Physics Curriculum Guide - Roanoke County Public Schools

Curriculum Guide

2012

Roanoke County Public Schools

Physics

0

Science Curriculum Guide

Roanoke County Public Schools does not discriminate with regard to race, color, age, national origin, gender, or handicapping condition in an educational and/or

employment policy or practice. Questions and/or complaints should be addressed to the Deputy Superintendent/Title IX Coordinator at (540) 562-3900 ext.

10121 or the Director of Pupil Personnel Services/504 Coordinator at (540) 562-3900 ext. 10181.

Physics STANDARDS OF LEARNING

Physics

Introduction The Science Standards of Learning for Virginia Public Schools identify academic content for essential components of the science curriculum at

different grade levels. Standards are identified for kindergarten through grade five, for middle school, and for a core set of high school courses —

Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Throughout a student’s science schooling from kindergarten through grade six, content strands, or

topics are included. The Standards of Learning in each strand progress in complexity as they are studied at various grade levels in grades K-6, and

are represented indirectly throughout the high school courses. These strands are

Scientific Investigation, Reasoning, and Logic;

Force, Motion, and Energy;

Matter;

Life Processes;

Living Systems;

Interrelationships in Earth/Space Systems;

Earth Patterns, Cycles, and Change; and

Earth Resources.

Five key components of the science standards that are critical to implementation and necessary for student success in achieving science literacy are

1) Goals; 2) K-12 Safety; 3) Instructional Technology; 4) Investigate and Understand; and 5) Application. It is imperative to science instruction

that the local curriculum consider and address how these components are incorporated in the design of the kindergarten through high school

science program.

Physics Curriculum Guide 2012

1

Goals

The purposes of scientific investigation and discovery are to satisfy humankind’s quest for knowledge and understanding and to preserve and

enhance the quality of the human experience. Therefore, as a result of science instruction, students will be able to achieve the following objectives:

1. Develop and use an experimental design in scientific inquiry.

2. Use the language of science to communicate understanding.

3. Investigate phenomena using technology.

4. Apply scientific concepts, skills, and processes to everyday experiences.

5. Experience the richness and excitement of scientific discovery of the natural world through the collaborative quest for knowledge and

understanding.

6. Make informed decisions regarding contemporary issues, taking into account the following:

public policy and legislation;

economic costs/benefits;

validation from scientific data and the use of scientific reasoning and logic;

respect for living things;

personal responsibility; and

history of scientific discovery.

7. Develop scientific dispositions and habits of mind including:

curiosity;

demand for verification;

respect for logic and rational thinking;

consideration of premises and consequences;

respect for historical contributions;

attention to accuracy and precision; and


2

patience and persistence.

8. Develop an understanding of the interrelationship of science with technology, engineering and mathematics.

9. Explore science-related careers and interests.

K-12 Safety

In implementing the Science Standards of Learning, teachers must be certain that students know how to follow safety guidelines, demonstrate

appropriate laboratory safety techniques, and use equipment safely while working individually and in groups.

Safety must be given the highest priority in implementing the K-12 instructional program for science. Correct and safe techniques, as well as wise

selection of experiments, resources, materials, and field experiences appropriate to age levels, must be carefully considered with regard to the

safety precautions for every instructional activity. Safe science classrooms require thorough planning, careful management, and constant

monitoring of student activities. Class enrollment should not exceed the designed capacity of the room.

Teachers must be knowledgeable of the properties, use, and proper disposal of all chemicals that may be judged as hazardous prior to their use in

an instructional activity. Such information is referenced through Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). The identified precautions involving the

use of goggles, gloves, aprons, and fume hoods must be followed as prescribed.

While no comprehensive list exists to cover all situations, the following should be reviewed to avoid potential safety problems. Appropriate safety

procedures should be used in the following situations:

observing wildlife; handling living and preserved organisms; and coming in contact with natural hazards, such as poison ivy, ticks,

mushrooms, insects, spiders, and snakes;

engaging in field activities in, near, or over bodies of water;

handling glass tubing and other glassware, sharp objects, and labware;

handling natural gas burners, Bunsen burners, and other sources of flame/heat;

working in or with direct sunlight (sunburn and eye damage);

using extreme temperatures and cryogenic materials;

handling hazardous chemicals including toxins, carcinogens, and flammable and explosive materials;

producing acid/base neutralization reactions/dilutions;


3

producing toxic gases;

generating/working with high pressures;

working with biological cultures including their appropriate disposal and recombinant DNA;

handling power equipment/motors;

working with high voltage/exposed wiring; and

working with laser beam, UV, and other radiation.

The use of human body fluids or tissues is generally prohibited for classroom lab activities. Further guidance from the following sources may be

referenced:

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration);

ISEF (International Science and Engineering Fair) rules; and

public health departments’ and school divisions’ protocols.

Instructional Technology

The use of current and emerging technologies is essential to the K-12 science instructional program. Specifically, technology must accomplish the

following:

Assist in improving every student’s functional literacy. This includes improved communication through reading/information retrieval (the

use of telecommunications), writing (word processing), organization and analysis of data (databases, spreadsheets, and graphics

programs), presentation of one’s ideas (presentation software), and resource management (project management software).

Be readily available and regularly used as an integral and ongoing part of the delivery and assessment of instruction.

Include instrumentation oriented toward the instruction and learning of science concepts, skills, and processes. Technology, however,

should not be limited to traditional instruments of science, such as microscopes, labware, and data-collecting apparatus, but should also

include computers, robotics, video-microscopes, graphing calculators, probeware, geospatial technologies, online communication,

software and appropriate hardware, as well as other emerging technologies.

