INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS - Dhanalakshmi ...

SRI SEYON PUBLICATIONS

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM on

Innovations and Advancements in Agriculture and Plant Sciences (IAAPS 2018)

23rd May 2018

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN AGRICULTURE COLLEGE(Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University)

Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India

Organized by

ABSTRACTS(Oral, Poster & Review)

Chief Editor : Dr. S. GeethaEditors : Dr. T. Vetrivel

Dr. P. Ramakrishnan Mrs. P. Sudha Dr. S. Alagendran

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

on

INNOVATIONS AND ADVANCEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE AND PLANT SCIENCES

(IAAPS 2018)

23rd May 2018

Organized by

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN AGRICULTURE COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University)

Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACTS

(Oral, Poster & Review)

Chief Editor : Dr. S. Geetha

Editors : Dr. T. Vetrivel

Dr. P. Ramakrishnan

Mrs. P. Sudha

Dr. S. Alagendran

International Symposium on Innovations and Advancements in Agriculture and Plant Sciences (IAAPS 2018)

Copyright © 2018 Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur

Chief Editor, Edoitors and the publisher are not responsible for any kind of discrepancies in the content of these abstracts.

ISBN: 978-81-936779-2-6

Reprinted by

Sri Seyon Publication,

Plot No. : 11, First floor

Lakshmi Nagar 2nd street

Vandalur, Chennai – 48

Tamil Nadu, India

Published by Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur

Dedicated

to

Global Agriculture…

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN AGRICULTURE COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003)

Thuraiyur Road, Perambalur - 621212, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. S. Geetha, Ph.D., Office: 04328 – 220554, 220555

Dean Mobile: +91 - 94882 45876

E-Mail: [email protected]

PREFACE

I am very much enlightened to bring out this book containing the outcome of research projects

in the fields of Agricultural Sciences and Plant Sciences from various parts of the country.

This book is published with a keen interest of sharing the research ideas and research outcome

of young researchers and scholars with their peer group. I am happy that e-version of this book is also

made available in the website www.dsagri.in for better access.

A total number of about 300 abstracts submitted for the IAAPS 2018 covering the research

findings of scientists / scholars, specialized in Plant Breeding and Genetics, Seed Science and

Technology, Agronomy, Horticulture, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Microbiology,

Agricultural Entomlogy, Plant Pathology, Rural Sociology, Food Science and Nutrition and

Plant Sciences are included in this book. I am sure that the contents of this book will be referred by

many researchers and will be useful especially for the budding scientists of Agricultural Sciences and

Plant Sciences programme for planning their future research. With the help of our experts, we propose

to publish the selective full length papers in the reputed journal or book soon.

Our earnest gratitudes are due to the Chairman, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Group of Institution,

Perambalur for his firm support to conduct the IAAPS 2018.

I wish to convey our sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. K. Ramasamy, Vice-Chancellor, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Coimbatore for his encouragement for taking up this task and also to render

the technical support from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.

I thankfully acknowledge the technical support extended by Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Coimbatore. I would like to place my thanks to all the reviewers who helped in screening

the abstracts.

I sincerely acknowledge the help and involvement extended by my teaching staff members of

this college in organizing the symposium as well as in scrutinizing the abstracts.

Last, but not the least we wish to place our sincere thanks to Sri Seyon Publications for their

excellent job in bringing out this publication in a good shape with ISBN.

Date : 16-05-2018

Place : Perambalur

TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

COIMBATORE - 641003, INDIA

Dr. K. RAMARAJU, Ph.D., Director of Research i/c

Phone : 0422-6611447, 547 (per) : 0422-6611527, 526 Office : 0422-6611545, 546 FAX : 0422-2436325 Email : [email protected]

Foreword

The present day policy makers, leading economists and experts of our country are well convinced

that more investment on agricultural research would definitely yield more progress in agricultural

production which would in turn increase the National per capita income as well as income from export of

agricultural commodities.

A transformed agricultural research system is to be planned to realize the sustainable agricultural

production in spite of the so many constraints and limitations like unexpected natural disasters, climate

change, drought, salinity, etc that would hamper the agricultural production. By encouraging and

harnessing the novel research ideas it would be possible to take the agriculture to the next level in our

country.

I am happy that IAAPS 2018 organized by DSAC, Perambalur has created a platform to encourage

the young scientists of Agricultural Sciences and Plant Sciences to get the awareness of the current trend of

agricultural research and also to get new ideas of research and also to share their research experience with

other participants.

I congratulate the organizers of IAAPS 2018 for having taken this initiative to hone the research

skills of budding scientists and scholars.

It is noteworthy that about 300 numbers of screened abstracts have been well compiled and

documented in the form of a book with ISBN for public reference. Further, the release of this book would

certainly reach many scientists and scholars and will provide valuable information and data that would

kindle their research interest and research planning.

I once again congratulate the team members of IAAPS 2018 for their excellent job in the conduct

of IAAPS 2018 and bringing out this publication.

Date : 16-05-2018

Place : Perambalur

K. Ramaraju

7

Chairman’s message

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ேவளா� ம�� தாவர அறிவ�ய� �ைறைய ேநர�யாகேவா அ�ல�

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ேததி : 17-05-2018

இட� : ெபர�ப��

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO THE REVIEWERS OF THE ABSTRACTS

1. Dr. C. Sekar, Dean i/c, IIAT, Thuraiyur

2. Dr. Irene Vathamani, Dean i/c, RVSPHC, Sempatti, Dindigul

3. Dr. P. Santhi, Project Director (Soil Science), ADAC & RI, TNAU, Trichy

4. Dr. N. Meyyazhagan, Professor & Head, CRS, TNAU, Veppanthattai, Perambalur

5. Dr. V. Lakshmanan, Professor (Horticulture), HC & RI (W), Trichy

6. Dr. K.R. Latha, Professor (Agronomy), TNAU, Coimbatore

7. Dr. M. Maheswari, Professor (ENS), ADAC & RI, TNAU, Trichy

8. Dr. R. Saraswathi, Professor (PBG), CPBG, TNAU, Coimbatore

9. Dr. N. Murugesan, Retd. Professor (AEN), AC & RI, TNAU, Killikulam

10. Dr. K. Muthukrishnan, Retd. Professor (Pl. Pathology), TNAU

11. Dr. V. Kumar, Professor (Agrl. Engineering), DSAC, Perambalur

12. Dr. K. Geetha, Assistant Professor (FSN), ADAC & RI, TNAU, Trichy

13. Dr. T. Eevera, Assistant Professor (SST), ADAC & RI, TNAU, Trichy

14. Dr. Arockia Stephen Raj, Assistant Professor (Computer Scinece), TNAU, Coimbatore

15. Dr. G. Rajarajan, Assistant Professor (Veterinary Science), TANUVAS, Tanjore

16. Dr. D. Arul Balachandran, Assistant Professor (Botany), Periyar Universirty, Salem

ABSTRACTS SCRUTINIZING COMMITTEE

1. Mrs. M. Kalaiselvi, Assistant Professor (Agrl. Meteorology), DSAC, Perambalur

2. Mr. R. Rubanesh, Assistant Professor (Agrl. Economics), DSAC, Perambalur

3. Mr. N. Vijay, Assistant Professor (Crop Physiology), DSAC, Perambalur

4. Ms. S. Senthamizh Selvi, Assistamt Professor (Agrl. Microbiology), DSAC, Perambalur

5. Ms. A. Vinithra, Assistant Professor (Agrl. Entomology), DSAC, Perambalur

CONTENTS

INVITED PAPERS

i. Bioethics and Biosafety of agricultural products

Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed

1

ii. Pre-breeding for genetic enhancement of Sugarcane

A. Suganya

4

iii. Changing scenario of insect pests in India and research priority on

pest management in cotton

N. Murugesan

6

iv. Evolution of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system in Indian

