The attack itself,minute by minute

The mood of a nationplunged into war

75th Anniversary commemorative edition

PEARLHARBOR

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2 / PEARL HARBOR

3THE ATTACKITSELFA minute-by-minute look at whathappened in Hawaii Dec. 7, 1941.

NEWS OF WARWhen the U.S. unleashed “shock and awe” against the regime ofSaddam Hussein in 1993, the assault was broadcast live. Not so in1941, when it took hours for news of the Pearl Harbor attack to reachAmerican homes.

10

MOBILIZATIONAlthough the United States had had a draft since 1940, the armedforces remained small. That changed swiftly after the attack on PearlHarbor, when thousands of draft boards sprang up around thecountry, and millions of men were conscripted for military service.

14

17 ISOLATIONISMWorld War II officially began in September 1939 when Germanyinvaded Poland, but the United States did not enter the war for morethan two years. After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. sprang into action.What was life like before America entered the war?

20 CHRISTMAS 1941Coming just 18 days after the attack, this was a holiday unlikeany other. For many Americans, it was the last time they wouldbe together.

25INTERNMENT World War II is oftencharacterized as the great crusadeagainst tyranny. That’s hard toreconcile with the treatment ofJapanese-Americans living on theWest Coast, more than 100,000of whom were uprooted fromtheir homes and sent tointernment camps.

32COULD IT HAPPEN AGAIN?What would such a surpriseattack look like now? Whatkeeps our national securityforces up at night?

LEARNING MORERecommended reading, viewing, memorials to visit

34

TRIVIATest your knowledge

36

NAMES OFTHOSE KILLED

39

ONLINEVisit our website to dive deeper into the history of Dec. 7, 1941. Look for‘Pearl Harbor’ on your newspaper website’s homepage under Our Picksand you’ll find:• More historic photos• Video and audio archives from the Library of Congress• Links to more resources• An interactive quiz of the trivia on Pages 36-38

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INTO LIFE

PEARL HARBOR / 3

THE ATTACKITSELF

‘Sunday in Hell’ author details two hours on Pearl Harbor that changed history

The following is an excerpt from the book “Sunday in Hell:Pearl Harbor Minute by Minute” by Bill McWilliams. Copyright

(c) 2011 by Bill McWilliams. Reprinted with the permission ofOpen Road Integrated Media, Inc.

The U.S. Navy battleships USSWest Virginia(sunken at left)and USS Ten-nessee shroudedin smoke afterthe Japanese airraid on PearlHarbor.WIKIPEDIA

Use the Blipparapp to open avideo of BillMcWilliamsinterviewingPearl Harborsurvivors.

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2

4 / PEARL HARBOR

On Thursday, 4 December, the U.S.Navy’s guarded, highly classifiedradio receiving station inCheltonham, Maryland,intercepted a Japanese

overseas “News” broadcast from StationJAP (Tokyo) on 11980 kilocycles. Thebroadcast began at 8:30 a.m.,corresponding to 1:30 a.m. in Hawaii,and 10:30 p.m., 5 December, in Tokyo.The broadcast was probably in Wabun,the Japanese equivalent of Morse Code,and was originally written in syllabickatakana characters, a vastly simpler andphonetic form of written Japanese. It wasrecorded in Cheltonham on a special typewriter,developed by the Navy, which typed the Roman-letterequivalents of the Japanese characters. The WindsMessage broadcasts, which Japanese embassies all over theworld had been alerted to listen to in a 19 November codedmessage, was forwarded to the Navy Department by TWX(teletype exchange) from the teletype-transmitter in the“Intercept” receiving room at Cheltenham to “WA91,” thepage-printer located beside the GY Watch Officer’s desk inthe Navy Department Communication Intelligence Unitunder the command of Navy Captain Lawrence F. Safford.

The 4 December message was one of the last keyintelligence intercepts the Navy was decoding andtranslating, in attempts to determine Japanese intentionsand plans during their deteriorating diplomatic relationsand negotiations with the United States. There was somedelay and uncertainty in decoding and translating themessage, which, as indicated in the Japanese government’s19 November message, would be contained in the Tokyonews broadcasts’ weather reports. After considerablediscussion of the 4 December intercept, senior NavalIntelligence officers concluded the message meant animminent break in diplomatic relations with Great Britain,at least, and probably the United States – since theembassies had received instructions to destroy their codes.Code destruction and replacement was a routineprocedure at regular, specified intervals throughout theyear, but ominously, the most recent order to destroy codesdidn’t fit the normal pattern of Japanese behavior inmanaging their most secret codes.

But unknown to American intelligence another moreominous message had been sent to the combined fleet at0730 hours on 2 December, Tokyo time, Monday, 1December in Washington and Hawaii. Sent by AdmiralYamamoto’s chief of Naval General Staff, Rear AdmiralMatome Ugaki, it was to become one of the most famousmessages in naval history. “Climb Mount Niitaka, 1208.” Itsignaled that X-Day – the day to execute the Japanese warplan – was 0000 December 8, Japan time. Nagumo’s taskforce received the information at 2000 hours, and at thishour was about 940 miles almost directly north of Midway,well beyond the arc of U.S. reconnaissance flights.

Saturday evenings on Oahu werenormally filled with relaxed revelry,sprinkled with “happy hours” in the localhotel lounges and bars, dinners atrestaurants and clubs, dances, floorshows, quiet gatherings with familiesand friends, and walks on the beaches.On the military installations, in theofficers’ clubs, enlisted recreationcenters, and other locations on bases andposts, similar activities occur.

Tracing its origins to the early 1900s,the Navy’s School of Music opened inWashington, D.C. in 1935 and operatedin conjunction with the U.S. Navy Band.Students enrolled in the school in thisera were interviewed in advance, selectedfor attendance, graduated in completeensembles, and transferred aboard ship.

At Pearl Harbor, a crowd gathered atthe new Bloch Recreation Center thenight of 6 December 1941 for “The Battleof the Bands,” the last elimination roundof a Pacific Fleet music tournamentbegun the previous 13 September andheld every two weeks, with the finalcompetition planned for 20 December.The Bloch Recreation Center was a placedesigned to give the enlisted man everykind of relaxation the Navy felt proper –music, boxing, bowling, billiards, and 3.2beer. Called by some “The Battle of

Music,” “The Battle of the Bands”featured Navy bands primarily from“capital ships” home ported in PearlHarbor and those attached to shoreinstallations in Hawaii. Four bands wereto compete in each round of thetournament with one winner per roundselected to perform in the finalcompetition rounds. The (USS) Arizonaband won the first round in September,and several of its members attended thisnight, to listen to their future“competition” – tonight’s winner.

Each band performed a swing number,a ballad and one specialty tune, thenplayed for the jitterbug contest.Competing this final night of theelimination round, were only threebands. As the men stomped and cheered,bands from the battleships Pennsylvania(BB-38) and Tennessee, and the fleetsupport ship, Argonne (AG-31), fought itout to go to the finals. The Pennsylvaniaband won, everybody sang “God BlessAmerica,” and the evening wound upwith dancing. When the crowd filed outat midnight, many argued that the bestband of the tournament thus far was theArizona’s.

The threat of hostilities on Oahuseemed farfetched to all but a few.

U.S. Army Air Forces aircraft destroyed by Japanese raiders at Wheeler Air Field Dec. 7. WIKIPEDIA

One of the 29 Japaneseaircraft lost on Dec. 7,this ‘Val’ dive bombertrails flames from itsright wing. THE NATIONAL WWII MUSEUM

PEARL HARBOR / 5

Gordon W. Prange, in “At Dawn WeSlept,” recorded the chain of eventsthat followed the deployment of theJapanese Empires’ midgetsubmarines early the morning of 7December: “A waning moon peekedthrough the broken overcast toglimmer on the waters off PearlHarbor. About ‘1 3/4 miles south ofentrance buoys,’ the minesweepersCondor and Crossbill plied theirmechanical brooms. At 0342something in the darkness ‘about fiftyyards ahead off the port bow’attracted the attention of EnsignRussell G. McCloy, Condor’s Officer ofthe Deck. He called to QuartermasterSecond Class R.C. Uttrick and askedhim what he thought. Uttrick peeredthrough binoculars and said, ‘That’s aperiscope, sir, and there aren’tsupposed to be any subs in this area.’”

***

In just 90 minutes the Japanesehad launched 350 aircraft towardtheir targets.

The Zeroes’ (fast, highlymaneuverable, heavily-armedfighters, also called Zekes) first, low-altitude strafing passes at Kaneohewere deadly, and the effects of theremaining 32 in the first wave wouldprove devastating everywhere thatmorning. Each carried two rapid-fire20-mm canons, one in the leadingedge of each wing, and two 7.7-mmmachine guns mounted on the noseof the fighter, in the engine cowling.To increase the amount of damagecaused during their strafing runs, theJapanese loaded their ammunition inthe following order: two armorpiercing, one tracer; two armorpiercing, one tracer; two armorpiercing, one incendiary. With thisloading the bullets would not onlykill, but would shred thin metal,pierce light to moderately thickarmor, gasoline and oil tanks, do fataldamage to vehicles, engines, aircraftand anti-aircraft guns – and startfires.

In the first eight minutes of the airassault on Oahu, the Zekes werecommencing the near-totaldestruction of

Planes and ahangar burn-ing at the FordIsland NavalAir Station’sseaplanebase, duringor immediatelyafter the airraid. The ru-ined wings ofa PBY Catalinapatrol planeare at left andin the center.THE NATIONAL

WWII MUSEUM

Use the Blipparapp to open

newsreelfootage of the

attack, played inmovie theatersin December

1941.SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2

6 / PEARL HARBOR

the Navy’s long range patrolcapability on the island. Follow-onattacks by Zekes and horizontalbombing Kates (equipped withtorpedoes) and additional fighters inthe second wave would bring moredeath and destruction to KaneoheNaval Air Station.

Along the beach in Waimanalo tothe southeast of Kaneohe, all wasserene at Bellows Field until aboutdawn, when the acting first sergeantran into the tent area to rouse thesleeping men, yelling that Kaneohe

had been ‘blown all to hell.’ CorporalMcKinley thought he was crazy andjust turned over in his bed. At 0810,someone called from Hickam Fieldand asked for a fire truck becausethey ‘were in flames.’ A return calldisclosed … they had been attacked,so the Bellows fire chief left forHickam with the fire truck.

While the men of the 86th rushedto defend against the next onslaught,the three 44th fighter pilots weredetermined to get into the air assoon as possible. Squadron

maintenance men scrambled todisperse, fuel and arm their aircraft.Time was of the essence. In anotherhalf hour, the second wave’s attackwould bring much more than asingle Zeke fighter strafing BellowsField on one pass. Though none fromthe 86th died at Bellows Field thatday, and only three were wounded ona field still under construction, twomore of their number receivedwounds in the Japanese assault onHickam Field - and two of the 44th’sthree pilots would die at Bellows,

with the other wounded indesperate, vain, raging attempts toget airborne and strike back at thenow-declared enemy. The worst wasin progress elsewhere, far worse.Between dawn, when the 86th’sacting first sergeant told ofKaneohe’s attack, 0810 hours, whenthe call for a fire truck came fromHickam, and 0830, when the Zekeroared through on a strafing pass,hell was visiting the island of Oahu.Wheeler Field, the home of theHawaiian Air Force’s air and fleet

The Japanese carrier Akagi prepares to launch airplanes in the second attack wave Dec. 7, 1941. PHOTOS COURTESY THE NATIONAL WWII MUSEUM

PEARL HARBOR / 7

A Japanesemidget

submarineafter having

been raised bythe U.S. Navy

at the PearlHarbor Navy

Yard in December

1941.

defense, the 14th Pursuit Wing, wasthe first Army Air Force field struckon Oahu. By 0900, when the secondwave struck Bellows and completedtheir work on Kaneohe, the fierceJapanese attack on Pearl Harbor andother military installations on theisland had become a never-to-be-forgotten, bloody, American nationaldisaster.

***

Startled, at-first-uncertain anddisbelieving men on the ground andaboard ships, all disciplined andtrained to respond in a crisis, andfight, were momentarily puzzled.Then they saw bombs or torpedoesreleased, the white-hot blinking ofmachine guns and 20-mm canons,the flash of orange insignia -“meatballs” - on the underside ofwings or the sides of fuselages, hearda few shouted warnings, the roar oflow flying airplanes, and the violentexplosions of bombs or torpedoes inthe stunning few moments beforereality struck home. In the normalpreparations for Sunday morningbreakfast, church services, a weekendof liberty, lowered crew manning,absence of warning, and low defensealert condition, disaster quicklyflourished. While torpedoes, bombs,

cannon fire and machine gun bulletstore into the attackers’ primarytarget, the Pacific Fleet, setting offthunderous explosions, startingnumerous fires, and a huge, all-consuming inferno on the battleshipArizona, the men on Army Air Force,Navy and Marine Corps airfieldssuffered their own brand of hell.Before one hour and forty-fiveminutes passed, total Army Air Forcecasualties on Oahu climbed to 163killed, 336 wounded, and 43 missing.Of these, Hickam Field’s losses were121 killed, 274 wounded, and 37missing. Out of 231 Hawaiian AirForce aircraft, 64 were destroyed, 93damaged and only 74 were left inrepairable condition. Hangars atboth Hickam and Wheeler wereseverely damaged. An aircraft repairstation in Hickam’s Hawaiian AirDepot was completely destroyed. 12Kate torpedo-bombers charged low

across the water from the southeastand east, after passing at 50 feetaltitude southeast of Hickam Field’shangar line, and past the south andnorth ends of Ford Island across theharbor from the west toward themain dock and ships in the northharbor, while other torpedo-bomberspressing in from the east andsoutheast unleashed devastatingattacks on the battleships and otherships in the harbor. Val divebombers, with a two-man crew ofpilot and radioman/ gunner, andKate horizontal bombers from thenortheast and southwest almostsimultaneously launched shatteringdive-bomb and fighter attacks onaircraft and hangar facilities onHickam Field, Ford Island, andnearby Marine Corps’ Mooring MastField at Ewa - while to thenorthwest, Wheeler Field tookstaggering blows beginningmoments following the assault onNAS Kaneohe Bay.

Wheeler Field, struck shortlybefore 0800, was home for theHawaiian Air Force’s entire pursuit(interceptor) force, which was the14th Pursuit Wing, composed of the15th and 18th Pursuit Groups. Asuccessful attack on Wheeler wouldvirtually assure air superiority. TheJapanese took Wheeler Fieldcompletely by surprise, as they didevery other installation on Oahu. Noone on the ground sighted theoncoming Val dive bombers untilthey made their final turn for theattack. Aircraft and maintenancefacilities along the flight line werethe primary targets. Supply depots,barracks and people anywhere in thevicinity of these targets, weresecondary but also receiveddevastating blows. The Japanesepilots were too well trained to wastetheir bombs and ammunition oninsignificant targets. One bomb didland in the front yard of a house, butit was the result of a miss rather thena deliberate attack on the housingarea.

The multi-direction attacks by thebombers and fighters added

8/ PEARL HARBOR

USS Nevada afire off the Ford Island seaplane base, with her bow pointed up-channel. The volume of fire and smoke is actually from USS Shaw, whichis burning in the floating dry dock YFD-2 in the left background. WIKIPEDIA

confusion and chaos to the abjectfear and terror of defenseless menscrambling for cover and weaponsto defend themselves against anenemy bent on destruction of thefield’s mission capability.Observations and recollections ofevents differed widely among thoseon the receiving end of thedestructive weapons tearingWheeler Field apart. According tosome, the first place hit was the gasstorage dump on the southwestcorner of the base, where all ofWheeler’s flammables such as gas,turpentine, and lacquer were kept.Most witnesses, however, reportedthat the first bomb struck Hangar 1,where the base engineering shopswere located. The tremendous blastblew out skylights, and clouds ofsmoke billowed upward, making itappear the entire hangar was liftedoff its foundation. The explosiondecimated the sheet metal,electrical, and paint shops in thefront half of the hangar, but sparedthe machine and wood shops, andtool room, which were protected bya concrete-block, dividing wall. 20The bomb that hit Hangar 3 hadstruck the hangar sheltering thecentral ammunition storage area,

where, because of the HawaiianDepartment’s Alert One status, theammunition unloaded fromaircraft, including rounds pulledfrom machine gun belts, had beenstored. The hangar’s explodingammunition, going off likefirecrackers in the flames, severelylimited the ability to defendWheeler Field against thecontinuing air attack.

Immediately behind thecompleted first wave of divebombing attacks came thebombers, back again joining thefighters in follow-on, low levelstrafing attacks.The 72ndPursuitSquadron tentarea betweenHangars 2 and3 came underheavy attack.

The new P-40 fighterplanes werebeing blown tobits, theirburning partsscatteringalong the rampin alldirections,

setting other planes on fire. One P-40 fell in two pieces, its proppointing almost straight up. A P-36exploded, hurling flaming debrisupon a nearby tent, setting it ablaze.

At times there were over 30fighters and dive bombers attackingWheeler from every direction, atactic used on every target complexon Oahu. The well-planned andexecuted tactic was designed notonly to destroy fighter opposition onthe ground and ships in the harbor,but to confuse and overwhelm

gunners who might try to mountan effective antiaircraft defense.

While aiming andfiring in onedirection at anairborne target,approachingfighter pilotspressing attacksat low altitudecould see and cutdown thedefenders fromanother direction.

At the Marines’Mooring MastField, Ewa(pronouncedEva), on thesouthwest coastal

plain of Oahu, near Barbers Point,the first wave hit as the Japanesebegan their deadly assault on FordIsland and the ships in PearlHarbor. At 0740, when Fuchida’sair armada closed to within a fewmiles of Kahuku Point, the forty-three Zekes split away from the restof the formation, swinging outnorth and west of Wheeler Field,the headquarters of the HawaiianAir Force’s 18th Pursuit Wing.Passing further south, at about 0745the Soryu and Hiryu divisionsexecuted a hard, diving turn to portand headed north toward Wheeler.Eleven Zekes from Shokaku andZuikaku simultaneously left theformation and flew east, crossingover Oahu north of Pearl Harbor toattack NAS Kaneohe Bay. EighteenZekes from Akagi and Kaga headedtoward what the Japanese calledBabasu Pointo Hikojo (BarbersPoint Airdrome) - Ewa MooringMast Field.

By the time alerts were shouted,torpedoes were in the water. Notime to react and more Katesfollowed behind, coming at thelargest, most exposed targets amongthe battleships: Oklahoma, WestVirginia, Arizona, Nevada, andCalifornia.

By the time alerts wereshouted, torpedoes were inthe water. No time to react

and more Kates followed behind, coming

at the largest, mostexposed targets among the

battleships: Oklahoma,West Virginia, Arizona,Nevada, and California.

NEWS OF WAR

10 / PEARL HARBOR

By Brian RosenwaldSpecial to GateHouse Media

When the unthinkable happened on Dec. 7, 1941, social media was more than 60 years in the future, phones existed solely forvoice calls, and television was in its infancy. The government, not ordinary citizens, rang the alarm about the assault upon Pearl

Harbor, and most Americans, many disbelieving, heard the news from radio, word of mouth and newspaper extras.Americans glued themselves to their radios in the days following. The networks broadcast for 34 hours straight. On Dec. 8, a

record of between 79 and 81 percent of Americans listened to President Roosevelt request that Congress declare war. The nextnight, a whopping 60 to 90 million Americans, the largest audience to date, heard him deliver a fireside chat on the predicament

confronting the country.

SOUND & FURY

◗ Today we learn about breaking newsinstantaneously. One tweet becomes a torrent as westruggle to grasp the enormity of what we’ve read.Our phones buzz incessantly with news alerts andtexts from friends and family. Within minutes wecan watch nonstop coverage on a dozen televisionnetworks, not to mention digital platforms. Wediscover what happened in little blips, sometimesincorrect, as journalists rush to share what theyknow and average Joes contribute cellphone videoand observations from the scene.

◗ Before social media, television dominatedbreaking news coverage. Most Americans beyondtheir teenage years remember witnessing the WorldTrade Center towers collapsing on that tragicmorning in 2001. An older generation recalls thesight of CBS newsman Walter Cronkite, clearlygrappling with his emotions, removing hisspectacles and informing the nation of the death ofPresident Kennedy.

◗ Yet for all that television seared those images intoour minds, the medium only dominated breakingnews for a relatively short time. Television didn’ttake off until the late 1940s and early 1950s.Television networks emerged in 1947 and 1948, andthe number of television stations exploded in theearly 1950s. As recently as 1948, only 0.4 percent ofhomes had televisions (by 1958 that number wouldclimb to 83.2 percent).

◗ While television eventually usurped radio’sprimacy as America’s broadcast news source, duringthe late 1930s and the early 1940s, it was radio thatsurpassed newspapers in covering breaking news.Newspapers couldn’t match radio’s ability to provideinstantaneous information and to “transport”Americans to happenings around the globe.

◗ As tensions heightened in Europe in the late1930s, path-breaking correspondents like CBS’Edward R. Murrow shared the sounds of war andfamiliarized Americans with the people and ideaspropelling the conflict. Americans listened tospeeches from Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain andother European leaders. Harnessing shortwavetransmissions, an expanding stable ofcorrespondents and stringers, and a burgeoningpool of commentators, radio tackled the biggeststories live as they unfolded.

Newspapers couldn’t matchradio’s ability to provide

instantaneous informationand to ‘transport’

Americans to happeningsaround the globe.

War was all over the Dec. 10, 1941, front

page of the Columbus Evening Dispatch.

◗ On that fateful Sunday, Japanese bombs startedpelting Pearl Harbor shortly before 8 a.m. HawaiiStandard Time. By 8:04, KGMB in Honolulujettisoned regular programming to air anannouncement beckoning all military personnelto report immediately for duty. The station keptrepeating this call, with competitor KMU soonjoining in.