Be reflected in the “instructional strategies” generally developed at the school division level.


4

In most cases, the application of technology in science should remain “transparent” unless it is the actual focus of the instruction. One must expect

students to “do as a scientist does” and not simply hear about science if they are truly expected to explore, explain, and apply scientific concepts,

skills, and processes.

As computer/technology skills are essential components of every student’s education, it is important that teaching these skills is a shared

responsibility of teachers of all disciplines and grade levels.

Investigate and Understand

Many of the standards in the Science Standards of Learning begin with the phrase “Students will investigate and understand.” This phrase was

chosen to communicate the range of rigorous science skills and knowledge levels embedded in each standard. Limiting a standard to one

observable behavior, such as “describe” or “explain,” would have narrowed the interpretation of what was intended to be a rich, highly rigorous,

and inclusive content standard.

“Investigate” refers to scientific methodology and implies systematic use of the following inquiry skills:

observing;

classifying and sequencing;

communicating;

measuring;

predicting;

hypothesizing;

inferring;

defining, controlling, and manipulating variables in experimentation;

designing, constructing, and interpreting models; and

interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating data.


5

“Understand” refers to various levels of knowledge application. In the Science Standards of Learning, these knowledge levels include the ability

to:

recall or recognize important information, key definitions, terminology, and facts;

explain the information in one’s own words, comprehend how the information is related to other key facts, and suggest additional

interpretations of its meaning or importance;

apply the facts and principles to new problems or situations, recognizing what information is required for a particular situation, using the

information to explain new phenomena, and determining when there are exceptions;

analyze the underlying details of important facts and principles, recognizing the key relations and patterns that are not always readily

visible;

arrange and combine important facts, principles, and other information to produce a new idea, plan, procedure, or product; and

make judgments about information in terms of its accuracy, precision, consistency, or effectiveness.

Therefore, the use of “investigate and understand” allows each content standard to become the basis for a broad range of teaching objectives,

which the school division will develop and refine to meet the intent of the Science Standards of Learning.

Application Science provides the key to understanding the natural world. The application of science to relevant topics provides a context for students to build

their knowledge and make connections across content and subject areas. This includes applications of science among technology, engineering,

and mathematics, as well as within other science disciplines. Various strategies can be used to facilitate these applications and to promote a better

understanding of the interrelated nature of these four areas.


ii

Physics The Physics standards emphasize a more complex understanding of experimentation, the analysis of data, and the use of reasoning and logic to evaluate evidence. The use of mathematics, including algebra and trigonometry, is important, but conceptual understanding of physical systems remains a primary concern. Students build on basic physical science principles by exploring in-depth the nature and characteristics of energy and its dynamic interaction with matter. Key areas covered by the standards include force and motion, energy transformations, wave phenomena and the electromagnetic spectrum, electricity, fields, and non-Newtonian physics. The standards stress the practical application of physics in other areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The effects of physics on our world are investigated through the study of critical, contemporary global topics.

The Physics standards continue to focus on student growth in understanding the nature of science. This scientific view defines the idea that explanations of

nature are developed and tested using observation, experimentation, models, evidence, and systematic processes. The nature of science includes the

concepts that scientific explanations are based on logical thinking; are subject to rules of evidence; are consistent with observational, inferential, and

experimental evidence; are open to rational critique; and are subject to refinement and change with the addition of new scientific evidence. The nature of

science includes the concept that science can provide explanations about nature and can predict potential consequences of actions, but cannot be used to

answer all questions.

PH.1 The student will plan and conduct investigations using experimental design and product design processes. Key concepts include

a) the components of a system are defined;

b) instruments are selected and used to extend observations and measurements;

c) information is recorded and presented in an organized format;

d) the limitations of the experimental apparatus and design are recognized;

e) the limitations of measured quantities are recognized through the appropriate use of significant figures or error ranges;

f) models and simulations are used to visualize and explain phenomena, to make predictions from hypotheses, and to interpret data; and

g) appropriate technology, including computers, graphing calculators, and probeware, is used for gathering and analyzing data and

communicating results.

PH.2 The student will investigate and understand how to analyze and interpret data. Key concepts include

a) a description of a physical problem is translated into a mathematical statement in order to find a solution;

b) relationships between physical quantities are determined using the shape of a curve passing through experimentally obtained data;

c) the slope of a linear relationship is calculated and includes appropriate units;

d) interpolated, extrapolated, and analyzed trends are used to make predictions; and

e) situations with vector quantities are analyzed utilizing trigonometric or graphical methods.


iii

PH.3 The student will investigate and demonstrate an understanding of the nature of science, scientific reasoning, and logic. Key concepts include

a) analysis of scientific sources to develop and refine research hypotheses;

b) analysis of how science explains and predicts relationships;

c) evaluation of evidence for scientific theories;

d) examination of how new discoveries result in modification of existing theories or establishment of new paradigms; and

e) construction and defense of a scientific viewpoint.

PH.4 The student will investigate and understand how applications of physics affect the world. Key concepts include

a) examples from the real world; and

b) exploration of the roles and contributions of science and technology.

PH.5 The student will investigate and understand the interrelationships among mass, distance, force, and time through mathematical and

experimental processes. Key concepts include

a) linear motion;

b) uniform circular motion;

c) projectile motion;

d) Newton’s laws of motion;

e) gravitation;

f) planetary motion; and

g) work, power, and energy.

