Petrika Lera, Stavros Oikonomidis, Aris Papayiannis, Akis Tsonos, "The Greek Albanian Archaeological...

Centre for Albanian StudiesInstitute of Archaeology

Proceedings of the INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

OF ALBANIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES

65th Anniversary of Albanian Archaeology (21-22 November, Tirana 2013)

Botimet Albanologjike

Tiranë 2014

Copyright © 2014 by Centre for Albanian Studies and Institute of Archaeology.

All rights reserved. No parts of this volume may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the

Albanian Institute of Archaeology.

ISBN: 978-9928-141-28-6

editorial board:

english translation and editing: Nevila Molla

Art design: Gjergji Islami and Ana Pekmezi

Proceedings of the internAtionAl congress of AlbAniAn ArchAeologicAl studies

65th Anniversary of Albanian Archaeology (21-22 November, Tirana 2013)

Professor Luan Përzhita (Director of Institute of Archaeology),

Professor Ilir GjiPali (Head of Department of Prehistory),

Professor Gëzim hoxha

(Department of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages),

Associate Professor Belisa Muka (Head of Department of Antiquity)

contents

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Opening Speech

Obligation to Archaeology is Obligation to our Civilisation

Ardian Marashi, Director of Centre for Albanian Studies

Lindita Nikolla, Minister of Education and Sports

Opening SpeechZef Çuni, Deputy Minister of Culture

Muzafer Korkuti, President of the Academy of Sciences

Sandro De Maria, Professor, University of Bologna, Italy

Jean-Luc Lamboley, Professor, University of Lyon II, France

Jürgen Richter, University of Cologne, Germany

Luan Përzhita, Director of the Institute of Archaeology

Gëzim Hoxha, Scientific Member of the ILIRIA Journal Editorial Board

Greeting Speech

Discorso Inaugurale

Discour Inaugural

Greeting Speech

Archaeological Research in the New Millennium

Iliria Journal – A reflection of Albanian Archaeological Thought

Ilir Gjipali, Head of Department of PrehistoryRecent Archaeological Discoveries in One Publication (1998-2013)

Prehistory

Antiquity

Stone Age investigations in Albania (1998-2013)

The Early Prehistory of Albania: first results of the “German-Albanian Palaeolithic” (GAP) Programme

Les recherches franco-albanaises dans la région de Korçë : nouvelles données sur la chronologie absolue de la préhistoire albanaise

01.

02.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07.

08.

10.

11.

09.

Ilir Gjipali

Jürgen Richter, Ilir Gjipali, Thomas Hauck, Rudenc Ruka, Oliver Vogels and Elvana Metalla

Cécile Oberweiler, Gilles Touchais, Petrika Lera

Rudenc Ruka, Ilir Gjipali, Michael L. Galaty and Novruz Bajramaj

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65

83

93

107

121

141

149

153

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199

Lithics at one end of Circum-Adriatic: case studies from the southermost Albanian coastal lowland

New Light on the Early Neolithic in Albania: the Southern Albania Neolithic Archaeological Project (SANAP) 2006-2013Susan Allen and Ilir Gjipali

Adem Bunguri

Muhamet Bela

Some aspects of the Early Bronze Age in Albania and Kosovo

Setlements and finds of the Iron Age in the region of Drin Rivers Confluence

Recent research on the Archaeological Map of KosovoKemajl Luci

The Greek-Albanian archaeological expedition at Prespa: 2009 – 2013. The most recent resultsPetrika Lera, Stavros Oikonomidis, Aris Papayiannis, Akis Tsonos, Artemios Oikonomou and Angelos Gkotsinas

Apollonia. Bilan des operations 2009-2012Jean-Luc Lamboley, Faik Drini,

L'agorà di Phoinike e le ricerche recenti nella città anticaSandro De Maria, Shpresa Gjongecaj

12.

14.

16.

18.

21.

24.

23.

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15.

13.

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267

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Dimal: new results of the Albanian-German research project

Nouvelles données archéologiques du site d’Orikos. Le projet Albano-Suisse

Belisa Muka and Michael Heinzelmann

Bashkim Lahi

Amphorologie, ein Neues Archäologisches Forschungsgebiet in Albanien: Bilanz und Perspektive

Saimir Shpuza, Jean-Paul Descoeudres

Excavations in the ancient city of Antigonea Dhimitër Çondi

Aspekte der Städtebaulichen Entwicklung Apollonias. Die Deutsch-Albanischen Forschungen 2006-2013 Manuel Fiedler

Restoration of the slope in the theatre of Apollonia (Albania) Gregor Döhner

D’Aphrodite à Artémis. Le sanctuaire de la colline de Daute à Épidamne-Dyrrhachion: recherches 2003-20012Belisa Muka, Arthur Muller, Fatos Tartari, Marion Dufeu-Muller, Shpresa Gjongecaj, Stéphanie Huysecom-Haxhi, Eduard Shehi, Anne Tichit, Ilia Toçi

The formation of Butrint: new insights from excavations in the Roman Forum David Hernandez and Dhimitër Çondi

Bilan de la recherche en épigraphie grecque en Albanie Pierre Cabanes, Faik Drini

Peuples Illyriens, cités grecques, les monnaies et la guerre Olivier Picard

Albana Meta

Vasil Bereti

Altin Skënderaj

La production et la circulation monétaire en Illyrie Méridionale à partir des années 230 av. J.-C. jusqu’au milieu du Ier siècle

Data on two types of transport amphorae discovered in the city of Apollonia

Nouvelles données sur les sols mosaïqués d’Apollonia d’Illyrie

Hadrianopolis e la valle del Drino: sviluppo monumentale ed economico dall’étà ellenistica 25.

27.

29.

30.

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32.

33.

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36.

28.

26.

Roberto Perna, Dhimitër Çondi367

387

399

407

425

439

445

455

469

485

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Three years of Albanian-Polish excavations in Shkodra Piotr Dyczek and Saimir Shpuza

Projet de collaboration topographique et archéologique franco-albanaise de Durrës/Dyrrhachium (Rapport préliminaire – Le S.I.G.)Eduard Shehi, Catherine Abadie-Reynal

Some ideas on the street network organisation at Roman Dyrrhachium Eduard Shehi

Some monumental tombs in the Hellenistic necropolis of ByllisJamarbër Buzo

Bronze vessels found in hoard contextsSabina Veseli

New archaeological evidence from Uskana, KicevoMixhait Pollozhani

Andreas Oettel

lAte Antiquity And middle Ages

Von der illyrischen Festung zum römischen oppidum. Die Transformationsprozesse der illyrischen Stadt Lissos/Lissus

The Roman villa and Early Christian complex at DiaporitWilliam Bowden and Luan Përzhita

Guntram Koch

Gëzim Hoxha

Sarcophagi of Roman Imperial times in Albania.Some general considerations and new finds

Scampis dans l’antiquite tardive: La ville intra et extra-murosElio Hobdari, Ylli Cerova

Die Transformationsprozesse in der Stadt Lissus während der Spätantike

37.

