Özetler- I.Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu. Abstracts- The 1st International Geography...

International Symposium on Geography Environment and Culture in the Mediterranean Region

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Editor in Chief: Prof. Dr. h. c. İbrahim Atalay

Editor: Prof. Dr. Recep Efe

Assistant editor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdullah Soykan

Cover design: Belkiya Ercan

Manufacturing: Murat Zektir

Printed in: Meta Basım-İzmir-Turkey


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Gülpınar AKBULUT Tourism Potential of Demre (Antalya) ................................................................... 11 Ayhan AKIŞ, Baştürk KAYA,Rehman SEFEROV The Influence of Tourism on Alanya and its close Environment ............................ 12 Bülent AKSOY, Mücahit COŞKUN Climate Changes and Its Effect on Turkey ............................................................. 14 Türkan ALTIN Determination of Morphologic-Tectonic Evolution of Bolkardağ Mountain through Drainage Pattern ...................................................................................... 15 Türkan ALTIN Development of Drainage and Terrace Systems in Ecemis Valley ........................ 16 Mehmet T. ARITAN Health Care Profiles of the Mediterranean Basin Countries ................................. 17 Eyüp ARTVİNLİ, İhsan BULUT, Niyazi KAYA New Yusufeli (Artvin) and the Dam: Economic Progress or Regression? ............. 18 Ayşe ATALAY, Cercis İKİEL Trend Analysis of Monthly and Annual Flow Values of Sakarya River (Turkey) .................................................................................................................. 19 İbrahim ATALAY, Recep EFE, Abdullah SOYKAN Evolution and Ecologic Properties of Taurus Mountains ...................................... 20 İbrahim ATALAY ,Recep EFE, Abdullah SOYKAN, Cemali SARI , İsa CÜREBAL The Karstification Processes and the Formation of Antalya Travertine Deposits ................................................................................................................. 23 Emin ATASOY,Seçil ALKIŞ Elementary Pre-Servise Teachers’ Understandings of Physical Geography Concepts ................................................................................................................. 25 Pua BAR, Amos BOUSKILA,Elli GRONER Restoration of Coastal Sand Dunes for Conservation of Landscape and Psammohilic Biodiversity ...................................................................................... 26


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Pua BAR, Oded COHEN, Josef RIOV, Yaakov KATAN, Avrame GAMLIEL Management of invasive Plants, Such as Acacia Saligna, in a Coastal Nature Reserve, Israel. ....................................................................................................... 29 Pua BAR, Elli GRONER, Itai RENAN, Meirav PERRY Do we know enough about sand dune ecosystems in order to be able conserve them? ....................................................................................................... 31 Sultan BAYSAN Attitudes of Tourism Establishments About Tourism Development and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Ören (Milas) .............................................. 33 Gideon BIGER Political Boundaries in the Meditteranean World ................................................. 34 Bartók BLANKA Global Radiation Estimations Based on Cloudiness with Respect to Global Warming in Mediterranean Region........................................................................ 35 Sandu BOENGIU, Alina VLADUT, Gheorghe CURCAN, Emil MARINESCU Hydrical Processes within the Balacita Piedmont ................................................. 36 İsmail BULDAN, Raziye OBAN The Development of the Tourism in Uyku Valley (Muğla-Milas) .......................... 38 Shpejtim BULLIQI, Gani GASHI, Florim ISUFI, Ibrahim RAMADANI Actual Processes of Relief Modeling on the Valley of Llap and Their Impact on the Enviroment .................................................................................................. 39 İhsan BULUT, Mehmet ZAMAN, Halil HADİMLİ The Alternative Tourism Activities Backwards the Riviera of Turkey (Akseki) ...... 40 Alessandro CALZAVARA, Loris LOVO, Paloa MINIOIA, Gabriele ZANETTO Climate Policies at Urban Level: Case Study of Territorial Planning in Italy. ..... 41 Salih CEYLAN Significance of Zeytintaşi Cave (Serik-Antalya) in Terms of Ecotourism .............. 42 Hilmi DEMİRKAYA Research on Contributions of Winter Tourism to Local Societies (in Terms of Ecotourism): Çobanisa Village (Isparta) ............................................................... 44


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Mücahit COŞKUN, Bülent AKSOY The Effects on the Flood of the Natural Environment Conditions on the Downstairs of the Aksu Valley (Giresun) ............................................................... 46 Georges CRAVINS The Changing Nature, Value, and Environmental and Spatial Dimensions of Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey, 1990-2007. ................................................. 47 Turhan ÇETİN The Effects of Natural Envıronment on Economıc Activities: The Uluborlu Cherry Agriculture ................................................................................................. 48 Hasan ÇUKUR, Ceren TENTERIZ Land-Use Changes on the Coastal Zones of Kuşadası Gulf .................................. 50 Chang-yi David CHANG Hazard Risk Management a Case of Mountain Highway Construction in Taiwan ................................................................................................................... 51 Neslihan DAL, Sultan BAYSAN Land Use Changes in Coastal Areas: An Example of Kuşadası ............................ 52 Hilmi DEMİRKAYA, Yusuf İNEL The Effects of the Yaziköy- Epicentred Burdur Earthquake, (May 12, 1971) on the Residents of the Village ............................................................................... 53 Neno DIMOV, Emin ATASOY Regional Natural and Social Synthesis: Structure, Hierarchy and Spatial Organization .......................................................................................................... 54 Elka D. DOGRAMADJIEVA, Mariana A. ASSENOVA The Role of Ecotourisim in Local Tourisim Development: The View of Bulgarian Municipal Administrations .................................................................... 55 Recep EFE, Süleyman SÖNMEZ, İsa CÜREBAL Ecosystem Properties of the Mancılık Mountain Orobiome .................................. 56 Gözde EMEKLİ, Füsun SOYKAN Prospects for Rural Cultural Tourism in Turkey: Case Study of Karaburun......... 57 Ecmel ERLAT Trends of the Climatological Growing Season in Turkey ...................................... 59


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Selma Akay ERTÜRK Agriculture and Tourism Conflict: A Case Study of Mudanya Region (Bursa) in the North West of Turkey ................................................................................... 60 Abd-Alla GAD Medium scale assessment of Desertification Sensitivity Using Remote Sensing and GIS, A study case in the North of Western Desert, Egypt ............................... 61 Andrea GAL, Melania LAKATOS Study Concerning the Types of Micro Mud Volcanoes in Transylvania, Romania ................................................................................................................... 6 Claudia Moreira GARCIA Evolution Space-Time of the Accidents with Lonomia Obliqua, Walker 1885, in the State of the Parana-South of The Brasil ....................................................... 64 Kamile GÜLÜM Geomorphology of the Upper Kocaçay River-Basin .............................................. 65 Cumhur GÜNGÖROĞLU, Rumi SABUNCU Threatened Forest Ecosystems in Mediterranean Region and Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) Case ............................................................................. 66 Meryem HAYIR, Mehmet KOÇ An Example for the Suburban Settlements Formed Developing Cities by Industrialization – Adapazari 32 Evler District ..................................................... 68 Ion IONITA Land Degredation and Soil Conservation in the Moldavian Plateau, Romania .... 69 Cercis İKİEL, Beyza KAYMAZ Climatic Conditions Impact and Importance on Canola (Brasicca napus oleifera sp) Growing in Turkey .............................................................................. 70 Cercis İKİEL, Beyza KAYMAZ The Correlation between Monthly Temperature and Pressure Values in Turkey .................................................................................................................... 71 Vishwas S. KALE, Takashi. OGUCHI Trends and Patterns of Variations in the Hydrological Characteristics of Mountain Rivers: Central Japan ............................................................................ 72


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Güzin KANTÜRK The Usage of Geographical Information Systems for Tuberculosis Data of Izmir ....................................................................................................................... 74 Fatih KARA, Ali DEMİRCİ An Investigation of Recreational Behaviors and Development for a Sustainable Recreational Plan in İstanbul ............................................................. 75 Murat KARABULUT, Mehmet GÜRBÜZ, Muhterem KÜÇÜKÖNDER Soil Erosion Identification Using GIS Techniques in Golbaşi (Adiyaman) Lakes Basin ............................................................................................................ 76 Arife KARADAG The Geographical Factors Affecting the identiy of the Anatolian Cities ............... 77 Mehmet KARAKUYU Historical Settlements in the Aegean Region that Lost their Importance and the Reasons Beyond it ............................................................................................ 78 Sabri KARADOĞAN, Ahmet YILDIRIM Fault Zone Landslides: The Effects and Geomorphological Characteristics of Koyulhisar (Sivas-Turkey) Landslide, March 2005. .............................................. 79 Ali KAVGACI The General Vegetation Characteristics of Cedar Forests on Taurus Mountains .............................................................................................................. 80 Baştürk KAYA, Ayhan AKIŞ, Rehman SEFEROV Industrial Influence on Climate and Climate Change in Konya ............................ 81 Erdoğan KAYA, Nazlı GÖKÇE The Evaluation of Social Studies Programmes in Terms of Environment Conscious Acquirement .......................................................................................... 83 Erdoğan KAYA, Nazlı GÖKÇE Global Climate Change in Geography Education ................................................. 84 Nurdan KESER, Ali ÖZEL Three Examples to Explain the Formation and Development Mechanism of West Taurus Poljes................................................................................................. 85


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Zhanna KOMAR Culture of the Ukrainian Carpathians Indigenous-Situation and Preservation .... 86 Michael A. McADAMS Applying GIS and fractal analysis to the study of the urban morpholgy in Istanbul…………………………………………………………………………………….88 Paloa MINIOIA, Guglielmi FRANCESCA Social Conflict in Water Resource Management and Environmental Impacts in South-Eastern Tunisia ........................................................................................ 89 Ali MOHAMMAD Land Use, Land Capability and Sustainable Agriculture Production for Food Security in the Mediterranean Arab Countries ...................................................... 90 Abdullah MOHD, Baharom ZAINAL, Yip Hin WAI An Evaluation Study on Ecotourism and the Needs for Best Practies or Operators in Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia .......................................... 92 David MORCHE Chemical Denudation in an Alpine Geosystem – A5 Year Record ......................... 93 Manel MOSBAHI, Sihem BENABDALLAH, Rached M. BOUSSEMA Impact of Rainfall Spatial Variability on Runoff Using Swat Model ..................... 94 Elzbieta ORLOWSKA Cultural Aspect of Geographical Studies of on the Mediterranean Region ........... 95 Sancar OZANER Geomorphological Evolution and Ecotourism Potential of Olympos-Çıralı Coastal Zone (Antalya-Turkey) and its Surroundings ........................................... 97 Esin ÖZCAN, Ülkü Eser ÜNALDI Pomegranate: A Plant which the Economic Value Increases in Turkey ................ 99 Ali ÖZEL, Nurdan KESER Ecotourism Potential of Kütahya Province .......................................................... 100 Nurettin ÖZGEN, A. Vahap BOZ A Geographical Analysis on Interaction between Human and Natural Environment around Gercüş-Savur (Mardin) ...................................................... 101


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Antonio Sousa PEDROSA, Andreia Cristina Amorim PEREIRA Hydrological Processes and Hazards in Urban Catchments: A Contribution to Land Management ........................................................................................... 102

Antonio Sousa PEDROSA, Silva GONÇALVES, Marcio MARTINS Land Management and Land Slides in the North of Portugal .............................. 104 Antonio Sousa PEDROSA, Bruno MARTINS Soil Degredation: Causes and Consequences-Some Examples in Northern Portugal ............................................................................................................. 1055 Fantina Tedim PEDROSA, Joao PIRES Forest Fire Severity in the Peneda-Geres National Park (Northern Portugal): The Influence of the Population Dynamics......................................... 107 Fantina Tedim PEDROSA The Management of Forest Fires in Protected Areas in Portugal ....................... 108 Ersin Kaya SANDAL, Murat KARABULUT Examination of the Relationship Between Life Expectancy and Social, Economic, Environmental Factors in Africa ........................................................ 109 Cemali SARI Alternative Tourism and Touristic Product Varification Strategies: A Case Study in Alakir Valley (Kumluca, Antalya) .......................................................... 110 Abdullah SOYKAN, İsa CÜREBAL Geomorphic Properties of Kocaçay (Kocariver) Between İvrindi and Manyas Plains ................................................................................................................... 111 Marieta P. STANEVA The Culture of Water in Bulgaria: From the Past to the Future .......................... 112 Semra SÜTGİBİ Delta Ecosystems and Degradational Impacts: Küçük Menderes Delta.............. 114 Enrique Morán TEJEDA, Antonio Ceballos BARBANCHO Water Resources and Environment Changes in Mediterranean Headwaters ...... 115


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Kristina TODERICH, Timur KHUJANAZAROV Improving Livelihoods of Rural Communities Through Sustainable Rangelands, Water and Livestock Management in Arid Inland Desert Zones of Central Asia ..................................................................................................... 116 Ülkü Eser ÜNALDI The Analysis of the 16-20 October 2006 Alanya Tornado Event ......................... 118 Aylin YAMAN Geographical Analysis of Natural Environment - Human Relationships and Agricultural Activity on the Coast of the Gulf of Edremit (Northwest of Turkey) ................................................................................................................. 120 Münir ÖZTÜRK, Çiğdem GÖRK, Güven GÖRK, Celal YARCI An Overview of Plant Diversity & Land Degradation Interactions in the East Mediterranean ...................................................................................................... 122 Recep YURT The Effect of Rainfall on Landslide on the East Blacksea Part of Turkey ........... 123 Serhat ZAMAN Functional Changes and Their Reasons: In Yayla Settlements in Antalya Beydağları ............................................................................................................ 124 Hassan ZOLFAGHARI Potentials and Limitations in Iran for Developing Tourism Sector ..................... 125 Marin RUSEV, Kliment NAYDENOV Sustainable Development and Demographic Policy of Bulgaria ......................... 126

Daniela ZLATUNOVA Ground Water Quality as a Security Problem ..................................................... 126 Petar SLAVEYKOV, Kliment NAYDENOV Demographic Policy of Bulgaria - Necessity and Reality .................................... 127 Nelly HRISTOVA Hydrological Risk in North Bulgaria ................................................................... 127


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Tourism Potential of Demre (Antalya) Gülpınar AKBULUT İnönü University, Turkey Tukey, which is situated on the eastern part of Mediterranean Region, has a considerable potential in terms of tourism with its geological, geomorphologic, fauna and flora, and historical and cultural features. It is essential to determine, improve and sustain this potential, to contribute to the national economy, and to protect the natural and cultural heritage. In this respect, this study intends to determine the tourism potential of Demre town. Demre is located on southwest of Antalya 140 km. to the city center. It is considerable tourist attraction due to its physical characteristics including favorable climatic conditions, karstic landforms, the Olympos Mountain, and Kekova islands. Moreover, Demre, one of the major cities of ancient Likya, is of great socio-cultural, historical, and geographical importance. St. Nicholas monastery, Myra and Andreake archaic cities have always been tourist attractions. Furthermore with its rich natural and cultural heritage Demre is known as one of the sites providing a habitat for Blue crabs and a reproduction setting for Caretta caretta. In spite of its fairly high tourism potential, the town does not have the features of a famous tourist center, since it is not advertised enough, it has an uncompleted infrastructure, and limited transportation means. If its characteristic physical and anthropological geography is advertised effectively and the infrastructure is completed, the town can make considerable contribution to the regional and national tourism. Key words: Geography, Tourism, Eco- tourism and Infrastructure.


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The Influence of Tourism on Alanya and its close Environment Ayhan AKIŞ Selçuk University, Turkey Baştürk KAYA Selçuk University, Turkey Rehman SEFEROV Selçuk University, Turkey This study aims to bring up influences of tourism in Alanya and its close environment. For this the field study has been done in area. Besides, for benefit from observations and bringing up reasons of tourists’ preferences who come to Alanya and there will be applied “Foreign Tourists’ Poll of Preference to Alanya”. This criterion will be evaluated in “SPSS Programme”. The importance of this study is that in these days in both Turkey and world countries tourism causes a lot of destructions and at the same time it is the great source of income. Both progressive and developing countries provide their important part of annual budgets from tourism incomes. In this study influence of Alanya Tourism has been brought up that it has helped to country budget with tourism incomes. As tourism entered to other places, there are many positive and negative developments in investigation zone. In the negative developments there are environmental problems like water pollution, noise pollution, throwing hard wastes into nature randomly, destroying forest fields with different ways, destroying coast bands and high plateaus with second dwellings and spoiling up landscapes. In the investigation zone theft and besides purse-snatching events has been seen often which had been seen seldomly twenty years ago. There has been a tourism explosion in the zone in 1987. In conclusion of this with a big amount of incomes people have been gone towards West Culture but because of short time adaptation processes there has occurred degeneration. In other words, Western Culture has not been modified to Turkish Culture and entered to our lives as it has been. Especially, youth obtained a lot of unfamiliar habits by getting out of their own cultures. Besides upper negative developments, there has occurred a lot of positive developments in point of economic and social sides depend on tourism. In spite of being much touristic potential which wait to be evaluated as “eco-tourism, plateau tourism and water-down diving activities” in Alanya, zone’s tourism has nearly one billion dollars annual income. This annual


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income which investigation zone gains only from tourism, is equal to or more than from annual incomes of Turkey’s some administrative provinces. Besides zone’s tourism income, agriculture income is important, too. Of course, tourism and culture of tourism are the most important factors that influenced agricultural activities in the zone. While Alanya was a small residence and getting along with animal husbandry and agriculture in 1950’s, following these years Alanya went towards to tourism and it has been one of important centres of both Turkey and World with living explosion phase in 1987. The other influence of tourism to the zone is sociocultural. A bigness of joining of tourists into the social and cultural activities who come to Alanya indicates a great importance of double-entry cultural tourism. Especially, many cultural activities are organized as sporting and artistic by Alanya Municipality. A city of Alanya, in conclusion of all these positive developments, by overcoming a lot of problems, has obtained a view of modern Europe city and is attracting tourists from many places af the World. Key words: Alanya, Tourism, Spoiling up in Coast and Plateau, Foreign Purchases.


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Climate Changes and Its Effect on Turkey Bülent AKSOY University of Gazi, Turkey Mücahit COŞKUN University of Gazi, Turkey The purpose of this research is to put forward the changes of climate which related to the results of human and natural resources effects on global and Turkey scale in the comparable time. The climate change should not be only perceived as heat change. In addition to heat, all of the deflections which appear in elements of climate like wind, moisture, pressure can be defined as the climate change. To realize this purpose, first of all, the main factors of climate change; changes incoming solar radiation, changes in the composition of the atmosphere, change in the earth’s surface will be explained. Furthermore, the emission proportion of greenhouse gases in the chosen countries the precautions for this and the international meetings will be mentioned. Moreover, the developmental process of works related to the climate change in Turkey, the energy resources of Turkey and the gases released in the atmosphere will be emphasized in addition to the probable results of the climate changes. Key words: Atmosphere, climate, climate changes, greenhouse, energy, energy resources, Turkey.


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Determination of Morphologic-Tectonic Evolution of Bolkardağ Mountain through Drainage Pattern Türkan ALTIN Nigde University, Turkey This study aims to investigate the relationship between the formation of the drainage system and regional tectonism on the south slope of the Bolkar Mountain which overlooks the Mediterranean. All the streams which are located between the west Göksu River and the east Tarsus River and take their tributaries from the Bolkar Mountain are included this study. Hierarchic structures of the streams feeding the Bolkar Mountain and reaching the Mediterranean generally with flow parallel to one another are attended. Every main stream with tributaries in its own basin is examined and its drainage pattern is digitized. On all streams a certain analysis is preformed, such as direction, length, profile, density, and bifurcation ratio. Furthermore, these stream basins are compared with one another and according to results; tectonic movements in the region are then estimated. The parallel and sub-parallel streams are controlled by structure, lithology and penetration through Bolkar Mountain. The character of the drainage is changed on the erosional-depositional surfaces separating each other with tectonic levels. The cause of this change, effect of the structure and lithology is dominant on the formation of the drainage pattern. As well as this karstic forms play an important role on the drainage pattern. Differences in the numerical analysis between both basins formed in the effect of the same morphodynamic factors and processes, the features commonly observed in the stream and linear faults reflect the tracks of the regional tectonics. The breaks in slopes reflecting to longitudinal valley profiles of the main stream conform with levels among the topografic generation Key words: Bolkar Mountain, Mediterranean Basin, Neotectonic, Drainage Pattern


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Development of Drainage and Terrace Systems in Ecemis Valley Türkan ALTIN Nigde University, Turkey This study aims to investigate the relationship between the drainage system, terrace systems and the regional tectonics along the Ecemiş Valley. The Ecemiş River is located between Aladag Mountain, to the east, and Nigde Massif. The Ecemiş Fault Zone (EFZ) which affects the region and the other smaller fault systems affect the morphologic character of the drainage pattern and the terrace systems along the Ecemiş Valley. Tectonic and climatic changes during the Neotectonic period and during the morphologic evolution, resulted in cutting and rejuvenation that affected the drainage and terrace systems. For this purpose, numerical morphologic analyses are performed on streams and terrace systems. Besides numerical; direction, length, drainage density, channel frequency, long profile, latitudinal profile, analysis are performed. The numerical values determined are compared with terrace systems and the relationship among the lithological, tectonic and climatic changes are investigated. Thus, terraces located in the Ecemiş valley that become narrow to south from north, haven’t got to same features and factor and function as play role gain morphologic features, are the observations on the different forms of topography. The structure and lithology affect the formation of the drainage pattern and it is observed that stream level changes depend on the climate dominant on the morphologic character. The levels of terraces reflect the repeating tectonic movement in the region, the numerical values are different east and west of the Ecemiş valley, indicating how the same factors and processes affecting the morphologic development can change as a result of the structure and lithology. Particularly during the Pleistocene and following periods the climatic changes affected stream regime and discharge, with active tectonic movement, fluvial forms became complicated in development. According to the changing base level, the terraces formed along the Ecemiş valley are estimated at 1-5 m, 5-10 m and 15-20 m (active low terrace systems) and 30-40 m, 70-80 m (old high terrace systems). Key words: Aladag, Ecemiş Fault, Climatic Change, Terrace Systems, Neotectonic


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Health Care Profiles of the Mediterranean Basin Countries Mehmet T. ARITAN University of Wisconsin, USA The ever-growing population of the world makes the study of disease by medical geographers a crucial environmental and social problem. The comprehensive study of diseases is a complex problem that must include not only immediate biological factors, but also environmental factors, social and cultural traditions, economics, politics, and political systems of individual countries. On a global basis, diseases that are decimating large populations include endemic as well as degenerative. In addition, other types of diseases and health risks also affect populations, and have for thousands of years. Among today’s important types of diseases, Communicable diseases appear to have become most important in the research in recent years because of their scope and speed of diffusion. Therefore, medical geography focuses on three important areas of study of condition of health around the world: * The source and/or location of disease; * The diffusion of disease; and * The delivery of the health care. If one takes the simplest approach in an attempt to summarize and determine the overall health profile of the population of a country, he/she may be able to use “Life Expectancy- at Birth” figures (or longevity of the population) as a simple final indicator of overall health conditions within particular countries. In this study we will examine the average life expectancy figures of the Mediterranean Basin countries in comparison to those of other “sub-regions” of Europe in order to determine the relative health care profiles of the Mediterranean region. Key words: Mediterranean Basin, Health, Medical Geography