Agriculture : retrospect and prospect

V. Ambethgar

9

v. Underutilized fruits and vegetables – importance in nutritional

security

V. Lakshmanan, P. Paramaguru and V. Swaminathan

10

vi. Protected cultivation of vegetables in India - problems and prospects

P. Irene Vethamoni

12

vii. Agri-Nanotechnology - An Insight

T. Theivasanthi

16

ORAL PAPERS

THEME - I: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

SUB THEME - CROP IMPROVEMENT

PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS

1. Application of Information system in Conventional Breeding:

QR Based Banana Breeding Tracker (BBT) for real time analysis of the

breeding information

Vignesh Kumar B, Backiyarani S, Saranya S, Saraswathi MS, Durai P, &

Uma S

18

2. Assessment of vada and idli batter volume for the popular blackgram

varieties of Tamil Nadu

Sathya, P., Manivannan, N., Mahalingam, A., Satya, V.K. & Parameswari, C.

19

3. Broadening the genetic base for MYMV resistance through

Interspecific hybridization between Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo

Mahalingam. A, N. Manivannan & S. Lakshmi Narayanan

19

4. Diversity analysis in inbred lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Chandirakala, R., A. Monica, S.R. Krithika, S.R. Mythili, Ameena

Premnath & N. Manivannan

20

5. Effect of mutagens in Polianthes tuberosa L. on vegetative and floral

characters in M1V2 generation

Kayalvizhi, K., M.Kannan, A.Sangari & A.D.Ashok

21

6. Estimation of Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) in Kodo millet

germplasm lines using SSR markers

Nirubana, V., K. Ganesamurthy & R. Ravikesavan

22

7. Gamma ray induced pod colour and seed mutation in butter bean

(Phaseolus Lunatus L) Variety KKL-1

Suresh, D., J. Rajangam, A. John Joel & S. Sridharan

22

8. Genetic analysis of gene effects by generation mean analysis for oil

yield and attributing traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Ameena Premnath, N. Manivannan, R. Chandirakala & C. Vanniarajan

23

9. Genetic analysis of root traits and its effect on yield for drought

tolerance breeding in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

John Kingsly N. B., Prisca Seeli F. D. & Gomathinayagam P.

24

10. Genetic analysis on the extent of variability among the greengram

(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes

Vadivel, K., A. Mahalingam & N. Manivannan

24

11. Genetic analysis on the Vigna radiata x Vigna mungo interspecific

progenies of F4 generation for yield and yield attributes

Ragul, S., N. Manivannan, A. Mahalingam, V.K. Satya & K. Thangaraj

25

12. Genetic diversity studies on yield and yield contributing attributes in

greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Indhu, S.M. Mahalingam, A & Manivannan, N

26

13. Genetic variability analysis for seed yield in interspecific derivatives of

Vigna mungo x Vigna mungo var. Sylvestris

Sowmyasree.S., Manivannan, N., Lakshmi Narayanan, S., Babu Rajendra

Prasad, V & Chitra, S.

27

14. Genetic variability, heritability, correlation coefficient and path

analysis in Gladiolus

Vetrivel, T, V. Lakshmanan, M. Jawaharlal & S. Narmadhavathy

28

15. Heterosis studies in China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] for

various economic traits

Bhargav, V., Rajiv Kumar, T.M. Rao, M.V. Dhananjaya & T. Usha Bharathi

28

16. Identification of rust and late leaf spot resistance genotypes among

backcross lines in peanut using validated SSR markers

Ramakrishnan, P., N. Manivannan, A. Mothilal & PL. Viswanathan

29

17. Morphological signatures of rice landraces and their utilization

Smitha, K.V., P. Maya, T.S. Krishna & A. Manickavelu

30

18. Studies on genetic diversity using molecular markers in tomato

genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Vishnupriya, V., A. Ramachandran & G.Parimala

30

SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

19. Botanical treatments for grain protection and their effects on

germination of stored greengram seeds

Chitra M

31

20. Development of organic seed invigoration technique for enhancing seed

quality in various vigour status of Blackgram (Vigna mungo. L).

Vanitha C

32

21. Effect of seed priming in rice on physiological constituents under saline

soil condition

Punithavathi, N., T. Jayaraj & A.Sabir Ahamed

33

22. Standardisation of seed priming in rice under salt stress condition

Punithavathi, N. & A.Sabir Ahamed

34

23. Effect of staggered sowing and micronutrient application on

accelerated ageing of rice hybrid CORH 4

Seethalakshmi, S., R. Jerlin, U. Gowthamy & Shobha K.V

35

24. Foliar application of nutrients to increase seed setting and filling

percentage in sunflower

Vijayalakshmi K & Nelson Navamani Raj K

35

25. Improvement of germination and vigour through seed priming with

ZnO nano particles in Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Nguyen Quang Thinh, S. Sundareswaran & K. Raja Gopalakrishnan,

K. Sundaralingam & R. Sridevi

36

26. Influence of bio priming on seed quality characters of multipurpose

tree Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.)

Venudevan, B. & P.Srimathi

37

27. Mitigation of salt stress in rice through seed priming

T. Eevera

38

28. Optimizing duration of hydro priming for seed quality enhancement in

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Venudevan, B., S.Keerthanapriya, D.Navitha & R.Geetha

38

29. Positional influence of siliqua in mustard

Vijaya Geetha, V. & M. Bhaskaran

39

30. Seed priming influence on seedling vigour of Kodo millet

Sridevi, R, Manonmani, V & G. Gopalakrishnan

39

31. Seed priming with banana pseudostem polyphenols for enhanced seed

quality parameters of maize hybrid COH(M) 6

Gopalakrishnan. G, Sundaralingam. K & R. Sridevi

40

32. Standardization of suitable vigour test for tomato seeds

Vijayalakshmi, V., K.Ramamoorthy, S.Sathish & K.Sivasubramaniam

40

SUB THEME - CROP MANAGEMENT

AGRONOMY

33. Assessing the biomass production of Azolla in rice soil eco system

Kalaiselvi, M., A. Lakshmanan & V. Geethalekshmi

41

34. Assessment on water efficient rice production technology

Subramanian, E., R. Ravi & R. Babu

42

35. Comparative study on the effect of additive and replacement series on

growth and yield of groundnut based intercropping system

Syed Abul Hassan Hussainy & R. Vaidyanathan

42

36. Compatibility of bispyribac sodium with insecticides for tank mix

application in wet seeded rice

Anjana Devaraj, G., K. P. Prameela & T.K. Bridjith

43

37. Crop weed competition studies in irrigated Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Bijjula Sruthi, S. Anbarasan, M.Ishwarya, Masadi Akhila & P.Saravanane