38.

39.

40.

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42.

43.

44.

527

547

561

579

599

613

625

641

Neritan Ceka

Luc Buchet

Elvana Metalla

Oliver Gilkes

Fitni Dalipi

The time and the place of the formation of the Albanians in the Middle Ages

Corpus des mosaïques d’AlbanieMarie-Patricia Raynaud

Epidamnos/Dyrrachium/Dyrrachion/Durrës: Le trasformazioni della città antica e medievale attra verso gli scavi e le ricerche italo-albanesiSara Santoro, Afrim Hoti

L’évolution du peuplement de l’Albanie du Nord entre la fin de l’Antiquité et le début de l’époque ottomane. Les apports de l’anthropologie

Les données céramiques sur le commerce dans la ville de Durrës pendant IXe-XVe s.

Anchiasmos (Onchesmos) in the 5th-7th centuries: city, pilgrimage, centre and port.Kosta Lako, Skënder Muçaj, Skënder Bushi, and Suela Xhyheri

Excavations over the water, 2003-2012

The function of the fortresses of Antiquity in the Lake Ochrid basin

153

the greeK-AlbAniAn ArchAeologicAl

eXPedition At PresPA: 2009-2013.

the most recent results

petrika leRa1, Stavros OIKONOMIdIS2, aris papaYIaNNIS3,

and akis tSONOS4 with appendix by artemios OIKONOMOU5

and angelos GKOtSINaS6

It was the year 2006 when the Institute for the Trans-Balkan Cultural Cooperation (I. T. C. C.) was founded with the purpose of studying archaeological sites all around the Balkans7. In that same year the good friend Prof. Petrika Lera supported our first efforts for creating a group of research at Korçë. Presenting lectures on the theory of Archaeology at the University Fan Noli I.T.C.C. established good relations with the local academic authorities building the necessary prerogatives for further field activity.

In the following years 2007-2009 a new archaeological expedition was organized, composed by Greeks and Albanians, directed by Prof. Petrika Lera and the Adjunct Prof. Stavros Oikonomidis, focusing on the lake district of the two Prespas. The first field researches were archaeological, geological and topographical surveys around the Albanian sector of the Great Prespa, and in the area of the springs of the Little Prespa, collecting data which would be related to the archaeological background of the Tri – National Region between Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) and Greece8 (Fig. 1).

The great challenge was to develop projects of research on this delicate border area which in reality is not dividing but connecting three different countries and their long historical background. It’s true that both archaeological and historiographical bibliography produced about the zone under question is paradoxically attached to the different political points of view of the three countries, some times erecting walls instead of pulling them down. But it’s true also that all of us, the inhabitants of the SW Balkans need now, in this great time of universal cultural and economic crisis, to cooperate, rediscovering our common roots and geography, going beyond the standards which have been dictated by the political “needs” of the last decades.

Introduction

history of the research in the Prespa district

The region of the Great and Little Prespa followed the fate of most of the Albanian archaeological areas, remaining for a long time terra incognita for the international archaeological community. Despite its natural beauty and the strategic position which occupies the “hot” tri-national border between Greece, Albania and

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the survey finds

Fig. 1. Map of the Tri - national zone between Albania, Greece and FYROM and the islet of Maligrad as viewed from the Zvezdes passage.

FYROM did not present any scientific interest to the eyes of the “western” specialists until a couple of decades ago. The only Albanian excavation ever published in the area is the cave and the settlement of Tren, in the springs of the Little Prespa, which produced material from the Neolithic to the Roman period and at the same time a first local prehistoric stratigraphy with clearly described chronological horizons9.

In the wider geographical area of the Prespa Lakes, numerous fortified settlements, such as Trajan10 and Ventrok11 with a coherent succession of phases from at least the Late Bronze Age to the Late Roman period, and tumuli, such as Shuec12 were located by Albanian archaeological surveys during the ’70s and the ’80s, indicating the crucial position of the region as a crossroad between East and West13. The arrival of the “western science” to the Prespa

region was launched by the archaeological projects of the French-Albanian Expedition, co-directed by G. Touchais and P. Lera at Kallamas, in the NE Great Prespa, with important results regarding the Neolitihic period14. Of special importance is the integration of the region in a series of wider multi-disciplinary projects, such as the German-Albanian Project focusing on the production of radiochronological and dendrochronological data15 and the French-Albanian Project on hydrological studies16. Noteworthy is the publication of the wall-paintings and the icon of The Virgin Hodegetria17 from the Byzantine church dedicated to the Birth of Virgin Mary, built within a broad rock shelter of the SW coast of the islet of Maligrad and painted in two different phases of the 14th c.18, a study that added important knowledge on the local Orthodox art-history and placed Maligrad in the international bibliography for the first time19.

In 2009 the first archaeological and topographical survey took place on Maligrad, at the westernmost limit of the Great Prespa Lake, an 800 meters long islet, at about a distance of a mile from the village of Liqenas. The survey20 focused on the collection of an efficient number of pottery samples from the coastline and the top and the mapping of the islet.

Maligrad is one among the two islets of the Great Prespa Lake21. It was chosen as the starting point for the Greek – Albanian Archaeological Expedition because of its geographical position near to the most important land-routes which connect Macedonia with the ancient Illyricum. It is of karstic and tectonic character22 and it has the same date of birth with the lake itself, at about 3.000.000 years ago. Its exceptional position, not far from the coast, and occupying the border – line of two different cultural regions, makes of it unique for our understanding of the long prehistory and history of the wider area (Fig. 2).

In May 2009 the first survey promoted by the I.T.C.C. and the Albanian Institute of Archaeology

Petrika LERA, Stavros OIKONOMIdIS, Aris PAPAyIANNIS and Akis TSONOS

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Fig. 2. Map of Great Prespa and satellite photo of Maligrad.

Fig. 4. Topographical plan of Maligrad.