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New Yusufeli (Artvin) and the Dam: Economic Progress or Regression? Eyüp ARTVİNLİ Ministry of Education, Turkey İhsan BULUT Atatürk University, Turkey Niyazi KAYA Ministry of Education, Turkey The aim of this study is to investigate the dam, settlement place of the New Yusufeli and its results in the view of geographic perspective. The Yusufeli dam and hydro-electric project is planned to be built on the Çoruh River Basin in North East of Turkey. It would have a generating capacity of 540 MW. Estimated construction costs of the dam vary between $700 million and $838 million. Resettlement costs are estimated at a further $750 million. In addition, a minimum of $1.5 billion is estimated to be required for rebuilding the roads that will be flooded by the dam. Serious concerns have been raised over the dam's environmental, cultural and socio-economic impacts. Eighteen towns and villages, including the town of Yusufeli, would be completely or partially submerged by the dam, displacing 15,000 people from their homes and indirectly affecting up to a further 15,000 people. No resettlement plan has yet been made public and consultation has been minimal. So, it is needed to evaluate its economic advantages / disadvantages again and sustainability of life for its people and environment in the view of geographic perspective. Key words: Sustainability, geographic perspective, dams’ impact, Yusufeli, resettlement plans,


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Trend Analysis of Monthly and Annual Flow Values of Sakarya River (Turkey) Ayşe ATALAY Sakarya University, Turkey Cercis İKİEL Sakarya University, Turkey Increased the request of fresh water resources because of the changing climatic conditions and increasing environmental problems more and more. In this context, the features of water resources and its variation from year to year are very important. For this reason, the monthly and annual mean flow values trend of Sakarya river is examined which is an important freshwater resource for its river basin and Turkey. In this research; the monthly and annual water flows (1963-2000) of 13 flow observation stations are examined which are represented the Sakarya River basin and have long observation data. The result of this research, it is determined decreasing trend and together with a high percentage variation between 0.30- 0.75 of flow values. Key words: Sakarya River, Mean Flow, Trend


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Evolution and Ecologic Properties of Taurus Mountains İbrahim ATALAY Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey Recep EFE Balikesir University, Turkey Abdullah SOYKAN Balikesir University, Turkey The geomorphic evolution and the ecological properties of Taurus Mountains are more different than that of other orogenic mountains of the Mediterranean Region. During the Mesozoic time today’s Taurus Mountain area was occupied by the deep Tethys Sea and/or ocean in which ultrabasic magma spread all over the ocean floor and mainly carbonates sediments accumulated during the Mesozoic time. The main sequence of Taurus Mountains from the bottom to the top is peridotit-serpantine, flysch, turbidity deposits, and mostly thick comprehensive limestone. Melange formation composed of limestone and ultrabasic magma occurs where submarine landslides areas especially on the continental rise of geosyncline’s. Approximately major part of the Taurus Mountain areas subjected to regression at the end of the Mesozoic, thus karstification and erosional activities had started. Depressed area was occupied by the Lower Tertiary Sea in which clastics and carbonates were accumulated. During the Alpine orogenic period, as a whole, the Taurus Mountains were subjected to folding activities and uplifted. Taurus nappes covering the vast area were developed at that time. During the neotectonic period Taurus Mountain range was uplifted and some parts were depressed along the fault lines. Climate, topography especially altitude, exposure, parent materials and direction of the mountain ranges create special habitats and/or different biomes in the Taurus Mountains. Typical Mediterranean climate prevail along the coastal zone of the Taurus Mountains in which mean annual rainfall is about 1000 mm and mean annual temperatures are 18-20oC. But the amount of the rainfall changes both within the years and between the north and south slopes of mountains and tectonic corridors. There are three main biomes along the vertical direction in the Taurus Mountains:

1. Lower Mediterranean zone begins at the Mediterranean Sea and rise up to 1000-1500 m. Climax forest of this zone is red pine


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(Pinus brutia). Naturally understory and/or shrub layer of red pine forest contain maquis vegetation. Maquis vegetation is widespread where red pine forest has been degraded and completely destroyed. In other words the maquis and garriques are the regressive succession for Turkey’s Mediterranean Region. Leading Maquis elements are composed of Quercus coccifera, Arbutus andrachne, Pistacia terebinthus, Phillyrea latifolia, Ceratonia siliqua, Nerium oleander, Calicotome villosa, Laurus nobilis, Olea europea.

2. Oro-Mediterranean zone is common 1000 (1500)-2000 m, and it contains Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani), black pine (Pinus nigra) and Taurus fir (Abies cilicica). In this zone degraded areas have been occupied by Juniperus communities. Extensive and productive cedar and black pine forests are only found in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey.

3. Subalpine zone covers the upper part of the forests. Here subalpine grass and some steppe herbaceous plants are common.

Karstic lands form special habitat in terms of the formations of soil, plant productivity, and agricultural activities. As a general rule on the rugged and stepper areas soil develops along the thin cracks and bedding surface in which atmospheric waters are holds. Reddening process takes place due to water and air circulation are in good conditions in the cracked karstic terrains. On the other hand, tree roots develop easily the deeper part along the cracks and bedding surfaces. Good and/or productive forest stands are found on the karstic lands, but rocky areas appear where forest and maquis formations completely destroyed. Maquis vegetation is found as climax vegetation in the destroyed Pinus brutia areas. Because, the regeneration of maquis vegetation takes place via root suckers. The rugged karstic topography contains rich vegetation, some relict and endemic species. Karstic depressions such as dolines and poljes are suitable for the settlement and agricultural activities. One can see arable lands and district, small size settlement in the karstic depressions. Low weathered and no weathered serpentine-peridotite parent materials prevent the root development considerably and cation exchange capacity is very low and poor stands are common on these parent materials. The SW slopes of Taurus Mountains abruptly rising on the Mediterranean coast get much more rainfall than that of the other slopes due to the fact that fronts coming from the Middle part of Mediterranean Sea are intercepted on the slopes facing southwest. This situation leads the increase of the rainfall, but the amount of the rainfall of intermountain basin is low due to rain shadow. The air mass or wind passing the Taurus


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Mountains create föhn event along the coastal zone of the Mediterranean Sea. This event increases the forest fire. Exposure factor determines the distribution of the Mediterranean vegetation. For example, Pinus brutia and maquis vegetation rise up to 1400-1500 m on the slope facing south due to sun radiation intensity and temperature is high. The direct sunny and hot habitats are suitable for the growth of both Pinus brutia forest and maquis communities. As a general rule, The Mediterranean sector of the Taurus Mountains is more productive areas as compared the other part of the Mediterranean region. Indeed, the amount of the rainfall and relative humidity is higher than Mediterranean sectors of Greece, Spain, Italy and East Mediterranean coastal zone. Key words: Taurus Mountains, ecoregions, mediterranean plants


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The Karstification Processes and the Formation of Antalya Travertine Deposits İbrahim ATALAY Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey Recep EFE Balikesir University, Turkey Abdullah SOYKAN Balikesir University, Turkey Cemali SARI Akdeniz University, Turkey İsa CÜREBAL Balikesir University, Turkey The limestones having different lithological properties and geological periods covering the western part of the Taurus Mountains have led to the formation of karstic dissolution forms such as lapies, dolines, caves, ground rivers, canyon valleys etc. The karstic accumulation form is characterized by travertine deposits that are found in the vicinity of Antalya. Karstification processes have started at the end of the Mesozoic time and continued up to present time. The Antalya travertine deposit and its karstic form is very interesting in terms of the formation of ground river system, agricultural activities and settlements. The formation of the Antalya travertine started at the end of the Pliocene and continued during the Quaternary time. The water originating from the Taurus Mountains and containing rich calcium bicarbonate has spread the subsidence basin and/or flat land of the Antalya Gulf and the travertine was formed as consequence of the evaporation of calcium bicarbonate water. Total thickness of the travertine deposits is about. 300-350 m, and it covers an area of 240 km2. Antalya travertine deposits also contain three main terrace levels: 100 m, 195-210 m and 250-300 m. The travertine deposits have been subjected to the karstification processes. Namely the river named Düden originating from the karstic resources established on the travertine deposits. As the result the lowering of the base levels the river deeply incised its own valley. Thus some part of the Düden River shifted from the surface to the deeper part of travertine. One can see sinkholes and waterfalls along the longitudinal profile. Indeed, ground river appears at the Varsak locality and then lost in the


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sinkhole of Düden locality and again continue as a ground river and reappear as a resurgent resources at the Düdenbaşı (head of sinkhole) locality and then flow into Mediterranean Sea as a waterfall in the east of Antalya. Shallow dolines appearing on the flat land of the travertine deposit are devoted to agricultural activities. Rocky areas are the main occurrence areas of the red pine forest and maquis vegetation. Nowadays some areas are converted into settlement areas. The waters derived from the karstic land of the Taurus Mountains are being utilized for agricultural purpose and drinking water. Key words: Kartification, karstic landforms, travertine deposit


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Elementary Pre-Servise Teachers’ Understandings of Physical Geography Concepts Emin ATASOY Uludag University, Turkey. Seçil ALKIŞ Uludag University, Turkey. This study inquires elementary pre service teachers’ understandings of physical geography concepts. The sample of this research is 204 third year elementary pre service teachers at Uludag University Faculty of Education. The data were collected in March 2007. The data is collected by using an instrument that consisting 35 concepts. At the first section, pre service teachers’ asked to mark one of the three alternatives about each concept which tell us the concept is familiar or unfamiliar to them. At the second part of study, pre service teachers’ asked to choose five concept which they know best from the instrument and to description of them. The data obtained through to second part were classified as right understanding, restricted understanding and wrong understanding. SPSS program was used to analyze the data. Key words: Physical geography concepts, elementary pre-servise teachers, understandings of concepts


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Restoration of Coastal Sand Dunes for Conservation of Landscape and Psammohilic Biodiversity Pua BAR Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Amos BOUSKILA Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Elli GRONER Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Coastal sand dunes are natural habitats with extremely significant conservation values. The dynamic nature of the dunes creates a landscape with highly variable topography and aspect, and with variable edaphic factors that together provide suitable habitats for a wide variety of specialist plants and animals, some of which are endemic. Despite the significant conservation value of coastal dunes, they have been subjected to considerable human impact. According to a study by the World Resources Institute, 70% of the European coastline is highly threatened and only 45% of the coastline in Western and Central Europe remains intact in its natural state. In the Mediterranean – a mere 25% remains intact. A reflection of this situation can also be found in Israel. The Israeli coastal plain is 190 km long and between 1 km wide in the north and 7 km in the south. It includes sand dunes, that are about 1000 years old, in various degrees of stabilization. Two third of the coastal plain area is extensively inhabited by humans (about 60% of the population of Israel), heavily developed, and vilely polluted. According to the data of the Israeli Nature and National Parks Authority, only about 17% of the Israeli coastal dunes are still ecologically intact, and less than 5% of that area is designated as protected open space. In addition to the human impact described above, the remaining sand dunes were stabilized, either by planting or by restricted nature conservation that has been followed by shrub encroachment (as happened in the Mediterranean coastal dunes of Israel). These stabilizing processes have modified the nature of the flora and fauna, decreased landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity, changed the geomorphological characteristics of sand dunes, and massively reduced the area of unstabilized and semi-stabilized dune landscapes.


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Thus, the value of coastal dunes and the importance of their spatial heterogeneity, which include shifting and semi-stabilized dunes, are increasingly being recognized worldwide, and this is leading to many efforts to initiate programs of ‘dynamic conservation and restoration management.’ Since massive human disturbances are occurring in almost the entire coastalline of Israel, the future of psammophile species of the area depends on the fate of the Nizzanim Nature Reserve, which is the largest reserve along the coast (1900 ha, Mediterranean climate with 500 mm in average per winter, and 5-50% shrub cover). Four years ago we established a multidisciplinary study at Nizzanim Nature Reserve, which was declared as an ILTER (International Long Term Ecosystem Research) 3 years ago. Within the framework of this presentation, I will present one aspect of our study that aimed to: determine the impact of removal of woody vegetation cover on the rates and patterns of re-establishment by native, psammophilic organisms and on the interactions between them determine the optimal plant cover that will simultaneously facilitate sand mobility and high psammophilic biodiversity determine the potential for using specific psammophilic organisms as indicators of habitat biodiversity in dune systems suggest the optimal management tools to preserve the Nizzanim Nature Reserve coastal sand dunes. The study was conducted over 28 months (May 2004-October 2006) and included 10 field excursions. The observed taxa were: plants, arthropods, rodents and reptiles. Twenty two dunes were selected in the area that represent 3 typical dune types, with regard to their stabilization level: 3 non-stabilized dunes (marked as "A"), 6 semi-stabilized ("B" and "C") and 8 stabilized ("D"). The vegetation from 6 stabilized dunes and one semi-stabilized dune was removed by bulldozers on April 2005 (4 dunes were manipulated to "A" and 3 dunes to "B-C"), and the expeditions that followed started to monitor the changes in the vegetation and animals following the experimental land management. Capture and observation methods differed among taxa. The obtained results support the idea that to manage the Nizzanim sand dunes in order to maintain landscape biodiversity, the best way is to maintain spatial heterogeneity at least at 2 scales. At the larger scales we need both habitat types: stabilized and shifting sand dunes to support both assemblages. At the smaller scale it is recommended to maintain both microhabitat types, bush and open, in each dune, since most species need both of those patch types. It is therefore recommended to remove shrubs from some dunes that are beginning to be stabilized (semi-stabilized), but to leave behind several patches with shrubs. The overall guideline is to create shrub removal to 10% plant cover.


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The observations on the rodent population, where the re-establishment of psammophilic organisms depends on the proximity to shifting sand dunes (the “source”), also suggest that future attempts to treat semi-stabilized and stabilized dunes should be concentrated in areas that are still connected to shifting dunes with suitable habitats for pasmmopilic species. Areas that are too isolated for transfer of certain animals and plants may require active transfer of a few individuals to establish new populations on isolated treated dunes. Nevertheless, any such attempts will need to be monitored for several years, because we need to observe the impact of plant removal after at least 3-4 years to evaluate the utility of the treatment. Key words: Coastal Sand Dunes, conservation, psammohilic biodiversity


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Management of invasive Plants, Such as Acacia Saligna, in a Coastal Nature Reserve, Israel. Pua BAR Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Oded COHEN Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Josef RIOV The Hebrew University, Israel Yaakov KATAN The Hebrew University,Israel Avrame GAMLIEL Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Israel Coastal sand dunes offer optimal conditions for invasive plant, such as Acacia saligna (Australia) and Heteroteca subexilaris (east-north America). Such plants disperse very quickly and replace the indigenous vegetation. As a consequence, the habitat ecological value (an index that we developed) decreases significantly as compared to the non-invaded habitat. A. saligna has proliferated in Israel along the coastal plain over the last 40 years. There are places in which Acacia dominates the landscape, as well as the entire habitat. However, there are places in which the Acacia coverage is low, but if we are consider the distribution rate of Acacia in the coastal plain, we expect that those places will be dominated by Acacia within 30 years. Management control against invasive plants such as A. saligna is one of the most important challenges that agricultural and natural resource managers need to face. The acacia reproduces by sprouts and by seeds. It is possible to control the acacia's vegetative production by mechanical and chemical methods. Unfortunately, an effective technique that prevents the reoccurring renewal through seed-bank, has not yet been found. The density of the seed-bank (depth ≤ 12 cm in m2) in Nizzanim Nature Reserve was evaluated as 22,500±7,200. The majority of the seeds (70%-80%) is located in a soil depth of 0-3 cm and represents viability higher than 97%. This viability is conserved for many years through a physical dormancy mechanism that involves impermeability of the seed coat to water. The accumulation of seeds in the soil creates a persistent seed-bank that ensures the temporal and spatial distribution of Acacia. The goal


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of our research was to examine the effect of different treatments on seed-bank deterioration. The experiment took place in the Palmachim coastal sand dune nature reserve (Mediterranean climate, 500 mm in average per winter). Four Acacia stands were chosen and six treatments (plot =3x4 m) took place in each stand: 1. Cutting – control plot (without any treatment) 2. Cutting and one-time summer watering 3. Cutting and soil solarization 4. Burning 5. Burning and one-time summer watering 6. Burning and soil solarization. The treatments' impact on seed viability along the soil profile was studied from burring net bags (each bag contained 30 seeds) in the soil. All treatment and depth combination were performed in four replications. The results indicate: (i) the seeds' viability was not damaged in the control plot, (ii) All treatments (2-6) caused significant damage to seed viability compared to the treatment in the control plot, and (iii) The intensity of seed damage was graded respectively: 6 = 5 > 4 >3 >2 > 1. Stands that remained open after the Acacia removal were established by the herbaceous invasive plant H. subexilaris, which emphasizes the importance of restoration by the original plant community immediately after the Acacia treatment. Key words: invasive Plants, Acacia saligna, nature reserve, Israel


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Do we know enough about sand dune ecosystems in order to be able conserve them? Pua BAR Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Elli GRONER Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Itai RENAN Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Meirav PERRY Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel The object of nature reserves and hot spots is to conserve organisms and processes that are characteristic to a certain habitat. However, the question is, do these sites represent the entire biodiversity that exist in a particular habitat? In Israel, the largest nature reserve, that aims to represent the geo-ecological processes and organisms of sand dunes, is Nizzanim (1900 ha, Mediterranean climate, 500 mm in average per winter). In this nature reserve, plants and animals exist where their biogeographical origin is either the Mediterranean (M) or the Saharo-Arabian (SA). The question is, does the Nizzanim Nature Reserve indeed represent the entire range of organisms that are characteristic of sand dunes in Israel? Three sites, about 60 km from each other, were chosen: Cesarea in the north (550 mm per winter), Nizzanim Nature Reserve in the south, and Nizzana, south of Nizzanim (80 mm per winter). Plants and arthropods were observed on the same dates using the same methods. The results indicated that: The trends in the vegetation of Cesarea and Nizzanim are similar. Vegetation cover and species richness per unit of area increase with dune stabilization. However, the highest coverage and species richness in Nizzana was observed in the semi-stabilized dunes, presumably because the biogenic crust is the environmental engineer in Nizzana, whereas shrubs play the same role in the other two sites. Plant coverage and species richness per unit of area are higher at Cesarea as compared to the other two sites, presumably due to the differences in the soil properties beneath the sand layer. Plant composition in Nzzana differs significantly from that in the other two sites.


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Plant composition in the stabilized dunes in Cesarea differs significantly from that of similar types of dunes in Nizzanim. The number of arthropod species increases as the amount of rain decreases. There is a significant number of characteristic species at each site (40 species out of 50 in Nizzana, 30 out of 50 at Nizzanim, and 20 out of 35 in Cesarea). The conclusion from this study is that by conserving one representative site we might lose species and even processes existing in other similar habitats, even when they are close to each other, as is the case in Israel. Unfortunately, the sand dunes of Cesarea and Nizzana are planned for settlement in the near future, a fact that will cause the extinction of landscapes and species, mainly endemic, from these areas. Key words: sand dune ecosystem, conservation, Nizzanim nature reserve


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Attitudes of Tourism Establishments About Tourism Development and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Ören (Milas) Sultan BAYSAN Adnan Menderes University, Turkey Ören (Milas) is a municipality situated on the North of Gökova Bay in the boundaries of Muğla province. Being in the first stages of tourism development, Ören has small pension (pansiyon) (B&B) type establishments compare to many developed tourism areas in Türkiye such as Bodrum, Kuşadası or Antalya (for example, there is only one three star hotel). Tourism establishments play an important role in development of tourism. Therefore, finding out the attitudes of people at the managerial positions or owners of these establishments towards tourism and the impacts of the industry on the environment is the key issue. Thus, this paper aims at investigating the perceptions of tourism establishments on the tourism development and the environmental effects of the industry in Ören (Milas). Hence, the establishments providing accommodation, catering and shopping services are in the scope of this paper. A questionnaire survey consisted of 31 questions was carried out to all establishments and 64 (86%) of which were included after the data cleaning stage. The preliminary findings indicate the thermal power plant as giving irritation to the tourism business and the government as being ineffective in preventing the negative environmental impacts created by tourism activities. Thus, there is a need to adapt planning policies and a responsible tourism marketing approach for the area. Key words: Tourism development, environment, establishments, perceptions.