◗ At 1:47 p.m. Eastern, roughly a half hour afterthe barrage began, Navy Secretary Frank Knoxalerted President Roosevelt. FDR reacted withdisbelief. He called Press Secretary Stephen Early,still at home reading the Sunday papers in hisbathrobe, and at 2:22 p.m. EST, Earlyphoned the three wire services with abulletin notifying Americans of theincursion. At 2:36, still at home(some reporters actually beat Early tothe White House), Early erroneouslyinformed the wire services that theJapanese had bombarded Manila,Philippines, as well.

◗ The scheduled network radioprogramming that wintery afternoonincluded a New York Philharmonicconcert on CBS, a Brooklyn Dodgers-New York Giants football game onMutual Broadcasting System, and the“University of Chicago Roundtable”on NBC Red (RCA operated twonetworks, NBC Red and NBC Blue).Between 2:25 and 2:31 ET, all fournetworks interrupted programming to share whatlittle information they had.

◗ Even though more than 80 percent ofhouseholds had radios in 1941, many Americansweren’t tuned in that Sunday afternoon, andlearned about the attack from neighbors, friendsand relatives, who breathlessly queried whetherthey had heard the news — sometimes hours afterthe fact.

◗ The 27,102 attending the clash between theWashington Redskins and the PhiladelphiaEagles at Griffith Stadium, for instance, onlylearned about Pearl Harbor because news trickledout from the press box. Between plays thestadium loudspeaker implored various dignitariesand newspapermen to report to duty immediately,but stadium and Redskins management refusedto announce the news both for fear of igniting

hysteria and because they never broadcast non-sports news.

◗ Similarly, while radio listeners to the Giants-Dodgers game heard the news first, the 50,051fans at the Polo Grounds remained clueless evenas a buzz grew with each announcementsummoning VIPs to a box-office telephone. Onlyafter the cold drove New York Times scribeHarrison Salisbury and his wife from the stadiumand to a friend’s flat for a drink did they discoverthe news. That night, in Austin, Texas, LuisCalderon heard newsboys’ calls of “extra, extra”and, wanting to know what they meant, learned

that war had commenced when hestopped to buy a paper.

◗ The news stunned Americans; manyinstinctively assumed that it must be ahoax. A Los Angeles Times reporterdispatched to an Army post stopped in adiner to exchange bills for change tomake phone calls. When he revealed thenews to the diner’s patrons, theysuspected a gag. Once on the Armypost, the reporter again encounteredincredulity and skepticism from soldierswho had yet to hear about the assault.

◗ On the beach in Santa Monica,volleyball players ignored a radiolistener’s urgent cries until he broughthis radio over and they heard thebulletin with their own ears. Mutual’s

initial dispatch prompted an irate call to theswitchboard from a listener who protestedanother “stunt” like Orson Welles’ “War of theWorlds,” which had panicked her.

◗ Once convinced of its veracity, the newsindelibly etched itself into Americans’ minds.Decades later their activities from that dayremained vivid. A passerby informed futurePresident George H.W. Bush, then a 17-year-oldstudent at Phillips Andover Academy inMassachusetts, as he walked by Cochran Chapelwith a friend. By day’s end, the infuriated Bushhad resolved to join the fight as soon as possible.In a 2014 interview, George Allen, who flew B-52s during the war, recounted hearing the newsin the car with his family. On their way home,Allen’s family picked up four servicemen on theside of the highway scurrying to return to theirbase.

PEARL HARBOR / 11

The Associated Press

sent the first flash, or

news update, to its mem-

ber media outlets at 2:22

p.m. Eastern Dec. 7, 1941

– about 90 minutes after

the attack began. It read,

“Washington – White

House says Japs attack

Pearl Harbor.” AP.ORG

Use the Blipparapp to hear theradio broadcastbulletin on the

attack fromDec. 7, 1941 .

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2

12 / PEARL HARBOR

◗ The radio networks launchedvirtually unprecedented coverage in thewake of the attack. Only the Munichcrisis of 1938 and the outbreak of warin Europe in 1939 had provided evensomewhat comparable occasions forradio journalists. As such, things thatseem unimaginable to modernsensibilities occurred in the hours afterthe bombing.

◗ CBS immediately tapped theirnetwork of stringers and affiliatesacross the world, including inHonolulu and Manila, to provide news,insight and analysis. Yet, the networkalso persisted in airing its previouslyscheduled orchestra concert andevening entertainment programming,albeit with constant interruptions.Merely delaying or interrupting theday’s commercial programmingrepresented innovation and evengumption.

◗ The onset of war also meant strictcensorship rapidly snapping intoplace. NBC broadcast live reports froma correspondent and eyewitnesses inthe hours after the attack — though themilitary took over the shortwave circuittwo minutes into the first report.Subsequently, however, informationbecame scarce, parceled out by theWhite House only once it could beexplicitly verified and posed no risk ofproviding aid or comfort to the enemy.Radio was no stranger to censorship —European war dispatches had toreceive clearance from governmentcensors. In fact, CBS raised its stringerin Manila 90 minutes after the attackon Pearl Harbor, but he got cut off theair, presumably by censors.

◗ In the days after Dec. 7, mysteryshrouded the attack and its toll.Reporters felt severely hamstrung — aDec. 11 United Press Internationalnews agency piece noted “censorship

permits a cautious description of theattack.” By happenstance, voluntaryradio censorship prevented the publicfrom immediately learning the grimdetails of the destruction wrought.

◗ CBS’ Murrow and his wife had dinnerplans with the Roosevelts the night ofDec. 7. After the attack, EleanorRoosevelt insisted on keeping theirplans, reasoning that they all had to eatregardless. FDR skipped the meal, buthe met with Murrow after midnight,confiding the devastating toll taken bythe attack. While Murrow puzzled overwhether their conversation occurred onor off the record, he never recounted itfor listeners. Two days later, in spite ofpromises to the press, Rooseveltwithheld these details from his firesidechat to avoid providing the enemy withinformation.

Dec. 8 and 9,1941, newspapersfrom coast tocoast herald newsof war in theirevening editionsand in extras.WIKIPEDIA, STOCK-TON (CA) RECORD,COLUMBUS (OH) DISPATCH

◗ Americans also consultednewspapers for information —Chicagoans scarfed up “war extra”editions as quickly as trucks couldunload them – but Pearl Harborwas radio’s moment. Radiojournalists pioneered elements ofbreaking news coverage in the late1930s and early 1940s that wouldshape how television, and laterdigital media, chronicled the mostconsequential stories in real time.

◗ Radio’s coverage of the strikeagainst Pearl Harbor sufferedfrom the same maladies thatplague modern breaking newscoverage — misinformation,confusion, network personnelscrambling into place and analystsspeculating about hazy facts.Nonetheless, it symbolized aquantum leap from past practices,and enabled Americans to learnmore about the incursion and

world reaction more quickly andintimately than would have beenpossible before the radio age.

– Brian Rosenwald is a fellow atthe Robert A Fox LeadershipProgram at the University ofPennsylvania and an instructorat Penn. He also conductsresearch for the Slate podcast“Whistlestop” and a bookcompanion to the podcast. Hisdoctoral dissertation, “MountRushmore: The Rise of TalkRadio and Its Impact on Politicsand Public Policy,” is becominga book for Harvard UniversityPress. He has also written forCNN.com, Politico, ThePhiladelphia Inquirer, TheBaltimore Sun, The Daily Beast,and Time Magazine’s historyblog, and contributed insight topieces for media including TheWall Street Journal andBuzzfeed. He has appeared onradio and television programsincluding “The MichaelSmerconish Program,” “StandUp! with Pete Dominick,” “TheLeslie Marshall Show” and“BackStory with the AmericanHistory Guys.”

PEARL HARBOR / 13

Radio journalists pioneered elements of breaking news

coverage ... that would shape how television, and later

digital media, chronicled themost consequential stories in

real time.

14 / PEARL HARBOR

By Rob CitinoSpecial to GateHouse Media

“What a difference a day makes, Twenty-four little hours ...”

Turn on a radio back in the 1940s and you might have heard the song “What a Difference a Day Makes.” It’s not the most memorabletune of the era, and its lyrics were never going to win a literary award (“It’s heaven when you ... find romance on your menu”).

Still, even the simplest song lyric can hit a listener hard. Americans hearing Bing Crosby sing “What a Difference a Day Makes” onhis wartime Kraft Radio Hour might have grasped a deeper meaning. All of them had been through a recent, traumatic experience. If

ever a single day had made a difference in their lives, it was Dec. 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor not only plunged the United States into war, butchanged the country forever. It divided the life of every living American into a “before” and an “after,” and few of them would ever

forget where they where when they heard the news.

The Japanese attack on Pearl was at first bewildering. Those whowere there remember the shock: aircraft careening in, attacking,then banking away to reveal the big red circle on their wings, themark of the Rising Sun. Sailors on ships in nearby waters got thechilling radiogram, labeled “urgent”: AIR RAID ON PEARL

HARBOR X THIS IS NOT DRILL. Back at home, a lot of Americans didn’teven know where Pearl Harbor was, or what it was, for that matter.Remember, Hawaii wasn’t a state yet, not until 1959. Indeed, you read fromtime to time of a child who, on hearing that Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor,asked, “Who’s she?”

But things quickly clarified. Already that evening, President FranklinDelano Roosevelt – by now well into his unprecedented third term in office –was dictating a message to a joint session of Congress, a message he woulddeliver the next day. “Yesterday,” he wrote, “December 7, 1941, a date whichwill live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly anddeliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” ThePresident didn’t bother with a lot of details. He didn’t stop to explain to theAmerican people that Pearl Harbor was an advanced American naval base inthe Hawaiian Islands, or to lay out a blow-by-blow account of the Japaneseattack.

No, this was big picture stuff. What was Pearl Harbor? It was “America.”And what had happened there? An attack, committed “suddenly anddeliberately.” It was an act of “infamy,” he said, nothing less than a crime.

THE ‘SLEEPING GIANT’WAKES

MOBILIZATION

The US responds to the reality of war

The warning dispatch about Dec. 7’s air raid on Pearl Harbor.

WIKIPEDIA

PEARL HARBOR / 15

Posters like these seized

upon the horror of Dec. 7 to

spur the country into action.

WIKIPEDIA

No one could read the popular or political mood like FDR.He asked Congress for a declaration of war, dated precisely tothe moment of the Japanese attack. The U.S. hadn’t started thewar, FDR pointed out. Japan had. The Senate agreedunanimously – 82-0 in fact. The vote in the House ofRepresentatives was all but unanimous, 388-1. PacifistJeanette Rankin of Montana voted no, just as she had votedagainst going to war with Germany in 1917.

And that quickly, America was at war. A single day before,any representative or Senator voting to send the country towar might have been tarred or feathered. War had beenraging in Europe and Asia for years, Hitler’s armies hadBritain at bay and were gouging deep into Russia, and theJapanese warlords were waging a murderous war in China.Americans were all over the place in how to respond. Some, a smallnumber, wanted to get in it directly, with troops; others, a largergroup, were for getting it in indirectly, by supplying Britain withships and weapons, for example. The largest number, however, were“isolationists.” The best thing the U.S. could do, they felt, was to stayout of the war altogether. The country had already fought one worldwar, they noted, and had nothing to show for it. Protected by its God-given oceans on both sides, America could and should sit this oneout.

The first bomb at Pearl exploded that notion, and ended theisolationist movement forever. Our enemies had proven that theocean could be a highway, not a barrier, and had made it clear thateven if Americans weren’t interested in war, war was interested inthem. The Japanese militarists thought that they were launching asurprise blow on a divided people who would never come together toform a common front. Instead, the attack on Pearl united theAmerican people as never before. Virtually every citizen living in oursprawling, diverse republic shared the same desire: to show theJapanese that the “highway” ran in both directions. American publicopinion, almost unanimously, came to a conclusion: This war couldonly end in one way – with U.S. forces sitting in Tokyo.

War against Japan (and soon Germany, as well) was by definition aglobal one, and fighting across the globe required a new kind ofAmerica. The U.S. was an industrial and financial giant, yes, but fewwould have described it as a great military power. Japanese AdmiralIsoruku Yamamoto famously described America as a “sleeping giant,”but perhaps “sleepy” is more like it. A large chunk of the populationstill lived on the farm, statistics for high school graduation wereshockingly low by today’s standards, and millions of Americans didn’teven have basic modern amenities like electricity or running water.

By the numbersWhen the European war

began in earnest on Sept. 1, 1939,with the German invasion ofPoland, the U.S. Army had190,000 soldiers, the 17th-largest force in the world ( justbehind the small nation of Ro-mania). By 1945, it was 8.3 mil-lion.

Presidential production goalsset in January 1942 were stagger-ing. FDR might have deliberatelyset them at impossibly high tar-get levels so that he could get thehighest possible production:

1942: 60,000 aircraft 1943: 125,000 aircraft

Actual US aircraft production:1939 2,1411940 6,0681941 19,4331942 47,8361943 85,8981944 96,3181945 46,001Total: 303,695

Medium tank production (in-cluding the M4 Sherman, oursignature wartime tank):1940 61941 1,4301942 15,7201943 28,1641944 15,4891945 8,055Total: 68,864

– Rob Citino

Use the Blipparapp to see

video of ads forwar bonds

using imageryfrom these

posters.

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The Great Depression had bit hard into the social fabricof the country, as well, ruining lives and shattering families.The U.S. military was puny, spending less on arms thanminor European states like Romania. Most Americansliked it that way, in fact. No standing army, no constantskirmishes with our neighbors, a civil society dedicated topeaceful pursuits: That was America’s self-image in 1941.Much of the world agreed. No less an authority thanReichsmarshal Heinrich Goering, the chief of the Germanair force, declared that Americans might be able to produceconsumer gizmos like “refrigerators and razor blades,” butcertainly not an arsenal for modern war.

And now, suddenly, it was time for the giant to wake up,work out, and put on some muscle. With the countryenraged over Pearl Harbor, few questioned the completeredesign of American society. Young men marched off inthe hundreds of thousands, and soon the millions. A grandtotal of 15 million Americans eventually traded theircivilian garb for the uniform, and this in a country with atotal population of just 135 million (less than half its size oftoday). Millions of boys from Cleveland and Des Moinesand Paducah journeyed to places they had never heard ofbefore, shipping out to islands in the South Pacific likeGuadalcanal or Saipan, or to bloody Kasserine Pass inNorth Africa. Some flew bomber missions over Germany orJapan, some hit the beach at Normandy, others crewed thegigantic new U.S. Navy ships roaming the seven seas.Millions worked with the supply troops abroad, makingsure the bullets, bombs and bread got forward to thefighting troops. Hundreds of thousands of them died, andmillions would be wounded or missing in action. Indeed,over 70,000 Americans from World War II are still listedas MIA.

The departure of most of the country’s young men meantthat other groups had to step in and man the factories.Check that: not “man.” By war’s end, over 19 millionAmerican women were in the workforce. Many had movedover from the traditional roles of “women’s work” asdomestic servants or waitresses into war plants, manningthe lathes, drills and punch-presses that formed thebackbone of modern war production. Alongsidethem were the millions of women who enteredthe workforce for the first time, leaving hearth andhome to roll steel, bore out rifle barrels and screwfuses onto artillery shells. Rosie the Riveter was thenew American icon: wearing blue coveralls, hairtied up in a scarf, bicep flexed. “We can do it!” washer slogan. Like the rest of post-Pearl HarborAmerica, Rosie had the eye of the tiger.

Pearl Harbor was a turning point for another groupwho had traditionally been outsiders: AfricanAmericans. Total war required the military and theeconomy to be firing on all cylinders, and that meantputting every possible American into either a uniform ora factory. Discrimination and racism, long tolerated,suddenly became a monkey wrench in the war effort.Moreover, how could democratic America condemnGermany and Japan for their racist policies while openlydiscriminating against its own at home? Many AfricanAmericans spoke openly of the “double victory” they wereseeking: against the Axis abroad and against second-classcitizenship in their own country.

16 / PEARL HARBOR

Pearl Harbor transformed the United States into one vast armed camp. Millions ofsoldiers, sailors and airmen fought at the front. Many more millions of workers at home –black, white, men, women – built the guns, tanks and aircraft needed for victory. Industrycompletely reinvented itself. Underwood Typewriter Company shifted over to producingM1 Carbine rifles; Kaiser Shipyards figured out how to build a transport vessel in a singleweek, the famous “Liberty Ship”; and Ford Motors kept pace at its sprawling Willow RunPlant in Ypsilanti, Michigan (dubbed “the Grand Canyon of the mechanized world”), bychurning out a four-engine B-24 bomber every hour.

The global war unleashed on Dec. 7, 1941, demanded nothing less. Sure, other days havebeen critical to American history. The country wouldn’t exist without July 4, 1776, and thegrisly events of Sept. 11, 2001, still haunt our collective psyche. Neither of those days hadthe dramatic, long-lasting impact of Pearl Harbor, however. Those “twenty-four littlehours” changed U.S. priorities permanently, set the country on the path to global power,and perhaps gave it a glimpse of itself as “a more perfect union” for all its citizens.

– Dr. Rob Citino is the Samuel Zemurray Stone senior historian at The National WorldWar II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana.

The famous

‘Rosie the Riv-

eter’ poster en-

couraging

women to aid

the war effort.

WIKIPEDIA

ISOLATIONISM

PEARL HARBOR / 17

Sentiment in Americabefore Pearl Harbor was

decidedly anti-war

WHENWAR CAME

TO US

By Ron Milam, Ph.D.Special to GateHouse Media

President George Washington warned the Americanpeople to “steer clear of permanent alliances,” and to“extend foreign commercial relations that could bemutually beneficial while maintaining as little politicalconnection as possible.” These words were written in hisfarewell address to the nation as he watched Europeengage in wars that his own cabinet members hadpublically taken diverse positions about, causing frictionwithin his administration and creating concern amongwarring nations. His warnings have often been cited as thebeginning of isolationism by both elected officials and bythe American public.

Fast-forward over 100 years, and Americanswere still heeding Washington’s words as Europecontinued to fight “small” wars over ideology andgeography. President Woodrow Wilson keptAmerica out of World War I for three yearsbecause he did not want to send American boysto fight what he considered to be a European war.When he reversed his position in April 1917 byasking Congress to declare war to make the world“safe for democracy,” his decision was criticizedby many peace organizations and industrialleaders such as Henry Ford.

And while American soldiers did affect theoutcome of the war in France and Britain’s favor,the American people were not supportive of thedecision, particularly when watching Americanboys return home with terrible wounds and lungdamage from battlefield exposure to poison gas.Isolationism set in as polls indicated mostAmericans believed fighting “the war to end allwars” was a mistake, and some even believed that“merchants of death” had wanted Americaninvolvement in the war so that they could profitfrom selling war materials.

Presidents Warren Harding and CalvinCoolidge sought to decrease the likelihood ofanother “great war” by negotiating limits to thesize of naval armaments at the 1921-22Washington Naval Conference. If the world’spowers – America, Britain, Japan, France, andItaly – could restrict their post-war constructionof battleships to an agreed upon tonnage and gunsize, perhaps the reduction in ship size wouldlead to less belligerence on the seas. Virtually allparties broke the treaty by 1935 as hostilitiesbegan in Asia with Japan’s invasion of China.

While most historians mark the beginning ofWorld War II as 1939 when Germany invadedPoland, Japan had already conquered theChinese province of Manchuria in 1931, andbegan to invade other provinces in 1937 whenboth Shanghai and Nanking were attacked.President Franklin Roosevelt wrote critical lettersaddressing this aggression, particularly when theAmerican river gunboat the USS Panay was sunkby Japanese aircraft while attempting to rescuesurvivors of Nanking.

But the American people were not supportiveof going to war with Japan, even though militaryplanners had anticipated such a conflict bydesigning War Plan Orange as early as 1924.With the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 still ineffect, it is unlikely that Americans would havesupported further involvement in the Sino-

For more informationSources used in thiswork include:

• Saul K. Padover, “TheWashington Papers: BasicSelections From the Publicand Private Writings ofGeorge Washington,” (NewYork: Easton Press, 1989).

• George C. Herring,“From Colony to Super-power: U.S. Foreign Rela-tions Since 1776,” (NewYork: Oxford UniversityPress. 2008)

• David M. Kennedy,“Freedom From Fear: TheAmerican People in De-pression and War,” (NewYork: Oxford Press, 1999)

Japanese War. Furthermore, with theAmerican economy having been severelyaffected by the Depression and unemployedcitizens standing in bread lines, events in Asiawere not at the top of their priority list. Theywere, however, paying some attention to therise of Adolf Hitler in Germany.

With the memory of World War I still fresh,there was not a movement toward involvementas long as America itself was not beingattacked.

As President Roosevelt launched his NewDeal to improve the living conditions of theAmerican people, many congressional leadersbecame concerned about the various conflictserupting around the world. In 1935, Italyconquered Ethiopia and proclaimed fascism asthe new form of government most likely tosucceed in Europe. With Benito Mussoliniallying with Hitler, there was a growingconcern by the president that America wouldhave to take a more aggressive approach toworld affairs.

However, the isolationist movement began toinfluence members of Congress, who believedthat the best course of action to avoid wars wasto pass neutrality acts that would have theeffect of limiting America’s role in

President Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease bill to give aid to Britain and China in 1941. WIKIPEDIA

18 / PEARL HARBOR

PEARL HARBOR / 19

what was perceived to be regional conflicts. Since the presidentneeded many of these isolationists to support his domestic policies,such as the enactment of the Social Security Act and the FederalDeposit Insurance Corporation Act, he allowed a series ofneutrality acts to be passed. While there were manyinternationalists who believed America had a role to play in thesedisputes, they were outnumbered by a wide array of conservatives,industrialists and peace activists who believed that Americanintervention would lead to participation in what could eventuallybecome a new world war.

