Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences: Bi-Annual

Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences: Bi-Annual

PATRON Prof. Dr. Khalid M. Iraqi Vice Chancellor, University of Karachi Karachi, Pakistan

EDITOR Nasreen Aslam Shah

ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Dr. M. Nizamuddin Chairman, Higher Education Commission, Punjab, Pakistan

Prof. Dr. Profulla C. Sarker Pro-Vice Chancellor, European University of Bangladesh

Professor Dr. Mehtab S. Karim Vice Chancellor Malir University of Science & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan

Asutosh Pradhan Associate Professor School of Social Sciences Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India

Kazuyo Yamane Professor Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Steven M. Shardlow Professor in Social Work Head of the School of Public Policy & Professional Practice Keele University, UK

Amara Soonthorndhada Associate Professor Institute for Population and Social Research Mahidol University, Thailand

Timothy Stainton Professor and Director UBC School of Social Work & Centre for Inclusion and Citizenship 2080 West Mall Vancouver, BC, Canada

Ismail Baba Professor Social Work Programme School of Social Development College of Arts & Science University of Utara, Malaysia

Nazmunnessa Mahtab Professor, Department of Women and Gender Studies University of Dhaka Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Naseem Ahmad Khan Assistant Professor Department of Social Work Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U) India

Nasreen Aslam Shah Dean, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Gheyas Uddin Sidiqui Ex. Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences & Ex. Chairman, Social Work Department University of Balochistan

Naheed Abrar Ex. Chairperson, Department of Social Work Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology, Abdul Haq Campus Karachi, Pakistan

Sarah Safdar Former Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Peshawar, Pakistan

Shamim Akhtar Soomro Ex. Chairperson, Department of Social Work University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

Hafiz Rashid Ahmad Qazi Chairman, Department of Social Work The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

M. Shamsuddin Meritorious Professor, Ex-Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Shagufta Nasreen Assistant Professor, Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Asma Manzoor Assistant Professor, Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Aliyah Ali Assistant Professor, Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan EDITORIAL TEAM Muhammad Shahid Muhammad Nadeemullah Sakina Riaz Sumera Ishrat Muhammad Arshad Muhammad Faisal Zia Seema Manzoor Dua-e-Rehma Siraj Bashir Kinza Sohail CIRCULATION MANAGER Tabinda Shameem Jafri FORMATED BY Muhammad Fareed Ahmed COVER DESIGN BY Nasreen Aslam Shah PUBLISHING, ADVERTISING & SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE Department of Social Work, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270 Tele/Fax # 92-21-99261654, 92-21-99261300-7 Ext.2284 E-mail: [email protected]

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PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Editor

Nasreen Aslam Shah

Department of Social Work

University of Karachi Karachi – Pakistan

________________________________________________________________________

Acknowledgement

We are obliged for the financial assistance of Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan for publishing the 10th volume of Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences.

PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Volume-10 September, 2019

CONTENTS

Nasreen Aslam Shah

Editor’s Note I

Aliyah Ali & Rukhsana Sexual Harassment at Work Place: A Study of Women Political Workers in Pakistan

1

Khalid Mahmood Iraqi, Asma Manzoor & Seema Manzoor

Analyzing the Presence of Women’s Wards Facility in Government Hospitals of Karachi

21

Mansoor Ali Shah & Asif Naveed Ranjha

Need of Interfaith Dialogue for Peace Building in Pakistan: An Approach of Madrasa Teachers in South Punjab

45

Md. Roknuzzaman Siddiky

Developing Co-Curricular Activities and Extra-Curricular Activities for All-Round Development of the Undergraduate Students: A Study of a Selected Public University in Bangladesh

61

Rabia Ali & Laila Hussain Gender Representation in Primary Level English and Urdu Textbooks in Pakistan

83

Sadia Barrech & Muhammad Din Sociological Analysis of Child Abuse in Balochistan

101

Sajjad Hussain, Saira Miraj & Rani Saddique

Social Work and Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan

117

Editor’s Note:

We are pleased and enthusiastic about presenting the Journal of Applied Social Sciencesacademic publishing. To maintain the quality and consistency of an academic journal multifarious challenges are faced. welcome and appreciation of students and faculty of the Department of Social Work, from its alumnae and The task before us is not easy; indeed we confront multifarious challenges: from collecting the much needed financial resources to securing crucial human assistance and help. I am glad to report that the unprecedented interest among the social scientists, researchers and authors. This is amply evidenced first by the diversity of topics of papers published in thvolumes and secondly by the institutional affiliation of the authors.mainly focuses on the diversity of research topics to highlights social, economic and political issues. The Journal is bi-linguallanguage. It reflects one of the challenges that the academia in Pakistan confronts at every step- in writing a research dissertation, teaching in a classin everyday encounters. Thus, the Journal is close to the reality of the academic life of Pakistan. This volume contains total in Urdu which we believe you will read with great interest.various social and economic harassment faced by political workers in Pakistan to availability of women’s wards in government hospitals and type of services they are providedof journal is varied including discussion about interfaith dialogue, gender representation in text book and child abuse in Balochistan. community based disaster managI would like to thank the esteemed academicians and researchers who submitted articles, and the referees, who kindly devoted their valuable time.Commission (HEC) has recognized PJASS in “Z” categorthe financial assistance of HEC for Publishing the Journal. quality of the journal we are continuing our effortsgenerous support and patronage of our Khalid Mahmood Iraqi who has supported us in our work at every step.

i

and enthusiastic about presenting the tenth volume ofJournal of Applied Social Sciences. It is not an easy task to maintain and preserve

To maintain the quality and consistency of an academic journal multifarious challenges are faced. But it is possible with the warm welcome and appreciation of students and faculty of the Department of Social

and from friends around the country. The task before us is not easy; indeed we confront multifarious challenges: from collecting the much needed financial resources to securing crucial human assistance and help. I am glad to report that the initial nine volumes generated an

edented interest among the social scientists, researchers and authors. This is amply evidenced first by the diversity of topics of papers published in th

and secondly by the institutional affiliation of the authors. This journal n the diversity of research topics to highlights social, economic

lingual, publishing papers in Urdu as well as in the English reflects one of the challenges that the academia in Pakistan confronts

in writing a research dissertation, teaching in a class-room, or even in everyday encounters. Thus, the Journal is close to the reality of the academic

contains total nine articles, seven articles in English and two which we believe you will read with great interest. The articles examine

and economic issues. The topic ranges from analysis of sexual harassment faced by political workers in Pakistan to availability of women’s

government hospitals and type of services they are provided. The scope of journal is varied including discussion about interfaith dialogue, gender representation in text book and child abuse in Balochistan. It also focuses on community based disaster management and importance of urdu literature.I would like to thank the esteemed academicians and researchers who submitted articles, and the referees, who kindly devoted their valuable time. Higher Education

has recognized PJASS in “Z” category and we are thankful for the financial assistance of HEC for Publishing the Journal. To further improve the quality of the journal we are continuing our efforts. We are also thankful to the generous support and patronage of our Honourable Vice Chancellor, Prof. Dr.

who has supported us in our work at every step.

of Pakistan . It is not an easy task to maintain and preserve

To maintain the quality and consistency of an academic possible with the warm

welcome and appreciation of students and faculty of the Department of Social

The task before us is not easy; indeed we confront multifarious challenges: from collecting the much needed financial resources to securing crucial human

generated an edented interest among the social scientists, researchers and authors. This

is amply evidenced first by the diversity of topics of papers published in these This journal

n the diversity of research topics to highlights social, economic

ublishing papers in Urdu as well as in the English reflects one of the challenges that the academia in Pakistan confronts

room, or even in everyday encounters. Thus, the Journal is close to the reality of the academic

two article The articles examine

analysis of sexual harassment faced by political workers in Pakistan to availability of women’s

. The scope of journal is varied including discussion about interfaith dialogue, gender

It also focuses on and importance of urdu literature.

I would like to thank the esteemed academicians and researchers who submitted Higher Education

and we are thankful for o further improve the

We are also thankful to the Vice Chancellor, Prof. Dr.

Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences Vol. 10, 2019, pp.1-20, ISSN: 2409-0077(Print), ISSN: 2663-8894(Online)

Sexual Harassment At Work Place: A Study Of Women Political Workers In Pakistan

Aliyah Ali

& Rukhsana

Women’s Studies University of Karachi

Abstract

Sexual harassment in the work place including political sphere is widespread in Pakistan but actual number of cases are not available, issue is still under the carpet. This unwanted and annoying sex-related behaviour and concealing phenomena is the part of all professions. The present study explored the contemporary status of harassment in Pakistani women political workers. For this exploratory research the data has collected from 200 women political workers through survey method with purposive and snow ball sampling procedures. The quantitative data has collected in different areas of Karachi. Findings of the study revealed that all respondents women have faced verbal and non-verbal harassment during election, demonstrations and their workplace as well. The results of the research shows that empowered women have no courage to report this heinous crime due to social pressure or fear because they do not want to destroy their chastity. In Pakistan, female participation in all professions including political sphere is increasing constantly and immediate need to address the issue of harassment at world of work. Keywords: Women Political Workers, Sexual Harassment, Sexual Violence, Verbal and Non-Verbal Violence.

تلخيص

2 Aliyah Ali, Rukhsana

Introduction Women’s problems and worries seem to be never stopped in almost every part of the world. In this existing scenario, women participation increased in every field of work and human society is able to be pleased the existence of a rules and regulations about sexual abused and harassment at the place of work in strength, the exposure of females to this unacceptable crime has spread multifarious problem, which are preventing women to work (Sadruddin, 2013). Sexual harassment is an acute form of gender discrimination and continuing delinquent issue for women (ILO, 2018). When women come out of the dwelling to seek employment she is subjected to have unwanted sexual attention in the form of lustful hints, verbal or physical indications and even request for sexual favours (HRPA, 2018). It is annoying carnal behaviours like sexy comments, physical touches and physical attacks (Hiscox, 2018) are noted in routine at place of work. Even though this unwrap fact is painful to be absorbed, but until now it is the reflectiveness of the existing condition of occupied women in the planet. It is observed that incident of harassment taken place at in government and private offices, school, colleges, universities, factories or at any workplace. Centre for Employment Equity (2018), reported that sexual harassment at workplaces has increased significantly during the last few decades and unfortunately the very few cases have been reported. According to available records by WHO facts sheet (2016), in every three women one experience physical or sexual harassment. There are so many factors that restrict women from taking action against culprits such as feeling of shame, fear of retaliation, losing the job and social pressure as well. This unwanted and annoying sex-related behaviour (Fitzgerald et al., 1997) and concealing found within professional life and in almost every occupations. (Hunt, Davidson, Fielden & Hoel, 2007). We cannot say that only weaker or low status women are victim of sexual harassment. If we look on the world scenario educated and socially strong women have been restricted for filing complains due to many unseen visible or invisible factors, they had to compel to remain silent even though they are being severly harassed sexually and psychologically.

Sexual Harassment at Work place: A Study of Women Political Workers in Pakistan 3

Political women are more powerful, strong and empowered as compared to other women, but they are still victimized to sexual harassment. Political institution is an important and reliable source of empowerment and the beauty of democracy within institution must be modelled at all level for every men and women. In political environment provide equal opportunity with totally freedom and security to men as well as women. In society, for the effectiveness of political institutions it is important to maintain gender equality. Unluckily, women are not saved in the strong political institution. In 2016 and 2018, an Inter-parliamentary Union (IPU), published two global studies provided facts that harassment and violence with women is very common in political sphere in European countries, findings further disclosed that above 80 percent of women parliamentarian faced violence, threats of death, sexual harassment and psychological and physical violence including rape, beatings or abduction during their parliamentary tenure (IPU, 2016-2018). All over the world the ground breaking movement ME-TOO and Time’s up shattered the taboos and generated global attention regarding sexism and violence that women face in working atmospheres. Politics is over whelming male-dominated according to world’s fact Women politicians only 5.2 percent of heads of government, 6.6 percent chief of the State, and 24 per cent of the members of parliament all over the world. Women constantly challenge stereotype norms and traditions related to gender that have usually away from politics; they confront inappropriate and unfriendly attitude in these respectable institutions. Women are as in different places of work, gradually have found in political parties, government bodies, elected assemblies and in parliaments (Shaw, 2018). Two years ago, in January 2017, the member of provincial assembly (MPA) Nusrat Sehar Abbasi constantly faced orally and psychologically harassment by their male fellow who were the member of house as well. She was victim of the gender base violence because harassed on the bases of sex not only by opposite party male members but also by her own party members. She also said that it is enough; I am sick and tired with the male legislators due to continuously hooting and used abusive language. Harassment and violence with women at the workplace especially for women politicians make more hard, dangerous and unattractive. In this situation mostly women do not join or adopt politics as a profession. It was not only one incident but on many occasion women politicians suffer unsuitable joking intentional to openly humiliate them on public gathering. In April 2017, a member of Pakistan People’s Party Khurshid Shah said about women parliamentarian, if women prevented from gossiping, they would be sick. In June 2016, Khawaja Asif defence minister targeted physical appearance of


another member of assembly Shireen Mazari ‘tractor trolley and female supporters of PTI do not have good character, the head of JUI-F’s Mulana Fazlur Rehman said in 2014. The worst thing was that the women legislators mostly failed to condemn this behaviour of male colleagues due to their party rules or fear of criticism by male. In 2006, member of provincial assembly Shazia Marri also complained her male colleague Eshwar Lal had send immoral written massages. Few others women politicians including Marri complained of harassment by a MPA (Nadia, 2017). The nature of violence against women in politics can be mental, physical and sexual. Violence can be affected equally male and female but targeted to women is gender based in politics. Women targeted by their gender such as sexual harassment and violence, sexist remarks or jokes. In parliament and all political sphere sexual harassment and violence is a destruction of basic human rights. It is not only a violation of women political rights but also hold back women’s political participation. Harassment and violence in the workplace including political sphere is widespread in Pakistan but actual number of cases are not available, issue is still under the carpet. The fact that the majority of incidents are never reported, only few cases come into the front and highlighted. The data on the incidence of sexual harassment in the place of work do not collect by government and data on employment committees does not allow cases comprising charges of sexual harassment to be identified certainly. Objectives of the Study

To find out the political environment of women in political sphere To explore the categories of harassment faces by female political workers To find out the impact of harassment on the issues of political women

lives To evaluate the challenges faced by women political workers at work

place To know the attitudes of family towards the victim of sexual harassment

Literature Review Review literature provides more information to a reader for understanding the research. It is observed that published material concentrate on the issue of women harassment with various points supported this exploration in bringing innovation to this research beside with understanding of present study. In Pakistani perspectives there is no research available that highlighted the issue of harassment and violence including physical & sexual among political women.


A number of studies (Berdahl, J. L. & Moore, C., 2006; Barling, J., Rogers, A. G. & Kelloway, E. K., 2001; Dekker, I., &Barling, J., 1998; Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, Y., Ormerod, M. & Weitzman, L., 1988; Schneider, et al 1997 ;Ellis, S., Barak, A. & Pinto, A., 1991) supporting women harassment at the workplace as their focal theme, among them few researcher investigated emotional harassment on working women, some discovered its factors and approaches of prevention. Arif et al., (2017) explored that the main contributors of stress are gender discrimination, peers’ behaviour and sexual harassments as well among working women in Pakistan. Study further find out that along gazing and unnecessary conversation, the male colleagues discuss sexual matters, and loudly speak sexual jokes in the presence of women (Arif, A., Naveed, S. & Aslam, R, 2017). Maheen et al., (2016) held a study in management universities of Peshawar highlighted that sexual harassment does lead to worker turnover intentions and sexual harassment has increased in higher educational institute and HEC neither successful to remove this in academic societies nor proper execution the guidelines on SH (Maheen et al., 2016). Researchers identified harassment among working women in media with insufficient reporting. Almost male offering pick and drop, invite lunch or dinner, touched while giving anything like papers, files or glass, unintentionally touched body, giving comments their appearance, praising their personality and offering voluntary services and some others also want to shake hand.Although media is considered modern, open mind people’s institution (Zia, A., Batool, S. & Yasin, Z., 2016). Wherever women work, regardless of the profession incidents of harassment or sexual harassment occur at workplace (McLaughlin et al., 2012). Within all countries, including Pakistan (Naizi, 2012), many exploratory researches provide evidence that women faced sexual harassment. There are many factors and forces like existences of patriarchal deep rooted values in Asian region (Isran & Isran, 2012, Richter 1991), particularly public patriarchy control and limited women’s power (Heimer, 2000). Women’s Political Participation In political participation of women, and their positions in government, the quantity of women’s in power sharing comprises the number of females in administration and government (Robert, 2002; Peter, 1993).


Unbiased and fair representation of women in political domain has an optimistic effect on gender mainstreaming in various policies and strategies. Worldwide, women’s representation rose 24.1 percent in parliament at the end of 2018, 13 percent increased as compared to last twenty years. Headships of women in the EU is above the world average in the beginning of 2019, four women presidents, two queens (UK & Denmark) and three prime ministers among the 55 heads of the state and government in European countries. Globally, Rwanda has the impressive number of females’ legislators; in the lower house women have succeeded 61.3 percent seats in parliament (European Union, 2019). In each region, wide disparities continue exist in the average percentages of women parliamentarians, 42.3 per cent Nordic countries, 30 percent Americas, 27.7 percent Europe as well as Nordic countries,; 26.6 per cent, Europe without Nordic realms, 23.6 percent sub-Saharan Africa, 19.4 percent Asia, 17.8 percent Arab Countries and 17 percent the Pacific at the end of 2018 (IPU, 2018). In Pakistan, the last Elections were held in 2018bring out 105 women throughout the country were given party tickets as compared to last election 74 female candidates contested on party tickets, while 66 competed without any political party candidate in 2018 as compared to 61 in 2013 (Salman, 2019). Although gender norms and expectations significantly decrease the pool of women putting themselves forward for selection as candidates in election. Now a multidimensional approach requires for Women's empowerment in politics such as preventing sexual harassment / violence against women during elections. Additional determinations required to bring women into political parties and particularly young women, develop skills to participate actively in elections as candidates, voters and train to become a future leadership. This is essential in the present political environment regard as citizens specially women disappointment with politics (European Union, 2019).According to the WEF, Pakistan’s placed at 97 on political & constitutional empowerment, only Bangladesh stretched outa level of gender uniformity of beyond 50pc, while during this period India boast just about 40pc, in the Asian region (WEF, 2018). Sexual Harassment/Violence in Politics Through over the world sexual harassment and violence is an important, more common and disturbing human rights violation, irrespective of social upbringing, everywhere at home, at working place, at educational institute, in the pathway, playing game or more powerful places like political institutions. In the 2030


Agenda for Sustainable Development, eliminating violence particularly against females and teenagers is an important goal. Even though the perception of sexual annoyance is along-standing subject (Thornton, 2002) and less discussed openly. It acknowledged as a societal occurrence in these days. In politics violence against women is the result of long systematic structure of patriarchy. Many factors contribute to less representation of females in political affairs: hardly or even no one woman is the leadership of any political parties which is the first step for establishing the political leader in future. Violence in every form is not enclosed to politics on the other hand to the wide-ranging in general places, wherever the dynamic of power will change the traditional political structure and will transport to the forefront different supremacy, energetic and cognitive structures of females in the public domain. The raising of the #MeToo movement provide more courage to more women, media and political women speak out and reported harassment and sexist remarks (IPU, 2018). Celebrated moment for the women of United States in political sphere the midterm elections 2018, when the extraordinary number of women entered and designated to legislative body. This outstanding accomplishment was not an easy flight but steadily and a hard struggle. Along with enlargement of women’s parliamentary partnership the result of a distressing increase in cyber bullying of these identical women and their political rights under threats. Particularly women who are serving in different prominent roles as stateswomen and leaders have been targeted through cyber harassment. Amnesty international surveyed 4000 female workers within eight independent, self-ruled, economically top ranking countries, as well as the United States in 2017, to explore that almost 76out of each hundreds of those women had faced different categories of sexual exploitation on social networking. The cyber molestation includes physical appearance, sexual orientation, using their snapshots to give the impression in vulgar prospects. Harassment is creating hurdles for blocking women from exercising their political rights and participates in politics (Centre for strategic and International Studies, 2018). A research conducted by ComRes for the BBC in November 2017, interviewed 6,206 mature adult person in Britain, pointed out fourteen percent of interviewers had suffered from sexual intimidation in the workplace. It was consisted on demonstrations of indecent images, unwanted remarks vulgar funny stories or jokes related to sensual nature (BBC, 2016-2017). Another research study explored that more than 50% of women engaged in wage labour in European Union countries which has experienced sexual harassment. Study further explored


that in the workplace discrimination and inequalities can be mused a cause of sexually abuse or harassment, through evidence collected in the research and further described association between sexual abuse and inequalities within male and female (The House of Commons, 2017-19, p.7). The IPU conducted a study in European countries in 2016, 123 women from 45 European countries consisted 81 parliamentarian and 42 parliamentary staff. The research explored 40.5 % respondents harassed sexually in their duties, the perpetrators were male MPs in 69.2 percent of cases, 50 % had eavesdrop sexy remarks and 61.5 % of these cases the perpetrators were male MPs, 19.5 % of respondents faced psychological harassment from their colleges MPs. Further findings give alarming facts the reporting are these cases very low. Only 23.5% of MPs and 6% female parliamentary staff had reported the incident who had been sexually harassed. Study findings showed that more women parliamentarian go under report while facing sexual harassment still underreported (IPU, 2016). Legal Framework and Definitions In politics, sexual harassment and violence against women are flagrant and intolerable violations of fundamental and political rights, including the obligation to ensure that women can participate fully, freely and safely in political processes including in parliaments. Several international instruments protect these rights, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In politics, the issue of harassment and abuse with women increased gradually at international level day by day, even that matter discussed its causes and consequences that matter talk over at the General Assembly of United Nations in 2018. The Article 2 of UN Declaration on Violence against Women explain in detail about sexual harassment and coercion at workstation, Pakistan is a signatory of this declaration, moreover, Pakistan is also joined to the International Labour Organisation Convention 100 and 111deals with equal wages for equal value of work and discrimination in employment. Any type of non-consensual sexual violence prohibited by state law, comprehend the victim do not giving the position of consent, define by the U.S. Department of Justice, (OVW). The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) states that “undesirable spoken, photographic, nonverbal, or physically conduct that is the


nature of sexual or derived on someone’s sex, constitutes sexual harassment. Precedent has established for legal step, at place of working harassment should be “brutal or prevalent” and disturb operational or working environment (HISCOX, 2018). In Asian countries proof towards harassment at place of work are not recorded appropriate however more or less within all countries in the region sexual harassment is being practiced. The Philippines passed an Anti-Sexual Harassment Act in 1995, which support not to were established accept harassment at the workplace. In Thailand, include punishments for sexual violations at place of employment through amendment in its labour laws in 1998. Similarly in Asian nations approved numerous bills to be responsible for protected, in offensive and harmless atmosphere for female like Malaysia and Pakistan as well. Pakistan national assembly passed The Protection against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010, protecting the female employ from sexually irritation at workroom. The act harassment is clarified as, “any undesirable sensual advance, demand for sexually exceptional behaviour, verbal or on paper communication, physical relation or sexually demeaning assertiveness, produce intervention with performance of work. Methodology There is no other study is available about harassment among political workers so present study is an exploratory and descriptive. In this study, the methodology adopted was quantitative and involved semi-structured questionnaire which consisted open ended and close ended questions. Major objective of the study to find out the contemporary status of persecution in Pakistani political workers in Karachi, researcher had used survey method with purposive and snow ball sampling procedures, picking prospective respondents for getting appropriate data to achieve the aims of the present research. Both sampling are under non-probability method, purposive sampling provides help to select the sample on the bases of characteristics, while snowball method gives information to find out other participants and easy for researcher to catch the relevant person within short time. The data was collected through interview schedule from 200 literate, unmarried and married women. The interviewed women were 15 to 40 years old, who work as a political worker in different political parties. Respondents affiliated Pakistan people’s party, Pakistan Tehrek-e-Insaaf, Mutehda Qumi Movement and Pakistan Muslim league (N).