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Political Boundaries in the Meditteranean World Gideon BIGER Tel Aviv university, Israel Today there are more then 30 independent states and one dependent (Gibraltar) around the Med Sea. Their political boundaries were mainly reestablished in the last 150 years although the area has a very long history. There are many differents between the southen boundaries all of them made by Imperual powers - Britain, France, Italy without any concideration of the local needs as diferent from the northen Med states which mainly conducts their boundaries as negotiated with other states. There are more simillarities and differences between the eastern Med states and the western one as those in the east are very young while the western boundaries are more old. Key words: Political boundry, Mediterranean world,


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Global Radiation Estimations Based on Cloudiness with Respect to Global Warming in Mediterranean Region Bartók BLANKA University of Debrecen, Hungary The aim of the study is to estimate regional changes of global radiation in Mediterranean Region by a statistical model in three steps: statistical regression of global radiation and surface-based cloudiness, and between global radiation and Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) are determined for a short period (1992-1996); regression of the local variables against the hemispherical mean temperature, analyzed by the method of instrumental variables (7), in recent monotonously warming periods, i.e. 1973-1996 for cloudiness, and 1979-2000 for the OLR.; regression coefficients of the previous steps are combined for point-wise estimation of the expected changes in our target variable, the global radiation. One of the major sources of error in the satellite based global radiation is misinterpretation of bright snow surfaces, winter months (November - February) are excluded from the analysis. After displaying the derived monthly global radiation maps, regression coefficients between the global radiation and cloudiness (negative), and global radiation and OLR (mainly positive) are presented. In addition, changes in global radiation determined by different type of clouds are presented Cloudiness changes were mainly negative parallel to the increase of hemispherical mean temperature. Corresponding OLR changes behave similarly, with alternated sign. Production of the two regression coefficients typically yields a few percent positive changes of global radiation for 0.5 K global warming. Key words: Global radiation, cloudiness, global warming


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Hydrical Processes within the Balacita Piedmont Sandu BOENGIU University of Craiova, Romania Alina VLADUT University of Craiova, Romania Gheorghe CURCAN University of Craiova, Romania Emil MARINESCU University of Craiova, Romania The hydrical processes have been thoroughly studied on the rivers and their most important tributaries, as well as on the Eastern slope of the Danube and the Western slope of the Jiu at the limit with the Bălăciţa Piedmont. They gain in importance especially during floods if we take into account the size of the hydrographical basins and the multitude of tributaries, as well as the climate as there occur numerous rain showers from spring till autumn. The hydrical processes are less intense within the Bălăciţa Piedmont as compared to other sectors of the Getic Piedmont, due to the reduced drainage density and relief intensity, to the lack of strong springs able to supply the hydrographical network, and to the important amount of the rain water in the discharge of the rivers within the inner part of the piedmont. The sheet erosion is maximum during the rain showers registered during the warm season, especially when the slopes formed on loess-like deposits are tilled and without vegetation. The material from the soil, loosened due to the agricultural works, it is easy to be dislocated and carried as a shallow water coat charged with fine particles flows down towards the base of the slope. The drainage is represented by initial erosion forms such as runnels, furrows, and more evolved forms such as ravines and torrents in different development stages. The furrows can be mostly found near the head of the rivers and of their tributaries. Their rapid development is also favoured by the soft rock (clays, marls, sands, loess-like deposits). Most of the furrows and ravines can be noticed in the West and North-west of the Bălăciţa Piedmont, especially on the slope of the Danube between Ergheviţa and Hinova and within the basins of the Blahniţa, the Drincea, and the Slătinic. The increased development of the ravines located on the right slope of the Danube is due to the height, to the inclination of the slopes, and the


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thickness of the sandy deposits. The deepening of the Corlăţel course and the sandy deposits also contributed to this situation. The torrential valleys formed within the Bălăciţa Piedmont are due to the less resistant rock, to the positive neotectonic movements, as well as to the deepening of the permanent hydrographical network. Key words: sheet erosion, drainage, the Bălăciţa Piedmont


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The Development of the Tourism in Uyku Valley (Muğla-Milas) İsmail BULDAN Dokuz Eylul Univeirsity, Turkey Raziye OBAN Dokuz Eylul Univeirsity, Turkey Türkiye is quite rich in terms of natural and cultural resources. But country that takes an important share not too high from tourism income. There are many reasons of its, but the most important reason of it is changing and developing world can not present some new product to the tourism bazaar. Demand in tourism directs to the rural areas in resent times. Tourism is an important opportunity for the rural areas which their balance of incomes are spoiled in a quick way. In that point, it is significant of the attitude of the people who set in rural areas to the tourism. For this reason, people who live in rural areas should know the natural environment that they live and its use. Thus they keep the balance of conservation and use of them. This paper focuses on mainly opinions of villagers who live in Uyku Valley in Muğla-Milas (in the Mediterranean) in relation to the tourism potential and development of the rural area. Because, the study supply the variety of the alternative tourism activities in Muğla-Milas and, it gives some opportunities to the people who live there regarding the eco tourism. Thus, it supports the sustainable development via tourism. Shortly, this area has a big potential for tourism and it must be assessment. Some comments were also taken at the end of the survey and the questionnaire evaluated. Key words: Uyku Valley, eco tourism, questionnaire, opinions, assessment.


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Actual Processes of Relief Modeling on the Valley of Llap and Their Impact on the Enviroment Shpejtim BULLIQI University of Pristina, UNMIK Kosovo Gani GASHI University of Pristina, UNMIK Kosovo Florim ISUFI University of Pristina, UNMIK Kosovo Ibrahim RAMADANI University of Pristina, UNMIK Kosovo Today’s sight of the relief of Llap valley (NE part of Kosovo) is a result of activity of geomorphologic processes in space and time. Relief modeling begun after the valley remained without water of the lake that once existed and it’s continuing until today’s day. On the relief modeling influenced some factors such as: natural factors, natural-anthropogenic and the anthropogenic factor. Among the first we should take in account all those processes that came to be as a result of the activity of endogenous and exogenous forces. As a second we should take in account all the actions of a human being that in a way initiate or intensify these processes, while in anthropogenic processes we should take in account all kinds of activities of a human being (agriculture, construction, mining etc), that have or would have affect in the modeling of a relief. Recent modeling of a relief was conditioned by some factors where the main role played the tectonics of a terrain, litho-logic forming, climate, water, plants etc, which are directing these processes. The Geographical position of Llapi valley conditioned for this space to receive for many years a medium rainfall of 691.1 mm and to have a medium temperature of 9.60C. As a consequence of the aforementioned factor and lithologic forming of the terrain, there came to a medium development of temporary and permanent surface flows, and also to the development of various plants. The level and intensity of erosion activity of flowing waters and slope processes, apart from climate conditions, is closely connected also with the medium horizontal fractioning (from 1 – 4 km/km2 ) and also with the medium slopping of the terrain (from 4 - 12 o). Key words: Llapi valley, anthropogenic processes, Recent modeling


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The Alternative Tourism Activities Backwards the Riviera of Turkey (Akseki) İhsan BULUT Universityof Atatürk, Turkey Mehmet ZAMAN Universityof Atatürk, Turkey Halil HADİMLİ Universityof Atatürk, Turkey Turkey has become one of the foremost tourism countries in the Mediterranean Basin owing to the increase in its investment through the and of the twentyth century. Tghe coast lying from Alanya to west, Bodrum and Marmaris, are among the major costline tourism zones of the world by means of both the natural attractions and the inveestments aimed at the tourism and the tourist. This costline part of which consists of tourism centres such as Belek, Side inside and is particularly between Antalya and Alanya has started to be called as the Turkish Riviera since end of 1990’s. The Turkish Riviera has gradually been developing more and more by appreciating the natural and historical attactions that Turkey has. Nevertheless, it will be essential that the touristic activities mustn’t be limited to only the riviera and opened out from the costline through the interior areas in terms of the local advancement. It is necessary that the different varieties of the tourism must be evaluated in order to take out the tourism activities from the riviera. Although Akseki, the town of Antalya, is located so closely to the riviera of turkey, it is among the places where the tourism is the least improved. The touristic, natural and human varieties which Akseki has create a considerable potential fort he tourism activities to spread throughout the entire year and to expand except for the riviera of Turkey. Key words: Antalya, Alternative Tourism, Akseki, Turkish Riviera


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Climate Policies at Urban Level: Case Study of Territorial Planning in Italy. Alessandro CALZAVARA Agriteco s.c., via Mezzacapo, Italy Loris LOVO Agriteco s.c., via Mezzacapo, Italy Paloa MINIOIA University Ca’ Foscari, Italy

Gabriele ZANETTO University Ca’ Foscari, Italy

This communication aims to present the state of implementation in Italy of the European Programme for Climate Change, which has been recently launched, particularly in application of the international commitments signed in Kyoto. A brief overview of the state of national legislation and policies will present the recent laws that have been introduced as a follow up to the European strategy on climate change, and have enforced some regulations in the energy field which were already active but yet insufficiently applied. An example is given by the law 10/91 requiring the Comprehensive Urban Plans to contain Municipal Energy Plans, with the aim to utilise the energy component as a mean to ameliorate the environmental state of the towns, by influencing either settlement, transport or environmental choices, and by promoting the rational use of resources and the use of renewable sources. Only in very recent times local institutions have started complying with this law. The second section of the communication will then consider a best practice of compliance with the international commitments at the local level. It will be based on the current experience of Territorial Planning by the Municipality of Martellago (Venice Province, Italy). The study has closely followed the Urban Planning process, which has been finalised by the end of 2006. It has focussed on an area near the lagoon and some protected areas where a EU-Nature 2000 programme has been applied, though characterised by relevant urbanisation trends, a decrease of agricultural activities, and an intensification of mobility and transports. Key words: Climate Policies, Urban Level, Territorial Planning


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Significance of Zeytintaşi Cave (Serik-Antalya) in Terms of Ecotourism Salih CEYLAN Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Turkey Quick change in the world affects tourism sector as well as it does the others. As known, tourism activities carried out in Turkey are densely observed in Mediterranean and Aegean Coasts and they have been developed in accordance with mass tourism. However, attendance to mass tourism activities have been going down tourism has turned out to be a natural activity which is away from customary tourism centers and in which authentic values related to learning about new cultures. In this sense, caves have become the mostly interested ecosystems that can easily be demolished unless they are well administered. Moreover, most negatively affected caves are the ones which are near to the coastal regions and where the transportation facilities are easy. As a matter of fact, Insuyu and Damlataş caves have had these harms and they have lost their beauty as a result of dense visits and a cave administration which has not been planned carefully. Caves which generally used to be a subject of local, scientific and sportive activities have now been put into service of tourism by necessary arrangements done inside and around them. Especially local administration attaches great importance to the utilization of caves in terms of tourism. Thus, both increasing importance and changes in the profile and density of visitors increase the pressure on ecotourism or sustainable cave tourism. As known, main principle in the utilization of every kind of natural abundance is to provide the balance of protection and utilization. Local people’s support is vital so that tourism can get better, can be sustainable and can be a successful application. The fact that sustainable tourism will only be succeeded by the attendance of local people has been uttered by the most qualified authorities. In this sense, Zeytintaşı cave has a typical feature. Zeytintaşı Cave takes place in the 16 km north of the center of Serik –a town of Antalya; in the southeast of Akbaş Village and in the south slope of Zeytintaşı (Zeytinlitaş) Hill. Zeytintaşı Cave, opened to tourism in 2001, has been run by Serik Administrative District, Union of Service for Villages. The fact that it has not been demolished as well as it has every kind of stalactite formations are two important features distinguishing it from similar caves and making it enchanting. Especially macaroni-shaped stalactites make the cave preferential as they are some formations rarely observed in the other caves opened to tourism in our country. As known, interior –cave sediments of a great number of caves opened to tourism in Turkey have


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been demolished either consciously or unconsciously and compulsorily (during the discovery and electrification of the cave). In this sense, it is satisfactory that Zeytintaşı cave sediments have not been destroyed (apart from a small part during the application of electrification project). However, location of the cave near Antalya-one of the world’s popular tourism region-, convenient position and transportation indicate that it will take dense visits in the future. In this sense, sustaining Zeytintaşı cave to future generations without corruption of it in terms of ecotourism; preparing a well-designed administration plan and application of it have a great importance besides attendance and training of the local people. Key words: Zeytintaşı Cave, Ecotourism, Local People


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Research on Contributions of Winter Tourism to Local Societies (in Terms of Ecotourism): Çobanisa Village (Isparta) Salih CEYLAN Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Turkey Hilmi DEMİRKAYA Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Turkey Vital changes have been observed related to the understanding of tourism in parallel to economical, social, political and technological developments over the world in the last years. Generally the activity of tourism used to take place in specific regions in the triangle of sea-sand-sun. However, tourism activities started to emerge in the facilities that are away from tourism centers, that are natural, unspoiled and clean and that are in harmony with the environment. Ecotourism -defined with several names such as sustainable tourism or rural tourism- is an activity, definition of which couldn’t be determined exactly by the most qualified authorities even today. Ministry of Agriculture considers ecotourism under the titles as plateau tourism, ornithology (observing birds) tourism, photo safari, river sports (canoeing, rafting), farm tourism, botanic (observing plants) tourism, cycling tours, equestrian trekking, camping-caravan tourism, cave tourism and mountain tourism. As known, United Nations Sustainable Development Commission announced the year 2002 as International Tourism Year. At the same time, United Nations declared the year 2002 as "International Mountains Year" with a decision taken in 1998. The fact that both mountainous areas and ecotourism have been defined as a concept simultaneously in international arena indicates ecotourism or sustainable tourism is equally highlighted with the mountains. Turkey has an abundance of mountains, forests, plateaus, lakes, rivers, flora and fauna, caves, canyons, interesting geological structures, cultural heritage and authentic cultures, which cannot be compared with those of European Countries of Mediterranean Basin Coast. All this abundance makes our country an enchanting and preferential country on account of ecotourism activities. Our country has a pretty high potential in terms of mountain tourism – one activity area of ecotourism. One of these is Davraz Mountain Winter Sports Tourism Center that has been developing recently thanks to winter tourism. Çobanisa Village –our study issue- which is 18 km away from the city of Isparta have been experiencing one ecotourism activity developing with Davraz Mountain Winter Sports Tourism Center in the last


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years. Four old houses in the village were restored and opened to tourism at the beginning of 2006 by the pioneering of Governance of Isparta and allowance of Ministry of Culture and Tourism in order to support operating home pensions based on the tourism in Çobanisa Village. Davraz Mountain Houses, rented to a tourism company for a period of ten years by Çobanisa Village Local Authority (Muhtar), have a capacity of 35 beds. Moreover natural and cultural features of the district were considered and protected during the inside and outside design of them. Additional projects are needed to train the local people; to make the local people conscious about tourism; to develop operating home pensions and to put every kind of products into service of tourism besides building pensions with a view to village people’s wealth and life standards. Key words: Winter Tourism, Ecotourism and Local Communities.


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The Effects on the Flood of the Natural Environment Conditions on the Downstairs of the Aksu Valley (Giresun) Mücahit COŞKUN University of Gazi, Turkey

Bülent AKSOY University of Gazi, Turkey

As long as the flood is contented with protection the balance of the nature, it is presumed as a normal hydrometeorological case. But this balance sometimes spoils due to the various reasons. Because of this deterioration, the flood case occasionally is defined as a natural disaster. The flood is frequently seen on the most parts of earth. When it turns into natural disaster, it leads to the excessive lose of life and property. Turkey, due to the qualities of its geographical location, frequently faces with the flood. The aim of this work is to present the downstairs of Aksu valley (Giresun) as on exact example of the truth that natwal conditions are really effective on flood case. In this work, mainly geological and geomorphological feartures, the climate conditions and then the other natural environments are evaluated. At the end of this evaluation, the reason of the flood being frequently seen under part of Aksu valley are explained. Moreover the effects of the flood on the human life are evaluated in conclusion part and some advice about this matter is given. Key words: Flood, natural environment, natural disaster, geomorphological fearture, climate conditions, human.


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The Changing Nature, Value, and Environmental and Spatial Dimensions of Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey, 1990-2007. Georges CRAVINS University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, USA This project will focus on the magnitude and geographic-environmental ramifications of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey from 1990 to the present. The geographic factors that are involved in inflows and outflows of FDI in Turkey include Turkey’s internal political, social and geographic realities, as well as its relationships to the European Union and its special relationship to the United States. With respect to the latter, of particular importance is the geo-strategic understanding that has tied Turkey to the United States’ broader strategic interests in the Middle East, South Asia, and the Caspian Sea area since World War II. In view of the many factors that play upon Turkey’s economic and political geography, the approach of this researcher will be to examine the following: Relative to other countries, particularly to the new European Union countries of Eastern Europe, the volume and nature of inflows and outflows of FDI within Turkey; The country-of-origin and corporate sources of FDI inflows, as well as the principal targets or sector destination of such flows within Turkey itself; The potential demographic and environmental impact and location of FDI within Turkey; The nature of FDI inflows and outflows in terms of its likely long term geopolitical and geo-strategic outcome, particularly the likelihood that will prove advantageous or disadvantageous to Turkey’s relationships the European Union, the United States, and various Middle Eastern and South Asian countries. Turkey occupies a critical economic and geopolitical position among the world’s countries. Since the end of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet Union, Turkey has become an important transit route for both Caspian Sea and Iraqi oil. Efforts by the United States and its major oil interests to lessen the influence of Russia in world petroleum markets, and lately to isolate Iran, have substantially raised the importance of Turkey as a key player in the global oil industry. Another concern to Turkey is the extent to which FDI flows within Turkey tends to create the social and environmental conditions for further integration the country into the European economic space. Key words: Turkey, Foreign direct investment, economical geography


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The Effects of Natural Envıronment on Economıc Activities: The Uluborlu Cherry Agriculture Turhan ÇETİN Gazi University, Turkey In this research the effects of natural factors on cherry agriculture are pointed out and suggestions towards cherry production and increase of export are given. The town of Uluborlu is located in the Göller precinct and the Isparta county border of the Mediterranean Region. The town is surrounded in the southeast by the Kapidagi mountain (2447m), in the northwest by Kilinclagin mountain (2060m), in the south by the Hisarlik Hill (1610m) and in the north by the Gencali plain. Because of the location the climate characteristics of this region are showing transitions between mediterranean and terrestrial climate. As a matter of fact Uluborlu's yearly average temparature is measured at 11,7 oC and the average of precipitation is measured 644 mm. When we look at the average of seasonal precipitation, we see a total of 43 % in winter, 29% in spring, 18% in fall and 10 % in the summer. The most important sector in development of rural areas in our country is agricultural production. Fruit growing and especially cherry agriculture are the main developments of the Uluborlu town. The cherry agriculture in the town is effected by the ground shapes,climate,soil and water characteristics under the circumstances of natural environments.We should also add the human factors. Because the humans add to the possibilities of natural environments; the knowledge in property ownership, agricultural culture, watering, transportation and marketing etc. to target better results. In town of Uluborlu 17 types of cherrries are growing. However, among those cherries one type is named "Ziraat 0900", it is the most common production. The characteristics of these cherries are the red colour of skin,the heart shaped fruit, the hard and durable fruit flesh.Because of, this type of cherries are the most exportable type. From the total production of these cherries 80% goes to out of country and 20 % goes to the domestic market. As a matter fact 6050 tons of cherries were produced in 2006.And 4850 tons of cherries were exported and 1200 tons of it sent to domestic market. In the town of Uluborlu, at Gencali plain where the most of cherry agricultural productionis made, areas are covered by quarterner old alluviums. This plain is shaped by the collapse of the holes around the region and the rise of Kiliclagin mountain and Barla mountains at the end


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of pliocene. This plains water, the biggest and the continious river named Pupa (Üyüllü) stream runs to the plain. In this town to acchieve the most income in cherry agricultural production it needs to take some precautions. These are: to increase the capacity and the size of existing air-conditioned storages, to strenghten the connections of the mainroads, to connect to railroads and especially to connect to Antalya International Airport. Since the cherries are freshly consumed fruits, it needs to be delivered to its consumers as soon as possible. The distribution of cherries are made by highways for domestic consumption and the cherries for out of country are distributed by air conditioned trucks or by Antalya International Airport by cargo planes. In Uluborlu the collected cherries are send to European countries by approximately in 9–12 hours. This situation rises the entry of foreign currency into the country and it also rises the income of farmers. In the town, public and private institutions should gather to celebrate traditional Cherry Festivals and these festivals should go to international size to reach the cherry presentation all around the world. The cherry producers should also learn agricultural care, production and marketing subjects from these festivals. So the town will economically develop rapidly. And the producers of this town should directly work as an active member in production development cooperations and these cooperations should also know how to market, how to compete and to develop activities in international markets. Key words: Uluborlu, natural environment, cherry agriculture, economical development


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Land-Use Changes on the Coastal Zones of Kuşadası Gulf Hasan ÇUKUR Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Ceren TENTERIZ Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Research area covers Kusadasi, Selcuk, Ozdere, Gumuldur plains and upper-lands at which they are around of plains. In study area at which there are Mediterranean climatic conditions, there are main maquis species of Mediterranean vegetation and red pine forest. Under the Mediterranean climatic conditions, there are usually grown mandarin trees, olive trees and it is made green house activities in the large areas because of suitable natural conditions (climate, soil, and morphological properties). But after that 1980’s years, there has been founded secondary house and buildings of tourism aimed on the farm-land, because of intensive tourism activities on the coastal zone. These agricultural activities are started to make on the upper-lands. Therefore it has been started to damage on the forest-land because of agricultural activities. In this study, it is determined distribution and dimensions of miss-land-use by means of Geographical Information Systems. Key words: Land use, Kusadasi Gulf, miss-use, coastal belt, GIS


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Hazard Risk Management a Case of Mountain Highway Construction in Taiwan Chang-yi David CHANG National Taiwan University, Taiwan Land is precious in Taiwan. Thus, competition for use of land can be intense and lead to serious environmental problems. Intensive land development in mountainous slopelands that accounts for three fourths of Taiwan can derive more severe disasters, especially after the construction a new highway. This speech is an attempt to depict a detailed examination of the first Cross- Island Highway finished in 1960 and its impact based in part upon original field work conducted form 1970s to recent years. Some 50 years after the construction of the highway, there now is widespread agreement in Taiwan that the highway construction is a prime example of unwise use of mountainous regions and its consequences. Taiwan Government approved a National Land Recovery Act on January 20, 2005. All new highway construction, new agricultural and other developments at the elevation of 500 meters above sea level would be banned. Key words: Hazard risk management, Taiwan, Highway construction


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Land Use Changes in Coastal Areas: An Example of Kuşadası Neslihan DAL Adnan Menderes University, Education Faculty Sultan BAYSAN Adnan Menderes University, Education Faculty Excessive land demand around the coastal zone causes environmental, economic and social problems. Particularly agricultural, industrial and/or tourism activities put the coastal area under pressure and give rise to ecological and environmental problems. The Tourism Investment Law of 1982 (Turizm Teşvik Kanunu) has caused excessive development of tourism establishments such as accommodation, catering, shopping facilities and second house development around the coast. Therefore, the Law caused rapid migration to the coastal areas that put more pressure over the natural resources. The most important factor causing land degradation is disobeying the land use plans. Moreover, the lack of investigating the capacity of resources and disobeying the number and size of carrying capacities are other problematic factors. Further, mishandling attitude of local administration towards opening up coastal areas to the Construction Sector led the loss of agricultural land. For example, the changes between 1997 and 2005 show a tremendous decrease over agricultural land of Kuşadası. In total, there was 3575.5 ha agricultural area in 1997, almost half of which were lost in 2005 (1826.8 ha). These areas are covered by the Construction Sector. Thus, the most agricultural land of Central Kuşadası and Davutlar was covered by the second home development. Further, unplanned development of these homes is also a threat to the forest area nearby (which is also a national park) and the recreational site used particularly by daily visitors. This research investigates the changes in the land use of Kuşadası between 1992 and 2006. The data between this period were obtained from Kuşadası Tourism Directorate, the Land Use Report of Aydın Province and also the building development schemes. The results indicate the increase in the tourism related construction and improper land use in the coastal zone of Kuşadası.