In 1938, Hitler negotiated an agreement with European leadersto allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland areas ofCzechoslovakia. President Roosevelt supported British PrimeMinister Neville Chamberlain’s acceptance of the MunichAgreement, even thoughthere were cabinet memberswho predicted Hitler’s long-range plan to be much moreexpansive. When Germanythen occupied the rest ofCzechoslovakia, thenPoland, then France, andbegan the bombing ofBritain, America had to atleast become concernedabout a Second World War.

But isolationists were stillsuccessful in keepingAmerica out of both Asianand European conflicts. AnAmerica First Committeemovement began across thecountry in 1940, led bybusinessmen, leftists andcelebrities such as CharlesLindberg. While there wasalso a group ofinternationalists thatformed the Committee toDefend America by Aidingthe Allies in 1940, theisolationists were successful inkeeping America out of what was now becoming World War II.

President Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1940, and eventhough he was actively working with Britain to help them in theirlone action against Nazism and fascism, his campaign rhetoric wasstill supporting the isolationists: “I have said this before but I shallsay it again and again. Your boys are not going to be sent into anyforeign wars.” The new British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill,knew that only America could stop Hitler’s movement towardEuropean domination, and he appealed to the president in a verypersonal way. Recognizing America’s vast industrial machine,Churchill asked for help that would not require American boys tofight a foreign war, but allow America to support Britain throughrebuilding its naval armaments.

President Roosevelt sent a bill to Congress that gave him the

authority to “sell, transfer, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwisedispose of any war material to any nation whose defense wasdeemed vital to the defense of the United States.” And to assure theisolationists that this was truly a patriotic gesture, the bill wasdesignated as HR1776.

British ships were towed to American shipyards to be repairedbefore re-entering service, and American vessels were “loaned” toEngland with commitments to return them to the United Statesafter the war. The “lend-lease” program aided Britain’s war effortand minimally satisfied both the isolationists and theinternationalists.

But President Roosevelt knew that Japan needed oil and warmaterial in the Pacific to continue its goal of Southeast Asiandominance. Only the United States could stop Japan’s conquest of

the British Commonwealthpossessions of Singaporeand Hong Kong, Malayaand other islands, as well asthe Philippines, FrenchIndochina and China. TheUnited States Navy’s PacificFleet stood in the way ofJapan’s aggression,particularly since it hadrecently been relocated fromSan Diego, California, to theHawaiian Island of Oahu.

On Dec. 7, 1941, theJapanese attack on the fleetat Pearl Harbor would be anevent that would finallybring the interests of boththe internationalists and theisolationists together.America would declare waron Japan the next day, andGermany and Italy woulddeclare war on the UnitedStates. With this attack, theattitudes and theories abouteconomics, morality andpolitics were replaced by

concern for the defense of the homeland.

– Ron Milam, Ph.D., is an associate professor of history, aFulbright Scholar to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and thefaculty advisor to the Veteran’s Association at Texas TechUniversity in Lubbock. He serves on the Content AdvisoryCommittee tasked with writing the history of the Vietnam Warfor the new Education Center at The Wall in Washington, D.C.,and is a combat veteran of the Vietnam War. Milam is theauthor of “Not a Gentleman’s War: an Inside View of JuniorOfficers in the Vietnam War” and is working on two bookprojects: “The Siege of Phu Nhon: Montagnards and Americansas Allies in Battle” and “Cambodia and Kent State: Killing inthe Jungle and on the College Campuses.”

Water-cooled machine guns just arrived from the U.S. under Lend-Lease arechecked at an ordnance depot in England. WIKIPEDIA

20 / PEARL HARBOR

CHRISTMAS 1941

‘A UNITED PEOPLE,GIRDED FOR BATTLE’

By Stanley WeintraubSpecial to GateHouse Media

Coming just 18 days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Christmas 1941 was a holiday unlikeany other. For many Americans, it was the last time they would be together. In Stanley

Weintraub’s “Pearl Harbor Christmas: A World at War, December 1941,” he describes themood of the nation at the time, and President Roosevelt’s determination to keep to tradition.

War casts a pall over Christmas 1941

After much politics-as-usual debateabout the appropriate age for draftregistration, Congress on Dec. 19, 1941,had timidly settled on 20 for induction

and 18 for registration. On both the Atlantic andPacific coasts, the services had hurriedly set anti-aircraft guns on the roofs of buildings andalongside docks. Some weapons were obsolete,others wooden fakes, there to instill spuriousconfidence. Sentries, often bearing 1918-vintagerifles, were posted at railway stations andarmaments factories. Although the onlyinterloper likely over the American skies atChristmas was likely to be Santa Claus with hissleigh and reindeer, a 24-hour sky watch in theNortheast was ordered for the holidays byBrigadier General John C. MacDonnell, air-raidwarning chief for 43,000 volunteer civilianobservers. “Experience in war,” he declared, “hastaught that advantage is taken of relaxation in

vigilance to strike whenand where the blow isleast expected.” Lightsremained on almosteverywhere.

Anxiety on the Pacificcoast about Japanese airraids, however absurd,had already panicked SanFrancisco, thanks to theparanoia of Fourth Armycommander LieutenantGeneral John DeWitt atFort Ord. Every Japanesefisherman and vegetablefarmer along the coastwas suspected of covertlywarning nonexistentenemy aircraft, and thehysteria resulted in therelocation of the NewYear’s Day Rose Bowlextravaganza fromCalifornia to somnolentDurham, North Carolina,where Duke University

would play Oregon State.On war maps in the press, limited to much less

than the actual facts, a dismal Christmas loomed,but it did not appear that way in shop windowsacross America. Enhanced by holiday lights, thestreet lamps and store fronts glittered, and aplethora of merchandise long vanished fromhigh streets in Britain awaited shoppers now

benefiting from jobs created by proliferating warcontracts and a burgeoning army and navy.Christmas trees were plentiful, seldom priced atmore than a dollar or two, and in the traditionalholiday spectacle at Radio City Music Hall inNew York, the star-spangled Rockettes, inmechanical unison, high-stepped away any wargloom. In newspapers across the nation theJapanese were thwarted in the “Terry and thePirates” comic strip, and in film Gary Cooper asSergeant York was defeating the Germans single-handedly in the earlier world war.

The hit book for Christmas giving, at a hefty$2.50, was Edna Ferber’s Reconstruction-eraromance “Saratoga Trunk.” For the same price,war turned up distantly yet bombastically in atwo-disc set of Tchaikovsky’s “1812 Overture,”performed by Artur Rodzinski and the ClevelandOrchestra. In New York gift crates of oranges andgrapefruit from Florida were $2.79 atBloomingdale’s. A new Ford or Chevrolet, bothsoon to be unobtainable, cost $900. HattieCarnegie’s designer dresses began at $15. Theupscale Rogers Peet menswear store offered suitsand topcoats from a steep $38. (At recruiting

stations nationwide, the army was offering smartkhaki garb at no cost whatever to enlistees.)Henri Bendel featured silk stockings at $1.25 apair; stockings in the current wonder weave,nylon, sold for $1.65. By the following Christmasnylons would be almost unobtainable. The fabricwould be the stuff of parachutes.

Among the long-prepared Christmas toy glut,shops across America advertised a remote-control bombing plane at $1.98, which ran alonga suspended wire to attack a battleship. TheJapanese high seas Kido Butai had not neededsuspended wires at Pearl Harbor, nor in thePhilippines, Malaya, or Hong Kong. The RoyalNavy’s principal warships on the Pacific Rimwere at the bottom of the Gulf of Siam, and thedepleted Pacific Fleet, with seven battleshipssunk or disabled at their anchorages, had onlytwo destroyers available to patrol the longcoastline between Vancouver and San Diego. AsBritish Prime Minster Winston Churchill wouldput it, “Over all this vast expanse of waters Japanwas supreme, and we everywhere [were] weakand naked.”

PEARL HARBOR / 21

President Roosevelt addresses the crowd at the Christmas tree lighting ceremony from the White House SouthPortico on Dec. 24, 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill can be seen on the right. PHOTOS VIA WIKIPEDIA

The hit book forChristmas giving,at a hefty $2.50,

was Edna Ferber’sReconstruction-eraromance “Saratoga

Trunk.” For thesame price, war

turned up distantlyyet bombasticallyin a two-disc set ofTchaikovsky’s “1812

Overture,”performed by ArturRodzinski and the

ClevelandOrchestra.

For security in wartime theSecret Service proposed tohave the formidable nationalChristmas tree erected in

Lafayette Park, a seven-acre expanseacross Pennsylvania Avenue from theWhite House, as the event Dec. 24,1941, would draw thousands ofunidentifiable persons. The Presidentinsisted that tradition required theWhite House lawn. Within thepatrolled iron-picket fence aroundthe White House grounds, only thosespecifically invited would get close tothe participants on the South Portico.

Even so, guardswarned, “Nocameras, nopackages.” A tentoutside the twogates had been setup as a packagechecking station,but some visitorsrefused to give uptheir places in lineat the 4 o’clockopening anddropped theirChristmas bundles atthe fence, hoping theywould find them againafterward. The uninvitedcould watch from beyond— and under a crescentmoon thousands werealready gathering in theearly winter twilight.

Was a brilliantly lithazard being created atodds with unenforced

wartime brownouts? The White Housewas assured that no enemy couldpenetrate Washington airspace. Also,Christmas Eve traditions were exemptedin the interest of national confidence.Despite restrictions involving landmarks,the red aircraft-warning light 550 feetatop the Washington Monument remainedaglow and could be seen from the WhiteHouse lawn. At the lighting ceremonies in1940, realizing that war was approaching

from somewhere, and perhaps soon, thePresident had told the crowd that it waswelcome to return in 1941 “if we are allstill here.” Many were back.

Christmas Eve 1941 was the only publicoccasion when Roosevelt and Churchillspoke from the same platform. As theygathered with guests and the White Housestaff in the East Room an hour before theceremonies at 5, the Marine Band on theSouth Lawn struck up holiday music,beginning with “Joy to the World,”accompanied by choirs from nearbychurches. Outranking the Prime Ministerin the party were stately, beautiful CrownPrincess Marthe of occupied Norway andher princely husband, the future King OlavV. Marthe, whom FDR adored, was one ofthe rare women he kissed whenever theymet. With her children, she had beenoffered a temporary White House

residence after fleeing Norway, untilshe could find an American home,which she did nearby in Maryland. Inwhat seemed like a royal gesture,each White House employee waspresented with a signed photographof Franklin and Eleanor.

When the sunset gun at Fort Myer,across the Potomac, boomed, theband began “Hail to the Chief,” andthe President, on the arm of an aide,was escorted slowly out to the southbalcony with Mrs. Roosevelt and thePrime Minister. Following them, theWhite House party, many shiveringin the chill evening, watched as FDRpressed a button lighting the bigevergreen at the lower slope of thelawn. The crowd applauded, theireyes especially on Churchill. Then theRev. Joseph Corrigan, rector ofCatholic University in northeastWashington, delivered a briefinvocation tailored to the times.“Hear a united people, girded forbattle” he began, looking up,“dedicate themselves to the peace ofChristmas.” He confessed“strangeness” in such a contradictionin words, yet “All the materialresources with which Thou has

blessed our native land, we consecrate tothe dread tasks of war.” It was whatChurchill wanted to hear and the reasonhe had come.

Radio carried their voices across thecountry and abroad. As the Christmaslights glowed, Roosevelt spoke directly tothe event. “It is in the spirit of peace andgood will, and with particularthoughtfulness of those, our sons andbrothers, who serve in our armed forceson land and sea, near and far — those whoserve and endure for us — that we lightour Christmas candles now across thiscontinent from one coast to the other onthis Christmas evening.”

Now, he added, “my associate, my oldand good friend” wanted to speak toWashingtonians and to the world. No onein hearing distance had any doubt as towho that was, especially once his rolling,

22 / PEARL HARBOR

The Christmas meal menu for remaining personnel atPearl Harbor, 1941. WIKIPEDIA

At the lightingceremonies in1940, realizingthat war was

approaching fromsomewhere, and

perhaps soon, thePresident had toldthe crowd that itwas welcome toreturn in 1941 ‘if

we are all stillhere.’ Many were

back.

almost antique, voiceechoed across the lightsand shadows. “This is astrange Christmas eve,”Churchill began:

Almost the wholeworld is locked indeadly struggle, andwith the most terribleweapons which sciencecan devise, the nationsadvance upon eachother. Ill would it be forus this Christmastide if

we were not sure that nogreed for the land or wealth of any otherpeople, no vulgar ambition, no morbid lustfor material gain at the expense of othershas led us to the field. Here, in the midstof war, raging and soaring over all thelands and seas, creeping nearer to ourhearts and our homes, here, amid thetumult, we have tonight the peace of thespirit in each cottage home and in eachgenerous heart. There, we may cast asidefor this night at least the cares anddangers which beset us, and make for our

children an evening of happiness in aworld of storm. Here, then, for one nightonly, each home throughout the English-speaking world should be a brightlylighted island of happiness and peace.

While far from his own hearth and family,he continued, “Yet I cannot truthfully saythat I feel far from home.” He referred to hiskinship with his audiences, listening rapt onthe White House lawn, and nationwide:

Whether it be ties of blood on mymother’s side, or the friendships I havedeveloped here over many years of activelife, or the commanding sentiment ofcomradeship in the common cause ofgreat peoples who speak the samelanguage, who kneel at the same altars,and, to a very large extent, pursue thesame ideals, I cannot feel myself astranger here at the centre and at thesummit of the United States. I feel a senseof unity and fraternal association which,added to the kindliness of your welcome,convinces me that I have a right to sit atyour fireside and share your Christmas

joys.It was, he conceded, “a strange Christmas

eve,” with war “raging and roaring over all thelands and seas, creeping nearer to our heartsand homes.” Nevertheless, the PM concluded,using the English equivalent for Santa,

Let the children have their night of funand laughter. Let the gifts of FatherChristmas delight their play. Let us grown-ups share to the full in their unstintedpleasures before we turn again to the sterntask and the formidable years that liebefore us, resolved that by our sacrificeand daring, these same children shall notbe robbed of their inheritance or deniedtheir right to live in a free and decentworld.

And so, in God’s mercy, a happyChristmas to you all.

– Adapted excerpt from “Pearl HarborChristmas: A World at War, December1941” by Stanley Weintraub. Copyright ©2011. Available from Da Capo Press, animprint of Perseus Books, LLC, asubsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc.

PEARL HARBOR / 23

‘Let the childrenhave their night offun and laughter.

Let the gifts ofFather Christmasdelight their play.Let us grown-upsshare to the full in

their unstintedpleasures beforewe turn again to

the stern task andthe formidableyears that liebefore us ...’

This telegram was sent by Richard and Harold Hall to their parents wishing them a Merry Christmas following the attack onPearl Harbor. FLICKR/USMC Archives

Use the Blipparapp to openvideo of FDR

and Churchill’sChristmas Eve1941 speeches.

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2

By John SucichMore Content Now

What kind of a country was the UnitedStates in 1941? The year stands outfor more than just the attack onPearl Harbor. In the baseball world

1941 saw two feats accomplished that have yet tobe matched: Joe DiMaggio hit in a record 56straight games, and Ted Williams became thelast major leaguer to hit .400 or better, with a.406 batting average for the season.

The early 1940s left a cultural mark in otherways, too. Here’s some more about what it waslike to live at the time Pearl Harbor wasattacked:

◗ WorkBy the end of the 1930s President Roosevelt’s

New Deal had come to an end, as Congress grewresistant to introducing more new programs.But programs like the Tennessee ValleyAuthority (TVA) and the Works ProgressAdministration (WPA), coupled with thewar boom to come after Dec. 7, 1941,succeeded in bringing the country out ofthe Great Depression.

• In 1940 the workforce was about 53million people, with about 5 millionpeople unemployed. When the UnitedStates entered the war the problemquickly shifted to there not being enoughworkers. The working week waslengthened, 14- to 17-year-olds wereallowed to work, and more women wereemployed as a result.

• The majority belief before the UnitedStates entered World War II was that awoman who worked when her husbandalso had a job was taking a job fromanother man. There was support for laws thatwould prohibit women from working if herhusband made more than $1,600 in a year. Thatall changed after 1941, when women were askedto help with the war effort.

• Many of the jobs that became available in theearly 1940s were to support the war, includingbuilding weaponry, aircraft and other vehicles. Aworker with the TVA made about 50 cents anhour, or $20 a week, while public schoolteachers, miners and manufacturers madeapproximately $30 a week (or about $1,500 in ayear). Doctors and lawyers made an averagesalary of $5,000 a year. The highest paidballplayer was Hank Greenberg of the DetroitTigers, at $55,000 a year, while Gary Cooperwas the highest-paid movie star at about$500,000 in salary.

◗ Religion• Religion was a factor in the lives of many

Americans in the 1930s and 1940s, but it wasn’talways in an active role.

• Christians were the majority, with the RomanCatholic Church its largest denomination. Therewas a significant Jewish population in New YorkCity.

• Many families had religious artifacts andobserved religious practices such as no meat onFridays, but not everyone attended religiousservices.

◗ Transportation• The decade of the 1940s was the dawning of

the automobile age. Travel across the country in acar was difficult, though – many major highwayswere a decade away, at least. But for many middleclass families a car was becoming more common.

• For wider travel people still relied on the

railroad. Airplane travel was new and expensive,and the railroads were what Americans were usedto. A one-way trip on the train from Chicago toLos Angeles could take less than 40 hours.

◗ MoviesDuring the 1940s, with the United States fully

immersed in World War II, movies were verymuch centered on war. But the time periodsometimes called “the golden age of film” also sawsome all-time classics released:

• “Citizen Kane” (1941)• “The Philadelphia Story” (1941)• After the release of its first feature-length

animated film, “Snow White and the SevenDwarfs” (1937), Disney also released “Pinocchio”(1940), “Fantasia” (1940), “Dumbo” (1941) and“Bambi” (1942).

• “The Wizard of Oz” and “Gone With The

Wind” were both released in 1939, the latter ofwhich starred Clark Gable. Gable was married toCarole Lombard in 1939, forming an originalHollywood “it” couple before Lombard died in aplane crash in early 1942 after a trip promotingwar bonds.

◗ MusicSome of the most popular movies produced

some of the most popular songs of the time,like “When You Wish Upon A Star” from“Pinocchio” and “Somewhere Over TheRainbow” from “The Wizard of Oz,” butpeople were listening to many kinds of musicon the radio:

• Jazz from the likes of Glenn Miller andDuke Ellington.

• Classical music performances werebroadcast across the country.

• Singing stars such as Bing Crosby, theAndrews Sisters and Frank Sinatra thrilled

audiences, and the jukebox reachedpeak popularity, with dancing to bigband music one of the most popularactivities of the day.

◗ Radio showsThe radio wasn’t just for music.

Families gathered around to listento serials, comedies, FDR’s “firesidechats” and, especially after the PearlHarbor attack, reports from the war.Some of the more popular radioshows of the time were:

• “The Shadow”• “The Guiding Light”• “Ma Perkins”• “Superman”• “The Lone Ranger”

◗ ToysThe 1940s saw the creation of some of the

most popular toys in history, including theSlinky and Silly Putty, both of which wereaccidental discoveries made during the wareffort. Before they came along, though, kidswere playing with:

• Dolls and doll houses• Toy guns• Tiddlywinks• Mainstays like electrically powered model

trains– Information for this article was gathered

from “Daily Life In The United States 1920-1940” by David E. Kyvig, “America 1941” byRoss Gregory and “A Cultural History of theUnited States: The 1940s” by Michael V.Uschan

24 / PEARL HARBOR

LIFE1941IN

INTERNMENT

he internment of Japanese Americans after PearlHarbor is a dark chapter in American history,but one that we can learn from as the countryagain struggles with religious and ethnictensions. “Remember and learn,” said GeorgeTakei, the actor best known as Mr. Sulu from theoriginal “Star Trek” who spent four years as an

internee with his family.Earlier this year, politicians called for bans on Muslims or

Syrians from entering the U.S., placing the security of the nationover the rights of individuals who are targeted simply because ofthe way they look, said historian Franklin Odo, founding directorof the Smithsonian Institution’s Asian Pacific American Programand former acting chief of the Asian division at the Library of

Congress. Citing the post-Pearl Harbor internment of Americancitizens, politicians said things like, “If we need to lock them up,we’ve done it before,” and “If the government did this in the past,it must have been a good idea,” Odo said.

“Politicians are particularly adept at gauging and exploiting thefears of the populace, and so it is in some ways no surprise that weare seeing the ugly specter of racial and religious profiling ariseagain,” Takei said. “There are striking similarities because, frankly,the same fears are as easily stoked today as in World War II.Human nature does not change so quickly. The important thingto understand today is not that these similarities exist, but ratherthat we as a people learn from our history. Our people’sdemocracy can do great things but, at the same time, falliblehumans can make disastrous mistakes.”

By Melissa EricksonMore Content Now

Tom Kobayashi, photographed at the Manzanar RelocationCenter, California, 1943

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Understanding how the United States worked itselfinto a panic that led to sequestering Japanese andAmericans born to Japanese immigrants after thebombing of Pearl Harbor requires a long look back atAmerica’s history of anti-Asian racism, Odo said.

More than a century before World War II, Chinese people cameto America to work in the gold fields and to build railroads.Welcomed as a source of labor, the country stopped short ofletting them become citizens. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882was the first time in American history that an ethnic or racialgroup was restricted from immigrating in an effort to maintainthe country’s white racial purity.