PH.6 The student will investigate and understand that quantities including mass, energy, momentum, and charge are conserved. Key concepts include

a) kinetic and potential energy;

b) elastic and inelastic collisions; and

c) mass/energy equivalence.

PH.7 The student will investigate and understand that energy can be transferred and transformed to provide usable work. Key concepts include

a) transfer and storage of energy among systems including mechanical, thermal, gravitational, electromagnetic, chemical, and nuclear

systems; and

b) efficiency of systems.

PH.8 The student will investigate and understand wave phenomena. Key concepts include

a) wave characteristics;

b) fundamental wave processes; and

c) light and sound in terms of wave models.


iv

PH.9 The student will investigate and understand that different frequencies and wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are phenomena ranging

from radio waves through visible light to gamma radiation. Key concepts include

a) the properties, behaviors, and relative size of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays;

b) wave/particle dual nature of light; and

c) current applications based on the respective wavelengths.

PH.10 The student will investigate and understand how to use the field concept to describe the effects of gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces.

Key concepts include

a) inverse square laws (Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law); and

b) technological applications.

PH.11 The student will investigate and understand how to diagram, construct, and analyze basic electrical circuits and explain the function of various

circuit components. Key concepts include

a) Ohm’s law;

b) series, parallel, and combined circuits;

c) electrical power; and

d) alternating and direct currents.

PH.12 The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws

as those studied in Newtonian physics. Key concepts may include

a) wave/particle duality;

b) wave properties of matter;

c) matter/energy equivalence;

d) quantum mechanics and uncertainty;

e) relativity;

f) nuclear physics;

g) solid state physics;

h) nanotechnology;

i) superconductivity; and

j) radioactivity.


v

PHYSICS CURRICULUM GUIDE FOR

ROANOKE COUNTY SCHOOLS

Pacing Chart

SOL Concept Pacing Text Reference

PH. 1, PH. 2

PH. 3, PH.4

Unit I. Introduction, Measurement, and Methods

Measuring, recording, manipulating and

calculating data

Science as process

2 Weeks Ch. 1 A Physics Toolkit

PH. 5a

Unit IIA. Mechanics: Describing Motion

displacement, distance

speed, velocity

time

acceleration

3 weeks

Ch. 2, 3 Distance, Velocity,

Acceleration, and Time

PH. 5b, PH. 5c

Unit IIB. Mechanics: Non-Linear Motion

projectile motion

circular motion

3 weeks

Ch. 5,6 Motion in Two

Dimensions


vi

PH. 5d

Unit IIC. Mechanics: Force and Motion

Newton’s Laws of Motion

3 weeks Chs. 4,5,6 Force and Motion

PH. 5e, PH. 5f

Unit IID. Mechanics: Centripetal Motion, Gravitation,

and Planetary Motion

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

planetary motion

2 weeks

Ch. 7 Gravitation

PH. 6

Unit IIE. Mechanics: Momentum

1 week Ch. 9 Momentum and its

Conservation

PH. 5g, PH. 6, PH. 7

Unit IIF. Mechanics: Work, Energy, Power

work

work-kinetic energy theorem

conservation of energy

3 weeks Chs. 10,11 Work, Energy, Power,

and Conservation

PH. 10a

Unit IIIA. Electricity and Magnetism: Electrostatics

Coulomb’s Law

electric fields

2 weeks

Chs. 20,21 Electrostatics and

Electric Fields


vii

PH. 11a, PH. 11b

Unit IIIB. Electricity and Magnetism: Circuits

Ohm’s Law

series and parallel circuits

circuit elements

cost of electricity

4 weeks Chs. 22, 23 Current Electricity

and Circuits

PH. 11c, PH. 11d

Unit IIIC. Electricity and Magnetism: Magnetism and

Alternating Current

household electricity

electricity production

2 weeks Chs. 24,25 Magnetism and

Electromagnetic Induction

PH. 8, PH. 9b, PH. 9c

Unit IVA. Waves and Light: Wave Behavior and

Sound

longitudinal waves

transverse waves

mechanical waves

Eeectromagnetic waves

3 weeks Chs. 14,15,16 Wave

Fundamentals and Sound


viii

uses for waves

PH. 9a

Unit IVB. Waves and Light: Reflection, Refraction,

and Interference

mirrors

thin lenses

Snell’s Law

3 weeks

Chs. 16,17,18,19 Optics

PH. 12

Unit V. Modern Physics: The Atom, Nuclear Energy,

and Modern Physics

the nucleus

quantum mechanics

relativity

3 weeks

Chs. 27,28,29,30 Modern Physics


ix

Standard PH.1 PH.1 The student will plan and conduct investigations using experimental design and product design processes. Key concepts include

a) the components of a system are defined;

b) instruments are selected and used to extend observations and measurements;

c) information is recorded and presented in an organized format;

d) the limitations of the experimental apparatus and design are recognized;

e) the limitations of measured quantities are recognized through the appropriate use of significant figures or error ranges;

f) models and simulations are used to visualize and explain phenomena, to make predictions from hypotheses, and to interpret data;

and

g) appropriate technology, including computers, graphing calculators, and probeware, is used for gathering and analyzing data and

communicating results.

Understanding Standard PH.1 Essential Understanding, Knowledge, Processes, and Skills

Activities and Resources

The concepts developed in this standard

include the following:

Appropriate instruments are used to

measure position, time, mass, force,

volume, temperature, motion, fields,

electric current, and potential.

No measurement is complete without a

statement about its uncertainty.