Key words: Land use, Kusadasi, coastal area, tourism


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The Effects of the Yaziköy- Epicentred Burdur Earthquake, (May 12, 1971) on the Residents of the Village Hilmi DEMİRKAYA Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Turkey Yusuf İNEL Turkey It is generally accepted that vulnerability comprises the social, cultural, economic, political and environmental characteristics of societies and that these combine in complex ways to influence people’s exposure to Science educators have proposed that students’ worldviews influence their ways of interpreting natural phenomena and then impose an effect on conceptual development in science. People, even infants, always try to construct ways of explaining natural phenomena. However, many do not construct scientifically acceptable views. Hence, in the last decades, numerous science educators have devoted themselves to investigating students’ ‘misconceptions’ or ‘alternative conceptions’. Students’ misconceptions or alternative conceptions, clearly, have some basis. Socio-cultural influences may play an important role in their ideas. Recently, science educators have become aware of the possible effect of student worldviews on their conceptual development in science. Worldviews are a set of beliefs or assumptions about the basic nature of reality and they are constructed in socio-cultural environments. Therefore, students’ worldviews may influence their interpretations of natural phenomena. In some societies, poor awareness and information provision as to the key requirements for building a ‘safe house’ are contributing to heavy losses in the event disaster. This paper seeks to explore some of these ideas in two Turkish communities exposed to earthquake hazard: Yazıköy and Yarıköy in SW Turkey. In particular it will focus on the traditional building practices that have developed as a response to living with earthquake hazard and the development of a seismic culture of protection. Whilst vulnerability can be discerned spatially, it also has a temporal dimension. The root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions that are perceived as providing a sequential progression towards a vulnerable society may develop over a prolonged period. In cases where events are low in frequency, a seismic culture of repairs may emerge where people are responsive to disaster reduction information in the immediate aftermath of an event but then tend to revert back to pre-disaster building techniques and lifestyle. Key words: Natural phenomena, earthquake, humans worldview, attitude


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Regional Natural and Social Synthesis: Structure, Hierarchy and Spatial Organization Neno DIMOV University of Sofia, Bulgaria Emin ATASOY Uludağ University, Turkey During the last decades there were extremely dynamic changes in the natural complex, the social and economic development and the cultural organization of the human civilization. At first they appear in different countries and regions, but later they have a planetary effect. As a result of that there are changes in the natural and social, cultural and ecological organization of life; new international systems, institutions and unions have been formed which transform the established relations and policies. Along with that increases the anthropogenic pressure on the nature, forms a complicated and unpredictable asymmetry in the binomial “nature-society”. Along with that in the beginning of 21st century the human society crossed the extremely risky 10% border of consumption of the annual production of the Earth biota. In this situation exist real opportunities for violating the stability of the biosphere and increasing of the risky situations in the society. These are the general reasons for starting a scientific discussion about the problem of the structure, the hierarchy and spatial organization of the natural and social systems. The basic accents in the report are connected with the explanation of the structure of the natural and social systems which distinguish with an extremely regional diversity. It is known that the regions in the world are in the subject character of the modern geographic science and hence is defined the necessity for developing of a new cartographic model for the structure and organization of the regional natural and social systems. The second accent is connected with the explanation about the character of the “effect of the size” and the “effect of the scale” in the learning of the regional natural and social systems. The third accent in the scientific content of the report is directed towards more profound explanation of the paradox for the hierarchy in the spatial and time organization of the natural and social systems. On that basis is defined the basic co-ordinates of the model for scientific interpretation of the regional natural and social systems. Key words: Organization, natural, society, accent


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The Role of Ecotourisim in Local Tourisim Development: The View of Bulgarian Municipal Administrations Elka D. DOGRAMADJIEVA University of Sofia, Bulgaria

Mariana A. ASSENOVA University of Sofia, Bulgaria The paper represents results of a wider questionnaire-based survey of Bulgarian municipalities that has been carried out in 2006 in order to support the elaboration of the Strategic framework for tourism planning and development and the Main directions of the Strategy for development of Bulgarian tourism in the period 2006-2009. The analysis is based on the answers of 124 respondents that make up nearly 50% of the total number of municipalities in Bulgaria (265) and cover more than half of the county’s territory. Areas of different tourism potential and type of development are represented – seaside areas, mountain regions of various altitudes, regions with developed centers of spa, cultural and city tourism as well as areas in which tourism industry is almost absent. Thus comparable information about the current tourism development, its potential and main problems on local level is provided from the point of view of the municipal administrations, being an important stakeholder in tourism development in the country. This paper is focused on the view of Bulgarian municipalities about the role of ecotourism and nature-orientated activities in local tourism development. Respondents’ assessments of the current and potential tourism activities, most famous attractions and their competitors, undeveloped resources and necessary measures for their adoption are discussed. Conclusions are made referring to the main factors and problems of ecotourism development as well as to the measures considered as most important by municipal administrations. Key words: Ecotourism, local authorities, potential, problems, measures


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Ecosystem Properties of the Mancılık Mountain Orobiome Recep EFE Balikesir University. Turkey Süleyman SÖNMEZ Balikesir University. Turkey İsa CÜREBAL Balikesir University. Turkey The Mancılık Mountain is a place showing aerobioume characteristics as having some differences on the ways of geological, geomorphological and edafic ways; sheltering many kinds of biogeographic values. Mancılık Mountain is an orographic unit extending on east-west direction, partially massy and having high hillsides. Thus, there are important biogeographic, edafic, geomorphologic and climatic differences between northern and southern parts, because of the aspect factor. The mountain’s being in transition zones of The Mediterranean’s and Black Sea Region’s climate areas has an important role in this asymmetry. Relative height differences of the mountain mass according to its environment enable the formation of vegetation zones. Its geologic and geomorphologic structure, soil types, rich flora and fauna, water resources and recreational richness show typical orobiome features. To carry out this research several field trips have been conducted and; climatic map including precipitation and temperature, soil map, geology, geomoprphology, elevation levels maps were prepared in GIS environment. These maps are prepared by analyis of Landsat ETM+ images of 2006. The gathered data was converted to related thematic maps to produce of required maps such as rainfall, geomorphology, geology, and vegetation. Key words: Orobiome, Mancılık, ecology, vegetation, biogeography


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Prospects for Rural Cultural Tourism in Turkey: Case Study of Karaburun Gözde EMEKLİ Ege University, Turkey Füsun SOYKAN Ege University, Turkey Tourism in Turkey is mainly coastal tourism and has had a high developing performance since 1980s. Coastal tourism is basically condensed between the Northern Aegean and Western Mediterranean Sea. When we say rural cultural tourism in Turkey, natural geographic area is perceived by the word “rural and local culture”. Therefore rural cultural tourism is considered to be the equivalent of ecotourism, plateau tourism, cultural tourism, local dishes, festivals, hunting and open-air sport in nature. Though not mistaken completely, this approach may be counted as insufficient because in rural cultural tourism the main objective is to stay in a village, a chalet or a farmhouse and have a holiday by involving in rural and local culture. In Turkey, the literature of rural cultural tourism is very limited and the publications are very few. While the researchers who work on rural economy and rural development at faculties of agriculture and business administration in universities have recently been concerned with the subject, rural cultural tourism and ecotourism are studied on by some researchers at public institutions like The Ministry of Tourism and The Ministry of Environment and Forests. The main objective of this study is to present the importance of rural cultural tourism in Turkey and Karaburun and recent rural development and tourism policies, to outline the potential of coastal tourism on the level of geographical provinces and to give several examples of rural cultural tourism. Our goal is to help develop an awareness of rural cultural tourism among people in the private and public sector, organizations of social workers, instructors in tourism, local culture and local people. The peninsula has been introduced to marine tourism in the late 1980s, hotels and boarding-houses simultaneously were built and second houses rapidly increased. While the crops and products of the rural and cultural values of the peninsula such as olive and citrus trees, vineyards, artichoke, narcissus and hyacinth, sage, thyme, cake-cheese were gradually decreasing, the shore began to turn into a concrete area through constructions.


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In the peninsula the old Greek and Turkish villages that are now deserted may be visited for sight-seeing and trekking tours are available around Akdağ, which is almost 1200 m. high. Common consciousness to protect and preserve the natural, cultural and economic structure of the peninsula has been aroused and new projects with many participants have begun to be planned and applied. As a result, the peninsula really deserves to be protected very well and as a whole because the Mediterranean seal (Monachus-monachus), the endemic island sea-gull which is gradually becoming extinct and many pharmacognostic, medicinal herbs with fragrant aroma, agricultural crops, fishery products and thus the local culture are all actually worthy of well-protection and preservation. Key words: Karabulur, rural cultural tourism, Mediterranean


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Trends of the Climatological Growing Season in Turkey Ecmel ERLAT Ege University, Turkey In recent times, climatological, phenological and satellite studies have reported changes in the timing and length of the growing season. These previous studies indicate a lengthening of the growing season where the most prominent change has been an earlier onset of the start of the growing season. In general, the extension of the growing season has been associated with recent global warming and relationships with large-scale atmospheric oscillations like NAO, AO and ENSO. The objective of this study is to investigate the trends of the start, end, and length of the climatological growing season in Turkey. The daily mean and minimum surface temperatures used recorded at 55 stations in Turkey during the period from 1939 to 2005. In the literature, there exists a wide variety of growing season definitions. In most mid-latitude regions, temperatures are often used as the sole parameter to determine growing period length. In this paper, we have used two different threshold temperatures to determine of the climatological growing season. First, we have selected the number of the days between the date of the last spring frost and first autumn frost to determine the climatological growing period. Secondly, the growing season is defined as the period between when daily temperatures were >5°C for >5 days and when daily temperatures were <5°C for >5 days. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall rank correlation test was used to detect any possible trend in growing season length, and to test whether or not such trends are statistically significant. The least-squares linear regression equations were calculated to detect lengthening of the growing period rates per decade. Major results of this study show that climatological growing periods have tended to lengthened significantly in Turkey over the 1939 to 2005 period. Mann-Kendall test indicates that increasing trends are significant at 39 of 55 stations, 10 of which are at the 0.01 level. On the other hand, results show mostly insignificant decreasing trends in growing period at 16 stations. Similarly, there has been a general increase in growing period depending on the other criterion which the daily mean temperature constantly exceeds 5ºC. The greatest changes have occurred in spring, most likely consequences of warmer temperatures and earlier last frost. Key words: Growing season length; frost- free season; non-parametric tests; trend analysis; Turkey.


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Agriculture and Tourism Conflict: A Case Study of Mudanya Region (Bursa) in the North West of Turkey Selma Akay ERTÜRK İstanbul University, Turkey This study aims at analyzing of the interaction and conflict between the rural-urban areas, particularly of agriculture-tourism in Mudanya (Bursa) and its region located in the northwest of Turkey, the south part of Marmara Region. Mudanya is located in the coast of Marmara Sea. People living in Mudanya, mainly earn their lives with fisheries and by cultivating fruit especially olive and vegetables. Industrial activities are not at the advanced level in this region. Mudanya has a great historical background, natural and cultural wealthiness. Recently domestic tourism has developed at the great extend due to its high touristic potantial. As being, is very close to Bursa, which is the 5th biggest city of Turkey, Mudanya enables the transportation between Bursa and İstanbul, the biggest city in Turkey, by seaway. Many people living in the metropolitan areas prefer buying their second home from Mudanya’s rural area. Lately, the increasing demand for space, causes destroying the olive groves so as to build multyfloored second homes. Therefore Mudanya can be considered as a significant case study to conduct research upon. The focus was on the rural-urban relations and the role of urban pressure in rural areas to provide the sustainable rural and urban development. The aim of the study was to contribute to decisions and policies made by the local government, NGOs and local persons, in order to help manage these changes as sustainable and suitable to the geographical potential of the region as possible. Key words: agriculture, tourism, conflict, sustainable development


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Medium scale assessment of Desertification Sensitivity Using Remote Sensing and GIS, A study case in the North of Western Desert, Egypt Abd-Alla GAD National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo, Egypt More than one-third of earths land surface is arid, in which desertification has intensified in recent decades. The total global irrigated areas are 145.5 million hectares, among which desertification processes affect 102.3 million hectares. The rain fed global area is 457.7 million hectares, among which 242.1 million hectares is affected slightly, 83 million hectares moderately, 28.6 million hectares severe and 3.9 million hectares very severe. Degradation of the irrigated Nile soils, by salinisation and water logging, is the main desertification problem in Egypt. The rain fed grazing area at the northern coast is subjected to erosion and weathering. Sand dunes and sand sheets represent a threat source for the western desert oases and western agricultural Nile fringes. The planed agriculture expansion, which depends on the re-use of waste and drainage water, is mostly vulnerable to salinisation. The selected study area is located in the northern part of the western desert of Egypt between latitudes 27º to 32º N and longitudes 25º to 31º E. This area includes different ecological patterns to represent different soil degradation patterns. Environmental systems are generally in a state of dynamic equilibrium with external driving forces. Desertification of an area will proceed if certain land components are brought beyond specific threshold, beyond which further change produces irreversible change. In the applied methodology, three quality indices were computed (i.e. Soil Quality Index-SQI, Vegetation Quality Index-VQI and Climatic Quality Index-CQI). ETM satellite images, geologic and soil maps were used as main sources for calculating the indexes of Environmental Sensitivity Areas (ESAI) for desertification. The algorism is adopted from MEDALLUS methodology as follows; ESAI = (SQI * CQI*VQI) 1/3

The obtained results revealed that the study area could be divided into 27 land use and land cover classes. The classes found in the western desert region are characterized by quality indexes for soil, vegetation and climate. Those classes within the Nile basine are characterized by a moderate SQI, however those in the interference zone are low soil quality indexed. The


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dense vegetation of the Nile basin has raised its VQI to be good, however coastal areas are average and interference zones are low. The produced 1:25,000 scale maps of ESA’s for desertification show that 86.1% of study area is classified as very sensitive areas, while 4.3% as Moderately sensitive, and 9.6% as sensitive. It can be concluded that implementing the maps of sensitivity to desertification is rather useful in the arid and semi arid areas as they give more likely quantitative trend for frequency of sensitive areas. Key words: Remote sensing, GIS, Environment, Desertification, Egypt


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Study Concerning the Types of Micro Mud Volcanoes in Transylvania, Romania Andrea GAL Babes-Bolyai University, Romania Melania LAKATOS College of Modern Business Sciences, Romania Romania hosts one the most impressive mud volcanoes in Europe in the Berca-Arbanasi hydrocarbon-bearing structure (Paclele Mari and Paclele Mici, in the Eastern Carpathians Foreland), but there are other less studied and less known mud volcanoes and mud volcanic manifestation in other parts of the country as well: in the Transylvanian Basin, Moldavian Plateau, Western Plain, etc. The Transylvanian Basin is rich in gaseous hydrocarbon (methane) and salt so it is not unexpected that it hosts many small size mud volcanoes, spread all over the depression. Study and description of the Transylvanian mud volcanoes started in the 19th century but no detailed investigation had ever been done. The mud volcanoes of the Târnave Basin (southern part of Transylvanian Basin) had only been described by Bányai (1938). In his work the preliminary morphological classification of these small size mud volcanoes and mud volcanic manifestation was done. This present study aims to continue his work monitoring the changes in morphology from 1938 until 2003-2007 and to confirm the accuracy of the classification with a more detailed study. This study is concentrated on monitoring the subsurface morphology of the different types of mud volcanoes of the Târnave Basin. As a result of drillings we have come across several mud chamber-like formations, close to the surface. The shape of the “mud chambers” depends on the shape of the pseudo-volcanic cone, while its material and humidity differs from volcano to volcano. Study of these small size mud volcanoes can be very important in understanding of several issues of other, more complex mud volcanoes. Key words: Mud volcanoes, Transylvanian Basin, Romania, methane, salt


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Evolution Space-Time of the Accidents with Lonomia Obliqua, Walker 1885, in the State of the Parana-South of The Brasil Claudia Moreira GARCIA Federal University of the Paraná, Brasil This work comes to show to a study on the temporo-space evolution of the accidents with the Lonomia lizard obliqua Walker 1855, in the State of the Paraná, south of Brazil. With relative data to the period of 1989 the 2001, yielded for the State secretary of the Health of the Paraná, were looked to establish a general vision of its sazonal period and its space distribution, through a climatic study and of the biological parameters of the insect. The indications of this research give account that these accidents come more frequently occurring in the periods where the temperatures meet higher, corresponding to the stations of the spring and summer, scrambling themselves it almost nullity in the periods most cold, corresponding to the autumn and the winter in the south hemisphere. This fact coincides with the standards of evolution of the cycle of life of the insect, that in this in case that it is initiated approximately in the month of August, with acasalar of the butterflies, the egg position and the birth of the lizards, locking up with the formation of pupas approximately enters the June months/July. The cycle of life of the insect and the distribution of the number of accidents are corresponding. How much its space distribution the studies had demonstrated that the areas of bigger occurrence are located in the regions center-south, Southeast and southwest of the State, following the thick way the basin of the River Iguaçu, also contemplating the characteristics of geographic distribution raised by Lemaire (1972), as the altitudes between 600 and 1.800m. The data raised during the research signal with the possibility of this increment of cases to be related to the ambient question and the urban and demographic growth of these regions. Key word: Space, sazonal distribution, Lonomia obliqua, accidents, stations of the year.


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Geomorphology of the Upper Kocaçay River-Basin Kamile GÜLÜM Adıyaman University, Turkey Study area, the upper track of Kocaçay river-basin is located on the south of Marmara Region. It has average 751 km². Discordantly covered polycyclic topographical features take place in the study area. Relief features are closely associated with lithology and structure. Dominant feature is plateau. There are plateau at varying elevations. On the other hand, there are high hills on the plateau, such as Mount Madra, Göldedesi, and Göktepe. Although the dominating topographical features today show a mature type of topography, valleys are generally younger. Drainage system has been mostly formed during Pliocene. It has been developed in the course of Quaternary. In fact valley system is of Plio-Quaternary age. Probably, the topographical discordance found in the study area is the result of Post-Alpine tectonical uplift that occurred at the end of Pliocene and beginning of the Quaternary. Erosion surfaces of various elevations exist in our research area. The highest of them is 550-750 meters. The upper Miocene erosion surface has been formed on steep ridges and hills. The second one that is 300-520 meters elevations on the plateau is the lower Pliocene erosion surfaces. The lowest ones are at 210-300 m. elevations on of rivers that dissect the Plateau of upper Pliocene age. Valleys are still in the character of young valleys. In fact, the whole of topography is considered in the upper track of Kocaçay river basin, one can say that the development is still at the young stage. Key words: Kocaçay river, geomorphology, plateau, valley


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Threatened Forest Ecosystems in Mediterranean Region and Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) Case Cumhur GÜNGÖROĞLU South-West Anatolian Forest Research Institute, Turkey Rumi SABUNCU Provincial District for Environment and Forest, Turkey Mediterranean Region is mainly situated in Taurus Mountain Belt (except for inland Teke Peninsula and Lakes Region). Region is generally divided into three sub regions; thermo-Mediterranean zone where typical Mediterranean climate occurs, meso and oro-Mediterranean zone (mountainous region) where mountain forests are dominated and finally alpine zone where high elevation lawns occur (Atalay 2002). Typical Mediterranean climate is characterized by mild rainy winters and hot dry summers. Average annual precipitation ranges between 600 and 1000 mm and average annual temperature are between 18-20°C. Vegetation of Mediterranean Region is characterized mainly by xerophilous plants due to characteristic climate conditions. In thermo-Mediterranean zone, from sea level up to 600-800 meters, garrigue (Frigana) and maquis are dominant. In addition; evergreen forests, olive (Olea europaea), terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus) and carob (Ceratonia siliqua) plants are widespread (Boydak et al. 2006). Primary forest tree species of this zone is Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). Characteristic forest trees of mountainous Mediterranean region (oro-Mediterranean) are Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani), Cilicican fir (Abies cilicica) and black pine (Pinus nigra). Cedar and fir generally grows on south-west aspects in high elevation slopes that is under the effect of moist winds, however, black pine grows also in inland regions. Main distribution elevation of Taurus cedar is 1300-2000 m. Abies cilicica, Juniperus foetidissima, Juniperus excelsa, Acer monspessulanum, Acer hyrcanum, Fraxinus ornus and Quercus libani are the main species that grow in natural distribution area of Taurus cedar (Kayacık and Yaltırık, 1971). In higher elevation zone, scattered Juniper woodlands grow. In alpine zone (over 2000 m) mountain pastures and steppe grasses grow. Mediterranean Region has various geo-morphological structures, therefore different plant formations are seen in deep valleys and canyons. One of the best examples is the Cupressetum sempervirentis anatolicum formation occurring in valley basins. Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) which is the primary species of this formation, has a


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natural distribution in thermo-mediterranean and meso-mediteranean zones such as in Aydıncık-Babadıl river, Antalya-Köprülü Kanyon, Kemer-Kuzdere, Dilek peninsula-Kanyon and Fethiye-Saklıkent districts. Mediterranean cypress is one of the major components of characteristic Mediterranean landscape like Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), stone pine (P. pinea L.), alleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.) and olive (Olea europea L.). Cypress has an importance both in nature and cultural structure of Mediterranean Region (Sabuncu, 2004). Cypress is one of the rare tree species which has been blessed because of its fruit, pith, leaves, bark, fiber, wood, odor, color, shadow, fire analogous crown structure and monumental appearance. Mediterranean Region is one of the most negatively affected regions of the world from human activity (Naveh and Dun 1973). This region has high biological diversity and it is one of the 10 hot spots in Turkey (Medail and Quézel 1997). Forest ecosystems have been extensively destroyed in Mediterranean basin in which various civilizations have lived from thousands of years. Mediterranean cypress has been significantly affected by this destruction due to its specific ecological requirements and narrow distribution area. Total forest land of Mediterranean cypress is 1375.3 ha and it covers 0.0066 % of total forest area of Turkey. The species is naturally distributed as small and fragmented populations and therefore it is defenseless against pressure of forest fires, grazing, agriculture and tourism. in this study emphasis is given on natural distribution of Mediterranean cypress in Turkey, its ecological properties, growth characteristics, threats against cypress ecosystems and implications to restore cypress ecosystems. Key words: Cypress, ecosystems, Mediterranean region, biological diversity.