The interviews were conducted face to face at their homes. Respondents were asked how they were physical and mentally sexually harassed and exploited during their work in offices, outsides, election campaigns, political gatherings and in the cabinets. The collected data has been tabulated and analysed. In the present study, simple distribution frequency tables, frequency and percentages was used to represent research findings, first of all, simple tables were made representing each question and percentages were drawn. Findings & Discussion Gender discrimination, violence against women, sexual harassment and sexual violence exclusively observed during work remained uncontrolled which is considered common violation of women rights. Sexual harassment at workplace is a social humiliation and promote unhealthy environment especially for women, although women participation in the work force is increasing day by day. It is appalling that undesirable sexual conducts like sexual remarks, gazing, touching, stalking, sending vulgar text messages, openly conversation on sexual issues in front of women and physical attacks are observed in the workplace even these type of incidents are looked around day to day prevalence and part of ethos in place of work. Gender inequalities are very common in developing countries including our beloved country Pakistan. Women are considered inferior, less than second citizen and mostly least important in decision making process regardless within home or working place. Mostly women face violence due to gender inequality; it is co-relate different kinds of discriminations related to workplace and sexual harassment as well. Politics is also perceived as a restricted area of working for girls and mostly parents do not allow their daughters to participate in political activities like meetings, protest, corner meetings and public gatherings. But now consequence has going to be changed and present study find out that 77.5% respondents have had family support to join politics as compare to only 22.5% respondents’ family did not support them. Data indicated a big change in our social system, few years ago politics is not considered for women working area. As since long political sphere influenced by masculine, universally it’s all about for male control and command too. On the other hand women's contribution and participation in political domain do not see as pleasing as appraised like present epoch. (See table 2) if women have to reach in assemblies then they will play their vital role for women empowerment through positive and women’s friendly legislation. Participants were asked about their perceptions to join politics, primary data shows that 56.5% respondents join politics to their self-desire, 23.5% respondents


entered in politics for getting power, while 15% already from political families (see table .1). Workplace for a political worker is very wide-ranging such as office, rallies, and public meetings, demonstrations etc. in the workplace categorizing occupational elements associated and increased possibility of sensual irritation and physical attacks. The study focused on female political party workers who are affected by gender based violence and data shows women in our society regardless they are house workers or working lady. They all feel suppress as a women, they all harass being a women. Above table shows that 58% of respondents feel suppress as a women worker in their own political party. Only 42% respondents did not feel any inferiority or pressure. Women in our society regardless they are house workers or working lady, they all feel suppress as a women, they all harass being a women. The results of the study shows that 44.6% respondents had faced sexual harassment during election campaign, 24.4% respondents harassed in the office sphere, and 21.2% respondents had faced harassment during different demonstrations about 50.5% respondents harassed verbally and 49.5% harassed by physically or nonverbal (See table. 3). Harassment exists in different types which women faces at workplace. Most common shared by the respondents are gazing, laughing, Sexual jokes and comments, touching, pushing, unwanted jokes and dialogues, holding hand, indecent body language, negative messages on mobile or different type of social media, offering pick and drop, gifts and use indecent language. Harassment has two main categories verbal and non-verbal. The result of this study explored in the case of verbal harassment 58.4% respondents harassed by gazing and laughing, 16.8% respondents received vulgar text messages and calls with abusive or sexual language, 12.8% respondents harassed by sexual jokes and 11.8% respondents had been the subject of a remark of sexual nature. The facts about non-verbal harassment 61.6% respondents said they suffered senseless incidents like push and it is very easy to prove these types of thrust as unintentional touch, 22.2 % respondents faced unwanted touches with fingers, elbow or legs etc., 12.1% respondents suffered due to stalking, 3.1% percent respondents had been faced physical violence with sexual harassment while only one respondent told she has been subjected to sexual violence (SeeTable.4). Mostly women faced sexual harassment by their boss or seniors and it is very common at places of work, situation is worst when the ladies staff employed are lesser than male staff, newly appointed and low social status. In the present research fact shows that a large number of female political workers sexually harassed by their colleagues (62.5%) and (18.6%) head. (See Table .5)Because this is the game of power, who has in power will use and who is in the


subordinate position or weaker will bear this burden. Our culture and traditions restricted to women due to their modesty and religious piousness. Social stress is also the reason of silence, women do not have to right to claim or raise voice even they cannot discuss on sexual harassment openly around 40.6 % respondents just share with their friends, 34.4% respondents complained to higher authority, only 25% respondents told their family while not a single person complained to police or did not take any legal action. Mostly women do not make a voice against sexual harassment at workplace either they strong or weak, literate or illiterate, older or younger, belong elite class or middle class, it does not make any difference among them. a survey report by DAWN evident that, 300 women were interviewed across professions and industries about workplace harassment, according to fact 35percent were remain silent by their colleagues and bosses while 17 percent women approached their organisation’s internal inquiry committees (Table.6). There is an important fact that by bearing this burden woman cannot share and hide this crime; social pressure and burden of insecurity are destroying the reputation of women (Human Rights Watch, 2018). The offender gets benefit to their position and status, male dominated society criticize, blame and discuss on women’s character. Due to mentioned reasons women do not want to disclose or complained about sexual harassment or violence. The facts of study showed that 21.6% respondents did not have courage to complain due to their reputation, 33.3% respondents did not inform due to fear of family, 35.2% respondents did not get attenuation on male behaviour, had not complained or informed to anyone just ignored. (See Table 6)Majority of the female workers evade sharing their painful feelings or talk over these sorts of problems to others, even though they do not share to the head and authority person. It is observed that women have such as their own fear, societal pressure, persons influence, and fear of insult, fear of threats (self-fear & family), embarrassment, lack of confidence and lack of proper support system. Due to above said reasons women do not courage for reporting, ignored and decided to keep silent. But the silence of women encourages the delinquent to carry on the criminal and insulting behaviour (Hoffman, Hamlin, 2002). Shazia Marri has complied about her male MPA Eshwer Lal that he had been harassed her for two years. But when she had take action and registered legal complaint against him then he stopped. But that is another fact when women report the issue they face victimization from society. Aisha Gulali and Meenashafi are more example of this situation, both women are faced more discrimination and social pressure when the rose their voice against male’s attitude or sexual harassment.


Major concentration of this research had to investigate standing condition of abuse and harassment in women political workers. Environment of any political office and outside essentially controlled these types of incidents because unsafe working environment effected the creativity and productivity of any person particularly women, who developed their political skills and practicing for future leadership. Workplace environment plays an important role for building personality traits gender based insult at workplace has been extremely linked with atmosphere of the place of work. Gender imbalance in any occupation or work place has increased the risk of harassment at workplace. According to Hunt gender composition is very important for occupation or workplace (Hunt, 2007). Since long in society masculine controlled life have exaggerated social and cultural structure, and women considered sub servant or in a secondary position (Hong, 2003). The reality of harassment is that almost majority of men are involved in heinous action at workplace (Malamuth, & Briere, 1986). An interviewed political worker argued that the quantity of women have increased in politics but until now dominated by male. Women do not consider for higher positions or key post as compared to male, they are more reliable and deserve for part tickets and election while women political workers are consider only a tool for using as a female. Keeping the main purpose of the research about occurrence of gender biased attitudes in political women workers, questioned from women who affiliated with any political party to achieve objectives of this exploration and receiving facts show intact women faced sexual abuse at their workstation, field work, during rallies, protest and political public and private gatherings. Sexual harassment at workplace and particularly in political atmosphere itself is curse but it is more painful when politicians who make rules, laws and they do not apply within their own parties, their own parliamentarians and political workers has not saved to this heinous crime. The government has unsuccessful to progress and enlarge financial and political privileges proposed for feminine, even though so many amendments including new laws in the constitution of Pakistan. The government is not only failed to implantation of laws and also restrict to put on to protect existing laws (Akhtar & Métraux, 2013; Nosheen, 2011; Qureshi, 2013). It is a bitter truth that, the law enforcement bodies, such as police (table, 10) itself is a threat for the safety of women, and the harassment or victimization from police are common practice in our society (Abbas, 2011).


Conclusions The present study explored sexual harassment among women political workers. The situation is no more different from other professions and outcomes of this research show that women are suffering from harassment in political sphere. For this study researcher interviewed 200 women political workers. All respondents agreed that political workers are being harassed at their workplace. Female participation is increasing gradually in political domain. Many interviewers shared that number of cases are increased but reporting is decreased due to many factors behind this phenomenon. The results of the research showed that female workers faced different kind of harassment like touching, comments on their physical appearance, sexual jokes etc. while staring is the very common and do not count in harassment, almost women do not share or inform others about sexual violence. There is need to immediate address to sexual harassment because if any woman harassed in the world of work is worst but there are a number of women affected with sexual harassment. References Abbas, H. (2011). Reforming Pakistan’s Police and Law Enforcement

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Annex

Table: 1 Distribution of respondents according to why you join politics

Table: 2

Distribution of respondents according to did your family support you to join politics

Your family support you to join politics Frequency Percentage Yes 155 77.5% No 45 22.5% Total 200 100%

Table: 3

Distribution of respondents according to they feel suppress as a women worker in political party

Feel suppress as a women worker in political party Frequency Percentage Yes 116 58% No 84 42% Total 200 100% If yes then where Frequency percentage In the office 9 24.4% During outside work 23 9.5% During demonstration 20 21.2% During election campaign 42 44.6% Total 94 100%

Table: 4 Distribution of respondents according to face harassment during work

Face harassment during work Frequency Percentage Verbal 101 50.5% Non verbal 99 49.5% Total 200 100 Verbal nature of harassment Sexual comments 12 11.8% Sexual jokes 13 12.8% Gazing & laughing 59 58.4% Text messages & call 17 16.8% Total 101 100%

Why you join politics Frequency percentage For Get power 47 23.5% Self-desire 113 56.5% Political Backgrounds 30 15% Friends Motivate 10 5% Total 200 100%


Non-verbal harassment Touch 22 22.2 Push 61 61.6 Holding hand 3 03.1% Stalking 12 12.1% Sexual violence 1 01.1% Total 99 100%

Table: 5

Distribution of respondents according to who harassed Who harassed Frequency Percentage Colleagues 125 62.5% In charge 37 18.6% Police 17 8.5% Public 29 14.5% Total 200 100%

Table: 6

Distribution of respondents according to did they inform or complain Inform or complained Frequency percentage Yes 89 44.5% No 111 55.5% Total 200 100% if yes then whom Family 82 25% Police 0 0% Superior/ Authority person 22 34.4% Friend 76 40.6% Total 89 100%

if not then why Ignored 39 35.2% influence person 11 9.9% Reputation 24 21.6% fear of family 37 33.3% Total 111 100%

Dr. Aliyah Ali is an Assistant Professor in the Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies, University of Karachi. Rukhsana is Visiting Faculty in the Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies, University of Karachi.


Analyzing The Presence Of Women’s Wards Facility In Government Hospitals Of Karachi

Khalid Mahmood Iraqi

Department of Public Administration University of Karachi

Asma Manzoor

& Seema Manzoor

Women’s Studies University of Karachi

Abstract

Changing global trends have made people more aware and conscious about their health and attainment of quality life by accessing healthcare services. But countries like Pakistan are not able to maintain quality healthcare services for common people. The healthcare service providers are not able to face challenges in this regard. The system of healthcare in Pakistan faces many issues and challenges of imbalance and insufficiency regarding deliverance and access to effective and quality healthcare services. The governments should develop an appropriate health system whose mechanism can be easily accessible for people especially women. For this purpose data from public hospitals has been collected to analyze specific issues within the boundaries of a specific environment and situation, because proper and accurate data availability can assure the effective policy making mechanism. In this study data has been collected by semi-structured interview schedule. Three public hospitals (Civil, Jinnah and Abbasi Shaheed) were selected as a universe of the study, and the respondents were purposively selected for conducting interviews in detail. The findings of this study reveal that in developing countries like Pakistan the healthcare services are not provided adequately in the public sector. People do not have easy access to healthcare opportunities for many reasons among which one reason is poverty, which leads to ill health and low health status. This growing dissatisfaction leads to imbalance societal gap, which demands appropriate measures and policies by the government. Government hospitals have some women specific wards but public private partnership has not been very effective, despite the establishment of Act and collaborations in public-private domain. Keywords: Women’s Specific Wards, Government Hospitals, Basic Health Facilities, Health Policies, Gender Based Budget.

تلخيص

22 Khalid Mahmood Iraqi, Asma Manzoor, Seema Manzoor

Introduction Change in global economic trends has affected the industrial as well as service sector, which encompass all the social aspects of life including education, healthcare, communication and etc. unlike all other sectors, service sector has become the most demanding, leading factor and has shown enormous growth towards the global output. Services are basically inseparable and variable in nature, thus, they become more challenging for maintaining quality (Kotler, Bloom, & Hayes, 1984). For this purpose many health organizations provides health facilities nationally and internationally in terms of their ability to deliver, efficient and quality health to improve quality of life and life expectancy (UNDP report, 1990). The demographic trends, population needs, globally changing socio-economic and political scenario demands new and efficient healthcare systems to meet the current and upcoming needs (WHO 2007). According to Malik, since the healthcare system is undergoing innovations, therefore, the organizations must intervene for improving the health facilities standards worldwide (Malik, 2013). Healthcare service sector has also taken the form of an industry and is much competitive now and it includes value by its effectiveness, adequacy and proper recruitment of staff and updated equipments (Porter, 2010). Its effectiveness will increase more if it becomes affordable and easily accessible to everyone. Park quoted in his research that the Alma Ata declaration focused on the concept of health for all, this declaration focused on attainment of health across the globe for people to have productive life. Implementation of this declaration is not so east, because countries like Pakistan is still facing major health challenges. Back in 1963 WHO proposed that hospitals should be a place where patients feel

Analyzing the Presence of Women’s Wards Facility in Government Hospitals of Karachi 23

comfortable while getting their treatment (Park, 2002:11-44). Developing countries including Pakistan face severe health issues, which cannot be resolved without proper health policies. For this purpose steps should be taken in right dimension to fill the gaps and loop holes in order to facilitate people in attaining easy access to healthcare system. Huge number of population even in Pakistan does not have access to health resources, especially in rural areas. Though it is a basic human right, but still millions of people suffer from low health status due to poverty and lack of political will. In other words, it can be said that the existing healthcare system is not satisfactory at all, thus better health services should be provided as per requirement and demand (Park, 2002:1-11). The civil society has always been criticizing the role of government in this regard and emphasized to increase the health budget. Many other aspects also highlighted by the civil society like increase in taxes on pharmaceutical products has made treatment out of the reach of poor people, limited public sector influence, and poor performance of government hospitals and staff (Nadir, 2003). The victim of poor health and healthcare usually belong to lower class, who can rely only on public hospitals, free medicines and free treatment and they suffer most due to shortage of staff, funds and government hospitals. There is not enough capacity to accommodate patients from local communities and for patients who come from rural areas. These hospitals also lack in providing separate wards for women. Normally gyne ward and labour rooms are established, but that too with insufficient equipments and medical facilities. Surgical tools and equipments are not properly sterilized, which can be a threat to the lives of patients. The used surgical instruments and syringes are reused and thus allowing and increasing the risk of spreading viral infections and transmitted diseases. Even the hospital waste is not disposed properly and is sold again by the lower or cleaning staff. This practice has been reported repeatedly, but no proper action has been taken yet by the authorities. These issues become more intense due to the employment of ghost staff on the posts of sweepers, nurses, technicians and doctors (Nadir, 2003). The health issues in urban areas are more intensified because of the huge migration from rural and urban settlements, who either come for treatment or to become urban dwellers (Park, 2002:11-22). Every person or a researcher may vary in this regard and can have different perspective, but still these are some common problems which cannot be denied, therefore, these issues are highlighted and analyzed in the current study by focusing Jinnah, Civil and Abbasi Shaheed hospital. Main Challenges Regarding Separate Wards for Women in Public Hospitals The main challenges are as follows:

1. Lack of infrastructure


2. Shortage of staff 3. Shortage of funds 4. Less capacity to accommodate patients 5. Poor quality services

Lack of Infrastructure The healthcare system lacks in providing adequate infrastructure and above all effective policies cannot be designed without the political involvement. Khan identifies that due to the centralized health care system federal government has the controlling power and the provincial governments only have the implementation role. This centralization is also a major hindrance in the adequate policy making, which holds back the role of stakeholders, civil community and NGOs in health planning, legislation and its proper implementation. This communication gap and trust deficit between federal and provincial governments causes lack of implementation and the health programs and policies become non-effective, though government has a realization that good governance is a key to setup an effective system and acknowledged this fact in the National Health Policy 2001. This realization is not a solution, because it demands proper measures to be taken (Khan, 2007). The studies have highlighted that the policy makers are not qualified and they do not even have the experience regarding healthcare system, because they never have been the part of any advisory board. Besides policy making, its implementation and monitoring is equally important, which should be conducted by the team of non-corrupt qualified people (Gohar, 2002). Shortage of Staff Lack of human resources also contributes in poor health infrastructure. The deficiency of medical and technical staff occurs at many levels: at regional level, public-private sectors and in urban and rural settlements. In rural areas doctors and technical staff is normally not willing to serve due to lack of facilities and even in urban areas they are more into private health sector for profit and monitory benefits. As per the above mentioned factors the medical treatment and access to healthcare system has gone beyond the reach of poor people in the country (Pan American Health Organization, 2002). Less Capacity to Accommodate Patients Due to increase in population growth and heavy influx of rural migration the burden on government hospitals is becoming more intense; thus, leaving public hospitals over burdened and less capable to serve the influx of patients from urban as well as rural areas. The ill-planned cities and uncontrolled local migration has


intensified the issues in all sectors. Over populated cities causes scarcity of resources and deprives people from availing basic facilities (M. D. et al., 2008). This problem can be resolves by providing economic means, basic facilities and healthcare services in rural areas, because rural population migrates to avail basic utilities which are not present there. Poor Quality Services Fastest growing population leads to poor quality of health for patients and government hospitals seems to be struggling to provide health facilities (N. Chandra, 2012). The services of these hospitals are constantly deteriorating and thus making private health sector more efficient and expensive and out of reach of common people. Public health sector is constantly taking measures to improve the availability of health facilities for common man, but due to lacking in manpower, qualified staff and required financial assistance these measures becomes ineffective (D. N. Jha, 2012). Without resolving these issues quality health cannot be assured neither in public sector nor in private sector (B. S., 2012). Shortage of Funds Health budgets are neglected in both federal and provincial level, because the concerned authorities do not realize the importance of providing health facilities as the basic human right to people is of key importance for national development. Due to lack of education and awareness normally people demands for roads and basic utilities like water and electricity instead of health and education. Therefore, politicians and concerned authorities are also not serious in paying attention to healthcare facilities as a basic provision (CPDI, 2018). There are many other factors involved in lowering the health status in Pakistan for example, illiteracy, lack of access to health resources and etc., almost every year 30,000 maternal mortality deaths are reported (Choudhry, 2005). Though, many measures have been taken by the government, but still these efforts are insufficient and ineffective (Ambruso, 2005). In the government hospitals health facilities are not provided properly, especially women suffer more, because women specific wards lack to facilitate women (Zafar, 2008). Since women’s health is not given much importance therefore, poor maternity care increases the maternal mortality rate, especially in rural areas (Hulton, 2000). The significance of quality healthcare services and the role of hospitals have been seen as a relationship of service provider and quality healthcare through researches which are conducted recently (Brown, 2007). According to Haddad, maternity care should be given importance, because the main consumers are women (Haddad, 2000). The opinion and perception of patients is very important for maintaining the quality care (Proctor, 1998),


because their health requirements provide the framework for making policies (Becker, 2008). Similarly Salomon argues that to set the dimension of quality health care for women, their satisfaction and perception is very important (Salomon, 1999). It is observed that usually researches based on women’s health issues focuses on maternity service provisions (Mahmood, 1999), but still not much attention is given to maternity related issues (Teijiligen, 2003). Normally women’s health issues are restricted to their reproductive health issues only; which is a biggest limitation in providing them overall healthcare facilities (Rudman, 2007). As per current scenario of weak health status, especially for women it is needed that public and private sector should work in collaboration to compete the challenges and consumership (Dozier, 2001). Some Critical issues of the Health Sector

Weak institutional system and lack of community participation in healthcare system

Centralization in healthcare system deprives the provinces’ rights Lack of qualified and experienced people in policy making Inadequate health facilities and low budget, especially in rural areas Poor health infrastructure Ineffective implementation and monitoring system Lack of public and private collaboration in healthcare sector Lack of women specific wards in the government hospitals

In 1970s the concept of gender mainstreaming became common to improve women’s participation in the production sector, whereas, in 1990s it was realized that by neglecting women’s health, women’s subordination will increase more intensely (The Commonwealth Secretariat, 1999). Review Literature

“The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the

absence of disease or infirmity” (World Health Organization, 1946). According to the WHO, social well-being is equally important along with physical and mental health and the absence of illness is not supposed to be the state of perfect health. Among all basic necessities of life, health is considered as the most important requirement to attain quality of life. This definition encompasses all social and communal activities that promotes, sustains and maintains health. Health related activities include healthcare service providers, policy environment within the community, patient’s welfare and issues of their relatives.


The principle goal of any health services framework is to encourage the accomplishment of ideal scenario of well-being to the network through maintaining the health quality and quantity. Similarly the other global target of well-being betterment is to consider health services is the responsibility for its administration and deliverance. This relates not exclusively to the general betterment of people at individual and mass level, however to the nature of the medicinal services consideration (Reinhardt, 1998).The structure of the health services framework is intricate and incorporates different sorts of providers. These providers practice in various frameworks of pharmaceutics and health facilities by public private collaboration (Bhat, 1993). Expanding the accessibility, access to healthcare and raising consciousness about the administrations and technological advancement for the administration of health issues, raising hopes for the general population, and the consistently expanding expense of health services are very challenging, which must be managed by the healthcare system. The improvement of the health care sector is because of various connecting factors. These variables incorporate the development of family unit wages, the deficiencies of the general well-being, and the impacts of different government measures on the task of various health services providers (Alejandro, 1997). The private well-being and health sector has a very significant role regarding healthcare facilities framework. Through a wide system of health deliverance system, this area obliges the requirements of both urban and rural populace and has extended generally to fulfill expanding needs. By examining the satisfaction level in regard to health facilities, no noteworthy efforts were noted among public and private hospitals in connection to conduct of doctors, attendants, getting convenient appointment for consultation, examination system, delayed treatment, charges, data maintenance and keeping patients history, correspondence, medical attendants' frame of mind, dealing emergency cases, proper way and time to deal patients. On the other hand, the patients are also unaware about their rights and accessing the medical and health facilities. People do not consult doctor until their disease become severe and at initial stage self-medication is seen as a very common practice in the developing nations. Thus, it is also important to focus on people’s awareness raising programmes along with improving the health sector. Attainment of health and well-being is a basic right of every person, which is undeniable neither lawfully and nor ethically in any part of the world. It is the privilege of patients to get conscious and noble treatment and medical services they need, yet sadly, a larger part of the general population in many developing nations. As Verdonk, asserted that inaccessibility of appropriate health facilities and absence of staff negatively affects people (Verdonk, 2008). The essential health services facilitations are significantly underutilized as a result of low


quality treatment, irresponsibility, no guidance, no awareness and absence of properly trained medical staff (Babar & Juanita, 2010). In contrast to public hospitals, it is found that private hospitals are giving better medical and health facilities to the patients and furthermore contributing a positive role so as to bring down the burden on public health sector. Patients also prefer to get treatment from private hospitals due to efficient health system. Though the private sector is very expensive, but people are compelled to drift towards private hospitals due to the low quality healthcare in government hospitals (Dr. Arab et al., 2012). But still the expenses of private health sector is not affordable by everyone, therefore, patients from middle class and lower class are pushed back to public sector (Landman, Jonathon & Khanyisa, 2001). In Pakistan, private hospitals being so expensive still offer quality services and treat patients politely, doctors give proper time to patients and they are treated with special care, by giving proper health conditions and better environment, surgical tools and equipments are properly sterilized, accessibility of medicinal tests and pharmacy store facility is also available within the hospital premises. The general affectability among patients is that private health facility give better medicinal services, since they care for their patients honorably, which tempts people to avail services from private health sector. Hygiene and cleanliness is also maintained regularly and patients are given extra care regarding their health issues. In Pakistan, deliverance of adequate health services has always been a major issue, thus, the services in this sector are unjustifiably dispersed, which makes the access to healthcare and well-being difficult for low income and lower class people thus, increasing the mortality rate and low life expectancy. There are three things which ought to be clear regarding the treatment in public hospitals: 1) medical treatment in government hospitals is partially free i.e. patients have to pay charges to certain extent. 2) Other than medical expenses, some other expenses are also involved like daily livelihood. 3) There are some other costs involved which they bear due to poor quality of health facilities, wrong diagnosis, post treatment expenses and some other health related issues which causes them long term expenses (Stenford, 2001). Poor governance is noticed in all public sectors. Similarly, in health sector, poor governance is also seen as a characteristic throughout, which damages the reputation of the health sector and deteriorates the availability of healthcare. Low health budget, burden beyond the capacity, old and dysfunctional medical equipments, incompetent doctors and medical staff, are some of the reasons which demonstrates the poor health condition in government hospitals. Above all poor


hygiene maintenance can transmit infections and contamination among non-contaminated patients by becoming a carrier (Moolchandan, 2001). It is also reported that the hospital staff is irregular and most of them are ghost workers, for instance, technicians, sweepers, and even physicians do not report on their duty hours. Health Economics Unit (HEU) of the Ministry of Health (2202-2003), Government of Bangladesh has also identified, by indicating those doctors, nurses and lack of medicines are also contributing components in bringing down the status of public healthcare services. There is irreconcilable situation for those working at the Government Hospitals and also practicing privately (Deogonka, 2004). Government Hospitals seriously disintegrates the social well-being of poor people and white collar class patients who cannot bear the cost of decent treatment at private hospitals. Health Economics Unit added in their 2004 analysis that public hospitals fails to meet the demands of patients in terms of availability of blood, staff’s attitude, and providing medicines for free. The equipments are not properly sterilized which transmits diseases. In countries like Pakistan the ratio of patients and doctors is not balanced i.e. as per findings there are 77 qualified doctors per 100000 patients, which is definitely a very alarming health situation (Health Economics Unit, 2004). The doctors working in public hospitals try to influence the patients to visit their private clinics, which is purely unethical (Patel, 2007). These doctors even sometimes advise the patients to get admit in private wards or to wait for their turn in order to get their bed (Jonathon, Terri and Stephen, 2006). Half of the population in Pakistan constitutes of women (Trading Economics, 2012). But, still women have a low status and have very low access and control over the resources, lack in fulfillment of rights, lack of power sharing and social imbalance (Saigol, 2011). Women are discriminated in all spheres of life whether private, public or communal. Men have dominating and superior status and definitely they enjoy better quality of life than women (Anaeme, 2012). In the ranking of the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), Pakistan has secured the 82nd position having the value 0.377 (UNDP, 2007–2008). According to the Finance Division of Pakistan (2012–13) the maternal mortality rate in Pakistan is very high and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aims to bring it back to rank 140 from 260th rank. Theoretical Framework Concept of Theory There is no such universally accepted standard definition of theory, which can draw a definite and precise concept of theory. But it provides a logical explanation and is normally termed as scientific theory. According to Ornstein and Hunkins


(1993), theory is used to interpret, criticize and unify existing laws and can also be used to revise them. It is a way to generalize and formulize data. It can be understood as a guide line to do some action, to give opinion, or to explain some philosophy. Whereas, Stanley and Wise (1983), thinks that some people consider theories as a mysterious phenomenon, which is given by intellectuals. This concept enables people to identify between experts and non-experts by perceiving theories through an comprehensive approach. Many researchers have analyzed the health services by using the theoretical framework offered the theoretical model which helps to identify the target group, methods, and issues, analyzing the problem and support. On the other hand health services primarily focused on assessing the results of policies rather than the mechanism (Lipsey M., 1990). Health Services Model Robert & White (1976) argues that Health Services Model is about the health care facilitation to practice the provided facilities of health, while this structure would establish health services system and philosophies lined up services for individual usages. Health objectives to the overall society are clearly defined, but areas are roughly identifiable. These domains of facilities differ culture to culture and country to country and people having particular disorders would expect to attain health under one formal framework, while another framework comparatively might have disorder to other social organizations. It is simply found that health care and facilities framework depends on access, affordability, awareness and availability of commodities which people easily enjoy. Similarly empowerment theory found that low-income families have less and no access to the health facilities and suffer barriers to get treatment and medical services particularly for women and children, while hospital welfare organizations help the families for getting medical services (M.N. & D.J., 1996). The hospital welfares and patients’ welfares are available at government hospitals for providing help to the patients and their families financially as well as socially for the respect of human well-being. Meanwhile, people of different ethnicity and class come to the government hospitals of Karachi from all over the country. These welfare organizations help them to get knowledge and awareness about healthcare services. Theory of Equity of Access to Care Lu & Ronald (1981) presented the theory of equity of access to care, which explains that people receive medical services on the basis of need. There is a variation in services and usage of facilities based on utility and diversity of administering the necessary components of related factors. Variety is either a component of the accessibility of administrations or how they are composed or other inclining or empowering attributes of the people themselves implies that administrations are not impartially circulated.