44

38. Effect of black polythene mulch on weed suppression in elephant foot

yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicholson]

Lekshmi Sekhar & C. George Thomas

44

39. Effect of intercropping pulses and vegetables on Little millet yield and

economics under rainfed condition

Sharmili K & S. Manoharan

45

40. Effect of non chemical weed management interventions on yield of

organic Brinjal

Uma Maheswari, M, Karthik. A & Sourabh Munnoli

45

41. Effect of Organic Nutrient Sources on Productivity of Rice

(Oryza sativa L.)

Sangeetha, S.P. & P. Devasenapathy

46

42. Effect of spacing and nutrient management on nutrient uptake and

post harvest soil nutrient availability of transplanted Barnyard millet

(Echinochloa frumentacea L.) under irrigated condition

Dhananivetha, M. & T. Ragavan

47

43. Enhancement of water productivity and profitability under melon

based cropping system using mulching sheet and drip fertigation in

nallvaur sub basin of Villupuram district

Prabu, P.C & R.Vaidyanathan

48

44. Evaluation of new herbicide molecules for rice under transplanted

condition

Radhamani, S.

48

45. Evaluation of principles of SRI on growth and productivity of rice

Parimala, G., A. Ramachandran & V.Vishnupriya

49

46. Fibre-Fodder intercropping for improving soil fertility and maintaining

kapas productivity with variable fertilizer levels under Bt cotton based

cropping system in north western zone of Tamil Nadu, India

Daisy, M. & K. Rajendran

50

47. Impact of Integrated Weed Management practices on growth

parameters and yield attributes of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Dhilsha, S, S. Manoharan & Shalini Pillai, P.

51

48. Influence of nutrient management practices on maximum yield

potential and economics of hybrid castor (Ricinus communisL.) under

high resource condition in Tamil Nadu

Manickam, S & S. Suganya

52

49. Nutrient uptake of sugarcane by using different Water Soluble

Fertilizer (WSF) under subsurface drip fertigation system

Anbarasu.M., A.Gurusamy & R.Indirani

52

50. Performance of guinea grass CO (GG) 3 in coconut garden for

sustainable green fodder production

Alagudurai.S., K.R.Pushpanathan & S.Sendurkumaran

53

51. Productivity and profitability enhancement in irrigated uplands of

Tamil Nadu through bio-intensive complementary cropping system

Shanmugam P.M

54

52. Response of irrigation levels and varieties on consumptive use and

water use efficiency of upland rice

Gritta Elizabeth Jolly, V.M. Bhale & P.N. Chirde

54

53. Response of nutrients on yield and nutrient uptake in rice-rice

cropping system under farmers field condition

Sathishkumar, N., K.A.R. Latha & N.K.Prabhakaran

55

54. Screening of rice varieties suitable for drip irrigation with saline water

under sodic soil

Ramesh, T. & S.Rathika

56

55. Studies on source-sink relationship in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)

Vivekanandhini, V. & R. Jagannathan

57

56. Studies on tank mix application of early post emergence herbicides for

efficient weed control in groundnut

Sathiya, K., R. Brindavathy, V, Vijayageetha & R. Vaidhyanadan

58

57. Study on crop establishment and nutrient management in Barnyard

millet

Anandha Krishnaveni S

58

58. WUE, WP and yield of rice as influenced by different transplanting

and irrigation practices

Sureshkumar, R. & B.J. Pandian

59

59. Yield and yield attributes of cotton under mechanized cultivation with

varying crop geometry

Anbarasi, M. & K. Rajendran

59

60. Studies on maximization of yield in rice fallow black gram

Rathika, S. & T.Ramesh

60

61. Effects of Cowpea sprout extract and panchagavya on growth and

development of black gram and green gram genotypes under salt stress

Nithila, S. & R.Sivaumar

61

62. Effect of intercrops on the growth and yield of little millet based

cropping systems under rainfed conditions

Sivagamy, K., P. Parasuraman & M.Rajesh

62

63. Bio-efficacy, weed control efficiency and yield attributes in herbicide

resistant transgenic stacked corn hybrids (TC1507 x NK603) enhancing

crop productivity

Sivagamy, K., C. Chinnusamy & G.Senthilraja

62

64. Study on performance evaluation of summer maize under sub surface

drip fertigation

Nagarajan, M., S. Porpavai & G. Thiyagarajan

63

65. Allelopathic influence of leaf litters on the early growth in taro

(Colocasia esculenta)

Sheeba Rebecca Isaac, Janova Varghese & Anjana D

64

66. Moisture and nutrient dynamics in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) under

different level of drip fertigation in semi - arid region of India

Jeyajothi, R. & S. Pazhanivel

65

SOIL SCIENCE & AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

67. Soil biological health indicators as influenced by Integrated Plant

Nutrient System (IPNS) in laterite soils

Aparna, B., Gladis, R., Neethu.R.S. & K.Ushakumari

66

68. Suitability evaluation of black gram in Ponnaniyar basin soils of

Tiruchirapalli, Tamilnadu, India

Sabareeshwari, V., M. Baskar, & P. Balasubramaniam

66

69. Utilization of treated distillery effluent and fertilizers on yield and

quality of seed cane

Jegan Revathi & M.Baskar

67

70. Land use influences soil carbon pools in major soils of Kerala

Biju Joseph, Gladis R & Aparna B

67

71. Effect of bio char application on Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial

Activity under Black cotton soils of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu,

India

Sherene, T., R.Kavimani & K.Bharathi Kumar

68

MICROBIOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

72. Antibacterial activity of simarouba leaf extract on Food borne

pathogens

Sedhupathi. K & B. Karthikeyan

69

73. Effect of microbial inoculants for composting of selected weeds and to

assess the manurial value

Anushma.S, B.Aparna, Gladis.R & Meenakumari.K.S.