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An Example for the Suburban Settlements Formed Developing Cities by Industrialization – Adapazari 32 Evler District Meryem HAYIR Sakarya University, Turkey Mehmet KOÇ Sakarya University, Turkey It is seen that because of its cosmopolite structure 32 Evler district, which is laid on the land Between Çark Stream that carries the plenty water of Sapanca Lake to Sakarya River and the east foots of Hızır İlyas Hill that surrounded the Çark Stream from west, it is resembled to the constitution of the suburban expanding due to industrialization. This area, where many people from different cultures live all together, is extremely engrossing in point of culture geography. In this district that had immigrants at a remarkably level from Balkans and different areas of Turkey, people generally maintain the customs belonged to the regions where they come from. On the other hand, this area is preferred by people who live alone due to low rents. After Gölcük Earthquake in 1999, because the hill have been preferred as settlement areas, villa style unconnected houses have been built on the hilly lands where laid on the west of Çark Stream valley. Is is estimated that this situation will make this area preferred in near future. This study was prepared by the data based on the area observations and local records. Key words: Adapazarı, Serdivan, 32 Evler, suburban, multiculturalism


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Land Degredation and Soil Conservation in the Moldavian Plateau, Romania Ion IONITA University “Al. I. Cuza” of Iasi, Romania The Moldavian Plateau, located in the Eastern Romania and extending about 27,000 square kilometers is one of the most severely degraded agricultural areas in the country. Soil erosion, gullying, landslides and sedimentation resulted in degradation of cropland that was being farmed especially using inadequate agricultural production systems. The main objective of this study was to define the process – based erosion and sedimentation by providing quantitative information from long-term field measurements in small catchments. Research findings indicate that the average annual regime of the soil erosion, gullying and sedimentation is a pulsatory one that is best described by great fluctuations. The peak land degradation occurred during 1960’s when higher precipitation felt. Then, land degradation has shown a decreasing trend. The critical period for soil erosion was during the two months from mid May to mid July, and for gullying was during the four months from mid March to mid July. The historical evolution of soil conservation within the Moldavian Plateau (Romania) is also discussed to identify the main conservation approaches. Since 1960 the awareness of conservation practices has been increased. By implementing the provisions of the Land Reform Law no. 18/1991 the old traditional up-and-down hill farming is on the screen again. It was concluded that the factors used to develop early soil and water conservation programs are no relevant to present – day situation. Key words: Erosion, Sedimentation, Soil Conservation


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Climatic Conditions Impact and Importance on Canola (Brasicca napus oleifera sp) Growing in Turkey Cercis İKİEL Sakarya University, Turkey Beyza KAYMAZ Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Negative effects of climatic conditions are affected on lots of sectors particularly in agriculture on the world and also in Turkey within the terms of global climate change. This state is caused to get important level to farm alternative plants which are the most resistant and have lots of usage area. Among these alternative plants, canola is attracted attention about both usage area and its growing conditions. It is needed little water and has high quality vegetable oil. Also it is used for residue as animal feed, flowering in spring and excreted nectarine amply for beekeeping and suitable for using industrial oil (bio diesel) to reduce fossil fuel usage. For its properties, the relationship between special climate requirements of canola cultural plant and climatic conditions of Turkey are examined analytically. The results of this research it is expected that canola is more suitable plant than other oil plants. It is analysed and then mapped according to where found its optimum conditions in the regions of Turkey and determined that special climate requirements of canola is the most convenient with the climatic conditions of Turkey. Key words: Canola, Special Climate Requirements, Turkey, Climatic Conditions


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The Correlation between Monthly Temperature and Pressure Values in Turkey Cercis İKİEL Sakarya University, Turkey Beyza KAYMAZ Istanbul Technical University, Turkey The pressure isn’t scattered regularly on the earth and it is showed different modifications according to the time result of the temperature, differences of intensity, air motion and height on the atmosphere. If the weather is get cold and pressure is increased or the weather is get warm and pressure is decreased, the pressure instability is appeared on the atmosphere according to temperature and this instability is corrected with horizontal air stream from high- pressure area (anticyclone) to low pressure area (cyclone). The scatter of pressure is spread out on the earth by thermic and dynamic sources. In this study, determined the variability of monthly pressure and temperature values and tried to explain correlation between the two climatic conditions. For this reason, 100 meteorological stations data are used which are measured temperature and pressure conditions from 1975 to 2005 included 31 years period in Turkey. In conclusion, a strong correlation is seen between variability of monthly temperature and pressure values in a year. Key words: correlation, temperature, pressure, Turkey


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Trends and Patterns of Variations in the Hydrological Characteristics of Mountain Rivers: Central Japan Vishwas S. KALE University of Pune, India Takashi. OGUCHI University of Tokyo, Japan The Japanese Archipelago is generally described as the land of volcanoes, mountains and fast-flowing rivers. Mountains constitute over ¾ of the land area. Due to highly mountainous topography and typhoon-associated floods, the short and high-gradient rivers of Japan exhibit distinctive behavioural characteristics. The average peak discharge per unit area is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the large world rivers. A crucial issue that confronts the people of such mountain-dominated and typhoon-affected countries is the extent to which the hydrological characteristics of the rivers will be affected by global climate changes associated with greenhouse warming. The questions that are important in this regard are: 1) Are there significant inter- and intra-regional differences in the mean and annual peak discharges? 2) How flashy are the flood discharges? and 3) What is the nature of long-term trends in the mean and annual peak discharges? This paper attempts to answer these questions on the basis of the analysis of daily discharge data available for over 20 years (1974-1996) for about 100 river gauging stations located in the Kanto, Hokuriku and Chubu Regions of central Japan. The analyses reveal that the mean (1.8 – 508 m3 s-1) to peak discharge (124 – 7921 m3 s-1) ratio ranges between 4 and 171, indicating that the discharges are highly variable and that the peak discharges sometimes could be higher by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude. The unit peak discharges (0.21 – 7.5 m3 s-1 km-2) in the Chubu Region are generally higher than those in the Kanto and Hokuriku Regions. Flash flood magnitude index (FFMI) values, however, show that the floods are flashier in the Kanto Region. The long-term trends in the mean (Qm) and annual peak (Qp) discharges were evaluated by deriving the regression coefficients (b) of the relationship between time on one hand and Qm and Qp on the other. Interestingly, none of the gauging stations reveal statistically significant trends either in the mean or annual peak discharges. Notwithstanding the insignificant long-term trends, the regression coefficients (b) indicate a tendency for an increase in the mean and annual peak discharges in the Kanto Region and a decline in the other


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two regions. The present study shows that not only the flood discharges are flashy and highly variable in nature, but also that there are subtle to noteworthy inter-regional differences in the hydrological characteristics. These kind of analytical results have important implications for flood hazard management and water resource management in hazard prone countries such as Japan. Key words: Japanese rivers, patterns, flood flash magnitude index, mean to annual flood peak ratio, long-term trends.


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The Usage of Geographical Information Systems for Tuberculosis Data of Izmir Güzin KANTÜRK Dokuz Eylül University, Tuberculosis is one of the contagious diseases. Although it has been present for over 5000 years, is still one of the most significant public health problems. Millions of people died from this disease in the 18th and 19th century. It is estimated that 1.7 million deaths resulted from tuberculosis in 2006. Also estimated per capita tuberculosis incidence was stable or falling in five out of six WHO regions, but growing at 0.6% per year globally. Tuberculosis is determined as a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacteria attack the lungs also any part of the body such as brain, kidney, and spine. It can be fatal if not treated. It is spread by coughing and sneezing. People who nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. The surveys of infectious diseases are very significant not only patients but also their surroundings. So the struggle against to infectious diseases needs a long time and self-denial. Its incidence has increased and decreased during the time but it has always a permanent threat for public health. In the 1940’s some medicines discovered for tuberculosis so it slowly began to decrease. But then the countries let their guard down and tuberculosis was neglected so cases increased. The aim of this study was to create a disease density map. Why tuberculosis? Because the tuberculosis is acquire an important place in contagious diseases. It affects not only the patient also the surroundings. This study will determine the distribution of tuberculosis in Izmir. When we investigate the mortality rates due to tuberculosis, we recognize that this disease common in crowded cites. Izmir is the third crowded city in Turkiye. According to mortality rates from tuberculosis in 2003 in Turkiye, Izmir is located in third. In this study, we investigated the tuberculosis which had been reported to the Contagious Diseases Department in Izmir Province Health Directorship with form 014. This study will show GIS based approach to analysis of tuberculosis data. Case data were obtained from Izmir for 1994-2006. GIS used for show the distribution of tuberculosis cases. The mappings the disease density is significant because it may be a clue for its causes and affects also it supply to observe the changes and rates about that disease in next years. Also this study is a sample for medical geography. Key words: Tuberculosis, GIS, Izmir, Health, Medical geography


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An Investigation of Recreational Behaviors and Development for a Sustainable Recreational Plan in İstanbul Fatih KARA Fatih University, Turkey Ali DEMİRCİ Fatih University, Turkey İstanbul has been witnessing a rapid increase in population and unplanned urban growth over the last fifty years. The problems arising from this uncontrolled urban development were so overwhelming that they took priority over the social needs of the public. Developing sufficient recreational areas for residents has been ignored in İstanbul for many years. In contrast to some European cities like London and Paris, the existing recreational areas of İstanbul are insufficient today in terms of their quantity, location, size, and function. This stems from the fact that no plan was made for recreational needs of the residents. This study therefore aims to develop a sustainable recreational plan for İstanbul by looking at different needs of its residents. First, a GIS-based inventory was made for existing recreational areas along with their functions in order to see how sufficient they are for the current needs. Second, a questionnaire was conducted for over 2000 residents representing different parts of the city to learn about recreational behaviors and needs of the residents. Third, a recreational area classification was made by looking at the standards used in some American and European cities. Finally a sustainable recreational plan was developed for not only the current needs of the city but also its next thirty years. Key words: Recreational planning, recreational behaviors, sustainable development, İstanbul


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Soil Erosion Identification Using GIS Techniques in Golbaşi (Adiyaman) Lakes Basin Murat KARABULUT Sütçü İmam University, Turkey Mehmet GÜRBÜZ Sütçü İmam University, Turkey

Muhterem KÜÇÜKÖNDER

Sütçü İmam University, Turkey Among the landscape transformation caused by natural processes or human activities, erosion is extremely important geographic phenomena because of the valuable soil losses associated with the natural events. Erosion is a serious problem in Turkey and throughout the world. In Turkey, some of the valuable land areas are affected by water and wind erosion. These areas have received varying degrees of damage from excessive erosion for years. Several government agencies prepared numerous plans and management systems in order to decrease the effects erosion in Turkey and throughout the world. Much can be done to reduce the impact of erosion especially on agricultural lands. In recent years, many countries have included Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in their management systems because GIS can be used as an effective tool for assessing erosion, modeling, monitoring, and mapping the extent of erosion prone areas. However, Turkish scholars and government agencies have not used GIS techniques in erosion studies yet because of GIS being new in Turkey. Therefore, this study mainly discusses GIS methods in erosion studies by introducing several aspects of GIS to Turkish scholars and government agencies. In order to assess erosion conditions and predict potential impacts of erosion, comprehensive techniques and models need to be created. Creating a model is usually difficult; however the use of GIS can simplify this task by integrating different types and levels of data, information and human knowledge. Additionally, using GIS in model building allows the more alternative plans to be generated and assessed. Modeling is used to understand the geographic processes and evaluate strategies for the efficient operation. In this research erosion problems investigated using GIS in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman) area. The results indicate that GIS can be used to assist in erosion studies and watershed management by analyzing several coverages. Key words: Soil erosion, GIS, Modeling, Erosion risk maps


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The Geographical Factors Affecting the identiy of the Anatolian Cities Arife KARADAG Ege University, Turkey The possibilities of the landscape have played an important role in transformation of the Anatolian cities. In other words, cities in Anatolia have been established on places that have the potential for city-life. Also, social, economic and political events occured in the historical times have given an identity to the cities. However, cities have continued their survival in every era because of the high potential in the landscape and the hinterland that supported them. Agricultural production and trade activities have formed the first dimenson of the urbanization concept in Turkey. Governers and religion organizations have been taken place in the urban identity origin as the second dimension. The best indicators of those are magnificent temples. The transformation of the cities which is strengthens by production, management and religion organizations are realized -of course- in their landscape. Anatolian cities are mostly strenghen by soil factor in production stage. As a matter of fact, generally, alluvial plains, valley bottoms, high land surfaces that have productive soils are chosin for the locations of the cities. Some cities are located on the coasts for easy relations with the far regions and for marketing the excess production in their hinterland regions. In time, tools relations with, production, trade and manufacturing have become necessary in Anatolian cities. Thus, some Anatolian cities which succeed to continue their exist until 19 th century specialized in trade productions, manufacturing or transportation production of silk, İzmir specialized in maritime trade, agricultural products and transportation, Kayseri and Isparta specialized in the rug business, etc. The 20 th century, especially the Republic Era is the transformation period for the Anatolian cities. Cities are growth and changed by adding new functions to their old identities. Today, the change of the urban identities and search for new identities continuing. In this paper, the role of the geographical factors on the change of the city identities will be discussed with the examples from Anatolian cities. Key words: Anatolia, location, production


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Historical Settlements in the Aegean Region that Lost their Importance and the Reasons Beyond it Mehmet KARAKUYU Fatih University, Turkey Not only the site and situation characteristics of the cities, but also the economic, political and technological conditions and improvements of the states have been effective on the foundation, development, and gaining and losing of importance of cities. Some samples of such cities that accommodated important populations, served as capital cities in their times, and even provided the very first examples of planned cities of the world- may be found in the history of Turkey. However, as time went by, those cities lost their importance, and today, they are remembered only for their historical and tourism characteristics. This study will primarily provide the list of those cities that played an important role in history, and it will try to explore the reasons of the rise and fall of those cities. Key words: Historical settlements, Aegean region, Urban geography, Urban historical geography.


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Fault Zone Landslides: The Effects and Geomorphological Characteristics of Koyulhisar (Sivas-Turkey) Landslide, March 2005. Sabri KARADOĞAN Fırat Universty, Turkey

Ahmet YILDIRIM Dicle Universty, Turkey

Lot of mass movements can be seen on the Kelkit Valley, one of the most active zone, which is on the Northern An atolian Zones because of the geologic and morphologic conditions. Ophiolite and the andesites which are the products of the flysch and sub water volcanism seperatiable along the fault zone which occurs in young Alpines folds are very common. The deep corrosion energy the rivers are quite high and the value of the slopes is high. The Kuzulu lanslide which is mentioned above and is the subject of this research happened in 17 March 2005 and caused to dissappear of a big part of the settlement and the death of 15 people. In the characteristic of the landslide the geologic-lithologic and geomorphologic properties are more dominant than climate. In the geometry of the landslide, the crown part where the corrosion – resolution happens, the groove part where the landslide movement accumulate and the accumulation parts where the slope failure happens are distinguished. In the region where the plaeolandslide datum is high the potential landslides are in question for the other settlements. Key words: Landslide, Gemorphology, Northern Anatolian Zones, Koyulhisar, Kelkit River


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The General Vegetation Characteristics of Cedar Forests on Taurus Mountains Ali KAVGACI South-West Anatolian Forest Research Institute, Turkey The genus cedar has four species. These are Cedrus libani, C. deodora, C. brevifolia and C. atlantica. From them, only C. libani has distribution in Turkey. In addition to that, it also has distribution in Lebanon and Syria. But the forests of this species in these countries have destructively consumed in the past. Due to that, today there are only a few remnants of these forests in Lebanon. C. libani mainly distributes on Taurus Mountains in Turkey. Beside this, there are small remnant forests of C. libani in the Middle Black Sea Region around Erbaa and Niksar and in the Çaykışla Valley in Emirdağ-Afyon. The cedar forests in Turkey, which covers about an area of one hundred thousand hectares, are the densest and most magnificent ones in the world. Cedar generally makes dense forest between 1000 and 2000 m altitudes on Taurus Mountains. But in some regions, while it descends to 500m, it rises up to 2400 m too. In terms of makroclima, cedar distribution areas are under the effect of Mediterranean climate type. It mainly distributes on limestone and karstic terrains with deep cracks. In terms of synsistematic, the cedar forests on Taurus Mountains take place under two different alliances depending on to the class Quercetea pubescentis and the order Querco-Cedretalia. These alliances are Lonicero-Cedrion and Abieti-Cedrion. While Lonicero-Cedrion distributes on Western Taurus, Abieti-Cedrion has distribution on Middle and Eastern Taurus on which Cedrus libani makes mixed stands with Abies cilicica. The characteristic species of Lonicero-Cedrion, which is usually situated on limestone and dolomite mainrocks, are Lonicero nummularifolia subsp. grandulifera, Acer hyrcanum subsp. sphaerocarpum and Digitalis cariensis. The cedar forests on the west of Antalya are the most characteristic, densest and less damaged cedar forests on Taurus Mountains. Cedar at this region has large ecologic amplitude, because Abies cilicica has no distribution and Pinus nigra locally distributes on extreme sites. Abieti-Cediron, which is situated on the upper part of Pinus nigra distribution zone, takes place on the hills and ridges formed by limestone and also on loamy soils. Cedar at Abies cilicica distribution areas was pushed to the steep slopes, rocky sites and dry parts of high mountains. Key words: Cedar, Mediterranean, Taurus, forest


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Industrial Influence on Climate and Climate Change in Konya Baştürk KAYA Selçuk University, Turkey Ayhan AKIŞ Selçuk University, Turkey Rehman SEFEROV Selçuk University, Turkey The relationship between human and natural environment have become a main issue of 21st century’s geography. It seems to be a big problem that scientists can repair equilibrium again between livings and environment that has begun to be spoiled. The scientists, who study on climate change, bring urgency of situation with numbers and graphics in their reports. In addition to natural change of climate, it is the period that people affect a climate too. Human activities as use of fossil fuels, use of wrong areas, lack of forests and industrial processes affect gas composition of atmosphere in favor of greenhouse gases. Turkey, in point of potential influences of warming that observed on global climate, are within risk group countries. Our many cities because of their geographic locations indicate warming tendency on point of climatic situation. One of these cities is Konya. The climatic features of Konya are changing as a result of its geographic location, population increase and so fuel consumption, exhaust gases and industrial pollution. This study aims to bring up long term warmth change and tendency of Konya. Because, global warming is reminds us the air warmness. Air warmness can break a record in two different sides as having higher and lower values. According to this, we will bring up time series of minimum warmness as looking to the biggest and smallest values of daily lowest air warmness that noted in Konya. Average warmness of annual winter and spring with annual summer and autumn will be statistically estimated and prepared necessary tables and graphics. Turning tendencies of the lowest air warmness at night will be statistically estimated. Nevertheless, changes in annual maximum, minimum and average warmness series of Konya will be calculated and brought up the results. Decreasing tendencies in rains and drought events, most intense and widest spreading of drought events will be fixed with studying daily values. In this study, changes in annual and seasonable standardize rain series that belong to long years will be


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examined. The subject will be explained with using long year’s daily values and preparing necessary pictures and tables that calculated statistically. In what degrees has been influenced Konya that included an important part of desert tended areas, will be brought up with this study. Besides, while influences of industrialization process are investigated on normal movement in Konya’s climate, necessary measures will be presented in part of suggestions. Key words: Climate Change, Industry, Global Warming, Konya


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The Evaluation of Social Studies Programmes in Terms of Environment Conscious Acquirement Erdoğan KAYA Anadolu University, Turkey Nazlı GÖKÇE Anadolu University, Turkey The agenda of rapidly changing world’s has been the environment and the disruption of environment since the beginning of 1970s. The unfit urbanization parallel with overpopulation, industrialization, rapid economic development process causes various environmental problems such as: undesirable but alarmingly increasing weather, water, soil pollution and erosion. It is very important to change people’s point of view and their perspectives on nature to form a contemporary citizen type, and education is a must in this field. Relatedly, environmental education is a requirement to individuals and society. The aim of environmental education is to make all people from different backgrounds aware of the issue, informing, forming positive and stable temperament and warrant their active participation. On this account there is a high demand on educational programs to rustle up people’s active participation on environmental issues. Social Studies Programme has an important role to make elementary school students conscious on this issue. It is the elementary schools that most of the people make use of education since it became a 8 year compulsory education in 1998. Besides, it is argued that the education at elementary schools is more effective in terms of individuals’ social behaviour. Social Studies Programme, which is formed by different disciplines such as Geography, History, Economics, Sociology, aim by helping individuals to realize themselves more responsible, and sensitive people’s raising. The main aim of this study is the evaluation of the New Social Studies Programme in terms of environmental consciousness rising. The study was conducted qualitatively using the document analysis method. The New Social Studies Programme was investigated using the sub-topics such as the activity types of environmental consciousness, the frequency of acquisition and activities, the association with the other disciplines. Key words: Social Studies Programme, Environment Conscious Acquirement


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Global Climate Change in Geography Education Erdoğan KAYA Anadolu University, Turkey Nazlı GÖKÇE Anadolu University, Turkey It is declared by the scientists that this year will be the hottest and relatedly the most drought one of all. The changes of the climate on all earth is called “global climate change”. It is a well known fact that the main cause of the climate change is due to environmental problems. As it occurs in the entire world, Turkey is also facing the unusual weather conditions, precipittations and temperatures. Some scientists assert that Turkey, located in sub-tropical zone, will be one of the countries which will be affected from global climate change. According to a study which was conducted by İTÜ in 15.02.07, the increase of temperature will be approximately 6 oC. Besides, it is reported that environmental damage is also increasing in Turkey. It is also one of the reports that include the warning of EU and the filtration of thermal power plant. Legal precautions are effective on the protection of environment. However, it is often argued in various scientific fields that these precautions are not sufficient. It is one of the most reasonable factors that making use of education will be fruitful in terms of qualified environment. Some reasons such as Turkey’s being badly affected by climate change and high population show that there is much more need to environmental education. For this reason, in Turkey there should be educational organizations for any people with different educational-levels. To achieve this, before doing a research on this issue, all the scientific fields’ educational programmes should be scrutinized so as to develop more effective precautions considering the available ones. When the education level of people is researched in terms of global climate change, geography course would be the best one among the other courses in Turkey. It is believed that geography is the science and education which will be helpful to make next generations more aware of global climate change and environmental issues. In this research it was investigated that in geography education programs, the variables of acquirement, learning fields, activity types, courses and mid-disciplines are used and related to global climate change. The study was conducted qualitatively using the document analysis method. Key words: Global Climate Change, Geography Educatıon


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Three Examples to Explain the Formation and Development Mechanism of West Taurus Poljes Nurdan KESER Dumlupinar Üniversity, Turkey Ali ÖZEL Dumlupinar Üniversity, Turkey In lots of studies made until today, different opinions were proposed about the formation and development of polyes. Geomorphologic traces that give clue about the formation and development of big polyes covering tens of kilometer squares were mostly erased or masked as a result of abrasion and aggregation by outer sources. In this study, geological and geomorphologic properties of three small scaled polyes located in lower points of Western Taurus Akdag mountains (Teke Peninsula) Were studies.The region is known with highest polye development in Turkey along with karsting It was understood that these depressions, developed in Mesozoic age, neritic limestone stacking, Miocene age limestone, sandstone, claystone and conglomerate contact were the determining factor in old running water Systems with structural factors like ascension-descension dependent on bend Systems (anticlinal-senclinal axis), local descensions related with normal faults and lithologic transition zones. It is also understood that the development of these depressions were controlled by the same factors. The impermeable ground formed by leftover clay of limestone, and corrosion and fluvial processes were effective in expansion of these depressions. Geomorphological maps and geological cross sections that were prepared at the conclusion of the study were presented in the text. Key words: Polye, Western Taurus, Teke Peninsula, Karst


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Culture of the Ukrainian Carpathians Indigenous-Situation and Preservation Zhanna KOMAR Ivano-Frankivsk National University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine Condition and status of a cultural heritage of the Ukrainian Carpathians is the subject of the present message. The ideas of the Carpathian Convention are applied, as the working point of view in our reasoning. One of features of almost any traditional culture is its hearth nature, its mapping and territoriality. It happens, that local traditional culture can receive distribution on all territory of the political state and become even an identification attribute of national culture at the international level. Nevertheless, certain geographical connection is one of the main distinctive attributes of a researched subject. It is very important to remember this circumstance, when the decisions of preservation and management should be accepted. In Ukraine there is a lack of the laws and other documents on preservation of a cultural heritage which would be focused on a local ethnic nature of a heritage. In this respect important event is the coming into force Carpathian Convention. Carpathian Convention, as applied for a cultural heritage (Clause 11), contains the concept: the development of Carpathian region - steady, not exhausting natural resources - is possible only under condition of preservation of culture of local communities with their traditional culture and way of managing. The author offers classification of the subjects and objects of a cultural heritage of Carpathians. The classification can be useful to put in order, to bring in system for scientific works and administration in business implementation of the Carpathian Convention. In Ukraine there are political and economic changes. It gives specific difficulties in business of preservation of an ethnic heritage in the Ukrainian Carpathians. At the same time there are many of general difficulties which are common for other countries and regions. In particular there is a stereotype of thinking. For example - the task of savings of the ethnic culture is same times similar with task to stop progress and to keep archaic relations in society which have caused this culture. Such understanding contradicts natural and indisputable tasks of development. Another problem is the absence of legal security of the collective copyrights of ethnos on displays of own culture. The mighty external players aggressively rush into space of the Carpathian market.