“That racism carried over to the Japanese,” the next group ofAsians to make their way to America, Odo said. Asians were seenas “so foreign, so other, that they could not assimilate,” Odo said.

America needed cheap labor and the Japanese provided that,especially in the Hawaiian islands where they were recruited towork on the sugar plantations. By 1900, most of the workforce onthe plantations was Japanese, Odo said.

By Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese accounted for close to 40 percent ofthe total population of the Hawaiian islands, Odo said.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt is warmly remembered today,but “he was a racist,” Odo said. “We know from his writings. Hehad friends in Japan, and that was where he thought Japanese-Americans should go — back to Japan,” Odo said.

Before social media and television, our idea of what kind ofpeople the Japanese were came from newspapers, magazines, theradio and dime novels where they were depicted as “evil andcruel,” Odo said.

“The press was flagrantly anti-Japanese and actively stirred upanti-Japanese sentiment by waving the threat of a Yellow Peril,”the sentiment that Asians were a physical and economic threat tothe West, said Rotner Sakamoto.

As a nation, Japan had been building up as a military power inthe Pacific. Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese Warin 1895 and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Odo said.

“When Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and the Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937, anti-Japanese emotions flaredfurther. Japanese aggression abroad was perceived as ominous athome. By the time Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the soil had beentilled for an extreme reaction towards ethnic Japanese in theUnited States,” said Rotner Sakamoto.

“Before World War II there was more than 40 years of thinkingJapan is rising in power. The Japanese were seen as inferior butthe country could be a possible military rival in the Pacific. Thethought was that Japan could never launch a successful attack onAmerica,” Odo said.

Needless to say, the surprise military strike that devastated thenaval base at Pearl Harbor changed people’s minds.

“The Pearl Harbor attack was successful, and it was a big shockand a major blow to America’s sense of security,” Odo said.

The following day, the United States declared war on Japan andjoined World War II.

Line crew at work inManzanar

26 / PEARL HARBOR

It was hard, almost impossible, for people tobelieve Japan could have carried out the attack,Odo said.

“There must have been a ‘fifth column,’ Japaneseimmigrants who told the planes where to go, spieswho created an unfair playing field,” he said.

This profound suspicion led to a hysteria, especiallyon the West Coast, and cries for the Japanese to belocked up. The stigma was stoked by inflammatorynews stories, pressure groups and even the UnitedStates government, Odo said.

“After the fact, it became known that there were many nefariousforces urging internment of Japanese-Americans. Some were drivenby political ambition — something that today holds particularcurrency,” Takei said.

Earl Warren, who would later become governor of California andchief justice of the Supreme Court, was then an up-and-comingpolitician and the attorney general of California.

Warren “saw that the ‘lock up the Japanese’ movement was raging inCalifornia. He knew better but he decided to seize the leadership ofthis movement. He built his platform on anti-Japanese hysteria andmade the statement that the fact that no acts of espionage or sabotagehad been committed by Japanese Americans was ominous because the‘Japanese are inscrutable.’ He said that it would be ‘prudent’ to lock upthe Japanese before they did anything. We were damned either way,”Takei said. “I like to believe that, later in life, Chief Justice Warrenregretted what he had done to all of us, and spent his tenure on theSupreme Court repenting for the sins of his early political career.”

People thought that Japanese immigrants and Americans born toJapanese immigrants (called “Nisei”) had aided the Japanese militaryand would do it again.

“The philosopher George Santayana wrote,‘Those who cannot remember the past arecondemned to repeat it.’ I don’t believe thathistory repeats itself, but there arediscernible patterns that emerge over time.If we perceive and comprehend them, wehave an opportunity to sidestep tragic anddeplorable mistakes. Learning about a darkchapter of our nation’s past should notbring despair, but rather clarity and light.” – Pamela Rotner Sakamoto, author of “Midnight in Broad Daylight:A Japanese American Family Caught Between Two Worlds,” thetrue story of a family that found itself on opposite sides duringWorld War II

“Since they couldn’t tell the good from thebad, who is loyal to America and who isloyal to Japan, they had to lock them all up.” – historian Franklin Odo

About these photos

In 1943, Ansel Adams,America’s most well-knownphotographer, documentedthe Manzanar War Reloca-

tion Center in California andthe Japanese-Americans in-

terned there during WorldWar II. When offering thecollection to the Library of

Congress in 1965, Adams saidin a letter, “The purpose ofmy work was to show how

these people, suffering undera great injustice, and loss of

property, businesses and pro-fessions, had overcome thesense of defeat and dispair

[sic] by building for them-selves a vital community in an

arid (but magnificent) envi-ronment....All in all, I thinkthis Manzanar Collection is

an important historical docu-ment, and I trust it can be put

to good use.”

Mess line, noon

PEARL HARBOR / 27

Use the Blipparapp to see the

full AnselAdams

collection viathe Library of

Congress.

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2

28 / PEARL HARBOR

On Feb. 19, 1942, PresidentRoosevelt signed ExecutiveOrder 9066, which called for theinternment of all JapaneseAmericans from the West Coast

with the exclusion of Hawaii.“It’s baffling” that Japanese Americans

living in Hawaii “where the attack happenedand America was most vulnerable” wereexcluded, said Odo, who was 2 years old atthe time and living in Honolulu. “If I hadlived in California or Oregon, I would havehad to go,” he said. Japanese Americans weresuch a large part of the workforce in Hawaii“it became impossible to lock them up,” Odosaid.

“Order 9066 was posted on telephonepoles with instructions to take only what youcan carry and report when notified to alocation to be taken away,” said MaryMurakami of Bethesda, Maryland, who wasborn in Los Angeles and was living with herfamily in San Francisco’s Japantown in 1942.Murakami spent her junior high and highschool years interned.

While the Japanese were reporting to beinterned, government-ordered curfews wereset up.

“My father and sister could not go to work.My brother could not attend high school andmyself no junior high school. My family soldeverything,” Murakami said.

It was a time of great fear. There wererumors that children would be taken awayfrom parents.

“My parents shared our family history withus and had a family picture taken just incase,” Murakami said.

The internment shared shockingsimilarities with what was happening allover Europe.

“The strongest memory I have is of the dayarmed soldiers marched up our driveway,carrying rifles with bayonets and poundedupon our door, ordering us out. I remembermy mother’s tears as we were forced to leaveour home, with only what we could carrywith us,” Takei said. “My siblings and I wereall Americans, born and raised in LosAngeles. My mother was born in Sacramentoand my father was a San Franciscan, yet wewere being sent from our home for the crime

of looking like the people who had bombedPearl Harbor.”

Things happened fast and “120,000 peopleare a lot to put away,” Odo said. The firsttemporary camps were set up in large openspaces such as fairgrounds, race tracks andstadiums.

“For weeks we had to live in a horse stableat the local racetrack while the camps werestill under construction. My parents triedvaliantly to shield us from the horror of whatwas happening, and for that they are myheroes,” Takei said. “I think often of myfather, who felt the greatest anguish andpain of that imprisonment as the unspokenprotector of our family. He felt so powerlessto help what was happening to his family, toall he had worked so hard for throughout hislife. It was truly a devastating blow.”

Murakami’s family reported to theTanforan Race Track near San Franciscowhere a “lucky family had a room intemporary barracks in inner track, whileothers lived in horse stalls. There was noschooling for the children and the food wasterrible,” she said.

When a permanent camp was ready inOctober 1942 her family was taken in oldtrain cars with shades drawn to TopazPermanent Camp in Topaz, Utah.

“We lived in black-tarred barrackssurrounded by barbed wires and guardtowers. It was a hard life for three years foreveryone, especially our parents. Our familylost everything. There were very basicschools, food and accommodations,”Murakami said.

Loading bus,leaving Manzanarfor relocation

Lawsuits were filedbeginning in 1942 firstagainst the race-basedcurfews and lateragainst the internment,

but the courts ruled that thedenial of civil rights based onrace and national origin werelegal, Odo said.

Plaintiff Mitsuye Endo waschosen as “the perfect person” tochallenge Executive Order 9066because she was anAmericanized, assimilated Niseiwho spoke only English and noJapanese and had a brother inthe United States Army, Odosaid. On Dec. 18, 1944, the U.S.Supreme Court unanimouslyruled that the government couldnot continue to detain a citizenwho was “concededly loyal” tothe United States.

Japanese Americans couldbegin returning to the WestCoast, but “they had nowhere togo. They had lost their homes,

PEARL HARBOR / 29

Mary Murakami(center), with herESL students inWashington, D.C. PHOTO COURTESY

MARY MURAKAMI

Tractor repair:Driver Benji Iguchi,Mechanic HenryHanawa, ManzanarRelocation Center,California

their farms. Many wereterrified to leave the camps.They faced racialdiscrimination. They couldn’tfind jobs,” Odo said.

“When the war ended, thegates of the camps were openedwide. Just like that. We wereleft impoverished. Eachinternee was handed nothingmore than a one-way ticket towherever in the U.S. theywanted to go and $25 — torebuild a life with only that,”Takei said.

While Japan certainly hadspies in the United States,“there was zero proof ” that anyof the people interned hadcommitted treason, Odo said.Not a single act of espionagewas ever found to have beencommitted.

“Yes, internment waspolitically motivated, definitely.There were no spies among us.Seventy-five percent of us were

born in the United States,”Murakami said.

After a long campaign, in1988 President Ronald Reaganoffered an official apology and$20,000 in redress to theinternees who were still living.“But by then many who hadsuffered the most had alreadypassed away,” Takei said.

“About half of them, 60,000were still alive,” Odo said.

“So much time had passed.The money did not help usbecause we were establishedmiddle class so we donated thebulk of it to the start of theJapanese American Memorialin Washington D.C. toPatriotism, which is located afew blocks from the Capitol.The letter was uplifting toknow that only in a democracycan we receive that letter,”Murakami said.

“The internment camps around the countrywere all located in places no one else wouldever choose to live: the wastelands ofWyoming, the searing deserts of Arizona and,where we’d been sent, the fetid swamplandsof Arkansas. We went from a comfortablemiddle class home in Los Angeles to asingle, tar-paper-lined barrack in Arkansas,with no running water and no privacy at all.We ate in a mess hall and were fed horrificfare, including things like cow brains, whichno child in America was accustomed toeating.” – actor and activist George Takei

Internment story in theaters Dec. 13George Takei’s musical “Allegiance” will

screen in theaters nationwide for one nightonly on Tuesday, Dec. 13, at 7:30 local time.

Inspired by Takei’s true-life experiences,“Allegiance” is the story of Sam Kimura(Takei), transported back nearly six decadesto when his younger self (Telly Leung,“Glee”) and his sister Kei (Tony Award-win-ner Lea Salonga) fought to stay connectedto their heritage, their family and them-selves after Japanese Americans were im-prisoned during World War II. It’s amultigenerational tale with two love stories.

In the demeaning conditions of intern-ment during World War II, Takei said heand his family made do to the best of theirability.

“We persevered. Somehow, through allthat horror, we survived, we thrived and weheld together. There was a Japanese wordwe all lived by, ‘Gaman,’ which means ‘toendure, with dignity and fortitude,” saidTakei.

“I am among the last survivors of the in-ternment, and it has been my life’s missionto ensure that we never forget and never re-peat the mistakes of the past,” said Takei.

The screening begins with an introduc-tion from Takei and special behind-the-scenes footage and interviews. Tickets canbe purchased at FathomEvents.com or atparticipating theater box offices.

– By Melissa Erickson

30 / PEARL HARBOR

While many of their families were internedduring World War II, thousands ofJapanese-American men proved theirloyalty to the United States by serving incombat, most famously as part of the

442nd Regiment of the U.S. Army. The 442nd is the mostdecorated unit for its size and length of service in thehistory of American warfare.

As part of the 442nd, “the 100th Infantry Battalion wasa segregated Nisei (Americans born of Japaneseimmigrant parents) unit which preceded the 442nd to theItalian front,” said Terry Shima of Gaithersburg,

Maryland. Born in Hawaii, Shima was drafted into theU.S. Army on Oct. 12, 1944, as a replacement for the442nd Regimental Combat Team. He arrived in Italy onVE Day, May 8, 1945, and joined the 442nd at the GardaAirport in northern Italy assigned to its public relationsoffice.

“What people should know about the 442nd and themen who served in the Military Intelligence Service is thatthey served to help win the war and to prove their loyalty— the only ethnic group that fought in World War II forthis reason,” Shima said. “Many of these men volunteeredwhile they were confined to internment camps.”

The 442nd:

FIGHTING FOR THEIR FREEDOM

By Melissa EricksonMore Content Now

Standing on the step atthe entrance of adwelling are LouiseTami Nakamura, hold-ing the hand of Mrs.Naguchi, and JoyceYuki Nakamura

PEARL HARBOR / 31

From aliens to heroesAbout 14,000 men served in the 442nd unit and its

100th battalion, earning 9,486 Purple Hearts and 21Medals of Honor. The Nisei unit fought in Italy, Franceand Germany. Their motto was “Go For Broke,” which isHawaiian Pidgin English and means “risk your totalholdings, throw in your total resources, totalcommitment in one roll of the dice,” Shima said. “TheNisei had something to prove, their loyalty. They werewilling to risk everything, their lives, to achieve theirgoal.

“When World War II broke out, the draft classificationof Japanese Americans was changed from 1-A (eligiblefor military duty) to 4-C (alien, unfit for military duty).We were offended and insulted that our governmentviewed us as alien, which was tantamount to beingdisowned by our government. We were taught thatdefending your nation in time of war is theresponsibility of every citizen. Nisei, individually and ingroups, petitioned the government to allow them to

serve in combat to prove theirloyalty,” said Shima, whose brotherserved in the 100 Battalion.

In response to these petitions andfor other reasons, Washingtonwaived the ban on enlistments andissued the call for volunteers for the442nd unit.

“When the 442nd completedtraining and arrived in Italy in June1944, the 100th had been there for

nine months fighting up the boot of Italy. The 100thsustained such huge casualties that the press labeledthem the ‘Purple Heart Battalion.’ The 100th mergedinto the 442nd becoming, in effect, the 1st Battalion ofthe 442nd. They were allowed to keep the 100th unitdesignation in recognition of their combatperformance,” Shima said.

Creating leadersThe late U.S. Sen. Daniel K. Inouye is perhaps the

most well-known of the 442nd and was a WWII Medalof Honor recipient. Inouye served from 2010 to 2012 aspresident pro tempore of the Senate, a position that puthim third in line for the presidency. “Only 70 years agothis same Nisei was assigned draft classification 4-C,alien, unfit for military duty,” Shima said.

The effect of the Nisei performance in World War IIwas significant for future generations of Americans,Shima said: “I believe the combat performance record ofthe 442nd and the combat performance record of theTuskegee Airmen, to whom Truman used almost thesame words (you fought the enemy abroad andprejudice at home) helped create the climate for post-World War II reforms beginning with the desegregationof the armed forces. These reforms leveled the playingfield for minorities to compete for any job and rank.”

Terry Shima

Pictures, letters and mementoes on top of a phonograph in the Yonemitsu home, ManzanarRelocation Center. While many of their families were interned during World War II, thousandsof Japanese-American men proved their loyalty to the United States by serving in combat.

Much less celebrated than the Japanese-American combat soldiers of the 100th InfantryBattalion and the 442nd Regimental CombatTeam, those who served in the Military Intelli-gence Service were no less critical to winning thewar.

In November 1941 as the potential for armedconflict grew between Japan and the UnitedStates, the U.S. Army recruited a select group ofthousands of Japanese Americans who couldspeak the language of the enemy, said historianFranklin Odo, founding director of the Smith-sonian Institution’s Asian Pacific American Pro-gram and former acting chief of the Asiandivision at the Library of Congress. They weretrained at the Presidio in San Francisco and incamps in Minnesota.

During the war against Japan, soldier-lin-guists of the Military Intelligence Service servedin every battle and campaign. They were able totranslate captured documents to show troopmovements, monitor enemy transmissions andinterrogate prisoners of war, Odo said. They alsoserved as cultural ambassadors who were able toconvince Japanese troops to surrender or giveup prisoners of war, he said.

“They were really valuable because the Japan-ese didn’t encode their messages, believing that

Americans couldn’t figure out the complexJapanese language,” Odo said.

During the war their work was a closelyguarded secret and continued to be classified fordecades afterward, keeping them out of history’sspotlight, Odo said.

Their job was extremely dangerous, oftenserving on the front lines where they needed toavoid friendly fire by Americans who had troubledistinguishing them from Japanese troops. Ifcaptured by Japanese troops they faced execu-tion as traitors.

One of their greatest contributions was decodingthe intelligence that led to the death of AdmiralIsoroku Yamamoto, the strategist and architect ofthe attack on Pearl Harbor, Odo said. After codebreakers identified his flight plans, American Armyfliers were able to shoot his plane out of the sky inApril 1943. After Yamamoto’s death, the Japanesenever won another naval battle.

By September 1945, they had translated 18,000captured enemy documents, printed 16,000 propa-ganda leaflets and interrogated more than 10,000Japanese prisoners of war.

After the war, Military Intelligence Service mem-bers played crucial roles in the occupation of Japanand as interpreters in war crimes trials.

– By Melissa Erickson

JAPANESE AMERICANS IN THEMILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE

32 / PEARL HARBOR

Around 8 a.m. in Hawaii Dec. 7, 1941 – aseemingly normal Sunday morning of rest andworship – all hell broke loose when hundredsof Japanese fighter planes unloaded an arsenal

on U.S. Naval Station Pearl Harbor and Hickam ArmyAirfield. It was the date, President Franklin DelanoRoosevelt would prophesy, that would “live in infamy.”

Even though this generation experienced a greaterattack on American soil in terms of casualties – 9/11’s2,996 to Pearl Harbor’s 2,403 – what happened thatinfamous December day continues to be a topic ofdiscussion and analysis.

Although both the attacks on Pearl Harbor and onthe World Trade Center and Pentagon were deemed“surprises,” experts studying hindsight point to thewriting on the wall. Relations with the Japanese werea powder keg since they had been ostracized duringnegotiations for the Treaty of Versailles after WorldWar I. The Asian country was odd man out in a roomfull of Europeans. In a 2015 World News Trust articletitled “What Can Pearl Harbor Teach Us about 9/11and Other ‘Surprises,’” New York writer MichaelZezima points out that “Pearl Harbor was roughly twodecades in the making.”

Following on the heels of the Versailles snub was the

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that Japanese immigrantswere ineligible for citizenship; they were not allowed toown property, and finally they essentially would not beallowed to immigrate to the U.S. – period – due to theExclusion Act in 1924. More followed to bristle theJapanese prior to 1941.

Yet, as we remember and memorialize whathappened at Pearl Harbor 75 years ago with museumtours and ceremonies, can we prepare for andultimately avoid another large-scale attack on ourhomeland?

Sebastian Gorka, Ph.D., professor, author and vicepresident for national security support at the Instituteof World Politics, Washington, D.C., wrote inSeptember for Military Review an article titled “HowAmerica Will be Attacked.” In it he explains bothirregular and unconventional warfare, and howadversaries are thinking differently – and so should we.He ends his lengthy article with this statement: “Thesooner our strategists and policymakers recognize andacknowledge this, the better able they will be todevelop relevant counters and hone our own indirectand non-kinetic modes of attack to better secure ourrepublic and all Americans in what has become adecidedly unstable and ever more dangerous world.”

LESSONS LEARNED

COULD ITHAPPEN AGAIN?

By Deena C. BouknightMore Content Now

The U.S. Navy battleship USSCalifornia sinks alongside FordIsland at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,Dec. 7, 1941. WIKIPEDIA

What would a modern Pearl Harbor look like?

PEARL HARBOR / 33

Q: What lessons did we learnfrom the Pearl Harbor attackthat can be applied to U.S.national security today?

Eric Davis, pilot, special agentand SWAT for the FBI: Expectthe unexpected. Don’t put all ofyour eggs in one basket. Trainreligiously.

David Hodge, retired Navy andcurrent community relationsmanager, Public Affairs for JointBase Pearl Harbor-Hickam,Hawaii: Preparedness; don’t letyour guard down. Spend all thetime training.

Pat Jones, Garrison PublicAffairs Officer, Fort Jackson,South Carolina: Every majorincident that has happenedwe’ve learned from. We makeadjustments … we adapt. Butthe first thing we did learn isthat we did not have an armylarge enough to defendourselves. After Pearl Harborthere was a huge surge inresources. And now look ateverything that has transpiredregarding security.

Q: What would an attack by aforeign military force look liketoday?

Davis: In my opinion, anattack by a foreign militarywould most likely be in the formof a low-intensity insurgencyoperation. Our military isdesigned to fight and win large-scale conflicts. We are extremelyeffective at destroying materialsand infrastructure of a country.However, if the conflict were totake place on American soil,many of our most advancedweapons platforms would behamstrung. A low-intensityinsurgency operation wouldbring the fighting to our cities,neighborhoods and schools. Inthis scenario, it becomes verydifficult to differentiate enemysoldiers from civilians. Thisuncertainty, coupled with effortsto limit collateral damage, wouldact as a force multiplier for the

enemy. It would take greatpolitical will to fight this type ofoperation in an effectivemanner.

Jones: We cannot know, butevery time there is an incidentwe have had to step up security.At Fort Jackson, there is 100percent security at the gate now.If you are not an ID cardholder,there is a vetting process. This isa result of terrorist attacks.Changes in even getting onto thebase are a result of 9/11. Securityjust needs to get tighter andtighter … Pearl Harbor was thefirst to teach us that.

Q: What are the mostsignificant threats to the securityof our nation?

Davis: Radical Islamicterrorists who are citizens;degradation of pride in country,history, traditions; and loss ofrespect for the rule of law.