Model of Value of Access to Mind Lu and Ronald created a model of value of access to mind and said that it exists when administrations are conveyed based on individuals' requirement for them. Disparity is recommended, nonetheless, if administrations are circulated based on statistic factors, for example, race, family pay, or spot of living arrangement, as opposed to require (Lu & Ronald, 1981). Objectives

1. To find out the status of women’s health at government hospitals in Karachi Pakistan

2. To find out what are the basic health facilities required for women. 3. To find out what health services government hospitals are providing

towards women. 4. To find out what specific women’s wards exist in government hospitals of

Karachi. 5. To find out what steps government is taking to improve the access of

women to health services. 6. To find out what benefits women have to avail from pre-existing health

policies 7. To find out are there any efforts have made by the collaboration of public-

private sector. 8. To find out do government allocate separate budget for women’s health.

Methodology This study analyzes the presence of women’s wards facility in government hospitals of Karachi and provides the understanding about the quantitative understanding of health status of Pakistani women. It also aims to highlight the steps taken by the government regarding access of women to healthcare services in government hospitals in Karachi. Data is collected purposively to establish a clear perception about the research topic. For this purpose staff from the selected hospitals was interviewed and the data was then tabulated to interpret the true picture to obtain reliable and authentic results. Semi structured questionnaire was used as a data collection tool, which was then presented in the form of simple tables. Three government hospitals in Karachi, i.e. Jinnah Hospital, Abbasi Shaheed and Civil Hospital were selected as a universe of the study, and the respondents were purposively selected for conducting interviews in detail. Basically the study aimed to find out the health status of women and the presence of women’s wards facility in government hospitals of Karachi.


Study Purpose Through quantitative exploration the health trends and the government initiatives were targeted to highlight the situation of female health access in government hospitals in Karachi to examine what facilities are provided to women in public hospitals. Purpose of Review The current study has focused on three major aspects: first of all on a comprehensive and reliable source of data regarding healthcare services in Karachi. Secondly on data analysis and finally incorporating various researches to elaborate the results further and thus authenticating the current research. Study Population Three government hospitals in Karachi, i.e. Jinnah Hospital, Abbasi Shaheed and Civil Hospital were selected as a universe of the study, and the respondents were purposively selected for conducting interviews in detail. Sample Size The purposive sampling technique of non-probability sampling has been used for this study to obtain data from the respondents. A total sample of 50 staff members of the selected hospitals took part in this study. The Procedure of Sampling Three government hospitals (Jinnah Hospital, Abbasi Shaheed and Civil Hospital) were purposively chosen on the basis of services and basic healthcare facilities provided to women and separate female wards in government hospitals. The sampling size was then determined from each hospital to collect data adequately. Questionnaire (Tool for Data Collection) A semi-structured questionnaire was designed in Urdu language to ensure that the respondents can understand the questions easily and can provide the relevant information without any hesitation. The questionnaire aimed to seek authentic and reliable information based on the research topic i.e. healthcare, basic health facilities and separate wards for women. Initially questionnaire was pre-tested in order to make certain that the questionnaire is perfectly designed before the data collection.


Ethical Considerations Before conducting the research the researchers obtained the clearance from the selected hospitals administration. The respondents were given the assurance that any information provided by them will not be used against them or the hospital. The researchers strictly followed the rules and regulations provided by the administrative staff of the selected hospitals. Results and Discussion

Table: 1

Distribution of respondents according to does government hospitals provide basic health facilities specially to women

Basic health facilities for women Frequency Percentage Free medical treatment & Free consultation 25 50% Health awareness 5 10% Family planning guidance 20 40% Total 50 100%

Above table has shown the basic facilities provided to women at government hospitals in Karachi, it shows that 50% of respondents said that government hospitals provide them free medical services including free consultation and medication, patients’ admission at the hospital, and emergency services as well whereas they have to pay heavy fees for these services in private hospitals, while 40% of respondents said that they get family planning guidance and only 10% people responded that government hospitals make people aware about health care and give information about female specific diseases and how to monitor themselves. It has been observed that a very less budget was allocated for the health sector, for the fiscal year 2017-18, the overall estimated health expenditures at federal and provincial level was around Rs. 384.57 billion which was 31.75% higher from the actually released budget which was 291.90 billion (Dawn, April 27. 2018). It has been found during the survey for development in the health sector that the lowest budget has been allocated for health sector for Sindh while highest at KPK. Majority of the poor class and low income class people go to the government hospitals for free medication and health care services because they cannot afford the high medical bills of private hospitals. Thus long queues of patients were seen there waiting for their turn to get the health services at government hospitals. (Khaliq & Ahmed, 2018)


Table: 2 Distribution of respondents according to diseases among women

Diseases among women Frequency Percentage Depression/Anxiety 15 30% Reproductive issues 25 50% Cancer 10 20% Total 50 100%

According to the above data 50% women suffers from different reproductive health issues due to illiteracy and lack of awareness about women specific health problems while, 30% women generally suffer from depression and anxiety due to different family issues they were facing in their life and found no one to listen and help them out, usually they said that they have no say in the society and they find no way out to get of it and 20% of the women were suffering from different types of cancers out of which colon and breast cancer were common.

Table: 3 Distribution of respondents according to categorization of women specific

wards Categorization of women specific wards Frequency Percentage Maternity wards / Gynecological wards 25 50% Burns wards 10 20% Cancer wards 15 30% Total 50 100%

This table shows that Government hospitals have 50% women specific Maternity / Gynecological wards dealing with different maternal and birth related issues as well as other gynecological issues for providing better health facilities to mother and child, whereas 30% government hospitals have cancer ward for treating women cancer patients, while 20% burns wards where mostly women burn victims were admitted for treatment of their serious burn wounds which is the cause of any criminal incident or violent case like acid burns, stove burns, petrol burn etc.

Table: 4 Distribution of respondents according to collaboration of public-private

sector Collaboration of public-private sector Frequency Percentage Help in making policies 5 10% Health based surveys 20 40% Mobile health facilities 20 40% Awareness program & seminars on Health issues

5 10%

Total 50 100%


Data has shown that government hospitals have public-private collaboration for health services and public awareness about diseases and cure. This public-private partnership helps in collecting data through health-based surveys and mobile health services as 40% each respondent said respectively whereas, 10% each respondent said public-private collaboration and networking help the state in policy making for the health sector and arrange symposiums, seminars & awareness camps on health issues. In addition, healthcare spending in provinces is comprised of developmental and non-developmental activities. An analysis of provincial budgets for the last two years reveals that more focus has been given to current expenditures.

Table 5 Distribution of respondents according to gender based budget allocation

Gender based budget allocation Frequency Percentage Yes 50 100% Total 50 100%

According to the above table all the 100 % respondents said that there is a gender-based budget allocated for providing health services for both men and women.

Table: 6

Distribution of respondents according to pre-existing health policies in government hospitals

Pre-existing health policies in government hospitals

Frequency Percentage

Sindh public-private partnership act, 2010 15 30% Health Card 5 10% Patients’ Welfare 30 60% Total 50 100%

Data has shown that 60% of the respondents said that there is patients’ welfare society at the hospital, 30% respondents said that they have public-private partnership act while 10% said that there is a policy of health care. Healthy society and economical stability of any state has a positive linkage. Universally there are more provision of medical aid and health expenditure. As mentioned earlier Pakistan has low health budget and public policies are less prioritized. Although government has increased collaborations for medical aid and trying to fulfill the target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2016. Hence the public-private partnership act is a great measure to step ahead.


Table: 7 Distribution of respondents according to government measures to

improve health services Government measures to improve health services

Frequency Percentage

Gender based budget 10 20% Free examination & awareness raising 15 30% Easy access to health care services 25 50% Total 50 100

Above data shows that 50% of the respondents said that government is constantly trying to provide easy health services which are approachable for people particularly to women, 30% of the respondents said that government takes measures for providing health awareness while, according to 20% respondents gender-based budget is allocated for providing better health services and facilitate both the genders. Government hospitals provide without charge services as compare to private medical services which are largely costly and only afford by the economical sound people while majority of our country are living under the poverty line. They only have access to the public hospitals. These hospitals arrange awareness raising and capacity building programs for these common people. When raising the question about gender based budget, various policies have been introducing particularly focus on health issues regarding women. Primary health facilities and easy access to health services for women is the major objective of such policies. However there is a need to establish an infrastructure which should be gender sensitized. Conclusions It is commonly very known fact that health sector in Pakistan is deeply ignored as well as women’s health. Majority of Women in Pakistan belong to lower socio-economic status and suffer malnutrition and medical issues. There is a lack of medical practitioners, personnel, insufficient expenditure, and resources. The maternal mortality and infant mortality rate are going higher due to lack of access to resources. Women face gender biasness for the treatment due to patriarchal society. Gender Inequality Index and human development Index reflects gender disparity in women’s health, economical empowerment and decision making. When raising the question about women, health and gender budgeting, it is found that maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, malnutrition and immunization are major areas which should be continuously researched.


Results of the present study shows that there is gender sensitive budget but previous studies show lack of gender sensitized budget allocation. This study found that there is a need to increase separate women wards. Basic health facilities have been providing at no cost on the name of treatment and medicines. The only women wards are maternity and gynaecological wards dealing with women reproductive issues. Women patients suffering from other disorders get admit to the hospitals in general wards where both males and females patients are commonly admitted and their attendants (male and female) also stay with them, which of course creates uncomfortable environment for women patients and attendants as well. Only cancer ward in the public hospitals is established separately, while in burn wards majorly treats burned women. The private health sector is very costly, which is a major problem for poor women. It is also observed that awareness raising programs and basic services are provided and organized with a public-private partnership in order to facilitate poor women. Health sector provides services on the basis of public and private collaboration. Furthermore, community-based organizations also work for facilitating basic health services to rural and suburban areas. Gender based budget and its sustainability is a major problem, however, the government has set the national policy for improving health sector throughout particularly for women and children. While these policies can be improved through collecting sex desegregated data to monitor the social services, health services provisions and reviews the health targets particularly for women. The 18th Amendments of Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation and Coordination and Sustainable Development Goals 2016 have positive effects on the health sector to providing quality and affordable health services to women. Overall the reviews and literature reveal that women’s health and provision of social services is a holistic approach and should be adopted to improve health sector particularly for women and girls. There is also a need to pay attention on women’s malnutrition, women specific diseases and to provide them social and health services which includes women specific wards only in public hospitals particularly. Limitation and Delimitations Since the aim of this study was to find out the overall scenario regarding Presence of Women’s Wards facility in Government Hospitals of Karachi, therefore it was quite a challenge to interview respondents from all the selected government hospitals, because such researches are usually not conducted. Somehow, it became possible to interview hospital staff from different hospitals, by visiting different wards. Poor access to healthcare services is a deep rooted social issue; because, in developing countries health is not given a high ranking priority. Therefore, interviewing hospital staff and getting information from them was not


an easy task. By using personal links and assistance, interviewing became possible. Latest researches regarding the issue have not been conducted since 2005; therefore, same statistics are being quoted even by the UN in the current decade. Recommendations Health sector and its related issues should be addressed by the government seriously and there is a need to increase budget for health sector. Along with that government should also initiate to provide health facilities to poor and unprivileged class by giving them the right of access to quality health care services. Free medical camps and free medication and quality healthcare should be provided to needy people in public hospitals and even in private hospitals. Government hospitals should assure that the medical equipments and facilities are available for the patients. All the equipments must be in working properly, because, negligence is this regard is totally unacceptable. There should be a complaint cell to assure that the complaints are addressed in order to monitor the healthcare system. The role of government in healthcare sector should be very effective to develop the health environment more beneficial for every sector of the society, especially the poor, women and children from both urban and rural settings.

Policymakers should formulate gender sensitized policy and arrange mobile health services with trained medical practitioners, particularly for women.

There is a need for adequate data collection for the health system at government hospitals and available facilities so that it can be found how much need of women personnel and gender-based health needs.

Government allocates budget on the basis of gender equity and equality which helps in the improvement of women’s health. We can easily analyze the disparity in needs and facilities.

The public-private collaborations are helpful for resolving health issues. Private health sector provides cheap and accessible health facilities.

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____________________ Dr. Khalid Mahmood Iraqi is Professor in the Department of Public Administration and Former Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Karachi. Dr. Asma Manzoor is an Assistant Professor in the Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies, University of Karachi. Dr. Seema Manzoor is an Assistant Professor in the Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies, University of Karachi.


Need Of Interfaith Dialogue For Peace Building In Pakistan: An Approach Of Madrasa Teachers In South

Punjab

Mansoor Ali Shah &

Asif Naveed Ranjha Department of Social Work

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Abstract

Dialogue among religions, as growing social need and tool for peace building, is coming on international limelight as response to intolerance and conflict. The phenomenon of interfaith dialogue is popularly carried out by sacred and religious leaders of varying faiths as being the most relevant stakeholders. This research was undertaken to explore the perspective of madrasa teachers about the need of interfaith dialogue in Pakistan. Male teachers of registered ahle-sunnat madaris in south Punjab constituted the population of the research study. 325 respondents were included in study by employing availability sampling technique. Five-point likert scale questionnaire was used to collect data. It was found from the results that teachers of madaris did not perceive interfaith dialogue as only step towards promotion of peace. Absence of interfaith dialogue has nothing to do with the phenomenon of terrorism, came up as opinion of madrasa teachers but in contrast some teachers took interfaith dialogue as helpful tool to control the peril of terrorism. Study also revealed that large number of madrasa teachers favored interfaith dialogue as instrumental to reduce the risk of conflict among various religious entities. Results also indicate that madrasa faculty considered interfaith dialogue needed to learn tolerance for counter beliefs. However many of the faculty members of madaris disowned the conduct of interfaith dialogue as their social responsibility. Keywords: Interfaith Dialogue, Madrasa, Peace, Ahle-Sunnat.

تلخيص

46 Mansoor Ali Shah, Asif Naveed Ranjha

Introduction Peace and peace building have become the most serious and conspicuous concern of the present day world. Efforts around the globe are going on to establish peace whereby apart, from other options for peace building interfaith dialogue has come to limelight and has caught the attention of stake holders. Peace is taken as complex and continuous process due to its changing nature and need which are linked with human survival. Political and religious aspects are valued in peace as it is mainly concerned with human wellbeing being (Carr, 2014). Quoting Oscar Romero, Sahin (2009) mentions peace as generosity, right, duty and dynamism. Peace is absence of war or violence. It must also be coupled with prompt justice because peace devoid of justice is no peace. In each time and clime peace has been a dire human need but in this modern age peace has become that much imperative for the society that survival of humankind now rests on it. It has now become the matter of life and death for human kind. That’s why peace with presence is life and peace with absence is death (Khan, 2015). Dialogue implies to purposeful and meaningful talk among the people with different identities and backgrounds to come closer and to develop a deeper understanding about each other (Kurucan & Erol, 2012). Peace is the primary right of every human being dwelling beneath the sky and for peace non-violence stands as a prerequisite. Humans are made to live non-violently and by doing so peace could be established (Kefa & Moses, 2012).

Need of Interfaith Dialogue for Peace Building in Pakistan: An Approach of Madrasa 47 Teachers in South Punjab

Interfaith dialogue is a productive interaction of the people who are the devotees of different religions with different dogmatic patterns, with the resolution to reach at cohesions in faith and value structure to find the potentials for peaceful and nonviolent co-existence (Sanaullah, 2014). Interfaith dialogue designates to convergence of souls amongst the adherents of opposing religions. It refers to fruitful discussion between followers at religious level. It’s a communal walk on the road to truth and enterprise in projects of shared interests (Arinze, 1990). Mahmood and Ghauri (2013) argue that globalization period is high time of interfaith dialogue to understand others. Interfaith dialogue is essential instrument to terminate conflicts and to build peace (Farjan, 2013). We witness another argument by Salwa Kader that interfaith dialogue can be taken as tool for developing understanding between people having different faiths (Mehta, 2016). She further explains that religion cannot be blamed for violence which is considered by some circles. Religious differences have always been one of the conspicuous landscapes of human society. This is why interfaith dialogue has been existent in one or other form from the olden days. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) nearly fourteen hundred years before arranged a three-religion conference that we call a trilogue to discuss and share understanding on religious affairs. The objective of dialogue should always be to arrive at settlement on applied aspects instead of theoretical aspects of religion. Interaction of the people belonging to different faiths is an un-proclaimed dialogue in itself that serves the purpose of dialogue on its own (Khan, 2015). The institute in which schooling about Islam is rendered is called Madrasa. This word comes from Arabic language. Madrasa imparts education in Quran, Hadith, Fiqh alongside science, literature, logic and languages.They also train the students on Islamic life style (R. Ahmed, Dahar, & Dahar, 2016). According to Bano (2007a) madrasa education system was playing vital role in free education of more than 1.5 million children as state had shortage of institutions and quality education. Bano (2007b) finds different system and order of knowledge in madrasa in Pakistan where knowledge evaluation is based on well designed mechanism. In Pakistan, South Punjab is the house of a large number of madaris which also contain a large number of students and faculty. Wafaq-ul-Madaris-ul-Arabiya Pakistan represents Deoband school of thought, Tanzeem-ul-Madaris-ul-Arabiya represents Barelvischool of thoughts and Wafaq-ul-Madaris-ul-Salfia represents Ahle Hadith school of thought (M. R. Ahmad, 2013). Pakistan is the country where mainstream of the people are traditional and are tending towards religion. This robust attachment with religion always favored for rendering religious education. That’s why madaris (seminaries), imparting services of religious and spiritual education, are found every wherein the country.


This research work is based on MPhil dissertation. It is characterized with the objective to study the perspective of madrasa teachers regarding need of interfaith dialogue. Teachers of madaris, situated in south Punjab, were respondents of the study. This research work helped to know what were madrasa people thinking regarding interfaith dialogue as a growing social need and step towards establishing peace. Questions pertaining to need of dialogue in Pakistan and role of madrasa faculty were included. Literature Review The term interfaith dialogue that has numerous implications first came into use in western nations almost three decades before and later it routed to other parts of the world. To resuscitate the relations with the entire world interfaith dialogue is incumbent for Islam. Holy Quran also calls for dialogue on mutual terms with the people of Book (Nadvi, 2012). Predominantly interfaith dialogue is a process of verbal discussion grounded on words of understanding and respect. It is a bilateral process in which two or more parties endeavor to display what they believe in and listen others with respect. Its objective is to learn truth from one another. It also encourages thinking out of box by breaching shells around to explore more truth. This is only dialogue through which we may enrich our understanding and can curtail the abhorrence and incorrect perceptions about fellow humans (Khambali, Sintang, Senin, & Shahrud-Din, 2013). Dialogue among religions can be supportive in elevating our understanding about ourselves by contextualizing with others who have difference of faith tradition than that of ours (Kurucan & Erol, 2012). Inter-religious dialogue will assist to avert the misapplication of religion for vested interest. In the present day world different political, economic and geo-political conflicts amongst states are termed as conflicts among religions. De-politicization of religion is necessary for the present world and could only be done through a thoughtful and meaningful dialogue (A. Ali, 2012). According to Scheffler (2007) peace is not there among religions if dialogue does not exist among religions. Interfaith dialogue is not an answer to all the worries of the world especially where there is long-standing chaos and political shakiness. When there is dire unevenness of control and deficiency of political will, there dialogue fails to work. There is no victor and loser in dialogue its lone objective is to land on certain viable settlement. It further endeavors to bring the people nearer and makes them share their standpoints and discover novel designs. Dialogue does not work instantaneous to settle the matters rather it has to go a long way to drag the tension to an end and to pave the way towards economic and social prosperity


(UNDP, 2009). Interfaith dialogue must be undertaken with unambiguous and evidently explained objectives. Through dialogue mutual problems like problems of community living, women specific issues, leadership matters etc. should be conversed to work out some broadly and collectively agreed solutions. Interfaith dialogue occurs when adherents of different religions come closer with the intention to enhance understanding about one another. Dialogue is a way forward to solve numerous long lived problems and misconstructions. Dialogue is never evangelism and debates rather an attempt to comprehend and appreciate those who are dogmatically different from you (Yusof & Ab Majid, 2012). According to Joyner and Mengistus (2012), top leadership is not preferred to undertake the process of interfaith dialogue. For this purpose, local level leadership is more preferred which has additional potential to establish peace by making people engaged in dialogue. Interreligious dialogue does not target to transform or to get part-taker into complete agreement to devise a novel religion that is commonly acceptable. Rather it resolves to achieve a compassionate understanding of others so that existing with peace and coherence may come true. It further resolves to uphold spirit of trust and to get people work together for social advancement (Castro, 2006). Nadvi (2012) argues that keeping the path and pace desirable, dialogue should not be altered into a fiery debate because debate will not attain anticipated goals and will contribute in dissonance and will yield vehemence pushing peace far-flung. For having interfaith dialogue on right course, dialogue must be carried out only by those who are with vast knowledge and acumen and have grasp on religious matters. Politicians are never supposed to be the part of interfaith dialogue. Objectives must be set with agreement of all stakeholders who take part in dialogue. To arrive at worthy results all partakers of dialogue should admit the importance and value of each other. This type of dialogue can harvest the consequences of prevailing worldwide peace, resolution of conflicts and can ensure the promotion of education, justice and economic security for all (Jami, 2012). As dialogue is a scholarly discourse so it has to be only by those who enjoy proficiency in religious matters (Yusof & Ab Majid, 2012). Villumstad (2002) accentuated that principle of fair representation is extremely essential to be esteemed. Only contemporaries and compatibles can participate in dialogue process. Disparity of stature like master and slave, affluent and pauper, erudite and uneducated controverts the spirit of dialogue. Talks must be arranged within a meta-religious outline which evolves a reception to the communal dogmas of parties without any prejudices to the dissimilarities. Furthermore, do not conceal your thoughts rather be open about dissimilarities without making any degradation and criticism. It is also in line with principle that never compels others to get transformed over your side (I.-a.-D. Ahmad, 2008).


