricity per year with and a gross capacity factor of 55%.

Figure 10 V110's power output vs. wind speed [13].

To overcome with Saskatchewan cold climate, the turbines can be customised with cold

climate package, which could heat the main component of the turbine such as yaw system,

pitch system, gearbox and battery. The cold climate packed extended the turbine’s low-

temperature rating to – 30'(.

9

4 – Wind Farm Layout

The turbines are arranged in a hexagon shape facing to the west toward dominant wind

direction (figure 11). To minimise the wake losses, the crosswind spacing was set to be five-

time of the rotor diameter (475 m), and the downwind spacing was set to be eight-times of

the rotor diameter (760 m).

Figure 11 Turbines layout on the farm land [3].

From figure 12, it can be seen that only eleven turbines could face the wind directly while the

rest of turbines are affected by array loss. Total accumulative array loss for the farm is 7.27%.

Figure 12 Golden Prairie’s Array loss calculation

10

5 - Grid Connection

The nearest substation is located in Maple Creek, 30 km to the South East of the project site.

It’s a step-down substation which reduces high-voltage transmission lines of 72kV to low

voltage lines of 25kV for residential usage. The capacity of the substation is only 15 MW as

it’s just built to serve less than one thousand dwellings [15]. Figure 13 shows the current

substation.

Figure 13 Existing substation in Maple Creek, Saskatchewan [16].

The output voltage of each turbine is 690V. If the turbine is directly connected to the

substation, the current on the line will be high causing a significant loss in the transmission.

Therefore, a small transformer will be used in the individual turbine (figure 14) to increase

the voltage, hence decreasing current and transmission loss. Daelim 2.5 MVA 690/10kV

distribution transformer is selected to be used in this project. This transformer has the

efficiency of 99.2% [17].

Figure 14 Daelim 2.5 MVA 690/10kV distribution transformer [17].

11

Since the rated power generated by the wind farm is 100 MW, which is much larger than the

size of the Maple Creek Substation, a new substation with a capacity of 120 MW/ 72 kV will

be built exclusively to accommodate wind farm output. This new substation will be connected

to the grid via existing substation’s high-voltage transmission lines. The substation will be

located at the north end of the wind farm site.

Figure 15 Proposed and existing substation location [3].

A total underground cable of 137.65 km will be needed to connect all the turbines individually

to the farm’s substation. From here, the electricity will be transferred to Maple Creek

Substation through a double circuit 72kV Selenium Code Cable from Nexans Olex [18]. The

whole electrical system of the wind farm will contribute to estimated generation capacity loss

of 10.66% as listed out in table 5 below.

Table 5 Lists of loss occurred in electrical system.

Type of Loss Loss

Cable loss 7.33%

Transformer loss 0.8%

Transmission loss 2.53%

Total loss 10.66%

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Figure 16 One-line diagram for Golden Prairie Wind Farm.

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6 – Power Potential

Golden Prairie has excellent wind potential for wind power generation. With 2 MW V110

turbines from Vestas, a gross capacity factor of 55% can be achieved. However, several loss

factors must be considered to calculate farm’s net potential which includes:

• Array loss. The uniform wind direction and land availability have significantly

minimized the array losses to be only 7.27% of the power potential.

• Grid loss. The grid loss occurred within the entire electrical connection system

contributes to about 10.66% of power reduction.

• Soiling loss. Based on available literature, soiled blades could reduce a turbine’s

efficiency by approximately 2% [19].

• Availability loss is the downtime incurred due to maintenance or equipment failure.

This contributes to generally 3% of losses [20].

• Cold climate loss. Although preventive measure such as installing Vestas Anti-Icing

system can be taken [21], the extremely low temperature in Canada still affects the

wind farm operation by 3.6% from November to April [9]. As the wind potential is

analyzed on a yearly basis, the average loss of 2% is used in the calculation.

• Other losses such as loss due to sudden wind direction contribute to a small reduction

of 1% [19].

After considering all the losses, Golden Prairie Wind Farm has a net capacity factor of 40%

which could be translated into 355 GigaWatts-hr electricity per year.

Figure 17 Net wind farm power potential.