Fig. 3. Plan of Maligrad, showing the Sectors of the survey and the

excavation.

(Tirana), with the contribution of the University of Korçë, produced at first a topographic map showing the areas which produced archaeological material. By that time the water level of the Great Prespa Lake was at about 8 meters deeper than today, a well-known phenomenon which occurs periodically, something that gave good chances for collecting easily the archaeological data. On the top of Maligrad, at about 28 meters from the water level, two sectors, the A1 and the A2, were investigated at the upper and the lower plateau respectively (Fig 3, 4).

At the NE part of the upper plateau visible were the remains of the two only buildings of the top, which belong to the late medieval period, and they are a Christian hermitage and a church23 (Fig 4).

Two parallel lines of twenty eight cairns were found in Sector A2, crossing the lower plateau and dividing it in two parts. The direction of the cairns was from NE to SW. Each cairn was made by accumulating rough limestone material mixed with what seemed to be fragments of broken architectural elements. The first impression was that the cairns were not tombs but recent accumulations made in order to clean-out the plateau from the poor remains of ruined constructions, which were obstructing cultivation (Fig 4). Not far from this first impression, the cairns after the investigations of 2009, 2010 and 2011 were found to be related to architectural remains and not to findings of funerary character.

Finds from the survey

The survey produced large quantities of pottery and artifacts. Thirty nine groups of finds have been already recognized so far. Twenty nine of these groups come from the top of Maligrad and the remaining ten from the coastline. The top of Maligrad produced limited numbers of pottery, while the other types of finds (plaster, architectural material, stone artifacts, glass fragments etc) were located mostly in the proximity of the ruins, at

ThE GREEK-ALBANIAN ARchAEOLOGIcAL EXPEdITION AT PRESPA: 2009-2013. ThE MOST REcENT RESULTS

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Fig. 5. Burials from the Upper Plateau and from Trench 1.

the NW part of the top. On the Lower plateau, the surface pottery was poor while other types of finds were completely absent. From the coastline of Maligrad, the Southeast and South Sector - that is the area near the church of Virgin Mary- the survey produced 171 kgr of pottery and many stone artifacts (milestones mostly), animal bones and pieces of rusted iron.

The pottery is mostly wheel made, undecorated, made by well-fired, orange-reddish or buff and white clay, in some cases extremely corroded by the water, and with stone inclusions. There are two types of decoration: i) thumb impressions with thick, horizontal or vertical plastic bands, ii) incisions with groups of thick or wide bands.

The diagnostic sherds are divided in handles, rims and bases. The main type of base is the flat or rounded narrow, related to closed vessels, especially jars and pithoi. Most of the rims are wide, extroversal, suited to open mouth vessels (krateroids or basins) with impressed plastic decoration. Also common are the wide, heavy and flat with rectangular section rims of pithoid vases, decorated with incised lines (Fig. 11 A, C, E). Handles are either vertical, strap with impressed decoration of vertical bands, suited to closed vessels or horizontal with circular

section from middle-sized open vessels (Fig. 11 E, F). The surface pottery is dated to the Roman/Late Roman and Early Byzantine period, in some cases to the Post-byzantine period by that time related to the use of the islet as a place of Christian worship24.

Although in limited numbers, the handmade pottery, often decorated with thumb-impressions, made by grayish and buff clay with a lot of stone inclusions and sometimes with a burnt core, is typical of the late phases of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age.

Apart from the pottery, the finds from the 2009 survey are classified in: a) stone artifacts, such as long limestone milestones of semicircular section, which, along with jar and pithoi sherds, provide some stable elements of interpretation about the human activity on Maligrad, such as the food production and the storage. Remarkable are two marble architectural fragments from the Late Byzantine building25 of the upper plateau (Fig. 15 D-F).b) Building material, such as mud – brick and the related plaster fragments. Flat and concave roof tiles have been found mainly around the cairns and in the pits of the lower plateau.


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Fig. 6. Excavation of the Trench 4, Sector A2.

c) Metallic artifacts: i. Fragment of bronze fibula with cylindrical and concave central stem and broad rectangular end. It was found in the rock – shelter at the western edge of Maligrad, ii. A folded lead fishing tool.

the archaeological excavation In October 2010 the first archaeological excavation took place, in both the sectors A1 and A2, focusing most on the second. In the Sector A1 the strong rain of the early days of the excavation brought to light part of the skeletal remains of three individuals (two adults, one infant), at the N corner of the building in the Sector A1, and about only 30 centimeters from the surface. The triple inhumation had to be excavated carefully, protecting the discovery from the natural phenomena and then it was removed26 .

Two trenches were opened, trench 1 and trench 2, at the SE side of the lower plateau. The discovery of more skeletal remains in this area, sharing the same characteristics with the ones accidentally discovered in sector A1, lead to the conjecture that we found an extended cemetery. The skeletons n. 1 and 2 of the tombs 1 and 2 in trench 1 and the skeletons n. 3 and 4 in trench 2

were lying in an extended position, looking to the SE and having the arms crossed on the pelvic area. No offerings or other personal objects were found next to the skeletal remains, with the exception of few stone beads next to the neck of individual n. 3 of the Trench. The individuals were deposited directly on the ground, which was dug, smashing carelessly part of the native limestone, or using the natural holes of the limestone. It was impressive that the heads seemed to have been cut and put next to the bodies, on the left side, when the excavators noticed that parts of the long bones were found fragmented, or badly cut. Until the palaeoanthropological examination would take place these were only first deductions. (Fig. 5) a) In July 2011 two more trenches, trench 3 and 4 were opened next to trench 2, where more skeletal remains emerged, next to a totally different context, that of a building (Wall 1, 2), which in reality gave the deepest stratigraphy on Maligrad, with the deepest level approaching the two meters and half. The architectural sequence and the pottery collected from four different layers indicated a long habitation of the top of the islet, with the later layer belonging to the Early Byzantine period (4th-early 6th centuries CE). Part of the wall, built with semi-worked flat


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Fig. 7. Excavation of Trench 3, Sector A2.

stones, at the S corner of the trench 3 or 4, with indications of a phase of partial reconstruction in the late 4th century CE, produced enough pottery for its dating. The wall was standing over an older wall, dated between the late 1st century BCE and the late 3rd century CE. Fragments of large pithoi gave to the room the character of a storage for food provisions and a number of bones of domestic animals were discovered as well. The deepest level yielded significant pottery of the Middle/Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, indicating a long and continuous chronological sequence (Fig 6). The discovery of the storage documented for the first time the permanent use of the top of Maligrad as a settlement.