In principle religious specialists and leaders are the most appropriate ones who can take forward the phenomenon of interfaith dialogue for establishing peace. Failure in doing so would never produce the anticipated outcomes of dialogue (Karim, Saili, & Khambali, 2014). Since centuries religion has always been a cause of encounter and polarity amongst societies having different religious and cultural identities. Where the admirers of varying religions and belief systems plunge in conflicts, there religious and irreligious groups also collide with each other. That’s why in dialogue process taking both religious and non-religious actors onboard is vital. For the establishment of peace, part of religious scholars and authorities and religious institutions has to be stretched (Rasul, 2009). West has twofold face as on one side there is invitation for interfaith dialogue whereas on the other side the doctrine of clash of civilization is getting stronger acceptability in the minds of westerns. As a matter of fact west is striving to overthrow all opposing civilizations through the smokescreen of interfaith dialogue otherwise they have nothing to do with counter faiths (Hayat, 2012). According to Koreshi (2001), dialogue among the unlike faith groups has no importance in present world any more. World is speedily slipping towards a ferocious and gory clash among religions and civilizations. At smaller level this clash is very apparent between Islam and Hinduism and Christians and on larger level we can anticipate it between the west and the rest (Huntington, 1997). There are uninterrupted attempts to make Muslim world militarily feeble and reliant on economic super powers (Joyner & Mengistus, 2012). To counter the doctrine of Clash of Civilizations by Huntington, dialogue is obligatory for keeping world in order instead of fashioning a new world order. Hans Kung rightly says “No world order without peace; no peace in the world without dialogue between the world religions; no world order without a global ethic. No efficacious global ethic without a genuine dialogue between the world of religions” (Coleman, 2007). Madrasa, as a word of Arabic language that means of ‘centre of learning’ (Z. S. Ahmed, 2009). It also denotes to a school of religious and spiritual education (M. M. Ali & Kishore, 2014). Madrasa stands for a conventional and conservative school for teaching Islam as religion with the major goal to produce a lot of Islamic scholars and intellectuals to guide and lead Muslim Ummah (H. Ali, Mashhadi, & Khan, 2015). In Pakistan, some madaris are merely offering services related to oration skills of Holy Quran however; most of the madaris are offering Dars-e-Nizami, an eight year course in religious sciences. Each madrasa is registered with one or other education board identified as Wafaq (education board). Total four Wafaqs are


operating in Pakistan representing different school of thoughts. Out of four, three Wafaqs represent three different Sunni schools of thoughts whereas one Wafaq represents Shia school of thought (M. R. Ahmad, 2013) . The time Pakistan came into reality in 1947 there were nearly 137 madaris operating in Pakistan but in forthcoming years this number swiftly increased to 20000 (Abu-Nimer & Kadayifci, 2011). In 1960 this figure increased to 401, in 1971 it reached to 893, during 1979 this number elevated to 1745 and in 1988 the count of madaris reached to 3000. Currently there are almost 35,000 madaris operating in Pakistan out of which only Punjab is housing nearly 12000 madaris. The unregistered and unfettered madaris in Fata are other than these (Ramzan, 2015). It is a compelling reality that madaris are serving society by giving free education with boarding facility to a large number of students (M. R. Ahmad, 2013). In Pakistan total four Wafaqs (Boards) are functioning which represent different school of thoughts. Three Wafaqs represent three different Sunni schools of thoughts whereas one Wafaq represents Shia school of thought. Wafaq-ul-Madaris-ul-Arabiya Pakistan, established in 1959, represents Deoband school of thought with head office in Multan, Tanzeem-ul-Madaris-al-Arabiya, established in 1960, represents Barelvi school of thought with head office in Karachi and Wafaqul-ul-Madaris-al-Salfia, established in 1955, represents Ahle Hadith school of thought with head office in Faisalabad (M. R. Ahmad, 2013). All the Wafaq (Boards) are responsible to register and give accreditation to madaris of their corresponding sect, design curriculum, arrange examinations and do certification. In Pakistan madaris are thought to be welfare-oriented organizations which render not only free education but also offer the facility of boarding and accommodation to indigent students (Ramzan, 2015). Sect-wise breakup explained that Barelvi madaris are 6606 in figure followed by Deobandimadaris which are 6106 around the Punjab province. The figure of registered Barelvi madaris are 3656 and rest of the 2950 are unregistered. Likewise, 3092 Deobandi madaris are registered and 3014 madaris are unregistered in Punjab. Whereas, Ahl-e-Hadith have 840 madaris with 408 as registered and 432 madaris as unregistered (The Express Tribune, 2015). Southern Punjab is housed with plethora of madaris which cater great number of students and faculty members (M. R. Ahmad, 2013). The aggregate figure of madaris belonging, to these three schools of thoughts are 4660 in three divisions (Bahawalpur, Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan) of South Punjab, with the division of


2298 madaris of Barelvi sect , 2158 madaris of Deoband sect and 204 madaris of Ahl-e-Hadith sect (Ramzan, 2015).

Methodology

The present study is descriptive in nature and was under taken by employing social survey method. To collect the data, Five-Point Likert-type scale questionnaire was devised and administered. Teachers of registered madaris of AhleSunnat school of thought were the population of the study. The geographical area of the study was three divisions (Multan, Bahawalpur and Dera Gazi Khan) of South Punjab. Quota sampling method coupled with availability sampling method was opted as sampling technique to draw desired sample. Data collection process took a period of three month as all the respondents were physically approached. As the respondents were not conversant with English language the tool of data collection was translated into Urdu language. After the accomplishment of data collection, data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to reach at results and conclusion. To delimit the study, limitations were set whereby faculty members of only south Punjab madaris, faculty members who only teach students of Dars-e-Nizami, only male faculty members and faculty of Ahl-e-Sunnat madaris were included in study. Results and Discussion

Table: 1 Only interfaith dialogue will ensure peace in Pakistan

Response Frequency Percentage Agree 58 17.8 Strongly Agree 30 9.2 Don’t Know 15 4.6 Disagree 202 62.2 Strongly disagree 20 6.1 Total 325 100

Above table is about the results pertaining to peace in Pakistan through interfaith dialogue. 62.2% respondents disagreed that interfaith dialogue was only way towards peace in Pakistan and 6.1% respondents strongly disagreed that interfaith dialogue would ensure peace in Pakistan. Nearly one fifth (17.8%) respondents agreed with interfaith dialogue as only step towards peace. 9.2% respondents strongly agreed with the statement whereas, 4.6% respondents expressed indifference about it.


Table: 2

Interfaith dialogue will help to understand and respect each other religion Response Frequency Percentage Agree 116 35.7 Strongly Agree 37 11.4 Disagree 93 28.6 Strongly disagree 79 24.3 Total 325 100

Table 2 contains results about understanding and respecting each other religion through dialogue. Almost one third (35.7%) respondents agreed that dialogue would help to understand and respect the religion of other people. Some respondents (11.4%) expressed strong agreement with the statement. Over one fourth (28.6%) respondents went in disagreement with it whereas; another one fourth (24.3%) respondents exhibited strong disagreement and opposed the statement.

Table: 3 Present wave of terrorism in Pakistan is due to absence of effective interfaith

dialogue Response Frequency Percentage Agree 55 16.9 Strongly Agree 12 3.7 Disagree 182 56 Strongly disagree 76 23.4 Total 325 100

The above drawn table goes to exhibit findings about present wave of terrorism and absence of interfaith dialogue. A large number of respondents (56%) opined that wave of terrorism was not due to absence of interfaith dialogue, 23.4% respondents also disagreed with the statement with strong voices. However, some respondents (16.9%) agreed that present wave of terrorism was due to absence of interfaith dialogue and 3.7% emphasized the statement in agreement.

Table: 4 Interfaith dialogue will help to control the menace of terrorism

Response Frequency Percentage Agree 133 40.9 Strongly Agree 97 29.8 Disagree 70 21.5 Strongly disagree 25 7.7 Total 325 100

The above drawn table holds the results in regard to control the menace of terrorism through interfaith dialogue. More than one third respondents (40.9%)


expressed moderate agreement with the statement while 29.84% respondents expressed strong agreement. Almost one fifth respondents (21.5%) disagreed that interfaith dialogue would help to control the menace of terrorism whereas; some respondents (7.7%) strongly disagreed with the statement. Majority stood in agreement with the said phenomenon.

Table: 5 Interfaith dialogue will reduce the risk of conflicts among various religious

entities in Pakistan Response Frequency Percentage Agree 211 64.9 Strongly Agree 68 20.9 Don’t Know 3 0.9 Disagree 32 9.8 Strongly disagree 11 3.4 Total 325 100

This table speaks about the results regarding reduction of risk of conflicts among various religious entities in Pakistan through interfaith dialogue. A dominant number of respondents (64.9%) went in moderate agreement that interfaith dialogue would reduce the risk of conflicts among various religious entities whereas, 20.9% respondents showed a strong agreement in favour of the statement Some respondents (9.8%) were disagree whereas, 3.4% respondents expressed strong disagreement.

Table: 6 Interfaith dialogue will help to learn tolerance for counter beliefs

Response Frequency Percentage Agree 157 48.3 Strongly Agree 83 25.5 Don’t Know 13 4 Disagree 42 12.9 Strongly disagree 30 9.2 Total 325 100

The above table shows findings related to learning tolerance for counter beliefs through interfaith dialogue. Almost one half respondents (48.3%) respondents favored that dialogue would help to learn tolerance for counter beliefs. Whereas, 25.5% respondents were in strong favor with the statement. Some respondents (12.9%) agreed and other 9.2% respondents strongly disagreed with it.


Table: 7

Teachers of madaris should take part in interfaith dialogue as their social responsibility

Response Frequency Percentage Agree 45 13.8 Strongly Agree 18 5.5 Disagree 227 69.8 Strongly disagree 35 10.8 Total 325 100

Table 7 goes to explain results about teachers of madaris should take part in interfaith dialogue as their social responsibility. Majority of the respondents (69.8%) disagreed and opined that teachers of madaris should not take part in interfaith dialogue.10.8% respondents strongly disfavored the statement. In contrast 13.8% respondents were in favor of taking part in dialogue process as their responsibility. While a small number of respondents (5.5%) stood in strong favor with the statement. Mehta (2016) takes interfaith dialogue as a way for promoting understanding between people who belong from different beliefs. The majority of madrasa teacher respondents do not take interfaith dialogue as only way forward for establishing peace across country. This finding seems very close the discussion made by Krebs (2014) that considering only religion for dialogues to build peace can put blames for violence on religion. It can be witnessed from results of the study that the opinion of respondents is almost equally divided in favor and against on interfaith dialogue as an attempt to build an understanding for each other religion. This depicts that madrasa people somehow agree with the constructive effect of dialogue among religions. However, they go on to believe that only interfaith dialogue has not major role in mitigating terrorism from society. Present wave of terrorism in our society has nothing to do with the absence of interfaith dialogue. According to Mehta (2016), Kader also negates connection of violence with religion. Violence or terrorism could be is more connected with injustice, poverty and abandoning religious teachings. Yes, interfaith dialogue could be helpful to reduce the threats of conflicts and violence. Majority of respondents agree that dialogue can be helpful to respect other and to understand other religions. This seems an agreement to Khambali et al. (2013) that interfaith dialogue is a discussion leading towards understanding about others and their respect. More than half respondents do not consider absence of interfaith dialogue as reason behind terrorism in Pakistan. While, nearly one fifth argue that absence of dialogue is main cause for terrorism. Old (2016) has also similar opinion that only interfaith dialogues cannot stop terrorism but he further argues in favour of


dialogue as helpful tool for giving realistic responses when terrorism does happen. On the other hand majority of madrasa teachers considers interfaith dialogue helpful to control menace of terrorism. To them solution lies in addressing long standing social problems and needs of people. In contrary to this faculty from madaris think that risk for conflict among different religious entities in Pakistan may be reduced through dialogue and expression of disregard and disrespect could be prevented. Scheffler (2007) argues the same that non existence of interfaith dialogue is indication of no peace among different religions. Moreover, environment of tolerance can be cultivated for people of counter belief. This is where they favour dialogue process to get some positive results. It was found that faculty of madaris don’t consider themselves right person to get engaged in dialogue process rather renowned scholars with deeper understanding of comparative studies should get into this process to gain desired results. Conclusions The findings of the study came up with the conclusion that majority of faculty members of madaris did not take interfaith dialogue as the only recipe to establish peace in Pakistan but teachers of madaris were largely favoring interfaith dialogue as tool to develop a sense of understanding and respect for each other faiths. The results of the study also depicted that present wave of terrorism in Pakistan was not because of the absence of effective interfaith dialogue process as dominant number of teachers in madaris did not link terrorism with absence of interfaith dialogue but in contrast majority of respondents acknowledged that interfaith dialogue would somehow help to reduce the menace of terrorism. The findings of the study also indicated that interfaith dialogue would be instrumental to reduce the risk of conflicts and tensions among divergent religious entities. It is also the part of conclusion that overwhelming majority of teachers of madaris considered interfaith dialogue as helpful to learn tolerance for counter beliefs. It was finally derived from the study findings that dominant majority of madrasa teachers took interfaith dialogue as non-responsibility on their credit. The findings of the study suggest that faculty of madaris should get interfaith-dialogue studies included in their curriculum as permanent part. It also depicts the need of state sponsored version of dialogue to develop uniformity for all stake holders. References Abu-Nimer, M., & Kadayifci, A. (2011). Human rights and building peace: the

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Developing Co-Curricular Activities And Extra-Curricular Activities For All-Round Development Of The

Undergraduate Students: A Study Of A Selected Public University In Bangladesh

Md. Roknuzzaman Siddiky

Department of Sociology Noakhali Science and Technology University

Abstract

The paper mainly attempts to examine whether co-curricular activities and extra-curricular activities could contribute to the all-round development of the undergraduate students and how these activities may be developed to ensure quality education in a public university in Bangladesh. The study was a qualitative study in which multiple case study and document analysis methods were employed. The study found that the undergraduate students have developed a wide range of personal and social skills including communication skill, organizing skill, presentation skill, public speaking skill and analytical skill by taking part in such activities. The CCAs and ECAs have also facilitated brain development, knowledge acquisition, personality development, and civic development of the students. Hence, the study argued that the CCAs and ECAs have diverse effects to promote all-round development of the students. In order to explain how these activities could be developed in a public university, the paper identified several clubs and associations and their key functions. Finally, the paper suggested that the Government and the authority concerned should undertake proper measures for organizing diverse CCAs and ECAs properly and thereby ensure quality education and attain SDGs. Keywords: Quality Education, Co-Curricular Activities, Extra-Curricular Activities, All-Round Development, Personality Development.

تلخيص

62 Md. Roknuzzaman Siddiky

Background of the Study Quality education has been defined as one that involves quality learners, quality learning environments, quality content, quality processes and quality outcomes (UNICEF, 2000). Good quality education provides all learners with capabilities they necessitate to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods that would contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and individual well-being (Barrett and Tikly, 2010). Hence, quality education not only involves sound formal academic learning but also includes a wide range of co-curricular activities and extra-curricular activities performed by the students to reach their fullest potential. Ensuring quality education itself is a goal of SDGs (Goal-4) and a means as well for achieving the sustainable development as a whole. It has been regarded not only as an integral part of SDGs but also as a key to promote lifelong learning opportunities for all (Educate A Child, 2016; UNESCO, 2017a, 2017b). As such, it is one of the priority-areas in the SDGs adopted by the international community to foster the development of human capabilities so that they could contribute to the achievement of SDGs in order to make a sustainable, prosperous and equitable planet (UNESCO, 2017a; Lane, 2017). However, to make sure quality education, it is very important to focus on co-curricular activities and extra-curricular activities alongside formal academic learning so that all-round development of the learners can be ensured (Ingale, 2014; Dhanmeher, 2014). In spite of their important role to develop human resources, many public universities of Bangladesh, in particular science and technology based universities are currently in need of building sufficient infrastructure and organizational capacity to develop co-curricular activities and extra-curricular activities. Therefore, one of the major objectives of such universities, that is, to generate skilled manpower in line with global needs and changes in order to contribute to the country's economic and social development, in particular, sustainable development through provision of diverse courses related to science, technology and social science may be hampered. While there is sufficient volume of literature in the academic world about the effects of the CCAs and ECAs on the academic performance and social skill development of the students across the world (Weber, 2008; Wilson, 2009; Daniyal, et al, 2012; Mehmood, et al. 2012; Javed, 2012; Dhanmeher 2014; Ivaniushina and Zapletina, 2015), there has not been so far adequate volume of studies, especially in Bangladesh context as to how the CCAs and ECAs could benefit the students to

Developing Co-Curricular Activities and Extra-Curricular Activities for All-Round Development 63 of the Undergraduate Students: A Study of a Selected Public University in Bangladesh

develop their a wide range of personal and social skills and how such activities could be developed within a public university so that their physical, mental, moral, intellectual, and behavioral development, that is, all-round development can be ensured. As such, the paper is intended to investigate the following queries:

a. What sorts of CCAs or ECAs do the students usually like to participate in? b. How could the students benefit from the CCAs or ECAs? c. What to be done to develop CCAs or ECAs in a public university in

Bangladesh? Methodology of the Study The study is a qualitative study in nature which was deliberately conducted in a science and technology based public university in Bangladesh. Both primary and secondary sources of data were taken into consideration in this study. The study consciously employed multiple case study and document analysis methods to look into the research queries. In order to find out the effects of co-curricular activities or extracurricular activities, secondary data were collected mainly from journal articles and research papers. Primary data were generated from qualitative interviews with a total of 18 purposively selected undergraduate students from randomly chosen 07 academic departments. Out of 18 respondents, 05 were selected from Bangladesh and Liberation War Studies (BLWS) Department, 03 were selected from Pharmacy Department, and 02 were selected from 05 other Departments each namely Statistics, Sociology, Fisheries and Marine Sciences (FIMS), Information and Communication Engineering (ICE) and Applied Mathematics. The respondents were asked a variety of questions about co-curricular activities or extracurricular activities by using open-ended interview-schedule which was designed to find data as to how the respondents could benefit from these activities and what to be done in order to organize such activities effectively so that all-round development could be ensured. The respondents were interviewed in-depth by the researcher himself to gain better understanding. Their views were categorized, compared and analyzed very carefully by using tables and underlying themes. Concept-mapping was also used in order to find out the link. Defining Co-Curricular Activities (CCAs)

Co-curricular Activities or CCAs (sometimes known as Co-curricular Education) refer to those activities and programs that complement the formal education of the students in educational institution. These activities are usually connected with academic matters and are organized or designed to help the students to have a better understanding of the course, and facilitate their diverse skill development tasks (CSUF, 2010; Ingale, 2014; Dhanmeher, 2014). Mehmood, et al. (2012) suggested that the CCAs are the series of activities related with the school program, which help to bring out all-round development of the students, outside the subjects for examination schedule. However, School District 8, Kootenay Lake (2010) proposed that,


CCAs refer to any planned excursion away from the school taken by the students, under the direction or supervision of the teacher-in-charge to enrich and extend the classroom instructional program and create links between the school and the community, and to give students practical application of the ideas and theories that they are studying. (p. 1)

Thus the CCAs are such activities that supplement and complement the curricular or main syllabi activities (Leung, Ng and Chan, 2011). These are very important parts of educational institutions to develop the students’ personality, morality, integrity and ethics, and strengthen the classroom learning (Ingale, 2014). The CCAs usually focus on enhancing the students' intellectual capability, mental capability, analytical ability, developing their leadership quality and interpersonal communication skills and allowing them to engage in diverse social networks (Leung, Ng and Chan, 2011; Daniyal et al. 2012; Bartkus et al. 2012; Mehmood, et al. 2012; Dhanmeher, 2014). Defining Extra-curricular Activities (ECAs) Extra-curricular Activities or ECAs (sometimes known as Extra-academic Activities) usually refer to those activities performed by the students that take place outside the regular school curriculum. These activities are generally voluntary and the students do not receive any academic credit or grades out of their participation (Lunenburg, 2010; Singh and Mishra, 2015). Bartkus et al. (2012) proposed that,

ECAs are defined as academic or non-academic activities that are conducted under the auspices of the school but occur outside of normal classroom time and are not part of the curriculum. Additionally, these sorts of activities do not involve a grade or academic credit and participation is optional on the part of the student. (p. 698)

Hence, ECAs are defined to include those activities which are conducted totally outside the domain of academic curriculum but are essential for the physical, moral, intellectual, behavioral, and civic development of the students. The ECAs allow the students to engage themselves in various social services and nation-building activities (Lunenburg, 2010; Bartkus et al. 2012; Le, 2013; Park, 2015; Singh and Mishra, 2015; Freeman, 2017; Chua et al. 2017). The Scopes of CCAs and ECAs CCAs and ECAs are the two words often used interchangeably across the world (Lunenburg, 2010; Leung, Ng and Chan, 2011; Bartkus et al. 2012). At present, there is no clear-cut distinction between these two types of activities since many of such activities are overlapping. Moreover, both the activities aim to enhance the all-round development of the students. However, the CCAs may differ from


ECAs slightly in terms of nature and scope. Table 1 shows the examples of CCAs and ECAs.

Table: 1 Examples of CCAs and ECAs

Examples of CCAs Examples of ECAs Quiz competition/General

knowledge competition Essay writing competition Story writing competition Acting competition Debating Organizing seminars,

symposiums & workshops Drawing competition Spell bee/ Vocabulary &

Spelling competition Mental Mathematics Recitation competition Science exhibition Organizing models Music competition Wall magazine decoration Computer programming

competition Mathematics competition Oral English competition Practicing fine arts/pottery Free discussions on

contemporary issues Organizing job fair Excursion and so on.

Athletics/ Gymnastics Cricket tournament Football tournament Swimming competition Volleyball/Badminton competition Table Tennis/Carom Board

competition (Indoor Games) Cycling Cleanliness program Environmental awareness programs Blood donation program Organizing various cultural events Photography (it may be also a co-

curricular activity) Tree plantation program Teaching street beggars/ elderly

people Various humanitarian and social

services conducted by the students Observing various National Days

& International Days Observing various cultural

events/days with festivity, and so on.

The CCAs are defined as those activities that enhance and enrich the regular curriculum during the normal school day while the ECAs are defined as those activities that broaden the educational experience which usually take place beyond the normal school day (Cumberland Public Schools, 2004). The CCAs are those activities that fall outside the regular academic curriculum and enhance and enrich the curriculum during the normal school day as part of the student’s yearly schedule. These activities are mostly faculty-organized and faculty-directed. In contrary, the ECAs are those activities that are extra or additional to the curriculum and may be more leisure-oriented than learning-oriented. These


activities usually directly may not complement academic studies (Ritchie, 2018). However, this is noteworthy that in the academia, both the terms convey the similar meanings and are used interchangeably. This is also to note that most of the schools or universities across the world do not generally differentiate between CCAs and ECAs since these two sorts of activities are of equal value to ensure all-round development of the students. Review of Literature There are a number of literatures in the academic world concerning the effects of CCAs and ECAs on the students' academic performance and their behavioral and personality patterns. It has been found so far that the CCAs and ECAs have strong association with the students' academic performance and their behavioral or personality patterns. Weber (2008) observed that the students who are involved in the CCAs perform better on state assessments than students who do not participate in such activities. Wilson (2009) found that the students who took part in the ECAs have higher GPAs, a decrease in absenteeism and an increased connectedness to the school. Mehmood, et al. (2012) in their study found that the CCAs have significant relationship with developing some selected personality traits involving self-confidence, honesty, adaptation, sociability, sympathetic attitude, social obligation and sense of responsibility among secondary school students. They also observed that CCAs have stronger impact on developing such personality traits among male secondary school students than female secondary school students. Daniyal et al. (2012) put forward that the CCAs especially athletic and sports improve the academic performance of the students. Jamal (2012) suggested that the participation in the ECAs promotes the interpersonal skills and professional behaviors of the medical students of the King Abdulaziz University at Jeddah. An experimental study conducted by Bashir and Javed (2012) in order to determine whether the CCAs have an impact on academic performance of the secondary school students. Their study revealed that the CCAs could contribute to the academic performance of the students. Johnston (2013) also found that the ECAs participation have a positive effect on student grade point average and increase the likelihood of students to persist through graduation. Le (2013) found that the ECA participation lowers engagement in risky behaviors for females with low-socio-economic status (SES) more than it does for high-SES females, yet among males the SES gradient is almost non-existent. Dhanmeher (2014) found that the CCAs have stronger relationship with developing a number personality qualities including adaptation, self-confidence, honesty, sociability, sympathetic attitude, social obligation, sense of responsibility, time management and leadership qualities among Junior College Students. Ivaniushina and Zapletina (2015) put forward that the ECAs have a positive impact on the development of personality and interpersonal skills. They found that the ECAs have helped to develop many personal and social skills of Russian students. Each kind of


the selected ECAs has different effects on the development of the competencies and interpersonal skills of the students. Singh and Mishra (2015) observed that the ECAs, in particular, Yoga, Horse riding, Sport activities, Dance, Music have significant association with the student’s performance in the Government and Private Schools. They found that the benefits of participating in the ECAs involved having better grades, having higher standardized test scores and higher educational attainment, attending school more regularly, and having a higher self concept. Ismail et al. (2016) observed that the ECAs have a positive impact on the development of personality traits of the students of different universities in Pakistan. Villalobos et al. (2016) found that the CCAs have helped to develop the relationship skills of the Pilipino financial and management accounting students, learn to manage their time effectively and enhance their academic performance. Chua et al. (2017) observed that there is a significant relationship between and among independent variables of number of jobs, number of initial interview, level of participation and soft skills developed through ECAs. Freeman (2017) observed that there is a positive relationship between students' academic performance, in particular GPAs and their involvement in the ECAs. Ritchie (2018) suggested that academic co-curricular activity participation improves Catholic high school students’ learning as measured by GPAs. Hence, it may be argued that the CCAs and ECAs have a positive impact not only on the academic performance of the students but also on their social skill development. While CCAs and ECAs may have a positive impact on personal and social skill development of the students, there has not been so far adequate volume of studies as to how these activities influence the all-round development of the undergraduate students in the context of a public university in Bangladesh and what to be done if these sorts of activities are to be organized properly Hence, the study is of great importance not only in Bangladesh context but also in the academia. Data Analysis and Presentation

Table: 2 Classification of the respondents

Respondents’ ID No.

Name of the Department

Year Term Age Sex

1. Statistics 2 2 21 M 2. Statistics 1 2 18 F 3. Sociology 1 2 19 M 4. Sociology 1 2 19 M 5. BLWS 1 2 19 F 6. BLWS 1 2 19 M 7. ICE 1 2 19 F 8. Pharmacy 1 2 19 F


9. BLWS 1 2 19 F 10. BLWS 1 2 19 F 11. BLWS 1 2 19 M 12. Pharmacy 1 2 19 M 13. FIMS 1 2 19 M 14. FIMS 4 2 22 F 15. ICE 4 1 22 M 16. Applied

Math 3 1 22 F

17. Pharmacy 4 2 24 M 18. Applied

Math 3 2 22 M

Table: 3

Respondents’ general views as to CCAs/ECAs Respondents’

ID No. Whether you are familiar

with CCAs/ECAs

How do you come to know

about CCAs/ECAs?

What sorts of CCAs/ECAs you mostly

like?

Whether you regularly take part in

CCAs/ECAs organized by your

university

Whether your department organizes

CCAs/ECAs

1. Yes From parents, teachers and

friends

Singing, dancing

Yes Occasionally, due to inadequate

fund

2. Yes From school Various cultural activities,

indoor sports, debating

Yes Occasionally due to inadequate fund and tight

semester schedule

3. Yes From school Debating, sports, cultural

activities.