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7 – Financial Assessment Cost Estimate

The main cost elements during the lifetime of a typical project can be categorised into four

main categories. First, Capital Investment Cost, these costs are associated with the initial

development of the project which includes engineering design, material purchasing,

construction, installation, and commissioning. Second, Operation Cost is the number of

payments required to operate the project which includes labour wages, land lease, and

consumable materials. Third, Maintenance Cost is the required to maintain the facilities in

proper operating conditions and to rectify any damage occurred during the project lifetime.

Lastly, the financial cost is the cost incurred by the project sponsor to finance the capital cost

of the project and revenue tax payments.

Capital Investment Cost

The initial capital investment cost dominates the total project cost. According to International

Renewable Energy Agency (IREA), the wind power capital cost can be broken down into the

following major categories [22].

• Wind Turbine Costs which include blades, towers, and transformers, contributes to 60 -

84% of the total capital cost. Typically, 64% of the budget is allocated for turbine costs.

• Civil work costs which include the construction of foundations, access roads, and site

preparation, is approximately 16% of the total capital investment.

• Grid connection costs which include cabling, substation, and connection to the local

distribution network, takes up to 11% of the budget.

• Approximately 9% of the budget is allocated for other costs which include consultancy,

buildings, and control systems.

15

Figure 18 Cost Breakdown of a Typical Onshore Wind Power Farm

The Golden Prairie Wind Farm will consist of 50 unit of Vestas 110 turbines with the total

power capacity of 100 MW and produce annual electricity 355 GigaWatt-Hour. The cost to

purchase a V110 is approximately 1.9 million USD including transportation cost from

manufacturing warehouse to the farm site in Saskatchewan [23]. Table 6 below lists all capital

cost relative to the value of 50 unit turbines.

Table 6 Capital cost elements in the project.

Category Percent Weight Cost (USD)

Wind Turbines 64% 94,929,450.00

Foundations 16% 23,732,362.50

Grid connection 11% 16,315,999.22

Planning & Miscellaneous 9% 13,349,453.91

Total Capital Cost 100% 148,327,265.63

Operation and Maintenance Cost

Generally, the operation and maintenance cost are estimated to be in the range of 1.5% to

3% of the turbine capital cost. For this project, the budget for O&M is set to be 1.5% in the

first year and will increase by 0.06% to reach 3% at the end of the project life. The annual land

16

lease in Saskatchewan is estimated to be 8.1 thousand USD per kW or 810,000 USD for the

whole project site. Table 20 present annual cost to be spent during the wind farm lifetime.

Table 7 Annual O&M costs of the project.

Category Cost per year

Operation and Maintenance (Average) $ 2,135,912.63

Land Lease $ 810,000

Interest rate and inflation

Interest rates for investment projects in Canada vary between 4% to 15%. To accurately

appraise Golden Prairie wind farm, the financial aspect is analysed using three different

interest rates which represent the best average and worst scenarios. Inflation currently in

Canada is at 2.3% [24].

Table 8 Interest rate scenario

Scenario Interest rate

Best 7%

Average 11%

Worst 15%

Incentive and taxation

The Canadian Federal Government has introduced an accelerated capital cost allowances as

an incentive for the renewable energy investment. The scheme allowed investors to account

for up to 30% depreciation to accelerate capital recovery [25]. Taxes imposed on the

renewable energy sector in Canada is in the range of 5% to 7% of the income.

Electricity Prices

In 2012 SaskPower awarded three Independent power producers (IPP) at a price of (C$

98.02/MW) equivalent to (US $76.84).

17

Economical Evaluation

For the Maple Creek Wind farm project economical evaluation five economic criteria are

considered.

Annual Revenue

The annual revenue is $27,239,780, please see the details in the Appendix G.

Simple Payback Period

The simple payback period is 6 years, please see the details in the Appendix G.

Net Present Value

Table 9 NPV scenarios for the wind farm operation

Category Best Average Worst

NPV $166,255,693.59 $75,853,320.31 $21,939,130.84

Levelized cost of energy

Table 10 LCOE scenarios for the wind farm operation


LCOE 42.15 54.42 68.23

Internal Rate of Return

Internal rate of return is calculated iteratively to equate the net present value to zero. The

internal rate was found to be IRR= 17.3%.

Return on investment

The ROI (return on investment) is 160%, please see the details in the Appendix G.