Experimental records, including

experimental diagrams, data, and

procedures, are kept concurrently with

experimentation.

Tables, spreadsheets, and graphs are

used to interpret, organize, and clarify

experimental observations, possible

explanations, and models for phenomena

being observed.

In order to meet this standard, it is expected

that students will

measure and record position, time, mass,

force, volume, temperature, motion,

fields, and electric current and potential,

using appropriate technology.

determine accuracy of measurement by

comparing the experimental averages

and the theoretical value.

determine precision of measurement

using range or standard deviation.

follow safe practices in all laboratory

procedures.

use simulations to model physical

phenomena.

Generally, each unit in Physics will

have different equipment and

measuring techniques. A good

introduction is “Physics Lab 2-1” from

the Textbook lab manual (Physics:

Principles and Problems; Glencoe;

from now on referred to as

“Textbook”)

Measuring and recording using

significant digits is covered in

Textbook, p. 7.

A useful website for measuring with

significant digits is

http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physic

http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/apphynet/Measurement/Significant_Digits.html


x

Accuracy is the difference between the

accepted value and the measured value.

Precision is the spread of repeated

measurements.

Results of calculations or analyses of

data are reported in appropriate numbers

of significant digits.

Data are organized into tables and

graphed when involving dependent and

independent variables.

draw conclusions and provide reasoning

using supporting data.

s/apphynet/Measurement/Significant_

Digits.html

A useful website for practice with

significant digits is http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/

sigfigures.html

A good description of relative error is

http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/m

ath/ALGEBRA/AM3/LError.htm

Precision is covered in Textbook, Ch.

1, Section 1.2.

Safe practices are covered in the

Roanoke County Safety Contract;

safety practices specific to this course

are listed in the Lab Manual, pp. x-xi

many useful examples of physics

models in the form of applets

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/

Vernier’s Logger-Pro and Lab-Pro has

a large series of laboratory activities to

help develop conclusions from data

http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/sigfigures.html

http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/sigfigures.html

http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ALGEBRA/AM3/LError.htm

http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/ALGEBRA/AM3/LError.htm



xi

Standard PH.2

PH.2 The student will investigate and understand how to analyze and interpret data. Key concepts include

a) a description of a physical problem is translated into a mathematical statement in order to find a solution;

b) relationships between physical quantities are determined using the shape of a curve passing through experimentally obtained data;

c) the slope of a linear relationship is calculated and includes appropriate units;

d) interpolated, extrapolated, and analyzed trends are used to make predictions; and

e) situations with vector quantities are analyzed utilizing trigonometric or graphical methods.





Mathematics is a tool used to model and

describe phenomena.

Graphing and dimensional analysis are

used to reveal relationships and other

important features of data.

Predictions are made from trends based

on the data.

The shape of the curve fit to

experimentally obtained data is used to

determine the relationship of the plotted

quantities.

All experimental data do not follow a

linear relationship.

The area under the curve of

experimentally obtained data is used to

determine related physical quantities.

Not all quantities add arithmetically.


that students will

recognize linear and nonlinear

relationships from graphed data.

where appropriate, draw a straight line

through a set of experimental data points

and determine the slope and/or area under

the curve.

use dimensional analysis to verify

appropriate units.

combine vectors into resultants utilizing

trigonometric or graphical methods.

resolve vectors into components utilizing

trigonometric or graphical methods.

There are many websites that can be used to

demonstrate linear and non-linear

relationships. One good example is

http://www.walter-

fendt.de/ph14e/acceleration.htm

Vernier’s Lab-Pro/Logger-Pro experimental

processes are good resources for recognizing

and matching graphed data (Exp. 1 Graph

Matching)

Photogates, meter sticks, and self-propelled

cars can be used to plot displacement-time

data.

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics Lab 3-1” is a

good example of an accelerated motion

activity.

One example of a useful website for

dimensional analysis is

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/acceleration.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/acceleration.htm


xii

Some must be combined using

trigonometry. These quantities are

known as vectors.

Physical phenomena or events can often

be described in mathematical terms (as

an equation or inequality).

http://www.alysion.org/dimensional/fun.htm

Textbook, Chapter 1: “Dimensional Analysis”

(p. 6)

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics Lab 5-1” gives

an activity for verifying the summation of

vector forces.

A good website for visually recognizing the

effect of vector addition is http://www.lon-

capa.org/~mmp/kap3/cd052a.htm

Vector addition using trigonometric/algebraic

techniques is covered in Textbook. Ch.5,

Section 5.1 (p. 119)

A useful website for resolving vectors into

their components is

http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/vector-

addition/vector-addition_en.html

http://www.pa.uky.edu/~phy211/VecArith/

will allow you to visualize vector addition

using a graphical approach

http://www.alysion.org/dimensional/fun.htm

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/kap3/cd052a.htm

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/kap3/cd052a.htm

http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/vector-addition/vector-addition_en.html

http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/vector-addition/vector-addition_en.html

http://www.pa.uky.edu/~phy211/VecArith/


xiii

Standard PH.3

PH.3 The student will investigate and demonstrate an understanding of the nature of science, scientific reasoning, and logic. Key concepts

include

a) analysis of scientific sources to develop and refine research hypotheses;

b) analysis of how science explains and predicts relationships;

c) evaluation of evidence for scientific theories;

d) examination of how new discoveries result in modification of existing theories or establishment of new paradigms; and

e) construction and defense of a scientific viewpoint.