No Not always, due to tight semester

schedule

4. Yes From school Sports, debating Yes Occasionally 5. Yes From school Various cultural

activities, debating, chess

Yes Occasionally, due to tight semester

schedule 6. Yes From college Debating Yes Regularly 7. Yes From school Debating, poem

recitation Yes Occasionally, due

to busy semester schedule

8. Yes From school Debating, cultural

activities

Yes Occasionally, due to inadequate

fund 9. Yes From school Debating, poem

recitation Yes Regularly

10. Yes From school Debating, drawing , sports

Yes Regularly

11. Yes From college Debating, music Yes Regularly 12. Yes From school Debating, sports Yes Regularly


13. Yes From school Social awareness building, debating


schedule

14. Yes From school Acting, music dancing , sports

Yes Occasionally due to tight semester

schedule

15. Yes From school Computer programming

Yes Occasionally, due to busy semester

schedule

16. Yes From school Blood donation, work for humanity


schedule 17. Yes From school Social

awareness, environmental

cleanliness


schedule

18. Yes From school Sports, cultural activities


schedule

Table: 4

Respondents’ views about the effects/benefits of CCAs/ECAs Respondents’

ID No. Whether

CCAs/ECAs could improve your

academic performance, and

why?

Whether CCAs/ECAs could enhance your social skills/life skills, and

why?

Whether CCAs/ECAs could

improve your mental/physical

health, and why?

What sorts of benefits you have received

from participating in CCAs/ECAs

1. No, because these hamper academic

activities

Yes, because these enhance speaking

skill

Yes, because these improve

mental/physical well-being

-Public speaking skill, -Program organizing

2. Yes, because these improve academic

performance

Yes, because these help in confidence

building

Yes, because these help to keep body fit

and mentally refreshed

-Mental refreshment -Physical fitness

-Personality development

- Social interaction 3. Yes, because these

improve general knowledge and language skills

Yes, because these enhance

interpersonal communication

skills

Yes, because these help to keep body fit

and mentally refreshed

-Extroversion -Interpersonal

communication skill

4. Yes, because these promote brain

development and intellectual skills

Yes, because these help in interpersonal communication and confidence building

Yes, because these improve mental and

physical health

-Social Interactions, - Sociability

-Organizing capability - Confidence building

- Attentiveness 5. Yes, because these

help in brain development and

refreshing

Yes, because these promote interaction

and connectivity

Yes, because these help in mental and

physical refreshment

- Extroversion - Analytical ability - Planning ability

6. Yes, because these increase academic

knowledge and

Yes, because these increase organizing

skills and public

Yes, because these help in physical and mental development

-Organizing skill -Presentation skill

- Public speaking skill


presentation skills speaking skills 7. Yes, because

refreshing mind can lead to fruitful

learning

Yes, because these help in public speaking and

leadership skills

Yes, because these keep body and mind

fit

-Social Interaction -Public speaking skill

- Leadership skill

8. Yes, because these increase general

knowledge, external knowledge

Yes, because these help in interaction with many people

Yes, because these revitalize body and

mind

-Public speaking skill -Presentation skill

- Knowledge acquisition

9. Yes, refreshment can lead to attentive

learning

Yes, because these enhance public speaking skills

Yes, because these revitalize body and

mind

-Social interaction -Leadership skills

-Public speaking skills 10. Yes, because these

enrich knowledge and sharpen IQ

Yes, because these help in personality development and

socialization

Yes, because these enhance physical and

mental fitness

-Physical fitness - IQ increase -Socialization

11. Yes, because these help in brain development

Yes, because these promote interaction and interpersonal

relationship

Yes, because these increase mental and physical refreshment

-Physical and mental refreshment

- Public speaking skill

12. Yes, because these increase refreshment

and attentiveness

Yes, because these help in knowledge

acquisition and socialization

Yes, because these increase physical and mental refreshment

-Public speaking -Physical and mental

fitness

13. Yes, because these raise attentiveness

Yes, because these help in networking, presentation skills

Yes, because these enhance mental and physical refreshment

and fitness

-Removing inertia - Network building -Presentation skill

- Social responsibility 14. Yes, because these

help in brain and analytical

development

Yes, because these help in network

building and personality

development

Yes, because these remove stress and

fatigue

-Removing stress -Network building

-Personality development

15. Yes, because these

complement academic learning

Yes, because these help in organizing

capability and team work building

Yes, because these enhance physical and mental refreshment

- Organizing capability - Problem solving skill -Mental refreshment

16. Yes, because these promote brain

development, a drive to learn

Yes, because these help to work for

humanity

Yes, because these help in physical and mental refreshment

-To work for humanity - Communication skill

- Knowledge acquisition

17. Yes, because these raise analytical and

problem-solving skills

Yes, because these allow to work for

humanity

Yes, because these promote physical and mental refreshment

- Social responsibility -To work for humanity

- Analytical skill - Problem solving skill

18. Yes, because these promote motivation

Yes, because these help in team work

building

Yes, because these help to keep body and

mind energized

-Team work building - Good social relations

- Organizing skill


Table: 5 The clubs/associations mostly suggested by the respondents

Respondents’ ID No.

Clubs/ Associations mostly suggested for CCAs/ECAs

1. Model United Nations (MUN) Club, English Language Club, Computer Club

2. Debating Club, English Language Club, Indoor Sports Club, Career Club

3. Debating Club, Cultural Club, Sports Club, Nature Club, Rover Scouts

4. Debating Club, Career Club, Language Club, Sports Club (Indoor & Outdoor)

5. Cultural Club, Literature Club, Debating Society, Rover Scouts

6. Debating Club, Cultural Club, Sports Club (Outdoor & Indoor), MUN Club

7. Creative Club, Career Club, English Language Club, Sports Club

8. Literature Club, Sports Club, Debating Club, Career Club, Creative Club

9. Career Club, Creative Club, English Language Club, Sports Club

10. Cultural Club, Debating Club, Hult Prize Competition Club, Cultural Club

11. Career Club, MUN Club, Hult Prize Competition Club, Innovative Club

12. Debating Club, Career Club, Innovative Club, Cultural Club, BNCC

13. Nature, Club, Debating Club, Sports Club, English Language Club

14. Career Club, Debating Club, Nature Club, Language Club, MUN Club

15. Math Club, Computer Club, Language Club, Debating Club, Sports Club

16. Debating Club, Cultural Club, Blood Donation Club, Sports Club, MUN Club

17. Sports Club, Environmental Club/ Nature Club, Hult Prize Competition Club, Career Club, Innovative Club

18. Cultural Club, Debating Club, Language Club, Sports Club (Indoor & Outdoor)


Research Findings and Discussions This is evident from the Table 3 that most of the respondents are familiar with the CCAs or ECAs from their school life. Debating, sports, various cultural activities in particular music and dancing, various social services and awareness building programs are the most common and popular activities among the respondents. Most of the respondents said that they regularly take part in the CCAs or ECAs when the university centrally organizes such activities while their respective departments could not regularly organize such activities due to tight and busy semester schedule, and inadequate funds. Table 4 shows that most of the respondents said that the involvement in CCAs or ECAs could improve academic results or GPA of the students by facilitating their brain development, knowledge acquisition, and raising their analytical skill, attentiveness and mental refreshment. These findings suggested that the participation in CCAs or ECAs could raise the academic performance of the students and hence are consistent with the findings put forward by a number of researchers (Weber, 2008; Wilson, 2009; Daniyal et al., 2012; Javed, 2012; Johnston, 2013; Singh and Mishra, 2015; Freeman, 2017; Ritchie, 2018). However, they did not explain how CCAs and ECAs could increase the academic performance of the students. The study found that the CCAs or ECAs could improve social or life skill development of the students by raising their interpersonal communication skill, public speaking skill, organizing capabilities, presentation skills as well as by supporting their personality development. The study found that the CCAs or ECAs could improve students’ mental and physical health by raising physical and mental refreshment and keeping body and mind sound. The study put forward that most of the respondents themselves have benefited from such activities by raising their public speaking skill, organizing skill, leadership skill, teamwork building skill, communication skill, social interaction and network building skill, presentation skill, and by keeping their physical and mental fitness. The study claimed that the participation in CCAs or ECAs could facilitate the personality development of the students by making them confident, focused, interactive, extrovert and social. Hence, the study put forward that the participation in CCAs or ECAs have effects on the development of diverse personal and social skills. These findings were supported by the findings presented by many researchers (Jamal, 2012; Mehmood, et al., 2012; Dhanmeher, 2014; Kumar and Selvaraju, 2014; Ivaniushina and Zapletina, 2015; Cariaga and Molina, 2016; Ismail et al., 2016). However, unlike their research findings, the study claimed that involvement in CCAs or ECAs could develop a sense of social responsibility among the students and allow them to work for humanity or society. CCAs or ECAs have also effect on socializing the students. As such, the CCAs or ECAs could facilitate the moral and civic development of the students. The Table 5 shows the clubs/associations mostly suggested by the respondents for


organizing the CCAs and ECAs include: debating club, sports club (both indoor and outdoor), language club, various cultural clubs, computer club, career club, MUN club, Hult Prize competition club, nature or environmental club, BNCC, Rover Scouts, creative club, innovative club, blood donation club, and so on. Figure1: Link between the CCAs/ECAs benefits and students’ all-round development

Figure 1 shows the link between the benefits of CCAs or ECAs and the all-round development of the students. As depicted, the CCAs and ECAs have multi-faceted benefits or effects. The empirical findings suggested that the students who regularly take part in the CCAs or ECAs have benefited from such activities in many ways. The CCAs and ECAs have allowed the students to develop many personal and skills such as public speaking skill, social interaction skill, organizing skill and presentation skill. These activities would also facilitate brain development, knowledge acquisition, physical and mental fitness and personality development of the students and thereby promote their physical, mental, moral, intellectual, behavioral and civic development – the all-round development. Development of CCAs and ECAs How to Develop CCAs? To organize diverse CCAs in order to ensure all-round development of the students, a public university should preferably set up the following clubs or voluntary associations within its boundary:

Developing brain

Physical, mental, moral, intellectual,

behavioral and civic development

Public speaking

Organizing skill

Interaction skill

Presentation skill

Knowledge acquisitio

Physical & mental fitness

Personality dev.

All-round development

of the students

CCAs or ECAs Benefits


S. No.

Name of Association/ Club

Key Activities/Functions

1. English Club/Language Club

- To improve English language proficiency and other language skills; - To develop interpersonal communication skills of the students.

2. Debating Club - To develop the students' reasoning power, analytical ability, democratic attitudes, and presentation skills.

3. Literature Club - To motivate the students to read literature; - To engage the students in various literary activities.

4. Music and Dance Club

- To engage the students in practicing music and dance; - To develop the sense of communal harmony and humanity among the students.

5. Science Club - To motivate the students to practice science, make scientific models/ project; - To enhance technological knowledge and organize science exhibitions.

6. Mathematics Club - To motivate the students to learn and practice mathematics; - To create a platform to solve various mathematical problems.

7. Computer Club/ICT Club

- To promote the use of computer and its application in education; - To encourage the students to engage themselves in ICT education/ computer programming.

8. Innovation Club/ Creative Club

- To develop the students' creative ideas; - To engage the students in generating new ideas - To engage the students in scientific or technological innovations.

9. Career Club - To provide information about job market; - To provide career counseling to the students; - To organize job fair and job-related seminars etc.

10. Business Club - To provide career counseling and job related information; - To create the scope for jobs for the Business Faculty students and introduce them with the corporate world;


- To build up university-industry relationship. 11. Theater/ Drama/

Fashion Club - To encourage the students to practice theater and other various performing arts and thereby develop their sound personality and increase their creativity.

12. BNCC/Rover Scouts/Rangers etc.

- To develop good moral character and leadership quality among the students and engage them in various social services.

13. Red Crescent - To engage the students to serve the humanity; - To prevent and alleviate human suffering during conflict/natural calamities.

14. Fine Arts Club/Center

- To attract the students to learn and practice drawing/ painting/ pottery/ crafts and other visual arts.

15. Model United Nations Club (MUN Club)

- To encourage the students to participate in discussions, debating, and public speaking in line with UN core values; - To motivate the students to develop their leadership quality.

16. Olympiad Club (Science)

- To develop the students' interests in Science; - To create a platform where the students and teachers will interact to solve various problems on Science; - To organize various events/competitions related to Science.

17. Hult Prize Competition Club

- To develop an innovative idea for sound business initiatives; - To resolve diverse social problems through creating innovative ideas/concepts.

How to Develop ECAs? A public university should have the following clubs or voluntary associations to develop a wide range of ECAs so that the physical, mental moral and behavioral development of the students could be ensured:

S. No.

Name of Association/ Club

Key Activities/Functions

1. Football Club - To instruct basic skills of playing football; - To organize football matches/ competitions; - To ensure physical and mental fitness of the students; - To raise teamwork building among the students.


2. Cricket Club - To encourage wider interest and involvement in cricket among the students; - To offer cricket coaching; - To organize cricket matches/ competitions; - To ensure physical and mental fitness of the students; - To raise teamwork building among the students.

3. Chess Club - To make chess attractive to the students and thereby improve their thinking ability, strategic thinking, patience, planning ability, critical analysis, decision-making ability, and so on.

4. Athletics Club/Gymnasium

- To engage the students in physical training and exercise; - To keep body and mind fit.

5. Blood Donation Club ( e.g., Badhon)

- To encourage the students to donate blood and thereby allow them to work for humanity; - To develop a sense of social responsibility.

6. Environmental Club/Nature Club

- To create environmental awareness; -To encourage the students to preserve the nature, plants, eco-system and biological diversity etc; - To organize seminars on environmental issues.

7. Photography Club - To train the students about the basic techniques of photography; - To organize photo exhibitions on diverse social issues.

8. Film Club/ Society

- To show various short films, art films and documentary films to the students and thereby enrich their knowledge.

9. Rotaract Club - To allow the students to interact with various business and professional leaders to promote humanitarian activities and peace in society; - To build international liaison to work for people.

10. Martial Arts/ Judo/ Taekwondo Club

- To popularize martial arts/ Judo/taekwondo among the students and thereby help them to maintain good physique and learn self-defense techniques; - To raise self-confidence building among the students.

11. Swimming Pool/Club

- To encourage the students to learn and practice swimming and thereby save life.

12. Badminton - To promote interaction among the students who


/Volleyball Club/Hadodo Club

have interests in badminton/Volleyball/Hadodo; - To organize Badminton/Volleyball/Hadodo competitions.

13. Journalism Club - To encourage the students to learn the basic elements of journalism: planning articles, interviewing, writing, and online publication.

14. Bicycle/ Cycling Club

- To raise physical and mental refreshment of the students; - To encourage the students to ride bicycles as an environmental friendly means of transportation.

15. Ethics Club - To increase ethical awareness and develop morality and integrity among the students.

16. Student-Community Policing

- To create a platform where the students, community people and the police will work together to combat crime; - To promote social awareness about crime; - To develop a sense of social responsibility among the students.

Major Suggestions or Recommendations Based on empirical findings, the paper puts forward the following key suggestions in order to develop the CCAs and ECAs in newly established public universities, in particular, science and technology based universities in Bangladesh properly:

The findings of the study suggested that CCAs and ECAs are not regularly organized by most of the departments of the selected science and technology based university due to busy and tight semester schedule in spite of their intense demand from the students, and vital role to promote their all-round development. Hence, all sorts of CCAs and ECAs should be incorporated into the programs conducted on different national and international days so that academic calendar might not be hampered, and tight schedule could be adjusted;

The study found that inadequate funding is one of the major problems on the part of the departments for not organizing the CCAs and ECAs regularly. As such, the university authority should allocate adequate funds to all the departments and institutes so that such activities may be organized properly;

To improve English language proficiency and other language skills of the students, a public university should have a Language Club;

To promote diverse uses of computer in education and organize computer programming competitions, each and every public university in Bangladesh should have a Computer Club or an ICT Club;


To develop the students' reasoning power, analytical ability, democratic attitudes, and presentation skills, each and every public university should establish a Debating Club or a Debating Society;

"A sound body in a sound mind." Hence, a university must have a well-equipped gymnasium or physical fitness center in a separate house/building in order to encourage the students to take physical exercise/ physical training to keep their body and mind fit;

A university should have a Chess Club in consideration of its importance to facilitate intellectual and mental development of the students;

c) There is a close connection between environment and development. If environment is affected, development will be automatically affected. Hence, it is very necessary to set up an Environmental Club or a Nature Club so that environmental awareness and attitudes towards preservation of nature among the students could be ensured;

In view of the globalized world's needs, it is very necessary to make the students creative and innovative. Hence, a university should have an Innovation Club or a Creative Club in order to facilitate the students to generate new ideas or new concepts and engage them in technological innovations;

Many students do not know the present trends of job market and they do not have proper idea as to how they can prepare themselves for jobs both in the private and public sectors. Hence, it is very necessary to establish a Career Club or a Business Club in a university so that the students’ career counseling can be ensured;

With regard to career development of the students, it is very essential to organize job fair regularly and build up a strong relationship with the industries. In this regard, this is to note that in Korea each and every reputed university is in partnership with the giant companies like Samsung, LG, Hyundai, POSCO, and so on in order to create a platform where both university and industries work together for the development of practical research and students’ learning. Hence, building university-industry partnership is pivotal;

Now-a-days, Taekwondo is a very much popular game around the world alongside Martial Arts in order to keep body and mind fit, and know the self-defense mechanisms. Hence, it is recommended to establish a Taekwondo Club/ Martial Arts Club;

Each and every university should have a Football Club and a Cricket Club in order to encourage wider interest and involvement in football and cricket among the students. In this connection, this is to note that organizing intra-department, inter-department and inter-university football/cricket matches is very important.

To increase ethical awareness and develop morality and integrity among the students of the university, an Ethics Club should be established;


Swimming is a very good exercise, and learning swimming is necessary to save life. Nevertheless, most of the universities of Bangladesh do not have any swimming pool. Hence, a Swimming Pool and a Swimming Club should be established;

Observing various National Days & International Days with due respect is pivotal;

Observing various Cultural Events/ Cultural Days with festivity is necessary in order to develop patriotism, harmony and a sense of belonging among the students;

To enhance the horizon of knowledge of the students, each and every university should organize regularly seminars, symposiums and workshops on relevant academic matters and contemporary social issues;

To motivate the students to learn and practice Science/Math and solve related problems, each every university should have a Science Club or a Math Club;

To develop the students' interests in Science/Math, create a platform where the students and teachers will interact to solve diverse problems on Science and Math and to organize various events and competitions concerning Science and Math, Olympiad Club should be established;

The empirical findings put forward that to develop innovative ideas and promote public speaking skills, critical thinking, leadership skills and presentation skills among the students, Model United Nations activities and Hult Prize Competitions are very important. Hence Model United Nations Club and Hult Prize Competition Club should be established in the public universities.

Conclusions In view of the aforesaid discussion, it may be argued that the CCAs and ECAs are multifaceted and multi-dimensional. They are pivotal to facilitate physical development, mental development, moral development, behavioral development and intellectual development of the undergraduate students. They are also very helpful for their personality and civic development. In so doing, they could promote their all-round development. Moreover, these activities could play an important role to allow the students to work for humanity and provide invaluable social services to the distressed people. The CCAs and ECAs could complement academic learning and unleash human potential. Thus, they could contribute to the country’s economic and social development by developing a range of personal and social skills. Hence, it is very necessary to ensure the proper development of these two sorts of activities in order to make sure the quality education and sound academic environment in a university, in particular, science and technology based public university in Bangladesh. As such, the Government should come forward and undertake proper policy to develop the CCAs and ECAs properly and thereby achieve SDGs.


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__________________ Md. Roknuzzaman Siddiky is an Associate Professor and Chairman in the Department of Sociology, Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU), Bangladesh.


Gender Representation in Primary Level English and Urdu Textbooks in Pakistan

Rabia Ali

Department of Sociology International Islamic University

Laila Hussain

Women Degree College Skardu Gilgit Baltistan

Abstract

The representation of gender in school textbooks is an area that has been researched in different contexts for decades. It is an area worth investigation because it has been established through research that gender biased textbooks provide hurdles for gender equality in many ways. Taking this as a point of departure this paper aims to examine the representation of male and female in primary level English and Urdu textbooks in Pakistan. To achieve its aim three public and private publishers i.e. AFAQ, National Book Foundation (NBF) and Oxford University Press (OUF) were selected. The text and images in these textbooks were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. The representation of gender in the selected textbooks was seen through three major themes i.e. visibility of female and male through characters, photographs and narrator of the lesson; activities assigned and vocabulary used for both gender. The data clearly reveals that the visibility of males was much higher than that of females in photographs, images, characters and narrators. Regarding activities assigned to gender in all the selected textbooks women were mostly depicted to be involved in housework and engaged in personal and family activities while boys were shown to be working, playing and engaged in social activities. Finally, it was found that the vocabulary used in the textbooks was stereotypical reflecting existing gender stereotypes in the Pakistani culture. To reduce the gender biased attitude in textbooks it is suggested that a strong gender lens is needed while setting educational policies in the country. Keywords: Gender, Discrimination, Equality, Stereotypes, Visibility, Activities, Textbooks.

تلخيص

84 Rabia Ali, Laila Hussain

Introduction Researches across the world have informed our understanding of how gender is shaped by societal and cultural factors (Pawelczyk, Pakuta, & Sunderland, 2014; Tahriri & Pouran, 2014). One of these factors is the representation of gender in textbooks. This has remained an important area of investigation in Sociology and related disciplines and has attracted feminist researchers especially in the field of Sociology of Education for decades (Fox, 1993; Kohl, 1995; Ullah & Skelton, 1997; Skelton, 2013; Ullah, Ali & Naz, 2014; Ullah & Haque, 2016; Visser, 2002). Researchers have reported the prevalence of stereotypical images and text in school textbooks where women have been described in submissive, passive and dependent roles while men have been portrayed as powerful, strong and independent. However, researchers have identified that this illustration of gender roles in school text is problematic since textbooks are argued to have profound influence over young minds (Sulaimani, 2017). The cognitive and behavioural influence of textbooks on students’ learning has been established through various researches (Peterson & Lach, 1990). Studies in the area of gender and education have highlighted the significance of textbooks in the socialization of children (Lee & Collins 2009). Further, schoolbooks are considered a vehicle of rules, morals and models of societal behaviour through representations they contain (Oakes & Saunders, 2004). It has also been argued that school textbooks affect the motivation of students (Ullah & Skeleton, 2013).