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They willingly simulate the ethnic goods and services, undermine the natives economically. The state should guarantee the savings of a cultural heritage. The state should remain the main patronof culture; the state should create conditions for independent management of culture at a local level. The regional international agreements similar to the Alpine Convention and the Carpathian Convention can be the effective tools in case of the savings of a cultural heritage on transenation spaces, including Mediterranean. Key words: Carpathian Convention, ethnic groups, culture heritage, traditional knowledge


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Applying GIS and fractal analysis to the study of the urban morpholgy in Istanbul Michael A. McADAMS Fatih University, Turkey The physical structure of cities is not just happenstance, but the results of social, economic, technology, topography, location and numerous other forces. The study of the underlying forces influencing the built environment of cities is one of the key elements in the study of urban morphology. Understanding the elements influencing the development of cities can not only assist in understanding their historical development, but also their future development. Recently, GIS and fractal analysis have been paired to understand urban morphology. This new wrinkle in the development of the discipline has added an additional demension that is enhancing and expanding it. İstanbul presented an interesting laboratory to examine the elements of urban morphology as it is the result of over two thousand years of development and has been the capital of three major empires: Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman. The residuals of these past epocs are still present in the street patterns, the buildings and the shape of topographic features. Until the early 20th century, İstanbul had barely expanded outside of the ancient city walls built during the Byzantine times. However, in the past thirty years, İstanbul has undergone tremendous change as the city has expanded dramatically due to the influx of population influenced by numberous factors. Fractal analysis and GIS appered to be very promising to not only ‘unravel’ or deconstruct some of the past elements of the built environment of İstanbul, but also to peer into some of the factors that are present in the current physical environoment. This study used both these techniques to view the development of the built form and found that the combination of these spatial tools were extremely useful in understanding the physical attributes of urban development. Key words: Urban morphology, urban geography, GIS, fractal analysis


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Social Conflict in Water Resource Management and Environmental Impacts in South-Eastern Tunisia Paloa MINIOIA University Ca’ Foscari of Venice Guglielmi FRANCESCA University Ca’ Foscari of Venice This communication aims at exploring some forms of conflict deriving from the over-exploitation of water resources in dry areas of the Mediterranean, especially for irrigation, which is by far the highest consuming sector in the region. This issue has been analysed in the framework of the European project Nostrum-DSS, and a specific case study was chosen for deeper analysis, namely the area of the oued Akarit-El Bsissi, Gabès Governorate, South Eastern Tunisia. This case shows a social conflict which is not fully manifested but rather expressed by the local farmers in terms of non-compliant behaviours respect to the existing local regulations. The problem is related to the increased agricultural exploitation of the area over the past decades. In fact, the relation between the increasing agricultural activities and the environmental degradation of the inshore aquifer (i.e., decrease of piezometric level, deterioration of water quality by salinity, marine intrusion etc.) became evident also to the local authorities, which in 1987 instituted an “interdiction area” to protect the Djeffara aquifer of Northern Gabès. However the decision was disapproved by local farmers, which still are not fully aware or concerned by the serious environmental issue related to the erosion of their water resources. The response by the regional authorities has been to create a local association (“Groupement de Développement Agricole”) that could control the water consumption patterns, in order to avoid a direct contrast with the stakeholders and to start involving them in decision making. This solution also shows some weaknesses because of the limited scope of the launched participatory processes; yet mitigation measures are not being applied. This case study is an example of environmental problems engaged by a lack of good governance at the local level. A cooperative approach between communities and institutions is, instead, a fundamental pre-requisite for a sustainable development of this area. Key words: Water conflict, Tunisia, Irrigation, Stakeholders involvement


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Land Use, Land Capability and Sustainable Agriculture Production for Food Security in the Mediterranean Arab Countries Ali MOHAMMAD Aligarh Muslim University, India One of the most important objectives of the land use and Agricultural development planning is to achieve food self sufficiency. The achievement of self sufficiency implies that the level of domestic production is at least adequate to meet the basic food needs of the existing population. More over the agricultural output (food grain) must grow to meet the demand of food grain. Because of increase in population and increase in income. Demand of food items increase both in terms of quantity as well as quality. In all the Mediterranean Arab countries both population and food grain production increase at the rate of 2.9 and 2.1 percent respectively, but the income increase recorded the very higher growth than population and food grain production. As a result burden on food grain demand is still continuing even after keeping the sector on top priority in planning to achieve this much cherished aim of food self sufficiency and freedom from foreign food. The countries identified as Arab World along the Mediterranean are Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria with about 180 million population and 7 million tones of food grain is not sufficient to feed the region and a heavy import of basic and non basic food items are required. It is against the background that we should evaluate the preference and potentiality of this region for the various objectives such as to achieve self – sufficiency both food grain and industrial raw materials, though no nation in the world is self sufficient in all type of food items and raw material to set a proper direction of land use pattern after analyzing the land capability ,i.e, land capable for what use; to provide farmers a sustainable agricultural base; to generate income by introducing the diversified and value added crops; to analyze the demand and supply which is fluctuating with the increase of income and population; and to minimize the over dependency on foreign food etc. Data use is based on the FAO production year books of various years. In analyzing the food self – sufficiency, i.e. 180 kg/head per annum is multiplied by the total population and deviation from standard requirement of the nation is calculated and supply and demand from the local production is obtained to measure the gap.


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On the whole the region is identified with the chronic food deficit but not starvation. They belong the economically affluent countries with mono- source economy (oil resource) which is being used for the imports of basic and non basic food items. Land resource, land use and land capability should be analyzed for the freedom from the foreign food. After 1973 some of the nations of the region are very successful in this direction but land resource and land capability management is not satisfactory and well planned even it is characterized as that whole thing is going in a wrong direction in a region which is highly potential. Hence there is an urgent need to tackle the problem and sustainable food security should be obtained by planning the land and land capability in a right direction. Key words: Land capability, food self sufficiency, basic food, non basic food.


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An Evaluation Study on Ecotourism and the Needs for Best Practies or Operators in Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia Abdullah MOHD University of Putra, Malaysia Baharom ZAINAL University of Putra, Malaysia Yip Hin WAI University of Putra, Malaysia Taman Negara national ParkMalaysia is a well known protected area visited by tourists seeking nature experiences. Rapid development in tourism in this protected area provides opportunities for locals to involve themselves as ecotourism operators and related services. With increasing trend in tourists’ arrival and pressures on natural and local resource, the sustainability of the industry is in question. As such, in order to address the issue calls for the best practice approach provided under principles of Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. One of it principles stated that tourism in protected areas such as national park need to recognize the primary purpose of its establishment, i.e. to conserve biological diversities, sustainable use of natural resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits among the local communities. A study was conducted in Taman Negara Pahang to evaluate the feedback of operators on the best practice of ecotourism which is based on four core dimensions of ecotourism including the environment, education, economics and social components. The study shown that the respondents who participated in ecotourism and related activities have increased in their average income from RM599.00 (US$ 117) in 1992 to RM1296.00 (US$ 380) in 2002. Results from the study recognized that the best practice of ecotourism should be adopted in due process. A large majority of ecotourism operators (> 90%) supported this conception, including the ecotourism certification program (91.4%). Respondents’ age and education backgrounds showed a high association with this conception when compared with other variables such as operators’ length of involvement in related businesses. The output from factor analysis confirmed that the best practice in ecotourism covers the components of environmental conservation which include conservation awareness, conservation education and behavior and conservation ethics. These factors could later form a condition enabling the ecotourism best practice to offer safety to environmental and local resources. Key words: National park, environmental conservation, ecotourism, local operators, best practice


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Chemical Denudation in an Alpine Geosystem – A5 Year Record David MORCHE Martin Luther Univesity, Germany Due to climate warming high mountain geosystems are in a transient state. Empirical data on the different geomorphic processes over longer time periods are rare. In terms of fluvial sediment transport and geomorphic effective discharge dissolved load is predominant in karst regions (Morche 2005, Schmidt & Morche 2006). Since 2002 a gauging station operates at the outlet of the highest karst plateau of Germany, Zugspitzplatt, Bavarian Alps. Water level, electrical conductivity and water temperature have been recorded. Water-level recordings were transformed into flow duration curves by using high precission level-discharge relations (Morche 2006). Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory (ion content). Rating-curves were used for the quantification of the solute sediment fluxes in the river. Fluvial sediment transport is highly variable due to the occurrence of floods. But, mean discharge is determined to be the most effective in terms of geomorphic work (Schmidt & Morche 2006). The calculated annual chemical denudation rates are much higher than those presented by Hüttl (1997) for the same study area. The investigations were carried out within the framework of SEDAG (Sediment cacades in Alpine Geosystems) and supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG, Az.SCHM 472/12-1-3) Key words: chemical denudation, effective discharge, high mountain hydrology, rating curves


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Impact of Rainfall Spatial Variability on Runoff Using Swat Model Manel MOSBAHI LTSIRS, Ecole National d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, Tunis Belvèdère, Tunisie Sihem BENABDALLAH LTSIRS, Ecole National d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, Tunis Belvèdère, Tunisie Rached M. BOUSSEMA LGPCE, Centre de Recherches et de Technologies des Eaux BP Tunisie One of the major challenges for watershed modelling in arid areas is rainfall spatial variability. Accurate predictions of runoff from hydrologic distributed models depend to a great extend on how well input parameters, where rainfall is very important, describe the behaviour of the watershed. In fact, rainfall spatial variability have a substantial impact on model output, in particular in Mediterranean zones and especially in North-African countries which exhibit a strong climatic fluctuation characterized by frequent periods of drought, very high spatial rainfall variability and high-intensity of rainfall. The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of spatial variability of precipitation using different rain gauges placed within the basin on runoff simulations using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically based and continuous time model within for a semi-arid catchment located North of Tunisia. The study area is the Sarrath river basin covering an area of 1520 km² with typical agricultural drylands. The application of SWAT to this basin required the preparation of several spatial information including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil and land occupations layers. SWAT represents the spatial heterogeneity of the studied area by portioning the watershed into sub- catchments and into discrete computational units called Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) which are portions of sub-basins representing unique land use/ topography/ soil attributes. Several other studies showed the impact of the DEM and the basin partitioning on the model results. In the present paper, our methodology consists of varying the rain gauge number and analysing the hydrologic response at the basin outlet and at the sub-basins. Models run were conducted for the period 1990-2003 and compared to measured runoff. Key words: Rainfall, Spatial variability, SWAT, Runoff.


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Cultural Aspect of Geographical Studies of on the Mediterranean Region Elzbieta ORLOWSKA University of Wroclaw, Poland The article aims at presenting the essence of the cultural aspect of geographical studies of space, region and landscape. Modern geographical space is a multicultural space, constantly undergoing various globalisation transformations. The effects of these transformations are most evident in the regions of cultural boundaries. One of them is the Mediterranean Region. It is characterized by a big variety of traditional ethnoses and state formations, border fluctuations, people migrations in the times of empires (Roman, Byzantine and Osman) and in the countries formed after their break-ups. The modern cultural landscape of the discussed region is the effect of the overlapping of cultural heritages of different civilization and religious circles. The dialogue and co-existence of the nationally and ethnically diversified society of the Mediterranean Basin is the process of building its specific multicultural regional identity. Mediterranean cultures vary not only with regard to values, butIn the processes of widening the Mediterranean oecumene, particular human communities have developed different lifestyles (active forms of human adaptation to the environment through hereditary transfer of their knowledge and models of behaviour) suited to their cultural levels and specific existential conditions. They are components of culture, which in turn is a product of a society shaping the image of its own region. The indicator of culture in a region is its cultural landscape. Landscape is more of an intellectual than material notion. In every social environment one can distinguish distinct cultural features (including religious ones), which influence the formation of the model way of thinking commonly observed within this environment. Thus interpreted, cultural landscape makes a certain visual whole and physiognomic unity, which expresses the sense of space and its organization (sense of order, form and colour). Interesting results are provided by the observation of landscape in the cultural borderland on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea, separating various states and nations. The humanization of geography by viewing geographical space through a cultural prism has become a necessity. The humanism contained in culture is a kind of criticism helping to overcome the excessive abstractness of the scientific method applied so far in regional studies. Space diversity implies the necessity to use the research methods of humanistic geography drawing on other disciplines. The complexity of the problems of space and


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its internal relations, as well as the wide variety of research methods used by geographers (a specific methodological eclecticism), calls for the integration of specialists dealing with regional studies. Key words: Cultural aspect, humanistic geography, multicultural region


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Geomorphological Evolution and Ecotourism Potential of Olympos-Çıralı Coastal Zone (Antalya-Turkey) and its Surroundings Sancar OZANER Turkey Olympos-Çıralı Coastal Plain which is located about 65 km south of Antalya, lies 3250 m between Olympos promontory in the west and Karaburun promontory in the east with maximum 1400m in width. The plain is a relict of an old bay which was transformed into a plain by filling up of a lagoon in two steps. Coastal spit which closed the old bay and transformed it into a lagoon developed from west to east by multy effects of the alluvions carried to the sea by Akdere and Ulupınar streams and as well as effect of prevealing winds blowing from SW. Width of the present coastal spit is 50 m in the west, gradually enlarges towards east and reaches up to 325 m near Karaburun. Coastal spit consist of beach, mobile and fixed dunes. Mobile dunes have pumice which derived from explotion of Santorini and reached to Çıralı coast by floating. Çıralı dunes have eight very endangered dune vegetation; one of these; Verbascum spodiotrichum is endemic for the area. The dunes has also eight bird spieces which must be protected according to Bern Convention. in addition, two different turtles, a chameleon, Tauros semender, a snake and a forg spiece lives in the coastal dunes of Çıralı. The beach is also one of the 17 protected sea turtle nesting zones of Turkey. Coastal Plain is surrounded by dolomites from south and west; which are deposited in the shelf part of Tethys Sea between 210-90 milion years before and gradually uplifted between 90-10 million years period as over-thrusted stratas and settled in the area.(uplift is stil continuing). Yanar Dağı (435m), Omurga Dağı (569m), Musa Dağı (982m), and Tahtalı Dağı (2366m) belong to these rocks. 25-30 degree East diping stratas of the dolomites make to undrestand compression easy. Beside this, karstic features, primary fossils and secondary calcit minerals of the rocks and as well as many maki spieces enhance geo/ecotourism potential of these rocks. Plain is surrounded by ophiolites from north. These rocks were formed during expansion of Tethis sea and as well as by sea buttom lava spread, afterwards, uplifted together with dolomites.Due to selective erosion they changed into hilly zone while dolomites rised up as mountains.Beside this


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sharp morphological contrast, colours, soils, and vegetation of these rocks are different from each other. About 13 km long Ulupınar River Valley with average 7 % inclination has untouched spectacle views in some parts based on abundant karstic spring waters. The continuous uplift has created a big heigth differences between watershed and mouth of the river, consequently created a big kinetic energy capabile to carry big pebbles and blocks till to the sea. These geomorphological settings explain why coastal zone at western Antalya has beaches with abundant pebbles. Natural gas releases along the faults in ophiolites rocks located at 2250 m NW of the Çıralı Plain which has a name “Yanartaş” meaning “burning stone” is the place where mytological Khimaira was borned, and is also the best location to teach talc forming heat alteration. There are ten different trekking paths which are rich with landscape beaut, floral and faunal speices, relict from antique centuries, around Olympos-Çıralı Plain. Key words: Ecotouris, Olympos, Çıralı, Coastal zone.ı


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Pomegranate: A Plant which the Economic Value Increases in Turkey Esin ÖZCAN Gazi University, Turkey Ülkü Eser ÜNALDI Gazi University, Turkey The native land of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is Iran and Anatolia. Pomegranate is cultivated in Middle Asia, in the relatively drier regions of eastern Asia and especially in Anatolia and Africa over the Mediterranean. The plant was brought to America by Spanish settlers during the 18 th century. The plant is grown mainly in California and Arizona. Pomegranate can only be grown in the midlatitude of various conditions of climate and soil. The plant needs an average of 500 mm rain yearly, and as the plant is considerably temperature tolerant, it can survive in low temperatures down to about -10 oC. The plant is selective of soil type. It can be cultivated in various types of soil of clay, sand and rock. Pomegranate develops in deep, permeable, humid and cool soil as well as dry and hot climate. Mediterranean, Aegean, Southeastern are the regions which present the necessary climatic conditions for growing of pomegranate. Pomegranate is a plant with many branches of about 2-5 m in height with multi trunk which sucker from the root. The size of fruit is about the size of an orange with hundreds of pulps and seeds as the edible parts which have sweet, sour or tangy taste. The seed of the pomegranate is the edible part of the plant. However, the plant has a wide range of use; fruit is consumed as food, the root, stem and peel are used as rawmaterial in chemistry, pharmaceutical industry. The increase in the economic value of pomegranate and the increase in the use of the plant especially in food industry have led to a considerable increase in its production in Turkey. The production of pomegranate of 55000 tonnes in 1993 increased to 60000 tones in 2002 and to 80000 tonnes in 2003. The plant is widely cultivated in mainly İçel and other cities, such as Antalya, Aydın, Denizli, Gazi Antep, Hatay, Siirt. Condisering the increase in the economic value of pomegranate in recent years, it will have beneficial effects on the country’s economy to give importance to the cultivation of the plant and to the extension of cultivation land by taking the ecological needs of the plant into consideration. Key words: Pomegranate, caltivation, production


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Ecotourism Potential of Kütahya Province Ali ÖZEL Dumlupinar University, Turkey Nurdan KESER Dumlupinar University, Turkey The object of this study is to evaluate ecotourism potential of Kutahya district, well-known with its traditional glazed tiles, modern porcelain and thermal tourism. According to archeological findings, the oldest settlement was in Hittite period (BC 1800) and was under the rule of Frigs, Lidias, Persians, Alexanderia, Romans, Byzentium, Germiyan principality and Ottomans. The province has also played a role in the struggle of Turkish Republic. In every corner of the city, there are lots of art works and ruins belonging to this rich cultural heritage of the city. The city has many original historical streets combining Kutahya mansions, fountains and ages old beautiful trees. The region, containing vast mountainous areas, has geomorphologic properties like valleys, caves and spring waters valuable for ecotourism as a result of rich underground hydrologic network. As a result of elevation and climate, 53.37% of the total area of the city is covered by forest. One can find numerous memorial tress and endemic plant types outspread to wide areas. Besides “Toy” bird, on the brink of extinction, there are few predatory bird species found in virgin territories like Murat, Egrigoz and Turkmen mountains. In conclusion, the natural and cultural tourism assets of the city were tried to be exposed and suitable ecotourism activities were proposed. Key Word: Ecotourism, Kutahya, Germiyan principality, Frig Valley


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A Geographical Analysis on Interaction between Human and Natural Environment around Gercüş-Savur (Mardin) Nurettin ÖZGEN Dicle University, Turkey

A. Vahap BOZ Dicle University, Turkey Interaction and reflection between human being activities and natural environment has been the main interest of Geography. This interaction shows variations according to utilized natural formation and efficiencies of cultural activities. Mardin Mountains runs east to west in Tigris part of Southern-East of Turkey. Mardin has got its curled and fatigue present shape due to compression of Arabian platform and Anatolian plate. The carstic solution and pluvial accumulation took place in the region show obvious variations in cultural activities of province in comparison to its neighbours. The main reason of this situation is due to different interaction/reflection between Geological, Geomorphological and hydrographical units and cultural activities. There are quite rich resources of ground water in Gercüş – Savur zone; in east part of Mardin. Middle eocen old Hoya formation (middle eocen) with 250-300 tightness are noticeable, as a result of geological formation, carstic solution shapes have come out in the region. These ground water resources are vital for the inhabitants of region as they use these carstic shapes to supply water especially in hot and dry seasons when surface water sources provide inadequate capacity. For this purpose people, by carving eocen calcaleous, have built large cisterns to increase the amount of water. The purpose of this study is to determine interaction between human activities, in and natural environment in Gercüş-Savur folding zone (in east of Mardin). In this paper we also aim to make natural environment sustainable, to analyze human activities by defining these activities for cause and result in frame of natural environment conditions. Key words: Mardin Mountains, Gercüş, Savur, Cartistic erosion, Cistern.