Understanding Standard PH.3 Essential Understanding, Knowledge, Processes, and

Skills




The nature of science refers to the

foundational concepts that govern the

way scientists formulate explanations

about the natural world. The nature of

science includes the following concepts

a) the natural world is

understandable;

b) science is based on evidence -

both observational and

experimental;

c) science is a blend of logic and

innovation;

d) scientific ideas are durable yet

subject to change as new data are

collected;

e) science is a complex social

endeavor; and

f) scientists try to remain objective

In order to meet this standard, it is

expected that students will

identify and explain the interaction

between human nature and the

scientific process.

identify examples of a paradigm

shift (e.g., quantum mechanics).

The history of science is an excellent

introduction to science as a process. Useful

websites would include

http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/index.php

This website offers information on many

scientists, their techniques, and their effect on

science

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics Lab 2-1” is a

good activity for predicting data based on

measuring events.

A useful, though extremely in depth,

introduction to paradigm shifts in science is

found in

http://www.astrosoftware.com/ParadigmShift

.htm

http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/index.php

http://www.astrosoftware.com/ParadigmShift.htm

http://www.astrosoftware.com/ParadigmShift.htm


xiv

and engage in peer review to help

avoid bias.

Experimentation may support a

hypothesis, falsify it, or lead to new

discoveries.

The hypothesis may be modified based

upon data and analysis.

A careful study of prior reported

research is a basis for the formation of a

research hypothesis.

A theory is a comprehensive and

effective explanation, which is well

supported by experimentation and

observation, of a set of phenomena.

Science is a human endeavor relying on

human qualities, such as reasoning,

insight, energy, skill, and creativity as

well as intellectual honesty, tolerance

of ambiguity, skepticism, and openness

to new ideas.


xv

Standard PH.4

PH.4 The student will investigate and understand how applications of physics affect the world. Key concepts include

a) examples from the real world; and

b) exploration of the roles and contributions of science and technology.





Discoveries in physics, both theoretical

and experimental, have resulted in

advancements in communication,

medicine, engineering, transportation,

commerce, exploration, and technology.

Journals, books, the Internet, and other

sources are used in order to identify key

contributors and their contributions to

physics as well as their impact on the

real world.


that students will

be aware of real-world applications of

physics, and the importance of physics

in the advancement of various fields,

such as medicine, engineering,

technology, etc.

Many appropriate journals such as

Popular Science, Scientific American,

and Discover are available to help

keep students up to date on scientific

discoveries and applications.

Online sites such as

http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/scie

nce-websites are useful tools to get

started.

http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/science-websites

http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/science-websites


xvi

Standard PH.5

PH.5 The student will investigate and understand the interrelationships among mass, distance, force, and time through mathematical and

experimental processes. Key concepts include

a) linear motion;

b) uniform circular motion;

c) projectile motion;

d) Newton’s laws of motion;

e) gravitation;

f) planetary motion; and

g) work, power, and energy.





Newton’s three laws of motion are the

basis for understanding the mechanical

universe.

Linear motion graphs include

- displacement (d) vs. time (t)

- velocity (v) vs. time (t)

- acceleration (a) vs. time (t)

Position, displacement, velocity, and

acceleration are vector quantities.

Motion is described in terms of position,

displacement, time, velocity, and

acceleration.

Velocity is the change in displacement

divided by the change in time. A


that students will

qualitatively explain motion in terms of

Newton’s Laws.

solve problems involving force (F),

mass (m), and acceleration (a).

construct and analyze displacement (d)

vs. time (t), velocity (v) vs. time (t), and

acceleration (a) vs. time (t) graphs.

solve problems involving displacement,

velocity, acceleration, and time in one

and two dimensions (only constant

acceleration).

resolve vector diagrams involving

displacement and velocity into their

components along perpendicular axes.

See Textbook Ch. 4. for Newton’s Laws

of Motion, including free body

diagrams.

There are many websites that give

practice word problems in mechanics.

An example would be

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcp

ad/

Vernier Exp.3 “Modern Galileo” and

Exp. 5 “Picket Fence Freefall” are good

examples of plotting displacement,

velocity, and acceleration graphs

Two-dimensional motion (projectile

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/


xvii

straight-line, position-time graph

indicates constant velocity. The slope of

a displacement-time graph is the

velocity.

Forces are interactions that can cause

objects to accelerate. When one object

exerts a force on a second object, the

second exerts a force on the first that is

equal in magnitude but opposite in

direction.

An object with no net force acting on it

is stationary or moves with constant

velocity.

Acceleration is the change in velocity

divided by the change in time. A

straight-line, velocity-time graph

indicates constant acceleration. A

horizontal-line, velocity-time graph

indicates zero acceleration. The slope of

a velocity-time graph is the acceleration.

The acceleration of a body is directly

proportional to the net force on it and

inversely proportional to its mass.

In a uniform vertical gravitational field

with negligible air resistance, horizontal

and vertical components of the motion

of a projectile are independent of one

another with constant horizontal

velocity and constant vertical

acceleration.

An object moving along a circular path

with a constant speed experiences an

acceleration directed toward the center

draw vector diagrams of a projectile’s

motion. Find range, trajectory, height of

the projectile, and time of flight

(uniform gravitational field, no air

resistance).

distinguish between centripetal and

centrifugal force.

solve problems related to free-falling

objects, including 2-D motion.

solve problems using Newton’s Law of

Universal Gravitation.

solve problems involving multiple

forces, using free-body diagrams.

solve problems involving mechanical

work, power, and energy.

describe the forces involved in circular

motion.

motion) is covered in Textbook, Ch. 6,

Sect. 6.1.