18

8 – Environmental Impact Assessment

In reference to the provincial and federal legislations, which include Environment Assessment

Act (EAA) and the Environment Management and Protection Act (EMPA,2010), environmental

considerations must be made before developing any proposed wind project.

Flora & Fauna

Figure 19 High ecological risk - wind turbine avoidance zone [26]

The Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment released a map that highlights all the

environmentally sensitive areas that should be considered, with a 5km setback buffer as

avoidance zones. These avoidance zones include national and provincial parks, ecological sites

and reserves, important bird and bat migration areas, as well as national wildlife reserves. In

reference to the map above, it’s indicated that the proposed wind farm doesn’t directly

overlap with any of the protected areas.

There are no threatened flora and fauna habitats within the proposed location, and there will

be minimal impact on the local flora and fauna as most of the land is already cleared.

Avi-Fauna

The suggested wind farm won’t significantly impact the avifauna as it avoids the major birds

and bats migration corridors. As wind turbines also pose a threat to bats, the main bat species

in Saskatchewan were identified as follows [27]:

• Little Brown bat (Myotis lucifugus)

19

• Northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis)

• Long eared bat (Myotis evotis)

• Western small-footed bat (Myotis ciliolabrum)

• Silver haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) Red bat (Lasiurus borealis)

• Hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus)

• Big Brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

None of the habitats are found near the wind farm, as there are few trees to support the bird

and bats habitats. Saskatchewan’s Ministry of Environment does require surveillance of any

bird and bat mortality during the wind farm operation and calls for set mitigation measures

to be considered. The following mitigation measures are considered:

• Widely spaced turbines as to not inhibit bird movement

• Turbine operation altered/shut down during period of high bird/bat concentration

• Using tubular towers to minimize bird nesting and perching

• Buried electrical lines where possible to reduce potential electrocution

CO2 Emissions Offset

Offsetting CO2 emissions is one of the key environmental benefits of a wind farm. It displaces

the use of fossil fuels, which is mainly coal in the Saskatchewan province. CO2 Emission Saving

is presented in table 6 below.

Table 11 Carbon emission comparison between wind energy and coal power plants

Period Electricity Production

Carbon Emission Factor (kg-CO2/MWh)

Emission (Giga Tones CO2)

Wind Coal Wind Coal Annual Production 354,606.88 6.9 856 2.45 303.54

Production for entire lifetime 7,092,137,574.58 6.9 856 48.94 6,070.87

Emission Saving 6,021.93

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9 – Social Impact Assessment

Saskatchewan’s Ministry of Environment has yet to publish noise guidelines or sound level

policies for proposed wind projects. As it does not have many wind farm developments, the

appropriate ministries recommend following a noise assessment guideline published by

another provincial jurisdiction in Canada. Ontario’s guidelines have been considered for the

wind farm’s noise assessment.

Noise

• )*+,-./01-2/3/4/536 = 105.5:;

• ;<=>?+1*.:01-2/@.A/.2-AB@( = 10CDEF/HE

• 10 logD( @L/@( = 105.5:;

• @L = 10D(.MMCDE:;

• @N = @L × (:L/:N)E = 3.48 ×10CTF/HE

• 3N = 10 logD( @N/@( = 45.7:;

Table 12 Ontario's Ministry of Environment noise criteria [28]

Wind speed [m/s] 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Wind Turbine Noise Criteria [dB] 40 40 40 43 45 49 51 53

The turbine noise is calculated to be 45.7dB based on Vestas turbine noise level of 105.5dB

and an assumed minimum distance of 1km away to any dwelling. It exceeds the guidelines

set by Ontario’s Ministry of Environment for a wind farm noise limit of 45dB, however the

nearest dwelling is about 10kms away from the proposed location which makes for minimal

noise impact.

As Saskatchewan has yet to develop detailed noise regulations for the wind projects

developed in the province, some mitigation measures considered can be suggested as set

guidelines. These mitigation strategies include:

• sound barrier construction using high density materials (concrete and metal)

21

• tree plantations to increase interference with the sound waves

• constricting construction time to set times (7AM – 7PM) to minimize disturbance

Visual

As the wind farm will be developed on farmlands, it is designed to match the landscape and

minimise any clutter by hiding ancillary structures where possible. Same size and colour wind

turbines have also been considered to minimise any visual disturbance. To avoid any glint on

the nearby road, the turbine blades will have anti-reflective coating for this purpose. As

neighbouring communities are 10kms away, turbine shadow flicker does not pose an issue.