Next to this discovery which describes a sedentary life style on Maligrad, more skeletal remains were found (six skeletons in six tombs in trenches 3 and 4), in the same supine position, and with some of the bones in a certain disorder. The female individual n. 9 didn’t have any traces of vandalism. No personal items, or offerings were discovered with the exception of the fragment of a pithos which served as a cushion and was inserted under the head of the woman. The conditions of the bones were excellent and the individual used

to be in a particularly good state of health. The individual was 1.75 meters tall. (Fig. 7).

This was not the case for the nearby individual, which was discovered with part of the lateral skull broken ante mortem and decapitated (tomb 7, trench 3). The trenches 4 and 5 gave more palaeozoological data, recognized as deposits for garbage of the nearby storage. According to the zooarchaeologist the inhabitants of Maligrad had a particularly rich diet, composed by pork, veal, deer, and fish.27

Cairn n. 23 of trench 6, on the NW line of the cairns: after removing the stones and at 20 centimeters from the surface, the entrance to a residence was discovered. Undoubted is the importance of the house, called “Hellenistic” due to the Hellenistic pottery related to it, because the Hellenistic period is rarely documented in the region. A threshold made from fired clay and next to it some of the few almost intact Hellenistic pottery from Maligrad were found, giving a promising excavation in the near future (Fig. 8).


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Fig. 8. Excavation of Trench 6, Sector A2.

the finds of the excavation28

the pottery

The pottery found in the trenches 1 to 6 during the two seasons of digging in 2010 and 2011 consists the most numerous type of finds from Maligrad. The six trenches produced 69 pottery groups with over 4.300 sherds in total and about 1000 diagnostic ones. The distribution of the pottery groups is as follows: 15 groups from trench 1, 16 groups from trench 2, one group from the surface collection of pit 18, 4 groups from Cave 1, next to the coastline, three groups from Building II of Sector A1, of the upper plateau, 12 from trenches 1 - 3, 9 from trench 4, 7 from trench 5, and 1 from the surface cleaning.

The collected pottery is divided in two main categories: the handmade and the wheel made pottery. The majority of the handmade pottery comes from the lower strata of the residential areas, covered later by the tombs and from the intermediate level between the tombs and the bedrock.

the prehistoric handmade pottery (Fig. 9-10)

The handmade prehistoric pottery is collected from the surface cleaning, especially of the southern part of the coastline of the islet and from the systematic excavation in Sector A1 and A2 on the top of the islet. This type of pottery is less in quantity comparing to the pottery groups of later periods. More than 200 diagnostic sherds have been registered so far as special finds and more than 500 common sherds have been classified digitally. In the lower layers the quantity of handmade pottery was denser.

The clay is well – fired, and the colors present a variety from brownish, buff, burnt gray, to reddish. The biscuit have stone inclusions and slightly smoothed surface. Due to the insufficient temperature and probably to the position of the vessels within the ceramic kiln, a big amount of sherds present black or burnt core and brown or reddish surface.


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The preliminary study of the handmade pottery, based on handles, bases, and rims, indicates two main adequately represented types of vessels: i. open krateroid or cooking vessels with rounded and extroverse rims, short concave necks and semi globular or conical lower bodies: ii. storage vessels, mainly pithoids and jars, with wide, angular or flat rim, cylindrical neck, ovoid/globular body and flat, wide base (Fig. 10 C, E, G). The handles, although limited in number (six sherds in total), represent three types: 1. vertical, strap handles (Fig. 9A) 2. Horizontal/cylindrical. 3. Wish-bone, which is a widely expanded type of handles in Southern Albania, and more specifically in the settlement of Maliq29, in the Cave of Nezir30 and in the settlement of Cetush31. The wish–bone type is dated to the last phases of the local Middle Bronze Age and to the Late Bronze Age. The distribution of this type of handle includes also Epirus (Dodona)32, Corfu33, Leukas and Ithaca34, Thermos35 and Chalkis of Aetoloakarnania. The southern area of its expansion is the N. Peloponnese while the northern areas are Thessaly and Macedonia36. The wishbone handle (Fig. 9E, 16C) comes from the layer covering the bedrock of trench 2, found with the same ceramic context of handmade pottery, pithoi and

Fig. 9. Prehistoric handmade pottery from trenches 2, 3, and 4.

Fig. 10. Prehistoric handmade pottery from trenches 2, 3 and 4

cooking vessels, dated to the transitional period between LBA and EIA.

Ten sherds are decorated with thumb and nail impressions, around the neck or along the handles. One sherd slightly preserves its brown color strip of a geometric pattern consisted of two parallel lines and an oblique one between them, around the neck of a closed vase.

The stratigraphic context, the quality of the biscuit, the type of firing and the typology indicate that the dating of the handmade pottery covers a period which includes the Middle Bronze Age (C57), the entire Late Bronze Age and the earlier phase of the local Early Iron Age. The handmade pottery of the transitional phase between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age has numerous parallels in the nearby settlement of Tren (phase Tren II a, b)37. The chemical analysis38 undertaken by Oikonomou on the pottery of this typology confirms its dating in this chronological horizon. Handmade pottery with impressed plastic decoration is widely distributed in Albania, has a long tradition in the SW Balkans and it also presents a long continuity until the Hellenistic period. This type of pottery has been found in numerous sites, like in the tumulus of Prodan, which is dated between the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age39, and in the lacustrian prehistoric settlements of Sovjan and Maliq.40.


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Fig. 11. Wheelmade pottery found during the survey.

Fig. 12. Wheelmade pottery from trenches 1-4.

the wheelmade pottery (Fig. 11-12)

More than 3900 sherds of wheelmade pottery have been so far found, and among them there are approximately 450 diagnostic. The closed pithoids, storage jars and vessels for transportation of provisions, with strong vertical strap handles, wide, rectangular rims, concave necks and ovoid bodies, are the majority. Prevalent are the middle and large pithoi together with the two-handled piriform jars41 (Fig. 12 A-B). There are also

middle bowls, basins and krateroids, drinking and mixing vessels with horizontal, round and extroverse rims, semi-globular bodies and ring bases. The majority of the above vessels are well fired, having red or reddish and pale orange pure clay. They were discovered on the strata under the tombs. The terra sigillata42 (Fig. 12 D-E), and the sherds with incised and impressed geometrical decoration date the Roman/Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods on Maligrad (Fig. 12 F). Few late classical (black and red painted sherds of the 4th and the 3rd centuries. B.C.E), while various Hellenistic intact vases, attest the permanent character of the settlement on Maligrad during the above periods.