See Standard PH. 2 for vector diagrams.

Centripetal force and centrifugal force

are covered in Textbook, Ch. 6, Sect.

6.2.

Vernier Lab 5 “Picket Fence Free Fall”

is a good activity for measuring free

fall.

See Textbook Ch. 7 for universal

gravitation.

See Textbook Ch. 10 for work, energy,

power, and simple machines.

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics Lab 6-

1” is a good example of a centripetal

force activity.

Many websites are available for Physics

Lab Activities. One such introductory

(oriented toward physical science)

example is

http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/Educatio

n/outreach/8thgradesol/home.htm

Another good example is

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/lab/t

eacherg.cfm

http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/Education/outreach/8thgradesol/home.htm

http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/Education/outreach/8thgradesol/home.htm

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/lab/teacherg.cfm

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/lab/teacherg.cfm


xviii

of the circle.

The force that causes an object to move

in a circular path is directed

centripetally, toward the center of the

circle. The object’s inertia is sometimes

falsely characterized as a centrifugal or

outward-directed force.

Weight is the gravitational force acting

on a body.

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

can be used to determine the force

between objects separated by a known

distance, and describes the force that

determines the motion of celestial

objects. The total force on a body can be

represented as a vector sum of

constituent forces.

For a constant force acting on an object,

the impulse by that force is the product

of the force and the time the object

experiences the force. The impulse also

equals the change in momentum of the

object.

Work is the mechanical transfer of

energy to or from a system and is the

product of a force at the point of

application and the parallel component

of the object’s displacement. The net

work on a system equals its change in

velocity.

Forces within a system transform energy

from one form to another with no

change in the system’s total energy.


xix

For a constant force acting on an object,

the work done by that force is the

product of the force and the distance the

object moves in the direction of the

force. The net work performed on an

object equals its change in kinetic

energy.

Power is the rate of doing work.


xx

Standard PH.6

PH.6 The student will investigate and understand that quantities including mass, energy, momentum, and charge are conserved. Key

concepts include

a) kinetic and potential energy;

b) elastic and inelastic collisions; and

c) mass/energy equivalence.





Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

Potential energy is the energy due to an

object’s position or state.

Total energy and momentum are

conserved.

For elastic collisions, total momentum

and total kinetic energy are conserved.

For inelastic collisions, total momentum

is conserved and some kinetic energy is

transformed to other forms of energy.

Electrical charge moves through

electrical circuits and is conserved.

In some systems the conservation of

mass and energy must take into account

the principle of mass/energy

equivalence.


that students will

provide and explain examples of how

energy can be converted from

potential energy to kinetic energy and

the reverse.

provide and explain examples

showing linear momentum is the

product of mass and velocity, and is

conserved in a closed system.

See Textbook Ch.11 for energy and

the conversions/conservation of

energy.

Textbook “Physics Lab

Conservation of Energy” (p.302) is

a good KE-PE

conversion/conservation activity

See Textbook Ch.9 for momentum

and conservation of momentum.

Vernier Lab 19 is useful for an

activity on the conservation of

momentum

A good applet for conservation of

momentum is http://www.walter-

fendt.de/ph14e/collision.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/collision.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/collision.htm


ii

Standard PH.7

PH.7 The student will investigate and understand that energy can be transferred and transformed to provide usable work. Key concepts

include

a) transfer and storage of energy among systems including mechanical, thermal, gravitational, electromagnetic, chemical, and

nuclear systems; and

b) efficiency of systems.





Energy can be transformed from one

form to another.

Efficiency is the ratio of output work to

input work.


that students will

illustrate that energy can be

transformed from one form to another,

using examples from everyday life

and technology.

calculate efficiency by identifying the

useful energy in a process.

qualitatively identify the various

energy transformations in simple

demonstrations.

A swinging pendulum is useful for

demonstrating PE-KE conversions.

An automobile is an excellent

example of multiple energy

conversions, from nuclear energy in

the sun to mechanical energy

between the tires and the pavement.

Efficiency, especially the efficiency

of machines, is in Textbook, Ch. 10,

Sect. 10.2

Many images of energy

transformation are given in

http://www.google.com/search?q=e

nergy+transformations+examples&

hl=en&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tb

o=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=0cXx

T-

_IPKn46wGD58D8BQ&ved=0CF

MQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=593

http://www.google.com/search?q=energy+transformations+examples&hl=en&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=0cXxT-_IPKn46wGD58D8BQ&ved=0CFMQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=593








ii

Standard PH.8

PH.8 The student will investigate and understand wave phenomena. Key concepts include

a) wave characteristics;

b) fundamental wave processes; and

c) light and sound in terms of wave models.

Understanding Standard PH.8 Essential Understanding, Knowledge, Processes, and Skil




Mechanical waves transport energy as a

traveling disturbance in a medium.

In a transverse wave, particles of the

medium oscillate in a direction

perpendicular to the direction the wave

travels.

In a longitudinal wave, particles of the

medium oscillate in a direction parallel

to the direction the wave travels.

Wave velocity equals the product of the

frequency and the wavelength.

For small angles of oscillation, a

pendulum exhibits simple harmonic

motion.

Frequency and period are reciprocals of

each other.

Waves are reflected and transmitted


that students will

identify examples of and differentiate

between transverse and longitudinal

waves, using simulations and/or models.

illustrate period, wavelength, and

amplitude on a graphic representation of

a wave.

solve problems involving frequency,

period, wavelength, and velocity.

distinguish between superimposed

waves that are in-phase and those that

are out-of-phase.

graphically illustrate reflection and

refraction of a wave when it encounters

a change in medium or a boundary.

graphically illustrate constructive and

destructive interference.