Electromagnetic Interference

As wind turbines may interfere with electromagnetic signals passing through the area, certain

mitigation measure should be considered if that’s the case. However, as the proposed wind

farm is nowhere near any neighbouring communities, interference is highly unlikely as there

are no major transmission lines passing through the wind site. It should also be noted that

there are no aviation radars to be affected, as the nearest airport is over 30kms away.

Community Acceptance

The Canadian Wind Energy Association commissioned an opinion poll regarding wind energy

in Canada. The survey conducted in Saskatchewan [29] shows 75% of residents supporting

wind energy project developments in the province and think that the government needs to

do more in support of renewables in general. The wind farm development is not only socially

accepted, but it will help create more jobs and boost the economy for the province in general.

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10 – Conclusion

The report details some of the key findings to support a 100MW wind farm development in

Golden Prairie, Saskatchewan Canada, which include the following:

- good and reliable wind resource

- high estimated energy production

- high potential economic revenue

- no major social or environmental concerns

- various social benefits

Although the Golden Prairie wind farm falls in a cold climate area with underdeveloped

surroundings, these uncertainties won’t significantly hinder the project deliverables as it

doesn’t outweigh the pros of the proposed development.

This project is not only technically and financially viable, but it’ll be an important step

towards meeting Saskatchewan’s 2030 renewable energy goal.

23

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[12] Wind-Turbine-Models.com, “Goldwind GW 109/2500,” Goldwin, [Online]. Available: https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/1193-goldwind-gw-109-2500. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[13] Vestas, “V110-2.0 MW® at a glance,” Vestas, [Online]. Available: https://www.vestas.com/en/products/turbines/v110-2_0_mw. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[14] Vestas, “V112-3.45 MW® at a glance,” Vestas, [Online]. Available: https://www.vestas.com/en/products/turbines/v112-3_45_mw. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[15] Statistics Canada, “ Census Profile, 2016 Census Maple Creek [Population centre], Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan [Province],” Statistics Canada, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0502&Geo2=PR&Code2=47&Data=Count&SearchText=Maple%20Creek&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=0502&TABID=1. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[16] Tonyglen14, “SaskPower Maple Creek Substation,” 18 May 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.flickr.com/photos/powerline64/31144309424/in/photostream/. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[17] Alibaba.com, “2.5 MVA 10KV High Reliability Three-phase Full-sealed On-load-tap-changing Distribution Transformer,” Alibaba.com, [Online]. Available: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/2-5-MVA-10KV-High-Reliability_60586410214.html?s=p. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[18] Nexans Olex, “High Voltage Cable Data Sheet,” [Online]. Available: https://www.olex.com.au/eservice/Australia-en_AU/fileLibrary/Download_540225176/Austr%20alasia/files/OLC12641_HighVoltageCat_1.pdf. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[19] The European Wind Energy Association, “The Economic of Wind Energy,” March 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Economics_of_Wind_Energy.pdf. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[20] L. Reid, “Wind Energy Economics,” 10 April 2018. [Online]. Available: https://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/3271301/mod_resource/content/1/Wind%20Energy%20economics%202018.pdf. [Accessed 2018 May 2018].

[21] Vestas, “Vestas Anti Icing System,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.vestas.com/en/campaignsites/coldclimate/home. [Accessed 2- May 2018].

25

[22] International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysus Series,” IRENA, 2012.

[23] Vestas, “Vestas Annual Report 2017,” Vestas, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.vestas.com/~/media/vestas/investor/investor%20pdf/financial%20reports/2017/q4/180207_03_annual_report_2017.pdf. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[24] Trading Economics, “Canada Chartered Banks Prime Lending Rate 1960-2018,” Trading Economics, 20 May 2018. [Online]. Available: https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/bank-lending-rate. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[25] O. Pinto, “Capital Allowance Report,” Canadian Manufactures and Export, 2013.

[26] Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment , “Wildlife Siting Guideline for Sasketchewan Wind Energy Projects,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://publications.gov.sk.ca/documents/66/94283-Wind%20Siting%20Guide%20May%202017.pdf.