Gender Representation in Primary Level English and Urdu Textbooks in Pakistan 85

Importantly, textbooks are believed to have the power of influencing the gender concepts of students. It has been argued that textbooks have the power to influence cultural heritage of learners and the development of gender identity (Ullah, Ali & Naz, 2014). Gender biased textbooks tend to have adverse affects on the identity, behavior, career aspirations and achievements of individuals especially that of female students (Blumberg, 2009). Thus the knowledge gained through textbooks has regulating power on individuals (Ullah & Haque, 2016) and textbooks have the power to influence gender stereotypes and social power (Kobia, 2009). In the context of Pakistan the existing literature has identified that primary school syllabus in the country portray strong gender bias (Ullah & Skelton, 2013; Ullah & Haque, 2016). Gender biased text and illustration have been reported in primary school textbooks in Pakistan where the activities of boys and girls have been found to be stereotypical and sexist (Ullah & Haque, 2016). Likewise, domination of male and representation of women in traditional roles has been raised as a concern in the primary textbooks (Ullah & Skeleton, 2014). This is so despite Pakistani government’s international commitments to ensure gender equality in educational policies and increased emphasis on equality of education in the Pakistani constitution (Government of Pakistan Ministry of Education, 2009; Ullah & Skelton, 2014; Ullah & Haque, 2016). Taking this as a point of departure in this paper we argue that since textbooks are reported to be gender biased these reproduce the existing gender inequalities in the society. Hence, the aim is to identify those patterns in textbooks that reinforce the existing patriarchal structure of the Pakistani society and exhibit gender discrimination through the biased representation of girls and boys. We posit that since textbook are the necessary constituent of education so these have the responsibility to act as vehicle to eliminate gender bias and stereotypes instead of promoting them. This motivates us to investigate gender representation in primary level textbooks in Pakistan particularly focusing on three publishing companies in Pakistan. These include AFAQ, National Book Foundation (NBF) and Oxford University Press (OUP). This was done by examining the visibility of female and male characters, images, tenses and narrator in the selected textbooks. The publishers AFAQ and NBF are mainly published under the guidance of Ministry of Education while OUP under the supervision of Oxford University Press. However, based on the National curriculum 2006 each book has number of units based on different title and themes. The Oxford University press publishes a range of English and Urdu textbooks at all levels but for English textbooks of OUP we have selected ‘Oxford Modern English’ and for Urdu ‘Meri Kitab’. The main reason for selecting these three publishing companies is the fact that these are widely taught across schools in Pakistan and upon preliminary investigation


these were found to contain images and text which are to some extent gender biased. Hence, we decided to do further research on these publishers with the aim to highlight the issue of gender representation in the selected books. The findings of this paper will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on gender representation in textbooks especially from a sociological lens. Though numerous academic studies have been conducted in different contexts and by using different textbooks taught in public and private sector in Pakistan yet studies specifically focusing on the selected textbooks have not been carried out yet. Additionally, we believe that more researches are needed in the Pakistani context on this issue in order to increase our understanding of gender inequalities prevalent in the society and the role of schooling and textbooks in perpetuating such inequalities. Such studies are significant since these will lead to develop strategies and policies for a more gender balanced society in the coming years. Literature Review Gender representation in School textbooks is an area of research that has attracted various disciplines including Sociology of Gender and Sociology of Education for the last few decades and it is an area that is well researched (Clark, & Mahoney, 2004; Fox, 1993; Kohl, 1995; Oyebola, 2003; Plumm, 2008; Ullah & Skelton, 2013; Visser, 2002). As a consequence of the extensive studies on children’s textbooks, there have been some improvements (Mccabe et. al. 2011). Nevertheless, researches in many countries argue that girls remain under represented in school textbooks especially at primary levels (Skelton, 2011; Ullah & Skelton 2012). This ultimately influences the status of women across societies. Hence, we believe that the area needs the attention of researchers and policy makers. This is so because textbooks can fix societal problems by redressing the gender inequalities persisting in societies. Hence textbooks are seen as powerful agents of social change as they propagate universal values to pupils (Dejene, 2017). Since pupils’ ability to inculcate core values is at its peak during early years of schooling. Therefore, primary level curriculum plays a pivotal role in educating young minds and shaping their personalities. It is largely due to this reason that primary levels of textbooks have attracted the attention of researchers across societies. Investigation in the field of gender and schooling reveals that school textbooks being a central medium of information in all societies have proved to be a fundamental support for training. Textbooks permit access to all sorts of knowledge. They do not just build up the capability to read and write but they also support crucial judgment, freedom and creativeness. For numerous individuals in the private world who do not have access to reading material for whatever reasons there may be, textbooks offer an introduction to the print media. Importantly,


textbooks are important in gender socialization of children (Lee & Collins 2009). Textbooks put forward variety of identities, comforts, attitudes, and experiences for children. Basic level textbooks are measured as mostly significant, as they include the necessary realistic facts and skills that kids are thought to attain, which robustly influence their outlook of life, their gender socialization, and the imitation of gender inequality and stereotypes in the culture (Thun, 2001). Textbooks are deployed in transmitting not only some knowledge regarding a specific subject but they also have a significant role in conveying the view point of the textbook producers (Mineshima, 2008). As far as the sex illustration in textbooks is concerned gender discrimination and biasness has been reported in many studies. Stockdale (2006) for example evaluated the series concerning sex unfairness linked matters that involve reflectivity, firstness, nouns, pronouns and discourse characters. His investigation revealed that the series showed a meaningful partiality in favour of men. Likewise, high school chemistry textbooks were examined by Bazler & Simonis (1991). They investigated that there was an imbalance somehow in sex depiction. The chemistry tutors were stimulated by the writers to examine the textbooks cautiously for the promotion of sex equivalence. The literature regarding sex roles in textbooks described in various studies have predominantly focused on two important aspects including visibility and attribution. It has been reported that irrespective of the roots of textbooks, men are more observable in texts and graphics than women. A study conducted by Neutze (2008) illustrated the unequal ration of male and female in textbooks. It was reported to be 1.5:1 in whole design and 2:1 as leading roles. History books were studied by Lerner and Nagai (1991) for contrary dealing by sex. They investigated that males were stated seven times more frequently than females in the textbooks of History, but females were stated in a constructive way. Likewise, Gisnet (1988) in the context of Israel reported 89% male in English textbooks. As a whole, the percentage of females was 33 of all the roles. Hellinger (1980) highlighted that women were omitted from the names of stories, and women occurred in less than 10 percent of the story names in English linguistic textbooks used in German institutes. In the mainland Chinese linguistics textbooks out of 93 roles 82 were found to be male (Ning, 1992). Blumberg (2009) studied textbooks from in different contexts across the world and found that sex labels and women under-representation are still widespread. In a study on usage of online syntax guide by students Amare (2007) found that in illustration of linquistic make references were used three times more than female ones. Likewise, Turner-Bowker (1996) studied that women in kids fiction were usually accorded weakness, submissiveness, negative appraisal, and femaleness, whereas, the men attributes contain power, action, positive appraisal and maleness. Women


were mostly portrayed as good-looking, precious, sweet, feeble and afraid, whereas males were immense, horrifying, brutal, great, awful, enraged, daring and superior. An analysis of twenty four school textbooks by Ullah and Haque (2016) taught in public schools in Pakistan found gender biased text and illustrations. The activities of boys and girls were found to be stereotypical. Gender bias was also found in dialogues and conversations. Male were shown in central characters. Trips and excursions too were found to be gendered. Based on their findings the authors argue that the representation of gender in textbooks children understands of appropriate behavior in the society (Ullah & Haque, 2016). Likewise, a similar study in Pakistan reports dominance of male in school textbooks. The study reports that female are depicted in traditional gender roles and hence the textbooks reinforce the patriarchal family structure (Ullah & Skeleton, 2014). However, in contrast to the above researches discussed here, some studies have revealed that males and females are depicted similarly, for instance, by using a critical discourse investigation technique Tahriri and Pauran (2014) worked on the Top Notch Sequence in terms of sex depiction. They did the investigation of three main features of sex, namely associations, locations, and content centred on the three dimensional model of Fairclough (2001). They examined that males and females were characterized in a same manner. Their investigation revealed that the sequence has resorted to the entrepreneurship thought in representing sex. The above studies inform us about the visibility of women and men in text in different contexts. Clearly discriminatory and unequal portrayal of men and women is widespread in textbooks across the world. These studies clearly highlight that how boys and girls are represented in school textbooks is problematic. School textbooks educate the young minds to behave in certain way. This in fact leads to the internalization of the patriarchal mindset by the young boys and girls who inculcate gender biased attributes through the textbook which they later reinforce in their adulthood. Hence, the cycle of male domination and power continues. Hence, this warrants the need to study textbooks from a critical lens since this is an area that needs attention especially from those doing researches within Sociology of Education. This is important since understanding the how women and men are represented in textbooks may guide us to provide relevant recommendations at policy level to reduce gender bias in curriculum for a more gender balanced society. Methodology This paper takes a liberal feminist lens to study gender representation in textbooks (Alvesson & Skoldberg, 2017; Anderson, 2002). A qualitative content analysis


has been used to analyze gender representation in the selected textbooks. Qualitative content analysis is one of the many methods that have been utilized to examine the text data. The researchers who have used this method mainly focus on the language as communication by highlighting the content and contextual meaning of text and images (Tesch, 1990). This paper is inspired by the qualitative content analysis as proposed by Hsieh and Shannon (2005). They have proposed three types of qualitative content analysis i.e. conventional, directed and summative. These tend to conceptualize textual data in realistic perspective. Conventional content analysis is specifically utilized in the study whose purpose is to define the particular phenomena and it is usually suitable when the prevailing theory and literature is limited on that phenomena. Predetermined classifications are avoided (Kondracki & Wellman, 2002) instead it allows codes to flow from data. It is an inductive approach which involves immersion in data. Its goal is to authorize or prolong a theory (Mayring, 2000). Directed content analysis is more organized procedure in which the codes emerge from existing theory or literature (Hickey & Kipping, 1996). The purpose is theory validation. Finally, in summative approach, definite words or contents in the text are counted with the aim to understand their textual use. The purpose of this quantification is not to infer meaning as such but to explore the usage practice and norm (Potter & Levine-Donnerstein, 1999; Hsieh & Shannon, 2005). In the final stage of this approach the focus is on understanding the underlying meaning of the word and the content (Babbie, 1992). In this paper summative approach has been used to interpret the data. The Material for the Research The major concern of this research is to highpoint the representation of gender in primary level Urdu and English textbooks of three public and private publishers including AFAQ, NBF and OUF. The textbooks which were selected are taught both in public and private schools in Pakistan. For the selection of textbooks purposive sampling technique was used. Prior to the selection of textbooks ten private schools were visited in Islamabad and the selection of textbooks was made in the light of their frequency of being used in schools. Key Findings from the Selected Textbooks

1. Male characters were more visible in all the selected textbooks compared to female characters.

2. The activities assigned to gender reflected the stereotypical roles assigned to men and women in the Pakistani society.


3. The vocabulary used to represent female and male in the selected textbooks present and reinforce the stereotypical language used in the Pakistani culture.

Findings and Discussion Visibility Visibility of female and male is a major manifestation of sexism in schoolbooks, which is also called omission, where the appearance of female is often less than men. It speaks of the undermining of female as compared to male in text (Porreca 1984, p. 706). Visibility in the selected textbooks was determined through visibility through characters, visibility through photographs and narrator of the lesson. These have been presented in the table 1.1 and will be discussed below.

Table: 1.1 Visibility through female and male characters

Visibility of Gender Character

English Books Male Female

AFAQ NBF OUP AFAQ NBF OUP Main Characters

88 (66.2)

24 (61.5)

37 (73)

45 (33.8)

15 (38.5)

14 (27.5)

Supporting Characters

39 (45.9)

26 (76.5)

24 (63.5)

46 (54.1)

8 (23.5)

14 (37)

Total 127 (58.3)

50 (68.5)

61 (68.5)

91 (41.7)

23 (31.5)

28 (31.5)

Visibility of Gender Character

Urdu Books Male Female

AFAQ NBF OUP AFAQ NBF OUP Main Characters

106 (65.4)

39 (69.6)

56 (81.2)

56 (34.6)

17 (30)

13 (18.8)

Supporting Characters

140 (79.1)

141 (87.5)

33 (86.5)

37 (21)

20 (12)

5 (13.5)

Total 246 (72.6)

180 (82.9)

89 (83.2)

93 (27.4)

37 (17)

18 (16.8)

The above table shows the result of visibility through characters in the English and Urdu textbooks of AFAQ, NBF and OUP. The table clearly depicts that in English textbooks the total percentage of female characters including main and supporting characters was 41.7 in AFAQ, 31.5 in NBF and 31.5 in OUP and that of male was found to be 58.3% in AFAQ, 68.5 in NBF and 68.5 in OUP. When it comes to Urdu textbooks, the percentage of main and supporting male characters


was 72.6 in AFAQ, 82.9 in NBF and 83.2 in OUP in contrast to 27.4 female in AFAQ, 17 in NBF and 16.8 in OUP. This clearly illustrates that the main and supporting characters were assigned to male in all three selected textbooks. This was true in both English and Urdu textbooks. The gender bias for supporting character was very vivid in case of NBF where 20(12%) female in contrast to 141(87.5%) male was found. Hence, analysis of the three textbooks in terms of characters highlights that male characters outnumbered females in the selected textbooks. There were clearly more characters in the AFAQ sun series than NBF and OUP. On this basis it can be anticipated that the discourses related to gender are also more profuse and diverse in AFAQ. On the other hand in NBF the female representation through main and as well as supporting characters were very less compare to rest of the textbooks. Likewise, when the comparison was made related to visibility in photographs gender imbalance in three of the English and Urdu textbooks was present. Male representation in pictures was much higher than female in all three textbooks. This ratio was higher in NBF and OUF compared to AFAQ. This gender imbalance reflects the patriarchal mind set of the Pakistani Society. In addition, it also raises serious concerns about the authorship of these textbooks and the policies of the publishers. Clearly, there is need to have more gender neutral and gender sensitive policies to remedy this issue. The above findings are similar to other studies reported by feminist writers in other parts of the worlds and in Pakistan too. Previously it has been reported that male characters in textbooks out number females. For example the study of Sajjadi (2004) reports that the male and female ratio in English as foreign language textbook was 6:1. More pictures and biographies of male were found in these text compared to female. Likewise, according to Ullah and Skelton (2013) the word he/him occurred more than she/her. In this study the authors have reported that male were portrayed in leading roles and made up 73% of those represented in 30 biographies.

Table: 1.2 Gender visibility in photographs of english textbooks

Book Female Male AFAQ NBF OUP AFAQ NBF OUP

English 179 (33.8)

179 (42.2)

216(34.3) 350(66.2) 245(58.7) 414(65.7)

Urdu 179(35.9) 34(23.9) 70(19.6) 320(64.1) 108(76) 287(80.4) Likewise, the gender imbalance was clearly evident through the analysis of photographs. Male’s visibility was found to be higher compared to female in all the selected images from the textbooks. In numerous cases, images of the same men were repeated quite a number of times in different places in the textbook and in some cases there were multiple images on the same page. In AFAQ textbooks


the number of males appearing in the given images in English textbooks were 66.2% and that of female were 33.8%. In case of Urdu textbooks 35.9% female and 64.1 male images were present. In NBF the total no of appearances of both gender in the English book was 424. Out of this men were 245(58.7%) in pictures in contrast to 179(42.2%) women. In Urdu books the illustrations of male and female were 76% and 23.4% respectively. In case of OUP textbooks in English textbook, out of 630 images, there were only 216(34.3) female whereas 414(65.7) male. Similarly, in Urdu books, from the total of 357 images 70(19.6%) were the images of female whereas 287(80.7%) were images of male. This again illustrates a strong gender imbalance in the selected textbooks. Comparing these findings with the related studies conducted previously in this area it seems that similar findings were reported earlier too. In a study on the gender balance in illustration of textbooks carried out by Oyebola (2003) it was found that the selected textbooks included gender imbalanced illustrations. The findings of the present study are also similar to the findings from the study done by Ismail et al, (2012). However, the findings obtained from above table oppose Dominguez (2003) who has argued that the trend is changing and publishers are careful not to publish gender sensitive contents in school textbooks.

Table: 1.3 Narrator of the lesson in english textbooks

Narrator of the Lesson in English textbooks

Male Female

AFAQ NBF OUP AFAQ NBF OUP

Book

English 25 13 20 12 8 15 Urdu 36 21 45 15 16 23

The above table shows that the frequency of repetition of male narrators was more compared to females in all the selected textbooks. In case of AFAQ English textbooks, out of 67 stories only 12 were narrated by females, 25 by males and in 30 stories gender was not specific. Similarly in AFAQ Urdu textbooks there were total 122 stories in which 15 were narrated by females, 36 by males and in remaining 71, gender was not distinguished. In NBF English textbooks there were 13 men, 8 women, and in the rest of the 21 lessons, the gender of the narrator was not specific. On the other hand, in Urdu book out of 67 stories there were 21 men, 16 women and 30 without specific gender. Finally in OUP from total 60 chapters in English books of class 1 to 5 only 20 were narrated by males, 15 by female and in 25 chapters the narrator was not specific. While in Urdu textbooks only 23 were females and the remaining 45 were males. This analysis also shows discrimination in the way women and men are portrayed in the selected textbooks. Activities Assigned to Both Gender Representation of boys and girls in activities has been an area researched previously. Different researches have shown that men are generally involved in


activities like gardening, fixing, repairing, playing, and educational activities whereas on the other hand women are involved in activities like dishwashing, laundry, childcare, and cooking. In a study of school textbooks in the KPK Province of Pakistan Ullah & Haque (2016) found that boys were involved in activities including, exercising, flying kites, helping others outside home, discussing reform of society, posting letters, helping fathers in harvesting. In the same study girls on the other hand were depicted within the domestic domain engaged in activities like reciting Quran, serving grandmother, disposing garbage, praying, serving food and cooking etc. Hence, considering the importance of activities assigned to genders in previous studies the same was analyzed in this research as well. The results are presented in table 2 below.

Table: 2 Activities assigned to gender

Male and female Activities English Urdu AFAQ NBF OUP AFAQ NBF OUP F M F M F M F M F M F M

Doing housework 3 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Working 0 10 7 11 11 9 0 6 2 5 9 5 Studying 3 36 12 18 1 19 0 4 2 9 3 27 Playing 12 21 0 1 11 24 7 8 0 0 6 26

Relaxing /Resting 4 11 9 9 6 8 8 8 4 3 8 5 Engaged in Social activities 9 11 11 16 2 4 0 14 2 3 2 13 Engaged in Personal/ family activities

8 5 4 0 8 9 5 9 0 0 5 5

The above table shows that similar to the findings of previous studies discussed above in the selected textbooks too all the selected textbooks women were mostly depicted to be involved in housework and engaged in personal and family activities while boys were portrayed to be working, playing and engaged in social activities. Hence, through these gendered messages the young men and women are informed about their feminine and masculine images and conducts (Skeggs, 2002). Vocabulary Used The existing literature on gender representation in textbooks shows that gender biased vocabulary is common in textbooks. For example Dixon (2005) has found that words like angry, happy, sad, clever, and honest supportive, friendly, kind-hearted and sociable are often used to differentiate male and female characters in textbooks. Vocabulary used in the selected textbooks was also critically examined in this study. While doing the analysis more focus has been given to the adjectives, which were used to describe the characteristics of both gender. In the Pakistani


society, there are some words which are specifically used for female like beautiful, emotional and pretty, whereas on the other hand words often associated with men include handsome, brave and rational. In the light of this common stereotypical division of words the researcher attempted to analyze if the same patterns were present in the selected textbooks.

Table: 3 Adjective used for gender

Books English book Urdu book Adjectives for Female

AFAQ

Caring, beautiful, simple, hardworking, good cook, clever, kind hearted, respectful, creative, good server, weak, happy.

Khoubsurat, piyari, lalachi, zaheen, samjdar, salleeqa mand, chalak, Hoshiyar, masoom*

NBF Intelligent, tall, dirty, emotional, beautiful, care taker, greedy, thin, kind hearted, intelligent, smart.

lalachi, zaheen, samjdar, , salleeqa mand, chalak, Hoshiyar, masoom*

OUP Faithful, confused, devoted, clean, beautiful, cleaver, pretty, naughty Hard work, Honest, fat, care taker, disciplined, loyal, lovely, charming.

lalachi, Naik, ebadaatguzar, zaheen, samjdar, Chitkhori, salleeqa mand, chalak, Hoshiyar, masoom*

Adjectives for Male AFAQ Lazy, intelligent, cleaver, healthy,

Intellectual, slow, obedient, active, intellectual, punctual, loving, careless, naughty, respected, wise respectful.

rehamdil, tameez dar, chota, tang, bechary, acha, kamzor, sharer, khush haal, tandurast, nojaawan, taqatwaar, mascara, aqil mand*

NBF Hardworking, wise, handsome, naughty, cleaver, rational, courageous, brave, bread winner, strong, intelligent, careless

rehamdil, tameez dar, chota, tang, bechary, acha, kamzor, sharer, khush haal, tandurast, nojaawan, taqatwaar, mascara, aqil mand*

OUP Hardworking, wise, handsome, naughty, clever, creative, tall, rational, Strict, Rude, courageous, brave, honour saver, bread winner, strong, intelligent, lazy, careless

Naik, rehamdil, piyara, tameez dar, golmotol, narm, chota, tang, bechary, acha, kamzor, sharer, khush haal, tandurast, borhy, nojaawan, mahir, taqatwaar, mascara, aqil mand*

*These Urdu words have been translated below. The data in this study illustrates that adjectives used to represent female and male in the selected textbooks present and reinforce the stereotypical language used in our


culture. For example in the Pakistani society boys are generally depicted as lazy, intelligent, careless, wise and healthy while on the other hand and women are depicted as caring, respectful, loving and kind hearted. Comparison on the basis of vocabulary shows that the adjective which were used for both gender in all of the three textbooks were similar and portrayed the stereotypical images of women and men existing in our society. Majority of the adjectives used for females referred to the personality and physical appearance of females such as beautiful, slim, young, emotional, attractive, shy, sincere, fat, curing and so on. On the other hand adjectives used for male characters, were related to personality of men such as courageous, brave, obedient, active, educated, proud, rude, and so on. In AFAQ series the adjectives used for female in English books were beautiful, simple, hardworking, good cook, clever, kind hearted, respectful, creative, good server, weak, and happy. The adjectives used for male in AFAQ series included lazy, intelligent, cleaver, healthy, Intellectual, slow, obedient, active, intellectual, punctual, loving, careless, naughty, respected, wise and respectful. In NBF English textbooks the adjective used for women intelligent, tall, dirty, emotional, beautiful, care taker, greedy and thin. While for men the adjectives used included hardworking, wise, handsome, naughty, cleaver, rational, courageous, brave, bread winner, strong, intelligent and careless. In OUP English textbooks the adjectives used for females included words like faithful, confused, devoted, clean beautiful, cleaver, pretty, naughty, hard work, Honest, fat, care taker, disciplined, loyal, lovely, charming. On the other hand for men the adjectives used included hardworking, wise, handsome, naughty, clever, creative, tall, rational, strict, rude, courageous, brave, honour saver, bread winner, strong, intelligent, lazy and careless. The adjectives used for both male and female in the Urdu textbooks also portrayed similar patterns. In the AFAQ, NBF and AUP Urdu textbooks adjectives attributed to female included Khoubsurat,(beautiful), samjdar,(sensible) salleeqa mand (well mannered), lalachi (greedy) and masoom (innocent). The adjectives used for male in the three textbooks included rehamdil (kind hearted), tameez dar (well mannered), bechary (poor), acha (good), sharer(naughty), khush haal (well off), tandurast (healthy), nojaawan (young), taqatwaar (strong), aqil mand (intelligent). These adjectives clearly depict the stereotypes assigned to both gender in the Pakistani society. Conclusions Considering the significance of empirical researches on gender equality in all life domains, this research was conducted to examine the representation of gender in three different textbooks which are taught in different schools of Pakistan at governmental and private levels. The primary question that guided this study was how boys and girls are portrayed in the selected primary Urdu and English textbooks. The analysis evidences gender bias in textbooks despite the commitment of the Pakistani state to gender equality at all levels.


The findings have clearly highlighted that females are excluded in several ways. The main characters are often assigned to boys; the major themes in textbook portray boys/men; important roles in text are assigned to boys/men and finally major responsibilities are attached to boys/men. Girls were highlighted to be involved in gender segregated activities fit for women according to the standards of the Pakistani society, while boys seem to be engaged in more important masculine tasks. The adjectives used for women too were sexist, conservative and showed gender bias. Hence, it can be concluded from the findings that the representation of gender in these textbooks clearly reinforces the existing patriarchal structure of the country. This highlights the power of textbooks - the invisible power (Foucault, 1980) that normalizes young minds to inculcate these activities and stereotypes learnt through the text and images as a standard which they perform through their acts and behavior towards women in the Pakistani society. Recommendations To reduce the gender biased attitude in textbooks it is suggested that policies related to education need to be revisited on urgent basis. The publishers and the authors of the textbooks may be sensitized about the importance of gender equality and hence they may be guided in the light of the formulated policies. Since, the role of publishers is powerful in establishing and approving gender neutral discourses it is important that they perform validity test before the final approval of books. Finally, the teachers and writers play powerful role in changing gender suitable deeds and attitudes. They can contribute in reducing gender inequality through their writings and teaching. References Alvesson, M. & Sköldberg, K. (2017). Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for

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Sociological Analysis of Child Abuse in Balochistan

Sadia Barrech Department of Social Work University of Balochistan

Muhammad Din

Department of Sociology International Islamic University Islamabad

Abstract

This study focus on child abuse in an association to family decorations of acknowledgment dismissal towards their children and the impact of demographic factors in Pakistani socio-cultural setting. The concerns over rising incidence of child abuse and neglect have received global attention. A number of national and international organizations have shown serious concerns and are demanding strict measures to tackle the issues of child protection.400 children (76% male & 26% female) of age ranging from 8-19 years were randomly selected. The data were collected from Quetta city. The results indicated that low monthly income of the family are one of the momentous elements of child abuse. Keywords: Child Abuse, Pakistan, Protection, Neglect.