69

74. Effect of organic ‘P’ source and biofertilizers on nodulation and

microbial population in blackgram under acid soil condition

Gnanachitra, M., S.Marimuthu & G.Prabhukumar

70

75. Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation

on yield of tomato

Senthamizhselvi. S. & J. Sriman Narayanan

71

76. Evaluation of bioinoculant (NovoBac) on seed germination and seedling

characters of vegetable cowpea

Vijay, N. & G.Velu

71

77. Studies on the synergistic effect of K releasing bacterial strain,

Paenibacillus mucilaginosus (KRB-9) with N fixers, P solubilizers in

groundnut

Brindavathy, R., K. Sathiya & V. Vijaya Geetha

72

ANIMAL SCIENCES

78. Effect of different semen diluent on fertilizing ability of turkey

breeders

Prabakar, G., M. Gopi. P. Beulah & Jag mohan

73

79. Identification of estrus specific urinary proteins in farm animals during

estrous cycle

Srinivasan Mahalingam, Salha Maheen & Govindaraju Archunan

73

SUB THEME - CROP PROTECTION

ENTOMOLOGY

80. Bioactive chemical characterisation and insecticidal activity of Red

algal seaweed Liagora ceranoides J.V. Lamouroux against Tobacco

caterpillar- Spodoptera litura Fabricius

Dharani Priya, N. & R. Kannan

74

81. Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes prevalent in host free

conditions of Tamilnadu

Mathivathani, C. & S. Subramanian

75

82. Degradation kinetics of organophosphorus insecticides in/on okra

Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench fruits

Meenambigai, C., K. Bhuvaneswari & M. Paramasivam

75

83. Ecofriendly management of major pests and population dynamics of

natural enemies in Paddy ecosystem

Ramesh, R. & A.Baskaran

76

84. Effect of weather parameters on the incidence of the Fruitborer,

Leucinodesm orbonalis Guenee. in Brinjal

Murugesan, N., T. Murugesh & J. Arockia Stephen Raj

77

85. Field efficacy of selected botanical preparations against certain brinjal

pests

Jayakumar, J. & T. Selvamuthukumaran

78

86. Field efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium saksenae

(Kushwaha) Kurihara and Sukarno in the management of rice bug,

Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg

Hari Sankar, S. S. & O.P. Reji Rani

79

87. Genetic characterization of malathion resistance in rice weevil,

Sitophilus oryzae L.

Yasodha P

79

88. Harvest time residues of Emamectin benzoate 1.9 EC and 5 SG in

chickpea

Vijayalakshmi, C. & K. Bhuvaneswari

80

89. Impact of Cultivars, Time of observations and Canopy levels on the

population fluctuation of Amrasca devastans Distant on cotton

Murugesan, N. & R. Pandi

80

90. Impact of Weather Parameters and Time of Sowing on the Population

Fluctuation of Amrasca devastans Distant in Cotton

(Gossypium hirsutum L)

Murugesan, N., N.R. Manish & J. Arockia Stephen Raj

81

91. Influence of green algal seaweed - Chaetomorpha antennina on the

growth and development of Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura

(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Kannan, R & R. Bharathkumar

82

92. Influence of weather parameters on pheromone trap catches of

Spodoptera litura

Vinithra, A., M. Senthilkumar & V. Sathyaseelan

83

93. Insect pest Diversity of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) in West Bengal-

Eastern state of India

Selvaraj, C. & Arunava Samanta

83

94. Isolation and Molecular identification of native entomopathogenic

nematode, Steinernema siamkayai Stock, Somsook & Reid, 1998

(Tylenchida: Rhabditidae)

Giribabu, P., C. Anuradha, T. Anitha Sree, B. Padmanaban & S. Uma

84

95. Studies on host plants of a new invasive pest rugose spiralling whitefly

Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin and their impact on Encarsia

guadeloupae Viggiani parasitization potential

Elango, E., S. Sridharan , S. Jeyarajan nelson & M.R.Srinivasan

84

96. Study of Antifungal compounds in Terminaliaarjuna and

Tribulusterrestris chloroform leaf extracts

Murugan, N., T.Geetha & C.A.Mahalingam

85

97. The safety of Thiamethoxam 25 % WG on coccinellids predators in

okra

Karthik, P., G.Srinivasan, T.Thiruveni, R. Pandiyan & S.Kuttalam

86

98. Efficacy of Spinetoram 10% w/w +Sulfoxaflor 30% w/w WG against

Leaf Hopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishidaon Okra crop

Srinivasan, G., C.Chinniah, M.Kalyanasundaram, P.Karthik & Ramesh

Kaliaperumal

86

99. Antifeedent and Insect growth regulatory activities of Brown algal

seaweed (Sargassum cristaefolium) against a Cosmopolitan pest,

Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Gowthish, K. & Kannan .R

87

100. Insect diversity in Agricultural College and Research Institute,

Kudumiyanmalai Farm complex

Ajithkumar, J., R.P. Bhuvaneshwaran, P. Jeevitha, R. Mouliswaran and

C.Vijayaraghavan

88

101. Effect of biocides against the pests of cowpea, Vigna ungiculata (L)

Walp

Vijayaraghavan, C., Zadda Kavitha & S. Pasupathy

88

PATHOLOGY

102. Biosynthetic potential of endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens against

cotton wilt pathogen

Ahila devi, P., M. Gnanachitra ,K. Rajappan M.Magesh & Ravi,V

89

103. Chaetomium globosum A novel biocontrol agent for the management of

Pythium seedling rot of tomato

Parthasarthy, S., V. Jayaprakash, L. Rajendran & T. Raguchander

90

104. Chitosan nanoemulsion: synthesis, characterization and its

antimicrobial activity

Krishnakumar. S. & S. Marimuthu

90

105. Evaluation of foliar fertilizer, nutrient, bio-control agents and

fungicides against anthracnose leaf spot disease of culinary melon

under greenhouse conditions

Narmadhavathy, S., Kamala Nayar, Babu Mathew & T. Vetrivel

91

106. Evaluation of various eco-friendly components viz., animal products,

Sea weeds and Biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt of cotton

caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans.

Karthikeyan, G., N. Prabhu & D. John Christopher

92

107. Identification of resistant sources for blast and rust in fox-tail millet

incited by pyricularia setariae and uromyces setariae-italica

Rajesh, M., K.Sivagamy, A.Nirmalakumari & P.Parasuraman

92

108. In vitro Efficacy of Different Oils cakes on Mycelial Growth of

Sclerotium rolfsii causing Stem Rot of Cluster Bean

Surya, M., M. Muthamilan, N. Revathy & V. Swaminadhan

93

109. New bacterial leaf blight disease of rice in tamil nadu state and its

management

Vinodhini, J. & Kannan. R

93

110. Phylogeny, identification, and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia Associated

with postharvest nut rot of Coconut in India

Dheepa, R., C. Goplakrishnan, A. Kamalakannan & S. Nakkeeran

94

111. Management of sesame root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

by organic amendments with bio control agents

Mahalakshmi P

95

SUB THEME – HORTICULTURE

112. Effect of organic practices on yield of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

cv. Panniyur-1

Ravanachandar, A. & V. Lakshmanan

96

113. Identification of Perennial Moringa rootstock for successful grafting

with annual Moringa var. PKM 1 (Moringa oleifera lam.) by

histological studies and biochemical aspects

Irene Vethamoni , P. & G. Priyadharshini

96

114. Influence of organic amendments on growth, yield and quality of

aggregatum onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)