[27] The Wildlife Rehabilitation Society if Saskatchewan, “Saskatchewan Bats,” [Online]. Available: https://swf.sk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Saskatchewan-Bats.pdf. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[28] HGC Engineering, “Wind Turbines and Sound: Review and Best Practice Guidelines,” 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.scotianwindfields.ca/sites/default/files/publications/canwea_wind_turbine_sound_study-final.pdf.

[29] SaskWind, “Saskatchewan Public Opinion on Wind energy,” [Online]. Available: https://www.saskwind.ca/sask-public-opinion.

[30] A. Anderson, Burns and McDonnell, “The (Lost) Art of Wind Turbine Technology Selection,” Power Engineering, 03 January 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.power-eng.com/articles/print/volume-117/issue-3/features/the-lost-art-of-wind-turbine-technology-selection.html. [Accessed 20 May 2018].

[31] Saskatchewan Ministry of Environtment, “Wildlife Siting Guideline for Saskatchewan WInd Energy Project,” [Online].

26

Appendix Appendix A – Turbine Data Sheet V110 Turbine Specification [13].

Figure 20 V110 Data Sheet

27

Figure 21 V110 Turbine Structure

Figure 22 V110 Turbine Power Curve

28

Appendix B – Array Losses Calculation Velocity Deposit:

Velocity as percentage of U0:

Pave (MW):

VWXXWY = 92.73\F

]++<B/^^-=-/.=B =92.72\F

100\F= 92.73%

]++<B3122/2 = 1 − `WXXWY = 7.27%

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Appendix C – Transformer Sizing and Transmission Loss Calculation Transformer sizing

• The step-up transformer efficiency is 99.2% (l0.8% loss)

• Power for each wind turbine rating is 2MVA

• Total power for 50 turbines total power 50 x 2MVA = 100MVA

• Considering the future load or generation increase (20%), the total rated power of

the transformer would be: 120% x 100MV A = 120MVA

• Adjusted turbine rating is 2.4 MVA

• The available market size is 2.5MVA, 690/10kV.

• The number of transformers required 50

• The total size of wind farm transformer is 120MV A, 10/72kV

Transmission line loss calculation

• The substation is one step-up transformer (120MVA, 10/72kV).

• The current from the substation to the 72kV transmission line is 962.2 A.

• Using two circuits to transform the current (avoid the still air limitation on the

conductor ampacity during summer) I = 962.2A / 2 = 481.1A

• Selenium (61/3.25) AAAC1120 and 0.0730 Ω/km has been selected.

• L is total distance from new substation to Maple Creek substation (30 km)

• The total power loss:

V = 2 × 3 × a@E × 3 = 2 × 3 × 0.073 × 481.1E × 30>H = 3,041.4>F<AA.

• The transmission line efficiency is 97.46%.

• The total transmission loss is 2.53%.

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Appendix D – Cable Loss Calculation

• Voltage drop on cable is assumed to be 3%.

• The mean output current of one transformer is 250A.

• The wind turbine cable size: 0.196 Ω/km [18]

• The derating factor is 0.72. [18]

• Small transformer rating is 2.5MVA.

• 10 kV Secondary voltage level is defined.

• The current for each turbine has been calculated to be:

@ =2.5\c]

10>c]= 250]Hd/+/

• The Power losses has been calculated to be:

V = 3 × a@E

• The Transmission Line conductor type is Selenium (61/3.25) AAAC1120 with the

resistance of 0.0730 Ω/km [18].

Circuit Calculated

Current (A)

De-rated Current

(A)

Cable Size (per the De-

rated current)

Resistance at 90 °C and 50 Hz (12/km)

Length (km)

Quantity Losses (kW)

C1 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.47 1 33.32 C2 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.47 1 33.32 C3 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.47 1 33.32 C4 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.47 1 33.32 C5 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.47 1 33.32 C6 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.94 1 66.64 C7 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.94 1 66.64 C8 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.94 1 66.64 C9 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.94 1 66.64

C10 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 0.94 1 66.64 C11 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.41 1 99.96 C12 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.41 1 99.96 C13 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.41 1 99.96 C14 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.41 1 99.96 C15 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.41 1 99.96 C16 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.88 1 133.28 C17 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.88 1 133.28 C18 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.88 1 133.28