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Hydrological Processes and Hazards in Urban Catchments: A Contribution to Land Management Antonio Sousa PEDROSA Oporto University, Portugal Andreia Cristina Amorim PEREIRA Oporto University, Portugal The transformation of the hydrological systems induced by human action is a reality in any urban area, regardless of the type of urban plan, the age of the catchment, its dimension, construction density or predominant type of building. The antropic interventions conducted in urban catchments lead to deep transformations of the drainage, frequently resulting in a disruption of the pre-existing balance, induced by lack of knowledge, disrespect and inadequacy in terms of how natural processes work. These situations of disruption and unbalance have greater incidence after extreme precipitation episodes, namely heavy long-lasting rainfall or highly concentrated rainfall both in terms of time and space. In this way, the hydro-meteorological hazards that affect urban areas result from the interaction of natural phenomena with a varied occurrence probability and the implications arising from human occupation of space in the drainage processes. In this sense, the hydro-meteorological hazards cannot be considered merely as natural hazards, in the strictest sense of the term, but as part of the sphere of the natural and technological hazards. The hydro-meteorological hazards that affect urban areas trigger disaster/ catastrophe-inducing phenomena associated to slope instability (debris flows, mudflows, landslides, rockfalls), to urban floods (either fluvial flooding or flash floods), landslips, among others. The perception of risk and the analysis of its causes enable an assessment of the susceptibility of the territory of the urban areas to the hydro-meteorological hazards-driven phenomena. Bearing in mind this overall goal, the research work described in this paper aimed at systematising the factors and attempting to explain the processes leading to the occurrence of this type of urban hazards, both in terms of permanent conditions and the direct and indirect causes and triggering mechanisms at different time and space scales. The systematisation, possible through the application of a methodology of comparative analysis of a significant number of case-studies, intends to allow drawing conclusions (in global terms), extrapolating the restrictive


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concrete characteristics to each occurrence under study. This effort of synthesis aims at contributing to the reduction of natural disasters associated to hydro-meteorological hazards through the prevention and correction of land management errors, which tend to aggravate these hazards, and to the development of forecast mechanisms that allow issuing alerts by the civil protection. Regarding the geographical area in which the research was focussed, it were privileged occurrences located in municipalities of Northern Portugal, especially the northwest region, due to the specific characteristics of the catchments and urbanisation process of this region, where it is clear the great dispersion, lack of organisation and infrastructuration, as well as planning of the urban continuum. Thus, it were included in this research work case-studies located in the following municipalities: Amarante, Arcos de Valdevez, Chaves, Freixo de Espada à Cinta, Matosinhos, Porto, Santa Marta de Penaguião, Vila da Feira, Vila Nova de Cerveira and Vila Nova de Gaia. Key words: Urban Hydrology, Urban Hazards, Floods, Slope Dynamics, Extreme Precipitation, Land Management.


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Land Management and Land Slides in the North of Portugal Antonio Sousa PEDROSA Oporto University, Portugal

Silva GONÇALVES Oporto University, Portugal

Marcio MARTINS Oporto University, Portugal The landslides in the north of Portugal related to the construction of road and railway infrastructures displayed the importance of knowing the geomorphologic dynamic of slopes and the minor importance that one has attributed it in the strategies and actions of land management. It becomes more and more important to properly define the slopes’ vulnerabilities to geomorphologic hazards and have in depth knowledge of the interrelationships between geomorphologic dynamic and antropic action so as to find a basis for policies related to land management and civil protection mechanisms. Thus the division of land into lots for urban construction, the construction of roads, railways and also embankments or cuttings, which are sometimes large structures, change the slope’s balance and are responsible for, or at least give way to, the initial rupture of many of the landslides in the north of Portugal. In this way we will try to show with various examples that many of the landslides in the north of Portugal are closely related to man’s action in the slopes. That is the reason why it is necessary a greater knowledge of the causes, so that man’s actions don’t collide with their dynamic balance. If in fact we perceive land management as a set of isolated actions in a given space aiming at its optimal use, then we must bear in mind that this space has a physical dimension; the geographer must be prepared to understand the existing interactions in the Earth’s surface (structure, superficial formations, pedology, and hydrology, and forest, agricultural and urban occupation). On understanding these factors, he will be able to act through the identification of problems, the interpretation of events as far as time and space are concerned and in the formalization of graphic and cartographic resources, which will be useful for the necessary planning. Key words: Slope Dynamics, geomorphologic hazards, landslides, land management.


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Soil Degredation: Causes and Consequences-Some Examples in Northern Portugal Antonio Sousa PEDROSA Oporto University Bruno MARTINS Oporto University Soil use plays a very important role in slope dynamics study. Changes in soil use and occupation have implications at the level of slopes, being responsible for an increase of erosion, contributing to soil loss and degradation. One of the erosive processes which contribute the most to soil loss is gullying. After gullies are formed, soil restoration is in general expensive and often requires technical expertise. Gullying is related with geomorphological factors such as slope, hillslope exposure, geology, soil type and depth, hydro-climate factors, as well as soil use and occupation. A high or low vegetal cover to protect the soil is decisive in terms of the impact of rainfall on the soil. When the vegetal cover is removed, infiltration becomes easier, thus decreasing superficial run-off. Heat action at the soil level is also mitigated, decreasing temperature amplitude and affecting heat conductivity. Recent studies prove the importance of forest fires and agriculture to the formation of gullies. During the fire season great part of the vegetation is destroyed. Besides the soils being now cleared of vegetation, the soil is also not structured by the roots. The first summer and autumn showers, generally intense and short, following long warm, dry periods, will be responsible for the formation or reactivation of gullies accompanied by important soil losses. In agricultural fields, these areas differ as far as their nature is concerned and may correspond to irrigated or non-irrigated crops, vineyards, orchards, olive fields, among others. Nevertheless, when it comes to extensive cultures there are important modifications at the level of soil and cover surface. As far as the first is concerned, soil stirring is mainly related with ploughing; the latter concerns the growing stages of the crops, and there are moments after cultivation when the soil is completely exposed, contrasting with a latter stage, when the soil may be protected. In grazing areas, gullies are frequent and are many times related with over-grazing by some animals, such as goats, which contribute to soil waterproofing through trampling, in this way compacting the soils or destroying the vegetation.


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Gully risk cartography may therefore represent a very useful tool for erosion prevention, especially in gully-prone areas so as to mitigate soil loss and degradation in these areas. In recent times models have been developed using GIS technology studying in particular the Northern region of Portugal. In these models, occupation and changes in soil use are decisive factors in assessing risk prone areas. Other studies analyse gully evolution and determine its impact in terms of soil loss in recently burn slopes, demonstrating the importance of management and planning to soil conservation. Key words: Northern Portugal; soil use; soil; gullies; Geographical Information System (GIS)


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Forest Fire Severity in the Peneda-Geres National Park (Northern Portugal): The Influence of the Population Dynamics Fantina Tedim PEDROSA University of Porto, Portuga Joao PIRES University of Porto, Portugal Forest fires are a severe problem that has been affecting the protected areas of Southern Europe over the last few decades. The analysis of forest fires evolution in protected areas in Portugal reveals an increase in terms of the incidence; it should be pointed out that the most problematic spaces in terms of forest fires occurrence and propagation have some common characteristics that are shared by all protected areas: They are normally large spaces with important areas of forest and brush (or uncultivated land), where its possible to observe an economic depreciation of the agricultural and forestry activities; these lands are also affected by rapid phenomena of migration and ageing, which lead to the abandonment of the properties and of the traditional land practices, which previously prevented fuel accumulation in extensive areas; these are also lands in which the increased pressure from the urban environment and the alternative activities in rural areas, especially for tourism, recreation and leisure, as well the purchase of a second home by citizens living in the big cities, lead to an increased pressure over these spaces, as well as a consequent greater probability of misuse and negligence. The Peneda-Gerês National Park (PNPG), established in 1971, was the first protected land created by law in Portugal and remains nowadays as the only national park, covering an area of 702.9 km2 in a mountain space with a maximum altitude above 1500 metres. Although generally speaking there has been a decrease in the number of inhabitants of the area, and even tough there are records of a slight demographic increase in certain communities, there has been over the last few years an increase in second home owning with seasonal occupation.The relationship between the conditioning factors of forest fires dynamics in this area is complex due to their diversity and to the different ways how these factors interact. Over the last few years these fires, namely the large fires, seem to have occurred in almost inaccessible areas, are greatly influenced by topography and start most of the times in areas outside the PNPG, reflecting therefore the incapacity of the local populations and institutions to solve the problem. Key words: Forest fire severity; population dynamics; Peneda-Gerês National Park; conditioning factors


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The Management of Forest Fires in Protected Areas in Portugal Fantina Tedim PEDROSA University of Porto, Portugal Protected areas are intended at the safeguard and conservation of the ecological diversity and the natural and cultural resources through legal instruments and other regulations. The forest fire hazard, which affects these areas, contributes to the degradation of the landscape, the destruction of their ecosystems and to a change in terms of their ecological and economic value. In Portugal despite all prevention and combat measures which have been implemented over the last few years, recent data suggest that there has been an increase in the number of forest fires in protected areas. In fact, the number of forest fires in protected areas, which cover 638 617 ha (7.6%) of the Portuguese territory, has increased considerably since 1992. The maximum number of occurrences was reached in 2003 and 2005. Between 1992 and 2005 the annual average area burned was 10.418 ha and in the period 2001-2005 16.025 ha. Considering the total area burned since 1992, around 59% of that total burned after the year 2000. The consequences, namely in terms of biodiversity loss, are not always assessed, but they are certainly important, since in 2005, for instance, 35% of the area burned was identified as Área Prioritária Para a Conservação da Natureza (Nature Conservation Priority Area). Through the administration of a survey and the implementation of interviews in all protected areas in Portugal, we intend to identify the main characteristics of the forest fire management policies as far as protected areas are concerned and analyse the integration of these policies in the overall national policy of forest protection against fires established in 2006. Particular attention will be paid to the restoration of burned areas. In Portugal there is a vast record of restoration actions carried out in areas affected by large forest fires and there are also legal instruments supporting its implementation in protected areas since 1989. In this paper it is our intention to demonstrate 1) that a restoration of burned areas in parks and reserves is reduced, 2) that there is a lack of standardised intervention procedures and 3) to identify the factors hindering the practice and concretisation of the restoration of burned areas in protected lands. Key words: forest fires; protected areas; Portugal; forest fires policies; forest management


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Examination of the Relationship Between Life Expectancy and Social, Economic, Environmental Factors in Africa Ersin Kaya SANDAL Sütçü İmam University, Turkey Murat KARABULUT Sütçü İmam University, Turkey Recently, worldwide attention has been focused on changing of climate in the world. Also, this changing situation has significant impact on regions and sub-regions of the world. In this study the effects are examined on African countries. Africa has serious economic, social and environmental problems. Quality of life is directly affected by these factors. Life expectancy is a strong measurement of quality of life. This measurement is affected by several social, economics and environmental factors (imports, exports, energy production and consumption, urban population, gross domestic product, active population of economic sectors, precipitation, climate type, population size, fertility rate, infant mortality, literacy rate ect.). Economic and social instability that results mostly from desertification is likely to impact on quality of life. Desertification is not only related to poor countries, but is the treat to developed countries. Quality of life is directly affected by these factors, and as a result, it is fragile and unstable in Africa. In this study, several variables will be used to determine the effect of these factors on life quality in African countries. To achieve this goal different statistical methods are used such as regression and correlation. It is possible to predict these impacts by comparing a dependant variable, in this case life expectancy, with several suspected independent variables. It is expected that the most significant predictor of life expectancy is the instability related to the environmental factor. However, the results show that life expectancy is a function of three categories of independent variables: economic, social, and environmental factors. It is suspected that instability in these factors will be associated with a lower quality of life. Key words: Africa, Life expectancy, environmental factors, quality of life


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Alternative Tourism and Touristic Product Varification Strategies: A Case Study in Alakir Valley (Kumluca, Antalya) Cemali SARI Akdeniz Universit, Turkey As tourism sector has become a big potential in terms of economic and social perspectives, among destinations there has been an immense competition. In this competition to make use of available resources, to compose various touristic products and to develop alternative tourism have gained great importance. Antalya, which is one of the most important tourism centers of the world just as of Turkey, is very much suitable for alternative tourism and a new touristic products with its rich historical background, its cultural structure and its clear and wide natural areas. In this study, although Alakır valley, which is unused, has an alternative tourism potential, its physical and human geographic peculiarities were studied. Key words: Alternative tourism, Product verification strategies, Alakır valley, Kumluca, Antalya


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Geomorphic Properties of Kocaçay (Kocariver) Between İvrindi and Manyas Plains Abdullah SOYKAN Balikesir University, Turkey İsa CÜREBAL Balikesir University, Turkey The rivers of the Southern Subregion of the Marmara Geographical Region flow into Marmara Sea in directions of SW-NE, S-N. The Koca River originating from the Madra Mountain in the southern part of Submarmara Region flows mountainous areas extending between Ivrindi Plain and Manyas Lake. The mountainous areas are deeply dissected by the Koca River. The geomorphic evolution of the fluvial topography of study area can be summarized as follows:

1. Koca River established as meander pattern on the slightly undulating and flat land extending between Lake Manyas and Manda Mountain.

2. The middle part of the river basin subjected to the uplift during the Neogene period

3. The river cut deeply its own valley in accordance with the uplifting movement so that incised meander pattern was formed.

4. The neogene sedimentary deposits that are found in the east and north was removed in accordance Koca River erosional activities and it opened superimposed valley on the neogene terrain. One can se some remnants the neogene terrains along the lowland of the river basin.

5. The uplifting process has been led to the antecedent event in the middle watershed areas of the Koca River.

6. It can be said that tectonic activities occurred during the Neogene and Early Quaternary determined the fluvial erosional intensity and shaping of the topography. In other words the antecedent and superimposition events are the main shaping of the river drainage system and erosion.

7. The dissecting of the mountainous areas that are found between the Manyas Lake and plain in the north and İvrindi plain in the south is responsible for the tectonic movements and river erosional process.

Key words: Koca River, fluvial geomorphology, superimpose valley


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The Culture of Water in Bulgaria: From the Past to the Future Marieta P. STANEVA The Pennsylvania State University, USA

Understanding present issues and attitudes about water resources in Bulgaria requires an understanding of centuries-long cultural traditions deeply imbedded in the Bulgarian perception of water. Water is a symbolically powerful image that guides everyday interactions between environment and society. Water is ascribed magical power, and it governed behaviors and attitudes at different levels in the past and even through the present. Its symbolism and application marks important transitional periods of human life; it is revered and awed. Water is a source of wisdom and security; it is important part of spiritual/religious life, and it is a source of understanding and explanation of extreme natural events. Water, as part of the landscape found in springs, lakes, and rivers, has powerful moral and ethical properties. Rain is regarded as another immeasurable source of water and it represents a focal point of folk and religious rituals in the daily struggles against drought in the traditional agricultural world, which transcends the present. Rain calling/rainmaking activities were reported in newspapers during the extreme drought years of 1992, 1993 and 1994—the culmination of an extended dry period from 1982 through 1994. Although water is part of the utilitarian world, springs and water supplies acquire another dimension of the symbolism of water in more recent times and are important place markers on the landscape, suggesting perceptions of public space and the societal role of water. It was a highly revered deed when a person donated a communal water tap: it was often built in the village square and was considered an important locus for socializing. Extreme natural events related to water—drought, flood, and storms—have places in folk and modern literature. Many examples from Bulgarian folk songs, poems, short stories and novels are vivid illustrations of the strong relationship between nature and humans exhibited in perception of water as nature in the complex interplay between nature and society. Images of the revitalizing power of raindrops, exhausted parched land, and powerful storms pervade Bulgarian literature. How do those realities relate to present perceptions of drought, vulnerability to water shortage, water conservation, and planning to reduce impacts in the face of climate change? Tracing the development of changes in the perception of water when it was considered both important yet an abundant resource reveals a country being very rich in water—


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inaccurate statements found in geography textbooks in recent communist time. How has a society, whose modern water culture has developed on the basis of perception of water abundance and lacks water conservation, dealt with the recent prolonged drought of 1980-1990s? At this time, the capital, Sofia, miraculously survived a total water crisis during the winter of 1994-1995 at the same time the first “water war” fighting governmental decisions for water diversion was raging in adjacent areas. What does the intersection of water culture and projections of climate change reveal about the future state of the water as a resource in Bulgaria? Key words: Water, Bulgaria, Culture, Human-Environment


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Delta Ecosystems and Degradational Impacts: Küçük Menderes Delta Semra SÜTGİBİ Celal Bayar University, Turkey, Küçük Menderes delta has developed where Küçük Menderes river flows into the Aegean sea. The delta links Küçük Menderes plain with long and narrow street on the northeast. The delta surrounds with low mountains on the north and south (Boncuk mountain 750 m, Karaca mountain 770 m, Maden mountain 640 m). The delta of Küçük Menderes has been formed by marsh areas and lots of small lakes (Alaman lake, Gebekirse lake, Ak lake...). Marshs, especially north of the delta plain, are old and naturel beds of Küçük Menderes river. Selçuk town is located in southeast of the Küçük Menderes delta plain. Deltas are highly dynamic and complex systems that are built by natural processes. Additionally, they are important and sensible ecosystems with have wetland areas. Wetlands areas are ecosystems which have the highest biodiversity after tropic forests. Further, wetlands provide foog, fibre, clean water, clean air, flood and storm control, groundwater recharge and discharge, pollution control, organic matter or sediment export, routes for animal and plant migration, landscape and waterscape connectivity. The delta of Küçük Menderes is one of the important ecosystems of Aegean region with its wetland. Even as, 1000 hectare area was recognized “Wild Life Protected Area” in 1984 and then delta has SIT statu in 1991. However, the delta is highly affected human activities in the delta itself. Especially, after 1930, soils of the river and its valley were used densely and desiccated 26 000 ha wetland areas in the entire Küçük Menderes basin for struggle to malaria. Nowadays, the delta plain is used densely for agriculturel activities. On the other hand, dams effect to delta ecosystems with changing discharge of river and reducing river loads. Another threat for Küçük Menderes delta, planned 4 dams projects on the upland of the Küçük Menderes river by DSI (General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works). In addition, resort houses and hotels which develop on north and south of coastal, threat the delta. Key words: Küçük Menderes, ecosystem, degradation, protected area.


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Water Resources and Environment Changes in Mediterranean Headwaters Enrique Morán TEJEDA University of Salamanca, Spain Antonio Ceballos BARBANCHO University of Salamanca, Spain The objective of this work is to analyse the evolution of water resources and its relation to the behaviour of the principle climatic variables and land-coverage changes in Mediterranean environments. Three small non-regulated catchments in the Central System in Spain have been selected for this purpose. The temperature, precipitation and water discharge data series have been analysed to determine their trends and variability in a representative period. Next, forested areas within the catchments were mapped using aerial photos and ortho-images for the years 1957 and 2002 respectively. Finally, multiple linear regressions and a synthetic index of the normalized series were developed in order to compare the climatic and hydrologic variables. The temperature analysis shows a significant increase throughout the studied period in the 3 cases, with a decade ratio that varies from 0,11º to 0,58º C. This increase is greatest in spring and summer months. The precipitations reveal a decreasing trend, which affects primarily the winter and spring seasons. These variations are triggering a decrease in water yield volume as well as changes in the monthly regime of the streams such as the volume of water from melting snow within spring flows being reduced continually, and the characteristic summer drought period of Mediterranean rivers beginning a month earlier. During the second half of the 20th century the forest has experienced evident growth. This extension, however, has not reached in any of the three cases 50% coverage of the catchment’s area. The analysis of the climatic and hydrologic normalized variables indicates the strong dependence water discharge has with respect to precipitation. No clear signal of forest expansion influencing on stream-flows evolution has been detected so far. These facts suggest that a future forest expansion could have repercussions on water resources such as its total volume and seasonal nature. Key words: Water discharge, headwaters, temperature, precipitation, forest, Mediterranean.


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Improving Livelihoods of Rural Communities Through Sustainable Rangelands, Water and Livestock Management in Arid Inland Desert Zones of Central Asia Kristina TODERICH Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan Timur KHUJANAZAROV Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan The Aral Sea issue has become one of the world’s best known, man-made ecological disasters. The world’s fourth largest inland sea has shrunk by 60%, the very few water now flows into the sea, and the salinity of the seawater increased from 1,0% into 14%. More than 27,000 square km of the dried bottom of sea is spreading an estimated 200,000 tons of windblown salts and chemicals to more than 500 km from the Sea, covering pastures of best quality. Degradation of desert rangelands, throughout Central Asian has reached alarming proportions requiring prompt and immediate action in order to prevent further irreparable damage to these fragile ecosystems. The agroclimatic environment and availability of water sources for cultivation of crops on salt-affected desert soils are radically different from that irrigated agriculture. The average annual rainfall on these rangelands varies from 80-120mm and soils are sandy in texture, have poor vegetation cover and are highly saline with a low inherent fertility. In Uzbekistan desert natural pastures are of value for livestock production and occupies 17,5 million ha . Presently only 485,1 thousand ha is utilized for pasture production under irrigated conditions. Saline pastures occupy 2 million ha and are predominantly established to halophytes that have the ability to grow adequately under prevailing edaphic conditions and play a valuable role as feed for livestock and for medicinal purposed.. Such phytogenetic resources play a very important role in the rehabilitation of degraded saline affected lands, controlling elevated water tables, utilization of non-conventional water resources, and stabilization of sand dune systems… However, uncontrolled livestock grazing, inefficient water management and high level of natural resources mining have had a negative impact on natural pastures. About 1,74 million hectares of pastures, located in Central Kzylkums, Navoi province, Uzbekistan are subject of serious degradation due to the overgrazing resuting in a dramatic decline in annual productivity of these rangeland systems to a


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mere 0.15-0.2 t/ha. At last decades the sharply decreasing of number of animal/ha from 154.394 in 1991 to 6.600 animal/ha in 2003 induce the further degradation of these pastures. The unique artesian (hot) water resources, mined in mid 1960’s for developing arid oasis irrigation within pastures for increasing the capacity of fodder production in kolkhozes were partly degraded and uncontrolled water flows are forming different size artificial ponds. Under the kolkhozes system of the former Soviet Union, artesian water resources in these desert areas were tapped and used for the production of these pastures since the early 1960’s. Uncontrolled discharge from these sources has resulted in the development of artificial ponds and with the very high evaporation rates during the summer months these ponds dry out with the formation of crystallized salts. In addition, poor natural drainage network systems of marginal cropped irrigated lands has caused an increase in the salt content of surface soils and groundwater that has induced secondary salinization of the soils. Local pastoralists and farmers have abandoned these fields leaving behind large tracks of saline/waterlogged soils. In addition, smallholders are reluctant to effectively use pastures beyond the village periphery The degradation of rangelands and associated declining productivity in the arid zone of Central Kyzylkum has resulted in the migration of the native Kazakh and Uzbeks to large cities with associated social issues such as dysfunctional household and single heads of families. . The consequences of pasture degradation have been a dramatic decline in the livelihoods of communities in the region. There are still options for improving the livelihoods of the rural population in the Central Kzylkums, the artesian waters with high temperatures could be used not only for development of arid fodder production, but alternatively could be used for recreation, vegetable production, and other purposes. The creation of highly productive fodder systems will ensure the safety of natural habitat and increase the income levels Our many years research is to improve livelihoods of rural communities in Central Kzylkums through the development of a sustainable livestock industry based on improved rangelands and water management in the desert zones of Kyzylkum desert (Uzbekistan). Evaluation and cultivation of halophytes salt tolerant crops diversify through with suitable agrotechnologies (strip-alley agropastoral system) will significantly diversify the feed resources throughout the year and during climatically difficult periods while preserving soil, water and phytogenetique resources of desert ecosystems. Key words: Sustainable rangelands, livestock management, Central Asia