Kathiravan, J. & S. Ganesh

97

115. Standardization of drip irrigation and fertigation for improving, yield

and quality parameters of mango var. Alphonso under ultra-high density

planting

Prakash, K., R.M.Vijayakumar & S.D. Sundhar Singh

98

116. Studies on propagation techniques in jack fruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus L.)

Raajmohan, S.R., V. Vishnupriya & M. Seeman

98

117. Determination of lethal dose for ethyl methane sulphonate induced

mutagenesis in jasmine

Sanchita Ghosh* & M. Ganga

99

SUB THEME - AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

118. Evaluation and adaption of self propelled groundnut combine

harvester

Rajendran, P., B. Shridar & G. Manikandan

100

119. Performance of tractor drawn precision pulse seeder to mitigate labour

demand in blackgram

Marimuthu, S. & M.Kathiravan

100

120. Performance of manually operated hand held vegetable seedling

transplanter

Padmanathan, P.K. & P. Parimalam

101

121. Performance evaluation of manually operated direct paddy drum

seeder

Padmanathan PK

102

THEME - II: PLANT SCIENCES

122. A new distributional area for the diploid cytotype of Thelypteris dentate

(forssk.) E.p. st. John (thelypteridaceae - pteridophyta) in India

Shashank Kumar Singh, S. Dominic Rajkumar, Ravi Pratap Gautam & Shobhit

Kumar Srivastava

103

123. A new octoploid cytotype of Adiantum philippense linn. from India

Ravi Pratap Gautam, S. Dominic Rajkumar, Shashank Kumar Singh &

Shobhit Kumar Srivastava

103

124. A study on Pharmacognostic and In Vitro antimicrobial activity of leaf

and root extracts of Enicostemma littorale, Blume. (Family:

Gentianaceae)

Bavya, S., M. Selvi Rao, S Sahaya Sathish, A Vimala & V Thangarajan

104

125. Analysis of free radicals in Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn)

induced by gamma irradiation by electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(ESR)

Latha S & D. Arulbalachandran

104

126. Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum

in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Pavithra, R. & S. Lalitha

105

127. Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of a moss (Bryophyte)

plant – Sematophyllum humile (Mitt.) Broth.

Sahaya Sathish S, Jisin Joseph, Vimala A, Bavya S & V. Thangarajan

105

128. Biomimetic synthesis of nanostructures (Ag and Cu) using Justicia

adhatoda and study their anticancer activity and antimicrobial activity

in combination with antimicrobial

Vignesh, S., K. Muthukumar, M. Santhosh Gokul, M. Koperuncholan & R.

Arthur James

106

129. Bioremediation of glyphosate contaminated soil using Plant Growth

Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

Santhakumari, R. & S.Lalitha

107

130. Biochemical changes on storability of greengram seeds by botanical

treatments

Chitra M

107

131. Callogenesis and organogenesis from petiole explants of Artemisia

vulgaris L.

Sujatha, G. & Ranjitha Kumari B.D.

108

132. Ethnobotanical survey of anti-hyperlipidemic activity in medicinal

plants from Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu, India

Balamurugan, G. & Sasikumar. K

108

133. Evaluation of composite film containing extracts of Glycine max and

sago impregnated with graphene oxide nanoparticles

Ramnath Varadarajan

109

134. Evaluation of phytochemical and in vitro anti-inflammatory,

anti-diabetic activity of edible mushroom, Pleurotus sajor caju

Manimaran. K. & S. Murugesan

110

135. Facile green revolt of nanoparticles from golden wattle

(Acacia pycnantha) and its pharmacological applications

Vignesh, S., K. Muthukumar, M. Santhosh Gokul, B. Meera, & R. Arthur

James

110

136. Gamma rays effects on biochemical alteration in Blackgram

(Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy

Yasmin. K. & D. Arulbalachandran

111

137. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles by using

Sematophyllum humile (Mitt.) Broth. a bryophyte plant and

determination of its antimicrobial activity

Vedhamani, J., S. Sahaya Sathish, A. Vimala, T. Tamizharasi, R. Palani &

P. Vijayakanth

111

138. Identification of antioxidant protein marker in Bacopa monnieri L.

Alagendran, S., Gaby Fernandez, N. Pushpa, P.Ramakrishnan & T.Vetrivel

112

139. In vitro anticancer activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles

using Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Bird – a bryophyte plant