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C19 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.88 1 133.28 C20 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 1.88 1 133.28 C21 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.35 1 166.59 C22 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.35 1 166.59 C23 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.35 1 166.59 C24 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.35 1 166.59 C25 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.35 1 166.59 C26 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.82 1 199.91 C27 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.82 1 199.91 C28 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.82 1 199.91 C29 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.82 1 199.91 C30 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 2.82 1 199.91 C31 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.29 1 233.23 C32 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.29 1 233.23 C33 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.29 1 233.23 C34 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.29 1 233.23 C35 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.29 1 233.23 C36 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.76 1 266.55 C37 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.76 1 266.55 C38 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.76 1 266.55 C39 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.76 1 266.55 C40 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 3.76 1 266.55 C41 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.23 1 299.87 C42 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.23 1 299.87 C43 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.23 1 299.87 C44 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.23 1 299.87 C45 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.23 1 299.87 C46 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.7 1 333.19 C47 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.7 1 333.19 C48 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.7 1 333.19 C49 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.7 1 333.19 C50 250 347 366A/120mm 0.196 4.7 1 333.19

Total losses (kW) 9,162.69

Total power without losses (kW)= (2.5MVAx50x (pf = 1)) 125,000.00

Total Loss (%) 7.33%

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Appendix E – Cable Data Sheet [18]

Figure 23 Cable Data Sheet

33


34


35

Appendix F – Transformer Specification [17]

Figure 26 Transformer specification table

36

Appendix G – Economic Calculation Annual Revenue

• ]..*<5+/4/.*/ = e5/=A+-=-ABd+1:*=A-1. × V+-=/

• ]..*<5+/4/.*/ = 354500 × 76 = $27,239,780

Simple payback period

The simple payback period is given by

• hV =iWjklWminLl

oppqWmrstspqs=

DuT,vEw,ExM.xv

Ew,Evy,wT(= 5.44 ≈ 6{/<+2

NPV (net present value)

For capital investment, NPV = capital cost = ($148,327,265.63).

For discrete values:

• Vc =|

(D}k)~


Tax ($16,034,080.95) ($10,096,321.36) ($6,739,317.06)

For equal annuity:

• Vc = ] �(D}k)~CD

k(D}k)~Ä


Land Lease ($10,952,002.34) ($7,729,929.49) ($5,821,575.38)

Revenue $368,308,807.62 $259,952,566.34 $195,775,842.87

For growing annuity:

• Vc =|

kCÅ�1 −

(D}Å)~

(D}k)~Ä


O&M ($26,739,765.12) ($17,945,729.55) ($12,948,553.96)

LCOE (Levelized cost of energy)

• 3'Çe =∑ (ÑÖ}Ü&àÖC|âiÖCäÖ}âÖ}rÖ)~ã

Ñå ∑ |Ö~ã

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ROI (Return on investment)

The return on investment is given by:

• Net Profit = Electricity sales – capital – O&M – Lease – Tax

= $680,994,500.00 – $148,327,265.63 – $53,397,815.63 – $20,250,000.00

– $33,931,370.92

= $425,088,047.83

• Cost of Investment = Capital Cost + O&M + Lease + Tax

= $148,327,265.63 – $53,397,815.63 – $20,250,000.00 – $33,931,370.92

= $255,906,452.17

• ROI = (Net Profit / Cost of investment) × 100 = 160 %

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INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION

Section PIC Executive Summary and Report Editing Chairil, Meng YunFan, Ann Liz Site Description Proposed Site Chairil Wind Resource Chairil Climate Chairil Annual Energy Production Chairil Turbine Selection and Layout Turbine Comparison Ahmed Turbine Selection Ahmed Wind Farm Turbine Layout Ahmed Grid Connection Available Grid Capacity Meng YunFan System loss Meng YunFan Provisioning to Existing Substation Meng YunFan Site Construction and Transportation Turbine Transportation Ahmed Turbine Foundation Ahmed Economic Analysis Estimated System Costs Mohammed Project Finance Mohammed Economic Projections Mohammed Environmental Impacts Assessment Flora Liz Fauna Liz Avifauna Liz CO2 Emissions Offset Liz, Chairil Social Impacts Assessment Noise Liz Electromagnetic Interference Liz Visual Liz Community Acceptance Liz Cultural Heritage Liz

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