Metallic tools and artifacts (Fig. 13-14)

The second most numerous type of finds, after the pottery, are the bronze and the iron tools and artifacts. They are in total 89: the 17 are bronze and the rest are iron tools, jewelry and coins, while some are very difficult to be classified because of their poor state of preservation.

The iron artifacts, most of which were found in the layer closest to the surface and in the disturbed level of the cemetery, are not easy to be related to specific skeletons as grave offerings: i. 24 nails with wide head and shank of rectangular section and ii. nine pieces of small cutting utensils, probably knives (Fig. 13 A-D).


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Fig. 13. Metallic finds from the survey and from trenches 2, 3 and 4.

Fig. 15. Stone tools and artifacts from the survey and from excavation of trenches 2, 3 and 4

The bronze artifacts are of two types: ornaments (pins and rings) and coins. The most important among them is one ring (Br 7), emerged in a disturbed layer in the same level with the foundation of the Tombs in trench 1 (Fig. 14 A-C), with three dots on the bezel and two small lugs placed vertically on each side. Similar rings can be found in the medieval reuse of the Tumuli of Shtikë43 and Prodan44 and in Corinth45 and are dated to the 5th century CE.

Among the most valuable finds are the six coins, which were found in the cemetery. The state of preservation of the majority is rather poor and any conclusion could be risky. The most important and with the best preservation, was discovered on the foundation level of tomb 5 is a half follis of the first half of the 6th century CE, from the first mint of Thessaloniki46.These coins and the earlier mentioned bronze ring date the end of the settlement of Maligrad (Fig. 13 F).

As far as the stone artifacts concerns, twenty eight objects of flintstone, limestone, schist and marble have been registered, found mainly in the upper disturbed layers of the Trenches (St 17-

45). There are two types: a. tools of daily use: i. axe with rounded sides and smoothed surface, found in the upper disturbed layer, typologically close to similar examples dated to the local Middle Bronze Age (Fig. 15 A, C), ii. one long tool of triangular section with smoothed surface and rounded sides (Fig. 15B), iii. fragments of milestones and grinders, indicating food preparation in loco, b. building material, such as marble slabs from the Upper Plateau, and fragments of lime plaster.

A specific category of finds is the varia, which contain a pyramidal loom weight, perhaps a fishing utensil47 of Late Roman period, one biconical spindle whorl (Fig. 9B) with vertically perforated circular hole, probably part of fishing equipment (C47) and dated to the transitional period between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age with many parallels from sites of S Albania48. Unfortunately they were found in the disturbed layers of trench 4 and 5 and they are not connected to a specific context.

General conclusions

This is the conclusion of the settlement and the discovery of the exact circumstances of

Fig. 14. Metallic Finds from the survey and from

trenches 2, 3 and 4

stone tools and artifacts (Fig. 15)


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Fig. 15. Stone tools and artifacts from the survey and from excavation of trenches 2, 3 and 4

the end of a long habitation on Maligrad. The female individual n. 5 was discovered with the skull smashed on its left side. The death came due to a very violent hit on the head, probably by a heavy club. But before this, the individual has been the target of an archer. A long bronze arrow-head of a very special type was found into her left eye49. The arrow-head is common among the Utigur Huns50 of the fifth and the sixth centuries (Fig. 16A-B). This is what really happened to the people of Maligrad and this is the way the settlement was destroyed, giving space to a vast cemetery with corpses of people decapitated, vandalized, badly cut and then buried casually, probably by some survivors, some relatives maybe, who managed to escape from the

Fig. 16. A-B. Arrow head from female individual no. 5, Tomb 5. C. Wish bone handle from Trench 2.

invasion, or happened to be away from the island during that day. It is a matter of fact that after the violent end of the inhabitants and the destruction of the settlement, nobody is going to live there, until the period of the hermits and of the anachoretic communities of the Great Prespa Lake.

PReLIMINARY ResULts oF ARCHAeoMetRIC stUDY oF PotteRY

FRoM se ALBANIADr Artemios oikonomou51

Introduction

Ancient ceramics are the most abundant artifacts that have been studied to improve our knowledge of past societies. Archaeological research based on the examination of ware shape, style, color, decoration and overall fabric, provide a wealth of information concerning typological and functional issues, chronology and provenance. To complement such taxonomy schemes, archaeologists often resort to an interdisciplinary approach involving physical and chemical sciences. Such integrated studies aim to reconstruct the ceramic life cycle, i.e. to extract provenance information and rediscover manufacture technology and use52. Another important piece of evidence for constructing models of the past, involves assessing dating evidence of the ceramic findings.

This work reports the results of an ongoing research using the radioisotope-induced energy-dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectroscopy and the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) chronometry methodology for the characterization of pottery sherds recovered from the greater area of Korce and especially from Maligrad and Vithkuq53.

All samples from both regions were sent for analysis to the laboratories of the Archaeometry Center of the University of Ioannina, Greece. Forty eight pottery sherds and surrounding sediment samples were collected from Maligrad and were further studied by means of ED-XRF analyses while a group of four samples from the total of 48 and also a head cover from a burial were dated using


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Fig. 17. A. A PC1-PC2 scatter-plot of the analyzed

sherds. Group A and B samples belong according to primary classification to the handmade samples. The elemental variables loading-

plot is shown in the inset. B. A PC2-PC3 scatter-plot of the analyzed sherds. The

elemental variables loading-plot is shown in the inset. C. A PC1-PC2 scatter-plot of the analyzed sherds (36 samples, 16 elemental

concentrations). D. A PC1- PC2 scatter-plot of the analyzed sherds (36 samples, 13 elemental concentrations; Ca, Sr and Ba are excluded).

the Riso TL/OSL DA-15C/D reader. Furthermore a sample collection of 12 representative ceramic samples from survey at the acropolis of Vithkuq were studied with ED-XRF spectroscopy.

the ceramic collection

The pottery samples from Maligrad belong to different chronological horizons, with the oldest hand-made pottery of the Late Bronze Age and sherds of the Roman and Late Roman period, collected from the cemetery of the early 6th century CE. The studied samples (n=48) were recovered, both from excavations at the plateau of the islet and from the survey along its coastline.