تلخيص

Introduction Child abuse has fairly a while been noted in writing, art and science in frequent portions of the world. Information of child murder, mutilation, deserting and

102 Sadia Barrech, Muhammad Din

diverse forms of viciousness against children go back to obsolete human developments. The demonstrable record is similarly loaded up through information of dishevelled, powerless and starving children cast out by families to contest for themselves and of children who have been explicitly abused (Runyan et al., 2002). WHO conference on child abuse deterrence drafted define child abuse as: “Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and or emotional ill treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship or responsibilities, trust or power”. Maltreatment of children is a term used for both acts of instruction and oversight (Miller-Perrin & Perrin, 2012). The former is the use of abusive words or actions that consequences in real or potential harm to the child. The latter i.e. acts of omission on the other hand is a form of neglect, where the care takers of a child flops to deliver for the elementary physical, emotional, or educational needs of the child. It also encompasses protection from any physical harm. The abusive act can be performed by an individual e.g. a parent or at institutions like in hostels or schools or during processes like during war or famine (Mehnaz, 2018). Child abuse demonstrates in different structures, counting physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional or psychological alludes to a wide range of abuse that outcome in physical wounds, for example, bruises, welts, burns, abrasions, lacerations, cuts, or fractures. Sexual abuse additionally can include an assortment of injurious practices', extending from caressing or contacting to homosexuality, interbreeding, or assault (Kurst-Swanger & Petcosky, 2003). Disregard is characterized as any circumstance wherein a child gets no consideration by a parent or other essential guardian or gets attention that is beneath worthy network or expert benchmarks (e.g., neglects to give satisfactory nourishment, attire, asylum, or medicinal consideration). Passionate and mental abuse, which may happen related to different kinds of abuse recently referenced, additionally can have significant long haul ramifications for the child. Since this last sort of abuse is hard to characterize and distinguish, be that as it may, most research does not expressly incorporate psychological mistreatment in child abuse thinks about. Besides, few examinations have researched explicitly the connection between child disregard and liquor use (Widom, 2001). The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect as of late looked at meanings of abuse from 58 nations and discovered certain shared characteristic in what was viewed as oppressive. In 1999, the WHO Consultation on Child Abuse Anticipation recruited the accompanying explanation ''Child abuse or abuse comprises all types of physical as well as enthusiastic sick handling, sexual abuse, disrespect or uncaring handling or profitable or other waste, conveying around real or potential mischief to the child's wellbeing,

Sociological Analysis of Child Abuse in Balochistan 103

existence, improvement or pride with respects to a association of responsibility, conviction or control.'' Some descriptions centre around the practices or activities of grown-ups whereas others think about abuse to occur if there is hurt or the hazard of injury to the child (Nigro, 2005). The qualification between conduct paying little respect to the result and effect or mischief is a conceivably confounding one if parental goal structures some portion of the definition. A few specialists deliberate as incidentally hurt over the activities of a parent, although others necessitate that damage to the child be planned for the demonstration to be characterized as oppressive. A portion of the writing on child abuse unequivocally incorporates savagery beside children in established or institute situations (Quadara, et al., 2015). Generally, in Pakistan, children are instructed to be accommodating and expected to endure viciousness. The connection among children and older folks or grown-ups did not depend on common trust and warmth however suppressive and strong dutifulness. Savagery against children is regularly viewed as typical and adequate inside the family, schools, madrassas and diverse social circles in Pakistan. The society is tormented by the widespread child abuse; in excess of 12 children were abused each day in the initial a half year (January to June) of 2018, which has appeared 32pc increment in child abuse cases contrasted with the principal half of 2017, according to measurements (savage numbers) uncovered by Sahil, a non-legislative association. The information further demonstrated that 2,322 children were abused from January to June, 2018 contrasted with the 1,764 child abuse cases revealed in the initial a half year of 2017 from all over Pakistan (Sahil, 2019). According to Sahil, (2019) excess of 10 children were abused each day with complete 3,832 revealed instances of child abuse in the year 2018. These irritating measurements on child abuse were discharged in the report 'Coldblooded Numbers 2018'. The investigation demonstrates an expansion of 11 percent in the announced instances of child abuse in 2018 when contrasted with 3,445 cases detailed in the year 2017. The most huge increment, 61 percent, was seen in revealed instances of homosexuality though assault cases expanded by 15 percent when contrasted with the year 2017. The significant wrongdoing classifications of the revealed instances of child abuse in 2018 incorporate kidnapping 923, missing children 452, assault 537, homosexuality 589, endeavor of assault 345, group homosexuality 282, assault 156 and 130 instances of child relational unions. The statistics shows that 92 cases were accounted in 2018 for of homicide after sexual abuse that is an abatement of 16 percent cases when contrasted with detailed instances of year 2017. A sex examination of the information demonstrates that instances of homicide after sexual abuse of young men have expanded 50 percent in 2018 which was 42 percent in 2017 anyway instances of young ladies have diminished from 58 percent in 2017 to 50 percent in 2018. Generally speaking,


out of the absolute cases, 55 percent exploited people were young ladies and 45 percent were young men. The report has been aggregated from checking of 85 national and local papers with a target of introducing the information of the circumstance of viciousness on children as child sexual abuse, seizing and missing children, so significant techniques for prevention, intercession and assurance can be made and to add to existing data on CSA in Pakistan (Imran, 2019). Objectives of the Study

1. To find out the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents 2. To determine the causes and consequences of child abuse 3. To compare gender differences of children towards child abuse

Literature Review In spite of the fact that children have been the casualties of abuse from the beginning of time, the consideration of society did not wind up concentrated on the issue of child abuse until the 1960s. From that point forward, information of child abuse have kept on moving in North America, probable because of enhanced announcing techniques and expanded consciousness of abuse Division of Health and Human Services, 2001. Regardless, as maximum abuse happens in the security of the household family, the degree of authoritatively confirmed child abuse probably thinks little of the genuine rate of this issue (Finkelhor, 1987). Some upsetting beneficial encounters that shape directions of people's wellbeing and prosperity happen in initial life. Childhood abuse is a standout amongst the greatest broadly examined initial life afflictions (Gilbert et al., 2009), and similar to additional life occasions, introduction to childhood abuse isn't arbitrarily dispersed all through the populace. Children who experience childhood inadequately taught guardians (e.g., not exactly secondary institute grade; (Cancian, Yang & Slack, 2013) or solitary guardians are at more serious danger of being presented to abuse or disregard than their partners. Sex is a noteworthy socio-demographic indicator. While discoveries identified with physical or psychological mistreatment have been blended, young ladies are at more serious danger of being explicitly abused than young men. Despite the fact that the shame against accommodation and same-sex sexual connection might reduce young men hesitant to noise sexual abuse (Holmes & Slap, 1999), the excessively more serious danger of sexual abuse among young ladies has been steady crosswise over various evaluations, times, and social orders (Gilbert et al., 2009). In spite of the fact that there are numerous sorts of child abuse, physical abuse and neglect are the greatest ordinarily considered and detailed types of child abuse


(Tzeng, Jackson, & Karlson, 1991). They additionally generally co-happen. The initial phase in disposing of these two types of child abuse is to recognize the guardians that are in danger for this conduct. A proper, organized hazard appraisal is probable the best methods for distinguishing those in danger for child abuse. Shockingly, there are numerous issues with the hazard appraisal frameworks at present being used in North America. The principle analysis includes the dependence on agreement as opposed to exact proof in the decision of hazard factors (Wald & Woolverton, 1990). Numerous purviews additionally put on these replicas improperly; for instance, utilizing the tools to settle on choices for that they were not planned (e.g., evaluating if to explore a explosion. A portion of the frameworks have been censured in light of the fact that they increment the outstanding task at hand for assessors because of the extra desk work mandatory (Doueck, Bronson, & Levine, 1992). The capacity of the present frameworks to anticipate abuse and disregard is additionally genuinely poor (Lyons, & Wodarski, 1996). Because of the office explicit nature of several prevailing tools, there is a requirement for overall hazard evaluation rules for child abuse and disregard that would be valuable for an assortment of experts counting clinicians, restorative labourers, social specialists, etc (Gardner, 1989). These experts are associated with various exercises that would profit by a general hazard appraisal tool. For instance, communal labourers reflect chance for child abuse and disregard when they settle on choices, for example, regardless of whether a child ought to be expelled from his or her home (Allen, 1994). Clinicians make proposals regarding care and entrée that ought to incorporate an evaluation of hazard for child abuse and disregard. Rectifications operate might want to reflect hazard for child abuse and disregard when settling on various choices, for example, regardless of whether a guilty party ought to be denied pre-preliminary discharge since he represents an inevitable hazard to his or her children. These experts would be very much helped by overall hazard evaluation rules for child abuse and disregard. Moreover, a typical tool would improve correspondence amongst experts (Karmen, 2012). Any overall method to manage child abuse must consider the changing standards and wants for child raising behaviour in the extent of social orders far and wide. Values is a society's normal store of feelings and practices, and its thoughts of in what way individual sought to act. Joined into these thoughts can't avoid being musings with respect to what shows of prohibition or commission may build up abuse and negligence (Zelizer, 1994). By the day's end, culture describes the generally recognized norms of child-bringing up and attention of children. Dissimilar social orders have diverse instructions regarding what are commendable child rising performs. A couple of experts have prescribed that points of view on child-raising transversely over social orders may meander to


such an magnitude, that admission to what performs are harming or thoughtless may be exceptionally problematic to accomplish. In any case, differentiates in how social orders portray what is unmannerly have additional to do with highlighting explicit pieces of parental lead. It makes the feeling that there is overall seeing across over various social orders (Zelizer, 1994). Beside the prompt physical damage's children can involvement over abuse, a child's responses to abuse or disregard can have deep rooted and even intergenerational influences. Childhood abuse could be connected to later physical, mental, and conduct results just as expenses to culture overall (Shonkoff et al., 2012). These results might be free of one another, yet they likewise might be consistent. For instance, abuse or disregard might feat physical improvement of the child's cerebrum and principal to mental issues, for example, low confidence, which could later prompt high-hazard practices, for example, material usage (Lee, 2013). The results for every child might differ generally and are influenced by a mix of elements, counting the child's age and formative position when the abuse happened; the sort, recurrence, span, and seriousness of the abuse; and the connection among the child and the culprit. Also, children who knowledge abuse regularly are influenced by other antagonistic encounters (e.g., parental material use, abusive behaviour at home, neediness), which could brand it hard to isolate the extraordinary impacts of abuse (Rosen, Handley, Cicchetti, & Rogosch, 2018). Child abuse and neglect can have wrecking and dependable consequences for a child and could upshot in unfavourable communal effects, counting mind-boggling expenses for administrations and expanded association in the adolescent and illegal equity frameworks (Briggs & Hawkins, 1996). In any case, networks could act to stalk the impacts of abuse and smooth avert it. Proof founded administrations and provisions could advance defensive influences that alleviate the impacts of abuse just as give relations and networks the devices to stop abuse earlier it happens (Açar, 2018). Child wellbeing offices can effort with relations and networks to lead activities that expand upon qualities and discourse requirements (Quinsey, 2004). As indicated by UNICEF South Africa measurements from the South African Police Service in excess of 54,000 instances of wrongdoings against children were accounted for between 31 March 2011 and 1 April 2012 where Sexual offenses make up about a large portion of the announced figure and around 30 present of these unfortunate casualties are under 10 years of age. Research has appeared in most abuse cases, the guilty parties are known to the children (UNICEF, 2012). In Pakistan, according to unofficial report, 15-25% children are sexually abused in Pakistan. In Karachi 88.7% of school children reported physical abuse; 17% of


300 school children in Rawalpindi/ Islamabad were sexually abused (1 in 5 boys and 1 in 7 girls), 72% of the victims/survivors who were abused were below the age of 13 years. In 80% of cases, the abuser is a close acquaintance, 20,000-40,000 children are engaged in prostitution in Pakistan. Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is more common than any other form of exploitation in Pakistan (Mehnaz, 2018). Child abuse is not inadequate to pounding, WHO describes child abuse as “the abuse and neglect faced by children under the age of 18 years, includes 1 physical, sexual and emotional abuse” (Claussen & Crittenden, 1991). Physical abuse envelops causing brief or changeless harm to the physical working of a child, for instance, flogging, thrashing, gagging, gnawing and deliberately consuming. Sexual abuse is connecting with children in sexual exercises they can't comprehend or agree to, counting presenting the child to explicitly unequivocal physical or utilizing the child in sex entertainment, and assault (MacMillan et al., 2006). Psychological mistreatment is the progressing enthusiastic abuse of a child. It is likewise called mental abuse and can altogether harm child's emotional well-being and advancement. Psychological mistreatment includes harassing, intentionally attempting to frighten, mortify, disconnect, disregard, degenerate or 7 threaten a child (Eckenrode et al., 2000). In Pakistan legitimate foundations have been inadequate to manage child abuse however there has been some advancement in declaration of rules as of late tending to the matter. In 2016 the second Amendment of the Criminal Law Act was endorsed by National Assembly, ephemeral the extensive past due bill on Child Abuse. This Bill climbed the period of criminal obligation from 7 years to 12 years. It gives insurance to children from all types of physical abuse counting whipping. Moreover, it augmented its meaning of child sexual abuse to incorporate and punish paraphilia similar to prurience, exhibitionism and utilizing the child in erotic entertainment, though, beforehand just 12 assault was condemned. The circumstance of child abuse in Pakistan in worse than some other creating or created nation yet non accessibility of the measurements at government level with respect to the predominant circumstance of child abuse makes it progressively significant. As per a UNICEF report (2004) roughly 40% of the all-out child populace younger than 5 years endured unhealthiest, 63% amongst a half year to 3 years delayed development, iron deficient and underweight and baby death ratio is 81%. Deprived circumstances reach out to the training area as well, 23 million children in Pakistan had never been to class and 21% were the casualty of child relational unions. Just a single third of every single Pakistani child younger than five are enlisted during childbirth (Malik, 2010a).


Physical abuse in Pakistan is the utmost widely recognized piece of the corrective preparing strategies utilized by the guardians. In some cases it is so much tender that children get extreme injuries therefore, even other professional undertakes that may physically abuse children include educators and relations who might similarly have a confounded believed of control. Its exhibition and apparition is as hitherto an inquiry. There is as yet a additional remarkable essential of building up such workplaces all over Pakistan to harvest measurable evidence with deference to the prevalence of child abuse and neglect in Pakistan (Naz & Kausar, 2014). Child sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the significant general medical issues that exist all inclusive. Child sexual abuse is course of strong sexual act from anybody on a child(London, Bruck, Ceci, & Shuman, 2005). It isn't just identified with physical reach; it is likewise identified with noncontact abuse, for example, erotic entertainment, introduction, voyeurism, etc (American mental Association, 2014). CSA represents around 10% for all the official cases detailed of child abuse, and in 2000; 88,000 of instances of CSA were accounted for (Putnam, 2003). Concentrates in different pieces of the world on child sexual abuse has featured that young lady child are probably going to be abused more than that of a kid child. Johnson (2004) has recorded a report from Europe that shows 6–36% of young female and 1–15% of young males additional young than 16 years have encountered CSA(Abreu, 2005). Child sexual abuse can occur by family, companions, relatives, neighbors, instructor or outsiders. Also, when child sexual abuse happens, it makes a long keep going mental injury on child's conduct (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2011). 9 out of 10 sexually abused children know their abusers and get terrified of revealing this awful demonstration (Hadianfard, 2014). Despite the fact that child abuse has turned into a focal point of worry for government and open segments for most recent binary spans in Pakistan yet physical abuse as brutal punitive and child raising applies are normal in Pakistani culture. Physical discipline at home or schools is a vital piece of our day by day situation. Every year, generally assessed, around 50,000 children with recognizable wounds serious sufficient to involve hospitalization are not in any case revealed and an expected 8 million children below fifteen year of age out of 30 million of nation's populace of this age are associated with child work represented. About 63% of children amongst a partial year and 3 years have delayed development and 42% are pale and underfed. Deprived circumstances reach out to the instruction segment (Malik, 2010b). As signposted by the UNICEF, about three million children younger than 14 and 18 % of children concerning the ages of 10 and 15 are engaged with work. 30% expansion ended the earlier year in the quantity of children fleeing from home in 2013(Cowie, 2013). The majority of them leftward household in light of


youngster pounding by the custodians, aggressive behaviour at home and family money related issues. In Pakistan physical abuse or pounding is the greatest piece of the corrective fixing approaches Methodology Methodology is an understanding of obvious principles and systems on which research is rooted and beside that assert for wisdom are evaluated. The idea, structures, tackles and procedures that are used to contemplate scientific scholars are allude as reasonable technique. Mthe researcher whereas conducting the research and moreover fills in as instrument for the measurement of latest information. The present study is quantitative in nature tables are shaped to examine the data. So aand frequencies of the data are introduced in tables. Mutually with exchange, the univariate and bivariate examinations has been led. Sample size of the present study was about 400 respondents which were selected through simple random sampling. The universe of the present study was Quetta City. In the light of particular targets of the research a questionnaire consisting open and closed ended questions were used. Statistical package for Social sciences (SPSS) were utilized to examine the data. Sample is draw by using taro Yamani formula.

Where n= Sample Size N= Total Population of the Study e = Margin of error Margin of error = Result and Discussions

Figure (1) Survey respondents

26%


by the custodians, aggressive behaviour at home and family money related issues. In Pakistan physical abuse or pounding is the greatest piece

approaches used by the protectors(Naz & Kausar, 2014

understanding of obvious principles and systems on which research is rooted and beside that assert for wisdom are evaluated. The idea, structures, tackles and procedures that are used to contemplate scientific scholars are allude as reasonable technique. Methodology fundamentally offers a rule for the researcher whereas conducting the research and moreover fills in as instrument for the measurement of latest information. The present study is quantitative in nature tables are shaped to examine the data. So also, percentages and frequencies of the data are introduced in tables. Mutually with exchange, the univariate and bivariate examinations has been led. Sample size of the present study was about 400 respondents which were selected through simple random

The universe of the present study was Quetta City. In the light of particular targets of the research a questionnaire consisting open and closed ended questions were used. Statistical package for Social sciences (SPSS) were utilized

Sample is draw by using taro Yamani formula.

Where n= Sample Size N= Total Population of the Study = Margin of error Margin of error =(.05) ).

Figure (1) Survey respondents

74%

26%

Gender

109

by the custodians, aggressive behaviour at home and family money related issues. In Pakistan physical abuse or pounding is the greatest piece

Naz & Kausar, 2014).

understanding of obvious principles and systems on which research is rooted and beside that assert for wisdom are evaluated. The idea, structures, tackles and procedures that are used to contemplate scientific scholars

ethodology fundamentally offers a rule for the researcher whereas conducting the research and moreover fills in as instrument for the measurement of latest information. The present study is

lso, percentages and frequencies of the data are introduced in tables. Mutually with exchange, the univariate and bivariate examinations has been led. Sample size of the present study was about 400 respondents which were selected through simple random

The universe of the present study was Quetta City. In the light of particular targets of the research a questionnaire consisting open and closed ended questions were used. Statistical package for Social sciences (SPSS) were utilized

Male

Female

110

Figure (1) shows gender wise majority 74% of the respondents were male and 26% were female, the ratio of female respondents was low because of the spiritual and ordinary values of the society. Questionnaires were filled by head of the

Figure (2) Age of the subject of the study Figure (2) displays the age of the respondents. Date displays that 30% of the respondents were in the age group of 11the age group of 14-16 years. respondents were in the age group of 17respondents was in the age group of 8

Figure 3 demonstrates the monthly income of therespondents have income within range of 28

31%

21%

13%

3%

Sadia Barrech, Muhammad Din

Figure (1) shows gender wise distribution of the respondents. Data shows that majority 74% of the respondents were male and 26% were female, the ratio of female respondents was low because of the spiritual and ordinary values of the society. Questionnaires were filled by head of the households.

Figure (2) Age of the subject of the study

Figure (2) displays the age of the respondents. Date displays that 30% of the respondents were in the age group of 11-13 while 31 % 0f the respondents

16 years. Moreover the data shows that 20 % of the were in the age group of 17-19 years whereas 19 % of the

was in the age group of 8-10 years.

Figure 3 demonstrates the monthly income of the respondents. Around 29% ofe income within range of 28-33 thousand, 21% within 34

19%

30%31%

20%

Age

8 t0 10

11 to 13

14 to16

17 to 19

14%12%

8%29%

Monthly Income

10000-

16000-

22000-

28000-

34000-

40000-

46000-

distribution of the respondents. Data shows that majority 74% of the respondents were male and 26% were female, the ratio of female respondents was low because of the spiritual and ordinary values of the

Figure (2) displays the age of the respondents. Date displays that 30% of the 13 while 31 % 0f the respondents were in

Moreover the data shows that 20 % of the 19 years whereas 19 % of the

respondents. Around 29% of the 33 thousand, 21% within 34-39

8 t0 10

11 to 13

14 to16

17 to 19

-15000

-21000

-27000

-33000

-39000

-45000

-51000


thousand, 14% within 1016-21 thousand, 8% within 22monthly income 46-51 thousand.

Figure 5shows data about the number of children. Majority 65% of the subjects of the study have 1-3 children whereas 20% has 4subjects of the study were having more than 6

To know the association between age of the subjects of the stthe chi square was connected. Actually chi square value is =201.460 with P

Number of Children in Family


thousand, 14% within 10-15 thousand, 13% within 40-45 thousand, 12% within 21 thousand, 8% within 22-27 thousand whereas 3% of respondents have

51 thousand.

data about the number of children. Majority 65% of the subjects of 3 children whereas 20% has 4-6 children and only 15% of the

were having more than 6

To know the association between age of the subjects of the study and Child abuse the chi square was connected. Actually chi square value is =201.460 with P

20%

65%

15%

Number of Children in Family

1 to 3

4 to 6

More than 6

111

45 thousand, 12% within 27 thousand whereas 3% of respondents have

data about the number of children. Majority 65% of the subjects of 6 children and only 15% of the

udy and Child abuse

the chi square was connected. Actually chi square value is =201.460 with P –

1 to 3

4 to 6

More than 6


Value = .001 that is viewed as not as much as that of the significance level = 0.05, so scientist rejected null hypothesis which is there is no relationship of age of the subjects of the study and Child abuse and acknowledge alternative hypothesis which presume that there is an association between age of the subjects of the study and Child abuse. Hypothesis of the examination is acknowledged and significant association between age of the subjects of the study and Child abuse. Significant association shows that low age of the respondents were having abnormal state of Child abuse when contrasted with the subjects of the study with more age.

To check the association between monthly income of the subjects of the study and Child abuse chi square was connected. Actually chi square value is =536.060 with P – Value = .001 which is viewed as not as much as that of the significance level = 0.05 so researcher rejected the null hypothesis which is there is no any relationship of monthly income of the of the subjects of the study and Child abuse, while alternative hypothesis is acknowledge which reason that there is an association between monthly income of the subjects of the study and Child abuse. Hypothesis of the examination is acknowledged and critical association between monthly income and Child abuse. Significant association demonstrates that subjects of the study with low income are more casualty of Child abuse when contrasted with high income. Conclusions The present examination has tended to the wonder of child abuse in like manner families with curious reference to Pakistani social setting while at the same time focusing on the most neglected and least heard populace and cantering noticeable suppositions winning in the society. The outcomes gave a one of a kind issue to further research here yet a great deal of research yet to be completed to further fortify the outcomes. The discoveries may help guardians to comprehend the


children's with low family pay are relationship with the child abuse. This relationship of family measure with child abuse and neglect may help the specialists in the field to centre and comprehend the marvel from this viewpoint. The parental mindfulness with respect to child raising practices and children's rights is exceedingly imperative to upgrade the nature of family life and to avert rate of child abuse and neglect. The findings of the study highlights that low age of the respondents were having abnormal state of Child abuse when contrasted with the subjects of the study with more age. Moreover it administrates that respondents with low income are more casualty of Child abuse when contrasted with high income. References Abreu, V. B. (2005). Emotional Indicators of Child Sexual Abuse in Draw a

Person Projective Drawing Using Selected Van Hutton's Scoring Criteria: Carlos Albizu University.

Açar, K. V. (2018). OSINT by Crowdsourcing: A Theoretical Model for Online

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Allen, D. E. (1994). The Naturalist in Britain: ASocial History: Princeton

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Experiences of Convicted Male Child Molesters and Men Who Were Sexually Abused in Childhood and Claimed to be Nonoffenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.20:3, pp.221-233.

Cancian, M., Yang, M.Y. & Slack, K. S. (2013). The Effect of Additional Child

Support Income on the Risk of Child Maltreatment. Social Service Review, vol.87:3, pp.417-437.

Claussen, A. H. & Crittenden, P. M. (1991). Physical and Psychological

Maltreatment: Relations among Types of Maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.15:1-2, pp.5-18.

Cowie, H. (2013). From Birth to Sixteen: Children's Health, Social, Emotional

and Linguistic Development: Routledge. Doueck, H. J., Bronson, D. E. & Levine, M. (1992). Evaluating Risk Assessment

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Eckenrode, J., Ganzel, B., Henderson Jr, C. R., Smith, E., Olds, D. L., Powers, J. & Sidora, K. (2000). Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect with a Program of Nurse Home Visitation: The Limiting Effects of Domestic Violence. Jama, vol.284:11, pp.1385-1391.

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Psychiatric Annals, vol.17:4, pp.233-241. Gardner, R. A. (1989). Differentiating between Bona Fide and Fabricated

Allegations of Sexual Abuse of Children. J. Am. Acad. Matrimonial Law., vol.5, pp.215-235.

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(2009). Burden and Consequences of Child Maltreatment in High-Income Countries. The Lancet, vol.373:9657, pp.68-81.

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Multidisciplinary Perspectives: Oxford University Press. Lee, B. S. (2013). Adult Children of Alcoholics and Spirituality Experiences:

Differences from Children of Non-Alcoholics in Substance Abuse Treatment facilities. Adler School of Professional Psychology, Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.

London, K., Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J. & Shuman, D. W. (2005). Disclosure of Child

Sexual Abuse: What Does the Research Tell Us about the Ways that Children Tell? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, vol.11:1, p.194.

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MacMillan, H. L., Wathen, C. N., Jamieson, E., Boyle, M., McNutt, L. A., Worster, A., B., L., M., W. & McMaster Violence Against Women Research Group. (2006). Approaches to Screening for Intimate Partnerviolence in Health Care Settings: A Randomized Trial. Jama, vol.296:5, pp.530-536.

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Introduction: An Introduction: Sage. Naz, F. & Kausar, R. (2014). Childhood Abuse and Parental Acceptance-

Rejection in Adolescents with Conversion Disorder. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, vol.12:2, pp.3-9.

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Children: Princeton University Press. _____________________ Dr. Sadia Barrech is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Social Work, University of Balochistan. Muhammad Din is Research Scholar in the Department of Sociology, International Islamic University Islamabad.

Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences Vol. 10, 2019, pp.117-132, ISSN: 2409-0077

Social Work and Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan

Sajjad Hussain

Department of Social Work University of Malakand

Saira Miraj

Department of Social Work University of Peshawar

Rani Saddique

Department of Psychology University of Hazara

Abstract

Pakistan is exposed to various natural calamities due to its geophysical condition and climatic changes. In addition, man-made disasters also pose a threat to human lives and properties which includes industrial and transport disasters including oil spills, civil unrest, wars and conflicts. Although it is not possible to stop or prevent natural disasters, but the negative impacts of natural disasters can be minimized through human efforts. The government of Pakistan has adopted participatory approach as part of its policy for disaster management. This research paper is based on the analysis of secondary data for reviewing the existing policies with emphasis on disaster risk reduction in pre and post disaster period. The paper concludes that participation of target community is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis. The article suggests that community should be meaningfully involved in disaster risk reduction efforts at the local level. In this connection the role of social workers is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis. Keywords: Disaster, Social Work, Community, Participation, Sustainability

تلخيص

118 Sajjad Hussain, Saira Miraj, Rani Saddique

Introduction Disaster is basically an unexpected and unfortunate happening which may causes damage to human beings as well as animals, plants and even livestock. Disaster occurs quickly, instantly and indiscriminately. Disasters may be natural or man-made which cannot be controlled, through human efforts and disrupt the normal functioning of society (Ashraf & Shaha, 2016). These disastrous events accelerate the natural environmental processes to cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and extended dry conditions leading to long droughts, collision of celestial bodies, etc (Aziz, Saeed & Waseem, 2016). Thus disaster is an event usually happening all of a sudden causing damage to lives, properties, environment and services which is beyond the control of the affected community and needs external support for assistance, response and rehabilitation. Disasters are natural phenomenon which subsisted with the human civilizations (Swathi, 2015). New inventions and technological advancements, detached man form natural elements on the one side and enlarged vulnerability of human to the disasters on the other hand (World Health Organization, 2015). In disaster risk management context, a community can be taken as population residing in geographical areas, which is open to different calamities on account of their position. They may suffer hazards and disasters but still they have different opinions and vulnerability to risks. Thus people inside the vicinity will have stakes in risk reduction measure against or in favour (Tharoor, 2011). The UN member countries struggle to minimize the disasters risks at a global level. In order to achieve this, Hyogo, Yokohama and the current of Sendai, all the three international conventions under the United Nations monitor the risks of the disasters internationally (McEntire 2007). In March 2015, members of the UN World Conference approved the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. This framework aimed at enhancing the capabilities of the countries by targeting the governance and accountability of all the stakeholders involved in the disaster risk management (Aitsi-Selmi; Egawa., Sasaki., Wannous & Murray, 2015). This research is important in the Pakistani context because Pakistan has gone through several disasters in the past one and half decade that have resulted in heavy losses

Social Work and Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan 119

to humans and properties as well (Tozier de la Poterie & Baudoin, 2015). During the disasters, it is the poor who are affected the most because of their vulnerable socio-economic conditions, and therefore, the social workers role to mitigate the damages in the scenario is of vital importance. Moreover, besides improving the life standards of these vulnerable communities, the social worker is also involved in the uplift of the individuals and communities’ social structure. The primary focus of this study is highlighting the role and involvement of professional social workers before and after the disaster hits a community. Because of being prepared and equipped for the crises situations, the social workers have the skills to effectively respond and participate in the relief and rehabilitation. Furthermore, the study aims to find out the damages caused by the disasters due to unpreparedness on the part of the community, as well as, the government in the past. The volunteers – mostly non-professional – although had worked hard to tackle the crises, but their unawareness and lack of skills resulted in little help and more wastage of time and resources. Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) Community based disaster risk management is a process to minimize the vulnerabilities and improve the capabilities of susceptible community through identification monitoring execution and evaluation of disaster risks. In other words, people are onboard in all the decisions and their implementation in disaster risk management activities (Atta-Ur-Rahman & Shaw, 2015). Like other South Asian Countries, Pakistan is also faced with natural disasters like flood, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides that pose a threat to human lives as well as properties (Fatima, 2016). There are various factors responsible for vulnerabilities of Pakistani society to hazards which include low standard construction practices, inadequate communication infrastructure along with the poor socio-economic conditions of people. However harsh climatic conditions and scattered settlement patterns of mountainous areas of Pakistan are more susceptible to disasters. So it is expected in the coming years that the intensity and frequency of hazards may rise which will have a great impact on economy and social aspects of the society. In addition, disasters are believed to be the major hurdles to sustainable development (Waseem, 2011). Literature Review An Overview of Major Disaster in Pakistan Pakistan is also at the danger of various types of natural disasters including cyclones, floods, landslides, earthquake and droughts are more common. Apart from natural disasters, Pakistan is facing many technological and man-made disasters. According to Yasuyuki, Bhattcharyay, & Tomoaki, (2011) broadly, disasters can be divided in to the following main groups:


Groups Sub Groups Natural Disasters Earthquake

Floods Storms Extreme Temperature Mass Movement

Technological Disasters Road Traffic Accidents Industrial Accidents

Man Made Disasters Terrorism Natural Disasters During the last few decades there has been enormous increase in disasters worldwide (Tharoor, 2011). As a result of these disasters 1,200,000 people were killed throughout the globe during the period of 2000 to 2012. These disasters affected half of the world population (2.9 billion) caused damage up to 1.7 trillion dollars. In addition, due to climatic changes, by the end of 19th century world will get dangerously hot by an overall 1.4 degree Celsius (Mansoor, 2016). Pakistan is also regularly facing natural disaster like floods, earthquake, heat-wave, droughts etc. These natural disasters have badly affected the economy and damaged the infrastructure, disrupted the livelihoods, services and health care (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2015). During the last five decades, in Pakistan 162 natural disasters occurred in the country. During the last 50 years, Pakistan faced 23 earthquakes resulting in heavy loss to humans while thousands were injured, homeless and economy also suffered (Swathi, 2015). In addition the earthquake of 2005 and the 2010-2011 floods caused destruction leaving thousands of people injured, dead and many became homeless. The estimated loss due to flood on infrastructure was about $4 billion along with the total economic impact of $ 43 billion for the country (SFCG, 2013). Technological Disasters Technological disasters i.e. industrial, transport accidents are happening frequently in Pakistan. Hundreds of people have been killed in train accidents and plan crashes. According to Khan and Jaferi (2016), 23 people died due to collision of trains in Karachi. The urban areas of Pakistan like Gujranwala, Faislabad, Karachi, Lahore, and Sialkot are also at the risk of industrial disasters due to increasing industrialization and lack of safety measures (Atta-Ur-Rahman & Shaw, 2015). Karachi and Gawadar are two major ports of Pakistan which are also at risk of marine accidents. In august 2003, in Karachi, Greek old ship wreckage did big environmental losses; created health related issues for the nearby communities and also affected marine life as well by spilled out 28,000 ton of oil on the harbour area (National Disaster Management Authority, 2015).


Man-Made Disasters Man-made disasters can be defined as conditions that happen from a range of policy decisions and planned state actions which results in loss or damage to the physical and social infrastructure. Examples include war, internal strife, and brutal acts by rulers, epidemics and neo-liberal policies. These human-made disasters badly affect community driven development and results in loss to precious resources (Harding, 2007). According to McKay (2014), conflict is one of the greatest disasters that can strike any country and can lead to other types of disasters. Pakistan has suffered a lot due to fighting war on terror since past one and half decade. Pakistani nation has suffered more than 80,000 causalities on account of terrorism alone, including Pakistan Army which suffered approximate 49000 lives from September 2001 to 2008 and later 15681 till date .Pakistan has suffered a total loss of about US$ 100 billion/- in last 14 years of war on terror as against official losses of US$ 68 billion in fiscal year 2010/11 due to military operations from September 2001 till date. The Pakistani nation has also gone through the most tragic incident of Army Public School Peshawar directly hitting the psychosocial fabric of Pakistani community (Kazmi & Ali, 2015). Man-made disasters include urban fires and civil conflicts: Urban Fires Due to increasing industrialization and urbanization, the population of cities are increasing day by day. The industrial units established in urban centres are not following the safety measures and as a result incidents like fires occurs (ADPC, 2015). Pakistan experienced the worst and largest industrial accidents in the history of textile industry on the evening of 11th September 2012, when the fire broke out in a garment factory located in SITE Industrial Area of Karachi, Sindh. The incident claimed 256 lives of skilled and unskilled worker and around 55 workers were injured among over 600 workers who were in the factory at the time of accident. The total number of the employees was 1500-2000 but the factory has no official data about the total number of employees as they were employed through contractor (Fatima, 2016). In addition, due to increasing numbers of CNG stations, sale of petroleum products in small shops coupled with smoking cigarettes can cause a major fire. Lack of awareness and education on the part of general public make them more susceptible to urban fires and other such incidents which can cause loss of lives and properties (Rafi, Wasiuddin, & Siddiqui, 2012). Civil Conflicts During the past few decades, Pakistan has suffered a lot due to civil conflicts on the basis of ethnicity, religion and culture. During 1980s and 1990s, the conflicts


resulted in heavy losses to lives, and properties creating feelings of insecurity in the affected areas. In addition Pakistan has also hosted 6 million refugees as result of Afghan war while about 2 million still live in various parts of Pakistan has badly affected the social and economic fabric of society (Waseem, 2011). According to Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies in 2013, 1200 hundred people died as results of sectarian violence while 80 Christians were killed in suicide attack on church in Peshawar. Due to the increasing numbers of attacks on religious minorities as well as rise in kidnapping, there have been feelings of insecurity among the general masses of Pakistan (Alam & Noreen, 2014). Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan Government of Pakistan initiated Flood Control Program in the 4th Five-Year Plan (1970-75) for the management of floods in the country. In 1974, Federal Emergency Relief Cell presented the draft of National Disaster Plan which described organizational hierarchy, processes, responding agencies, major responsibilities, procedures of monitoring relief operations. However, the plan could not be completed till 2005 (Kazmi & Ali, 2015). Thus the traditional model of Disaster Risk Management Plan of relief and response has been followed for dealing with risk of natural disasters. Moreover West Pakistan National Calamities (Prevention and Relief) Act 1958 and Civil Defence Act 1952 were the first important legal instruments for organizing and coordinating the relief oriented model (Maqbool & Hussain, 2014). The October 2005 earthquake left Pakistan awe-struck and exposed the weaknesses of the present disaster and emergency management apparatus. The response to the earthquake of 2005 highlighted the importance of a national platform to effectively manage the DRR activities. To counter the flaws in the current program and to make it in line with International Covenants (UNISDR 2000 and Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015), National Disaster Management Ordinance (NDMO) was proclaimed in 2006. Subsequently in order to provide a national disaster framework, parliament enacted National Disaster Management (NDM) Act in 2010. National Disaster Risk Management Framework National Disaster Management Commission National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) led by the Prime Minister of Pakistan is considered as the national policy making body for managing disasters. Along with the Prime Minister, members of NDMC include Federal ministers, Leaders of opposition in National Assembly and Senate, all provinces Chief Ministers including Gilgit Baltistan, Prime Minister of AJK, Governor KP, civil society representatives, Chairman of Joint Chiefs Staff Committee, and any other member appointed by the Prime Minister (National Disaster Management Authority, 2015).


National Disaster Management Authority National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the executive branch of the NDMC whose significant work is to coordinate and manage DRM activities at the national level. However they are responsible for developing guidelines used by provincial departments, federal ministries and district authorities for organizing DRM plans (Memon, 2012). Provincial Disaster Management Commissions Provincial Disaster Management Commissions (PDMC) was headed by respective Chief Minister, who is authorized to formulate policies, approve provincial plans and oversee the Disaster Risk Management. Its members include; leader of the opposition at the provincial legislature and one member nominated by him, rest of the members are to be nominated by the Chief Minister. The provincial commissions operate through the Provincial Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs) (National Disaster Management Authority, 2015). Provincial Disaster Management Authorities (PDMA) PDMA coordinates with government line departments and District Management Authorities for planning and executing initiatives in emergency situations. Director General is assigned by the Provincial Government for looking after the administrative affairs of the authority (Bacha, 2016). District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA) DDMA have been established at district level in all the provinces for implementing disaster management plans. Deputy Commissioners/District Coordination Officers have been assigned the responsibilities for planning, coordinating and execution of disaster management plans in the districts under the guidance of PDMAs (National Disaster Management Authority, 2011). Objectives of the Study The purpose of this paper is to examine the need and importance of community participation in Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan. The study also highlights the role of social work in increasing stakeholder participation in pre-and post- disaster period. Moreover, the study tries to find out the scale of the damage caused by the earthquake and floods; and the lack of skilled social workers, and insufficient response to these disasters by the ordinary individuals. Methodology This paper is qualitative in nature and extensive literature review has been carried out with the help of relevant government documents, research reports, journals


and newspaper articles. In addition online sources were also utilized for getting up-dated information. This paper investigates the government’s response to the 2005 earthquake that lead to the establishment of Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority in October, 2005, and its subsequent relief, rescue and rehabilitation operations. Moreover, the role of the existing National Disaster Management Authority, established in 2007, has been reviewed in light of the available reports and other sources. The paper further investigates the operations of NDMA in response to the 2010 floods in Pakistan and examines the role of professional social workers before and after these calamities. The disaster management policies from 2005 - 2010 have also been analyzed in light of the published and online sources.

CBDRM Conceptual Framework

The government of various countries adopted disaster management strategies but those strategies mainly concentrated on relief and response. In addition, there was shortage of information regarding the methods involved in the determination of hazards, risk assessment, management and association of people’s resources and disaster preparedness (United Nations, 2010). In addition, there was no framework for incorporating new ideas, scientific tools for efficient, cost effective and sustainable interventions (Rafiq & Blaschke, 2012). Due to the inherent defects of relief and response strategy, the government of different countries adopted wide-ranging disaster management programs, stressing the needs for active participation of local people for decreasing the impacts of disaster to human lives, live stock and properties (United Nations, 2010). During the last few decades, disasters were considered as natural event and only government and NGOs responded without considering the social and economic implications of such events. Disaster risk reduction efforts were launched by the government officials without consulting the affected communities (Memon, 2012). This ‘Top-Down’ approach could not yield the desired results of disaster management as these were not according the needs of the target community and also ignored the available of the people. Such efforts made the communities more vulnerable to the disastrous situation. Due to the increasing dissatisfaction with the ‘Top’-Down approach to disaster management, the national and international organizations are now using Bottom-up or participatory approach (Hossain,2013). Participatory development aims to launch disaster reduction efforts with the help of local people for viable results. The community based disaster risk management (CBDRM) approach believes in community mobilization and organization. The advocates of participatory approach consider that these are ‘suitable strategies’ for effectively dealing the dynamics and complexity of vulnerability and enhancing the capabilities of locals (Ashraf & Shaha, 2016). During these changes in policy, it was realized that disaster mitigation calls for involvement of target community as these people were affected by the hazards and they responded as well. In addition the advocates of participatory approach believe that if the people of the vulnerable communities are properly guided and trained in the art of disaster mitigation, response and recovery, they will be better able to deal with disaster (Hossain, 2008).


State of CBDRM in Pakistan Pakistan has launched a number of Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) initiatives since 2005. Since 2006, CBDRM has been made part of DRR programs both at the government as well as non-government organizations (NGOs). These organizations have adopted different methods and applied it in the community. However various NGOs have stressed on capacity building and social mobilization (Combaz, 2013). An all-inclusive approach in implementation of CBDRM calls for participation of all stakeholders at different stages of project cycle i.e. decision making, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. This will lead to increase in resilience at the community subject to financial resources and better coordination. In addition CBDRM calls for a multidimensional approach which ought to fulfil various needs of the people affected by disasters which include development of physical infrastructure, improvement in economic resources and better livelihood (Rafi, Wasiuddin, & Siddiqui, 2012). For instance, in Sindh a British NGO Disaster Emergency Committee (DEC) provided shelter, water and sanitation structure and increased people’s capacity for dealing with emergency situations. Participation across the board also ensures identification of needs and mobilization of resources. Furthermore, cooperation and adaptive culture on the part of community is also integral for the viability of DDR activities (Shah 2013). Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) has certain advantages which distinguishes it from traditional approaches to DDR in Pakistan. CBDRM reduces the vulnerability to any disaster and therefore, overall disaster risk is decreased (Mansoor, 2016). Furthermore, it enhances resilience to disaster at grassroots level, and causes reduction in losses when disaster occurs. Likewise, it gives a new hope and fighting spirit which is essential for community in disaster situation (Bacha, 2016). Proper disaster risk reduction measures determine the empowerment of people in communities to reduce their vulnerability to hazard and also minimize its bad impacts. Involvement of all stakeholders in the DRR activities starting from decision making, planning, and implementation, and monitoring will create sense of ownership in the community which will lead them to the sustainability (World Health Organization, 2015). The concept of disaster in literature is linked with deterioration by natural event. Social Work profession aims to rehabilitate those individuals, groups and communities who are affected either by natural or man-made disasters. Social workers perform important roles both in pre-and post -disaster period in accordance with the ethics of social work profession. Role of Social Workers in Enhancing Community Participation To promote social justice and get rid of discrimination and inequality is the basic aim of Social work profession. However, to deal with man-made disasters, social work profession must struggle for the provision of human rights through social work


education and practices (Harding, 2007). Social Workers provide assistance to individuals, groups and communities in disasters. The role of social worker varies with the situations and may take the form of case work, group work and community organization (Tan, 2009). In this regard the study of Maripe & Sinkamba (2015) in relation to the social work education and reduction of disaster risks in Botswana deducts that social workers’ role in disaster risk reduction was more responsive than proactive, and was limited to natural disasters than relief provision (Revised National Policy on Destitute Persons, 2002). Likewise, Rapeli (2017) has concluded in his study in Finland regarding the social workers’ role in disaster reduction; that the social workers displayed solid service linkages, for instance, in cases where the family had lost home in fire, or with the police in a case of a mass shooting. The major areas in which social workers offer their services in disasters include dealing with traumatic stress, mobilization of resources for disadvantaged groups, psycho-social support to the affected people and social development using participatory approaches. Due to a major shift in the policies, there has been increasing demand for social workers in participatory disaster risk reduction. In Pakistan ensuing spontaneous contribution of the community in disaster danger reduction is the uphill task for social workers (Mathbor, 2007). Social workers play an effective role in disaster management by mobilizing the available resources of the community with particular emphasis on empowerment of the poor people. Social worker can increase community participation by organizing the local people for the judicious utilization of their resources (Tan, 2009). Another important duty of social worker is creation of awareness among the community people regarding their role at the time of disaster and to motivate, guide and train them how to respond in crises situation. The social worker can also ask the community to store necessary items like dry food, tents, first aid and medicine before a disaster strikes. In this way the damages and sufferings of the disaster affected people can be reduced (Hossain, 2013). According to Maripe and Sinkamba (2015) social workers also provide mental health services to the affected people. They organize sessions with those who have passed through traumatic situations and are in shock. In general, the literature also brings-out the role of social work at micro-level responses to the individual effects by natural disasters. In a research study conducted by the American Red Cross concerning operations of the social workers in the United States of America, it was found out that about half of the mental health services during the disaster were carried out by the social workers affiliated with the American Red Cross and Federal Counselling Assistance and Training Programs (American Red Cross, 2016).


Social workers can also arrange capacity building sessions for volunteers so that they can effectively deliver their services at the time of emergencies. They can also aware, educate and train the people of target community by showing drama, documentaries, and informal discussions for sharing information with the community people (Mathbor, 2007).

As every members of a specific community is not affected, therefore it is the duty of social workers to identify the most affected and vulnerable members of the community. In this way maximum and meaningful participation of the people can be ensured in disaster management plan. The social workers can also suggest the people not to depend on single occupation and adopt alternate occupations like combine farming through small business such as fishing, wage-labour, services etc (Laird, 2008).

Social Worker can play an effective role in mobilizing women of the target community keeping in view the socio-cultural conditions of the community. In this way the negative impacts of the disasters can be minimized and human lives, livestock, and properties can be protected from huge damages (Maripe, & Sinkamba, 2015). It is important to make the disaster education as part of the curriculum in order to create awareness of the disaster risk reduction through the education system. In this connection Indonesian educator in social work Fahrudin (2012) and Nikku (2013) study in Nepal are very important as they stress on the need for social work education for the children to be guided, prepared and educated in the art of disaster preparedness.

Conclusions

The concept of community based disaster risk reduction was introduced as a result of the failure of traditional top-down approach in disaster management. These disaster management policies consist of community participation in all the levels of project cycle i.e. decision making, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. In Pakistan, the role of social work is gaining recognition due to the increasing demand of social workers in emergency situations. The national and international organizations working in vulnerable communities in pre-and post-disaster period are hiring social workers for the rehabilitation of the affected people. These social workers are working as link between the target community and the implementing agencies. Professional social workers help the victims in traumatic situations; provide psycho-social support and designing strategies in pre-disaster period with the help of target communities. Social worker also organizes participatory assessment session using the rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisal techniques for the identification of needs and resources of the communities. Social workers also link the target community with relevant government departments and donors for raising their issues and getting maximum assistance. Social workers also provide protection to the women and children particularly whose family members are missing as a result of catastrophe.


Social workers assists the disable in disastrous situations by providing them assistive devices and refers them to relevant organizations for help. The role of social worker is much more important for mobilizing women as they constitute half of the population. Recommendations On the basis of the study, it is recommended that the community in general and vulnerable in particular should be meaningfully involved in the decision making, planning, implementation and monitoring of disaster management plans. Before launching any interventions regarding disaster management, the government and non-governmental organizations should develop relationship with the target community so that the developmental organization may better know about the problems faced by the community in pre and post disaster period. As participation is indigenous in nature, therefore the people should be motivated for self- help initiatives for creating sense of ownership and sustained development. At the policy level, participation of target community should be made part and parcel of any intervention in disaster prone areas. Vibrant community organizations should be trained in disaster management, so that they can respond quickly in case of any disaster occurs. The women of target community are also important stakeholders in the development process and equally deserve to take part in disaster management planning, implementation and monitoring. Social Work Departments at university level should equip the students with the necessary skills in disaster risk reduction. In addition, disaster management subject should be introduced both at the BS, MA, M.Phil and PhD level. References ADPC (2015). Community-Based Disaster Risk Management for Sindh Province.

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___________________ Sajjad Hussain is Lecturer in the Department of Social Work, University of Malakand. Chakdara, Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Saira Miraj is M.Phil Scholar in the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar. Rani Saddique is M.Phil Scholar in the Department of Psychology, University of Hazara.

Abstract

Biographies and Pen-Sketches are two separate separate branches and lots of these two are

available in Urdu Literature as well as writings about these two categories but this article is an

effort to find sketches of personalities related to the authors of biographies without whom the

author's personality cant be revealed fully. These people may be the author's relatives, friends,

peers, observers and other persons who has been with him/her at various stages of author's

life. Amongst them may be their parents, children, spouse and other relatives as well as other

in the same profession. A good biographer takes are of all the aspects, requirements and

dimensions from start to end of an autobiography. A person is central to an autobiography

can't be highlighted completely unless different aspects of his/her life are described with

reference to other related people. This article focuses on the personalities around the

central-to-a-biograpgy person and describes them in the light of various biographies in which

he/she is talked about. To support this argument, examples are also taken from the biographies

written after the selected biography so that it can be proved that biographers can also tell the

importance of presented sketches of other personalities. Although these sketches are not

written with any such plan, as compared to formal pen sketches, even then these can be

considered important and complete to some extent and are comparable to pen sketches.

Keywords: Biography, Branches (Varieties Species), Sketches of Personalities, Biography of

Twentieth Century.

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Abstract

The age of Short Stories in Urdu may be shorter than other branches of Urdu literature, but

even though of its short-lived life, but the success and accomplishments of short stories is

unlike any other form of the Urdu Literature. There is no doubt in the fact that Urdu Short

Stories may have a root from English Literature, but our Writers of the short stories included

the country and society and hence the true identity of the short stories came up to the surface.

The way the female writers of Urdu Short Stories highlighted the new topics with new

techniques is beyond compare and deserves appraise. They have presented their feelings and

emotions in a way unique and new manner, which highlights the reference of their specific

thinking, and they presented it in a highly spontaneous manner. Through their Short Stories,

they have highlighted the presence of Women, their Value, their mental and emotional

complexities, their needs and their silences are voiced. The women writers not only through

their abilities to discover wrote about the political and societal difficulties, rights and

equalities, women issues and against the cultural mindsets, but also through their works, they

highlighted the time to time changing aspects of life. We are rightful to say this that the

women taking part in the success and development of the Short Stories in Urdu Literature.

Looking at their thoughts, it is not difficult to say that in the upcoming times, the women short

story writers and their new and unique thoughts will account for the success of this branch of

Urdu Literature.

Keywords: Pakistan, Female Narrator, Novelist.

Gothic

(Civilization Shock)

(PIA)

(Involve)

Temper

"Call of the wild"

Call for Papers

Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences Publication of the Department of Social Work

University of Karachi Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences is launched under the patronage of Prof. Dr. Khalid Mahmood Iraqi, Vice Chancellor University of Karachi by the Department of Social Work, University of Karachi. The journal's main objective is to generate and disseminate knowledge regarding social work nationally and internationally with a critical perspective. Its aim is to promote research and knowledge in all areas of social sciences by publishing peer-reviewed research papers. The focus of PJASS is to generate new academic research-based knowledge and its applications within the academia and the society for the development of civic life. Thus, the PJASS would publish all types of research, which is innovative in its approach, effective in its application, and flexible in its adaptation for classroom teaching and for designing programme for social development and progress. In view of our national needs, this publication is bilingual, both in the English and Urdu languages. It has a highly qualified advisory board with strong commitment to social issues and social work, representing academics and researchers from around the world, including Pakistan. Submissions are welcome on issues related to social work.

The Journal Would Publish Interdisciplinary research in the field of Social work. Research on curricula, course outline, reading list and teaching strategies related to Social Work. Review of books, film and theatrical performances. Reports on National and International conferences, symposia and workshops etc. on Social Work.

Guidelines for Submissions Submissions are invited in English and Urdu language. Two copies of the manuscripts, single-spaced, and printed on one side only should be submitted on A4 size paper. A soft copy of the paper on CD or through e-mail should also be sent. Title page of the paper should be typed separately and should include the author’s name, full mailing address, phone

number and email address. The length of the paper should be between3500 to 5000 in words. Introduction should be at least two pages and review of literature of minimum 3 pages. Paper must have at least 32 to 35 references of books and research papers published in journals. Conclusions and Recommendations must be mention in separate headings. An abstract of the paper no more than 200 words must be submitted along with the paper. The abstract should be

followed by key words. Abstract and Keywords must be in English and Urdu both. The papers should include references (endnotes) and bibliography. Authors are responsible for creating graphs, tables, and charts, if required in their paper. Authors are required to submit a signed covering letter stating that the paper has not been published earlier or has

not been submitted for the purpose of publication to any other journal or volume. Authors are solely responsible for the factual accuracy for their contributions.

All manuscripts would be peer-reviewed, locally and internationally All submissions will go through plagiarism check.

Citations and References Notes and references should follow APA style for citation. Some examples are as follows: Koggel, C. M. (2003). Globalization and Women's Paid Work: Expanding Freedom. Feminist Economics, 9(2-3),

163-183. Adams, B.N. (1985). The Family: A Sociological Interpretation, Chicago, Rand McNally. Chow, E., & Lyter, D. (2002). Studying Development With A Gender Perspective: From Main stream Theories to

Alternative Frame Works. In E. Chow (Ed.), Transforming Gender and Development in East Asia (pp. 25-30). New York: Routledge

Web page: Irfan, M. (2008). Pakistan's Wage Structure, During 1990/91 - 2006/07. Retrieved on March 13, 2011, from PIDE:

http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/pws.pdf http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2008/053008.htm Retrieved on August 18, 2010

Contact address: Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah Meritorious Professor Department of Social Work, Director, Centre of Excellence for Women's Studies & Editor, Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences University of Karachi Phone: 92-21-99261654 E-mail: [email protected] Last date for submission: 31st October, 2019

Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences: Bi-Annual

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