See Textbook Ch. 14 for Wave

properties and wave behavior.

A large coiled spring is useful for

demonstrating both transverse and

longitudinal waves (Textbook, p.

375)

Simple harmonic motion and

length dependency of a pendulum

are found in Textbook, “Physics

Lab-Pendulum Vibrations”

(p.392)

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics

Lab 14-1” is a useful reflection

and refraction activity

Vernier Lab 21 “Sound Waves

and Beats” can graphically

demonstrate constructive and

destructive interference between

different pitched tuning forks


iii

when they encounter a change in

medium or a boundary.

The overlapping of two or more waves

results in constructive or destructive

interference.

When source and observer are in

relative motion, a shift in frequency

occurs (Doppler effect).

Sound is a longitudinal mechanical

wave that travels through matter.

Light is a transverse electromagnetic

wave that can travel through matter as

well as a vacuum.

Reflection is the change of direction of

the wave in the original medium.

Refraction is the change of direction of

the wave at the boundary between two

media.

Diffraction is the spreading of a wave

around a barrier or an aperture.

The pitch of a note is determined by the

frequency of the sound wave.

The color of light is determined by the

frequency of the light wave.

As the amplitude of a sound wave

increases, the loudness of the sound

increases.

As the amplitude of a light wave

increases, the intensity of the light

increases.

identify a standing wave, using a string.

The Doppler Effect is found in

Textbook, p. 407

See Textbook Ch. 15 for sound

and sound waves.

Diffraction is demonstrated in

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics

Lab 14-2”

Polarization of light is in Textbook,

p.44

Several applets for wave behavior

can be found at http://www.walter-

fendt.de/ph14e/




iv

Electromagnetic waves can be polarized

by reflection or transmission.

Polarizing filters allow light oriented in

one direction (or component of) to pass

through.


v

Standard PH.9

PH.9 The student will investigate and understand that different frequencies and wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are

phenomena ranging from radio waves through visible light to gamma radiation. Key concepts include

a) the properties, behaviors, and relative size of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma

rays;

b) wave/particle dual nature of light; and

c) current applications based on the respective wavelengths.





Frequency, wavelength, and energy vary

across the entire electromagnetic

spectrum.

The long wavelength, low frequency

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

is used for communication (e.g., radio,

TV, cellular phone).

Medium wavelengths (infrared) are used

for heating and remote control devices.

Visible light comprises a relatively

narrow portion of the electromagnetic

spectrum.

Ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths (shorter

than the visible spectrum) are ionizing

radiation and can cause damage to

humans. UV is responsible for sunburn,

and can be used for sterilization and

fluorescence.

X-rays and gamma rays are the highest


that students will

describe the change in observed

frequency of waves due to the motion

of a source or a receiver (the Doppler

effect).

identify common uses for radio

waves, microwaves, X-rays and

gamma rays.

The Doppler Effect for light (red

shift and blue shift) is in Textbook,

p. 446

Electromagnetic waves and the

electromagnetic spectrum are in

Textbook, Ch. 26, Sect. 26.2

A good website for the

electromagnetic spectrum and its

uses is

http://www.darvill.clara.net/emag/in

dex.htm

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics Lab

19-1” is a good activity for

measuring the wavelength of light

using Young’s Double Slit.

http://www.darvill.clara.net/emag/index.htm

http://www.darvill.clara.net/emag/index.htm


vi

frequency (shortest wavelength) and are

used primarily for medical purposes.

These wavelengths are also ionizing

radiation and can cause damage to

humans.


ii

Standard PH.10

PH.10 The student will investigate and understand how to use the field concept to describe the effects of gravitational, electric, and

magnetic forces. Key concepts include

a) inverse square laws (Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law); and

b) technological applications.


Skills




The electrostatic force (Coulomb’s law)

can be either repulsive or attractive,

depending on the sign of the charges.

The gravitational force (Newton’s Law of

Gravitation) is always an attractive force.

The force found from Newton’s Law of

Gravitation and in Coulomb’s law is

dependent on the inverse square of the

distance between two objects.

The interaction of two particles at a

distance can be described as a two-step

process that occur simultaneously: the

creation of a field by one of the particles

and the interaction of the field with the

second particle.

The force a magnetic field exerts on a

moving electrical charge has a direction

perpendicular to both the velocity and

field directions. Its magnitude is

dependent on the velocity of the charge,



describe the attractive or repulsive

forces between objects relative to

their forces and distance between

them (Coulomb’s law).

describe the attraction of particles

(Newton’s Law of Universal

Gravitation).

describe the effect of a uniform

magnetic field on a moving electrical

charge.

The inverse square law can be

demonstrated using Vernier Lab 32

“Light and Distance”

The inverse square law as it affects

gravitation is in Standard PH.5

Coulomb’s Law is in Textbook, Ch.

20, Sect. 20.2

The effects of magnetic fields on

moving charges is in Textbook, Ch.

24, Sect. 24-2.

A good demonstration of the effect

of the magnetic field on electric

charges is

http://webphysics.davidson.edu/phy

slet_resources/bu_semester2/c12_fo

rce.html

http://webphysics.davidson.edu/physlet_resources/bu_semester2/c12_force.html




iii

the magnitude of the charge, and the

strength of the magnetic field.


ii

Standard PH.11

PH.11 The student will investigate and understand how to diagram, construct, and analyze basic electrical circuits and explain the

function of various circuit components. Key concepts include

a) Ohm’s law;

b) series, parallel, and combined circuits;

c) electrical power; and

d) alternating and direct currents.