Hodge: We need to never giveup on working to establishpeaceful relationships; we havelearned much from our formerenemies, the Japanese, and theyhave become importantpartners. We also need to alwaysbe trained and prepared foranything so that we are alwaysready to protect America in thefuture. And, to maintain morale… letting nothing take the windout of our sails. America cameback stronger after PearlHarbor; we need to alwaysremember that.

Jones: One is cyber-related.We have to focus oncybersecurity. Also, not beingprepared and trained. FortJackson is the largest traininginstallation in the Army; ourprimary purpose is training. Wetrain 54 percent of the force. Afull battalion can graduate asmany as 1,200 soldiers, andthere is a population on the baseof about 10,000 soldiers. Thingsare a lot different than they werepre-WWII. But we can alwaysmake sure we are trained andprepared.

This is what three other experts had to say:

The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese raidon Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941. WIKIPEDIA

In my opinion, an attack by aforeign military would most

likely be in the form of a low-intensity insurgency

operation. Our military isdesigned to fight and win

large-scale conflicts.Eric Davis, pilot, special agent

and SWAT for the FBI

34 / PEARL HARBOR

HISTORY

By John SucichMore Content Now

If all of the attention surrounding the 75th anniversary of theattack on Pearl Harbor makes you want some more information,

here are a few suggestions to further your knowledge:

WHERE TO LEARN MORE

• “Winston Churchill’s Memoirs of theSecond World War,” from 1959, offers a uniqueperspective on the attack at Pearl Harbor andthe days that followed. The chapters “PearlHarbour!” and “A Voyage Amid World War” givethe English Prime Minister’s experience whenhe received news of the attack and then almostimmediately traveled to Washington to addressthe U.S. Congress. The boat trip to America,Churchill’s time with FDR and stay at the WhiteHouse – including Christmas 1941 – make for aninteresting read about what was happeningthousands of miles away from Pearl Harbor.

• Considered by many to be one of the moreobjective accounts of the attack, “At Dawn WeSlept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor” featuresthorough research gathered over more than 30years by author Gordon W. Prange. The book wasone of the first accounts of the Pearl Harborattack to tell the story from the Japanese point ofview as much as the American side. The book alsohas a sequel, “Pearl Harbor: The Verdict ofHistory,” which features more of Prange’s work puttogether posthumously by Donald Goldstein andKatherine Dillon, with a focus more on the reactionto the attacks as well as how the attack could havehappened.

• A wider view of the meaning of Pearl Harbor isoffered in “A Date Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor InAmerican Memory,” by Emily S. Rosenberg. In the book, Rosenbergexamines how Americans remember or think about the nationaltragedy. The book, which came out in 2003, also includes the author’sthoughts on how Americans will likely remember Sept. 11, 2001, in away similar to how the attack on Pearl Harbor has been remembered.

• “Tora! Tora! Tora!” is consideredby many to be the definitive movieabout the attack on Pearl Harbor. The1970 release was not favorablyreviewed at the time, but its mostlyaccurate portrayal of the eventssurrounding and including theattack have resonated with viewersand helped educate them aboutPearl Harbor.

• On the 50th anniversary of theattacks, ABC News collaboratedwith a Japanese television stationto produce “PearlHarbor: Two HoursThat Changed TheWorld.” Thedocumentary,narrated by DavidBrinkley, includesfirst-hand accounts ofthe attack from bothsides, as well asarchived photographsfrom Japan and theUnited States.

• If you’re looking fora fictional tale tangentially relatedto the attack, 1953’s “From HereTo Eternity” is set in Hawaii inthe days leading up to the attackon Pearl Harbor. The movie,which includes stars BurtLancaster, Deborah Kerr, DonnaReed and Frank Sinatra, woneight Academy Awards,including Best Picture.

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• The USS Arizona was one ofthe battleships sunk in the attackon Pearl Harbor. The memorial(also known as World War IIValor in the Pacific NationalMonument) was built above thesunken ship, which remains in thewater. It honors the memory ofthose who died in the attack.

• Visiting the memorial is free,but you need a timed ticket for theroughly 1 hour, 15 minuteprogram, which includes a videoand boat ride to and from thememorial.

• A hidden gem located 20 miles west of Boston inNatick, Massachusetts, the Museum of World War IItouts the world’s most comprehensive collection ofdocuments and artifacts related to World War II.

• For the 75th anniversary of Pearl Harbor themuseum features an exhibit called “The 75thAnniversary of Pearl Harbor: Why We StillRemember,” featuring more than 100 artifacts. Theexhibit includes the first telegram announcing theattack, the formal declaration of war by Japan on theUnited States, and pieces of Japanese planes shotdown over Pearl Harbor.

• The Museum of World War II hosts scheduledvisits Tuesdays through Saturdays, with information about how to set up a tour available athttp://museumofworldwarii.org/visit.html.

• Congress designated this – founded as the D-Day Museum in 2000 – the official WWII museumof the United States in 2003.

• The museum’s website features an impressivearray of digital collections on Pearl Harbor,including oral and video histories and historicphoto galleries. Go to ww2online.org and searchfor Pearl Harbor.

• Opening in June 2017, the “Arsenal ofDemocracy”exhibit will tell thestory of the road toWorld War II andthe Home Front,drawing on personalnarratives andevocative artifacts tohighlight facets ofWWII-eraAmerican lifethrough an experiential narrative. Visitors willexperience history as it unfolds through nineimmersive galleries, including America Besieged,featuring a wraparound screen to convey the shockand impact of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and WarAffects Every Home, a reconstructed 1940s homeinterior goes inside the setting where averageAmericans grew victory gardens, collected for scrapdrives and gathered around the radio to learn of thewar’s progress.

• Find out more about exhibits and tours athttp://www.nationalww2museum.org/visit/index.html

• The Pearl Harbor Visitor Centerin Aiea, Hawaii, includes fourhistoric sites: the USS ArizonaMemorial, the USS BowfinSubmarine Park, the BattleshipMissouri Memorial and the PacificAviation Museum.

• The Visitor Center is home to twomuseums: the Road To WarMuseum, which details the eventsleading up to Dec. 7, 1941, and theAttack Museum, which covers themorning of the attack through theend of the war. There is alsoinformation in between themuseums about the history of PearlHarbor itself.

• The center, which neighborsHonolulu International Airport, isopen from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. sevendays a week, but the various siteshave different hours and ticketingoptions. Visit www.pearlharborhistoricsites.org/plan-your-visit for more information.

Pearl Harbor Visitor Center

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PEARL HARBOR TRIVIA

Who was the commander of the Japanese fleetthat attacked Pearl Harbor?Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo’s fleet departedJapan in late November and observed strictradio silence in order to keep the attack a sur-prise.

2 Who was President Roosevelt’spress secretary when he deliv-ered his famous speech askingCongress for a declaration of waragainst Japan, including the fa-mous quote “a date which will livein infamy,” on Dec. 8, 1941?Stephen Early, who knew FDRfor more than 30 years andhelped create the president’s“Fireside Chats”.

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The name Pearl Harbor was given to the areaby native Hawaiians due to the prominence ofpearl-producing oysters. The Hawaiian namewas “Wai Momi”, which translates to what? Wai Momi means pearl waters1

Three aircraft carriers of the U.S. PacificFleet were absent at the time of the at-tack. What were the names of thoseships?The USS Enterprise, USS Lexington,and USS Saratoga were all away fromPearl Harbor at the time of the at-tack.

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4When the attacks took place, professionalfootball games were taking place in whatthree American cities?Chicago, New York, and Washington,D.C., were all hosting NFL games. TheChicago Cardinals defeated the ChicagoBears that day, the New York Giants lostto the Brooklyn Dodgers, and Washing-ton defeated the Philadelphia Eagles.

A Japanese midget submarine after having been raised by the U.S. Navy at thePearl Harbor Navy Yard in December 1941. WIKIPEDIA

DID YOU KNOW?By John SucichMore Content Now

As a major event in world history,the attack on Pearl Harbor issteeped in all kinds of trivia. You

can spend years dissecting the who,what, where, when and why of themorning of Dec. 7, 1941 – not tomention the time leading up to thatdate and the results after. How well doyou know some of that information?Here are 15 questions to test your PearlHarbor knowledge:

Use the Blipparapp to open an

interactiveversion of this

quiz online.

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2

It was December 8th, the day after Pearl Harbor,when the United States declared war against Japan.When did the country declare war against Germanyand Italy?Dec. 11, 1941, hours after the Axis nations bothdeclared war against the United States.

9) Who was madecommander of the Pa-cific Fleet followingthe attack on PearlHarbor?Admiral Chester W.Nimitz was elevatedto the position be-fore the end of De-cember 1941.

How many Navy men received theMedal of Honor for their heroic actionsduring the attack on Pearl Harbor?15 men were awarded the medal, thenation’s highest award for valor.

7The United States Sen-ate voted 82 to 0 for thedeclaration of war, andthe House of Represen-tatives voted 388 to 1.Who did the lone dis-senting vote belong to? Jeannette Rankin (R –Montana), a devotedpacifist, also votedagainst World War I in1917.

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Pearl Harbor became the permanent home ofthe U.S. Pacific Fleet in 1940, in an attempt to in-timidate Japan, which was increasing its pres-ence in the Pacific. Where was the Pacific Fleetbased before Pearl Harbor?The Pacific Fleet was based on the westcoasts of California and Washington, inplaces like San Diego, Long Beach, San Fran-cisco, and Bremerton.

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The wrecked destroyers USS Downesand USS Cassin in Drydock One at thePearl Harbor Navy Yard, soon after theend of the Japanese air attack. Cassinhas capsized against Downes. USSPennsylvania is astern, occupying therest of the drydock. The smoke is fromthe sunken and burning USS Arizona,out of view behind Pennsylvania.WIKIPEDIA

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Which of the following was NOT a shipattacked at Pearl Harbor?: a) Oklahomab) Nevada c) Kansas d) Californiac) Kansas was not a ship attacked atPearl Harbor. The other three were allbattleships sunk in the attack.

11 Which military leaders in Hawaii wererelieved of their command after the at-tack?Admiral Husband E. Kimmel andLieutenant General Walter C. Short.12

Which Supreme Court justice ledthe initial investigation into theattack on Pearl Harbor?Owen Roberts13

How many Japanese aircraft carrierswere in the fleet that attacked PearlHarbor?The Japanese planes launched fromsix aircraft carriers that came to astop about 200 miles north of PearlHarbor.

14Japan suffered relatively fewcasualties. How many Japaneseplanes were destroyed duringthe attack on Pearl Harbor?2915

Photograph takenfrom a Japanese planeduring the torpedo at-tack on ships mooredon both sides of FordIsland shortly after thebeginning of the PearlHarbor attack. Viewlooks about east, withthe supply depot, sub-marine base and fueltank farm in the rightcenter distance.WIKIPEDIA

THOSE KILLED IN THE ATTACK

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Here we list the names of all 2,403 soldiers and civilians (listed with their age) killed in the Dec. 7, 1941,

attack on Pearl Harbor. They are listed alphabetically, categorized by their location. Source: PearlHarbor.org• Ford Island Naval Air Station

CROFT, Theodore (Ted) Wheeler

• Kaneohe Naval Air Station

BROWN, Walter ScottBUCKLEY, John DanielDOSICK, Stanley DanielFORMOE, Clarence MelvinFOSS, Rodney SheltonFOX, Lee Jr.GRIFFIN, Daniel ThornburgHOOKANO, Kamiko, age 35INGRAM, George WashingtonLAWRENCE, CharlesLEE, Isaac William, age 21MANNING, Milburn AlexNEWMAN, Laxton GailOTTERSTETTER, Carl WilliamPORTERFIELD, Robert KirkROBINSON, James HenrySMARTT, Joseph GillespieUHLMANN, Robert W.WATSON, Raphael AugustWEAVER, Luther Dayton

• Midway Island Naval Air Station

CANNON, George H.KRAKER, Donald J.MORRELL, Elmer R.TUTTLE, Ralph E.

• Naval Mobile Hospital Number2

THUMAN, John Henry

• Pearl Harbor Naval Hospital

RUSSETT, Arthur William

• USS Arizona

AARON, Hubert Charles TitusABERCROMBIE, Samuel Adol-phusADAMS, Robert FranklinADKISON, James DillionAGUIRRE, Reyner AcevesAGUON, Gregorio San N.AHERN, Richard JamesALBEROVSKY, Francis SeverinALBRIGHT, Galen WinstonALEXANDER, Elvis AuthorALLEN, Robert LeeALLEN, William ClaybornALLEN, William LewisALLEY, Jay EdgarALLISON, Andrew K.ALLISON, J. T.ALTEN, Ernest MathewAMON, Frederick PurdyAMUNDSON, Leo DeVereANDERSON, Charles TitusANDERSON, Delbert JakeANDERSON, Donald WilliamANDERSON, HarryANDERSON, Howard Taisey

ANDERSON, Irwin CorinthisANDERSON, James Pickins Jr.ANDERSON, Lawrence DonaldANDERSON, Robert AdairANDREWS, Brainerd WellsANGLE, Earnest HerseaANTHONY, Glenn SamuelAPLIN, James RaymondAPPLE, Robert WilliamAPREA, Frank AnthonyARLEDGE, EstonARNAUD, AchillesARNEBERG, William RobertARNOLD, Claude Duran Jr.ARNOLD, ThellARRANT, John AndersonARVIDSON, Carl HarryASHMORE, Wilburn JamesATCHISON, John CalvinATKINS, Gerald ArthurAUSTIN, Laverne AlfredAUTRY, Eligah T. Jr.AVES, Willard CharlesAYDELL, Miller XavierAYERS, Dee Cumpie

BADILLA, Manuel DomonicBAILEY, George RichmondBAIRD, Billy BryonBAJORIMS, JosephBAKER, Robert DeweyBALL, William V.BANDY, Wayne Lynn (Buck)BANGERT, John HenryBARAGA, JosephBARDON, Charles ThomasBARKER, Loren JoeBARNER, Walter RayBARNES, Charles EdwardBARNES, Delmar HayesBARNETT, William ThermonBARTLETT, David WilliamBARTLETT, Paul ClementBATES, Edward Munroe Jr.BATES, Robert AlvinBATOR, EdwardBAUER, Harold WalterBEATON, FreddieBEAUMONT, James AmmonBECK, George RichardBECKER, Marvin OttoBECKER, Wesley PaulsonBEDFORD, Purdy RenakerBEERMAN, Henry CarlBEGGS, Harold EugeneBELL, Hershel HomerBELL, Richard LeroyBELLAMY, James CurtisBELT, Everett Ray Jr.BENFORD, Sam AustinBENNETT, William Edmond Jr.BENSON, James ThomasBERGIN, Roger JosephBERKANSKI, Albert CharlesBERNARD, Frank PeterBERRY, Gordon EugeneBERRY, James WinfordBERSCH, Arthur AnthonyBERTIE, George Allan Jr.BIBBY, Charles Henry

BICKEL, Kenneth RobertBICKNELL, Dale DeenBIRCHER, Frederick RobertBIRDSELL, Rayon DeloisBIRGE, George AlbertBISHOP, Grover BarronBISHOP, Millard CharlesBISHOP, Wesley horner Jr.BLACK, James TheronBLAIS, Albert EdwardBLAKE, James MonroeBLANCHARD, Albert RichardBLANKENSHIP, Theron A.BLANTON, Atticus LeeBLIEFFERT, Richmond FrederickBLOCK, Ivan LeeBLOUNT, Wayman BoneyBOGGESS, Roy EugeneBOHLENDER, SamBOLLING, Gerald ReveseBOLLING, Walter KarrBOND, Burnis LeroyBONEBRAKE, Buford EarlBONFIGLIO, William JohnBOOTH, Robert Sinclair Jr.BOOZE, Asbury LegareBORGER, RichardBOROVICH, Joseph JohnBORUSKY, Edwin CharlesBOSLEY, Kenneth LeroyBOVIALL, Walter RobertBOWMAN, Howard AltonBOYD, Charles AndrewBOYDSTUN, Don JasperBOYDSTUN, R. L.BRABBZSON, Oran Merrill (But-tercup)BRADLEY, Bruce DeanBRAKKE, Kenneth GayBRICKLEY, EugeneBRIDGES, James LeonBRIDGES, Paul HyattBRIDIE, Robert MauriceBRIGNOLE, Erminio JosephBRITTAN, Charles EdwardBROADHEAD, Johnnie CecilBROCK, Walter PershingBROMLEY, George EdwardBROMLEY, JimmieBROOKS, Robert NealBROOME, Loy RaymondBROONER, Allen OttisBROPHY, Myron AlonzoBROWN, Charles MartinBROWN, Elwyn LeroyBROWN, Frank GeorgeBROWN, Richard CorbettBROWN, William HowardBROWNE, Harry LamontBROWNING, Tilmon DavidBRUNE, James WilliamBRYAN, Leland HowardBRYANT, Lloyd GlennBUCKLEY, Jack C.BUDD, Robert EmileBUHR, Clarence EdwardBURDEN, Ralph LeonBURDETTE, Ralph WarrenBURKE, Frank Edmond Jr.BURNETT, Charlie Leroy

BURNS, John EdwardBUSICK, Dewey OlneyBUTCHER, David AdrianBUTLER, John DabneyBYRD, Charles Dewitt

CABAY, Louis ClarenceCADE, Richard EshCALDWELL, Charles Jr.CALLAGHAN, James ThomasCAMDEN, Raymond EdwardCAMM, William FieldenCAMPA, RalphCAMPBELL, Burdette CharlesCAPLINGER, Donald WilliamCAREY, Francis LloydCARLISLE, Robert WayneCARLSON, Harry LudwigCARMACK, Harold MiltonCARPENTER, Robert NelsonCARROLL, Robert LewisCARTER, Burton LowellCARTER, Paxton TurnerCASEY, James WarrenCASILAN, Epifanio MirandaCASKEY, Clarence MertonCASTLEBERRY, Claude W. Jr.CATSOS, GeorgeCHACE, Raymond VincentCHADWICK, Charles BruceCHADWICK, HaroldCHANDLER, Donald RossCHAPMAN, Naaman N.CHARLTON, Charles NicholasCHERNUCHA, Harry GregoryCHESTER, EdwardCHRISTENSEN, Elmer EmilCHRISTENSEN, Lloyd RaymondCHRISTIANSEN, Edward Lee(Sonny)CIHLAR, Lawrence JohnCLARK, George FrancisCLARK, John Crawford ToddCLARK, MalcolmCLARK, Robert William Jr.CLARKE, Robert EugeneCLASH, DonaldCLAYTON, Robert RolandCLEMMENS, Claude AlbertCLIFT, Ray EmersonCLOUES, Edward BlanchardCLOUGH, Edward HayCOBB, Ballard BurgherCOBURN, Walter OvertonCOCKRUM, Kenneth EarlCOFFIN, RobertCOFFMAN, Marshall HermanCOLE, Charles WarrenCOLE, David LesterCOLEGROVE, Willett S. Jr.COLLIER, JohnCOLLIER, Linald Long Jr.COLLINS, AustinCOLLINS, Billy MurlCONLIN, Bernard EugeneCONLIN, James LeoCONNELLY, Richard EarlCONRAD, Homer Milton Jr.CONRAD, Robert FrankCONRAD, Walter Ralph

COOPER, Clarence EugeneCOOPER, Kenneth ErvenCORCORAN, Gerard JohnCOREY, Ernest EugeneCORNELIUS, P. W.CORNING, Russell DaleCOULTER, Arthur LeeCOWAN, WilliamCOWDEN, Joel BemanCOX, Gerald Blinton (Jerry)COX, William MilfordCRAFT, Harley WadeCRAWLEY, Wallace DewightCREMEENS, Louis EdwardCRISCUOLO, MichaelCRISWELL, Wilfred JohnCROWE, Cecil ThomasCROWLEY, Thomas EwingCURRY, William JosephCURTIS, Lloyd B.CURTIS, Lyle CarlCYBULSKI, Harold BernardCYCHOSZ, Francis AntonCZARNECKI, StanleyCZEKAJSKI, Theophil

DAHLHEIMER, Richard NorbertDANIEL, Lloyd NaxtonDANIK, Andrew JosephDARCH, Phillip ZaneDAUGHERTY, Paul EugeneDAVIS, John QuitmanDAVIS, Milton HenryDAVIS, Murle MelvinDAVIS, Myrle ClarenceDAVIS, Thomas RayDAVIS, Virgil DentonDAVIS, Walter MindredDAWSON, James BerkleyDAY, William JohnDE ARMOUN, Donald EdwinDE CASTRO, VicenteDEAN, Lyle BernardDELONG, Frederick EugeneDERITIS, Russell EdwinDEWITT, John JamesDIAL, John BuchananDICK, Ralph R.DINE, John GeorgeDINEEN, Robert JosephDOBEY, Milton Paul Jr.DOHERTY, George WalterDOHERTY, John AlbertDONOHUE, Ned BurtonDORITY, John MonroeDOUGHERTY, Ralph Mc ClearnDOYLE, Wand B.DREESBACH, Herbert AllenDRIVER, Bill LesterDUCREST, Louis FelixDUKE, Robert EdwardDULLUM, Jerald FraserDUNAWAY, Kenneth LeroyDUNHAM, Elmer MarvinDUNNAM, Robert WesleyDUPREE, Arthur JosephDURHAM, William TeasdaleDURIO, RussellDUVEENE, JohnDVORAK, Alvin Albert