Vimala, A., S. Sahaya Sathish, S. Bavya & V. Thangarajan

112

140. In vitro studies on artemisia indica willd. – a commonly used medicinal

plant

V. Thangarajan, V., S. Sahaya Sathish, S. Bavya & A. Vimala

113

141. Influence of alpha tocopherol on endogenous free radicals and

antioxidant enzymes during in vitro rhizogenesis in Lycoperciscon

esculentum

Malini Soundararajan

113

142. Intraspecific assessment of Adiantum philippense linn. from Uttar

Pradesh, India

Shashank kumar singh & S. Dominic rajkumar

114

143. Intraspecific quantification of the karyo-morphological characters of

Adiantum capillus – veneris l species complex

Shashank kumar singh & Dominic Rajkumar S

114

144. Isolation of Rhizobium sp against plant disease in Cicer arieti

Nithyapriya, S. & S. Lalitha

114

145. Morphology, molecular and biochemical characterization of potential

isolates of Trichoderma spp. effective against damping off of cucumber

caused by Pythium aphanidermatum

Vasumathi, S., Nakkeeran, S & K. Eraivan Arutkani Aiyanathan

115

146. Sensorial quality test in Cymbopogon citratus – Stapf. L

Alagendran, S., Gaby Fernandez, P.Ramakrishnan, S.Satyaraj, N.Pushpa &

S. Sahaya Sathish

116

THEME – III: RURAL SOCIOLOGY

ECONOMICS

147. An economic analysis of growth and instability, price forecasting and

spatial co integration of coconut in India

Balamurugan, V., K. Mani, S. Arivarasan & T. Anitha

117

148. Attitude of sample respondents towards buying fresh cut vegetables

Shantanu R Nake, T.Samsai & S.Praveena

117

149. Comparative analysis of seasonal water table behavior and trends of

conjunctive water use over surface and ground water use - An

economic study in karur district of Tamil nadu

Rubanesh. R, Venkatraman.R & Santhakumar.S

118

150. Economics of drip irrigation in coconut production

Parthasarathi, G., M.Chandrakumar & D.Prabha

119

151. Impact of demonetization on farming in Madurai district

Muhammed Iqshanullah, A., Rexlin Selvin & R.Sasmitha

119

152. Impact of farmers producers company on vegetable growers

Coimbatore district – an economic analysis

Uthamalingam, G., K.Mani & S.Arivarasan

119

153. Production system of cassava in Kalvarayan and Kolli hills in western

Tamilnadu

Arivarasan, S., M. Chinnadurai & K. R. Ashok

120

154. Rice value chain analysis in Tiruchirappalli district

Vanitha, N. & R. Karunakaran

121

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

155. Constraints experienced by turmeric farming entrepreneurs in

production and marketing of turmeric

Gokul Pranesh, M., G. Tamilselvi & J.U. Janusia

122

156. Evaluation of Cluster Front Line Demonstration trials on blackgram

(Vigna mungo) in Ariyalur district of Tamilnadu

Saravanan, M., A.Rajkala & G.Alagukannan

123

157. Impact assessment of mobile agro advisory services in Tamilnadu

Prabha, D. & R. Arunachalam

123

158. Reasons attributed for failure and suggestions for the improvement of

NFSM scheme

Kavipriya. J. & K Mahandrakumar

124

159. Yield enhancement through popularization of new Paddy variety

CO 52 in Pudukkotai district

Kathiravan, M. & M.R.Latha

124

160. Impact of mixed green fodder production in Pudukkottai district

Marimuthu, S. & M.Kathiravan

124

161. Chilli hybrid CO1 demonstration in Pudukkottai district

Latha, M.R., R. Manimekalai & K. Dhanalaksmi

125

162. Evaluation of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) genotypes for growth

and yield suitable for saline and sodic soils of Tamil Nadu

Rajamanickam C

125

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

163. Comparative Study of Stepwise MLR and Principal Component

Regression to Dealing Multicollinearity

Elakkiya, E. & M Vaidheki

126

164. Impact analysis of weather parameters on rice crop yield

Vaidheki, M., N Elakkiya & A Raj Kumar

127

165. Impact of production related characters of sugarcane on sugar

production

Sujatha. K & R.B.Singh

128

AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION ADVANCEMENTS

166. A Study on difference in the communication skills in english among the

students of TNAU

Sivakumar P

129

167. Challenges and performance in Paperless University Examination

Praveena S

129

THEME - IV: POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

168. Antioxidant and bioactive components in mango and groundnut

processing industry by-product flours

Sivananth C, Amutha S,Hemalatha G,Mini M.L & Karthikeyan G

130

169. Development and evaluation of shelf stable retort processed Ready-

to Eat (RTE) Green gram Texturized liver curry

Senthamarai selvi. L & G. Hemalatha

131

170. Evaluation of concentrated casein system and gums as gluten replacers

in development of gluten free bread

Ganthimathi, P. & G. Hemalatha

132

171. Gluten free formulation of pasta products from functional ingredients

Balmurgan. M., G.Sashidevi, S.Kanchana & M.Sundhar

132

172. Influence of storage time on physico-chemical and biological properties

of fish jaggery extract

Dhanalakshmi, V. N. & K. E. Usha

133

173. Primary screening of probiotic bacteria isolated from south indian

naturally fermented fruit mix

Uma Maheshwari. S, Amutha. S, Hemalatha, G, Senthil, N & Anandham. R

134

174. Standardization and evaluation of Faba bean candy

Priya, R. & Hemalatha, G.

135

175. Studies on in vitro mineral availability of Barnyard millet vermicelli

fortified with Ekanayakam root barks

Chandraprabha, S. & C.L. Sharon

135

POSTER PAPERS

THEME - I: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

SUB THEME - CROP IMPROVEMENT

PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS

176. Combining ability studies for yield and yield components in

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

Vaithiyalingan, M. & R.Vaidyanathan

136

177. Genotype x environment interaction for kernel yield in drought

tolerant Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Vaithiyalingan, M. & R.Vaidyanathan

137

178. Genetic analysis in hybrids for drought and yield characters in Rice

(Oryza sativaL.)

Karpagam, V., S. Jebaraj & S. Rajeswari

137

179. Genetic diversity analysis in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Chippy AK

138

180. Genetic variability study in blackgram under rice fallow condition

Thamodharan, G., A. Ramalingam & S. Geetha

138

181. Heterosis for important qualitative and quantitative characters of

Mungbean

Sandhiya, V. & S. Saravanan

139

182. Heterosis studies for yield and yield component traits in Rice

(Oryza sativa L.)

Anju, R., S. Ranjith Raja Ram & J. Gokulakrishnan

139

183. Photo protective potential of ecofriendly chemicals on rice

(Oryza sativa L.) under UV-B stress

Shafeeqa, T. & K. Nandini

140

184. Pod shattering in M2 generation of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.

Wilczek)

Vairam N

140

185. Principal Component Analysis for yield and its components in oats

(Avena sativa L.)

Premkumar, R., A. Nirmalakumari & C.R. Anandakumar

141

186. Variability studies in super early Pigeonpea genotypes (Cajanus cajan

(L.) Millsp.)

Ranjani, M.S., C. Vanniarajan, C V Sameer Kumar & Anupama J. Hingane

141

187. Varietal variation for floral biology in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus

(L.) Moench]

Nandhini, E., K. Padmini, G. Thamodharan & M. Thennarasu

142

188. Correlation studies yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata ssusp

sesquipedalis

Asoontha & Mareen Abraham

143

SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

189. Authority of seed treatments and storage containers on biological

agents in bioprimed tomato seeds cv. PKM 1

Shunmuga Vadivel, T. & K. Sundaralingam

144

190. Bioassay a indicator test to identify the level of seed deterioration in

groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.)

Gayathri, M., T. Dhanush, A.Shameema Parveen, P. Selvapriya,

V.Vijayalakshmi, S.Sathish & K.Sivasubramaniam

144

191. Correlation between seed vigour tests and field emergence of

groundnut CO 7

Suganthi, A. & P. Selvaraju

145

192. Proso millet seed storage management techniques

Ragupathi, K.P., K. Sujatha & V. Paramasivam

145

193. Seed priming with biofertilizers for improving vigour of sesame

genotypes

Sreepriya S & T. Girija

146

194. Standardization of seed biopriming with humic acid on Snakegourd

cv. CO 2

Gowthamy, U., P. Selvaraju, S.Seethalakshmi & V. Poobalan

146

195. Storage potential of bioprimed seeds of pumpkin cv. CO 2

Sivakalai, R., K .Krishnaveni & S.Sundareswaran

147

SUB THEME - CROP MANAGEMENT

AGRONOMY

196. Agronomic approaches for enhancing the growth and yield potential

of low land rice

Naveenkumar, S., R. Gobi, P. Stalin & S. Sathiyamurthi

148

197. Analysis of growth parameters in hydroponic fodder maize

Yaashika, S.V., M.Bojiraj, S.Naveen, Ponmanaselvan, Anburaj & M.

Gnana Deepa

149

198. Effects of fish amino acid and egg amino acid as foliar nutrient on

productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Priyanka. B & R. Ramesh

149

199. Effect of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of maize

Jayaraj, J. & S. Ramesh

150

200. Effect of intercropping pulses and vegetables on littlemillet yield and

economics under rainfed condition

Sharmili K & S. Manoharan

150

201. Effect of planting pattern and Nitrogen timing on Crude Protein

content and Nitrogen uptake in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Selvakumar Dharmalingam, Velayudham Kumaran & Thavaprakaash

Nallasamy

151

202. Effect of weed management practices on growth and yield of

transplanted rice and its residual effect on succeeding blackgram

Nivetha, C. & V. Janahiraman

151

203. Influence of different cotton cultivars on fiber quality and economics

under organic cultivation

Yogeswari, D. & K. Rajendran

152

204. Optimizing fertilizer requirement for Newly Released Castor Hybrid

YRCH 2 under irrigated condition

Keerthana, M., S.Manickam, P. Kathirvelan & S.Suganya

153

205. Performance of newer maize hybrids to higher nitrogen levels in

Coimbatore

Shoban Chakravarthy K

153

206. Post Harvest soil fertility status by Integrated Nutrient Management

in Ashgourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn.) Cv. Co-1

Thangamuniyandi, M. & S. Kamalakannan

154

207. Productivity and proximate analysis of hydroponic fodder maize

grown in different organic medium

Gnana Deepa, M., M.Bojiraj, N.Harshvardhan, P.Ponsakthivel & S.V.