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The Analysis of the 16-20 October 2006 Alanya Tornado Event Ülkü Eser ÜNALDI Gazi University, Turkey Turkey is a country where all natural atmosphere-based hazards, which can turn into disasters except for the tropical cyclonic storms, can be observed. Tornado, which occurs over lands and seas, is also among them. The tornados are revolving storms, which are of short duration and among the most destructive powers of the nature and occur suddenly over a very limited area. They are the air columns in contact with the earth and rapidly revolving around a small area (low pressure center). Since the pressure at the center of the tornado has an approximately 10% lower value than the pressure of the surrounding air, there is an air current moving from the surrounding to the center. These air currents turn into spiral air currents by revolving around the center (the nucleus) and spread through the peak of the cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds which generate the storms in most of the tornado types. Although the formation mechanism of the tornados is not completely known, it is agreed that they result from the relation between the winds between the lower and upper levels of troposphere and the strong updrafts in the thunderstorm systems generated by the formation of the Cb clouds. The elemental condition of the formation of tornados is the formation of the Cb and the thunderstorms respectively. To this end, a mechanism that would take the warm and humid air at lower levels of the atmosphere close to the earth upwards should involve. And this is possible on condition that the earth warms divergently within short distances and the topography and winds encounter (convergence). In other words, convergence and rapid updrafts at the lower levels, and divergence, instable atmospheric conditions, at the upper levels must dominate. The change in the direction and/or the speed of the wind along with one or more conditions above are suitable conditions for the Cb and thunderstorms and tornados that form out of Cb. The tornados are named after the thunderstorms they formed out of. These are; 1-Supercell Tornados. 2- Non-supercell Tornados “Supercell Tornados” are storms related with thunderstorms that form in relation with the thunderstorms related to the frontal cyclonic storms of the Variable Zone. The air column revolving (the updrafts revolving upwards


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within the thunderstorms (mezocyclons)) in this type of tornados can spread through the peak of the storm cloud from the earth. These are very powerful tornados that cause many casualties and financial losses over especially hot tropical seas and large land areas neighboring these seas. The revolving air column (mezocyclon) does not exist in the storm clouds in non-supercell tornados. On the other hand, there is an air column revolving downwards from the bottom of clouds or towards the bottom of clouds from the earth. This revolving air column seems in the form of a cloud of wreckage or dust or a cloud like a funnel. These generally occur on condition that a convergence on the earth and cold weather and a trough in relation with these conditions (in other words under instable atmospheric conditions) exist. Turkey is not a country where the tornados are often observed. However, according to the records of the State Meteorological Affairs, there have been observed lots of tornados due to the deteriorations in the world climate. As a matter of fact, between 16-20 October 2006, at, over Antalya Gulf a series of tornados was observed. At first, nine tornados on 16 October at 30-35 km west of Alanya, in Okurcular County were observed. Two of them caused damage on buildings at the coast. The second series of tornados was observed on 19 October at, 8-10 km away from the coast. They reached at Kargıcak County of Alanya and caused damage on the cultivated lands and greenhouses. In order to explain the reasons why these waterspouts are formed, the synoptic observations and maps (the earth and high levels) obtained from the State Meteorological Affairs, Radio-Sonda observations representing the region and satellite images hour by hour are analyzed. According to these findings, the seawater heat between these dates was measured 26oC, which is the necessary temperature for the formation of tropical cyclone storms. A convergence zone and a frontal system, though weak, were formed over sea level after the meeting of mP and cT air. At higher levels of the atmosphere, a relatively cold air (-18) than the seasonal temperature and a trough in relation with cold weather were observed. Naturally, there was an instable air condition resulting from the conditions above. The observations in Isparta and Adana via Radio-Sonda confirms that as well. In the satellite images, very strong storm clouds scattered over Antalya Gulf are observed. According to these findings, it is possible to name the waterspout in this region as non-supercell sea tornado. Key words: Alanya, Tornado, Analysis, natural hazard


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Geographical Analysis of Natural Environment - Human Relationships and Agricultural Activity on the Coast of the Gulf of Edremit (Northwest of Turkey) Aylin YAMAN İstanbul University, Turkey This study is done in order to investigate the agricultural activities in the Coast of the Gulf of Edremit from the geographical point of view. The Coast of the Gulf of Edremit, which is the main subject of the study, is located in the northwest of Turkey, the north of the Aegean Region and covers 818 km² area. The purpose of the study is to examine agricultural activities, one of the results of the interaction between natural environments and the human beings, through synthesizing approach helding principles of dispersion, causality and mutual relationship. For this reason, natural environment and human conditions are put forward, in other words, natural and human potentials of area are determined. So that, field study was carried out in the area, and the data collected from the field and illustrated as table via the Geographical Information System (GIS) are aimed to be evaluate visually. Main maps, which exhibit natural environment conditions of studying area, were provided, and spatial analysis was done by means of those maps being evaluated via GIS. Relationships and interactions between natural environment and human are very intensive in the studying area. Situations which appear by means of interaction’s result of all natural environment conditions orientate and affect human life, consequently the situations determine human features peculiar to this environment. Studying area presents convenient conditions for agricultural activities in with its natural environment and human features. Surroundings of the Gulf of Edremit are one of the most important olive and olive oil production areas of Turkey by means of its natural environmental conditions. As the geographical conditions provide more favourable opportunities, cultivating olives has been at the forefront of agricultural activities since the antiquities in the area whose settling history is quite former, and maintains its significance recently. Research area’s agricultural potential is quite high. However, agricultural potential in the area isn’t exactly utilized. There are several problems in agricultural activities. The most serious ones among these are wrong land-use and losing productive agriculture lands. Lately, because of the increasing touristic activities, there is a degeneration of relationships


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between natural environment and the human being. Tourism puts further pressure to the area every day and increases the wrong land use and the loss of productive agriculture lands To maintain healthy relationships between natural environment and the human being and sustainable productive land use in the research area lands must be used considering their capabilities land. Otherwise, loss of natural resources will occur gradually and for sustainable productive land use, available resources must be used effectively within the principles of protection and use. Key words: The Gulf of Edremit, Natural Environment - Human Relationships, Agricultural Activity, Geographical Information System (GIS)


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An Overview of Plant Diversity & Land Degradation Interactions in the East Mediterranean Münir ÖZTÜRK Ege University, Turkey Çiğdem GÖRK Muğla University, Turkey Güven GÖRK Muğla University. Turkey Celal YARCI Marmara University, Turkey Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan constitute the eastern part of the mediterranean basin. The mediterranean divisions of these countries are characterised by dry hot summers and moderate winters, with low precipitation. The arid lands of the area form a transition zone between the Saharo-Arabian desert biome and temperate climates and embody rich plant diversity composed of over 15000 species, many being endemics. The forest, maquis and phrygana formations cover an area of 12.9 million ha. But the biotic interferences like forest clearance, grazing, cultivation and fire are threatening these formations. The population pollution is devastating natural habitats through urbanisation. Today nearly 35–70 percent of the agricultural soils are covered by settlements and touristic centres. Many ecosystems are disappearing at a fast speed. The biotic interferences are setting in motion a chain of feedback processes leading to heavy soil erosion. The tragacanthic chamaephytic plant cover is now used for the agricultural productivity. The plants show typical microphyllous, aphyllous or sclerophyllous characteristics. An attempt will be made here to enlighten the pressures faced by the regions rich plant diversity due to land degradation activities. Key words: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Plant Diversity, Land Use, Biotic Pressures, Degradation.


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The Effect of Rainfall on Landslide on the East Blacksea Part of Turkey

Recep YURT Karaelmas University, Turkey The East Blacksea Region of Turkey is the most known region of Turkey with its landslides. In this region, stopne falling, soil flowing, mud flowing and landslide have been frequently occured. Many events of the landslide which cause death and economical problems after the heavy shower rainfall and during a period with heavy rainfall have been occured in this region every year.There are many factors which affect on occurence of the landslides. These are landforms characteristics of rainfall, structure of ground, excavation and occurence of caveties caused by streams. In this region, sudden increases in altitude from the sea cost to hills of mountains and certain slopes have been causing rainfall to be effective and plentiful. The tophography in the region gets a value that ranges from the level of sea cost (0) to 2000 and 2500 meter. The watershed of the region has been consisting of the short streams on an area with plentiful rainfall at a direction from south to north. According to result of a research conducted before, the occurence of the landslides depends on effect of water in arate of 42%, excavation in a rate of 26%, dissolation in a rate of 26%, destruction of vegetation in a rate of 4%, othere factors in arate of 2%. In addition, big excavations are considered as the most important activity to construct transportation ways and settlements for living. To conduct excavations in potential landslides areas without making the stabilizaition analysis has been causing the occurence of the landslides and as a result, death and economical hazards. Apart from death and economical hazards of the landslides, many lakes have been arising due to flowing of materials as a result of the landslides (Sera, Bölümlü, Kıratlı lakes). One of them, “sera lake” has stil been keeping its characteristics and has an importance for tourism. The other two logoons were removed by people. In recent days, it is seen that there is nutrition problem in this region due to incerase in population and activities to do buildings. New constructions for buildings and attempts for new agriculture fields or destruction of naturakl vegetation to gain income have been causing the increase of landslides. Today, to conduct a research that focuses on the landslides in the region, the construct risk maps fort he landslides, to be taken into consideration the landslides in determining the new settlements, to control the highway for tranportation are necessary for improvement of the region. Key words: Landslide, Rainfall, natural disaster, slope, excavation, flood.


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Functional Changes and Their Reasons: In Yayla Settlements in Antalya Beydağları Serhat ZAMAN Atatürk University, Turkey Antalya Beydağları is one of the rare settlements where various yayla (high plateau) activities are jointly preserved in Turkey. There are 30 yayla settlements with different function on Beydağları ranging alongside the western coast of Antalya gulf in northeast-southwest direction. Yayla and yayla activities on Beydağları have undergone remarkable changes. Some yaylas have gained new functions some kept their traditional charecteristics even with difficulty, and some new yayla settlements have emerged as a result of tourism and urban initiatives. The main focus of this study is to analyse the elements leading to fundamental structural changes in functions of the yayla on Beydağları. In this process, the reasons functional changes will be clarified, a functional classification will be presented for existing yayla settlements, and some suggestions will be made for the future processes of Beydağları yayla settlements. For this study, data were collected through field observations, questionnaires and interviews in a way suiting the nature of geography science. Then the data were mapped with distributions. Key words: Antalya, Beydağları, yayla settlements, functional changes


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Potentials and Limitations in Iran for Developing Tourism Sector Hassan ZOLFAGHARI Razi University, Iran Iran as a large country in near east, has many natural, historical and cultural beauties for foreign tourists but, like many other developing countries, there are some serious problems and limitations in tourism sector. Iran is one of the 10 important tourism and ecotourism country in the world but, studies shows that share of Iran from nearly 750 billion dollars world tourism incomes in 2005, was only about 700000 dollars. Incoming increasing, life styles improvements and welfare development at recent years in Iran, lead to splendor of internal tourism especially religious tourism. More than 20 million internal travels to Mashhad city for pilgrimage of Imam Reza shrine in 2005 can confirm this claim. Studies shows that each year a lot of pilgrimage from mainly adjacent countries such as Pakistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan and others have came to Iran for pilgrimage the Shiite holy places especially Hz. Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad and Hz. Masoomeh shrine in Qom and some other holy places such as Hz. Shah-e Cherag in Shiraz. Existence of many important holy places in Iran in one hand and existence of a 25 million Shiite Muslim tourist in the world in other hand indicates that Iran’s government and tourism organization with considering a precise plan can attract the main portion of above mentioned tourists and their incomes. Key words: Tourism, Religious Tourism, Ecotourism Iran


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Sustainable Development and Demographic Policy of Bulgaria Marin RUSEV University of Sofia, Bulgaria Kliment NAYDENOV University of Sofia, Bulgaria Bulgaria is in severe demographic crisis. Demographic transition sharply provokes population decrease; worsen age, educational and settlements structure. In the last 18 years Government was not in a position to realize effective demographic policy and because of those opportunities for transition to sustainable development was disturb. The main exit from that situation is pursuing of regional demographic policy. Key words: Bulgaria, Demographic Policy, Sustainable Development

Ground Water Quality as a Security Problem Daniela ZLATUNOVA University of Sofia The report aim is to reveal the water security problems concerning the underground water quality. In accordance with this we use two categories – the share of the consumed underground water by the households separated by municipalities, districts and water management regions; Dependence of the territorial units from the underground water supply; underground waters quality and conditions; share of the population served by drink water treatment plants. The underground water conditions is ordered by indicator groups /metals and metalloids other non-organic substances, radioactive substances, hydrocarbons, pesticides/. As a result of the analysis we make the conclusion, that the underground waters are having a great significance for the public water supply system. Their aggravated condition is a serious threat for the population of Bulgaria in many municipalities. Keywords: underground water, water security, water condition


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Demographic Policy of Bulgaria - Necessity and Reality Kliment NAYDENOV University of Sofia, Bulgaria Petar SLAVEYKOV University of Sofia, Bulgaria Decrease in number and ageing of population of Bulgaria is a process, which begins in the end of 90’s years of 20 century, carrying on today. The main goal of this article is to create a conception for demographic policy, which will delay the process of Bulgaria and will become better for demography situation in country. On the other hand today, in our country we have original ethnic syndrome, which freezees effectiveness of Bulgarian demographic policy. Again we have a dilemma: to stimulate general for the country demographic tendencies, without recognizing changing ethnic balance, or to keep the ethnic model at the expense of go deeper demographic crises. Key words: Bulgaria, Demographic Policy, Necessity and Reality

Hydrological Risk in North Bulgaria Nelly HRISTOVA University of Sofia, Bulgaria

This paper presents the parameters of flood waves of watershed in North Bulgaria. It contains an analysis of monthly and seasonal frequency of the flood waves, continuation, volume and shape of flood waves and also provides information about flood discharge including absolute maximum discharge of flood waves in the specific conditions of the mountains watershed. Key wors: Bulgaria, Hydrological Risk, flood waves


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İNDEX

AKBULUT Gülpınar ................................................................................. 1

AKIŞ Ayhan ............................................................................................. 2

AKIŞ Ayhan ........................................................................................... 71

AKSOY Bülent ....................................................................................... 36

AKSOY Bülent ......................................................................................... 4

ALKIŞ Seçil ........................................................................................... 15

ALTIN Türkan .......................................................................................... 5

ALTIN Türkan .......................................................................................... 6

ARITAN Mehmet T. ................................................................................. 7

ARTVİNLİ Eyüp ....................................................................................... 8

ASSENOVA Mariana A. ........................................................................ 45

ATALAY Ayşe.......................................................................................... 9

ATALAY İbrahim ................................................................................... 10

ATALAY İbrahim ................................................................................... 13

ATASOY Emin....................................................................................... 15

ATASOY Emin....................................................................................... 44

BAR Pua ................................................................................................ 16

BAR Pua ................................................................................................ 19

BAR Pua ................................................................................................ 21

BARBANCHO Antonio Ceballos ......................................................... 105

BAYSAN Sultan .................................................................................... 23

BAYSAN Sultan .................................................................................... 42

BENABDALLAH Sihem ......................................................................... 84

BIGER Gideon....................................................................................... 24

BLANKA Bartók ..................................................................................... 25

BOENGIU Sandu .................................................................................. 26


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BOUSKILA Amos .................................................................................. 16

BOUSSEMA Rached M. ....................................................................... 84

BOZ A. Vahap ....................................................................................... 91

BULDAN İsmail ..................................................................................... 28

BULLIQI Shpejtim ................................................................................. 29

BULUT İhsan ......................................................................................... 30

BULUT İhsan ........................................................................................... 8

CALZAVARA Alessandro ...................................................................... 31

CEYLAN Salih ....................................................................................... 32

CHANG Chang-yi David ........................................................................ 41

COHEN Oded........................................................................................ 19

COŞKUN Mücahit ................................................................................. 36

COŞKUN Mücahit ................................................................................... 4

CRAVINS Georges ............................................................................... 37

CURCAN Gheorghe .............................................................................. 26

CÜREBAL İsa...................................................................................... 101

CÜREBAL İsa........................................................................................ 13

CÜREBAL İsa........................................................................................ 46

ÇETİN Turhan ....................................................................................... 38

ÇUKUR Hasan ...................................................................................... 40

DAL Neslihan ........................................................................................ 42

DEMİRCİ Ali .......................................................................................... 65

DEMİRKAYA Hilmi ................................................................................ 34

DEMİRKAYA Hilmi ................................................................................ 43

DIMOV Neno ......................................................................................... 44

DOGRAMADJIEVA Elka D. .................................................................. 45

EFE Recep ............................................................................................ 10

EFE Recep ............................................................................................ 13


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EFE Recep ............................................................................................ 46

EMEKLİ Gözde...................................................................................... 47

ERLAT Ecmel ........................................................................................ 49

ERTÜRK Selma Akay ........................................................................... 50

FRANCESCA Guglielmi ........................................................................ 79

GAD Abd-Alla ........................................................................................ 51

GAL Andrea........................................................................................... 53

GAMLIEL Avrame ................................................................................. 19

GARCIA Claudia Moreira ...................................................................... 54

GASHI Gani........................................................................................... 29

GONÇALVES Silva ............................................................................... 94

GÖKÇE Nazlı ........................................................................................ 73

GÖKÇE Nazlı ........................................................................................ 74

GÖRK Çiğdem .................................................................................... 112

GÖRK Güven ...................................................................................... 112

GRONER Elli ......................................................................................... 16

GRONER Elli ......................................................................................... 21

GÜLÜM Kamile ..................................................................................... 55

GÜNGÖROĞLU Cumhur ...................................................................... 56

GÜRBÜZ Mehmet ................................................................................. 66

HADİMLİ Halil ........................................................................................ 30

HAYIR Meryem ..................................................................................... 58

HRISTOVA Nelly ................................................................................. 117

IONITA Ion ............................................................................................ 59

ISUFI Florim .......................................................................................... 29

İKİEL Cercis .......................................................................................... 60

İKİEL Cercis .......................................................................................... 61

İKİEL Cercis ............................................................................................ 9


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İNEL Yusuf ............................................................................................ 43

KALE Vishwas S. .................................................................................. 62

KANTÜRK Güzin ................................................................................... 64

KARA Fatih ............................................................................................ 65

KARABULUT Murat .............................................................................. 66

KARABULUT Murat .............................................................................. 99

KARADAG Arife .................................................................................... 67

KARADOĞAN Sabri .............................................................................. 69

KARAKUYU Mehmet ............................................................................ 68

KATAN Yaakov ..................................................................................... 19

KAVGACI Ali ......................................................................................... 70

KAYA Baştürk.......................................................................................... 2

KAYA Baştürk........................................................................................ 71

KAYA Erdoğan ...................................................................................... 73

KAYA Erdoğan ...................................................................................... 74

KAYA Niyazi ............................................................................................ 8

KAYMAZ Beyza..................................................................................... 60

KAYMAZ Beyza..................................................................................... 61

KESER Nurdan ..................................................................................... 75

KESER Nurdan ..................................................................................... 90

KHUJANAZAROV Timur ..................................................................... 106

KOÇ Mehmet......................................................................................... 58

KOMAR Zhanna .................................................................................... 76

KÜÇÜKÖNDER Muhterem ................................................................... 66

LAKATOS Melania ................................................................................ 53

LOVO Loris ............................................................................................ 31

MARINESCU Emil ................................................................................. 26

MARTINS Bruno ................................................................................... 95


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MARTINS Marcio .................................................................................. 94

McADAMS Michael A. ........................................................................... 78

MINIOIA Paloa ...................................................................................... 31

MINIOIA Paloa ...................................................................................... 79

MOHAMMAD Ali.................................................................................... 80

MOHD Abdullah .................................................................................... 82

MORCHE David .................................................................................... 83

MOSBAHI Manel ................................................................................... 84

NAYDENOV Kliment ........................................................................... 116

NAYDENOV Kliment ........................................................................... 117

OBAN Raziye ........................................................................................ 28

OGUCHI Takashi. ................................................................................. 62

ORLOWSKA Elzbieta ............................................................................ 85

OZANER Sancar ................................................................................... 87

ÖZCAN Esin .......................................................................................... 89

ÖZEL Ali ................................................................................................ 75

ÖZEL Ali ................................................................................................ 90

ÖZGEN Nurettin .................................................................................... 91

ÖZTÜRK Münir.................................................................................... 112

PEDROSA Antonio Sousa .................................................................... 92



PEDROSA Fantina Tedim ..................................................................... 97

PEDROSA Fantina Tedim ..................................................................... 98

PEREIRA Andreia Cristina Amorim ...................................................... 92

PERRY Meirav ...................................................................................... 21

PIRES Joao ........................................................................................... 97

RAMADANI Ibrahim .............................................................................. 29


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RENAN Itai ............................................................................................ 21

RIOV Josef ............................................................................................ 19

RUSEV Marin ...................................................................................... 116

SABUNCU Rumi ................................................................................... 56

SANDAL Ersin Kaya ............................................................................. 99

SARI Cemali ........................................................................................ 100

SARI Cemali .......................................................................................... 13

SEFEROV Rehman ................................................................................ 2

SEFEROV Rehman .............................................................................. 71

SLAVEYKOV Petar ............................................................................. 117

SOYKAN Abdullah ................................................................................ 10

SOYKAN Abdullah .............................................................................. 101

SOYKAN Abdullah ................................................................................ 13

SOYKAN Füsun .................................................................................... 47

SÖNMEZ Süleyman .............................................................................. 46

STANEVA Marieta P. .......................................................................... 102

SÜTGİBİ Semra .................................................................................. 104

TEJEDA Enrique Morán ...................................................................... 105

TENTERIZ Ceren .................................................................................. 40

TODERICH Kristina ............................................................................ 106

ÜNALDI Ülkü Eser .............................................................................. 108

ÜNALDI Ülkü Eser ................................................................................ 89

VLADUT Alina ....................................................................................... 26

WAI Yip Hin ........................................................................................... 82

YAMAN Aylin ....................................................................................... 110

YARCI Celal ........................................................................................ 112

YILDIRIM Ahmet ................................................................................... 69

YURT Recep ....................................................................................... 113


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ZAINAL Baharom .................................................................................. 82

ZAMAN Mehmet .................................................................................... 30

ZAMAN Serhat .................................................................................... 114

ZANETTO Gabriele ............................................................................... 31

ZLATUNOVA Daniela ......................................................................... 116

ZOLFAGHARI Hassan ........................................................................ 115


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NOTES

Özetler- I.Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu. Abstracts- The 1st International Geography...

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