The pottery samples from Vithkuq were collected during a survey in the Saint Peter hill (elevation. 1300 m) of the Vithkuq heights (NW of Korçë). The rocky formation of the hill is crowned by a fortified top, with a long stratigraphic sequence, from the Middle Bronze Age to the Justinian period. A small amount of pottery (n=12) emerging on the surface of the wall was collected as chronological samples for further investigation.

the studyThe study of the current assemblage from SE

Albania is divided in three parts. In the first part there is an attempt to identify the chemical fingerprint of 48 samples of various pottery sherds from the islet of Maligrad; in the second part a comparison between prehistoric pottery from Maligrad and Vithkuq is done; finally in the third part selected sherds coming from Maligrad are dated by OSL dating technique.

In the first part of the study the sherds (total of 48) were classified according to their method of manufacturing as wheelmade (n=24) and handmade (n=24) pottery. The concentrations of 4 minor and 14 trace elements were determined by ED-XRF spectrometry.54 To identify samples of similar composition, the elemental data were logarithmically transformed and Principal Component Analysis was carried out using the STATISTICA 8 Statistical Software. A total of 14 elemental variables were retained in the analysis; Mn, Pb, Cu and Ni data were excluded due to poor counting statistics. The PC1-PC2 score plot illustrated in Fig. 17 shows a widely scattered compositional pattern.


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Fig. 18. A. Histogram of calculated ages for the head

cover sample, B-C. Histogram of calculated ages for the samples of

the sherds.

However, two distinct chemical groups, group A and B, may be suggested indicated with green and red ellipses, respectively. The samples from Group A and B form the whole group of handmade pottery according to primary classification, but through the statistical analysis are well separated in Group A and B. The separation of these two groups is due to differences in their Sr content (Fig. 17, inset); Sr is an element typically associated with calcium. Limestones, the main source of calcium, exhibit high variation in Sr values55. From macroscopical observations the majority of Group A samples contain many inclusions of inorganic material in their main body. It is suggested that the concentration of Sr in Group A samples is derived from such inclusions. Also the majority of Group A samples (almost 65% of the samples) are characterized as sherds from big vessels specifically from pithoi. On the other hand the majority of

Group B sherds (almost 70%) belong to middle size vessels. This indicates that for the handmade samples the manufacturing procedures involved use of different clay fractions, that is a coarse for the big size vessels (Group A) and a more processed clay for the middle size vessels (Group B).

Also the concentration of two elements (Ca and Rb) are known to scatter considerably even in pottery from common origin and their spread in the 48 samples mainly reflects the use of different clay fractions, indicating different manufacturing procedures56 which strengthens the aforementioned conclusion.

In the PC2-PC3 score plot (Fig. 17B), a group of samples (Group C, blue ellipse) is separated, mainly due to low Zn and Ti and to a lesser extent due to high K levels. According to archaeological evidence, these samples are wheelmade and date from a period subsequent to the handmade ones


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(Groups A and B). It should also be noted that they were extracted from the survey along the coastline of the islet. Differences in Zn and Ti may possibly provide a geochemical signature, as these elements are highly immobile and tend to concentrate in the clay fraction. The variation in K content may be associated with post-burial alterations resulting from the exposure of these samples to different environmental conditions.

In the second part, 24 prehistoric samples out of the 48 are compared with 12 prehistoric samples from Vithkuq57. The elemental concentrations of in total 36 pottery samples were determined by ED-XRF spectrometry and to identify samples of similar composition, PCA was performed retaining a total of 16 elemental variables (4 minor and 12 trace elements); Cu and Ni data were excluded due to poor counting statistics. The PC1-PC2 score plot illustrated in Fig. 17C reveals a widely scattered compositional pattern. However, two distinct groups may be suggested, representing sherds from the Maligrad islet (Group A) and Vithkuq (Group B). As it is shown in the plot, the Vithkuq samples (Group B) form a more consolidated group than the Maligrad samples (Group A). The separation of these two groups is mainly due to differences in

their Sr and Ba content; Barium is an alkaline earth element, also chemically related with calcium and strontium.

In order to explore any additional structure in the data set, PCA was repeated after excluding Ca, Sr and Ba from the statistical analysis. In the resulting PC1-PC2 score plot (Fig. 17D), the sherds are still separated in two distinct groups. The separation of the two groups is due to different concentrations of some rare earth elements (REEs), namely La and Ce; The REEs vary largely among different geochemical environments and therefore provide valuable information for discriminating between clay sources used in pottery manufacture. In this respect, it may be argued that the two pottery groups were manufactured using raw materials from different mineralogical deposits and thus represent pottery of different provenance.

In the third part a selection of four samples from the total of forty eight samples along with a special object (head cover of a burial) was dated by means of the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technique using the Riso TL/OSL DA-15C/D reader. Small portions of the five aforementioned samples were extracted carefully from the inner part, in order not to be mixed with parts from the outer of the samples. After chemical treatment of these portions an acceptable amount of the remaining SiO2 grains was used for analysis. In a second stage, the natural radioactivity of soil from the surroundings of the original sample location, due to the uranium (U), thorium (Th) and potassium-40 (40K) radioisotopes was assessed, using gamma spectrometry with a counting system based on a HPGe detector (28% relative efficiency and 1.8 keV FWHM at the 1.33 MeV photopeak of 60Co).

The calculated ages are presented in Table 1 and the corresponding histograms are shown in Fig. 18.

The ages calculated for the head cover are well distributed around the value of 2200 ± 150 years before present (B.P.) (Fig. 18A), while the results for the sherd samples tend to be dispersed in a wide range of values up to 5000 years B.P. (Fig. 18B-C), with some of the ages being very young. These young ages indicate that there was not a good separation of the inner part of the sherds from the discarded outer part, since the outer part

Tab.1: Ranges (min. and max.) and mean values with the associated standard error in years before present (B. P.).

See text for further explanation.


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was exposed to sun light and the OSL signal faded out. It may also be noticed that the dispersion of calculated ages is particularly pronounced for sherds M.27 and M.33. Both samples were characterized macroscopically by the presence of large inorganic inclusions, which are usually associated with a wide dispersion of calculated ages, especially in the case the ceramics were not well fired (note that sherds M.27 and M.33 belong to Group A identified by PCA; see Fig. 17). The dispersion of calculated ages is narrower for sherds M.26 and M.34, which are characterized by a more homogeneous ceramic body (PCA Group B; see Fig. 18).