Yaashika

154

208. Productivity enhancement in Chillies through sustainable agronomic

practices

Hariharasudhan, V., P.M.Shanmugam & K.Siddeswaran

155

209. Weed management in maize system

Thukkaiyannan P

155

210. Evaluation of Integrated Weed Management practices in direct wet

seeded rice + dhaincha dual cropping

Bagyalakshmi, G. & S.Radhamani

156

211. Effect of Organic Fertilizers on growth and mineral composition of

Amaranthus blitum L.

Vijayarengan, P., M. Maheswari, M. Christhu Uthayam and A. Nataraja

157


212. Effect of phosphorus solubilizers on the availability of native P and

soil enzymes in phosphorus rich soil of Kerala

Sreelakshmi.M.M., B.Aparna, B. Rani & Anith.K.N.

158

213. Synthesis and characterization of nano encapsulated zinc fertilizers

Venkateshwaran, T., M. R. Latha, K. S. Subramanian & S. Marimuthu

158

214. Assessment of graded levels of fertilisers with FYM on NPK uptake

by Hybrid Maize (CO 6) in inceptisol

Sivaranjani, C., K.M. Sellamuthu, R. Santhi & S. Maragatham

159


215. Evaluation of P Solubilizing Bacteria bio fertilizers in maize

Thukkaiyannan P

159

216. Microbial remediation (Lactobacillus sp.) of Profenofos 50% EC by

Agar-well diffusion method

Subash Chandra Bose, A., P. Yasodha, P. M. M. David &

K. G. Sabarinathan

160

SUB THEME - CROP PROTECTION

ENTOMOLOGY

217. Anti-insect properties of two brown algal seaweeds Stoechospermum

marginatum (C. Agardh) Kutzing and Turbinaria ornate (Turner) J.

Agardh Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Gunalan.C & R.Kannan

160

218. Bioefficacy of certain ethnobotanical extracts on the repellency

property against the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

(Koch) on Brinjalcrop

Sathyaseelan, V. & V. Baskaran

161

219. Biopesticidal value of plant essential oils on subterranean termite,

Odontotermes wallonensis

Adlin Pricilla Vasanthi, E., S. Jeyarajan Nelson & N. Muthukrishnan

162

220. Field evaluation of the combined effect of botanicals and nsecticides

against the pod insect pests of redgram

C.Vijayaraghavan, Zadda Kavitha & S. Pasupathy

162

221. Demonstration of Sealer-cum-healer technology for the Management

of Stem and Root Borer (Plocaederus ferrugineus L.) Management in

Cashew

Dhanalakshmi, K. & M.R.Latha

163

222. Development of artificial diet for rearing Paddy yellow stem

Scirpophagain certulas (Walker) using cut stalks

Niroja, D. & R.Kannan

163

223. Eco – friendly management of striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata

(Ckll.) in Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)

Naziya begam, S., W. Baby Rani & B. Usha Rani

164

224. Effect of organic sources of silica, Rhizobacteria, Plant Growth

regulators and Botanicals against Chilli, fruit borer, Helicoverpa

armigera (Hübner).

Bharathi K. & P. Chandramani

164

225. Effect of tablet formulation of selected plant species against stored

product insect pests Maline,

Malini, A.S., C. Kathirvelu & K. Kulothungan

165

226. Effect of weather parameters on the incidence of Leaf Beetle,

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) in Brinjal

Murugesan, N., T. Murugesh & J. Arockia Stephen Raj

166

227. Efficacy of vegetable oils as grain protectants against pulse beetle,

Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) in green gram

Bharath, M.P., C. A. Mahalingam & S. Jeyarajan Nelson

166

228. Evaluation of certain botanical oils against two spotted spider mite,

Tetranychus urticae (Koch) on Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

Prabhavathi, M. & V. Sathyaseelan

167

229. Field evaluation of certain botanicals extract against shoot and fruit

borer, Earias vittella (Fab.) on Bhendi

Archunan, K., M.Pazhanisamy & S.Sathya

167

230. Influence of irrigation schedule on the biological parameters of Two

Spotted Spider Mite TSSM, Tetranychus urticae Koch. on French

bean, Pumpkin and Cassava

Poovizhiraja, B., C. Chinniah, A. Ravikumar & K. S. Karthick

168

231. Laboratory bioassay of selected botanical preparations against

certain Brinjal pests

Jayakumar, K. & T. Selvamuthukumaran

169

232. Media suitability of entomopathogenic fungi, Zoophthora radicans

(Brefeld) Batko used in mass production

Ravichandran, S. & M. Senthilkumar

169

233. Role of trichomes in Bhendi against Aphis gossypii (Glover) as

influenced by inorganic nutrients

Pavithradevi, P. & N.Muthukumaran

170

234. Screening of synthetic insecticides for insecticide - induced resurgence

of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) in Rice

Karthik, G., N. Murugesan & K. Elanchezhyan

170

235. Studies on biology of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus sp. in Greengram

Aarthi. S & V. Selvanarayanan

171

236. Survey on pesticide usage pattern in Jasmine (Jasminum sambac

Linn.) in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu

Harini, K., K. Elanchezhyan, N. Murugesan, S. R. Padma, L. Allwin & T.

Prabhu

171

237. Efficacy of A. calamus formulation with biocontrol agents,

Pseudomonas fluorescens and Purpureocillium lilacinum combination

against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

Vanitha, S., M. Sivakumar, S. Jeyarajan Nelson & S.Subramanian

172

238. Host range and efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema

abbasi against insect pest

Abirami, S., K.Poornima & S.Subramanian

173

PLANT PATHOLOGY

239. Antagonistic potential of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic

bacteria against plant pathogens of vegetables

Janahiraman, V. & C. Nivetha

173

240. Comparative efficacy of inoculation methods of powdery mildew

pathogen (Oidium mangiferae Berthet.) in Mango

Vidhya, V., K Manonmani, S Thiruvudainambi & R Arun Kumar

174

241. Ecofriendly management of fusarium wilt disease in tomato caused

by Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.lycopersici

Ganesh Saravanan, K., L. Darwin Christdhas Henry, S. Krishnamoorthi &

M. Jayapriya

174

242. Effect of fungicide on the management of wilt disease of tomato

caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici

Dhivya, M., M. Muthamilan, R. Kalaivanan, K. Devrajan & C. Chinnaiah

175

243. Effects of fungicides and plant extracts against Exserohilum turcicum

causing turcicum leaf blight in sorghum

Jayalakshmi, R., Kamalakannan A, Selvi B & Paranidharan V

175

244. Efficacy of bacterial antagonists, neem oil and fungicides for the

management of post-harvest anthracnose of banana

Dharanidharan, S., Eswaran, R., Divya, T., Arya Surendran., Haritha, T.,

Saranya, M. & Parthasarathy, S.