Skills




Current is the rate at which charge moves

through a circuit element.

Electric potential difference (voltage) in a

circuit provides the energy that drives the

current.

Elements in a circuit are positioned

relative to other elements either in series

or parallel.

According to Ohm’s law, the resistance

of an element equals the voltage across

the element divided by the current

through the element.

Potential difference (voltage) is the

change in electrical potential energy per

unit charge across that element.

The dissipated power of a circuit element

equals the product of the voltage across

that element and the current through that



recognize a series and a parallel

circuit.

apply Ohm’s law to a series and a

parallel circuit.

assemble simple circuits composed

of batteries and resistors in series and

in parallel.

solve simple circuits using Ohm’s

law.

calculate the dissipated power of a

circuit element.

recognize that DC power is supplied

by batteries and that AC power is

supplied by electrical wall sockets.

See Textbook Ch. 22 for electric

currents, Ohm’s Law, electric

energy and electric power.

See Textbook Ch. 23 for series and

parallel circuits, their construction,

and their analysis.

A good activity for parallel resistors

is in Textbook Lab Manual “Physics

Lab 23-1”.

A good applet for circuits is

http://www.walter-

fendt.de/ph14e/combres.htm

There are many websites for

interactive electric circuits. One

useful example is

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulati

on/circuit-construction-kit-dc

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/combres.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/combres.htm

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc

http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc


iii

element.

In a DC (direct current) circuit, the

current flows in one direction, whereas in

an AC (alternating current) circuit, the

current switches direction several times

per second (60Hz in the U.S.).


ii

Standard PH.12

PH.12 The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by

the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Key concepts may include

a) wave/particle duality;

b) wave properties of matter;

c) matter/energy equivalence;

d) quantum mechanics and uncertainty;

e) relativity;

f) nuclear physics;

g) solid state physics;

h) nanotechnology;

i) superconductivity; and

j) radioactivity.

Understanding Standard PH.12

Essential Understanding, Knowledge, Processes, and Skills




For processes that are important on the

atomic scale, objects exhibit both wave

characteristics (e.g., interference) as

well as particle characteristics (e.g.,

discrete amounts and a fixed definite

number of electrons per atom).

Nuclear physics is the study of the

interaction of the protons and neutrons

in the atom’s nucleus.

The nuclear force binds protons and

neutrons in the nucleus. Fission is the

breakup of heavier nuclei to lighter

nuclei. Fusion is the combination of


that students will

explain that the motion of objects

traveling near or approaching the

speed of light does not follow

Newtonian mechanics but must be

treated within the theory of relativity.

describe the relationship between the

Big Bang theory timeline and particle

physics.

describe the structure of the atomic

nucleus, including quarks.

provide examples of technologies

used to explore the nanoscale.

See Textbook Ch. 27 for an

introduction to quantum theory and

wave-particle duality.

See Textbook Ch. 28 for the nature

of the nuclear atom and quantum

electron energy levels.

See Textbook Ch. 29 for solid state

electronics.

See Textbook Ch. 30 for uses of the

nucleus and nuclear energy.

A good example of radioactive

decay is http://www.lon-

capa.org/~mmp/applist/decay/decay.

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/decay/decay.htm

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/decay/decay.htm


iii

lighter nuclei to heavier nuclei.

Dramatic examples of mass-energy

transformation are the fusion of

hydrogen in the sun, which provides

light and heat for Earth, and the fission

process in nuclear reactors that provide

electricity.

Natural radioactivity is the spontaneous

disintegration of unstable nuclei. Alpha,

beta, and gamma rays are different

emissions associated with radioactive

decay.

The special theory of relativity predicts

that energy and matter can be converted

into each other.

Objects cannot travel faster than the

speed of light.

The atoms and molecules of many

substances in the natural world,

including most metals and minerals,

bind together in regular arrays to form

crystals. The structure of these crystals

is important in determining the

properties of these materials

(appearance, hardness, etc.).

Certain materials at very low

temperatures exhibit the property of zero

resistance called superconductivity.

Electrons in orbitals can be treated as

standing waves in order to model the

atomic spectrum.

Quantum mechanics requires an inverse

htm

An interesting activity using quarks

to build hadrons is http://www.lon-

capa.org/~mmp/applist/q/q.htm

A useful, though somewhat

complicated, version of the

photoelectric effect is

http://www.walter-

fendt.de/ph14e/photoeffect.htm

Textbook Lab Manual “Physics Lab

30-2” is an activity on measuring

half life of a radioactive isotope.

Time dilation is represented in an

applet at http://www.walter-

fendt.de/ph14e/timedilation.htm

Nanometer applications are

widespread on the internet. One

good example is

http://www.nano.gov/

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/q/q.htm

http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/q/q.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/photoeffect.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/photoeffect.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/timedilation.htm

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/timedilation.htm

http://www.nano.gov/


iv

relationship between the measurable

location and the measurable momentum

of a particle. The more accurately one

determines the position of a particle, the

less accurately the momentum can be

known, and vice versa. This is known as

the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Matter behaves differently at nanometer

scale (size and distance) than at

macroscopic scale.

Physics Curriculum Guide - Roanoke County Public Schools

Documents

Transcript of Physics Curriculum Guide - Roanoke County Public Schools