EATON, Emory LowellEBEL, Walter CharlesEBERHART, Vincent HenryECHOLS, Charles Louis Jr.ECHTERNKAMP, Henry ClarenceEDMUNDS, Bruce RooseveltEERNISSE, William FrederickEGNEW, Robert RossEHLERT, CasperEHRMANTRAUT, Frank Jr.ELLIS, Francis Arnold Jr.ELLIS, Richard EverrettELLIS, Wilbur DannerELWELL, RoyalEMBREY, Bill EugeneEMERY, Jack MarvinEMERY, John MarvinEMERY, Wesley VernonENGER, Stanley GordonERICKSON, RobertERSKINE, Robert CharlesERWIN, Stanley JoeERWIN, Walton AluardESTEP, Carl JamesESTES, Carl EdwenESTES, Forrest JesseETCHASON, Leslie EdgarEULBERG, Richard HenryEVANS, David DeltonEVANS, Evan FrederickEVANS, Mickey EdwardEVANS, Paul AnthonyEVANS, William OrvilleEWELL, Alfred AdamEYED, George

FALLIS, Alvin E.FANSLER, Edgar ArthurFARMER, John WilsonFEGURGUR, Nicolas San NicolasFESS, John JuniorFIELDS, BernardFIELDS, RelifordFIFE, Ralph ElmerFILKINS, George ArthurFINCHER, Allen BradyFINCHER, Dexter WilsonFINLEY, Woodrow WilsonFIRTH, Henry AmisFIRZGERALD, Kent BlakeFISCHER, Leslie HenryFISHER, Delbert RayFISHER, James AndersonFISHER, Robert RayFISK, Charles Porter IIIFITCH, SimonFITZSIMMONS, Eugene JamesFLANNERY, James LowellFLEETWOOD, Donald EugeneFLOEGE, Frank NormanFLORY, Max EdwardFONES, George EverettFORD, Jack C.FORD, William WalkerFOREMAN, Elmer LeeFORTENBERRY, Alvie CharlesFOWLER, George PartenFOX, Daniel RussellFRANK, Leroy George

FREDERICK, Charles DonaldFREE, Thomas AugustaFREE, William ThomasFRENCH, John EdmundFRIZZELL, Robert NivenFULTON, Robert WilsonFUNK, Frank FrancisFUNK, Lawrence Henry

GAGER, Roy ArthurGARGARO, Ernest RussellGARLINGTON, Raymond WesleyGARRETT, Orville WilmerGARTIN, Gerald ErnestGAUDETTE, William FrankGAULTNEY, Ralph MartinGAZECKI, Philip RobertGEBHARDT, Kenneth EdwardGEER, Kenneth FloydGEISE, Marvin FrederickGEMIENHARDT, Samuel Henry Jr.GHOLSTON, RoscoeGIBSON, Billy EdwinGIESEN, Karl AnthonyGILL, Richard EugeneGIOVENAZZO, Michael JamesGIVENS, Harold ReubenGOBBIN, AngeloGOFF, Wiley CoyGOMEZ, Edward Jr.GOOD, LelandGOODWIN, William ArthurGORDON, Peter Charles Jr.GOSSELIN, Edward WebbGOSSELIN, Joseph AdjutorGOULD, Harry LeeGOVE, Rupert ClairGRANGER, Raymond EdwardGRANT, Lawrence EverettGRAY, Albert JamesGRAY, Lawrence MooreGRAY, William James Jr.GREEN, Glen HubertGREENFIELD, Carroll GaleGRIFFIN, Lawrence J.GRIFFIN, Reese OlinGRIFFITHS, Robert AlfredGRISSINGER, Robert BeryleGROSNICKLE, Warren WilbertGROSS, Milton HenryGRUNDSTROM, Richard GunnerGURLEY, Jesse Herbert

HAAS, Curtis Junior (Curt)HADEN, Samuel WilliamHAFFNER, Floyd BatesHAINES, Robert WesleyHALL, John RudolphHALLORAN, William IgnatiusHAMEL, Don EdgarHAMILTON, Clarence JamesHAMILTON, Edwin CarrellHAMILTON, William HolmanHAMMERUD, George WinstonHAMPTON, J DHAMPTON, Ted W Jr.HAMPTON, Walter LewisHANNA, David DarlingHANSEN, Carlyle B.

HANSEN, Harvey RalphHANZEL, Edward JosephHARDIN, Charles EugeneHARGRAVES, Kenneth WilliamHARMON, William D.HARRINGTON, Keith HomerHARRIS, George EllsworthHARRIS, Hiram DennisHARRIS, James WilliamHARRIS, Noble BurniceHARRIS, Peter JohnHARTLEY, AlvinHARTSOE, Max JuneHARTSON, Lonnie MossHASL, James ThomasHAVERFIELD, James WallaceHAVINS, Harvey LinfilleHAWKINS, Russell DeanHAYES, John DoranHAYES, Kenneth MerleHAYNES, Curtis JamesHAYS, William HenryHAZDOVAC, Jack ClaudiusHEAD, Frank BernardHEATER, Verrell RoyHEATH, Alfred GrantHEBEL, Robert LeeHECKENDORN, Warren GuyHEDGER, Jess LaxtonHEDRICK, Paul HenryHEELY, Leo ShinnHEIDT, Edward JosephHEIDT, Wesley JohnHELM, Merritt CameronHENDERSON, William WalterHENDRICKSEN, FrankHERRICK, Paul EdwardHERRING, James JumiorHERRIOTT, Robert Asher Jr.HESS, Darrel MillerHESSDORFER, Anthony JosephHIBBARD, Robert ArnoldHICKMAN, Arthur LeeHICKS, Elmer OrvilleHICKS, Ralph DueardHILL, Bartley TalorHILTON, Wilson WoodrowHINDMAN, Frank WeaverHODGES, Garris VadaHOELSCHER, Lester JohnHOLLAND, Claude Herbert Jr.HOLLENBACH, Paul ZeppHOLLIS, RalphHOLLOWELL, George SanfordHOLMES, Lowell D.HOLZWORTH, WalterHOMER, Henry VernonHOPE, Harold W.HOPKINS, Homer DavidHORN, Melvin FreelandHORRELL, Harvey HowardHORROCKS, James WilliamHOSLER, John EmmetHOUSE, Clem RaymondHOUSEL, John JamesHOWARD, ElmoHOWARD, Rolan GeorgeHOWE, Darrell RobertHOWELL, LeroyHUBBARD, Haywood Jr.HUDNALL, Robert ChiltonHUFF, Robert GlennHUFFMAN, Clyde FranklinHUGHES, Bernard Thomas (Bee)HUGHES, Lewis Burton Jr.HUGHES, Marvin Austin

HUGHEY, James ClyntonHUIE, Doyne ConleyHULTMAN, Donald StandlyHUNTER, Robert FredrickHUNTINGTON, Henry LouisHURD, Willard HardyHURLEY, Wendell RayHUVAL, Ivan JosephHUX, Leslie CreadeHUYS, Arthur AlbertHYDE, William Hughes

IAK, Joseph ClaudeIBBTSON, Howard BurtINGALLS, Richard FitchINGALLS, Theodore AINGRAHAM, David ArchieISHAM, Orville AdalbertISOM, Luther JamesIVERSEN, Earl HenryIVERSEN, Norman KennethIVEY, Charles Andrew Jr.

JACKSON, David Paul Jr.JACKSON, Robert WoodsJAMES, John BurdittJANTE, Edwin EarlJANZ, Clifford ThurstonJASTRZEMSKI, Edwin CharlesJEANS, Victor LawrenceJEFFRIES, KeithJENKINS, Robert Henry DawsonJENSEN, Keith MarlowJERRISON, Donald D.JOHANN, Paul FrederickJOHNSON, David Andrew Jr.JOHNSON, Edmund RussellJOHNSON, John RussellJOHNSON, Samuel EarleJOHNSON, Sterling ConradJOLLEY, Berry StanleyJONES, Daniel PughJONES, Edmon EthmerJONES, Floyd BaxterJONES, Harry CecilJONES, Henry Jr.JONES, Homer LloydJONES, Hugh JuniorJONES, LelandJONES, Quincy EugeneJONES, Thomas RaymondJONES, Warren AllenJONES, Willard WorthJONES, Woodrow WilsonJOYCE, Calvin WilburJUDD, Albert John

KAGARICE, Harold LeeKAISER, Robert OscarKALINOWSKI, HenryKATT, Eugene LouisKEEN, Billy MackKELLER, Paul DanielKELLEY, James DennisKELLOGG, Wilbur LeroyKELLY, Robert LeeKENISTON, Donald LeeKENISTON, Kenneth HowardKENNARD, Kenneth FrankKENNINGTON, Charles CecilKENNINGTON, Milton HomerKENT, Texas Thomas Jr.KIDD, Isaac CampbellKIEHN, Ronald WilliamKIESELBACH, Charles ErminKING, Gordon Blane

KING, Leander CleavelandKING, Lewis MeyerKING, Robert Nicholas Jr.KINNEY, Frederick WilliamKINNEY, Gilbert LivingstonKIRCHHOFF, Wilbur AlbertKIRKPATRICK, Thomas LarcyKLANN, EdwardKLINE, Robert EdwinKLOPP, Francis LawrenceKNIGHT, Robert WagnerKNUBEL, William Jr.KOCH, Walter ErnestKOENEKAMP, Clarence D.KOEPPE, Herman OliverKOLAJAJCK, BrosigKONNICK, Albert JosephKOSEC, John AnthonyKOVAR, RobertKRAHN, James AlbertKRAMB, James HenryKRAMB, John DavidKRAMER, Robert RudolphKRAUSE, Fred JosephKRISSMAN, Max SamKRUGER, Richard WarrenKRUPPA, Adolph LouisKUKUK, Howard HelgiKULA, StanleyKUSIE, Donald Joseph

LA FRANCEA, William RichardLA MAR, Ralph BLA SALLE, Willard DaleLADERACH, Robert PaulLAKE, John Ervin Jr.LAKIN, Donald LapierLAKIN, Joseph JordanLAMB, George SamuelLANDMAN, HenryLANDRY, James Joseph Jr.LANE, Edward WallaceLANE, Mancel CurtisLANGE, Richard CharlesLANGENWALTER, Orville J.LANOUETTE, Henry JohnLARSON, Leonard CarlLATTIN, BleeckerLEE, Carroll Volney Jr.LEE, Henry LloydLEEDY, David AlonzoLEGGETT, John GoldieLEGROS, Joseph McNeilLEIGH, Malcolm HedrickLEIGHT, James WebsterLEOPOLD, Robert LawrenceLESMEISTER, Steve LouieLEVAR, FrankLEWIS, Wayne AlmanLEWISON, Neil StanleyLIGHTFOOT, Worth RossLINBO, Gordon EllsworthLINCOLN, John WilliamLINDSAY, James E.LINDSAY, James MitchellLINTON, George EdwardLIPKE, Clarence WilliamLIPPLE, John AnthonyLISENBY, Daniel EdwardLIVERS, Raymond EdwardLIVERS, Wayne NicholasLOCK, Douglas A.LOHMAN, Earl WynneLOMAX, Frank StuartLOMIBAO, MarcianoLONG, Benjamin Franklin

LOUNSBURY, Thomas WilliamLOUSTANAU, Charles BernardLOVELAND, Frank CrookLOVSHIN, William JosephLUCEY, Neil JermiahLUNA, James EdwardLUZIER, Ernest BurtonLYNCH, Emmett Isaac (Rusty)LYNCH, James Robert Jr.LYNCH, William Joseph Jr.

MADDOX, Raymond DudleyMADRID, Arthur JohnMAFNAS, Francisco ReyesMAGEE, Gerald JamesMALECKI, Frank EdwardMALINOWSKI, John StanleyMALSON, Harry LynnMANION, Edward PaulMANLOVE, Arthur CleonMANN, William EdwardMANNING, LeroyMANSKE, Robert FrancisMARINICH, Steve MattMARIS, Elwood HenryMARLING, Joseph HenryMARLOW, Urban HerschelMARSH, Benjamin Raymond Jr.MARSH, William ArthurMARSHALL, Thomas DonaldMARTIN, Hugh LeeMARTIN, James AlbertMARTIN, James OrrwellMARTIN, Luster LeeMASON, Byron DalleyMASTEL, Clyde HaroldMASTERS, Dayton MonroeMASTERSON, Cleburne E. CarlMATHEIN, Harold RichardMATHISON, Charles HarrisMATNEY, Vernon MerferdMATTOX, James DurantMAY, Louis EugeneMAYBEE, George FrederickMAYFIELD, Lester EllsworthMAYO, Rex HaywoodMcCARRENS, James FrancisMcCARY, William Moore (Swede)McCLAFFERTY, John CharlesMcCLUNG, Harvey ManfordMcFADDIN, Lawrence JamesMcGLASSON, Joe OtisMcGRADY, Samme Willie GenesMcGUIRE, Francis RaymondMcHUGHES, John BreckenridgeMcINTOSH, Harry GeorgeMcKINNIE, RussellMcKOSKY, Michael MartinMcPHERSON, John BlairMEANS, LouisMEARES, John MorganMELSEN, GeorgeMENEFEE, James AustinMENO, Vicente GogueMENZENSKI, Stanley PaulMERRILL, Howard DealMILES, Oscar WrightMILLER, Chester JohnMILLER, Doyle AllenMILLER, Forrest NewtonMILLER, George StanleyMILLER, Jessie ZimmerMILLER, John DavidMILLER, William OscarMILLIGAN, Weldon HawveyMIMS, Robert Lang

MINEAR, Richard J. Jr.MLINAR, JosephMOLPUS, Richard PrestonMONROE, DonaldMONTGOMERY, Robert E.MOODY, Robert EdwardMOORE, Douglas CarltonMOORE, Fred KennethMOORE, James CarltonMOORHOUSE, William Starks(Killer)MOORMAN, Russell LeeMORGAN, WayneMORGAREIDGE, James OrriesMORLEY, Eugene ElvisMORRIS, Owen NewtonMORRISON, Earl LeroyMORSE, Edward CharlesMORSE, Francis JeromeMORSE, George RobertMORSE, Norman RoiMOSS, Tommy LeeMOSTEK, Francis ClaytonMOULTON, Gordon EddyMUNCY, ClaudeMURDOCK, Charles LutherMURDOCK, Melvin ElijahMURPHY, James JosephMURPHY, James PalmerMURPHY, Jessie HuellMURPHY, Thomas J. Jr.MYERS, James Gernie

NAASZ, Erwin H.NADEL, Alexander JosephNATIONS, James GarlandNAYLOR, J DNEAL, Tom DickNECESSARY, Charles RaymondNEIPP, PaulNELSON, Harl CoplinNELSON, Henry ClarenceNELSON, Lawrence AdolphusNELSON, Richard EugeneNICHOLS, Alfred RoseNICHOLS, Bethel AllanNICHOLS, Clifford LeroyNICHOLS, Louis DuffieNICHOLSON, Glen EldonNICHOLSON, hancel GrantNIDES, Thomas JamesNIELSEN, Floyd TheadoreNOLATUBBY, Henry EllisNOONAN, Robert HaroldNOWOSACKI, Theodore LucianNUSSER, Raymond AlfredNYE, Frank Erskine

O’BRIEN, Joseph BernardO’BRYAN, George DavidO’BRYAN, Joseph BenjaminOCHOSKI, Henry FrancisOFF, Virgil SimonOGLE, Victor WillardOGLESBY, Lonnie HarrisOLIVER, Raymond BrownOLSEN, Edward KernOLSON, Glen MartinO’NEALL, Rex EugeneO’NEILL, William Thomas Jr.ORR, Dwight JeromeORZECH, Stanislaus JosephOSBORNE, Mervin EugeneOSTRANDER, Leland GrimsteadOTT, Peter DeanOWEN, Fredrick Halden

OWENS, Richard AllenOWSLEY, Thomas Lea

PACE, Amos PaulPARKES, Harry EdwardPAROLI, Peter JohnPATTERSON, Clarence RankinPATTERSON, Harold LemuelPATTERSON, Richard Jr.PAULMAND, HileryPAVINI, BrunoPAWLOWSKI, Raymond PaulPEARCE, Alonzo Jr.PEARSON, Norman CecilPEARSON, Robert StanleyPEAVEY, William HowardPECKHAM, Howard WilliamPEDROTTI, Francis JamesPEERY, Max ValdynePELESCHAK, MichaelPELTIER, John ArthurPENTON, Howard LeePERKINS, George ErnestPETERSON, Albert H. Jr.PETERSON, Elroy VernonPETERSON, Hardy WilburPETERSON, Roscoe EarlPETTIT, Charles RossPETYAK, John JosephPHELPS, George EdwardPHILBIN, James RichardPIASECKI, Alexander LouisPIKE, Harvey LeePIKE, Lewis JacksonPINKHAM, Albert WesleyPITCHER, Walter GilesPOOL, Elmer LeoPOOLE, Ralph ErnestPOST, Darrell AlbertPOVESKO, GeorgePOWELL, Jack SpeedPOWELL, Thomas GeorgePOWER, Abner FranklinPRESSON, Wayne HaroldPRICE, Arland EarlPRITCHETT, Robert Leo Jr.PUCKETT, Edwin LesterPUGH, John Jr.PUTNAM, Avis BoydPUZIO, Edward

QUARTO, Mike JosephQUINATA, Jose Sanchez

RADFORD, Neal Jason (Brick)RASMUSSEN, Arthur SeverinRASMUSSON, George VernonRATKOVICH, WilliamRAWHOUSER, Glen DonaldRAWSON, Clyde JacksonRAY, Harry JosephREAVES, CasbieRECTOR, Clay CooperREECE, John JeffrisREED, James Buchanan Jr.REED, Ray EllisonREGISTER, Paul JamesREINHOLD, Rudolph HerbertRESTIVO, Jack MartinREYNOLDS, Earl ArthurREYNOLDS, Jack FranklynRHODES, Birb RichardRHODES, Mark AlexanderRICE, William AlbertRICH, Claude EdwardRICHAR, Raymond Lyle

RICHARDSON, Warren JohnRICHISON, Fred LouisRICHTER, Albert WallaceRICO, Guadalupe AugustineRIDDEL, Eugene EdwardRIGANTI, FredRIGGINS, Gerald HeraldRIVERA, Francisco UnpingooROBERTS, Dwight FiskROBERTS, Kenneth FranklinROBERTS, McClellan TaylorROBERTS, Walter Scott Jr.ROBERTS, Wilburn CarleROBERTS, William FrancisROBERTSON, Edgar Jr.ROBERTSON, James MiltonROBINSON, Harold ThomasROBINSON, James WilliamROBINSON, John JamesROBINSON, Robert WarrenROBY, Raymond ArthurRODGERS, John DaytonROEHM, Harry TurnerROGERS, Thomas SprugeonROMANO, SimonROMBALSKI, Donald RogerROMERO, Vladimir M.ROOT, Melvin LenordROSE, Chester ClayROSENBERY, Orval RobertROSS, Deane LundyROSS, William FraserROWE, Eugene JosephROWELL, Frank MalcomROYALS, William NicholasROYER, Howard DaleROZAR, John FrankROZMUS, Joseph StanleyRUDDOCK, Cecil RoyRUGGERIO, WilliamRUNCKEL, Robert GleasonRUNIAK, NicholasRUSH, Richard PerryRUSHER, Orville LesterRUSKEY, Joseph JohnRUTKOWSKI, John PeterRUTTAN, Dale Andrew

SAMPSON, Sherley RollandSANDALL, Merrill DeithSANDERS, Eugene ThomasSANDERSON, James Harvey(Sandy)SANFORD, Thomas StegerSANTOS, FilomenoSATHER, William FordSAVAGE, Walter Samuel Jr.SAVIN, TomSAVINSKI, MichaelSCHDOWSKI, JosephSCHEUERLEIN, George AlbertSCHILLER, ErnestSCHLUND, Elmer PershingSCHMIDT Vernon JosephSCHNEIDER, William JacobSCHRANK, Harold ArthurSCHROEDER, HenrySCHUMAN, Herman LincolnSCHURR, JohnSCILLEY, Harold HughSCOTT, A. J.SCOTT, Crawford EdwardSCOTT, George HarrisonSCRUGGS, Jack Leo (Scrooge)SEAMAN, Russell Otto

40 / PEARL HARBOR

SEELEY, William EugeneSEVIER, Charles CliftonSHANNON, William AlfredSHARBAUGH, Harry RobertSHARON, Lewis PurdieSHAW, Clyde DonaldSHAW, Robert K.SHEFFER, George RobertSHERRILL, Warren JosephSHERVEN, Richard StantonSHIFFMAN, Harold ElySHILEY, Paul EugeneSHIMER, Melvin IrvinSHIVE, Gordon EshomSHIVE, Malcolm HolmanSHIVELY, Benjamin FranklinSHORES, Irland Jr.SHUGART, Marvin JohnSIBLEY, Delmar DaleSIDDERS, Russell LewisSIDELL, John HenrySILVEY, JesseSIMENSEN, Carleton ElliottSIMON, Walter HamiltonSIMPSON, Albert EugeneSKEEN, Harvey LeroySKILES, Charley Jackson Jr.SKILES, EugeneSLETTO, Earl CliftonSMALLEY, Jack G.SMART, George DavidSMESTAD, Halge HojemSMITH, Albert JosephSMITH, Earl Jr.SMITH, Earl WalterSMITH, EdwardSMITH, HarrySMITH, John A.SMITH, John EdwardSMITH, Luther KentSMITH, Mack LawrenceSMITH, Marvin RaySMITH, Orville StanleySMITH, Walter TharnelSNIFF, Jack BertrandSOENS, Harold MathiasSOOTER, James FredrickSORENSEN, Holger EarlSOUTH, Charles BraxtonSPENCE, Merle JoeSPOTZ, Maurice EdwinSPREEMAN, Robert LawrenceSPRINGER, Charles HaroldSTALLINGS, Kermit BraxtonSTARKOVICH, CharlesSTARKOVICH, Joseph Jr.STAUDT, Alfred ParkerSTEFFAN, Joseph PhilipSTEIGLEDER, Lester LeroySTEINHOFF, Lloyd DelroySTEPHENS, Woodrow WilsonSTEPHENSON, Hugh DonaldSTEVENS, Jack HazelipSTEVENS, Theodore R.STEVENSON, Frank JakeSTEWART, Thomas LesterSTILLINGS, Gerald FaySTOCKMAN, Harold WilliamSTOCKTON, Louis AltonSTODDARD, William EdisonSTOPYRA, Julian JohnSTORM, Laun LeeSTOVALL, Richard PattSTRANGE, Charles OrvalSTRATTON, John RaymondSUGGS, William Alfred