Excluding ages younger than 500 years B.P., the remaining data show a mean value of 850 ± 200 years B.P. for sherd M.26, 1700 ± 900 years B.P. for sherd M.27, 3350 ± 1450 years B.P. for sherd M.33 and 1900 ± 450 years B.P. for sherd M.34. It may thus be suggested that sherds M.27 and M.34 belong to the same period as the head cover, while sherds M.26 and M.33 are about 1350 y younger and 1150 y older, respectively, compared to the head cover. Overall, the OSL findings confirm that this archaeological site has been used as a settlement for a wide span of centuries.

Conclusions

Sixty pottery samples recovered from Vithkuq and Maligrad where studied by means of ED-XRF and PCA in order to extract information about pottery provenance and manufacture process. From the statistical analysis of forty eight samples coming only from Maligrad, two different compositional groups were revealed indicating different manufacturing procedure.

Also, the elemental composition of thirty six prehistoric pottery sherds, coming from both Vithkuq and Maligrad, allowed the distinction of two compositional groups, separated due to different Sr and Ba concentrations, thus suggesting different manufacturing procedures. Furthermore, excluding these elements from the statistical analyses, the two groups were still separated due to different concentrations of REEs (mainly La and Ce), indicating that the two pottery groups were manufactured using raw materials from different mineralogical deposits and thus represent pottery

of different provenance.Finally, OSL measurements on a group of

ceramic samples from Maligrad, Albania, provided the date of a ceramic head cover at the value of 2200 ± 150 years before present (B.P.). Also dating of the rest of the ceramics tend to be dispersed in a wide range of values up to 5000 years B.P., with some of the ages being very young, indicating that there was not a good separation of the inner part of the sherds from the discarded outer part, since the outer part was exposed to sun light and the OSL signal faded out.

ZooARCHAeoLoGICAL ReseARCH IN MALIGRAD: PReLIMINARY ResULts

Angelos Gkotsinas58

Zooarchaeological remains from Maligrad in the Great Prespa lake are being studied as part of the bioarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental research conducted at the site, aiming at answering the scientific questions posed by the research concerning: a. the role of the natural plant and animal resources in the diet and the economy system which was being applied by the people who were taking advantage of Maligrad, b. the ways that these people were interacting with their surrounding environment, as well as c. the reconstruction of Great Prespa’s ecological history and it’s wider environment in general. The remains were collected from all the different areas of the islet excavated during 2010 and 2011 seasons and therefore originate from multi period layers, dated to the Late Bronze, Early Iron Age and the Roman period as well59. The basic goal of the zooarchaeological study is to investigate the different ways in which the inhabitants of the islet were exploiting and managing the available faunal resources, domesticated and wild, terrestrial and aquatic, through time, providing at the same time a glimpse of the surrounding lake environment. For the moment, only a preliminary study has been completed with the scope of evaluating the analytical potential of the zooarchaeological assemblage for a systematic analysis. Nevertheless, based on this preliminary study, domesticated


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animals like cattle (Bos taurus), pig (Sus domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus) were identified in the bone assemblages, as well as a small variety of wild species like the red (Cervus elaphus) and the fallow (Dama dama) deer and the boar (Sus scrofa) 60. Although it is not yet possible to assess the role and the importance of these species in the diet and economy, nor to relate certain species and therefore activities to different periods, the activities of breeding domesticated mammals and hunting wild animals and birds, can themselves be safely concluded, in addition to fishing and molluscs’ gathering which are also suggested by the relevant remains. The presence of domesticated mammals in the assemblages indicates their breeding either within the limits of the islet61 or in the lowlands and mountains of the surrounding mainland, in which case their exploitation, in combination with the islet’s land, can be inferred, as well as the presence of a network of relations with the people living in the mainland. The same are hinted by the remains of wild animals. Hunting, should have been taking place in the mainland, since no population of wild mammals could have been supported along with humans and possibly domesticates by the natural resources of the islet. The lake and its wider environment was certainly offering to the people of Maligrad the opportunity of exploitating its various natural resources for gathering, hunting and producing food, among other activities. At the same time tought, the harsh and adverse conditions usually prevailing upon mountainuous lake environments, such as Great Prespa’s, would have made this “giving” environment, also a challenging one, the ways of coping with, fall within the scopes of the zooarchaeological research, along with its reconstruction.

Acknowledgements

The Administrative Board of the I. T. C. C. and the Greek-Albanian Archaeological Expedition would like to address the warmest thanks to all the institutions and individuals that have offered their help for the realisation of the Project on Maligrad.

First of all, we thank our Albanian colleagues for their excellent cooperation and in particular Prof. Dr. Shpresa Gjongeçaj, former Director of the Institute of Archaeology at Tirana (ΙΑΤ), Prof. Dr Luan Perzhita, Director of the IAT, Dr Faik Drini, Director of the Classical Sector of IAT for their contribution and especially for their always willing disposal in solving any possible problem concerning the technical realization of the project. We also thank the academic authorities of the University Fan Noli of Korçë, represented by the former Dean Prof. Dr Gjergji Pendavijni and Dean Prof. Dr Gjergji Mero, for their precious support in the years 2006-2011.

We also adress our thanks to Ass. Professor K. Ioannidis in the Department of Physics at the University of Ioannina, Director of the Center of Archaeometry and his colleagues, Dr. Ch. Papachristodoulou and Dr. K. Stamoulis, for their continuous support and collaboration for the archaeometric studies of this project

We are also grateful to our valuable volunteers on the field; the archaeologists Miss Eleni Mitraki, Mr. Giannis Giannakakis, Dr Maja Gori, Mr. Karim Fayez, Miss Anna Karlighioti, Mr Spyros Triantos, Mr Nikiforos Tounousidis and Miss Foteini Anthanasiadou for their precious assistance. Without their help on the field the entire project wouldn’t have these rich results. Important has been the contribution of Miss Natalia Velli, archaeologist, who is our principal assistant in the digital registration and in the classification of the finds in the Archaeological Museum of Korçë in the summers of 2012 and of 2013. Very helpful were the students of the Universities of Korçë and Ioannina, Daniel Shkodrani, Besmira Kodrasi, Mamitsa Ekonomi, Yllka and Isabela Papa, Dimitra Pantazi, Maria Siampli, Eleni Sepka. We are particularly grateful to Dr Artemios Oikonomou, Physicist of the Center of Archaeometry at the University of Ioannina, Dr Dimitrios Katsinis, geologist, Mr Angelos Gkotsinas, Archaeologist - Msc Zooarchaeologist, Dr Argyro Nafplioti of the Wiener Laboratory, ASCSA, Mr Stelios Mouzakis, byzantinologist, Mr Alexandros Poulakis and Miss Niki Kefallianou, speleologists, and Mr Stelios Alevras, attorney, for his innumerable suggestions