SULSER, Frederick FranklinSUMMERS, Glen AllenSUMMERS, Harold EdgarSUMNER, OrenSUTTON, Clyde WestlySUTTON, George WoodrowSWIONTEK, Stanley StephenSWISHER, Charles ElijahSYMONETTE, HenrySZABO, Theodore Stephen

TAMBOLLEO, Victor CharlesTANNER, Russell AllenTAPIE, EDward CasamiroTAPP, Lambert RayTARG, JohnTAYLOR, Aaron GustTAYLOR, Charles BentonTAYLOR, Harry TheodoreTAYLOR, Robert DenzilTEELING, Charles MadisonTEER, Allen RayTENNELL, Raymond CliffordTERRELL, John RaymondTHEILLER, RudolphTHOMAS, Houston O’NealTHOMAS, Randall JamesTHOMAS, Stanley HoraceTHOMAS, Vincent DuronTHOMPSON, Charles LeroyTHOMPSON, Irven EdgarTHOMPSON, Robert GaryTHORMAN, John ChristopherTHORNTON, George HaywardTINER, Robert ReavesTISDALE, William EsleyTRIPLETT, Thomas EdgarTROVATO, TomTUCKER, Raymond EdwardTUNTLAND, Earl EugeneTURNIPSEED, John MorganTUSSEY, Lloyd HaroldTYSON, Robert

UHRENHOLDT, Andrew Curtis

VALENTE, Richard DominicVAN ATTA, Garland WadeVAN HORN, James RandolfVAN VALKENBURGH, FranklinVARCHOL, BrinleyVAUGHAN, William FrankVEEDER, Gordon ElliottVELIA, Galen SteveVIEIRA, Alvaro EverettVOJTA, Walter ArnoldVOSTI, Anthony August

WAGNER, Mearl JamesWAINWRIGHT, Silas AlonzoWAIT, Wayland LemoyneWALKER, BillWALLACE, Houston OliverWALLACE, James FrankWALLACE, Ralph LeroyWALLENSTIEN, Richard HenryWALTERS, Clarence ArthurWALTERS, William SpurgeonJr.WALTHER, Edward AlfredWALTON, Alva DowdingWARD, Albert LewisWARD, William E.WATKINS, Lenvil LeoWATSON, William LafayetteWATTS, Sherman Maurice

WATTS, Victor EdWEAVER, Richard WalterWEBB, Carl EdwardWEBSTER, Harold DwayneWEEDEN, Carl AlfredWEIDELL, William PeterWEIER, Bernard ArthurWELLER, Ludwig FredrickWELLS, Floyd ArthurWELLS, Harvey AnthonyWELLS, Raymond Virgil Jr.WELLS, William BennettWEST, Broadus FranklinWEST, Webster PaulWESTCOTT, William Percy Jr.WESTERFIELD, Ivan AyersWESTIN, Donald VernWESTLUND, Fred EdwinWHISLER, Gilbert HenryWHITAKER, John William Jr.WHITCOMB, Cecil EugeneWHITE, Charles William(Whitey)WHITE, James CliftonWHITE, Vernon RussellWHITE, Volmer DowinWHITEHEAD, Ulmont Irving Jr.WHITLOCK, Paul MorganWHITSON, Ernest Hubert Jr.(Ernie)WHITT, William ByronWHITTEMORE, Andrew TinyWICK, Everett MorrisWICKLUND, John JosephWILCOX, Arnold AlfredWILL, Joseph WilliamWILLETTE, Laddie JamesWILLIAMS, Adrian DeltonWILLIAMS, Clyde RichardWILLIAMS, George WashingtonWILLIAMS, Jack HermanWILLIAMS, Laurence AWILLIAMSON, Randolph Jr.WILLIAMSON, William DeanWILLIS, Robert Kenneth Jr.WILSON, Bernard MartinWILSON, Comer A.WILSON, Hurschel WoodrowWILSON, John JamesWILSON, Neil MatawenyWILSON, Ray MiloWIMBERLY, Paul EdwinWINDISH, Robert JamesWINDLE, Robert EnglandWINTER, EdwardWITTENBERG, Russell DuaneWOJTKIEWICZ, Frank PeterWOLF, George Alexanderson Jr.WOOD, Harold BakerWOOD, Horace VanWOOD, Roy EugeneWOODS, Vernon WesleyWOODS, William AnthonyWOODWARD, Ardenne AllenWOODY, Harlan FredWOOLF, Norman BraggWRIGHT, Edward HenryWYCKOFF, Robert Leroy

YATES, Elmer EliasYEATS, Charles Jr.YOMINE, Frank PeterYOUNG, Eric ReedYOUNG, Glendale RexYOUNG, Jay WesleyYOUNG, Vivan Louis

ZEILER, John VirgelZIEMBRICKE, Steve A.ZIMMERMAN, FredZIMMERMAN,Lloyd McDonaldZWARUN, Jr. Michael

• USS California

ADKINS, Howard LucasALLEN, Moses AndersonALLEN, Thomas Benton

BAILEY, Wilbur HoustonBAKER, GlenBALL, James WilliamBANDEMER, Harold WilliamBAZETTI, Michael LouisBEAL, Albert QuentinBECKWITH, Thomas StewartBLANKENSHIP, Henry WilburBLOUNT, John Andrew Jr.BOWDEN, Edward DanielBOWERS, Robert K.BREWER, Robert LeroyBUSH, Samuel JacksonBUTLER, James Warren

CARPENTER, Elmer LemuelCARTER, Lloyd GeorgeCLARK, Cullen BenjaminCOLE, Francis EugeneCOOPER, Kenneth JamesCURTIS, Herbert S. Jr.CUTRER, Lloyd Henry

DAVIS, Edward HopeDEETZ, John WesleyDOMPIER, Marshall LeonardDOUGLAS, Norman W.DUGGER, GuyDUKES, Billie JoeDURNING, Thomas Roy Jr.

ERNEST, Robert William

FARLEY, Alfred JackFERGUSON, Marvin Lee Jr.

GALASZEWSKI, Stanley C.GARCIA, Robert StillmanGARY, Thomas JonesGILBERT, George H.GILBERT, Tom

HANSON, Helmer AnselHENDERSON, Gilbert AllenHILDEBRAND, John A. Jr.HILLMAN, Merle Chester J.HOLLEY, Paul Elston

JACOBS, Richard FredrickJEFFREY, Ira W.JOHNSON, Melvin GrantJONES, Edward WatkinJONES, ErnestJONES, Herbert C.

KAUFMAN, HarryKEENER, Arlie GlenKRAMER, Harry Wellington

LANCASTER, John ThomasLARSEN, Donald C. V.LEE, Roy Elmer Jr.LEWIS, John Earl

LONDON, James EdwardMANGES, Howard EllisMARTIN, John WinterMcGRAW, George V.McMEANS, Clyde CliftonMcMURTREY, Aaron L.MILNER, James WilliamMINTER, James DeweyMIRELLO, Bernard JosephMONTGOMERY, William A.

NELSON, Marlyn WayneNEWTON, Wayne Edward

PARKER, June WintonPAYNE, Kenneth MorrisPENDARVIS, George E.PITTS, Lewis William Jr.PRZYBYSZ, Alexsander J.PULLEN, Roy Alfred

RACISZ, Edward StanleyREEVES, Thomas J.RICHEY, Joseph L.RIPLEY, Edwin HerbertROBERTS, Earl ReedROSENTHAL, Alfred AaronROSS, Joe BoyceROYSE, Frank Willard

SAFFELL, Morris FranklinSCOTT, Robert RaymondSEARLE, Erwin LeroySHELLY, Russell K. Jr.SHOOK, Shelby CharlesSIMMONS, Frank LeroySIMMONS, TceollyarSMITH, Lloyd GeorgeSTAFFORD, Gordon WilliamSTAPLER, LeoSWEANY, Charles E.SZURGOT, Edward Frank

TREANOR, Frank P.TURK, Pete

ULRICH, George Vernon

VINING, George Eugene

WALKER, DavidWALLEN, Earl DelbertWIANT, Thomas SolomonWILSON, Milton SlossWODARSKI, Steven JosephWYDILA, John Charles

• USS Chew

AGOLA, Mathew JoeWISE, Clarence Alvin

• USS Curtiss

CARO, Joseph I.DUKE, Lee HerwinEDMONDS, Clifton EarleFRAZIER, John WilliamGANAS, Nickolas SteveGUY, George HormerHARTLEY, Kenneth JayHAVEN, Edward Stanley Jr.HAWKINS, Anthony Jr.HEMBREE, ThomasKING, AndrewLOWE, Robert S.

MASSEY, James EdwardMASTROTOTARO, MauriceMILBOURNE, Jesse KeithORWICK, Dean BakerPOWELL, William J.RICE, Wilson AlbertROSENAU, Howard ArthurSCHLECT, BenjaminSPERLING, Joseph

• USS Dobbin

BAKER, J. W.CARTER, Howard FrederickGROSS, Roy ArthurMARZE, Andrew Michael

• USS Downes

BAILEY, James EdwardBROWN, Benjamin LeeCLAPP, Marvin JohnCOLLINS, Thomas W.DALY, Edward CarlyleHITRIK, Albert JosephJONES, George EdwinMARSHALL, John AndrewPUMMILL, Nolan EugeneSILVA, William HowardSTRICKLAND, Perry WilliamVINSON, James

• USS Enterprise

ALLEN, Eric Jr.COHN, MitchellDUCOLON, Fred JohnGONZALES, ManuelHEBEL, Francis F.KOZELEK, Leonard JosephMENGES, Herbert HugoMILLER, William CiceroPIERCE, SidneyVOGT, John H. L. Jr.WILLIS, Walter M.

• USS Helena

ALBANESE, Salvatore J.ALDRIDGE, Thomas ElwoodARNESEN, Robert ArneBEARDSLEY, Loren LeighBODECKER, Regis JamesCARTER, William JohnCISCO, Luther ElvinDAVIS, Allen ArthurDICKENS, Ernest BoggioDOBBINS, Richard HenryEDLING, Robert NorrisERBES, Leland EarlFLANNERY, Robert JosephFUZI, Eugene DashGARDNER, Arthur JosephGREENWALD, Robert DonaldHINES, Arvel ClayJOHNSON, Donald WalterJOHNSON, George EdwardKUZEE, Ernest GeorgeLOVE, Carl RobertMAYO, Marvin WilliamMINIX, Orville RayMORINCELLI, EdoNAFF, Hugh KennethPENSYL, John CampbellPOWERS, Joe O`NeilTHOMPSON, Ralph William

UHLIG, Edward BrunoURBAN, John JosephVASSAR, Benjamin FrankVENABLE, Hoge Cralle Jr.WOHL, Oswald CarlYUGOVICH, Michael Charles

• USS Maryland

BRIER, Claire RaymondCROW, Howard DanielGINN, James BlackburnMcCUTCHEON, Warren Harrell

• USS Nevada

ANDERSON, Arnold LeoAQUINO, ZoiloBINGHAM, James RobertBLEDSOE, HermanBRIGGS, Lyle LeeBRITTON, Thomas AlonzoCHRISTOPHER, Harold JensenCOOK, Joseph WilliamCORBIN, Leon JohnCOTNER, Leo PaulDAVIS, Frederick CurtisDUKES, Lonnie WilliamECHOLS, Edward WesleyEDWARDS, Harry LeeFADDIS, George LeonFUGATE, Kay IvanGANTNER, Samuel MerrittGILES, Thomas RobertGOETSCH, Herman AugustGULLACHSON, Arthur K.HALLMARK, Johnnie W.HARKER, Charles WardHEATH, Francis ColstonHEIM, Gerald LeroyHILL, Edwin JosephHUBNER, Edgar E.IRISH, Robert ClementJOHNSON, Flavous B.M.KING, Orvell Vaniel Jr.LAMONS, Kenneth TaftLIPE, Wilbur ThomasLUNSFORD, Jack LeonLUNTTA, John KallervoMAFNAS, Andres FranquezMARTIN, Dale LewisMAYFIELD, FrazierMcGHEE, Lester FredMcGUCKIN, Edward L.MORRISSEY, Edward FrancisNEUENDORF, William F. Jr.NORVELLE, Alwyn BerryPATTERSON, Elmer MarvinPECK, Eugene EdwardROBISON, Mark CliftonRONNING, Emil OliverRUSHFORD, Harvey GeorgeSCHWARTING, Herbert C.SHAUM, Donald RobertSMITH, Keith VoddenSOLAR, AdolfoSPEAR, Herman AlderSPENCER, Delbert JamesSTEMBROSKY, George JosephSTRICKLAND, Charles E.THUNHORST, Lee VernonTRUJILLO, Richard IgnacioWALTON, Ivan Irwin

PEARL HARBOR / 41

• USS Oklahoma

ADKINS, Marvin BirchALDRIDGE, Willard HenryALEXANDER, Hugh R.ALLEN, Stanley W.ALLISON, Hal JakeARICKX, LeonARMSTRONG, Kenneth BertonARTHURHOLZ, Marley RichardARTLEY, Daryle EdwardAULD, John CuthbertAUSTIN, John Arnold

BACKMAN, Walter HowardBAILEY, Gerald JohnBAILEY, Robert EdwardBALLANCE, Wilbur FrankBANKS, Layton ThomasBARBER, Leroy KennethBARBER, Malcolm JohnBARBER, Randolph HaroldBARNCORD, Cecil EverettBARRETT, Wilbur ClaytonBATES, Harold EugeneBATTLES, Ralph CurtisBAUM, Earl PaulBEAN, Howard WarrenBELT, Walter Sidney Jr.BENNETT, Robert JamesBLACK, WaldeanBLACKBURN, HardingCoolidgeBLANCHARD, William EugeneBLAYLOCK, Clarence ArvisBLITZ, LeoBLITZ, RudolphBOCK, John George Jr.BOEMER, Paul LouisBOOE, James BrazierBORING, James BryceBOUDREAUX, Ralph McHenryBOXRUCKER, Lawrence AntonBOYNTON, Raymond DevereBRADLEY, Carl MerrillBRANDT, Oris VernelleBREEDLOVE, Jack AsburyBREWER, Randall WalterBROOKS, WilliamBROWN, Wesley JamesBRUESEWITZ, William G.BUCHANAN, James RufusBURCH, Earl GeorgeBURGER, Oliver KennethBURK, Millard Jr.BUTTS, Rodger Cornelius

CALLAHAN, Archie Jr.CAMERY, Raymond RalphCAMPBELL, William VaneCARGILE, Murry RandolphCARNEY, Harold FrancisCARROLL, Joseph WilliamCASINGER, Edward EugeneCASOLA, BiacioCASTO, Charles RayCASTO, Richard EugeneCHESHIRE, James ThomasCHESS, Patrick LloydCLARK, David Jr.CLAYTON, Gerald LeeCLEMENT, Hubert PaulCLIFFORD, Floyd FrancisCOKE, George AndersonCOLLIER, Walter LeonCOLLINS, James EarlCONNOLLY, John Gaynor

CONNOLLY, Keefe RichardCONWAY, Edward LeroyCOOK, Grant Clark Jr.CORN, Robert LivingstonCORZATT, Beoin HumeCRAIG, John WilliamCREMEAN, Alva J.CRIM, Warren HardingCROWDER, Samuel WarwickCURRY, William McKnightCYRIACK, Glenn Gerald

DARBY, Marshall Eugene Jr.DAVENPORT, James WatsonJr.DAY, Francis DanielDELLES, Leslie PhillipDERRINGTON, Ralph AlvaDICK, Francis EdwardDILL, Leaman RobertDOERNENBURG, Kenneth E.DONALD, John MalcolmDORR, Carl DavidDOYLE, Bernard VincentDREFAHL, Elmer EdwinDRWALL, Stanislaw FrankDUSSET, Cyril IsaacDYER, Buford Harvey

EAKES, Wallace EldredEBERHARDT, Eugene KellerEDMONSTON, David BellELLIS, Earl MauriceELLISON, Bruce HarryELLSBERRY, JuliusENGLAND, John Charles

FARFAN, Ignacio CamachoFARMER, Luther JamesFECHO, Lawrence HermanFERGUSON, Charlton HannaFIELDS, Robert AuswellFINNEGAN, William MichaelFLAHERTY, Francis CharlesFLANAGAN, James MonroeFLORESE, FelicismoFOLEY, Walter CharlesFOOTE, George PerryFORD, George CalvinFRENCH, Joy CarolFURR, Tedd McKinley

GALAJDIK, MichaelGARA, Martin AnthonyGARCIA, Jesus FranciscoGARRIS, EugeneGAVER, Henry Hamilton Jr.GEBSER, Paul HeinoGELLER, Leonard RichardGEORGE, George Themisto-clesGIBSON, George HarveyGIESA, George EdwardGIFFORD, Quentin JohnGILBERT, GeorgeGILLETTE, Warren ClaytonGILLIARD, Benjamin EdwardGLENN, ArthurGOGGIN, Daryl HenryGOLDWATER, Jack ReginaldGOMEZ, Charles Clay Jr.GOOCH, George MertonGOODWIN, Clifford GeorgeGOODWIN, RobertGORDON, DuffGOWEY, Claude OliverGRAHAM, Wesley ErnestGRANDPRE, Arthur M.

GRIFFITH, Thomas EdwardGROSS, Edgar DavidGROW, Vernon NeslieGUISINGER, Daniel L. Jr.GURGANUS, William IkeGUSIE, William Fred

HALL, Hubert PrestonHALL, TedHALTERMAN, Robert EmileHAM, Harold WilliamHAMLIN, Dale ReubenHANN, Eugene PaulHANNON, Francis LeonHANSON, GeorgeHARR, Robert JosephHARRIS, Charles HoustonHARRIS, Daniel FletcherHARRIS, Louis Edward Jr.HAYDEN, Albert EugeneHEAD, Harold LloydHEADINGTON, Robert WayneHELLSTERN, William FrancisHELTON, Floyd DeeHENRICHSEN, Jimmie LeeHENRY, Otis WellingtonHENSON, William Ed Jr.HERBER, Harvey ChristopherHERBERT, GeorgeHESLER, Austin HenryHISKETT, Denis HubertHITTORFF, Joseph Parker Jr.HOAG, Frank Samuel Jr.HOARD, Herbert JohnHOFFMAN, Joseph WarrenHOLM, Kenneth LaurenceHOLMES, Harry RandolphHOLMES, Robert KimballHOLZHAUER, James WilliamHOPKINS, Edwin ChesterHORD, Chester GeorgeHRYNIEWICZ, Frank A.HUDSON, Charles EugeneHULTGREN, Lorentz EmanuelHUNTER, Robert Melvin

IVERSON, Claydon Ignatius C.

JACKSON, WillieJACOBSON, Herbert BarneyJAMES, Challis RudolphJARDING, George WilliamJAYNE, Kenneth LyleJENSEN, Theodore QueJENSON, Jesse BennettJOHANNES, Charles HomerJOHNSON, Billy JamesJOHNSON, Edward DaleJOHNSON, Joseph MorrisJOHNSTON, Jim HalJONES, Charles AlanJONES, Fred M.JONES, JerryJORDAN, Julian BethuneJORDAN, Wesley VernieJURASHEN, Thomas Valentine

KANE, Albert UtleyKARLI, John AlbertKEATON, Vernon PaulKEFFER, Howard VerneKEIL, Ralph HenryKELLER, Donald GarrettKELLEY, Joe MarionKEMPF, Warren JosephKENINGER, Leo ThomasKENNEDY, William HenryKERESTES, Elmer Tom

KESLER, David LelandKLASING, William AugustKNIPP, Verne FrancisKVALNES, Hans C.KVIDERA, William LesterKYSER, D. T.

LARSEN, Elliott DeenLAURIE, Johnnie CorneliusLAWRENCE, Elmer PattersonLAWSON, Willard IrvinLEHMAN, Gerald GeorgeLEHMAN, Myron KennethLESCAULT, Lionel W.LINDSEY, Harold WilliamLINDSLEY, John HerbertLIVINGSTON, Alfred EugeneLOCKWOOD, Clarence M.LOEBACH, Adolph JohnLUKE, Vernon Thomas

MABINE, OctaviusMAGERS, Howard ScottMALEK, MichaelMALFANTE, Algeo VictorMANNING, Walter BenjaminMASON, Henri ClayMAULE, Joseph KeithMcCABE, Edwin BonnerMcCLOUD, Donald RobertMcDONALD, James OliverMcKEENAN, Bert EugeneMcKISSACK, HaleMcLAUGHLIN, Lloyd EldenMELTON, Earl RudolphMELTON, Herbert FranklinMIDDLESWART, John FranklinMILES, Archie TheodoreMITCHELL, Wallace GregoryMONTGOMERY, Charles An-drewMULICK, John MarkMYERS, Ray Harrison

NAEGLE, George EugeneNAIL, Elmer DentonNASH, Paul AndrewsNEHER, Don OcleNEUENSCHWANDER, ArthurC.NEVILL, Sam DouglasNEWTON, Wilbur FrancisNICHOLS, CarlNICHOLS, Harry ErnestNICOLES, Frank EdwardNIELSEN, Arnold MadsenNIGG, Laverne AliousNIGHTINGALE, Joe RaymondNIX, Charles Edward

OGLE, Charles RalphO’GRADY, Camillus M.OLSEN, EliOUTLAND, Jarvis GodwinOVERLEY, Lawrence JackOWSLEY, Alphard Stanley

PACE, Millard ClarencePALIDES, James Jr.PALMER, Calvin HarryPALMER, Wilferd DeweyPARADIS, George LawrencePARKER, IsaacPEAK, Robert HopkinsPEARCE, Dale FerrellPENNINGTON, RaymondPENTICO, Walter RayPEPE, Stephen

PERDUE, Charles FredPETWAY, Wiley JamesPHILLIPS, Milo ElahPHIPPS, James NormanPIRTLE, Gerald HomerPISKURAN, Rudolph VictorPOINDEXTER, Herbert J. Jr.PREWITT, Brady OliverPRIBBLE, Robert LambPRICE, George FranklinPRIDE, Lewis Bailey Jr.PUE, Jasper Langley Jr.

RAIMOND, Paul SmithRAY, Eldon CasperREAGAN, Dan EdwardREGAN, Leo BasilRICE, Irvin FranklinRICH, Porter LeighRIDENOUR, Clyde Jr.RILEY, David JosephROACH, Russell ClydeROBERTSON, Joseph MorrisROESCH, Harold WilliamROGERS, Walter BooneROUSE, Joseph CarelRUSE, Charles LeeRYAN, Edmund Thomas

SADLOWSKI, Roman WalterSAMPSON, Kenneth HarlanSANDERS, Dean StanleySAUNDERS, Charles LouisSAVAGE, Lyal JacksonSAVIDGE, John EdwinSAYLOR, Paul EddSCHLEITER, Walter FaySCHMIDT, HermanSCHMITT, Aloysius HermanSCHMITZ, Andrew JamesSCHOONOVER, John HarrySCOTT, Bernard OliverSEATON, Chester ErnestSEDERSTROM, Verdi DelmoreSELLON, William LawrenceSEVERINSON, Everett IvenSHAFER, William KennethSHANAHAN, William James Jr.SHELDEN, Edward JudsonSILVA, William GarfieldSKAGGS, Eugene MitchellSKILES, Garold LeroySLAPIKAS, Edward FrankSMITH, Leonard FerdnaySMITH, Merle AndrewSMITH, Roland HamptonSOLLIE, Walter HenrySOLOMON, James CleveSPANGLER, Maurice VerdonSTAPLETON, Kirby RoySTEELY, Ulis ClaudeSTEIN, Walter ClaudeSTEINER, Samuel CyrusSTERNS, Charles M. Jr.STEWART, Everett R.STOCKDALE, Louis S.STOTT, Donald AlfredSTOUT, Robert ThomasSTOUTEN, JamesSURRATT, Milton ReeceSWANSON, Charles Harold

TALBERT, Edward EveretteTANNER, Rangner F. Jr.TAYLOR, Charles RobertTEMPLE, MonroeTEMPLES, HoustonTERHUNE, Benjamin C.

THINNES, Arthur RayTHOMPSON, Charles WilliamTHOMPSON, ClarenceTHOMPSON, George AllenTHOMPSON, Irvin A. R.THOMPSON, William ManleyTHOMSON, Richard JosephTHORNTON, Cecil HowardTHROMBLEY, Robert LeroyTIDBALL, David FranklinTIMM, Lloyd RudolphTINDALL, Lewis FrankTINI, Dante SylvesterTIPTON, Henry GlennTITTERINGTON, Everett CecilTODD, Neal KennethTORTI, Natale IgnatiusTRANBARGER, Orval AustinTRAPP, Harold FrankTRAPP, William HermanTREADWAY, ShelbyTUCKER, William DavidTUMLINSON, Victor PatTURNER, BillyTUSHLA, Louis James

UFFORD, Russell Orville

VALLEY, Lowell Earl

WADE, DurrellWAGONER, Lewis LowellWALKER, Harry EarnestWALKOWIAK, Robert N.WALPOLE, Eugene AndersonWALTERS, Charles EdwardWARD, James RichardWASIELEWSKI, EdwardWATSON, Richard LeonWEBB, James CecilWELCH, William EdwardWELLS, Alfred FloydWEST, Ernest RayWHEELER, John DennisWHITE, ClaudeWHITE, Jack DeweyWHITSON, Alton WalterWICKER, Eugene WoodrowWIEGAND, Lloyd PaulWILCOX, George James Jr.WILLIAMS, Albert LutherWILLIAMS, James CliffordWILLIAMS, Wilbur SladeWIMMER, Bernard RamonWINDLE, Everett GordonWINFIELD, Starring B.WISE, Rex ElwoodWOOD, FrankWOODS, Lawrence EldonWOODS, Winfred OralWORKMAN, Creighton HaleWORTHAM, John LaymanWRIGHT, Paul RaymondWYMAN, Eldon P.

YOUNG, Martin DaymondYOUNG, Robert VerdunYURKO, Joseph John

ZVANSKY, Thomas

• USS Pennsylvania

ARNOTT, Robert EverettBAKER, Henry Ernest Jr.BARRON, Thomas NobleBRAGA, Charles Jr.BREKKEN, Evan Benhart

BROWNE, Frederick ArthurCOMSTOCK, Harold KennethCRAIG, James EdwinHAASE, Clarence FrederickMcINTOSH, Dencil JeoffreyMUHOFSKI, Joseph AlexanderNATIONS, Morris EdwardOWENS, James PatrickPACE, Joseph WilsonPORTILLO, Damian MarayaRALL, Richard RednerRICE, William HurstSLIFER, Martin RuebenSTEWART, Floyd “D”TOBIN, Patrick PhillipVANDERPOOL, Payton L. Jr.VINCENT, Jesse Charles Jr.WADE, George Hollive Jr.WATSON, Claude Bridger Jr.

• USS Pruitt

KEITH, George Richard

• USS Shaw

ANNUNZIATO, Frank JohnBILYI, AnthonyBOLEN, Albert JamesCARROLL, Guy WayneEGBERT, LeonFUGATE, FredGAUDRAULT, Joseph L.B.GOSNELL, Paul GustavusJONES, Rodney WallaceMcALLEN, John ScottMcQUADE, Robert CameronMOORE, Clyde CarsonPARKS, Chester LloydPENUEL, George Ames Jr.PETZ, Robert AlbertPLATSCHORRE, Daniel P.QUIRK, Edward JosephRAINBOLT, John ThomasRUSSELL, Benjamin NelsonSPAETH, Johnnie HerbertSTIEF, Frank William Jr.TAYLOR, Palmer LeeWESTBROOK, James RossWILLIAMS, Clyde

• USS Sicard

HICKOK, Warren Paul

• USS Tennessee

ADAMS, Jesse LeroyHUDGELL, Alfred WilliamMILLER, J.B. DelaneROE, Eugene OscarSMITH, Gerald Owen

• USS Tracy

BIRD, John ArthurPENCE, John WallaceZACEK, Laddie John

• USS Utah

ARBUCKLE, William DelannoBARTA, JosephBIELKA, Rudolph PaulBIGHAM, Virgil CorneliusBLACK, John EdwardBLACKBURN, John Thomas

42 / PEARL HARBOR

BROWN, Pallas FranklinBRUNNER, William FrankBUGARIN, Feliciano TodiasCHESTNUTT, George V. Jr.CLIPPARD, Lloyd DaleCONNER, Joseph UclineCRAIN, John ReevesCROSSETT, David LloydDAVIS, Billy RexDENNIS, LeroyDIECKHOFF, Douglas R.DOSSER, William HughEIDSVIG, Vernon JeromeGANDRE, Melvyn AmourGIFT, Kenneth MaceGREGOIRE, Charles NormanHARVESON, Herold AloysiusHILL, Clifford DaleHOUDE, Emery LyleJACKSON, David WilliamJONES, Leroy HenryJUEDES, William ArthurKAELIN, John LouisKAMPMEYER, Eric T.KARABON, Joseph NicholasKENT, William HarrisonLA RUE, George WillardLITTLE, John Grubbs IIILYNCH, Kenneth LeeMARSHALL, William Earl Jr.MARTINEZ, Rudolph MachadoMICHAEL, Charles O.MILLER, Marvin EugeneNORMAN, Donald CharlesNORMAN, Orris NateODGAARD, Edwin NelsonPARKER, Elmer AnthonyPERRY, Forrest HurbertPHILLIPS, James WilliamPONDER, Walter HowardREED, Frank EdwardSCOTT, Ralph EdwardSHOUSE, Henson TaylorSMITH, George RandolphSMITH, Robert DanielSOUSLEY, Joseph B.STRINZ, Gerald VictorTOMICH, PeterULRICH, Elmer HerbertVILLA, Michael WilliamWETRICH, Vernard OrenWHITE, Glen Albert

• USS Vestal

ARNEBERG, Harold RaymondDUANE, WilliamJACKSON, Lowell BruceJONES, Charles WilliamKERRIGAN, Raymond JosephLONG, Guy EdwardREID, William Henry

• USS West Virginia

ASHBY, Welborn LeeBARGERHUFF, Benjamin E. Jr.BARNETT, William LeroyBARTEK, Frank Joseph Jr.BENNION, Mervyn SharpBOOTON, Charlie VintonBOYER, Fred HunterBRANHAM, George OharaBROOKS, Ennis EdgarBROWN, Charles DarlingBROWN, Riley MirvilleBURGESS, John Edwin Jr.CAMPBELL, William Clarence

CHRISTIAN, William GarnettCOSTILL, Harold KendallCOSTIN, Louis AlbertCOTTIER, Charles EdwinCROMWELL, Howard DonDOWNING, Eugene VictorDRUM, Donald LandfordDUNN, George S. Jr.DURKEE, Edward NormanDURR, Clement EdwardDYE, TommyEDWARDS, Roland WayneENDICOTT, Ronald BurdetteENGLAND, Richard BoydEVANS, Woodrow WilsonFLORES, Jose San NicolasFOTH, JackFOX, Gilbert RoyFRYE, Neil DanielGABRIELE, Angelo MichaelGARCIA, Claude RalphGONZALES, Bibian BernardGOODWIN, Myron EugeneGOULD, ArthurHALVORSEN, Harry JohnHARRISS, Hugh BraddockHEAVIN, Hadley IrvinHILT, Fred AlbertHODGES, Howard DavidHOOD, Joseph EarnestHORTON, William DavidHUDSON, Ira DuaneJACKSON, William ClarenceJOHNSON, Carl SpencerKELLEY, Sanford V. Jr.KLEIST, Chester FredrickKNIGHT, Milton Jewel Jr.KUBINEC, William PaulLACROSSE, Henry E. Jr.LEARY, Thomas FrancisLEMIRE, Joseph Sam L.LISH, Eugene VictorLUKER, Royle BradfordLYNCH, Donald WilliamLYON, Arnold EugeneMANN, Charles WillisMATA, Jesus ManalisayMATHISON, Donald JosephMcBEE, Luther KirkMcCLELLAND, Thomas AlfredMcCOLLOM, Lawrence Jen-ningsMcCOMAS, Clarence WilliamMcKEE, Quentin GuyMEGLIS, John AnthonyMELTON, John RussellMENDIOLA, Enrique CastroMISTER, Joe EddieMONTGOMERY, Wallace AlfordMORRIS, William FrancisMRACE, Albin JohnMYERS, Clair CliftonNERMOE, Earl TilmanNEWTON, Paul EugeneNOCE, Emile SalvatoreO’CONNOR, Maurice MichaelOLDS, Clifford NathanOWSLEY, Arnold JacobPACIGA, Walter JosephPAOLUCCI, James AlfredPINKO, Andrew AnthonyPITCHER, Jack ArthurPOWERS, Roy WallaceREID, George BeardRENNER, AlbertRICHTER, Leonard ClaiverROSE, Ernest ClaudeSAHL, Glenn Dawain

SAULSBURY, Theodore HilliardSCHUON, Richard Martin Jr.SCOTT, George WilliamSMITH, Gordon EllsworthSPEICHER, Ernest EdwardSTERLING, Otis DelaneyTABER, George EdwardTIBBS, Ernie EwartTIPSWORD, Keith WarrenVANDER GOORE, Albert PeterVOGELGESANG, Joseph Jr.WAGNER, Thomas GeorgeWALTERS, Bethel ElbertWILBUR, HaroldWILSON, Clyde RichardZOBECK, Lester Frank

• Ewa Marine Corps Air Sta-tion

LAWRENCE, Edward StephenLUTSCHAN, William Edward, Jr.MICHELETTO, Carlo AnthonyODA, Yaeko Lillian, age 6TACDERAN, Francisco, age 34TURNER, William George

• Bellows Field

CHRISTIANSEN, Hans C.WHITEMAN, George Allison

• Hickam Field

AKINA, August, age 37ALOIS, RalphANDERSON, Garland C.ANDERSON, Manfred CarlANDERSON, William T.ANGELICH, Jerry MikeAVERY, Robert L.

BAKER, George W.BAYS, Donald E.BEASLEY, Leland V.BENNETT, Gordon R. Jr.BILLS, Mathew T.BLAKLEY, William ThomasBOLAN, George P.BONNIE, FelixBORGELT, Harold W.BOSWELL, Frank G.BOYLE, Arthur F.BRANDT, Billy O.BROOKS, B.J. Jr.BROWER, Rennie V. Jr.BROWN, Robert S.BROWNLEE, William JohnBRUBAKER, Brooks J.BRUMMWELL, Malcolm J.BURLISON, Weldon C.BUSH, Joseph

CAMPIGLIA, Francis EdwardCARLSON, Lawrence RobertCARREIRA, JohnCASHMAN, Edward J.CHAGNON, Joseph J.CHAPMAN, Donal V.CHURCH, Leroy R.CLARK, Monroe M.CLENDENNING, Lee I.CONANT, Clarence AlbertCOOPER, Frank BernardCOSTER, Richard LeeCOUHIG, John H.COYNE, William Jr.CRUTHIRDS, John E.

DASENBROCK, Louis H.DAVENPORT, Ernest J.DE POLIS, Frank J.DEFENBAUGH, Russell C.DENSON, Eugene B.DICKERSON, Richard A.DOWNS, Jack A.DUFF, Robert C. Jr.DYER, Daniel A. Jr.

EDWARDS, Lyle O.EICHELBERGER, Paul R.ELDRED, Philip Ward, age 36ELLIOTT, Byron G.ELYARD, Harold C.

FAIRCHILD, Malcolm W.FAIRCHILD, Willard E.FELDMAN, Jack H.FELLMAN, Paul V.FERRIS, Homer E.FIANDER, Stuart H.FIELD, Arnold E.FINNEY, Patrick L.FOX, Jack W.

GAGNE, Leo E. A.GALLAGHER, Russell E.GARRETT, Robert R.GLEASON, James J.GOODING, Robert HenryGOSSARD, James E. Jr.GREENE, John ShermanGUMMERSON, Elwood R.GUTTMANN, Joseph Herman

HARTFORD, Carlton H.HASENFUSS, William E. Jr.HASTY, Ardrey VernonHAUGHEY, John ThomasHAYS, AlfredHISLOP, WilliamHOOD, Earl A.HORAN, John J.HORNER, James AlbertHOWARD, George F.HOYT, Clarence E.HRUSECKY, Charles LewisHUGHES, Edward RhysHUMPHREY, Henry J.

JACOBSON, DaveJEDRYSIK, JosephJENCUIS, Joseph HerbertJOHNSON, Carl AndreasJOHNSON, James RodmanJOHNSON, Olaf A.JOHNSON, Robert HenryJOYNER, Theodore K.

KECHNER, Vincent JohnKELLEY, Robert R.KIMMEY, Robert DoyleKINDER, Andrew J.KING, Marion E. Jr.KLEIN, Otto C.KLUBERTANZ, Roderick OttoKOHL, John J.

LANGO, Frank J.LEPPER, Edmond BraytonLEVINE, ShermanLEWIS, James I.LIBOLT, Lester H.LIVINGSTON, Richard E.LORD, Harry W. Jr.LUSK, Howard N.

LYONS, Lawrence P. Jr.

MACY, Thomas Samuel, age 59MALATAK, JosephMANN, John H.MARKLEY, Robert HaroldMARTIN, George M. Jr.MARTIN, Herbert BenjaminMARTIN, Wallace R.MATTOX, Harell K.McABEE, William E.McCLINTOCK, James JacobMcLAUGHLIN, Herbert E.McLEOD, Stanley A.MEADOWS, Durward A.MEAGHER, Donald F.MERITHEW, William W.MESSAM, Horace ArthurMEYERS, Victor L.MITCHELL, Edwin N.MOORHEAD, Lionel JayMORAN, George A.MORRIS, Emmett EdloeMOSER, Joseph G.MOSLENER, Louis Gustav Jr.

NEEDHAM, La Verne J.NELLES, Joseph F.NORTHWAY, William M.

OFFUTT, William H.ORR, Willard C.

PANG, Harry Tuck Lee, age 30PENNY, Russell M.PERRY, Hal H. Jr.PHILIPSKY, Thomas F.PIETZSCH, Jay E.POSEY, Frank S. E.POWELL, Raymond E.POWLOSKI, Daniel J.PRICE, George

RAE, Allen G.REUSS, Herman C.RHODES, William T.RICHEY, Robert M.ROGNESS, Halvor E.

SCHICK, William RhinehartSCHLEIFER, LouisSHIELDS, William F.SMITH, George J.SMITH, Harry E.SMITH, Ralph StanleySOUTH, Elmer W.SPARKS, John B.ST GERMAIN, Maurice J.STAPLES, Merton IraSTATON, Paul L.STOCKWELL, Carey K.STRICKLAND, James E. Jr.SURRELLS, Leo H.SYLVESTER, William GroverSZEMATOWICZ, Jerome J.

TAFOYA, Antonio S.TENNISON, Anderson G.TIBBETS, Hermann K. Jr.TIMMERMAN, William Freder-ickTOPALIAN, James N.TUCKERMAN, George William

VANDERELLI, MartinVERNICK, Edward FrankWALKER, Ernest M. Jr.WARDIGO, Walter H.

WEGRZYN, Felix S.WESTBROOK, Robert H. Jr.WOOD, Earl A.WOODWORTH, Lawton JayWRIGHT, Thomas Monroe

YOUNG, Virgil Jarrett

ZACZKIEWICZ, Marion HerbertZAPPALA, Joseph S.ZUCKOFF, Walter D.ZUSCHLAG, Walter J.

• Wheeler Field

ALLEN, Robert G.BARKSDALE, James M.BURNS, Edward J.BUSS, Robert P.BYRD, Theodore F.CASHEN, Malachy J.CEBERT, Dean W.CHAMBERS, Eugene L.CREECH, William C.DAINS, John L.DERTHICK, James H.EVERETT, JamesFREE, Paul B.GANNAM, George K.GOOD, Joseph E.GOUDY, Allen E. W.GUTHRIE, James E.HERBERT, Joseph C.HORAN, Vincent M.HULL, Robert L.LESLIE, George G.MANLEY, William H.MITCHELL, John G.PLANT, Donald D.PRICE, John A.ROBBINS, Anson E.SCHMERSAHL, George R.SCHOTT, Robert L.SHATTUCK, Robert R.SHERMAN, Robert O.STACEY, Morris E.STERLING, Gordon H. Jr.VIDOLOFF, Russell P.WALCZYNSKI, Andrew A.WALKER, Lumus E.

• Camp Malakole

BLACKWELL, Henry C.BROWN, Clyde C.RASMUSSEN, Warren D.

• Fort Barrett (in Kapolei)

MEDLEN, Joseph Alford

• Fort Kamehameha

BRYANT, Claude L.BUBB, Eugene R.DA TORRE, OtresteDUQUETTE, Donat George Jr.SULLIVAN, Edward Francis

• Fort Shafter

FAVREAU, Arthur ArmondZISKIND, Samuel J.

• Schofield Barracks

FADON, Paul J.

FRENCH, Walter R.KUJAWA, ConradLEWIS, Theodore J.MIGITA, Torao

• Honolulu

ADAMS, John Kalauwae, age18ADAMS, Joseph Kanehoa, age50ARAKAKI, Nancy Masako, age8CHONG, Patrick Ka-hamokupuni, age 30FAUFATA, Matilda Kaliko, age12GONSALVES, EmmaHARADA, Ai, age 54HATATE, Kisa, age 41HIGA, Fred Masayoshi, age 21HIRASAKI, Jackie Yoneto, age8HIRASAKI, Jitsuo, age 48HIRASAKI, Robert Yoshito, age3HIRASAKI, Shirley Kinue, age 2INAMINE, Paul S., age 19IZUMI, Robert Seiko, age 25KAHOOKELE, David, age 23KONDO, Edward Koichi, age 19LOPES, Peter Souza, age 33MANGANELLI, George Jay,age 14McCABE, Sr., Joseph, age 43NAGAMINE, Masayoshi, age27OHASHI, Frank, age 29OHTA, Hayako, age 19OHTA, Janet Yumiko, age 3monthsOHTA, Kiyoko, age 21ORNELLAS, Barbara June, age8ORNELLAS, Gertrude, age 16TAKEFUJI (aka Koba), JamesTakao, age 20TOKUSATO, Yoshio, age 19TYCE, Robert H., age 38UYENO, Hisao, age 20WHITE, Alice (Mrs. Millard D.),age 42WILSON, Eunice

• Pearl City

FOSTER, Rowena Kamo-haulani, age 3

• Pearl Harbor

LOO, Tai Chung, age 19

• Red Hill

LA VERNE, Daniel

• Wahiawa

KIM, Soon Chip, age 66SOMA, Richard Masaru, age 22

• Waipahu

KIMURA, Tomaso, age 19

• Wake Island

JACOBS, Richard William

PEARL HARBOR / 43

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