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1 Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the University Fan S. Noli of Korçë, Director of the Prehistoric Section of the Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Tirana. Email: [email protected] Adjunct Professor of Archaeology at the Arcadia University, College for Global Studies, Glenside, U.S.A., President of the ITCC. Email: [email protected], [email protected] . 3 Archaeologist, MA in Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Crete, E’ Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Sparta, Greece), Treasurer of the ITCC. Email: [email protected] Archaeologist, cand. PhD, University of Ioannina (Greece), Secretary of the I.T.C.C. Email: [email protected] Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR Demokritos, email: [email protected] Archaeologist, Msc Zooarchaeologist Email: [email protected] The Institute for the Trans-Balkan Cultural Cooperation (I. T. C. C.) is a scientific organization of non-profit character, founded in Athens in December of 2006.8 Lera et al 2008; Lera et al. 2011; Lera et al. 2013; Oikonomidis et al. 2013. See also the annual reports of the Greek – Albanian Archaeological Expedition delivered to

Notes

the Institute of Archaeology of Tirana (Lera et al. 2009; 2009a, 2010; 2011). 9 Korkuti 1971.10 Karaiskaj 1977, 23-4, tab. IV; 1981, 18-20, fig. 711 Karaiskaj 1977, 24, tab. VI12 Andrea 1992, 85; Andrea 2011. 13 Lera et al. 2009, 326-3014 Lera et al. 2011a, 690-709.15 Westphal et al. 2011, 84-85, 87-88.16 Fouache 2002.17 Late 15th century.18 1344 and 1368 respectively. 19 Djuric 1975. Drakopoulou 2006, 40-42. On the history of Christian ascetism in the Prespa region and on the architecture and art of the Christian hermitages see also Popa 1965. Thomo 2001. Bogevska 2010. Pelekanides 1960, 2–6. Dhamo 1964. Cvetkofski 2010. 20 It was Prof. Petrika Lera, who in an article written by him in a local scientific magazine (2007) of Korce placed Maligrad again in the archaeological map by referring to his personal survey on the islet and to the first results on its long life span. 21 The other is Golemgrad, in the N Great Prespa which belongs to FYROM. 22 All the given information on the geology of the Prespa region is the result of the preliminary geological research conducted by Dr. Dimitrios Katsinis of the National Technical University of Athens. 23 According to the local people the church was dedicated to Saint Paul. 24 Due to the presence of the Christian churches and the hermitage. 25 What is supposed to be the church of Saint Paul. 26 Dr Argyro Nafplioti, paleoanthropologist, is studying the skeletal remains of the excavation and since her analysis is still in progress we just present here briefly only the preliminary results on the situation of the dead, the gender, the age and the conditions of death. 27 Angelos Gkotsinas, archaeologist/zooarchaeologist of the Greek–Albanian Archaeological Expedition. 28 The archaeological material from the survey and the excavations was deposited in the storerooms of the Archaeological Museum of Korçë. Precious is the contribution of Natalia Velli, especially during the study seasons of 2012 and 2013. The registration was made by A. Tsonos and N. Velli, the drawings by S. Oikonomidis and responsible for the photographic documentation was


and his essential help in every step ITCC has taken in all these years.

We also thank our workers and boatmen Gjergi Ago, Aleks Postolicini, Todi Jano, and Trajan Vangelofski’s family for their warm hospitality in their home at Liqenas, as well as the local people of Korçë and Liqenas for their collaboration. Permanent and valuable contributors of the Project are the Orthodox Cathedral of Korçë and His Eminency, the Bishop of Korçë, Joan Pellushi, who is offering us hospitality in the last six years. We thank the Greek General Consulate of Korçë, which, through the former Consul Mr. Constantinos Moatsos, supported financially the project in its first efforts. We address to Ch. S. and N. P our deepest thanks. Last but not least we wish to express our gratitude to our families for moral and financial support.

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A. Papayiannis. 29 Prendi 1966, Tab. XVII: 21-230 Andrea 1990, 33, Tab. XV : 531 Korkuti and Bunguri 1996, 11, Tab. V: 9-11, 16. 32 Hammond 1967, 303-5.33 Metallinou 2004, 49, Fig. 8-1034 Souyoudzoglou-Haywood 1999, 32, 10235 Wardle and Wardle 2003, 14836 Dietz and Moschos 2006, 54, where the most recent discussion on wishbone handles is presented. 37 Korkuti 1971, 33, 36, tab. X 38 Dr Artemios Oikonomou, nuclear physicist, University of Ioannina. 39 Aliu 1984, 46, tab. XI.40 Lera et al. 1997, fig. 16.41 On the presence of large Late Roman pithoi from Southern Albania, see Aliu 1996, tab. III.1-2; Lera 1983.42 On the diffusion of the terra sigillata pottery in Albania and especially in the Adriatic coastline, see Tartari and Shehi 2006. Shehi 2007.43 Aliu 1996, 70, tab. IV.3-444 Aliu 1984, 51, tab. VIII.100-245 Davidson 1952.46 obverse: DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed male bust to the right. Reverse: Large I, Chi-Ro above, officina letter to the left, SP to the right, TES below the line. 16 Nummi of Justinian I (527-565 A.D.)47 For closest parallels of pyramidal loom weights from the tumulus of Shtikë in Southern Albania, see Aliu 1996, tab. III.4-7.48 Tumulus of Luaras: Aliu 2004, 125, 127-8, tab. IV.55-7, VIII.103-4, X.134, XV.199, XXVIII.342-4. Tumulus of Prodan: Aliu 1984, 51, tab. VIII.84-5. These finds are grave offerings and could be considered as necklace beads and some of them are bronze. But typologically they are similar to the spindle whorl from Maligrad, which is bigger and better fired.49 Davidson – Horvath 1937, 232, fig. 2. 50 Setton 1950, 504.51 Postdoctoral researcher, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR Demokritos.52 Tite 2008.53 Lera et al 2009, 2010, 2011; Lera et al 2011.54 Oikonomou et al. 2014a.55 Mabrouk et al. 200656 Papachristodoulou et al. 2010

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