176

245. Efficacy of bacterial biocontrol agents associated with seaweeds and

seawater against Rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani

Jayapriya. M, S. Usha Rani & T. Suthin Raj

176

246. Efficacy of different botanicals and organic extracts on tomato early

blight caused by Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Jones and Grout

under field condition

Rex, B. and P.Lakshmanan

177

247. Evaluation of antagonistic potential of Trichoderma isolates against

rhizome rot of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) caused by Pythium

aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.

Gokilavani, L., Muthamilan, M. & Karthikeyan, G

177

248. Management of nematode fungal disease complex in Guava

Senthilkumar, T. & M. Muthuraman

178

249. Molecular characterization of different isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii

Sacc. in Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L. Aiton)

Deepa Sankari, R., E.G. Ebenezar & R. Kalaivanan

178

250. Potential effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

(Pseudomonas and Bacillus) on cabbage white rot (Sclerotinia

sclerotiorum) and root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) disease complex

Kalaivanan. R., G. Karthikeyan, M. Dhivya, K. Devrajan &

K. Manonmani

179

251. Utilization of sugarcane trashes, maize stover and water hyacinth for

the production of oyster mushroom in Tamil Nadu

Mahendran, S., Vasanthakumar, T. and Parthasarathy, S.

179

252. Molecular characterization of antibiotic producing endophytic

Bacillus subtils in cotton plants

Magesh , M., P. Ahila devi, K. Rajappan and V. Ravi

180

SUB THEME - HORTICULTURE

253. Collection and evaluation of leafy coriander genotypes for higher

productivity

Rajamanickam C

181

254. Influence of biofertilizers, biocontrol agents and organic nutrients on

fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) for sustainable growth and

yield

Rajamanickam C

182

255. Effect of spacing on growth and yield of African marigold

(Tageteserecta)

Jagadeeshkanth R.P.

183

256. Impact of spacing, bulb size and growth regulators on bulb

parameters of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cv. ‘Prajwal’

Palanisamy, A, S. Parthiban, P. Vinotha & R. Mahendran

183

257. Performance assessment of bush type Lablab varieties in Perambalur

district

J. Kathiravan

184

258. Standardization of pruning techniques and bio-stimulants on growth

and leaf yield of Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii Spreng.)

Suresh. V. & P. Jansirani

184

259. Studies on nutrient enhancement of Glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.),

Rind

Ashokkumar, N., A. Shanthi, M. Sivakumar & K. Rajamani

185

260. Study of chlorophyll stability in different accessions of Chilli under

tropical conditions

Arjun, K., J. Delince, B. Nithiyah, V. Divyabharathi & T. Arumugam

186

THEME: PLANT SCIENCES

261. Allelopathic potential of aqueous leaf extract Azadirachta indica (L.)

on the management of Parthenium hysterophorus (L.)

Ramachandran. A ., G.Parimala & V.Vishnupriya

186

262. Effect of gamma irradiation on photosynthetic pigment analyzed by

Chlorophyll fluorescence

Soundarya, V. & D.Arulbalachandran

187

263. Effects of physical mutagens on seed germination, morphological

characters of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

Vanmathi, S., D. Arulbalachandran & M. Saradha

187

264. Evaluation of bio active compounds and in vitro anti inflammatory

activity of leaf and seed extracts of Coriandrum sativum L.

Kavitha, R., Christy Mettilda, Gowsalya R, Kousalya S, Soundarya K &

Sahaya Sathish S

188

265. Knowledge of medicinal plants for hyperlipidemia in Salem district of

Tamilnadu, India

Karthick, A. & Sasikumar.S

189

266. Nutritional composition of selected sea weeds of Manamelkudi coast,

Pudukkottai district

Radha, P. & Sangeetha, S.P.

189

267. Silencing of Tocopherol Cyclase and gamma-Tocopherol

Methyltransferase leads to the altered content of tocopherols in

transgenic Nicotiana tabacum

K. Jothibasu, R. Saranya, M.Karthika & R. Sathishkumar

190

268. Effect of gamma radiation on seed germination and photosynthetic

pigments in Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Aswini, G. & D. Arulbalachandran

191

269. Effect of ABA on morphological characteristics and photosynthetic

pigments of maize (Zea mays L.) under induced drought

Ramya, S. & D. Arulbalachandran

191

270. Medicinal properties of Andrographos paniculata (Burm F)

Kasthuri, S., D. Dhanavel and R. Ramkumar

192

271. Morphological and medicinal uses of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

Ramkumar, R., D. Dhanavel, D, S. Kasthuri & S. Gnanamurth

192

THEME - III: RURAL SOCIOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

272. An economic analysis of production and marketing of tomato in

Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu

Santhakumar, S. & Rubanesh. R

193

273. An economic analysis of growth and instability, price forecasting and

spatial co – integration of coconut in india

Balamurugan, V., K. Mani, S. Arivarasan & T. Anitha

193

274. An economic analysis on domestic fish marketing in Cuddalore

District of Tamil Nadu The way forward for rural empowerment

Thulasiram, R. & A. Daniel Viswasam Samuel

194

275. Analysis of rainfall pattern in Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and

Kanyakumari districts

Meenasulochani R

195

276. Economics of rice cultivation in Theni district of Tamil Nadu

Suresh, R. & C Vinodhini

195

277. Impact of watershed development programme on income,

employment in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu

Kalidass. N., M. Thilagavathy & R. Rajasekaran

196


278. A Study on yield gap analysis of castor hybrid production technology

Hema, P. & M.Asokhan

197

279. Evaluation of Cluster Front Line Demonstration trials on groundnut

in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu

Rajkala, A., M.Saravanan & G.Alagukannan

197

280. Farmer’s Decision Making Behavior on the adoption of short message

service based advisories

Murugan, M. & C. Karthikeyan

198

281. Impact of farmer producer company - An empirical analysis

Sathyapriya, E. & Rexlin Selvin

199

282. Training needs of cotton growers of Perambalur district of

Tamilnadu

Vaishali, M. D. & Ganapathy Ramu M

199


283.

Regional disparity in bovine population, its structural change and

influence of time on the diversity for different agro-climatic zones of

Karnataka

Bishvajit Bakshi, P. Dinesh Kumar & V. Manjunath

199

THEME - IV: POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

284. Development of pulse based doughgnut

Devipriya J. & G. Hemalatha

200

285. Functional properties of defatted rice bran influenced by processing

conditions

Maheswari & R. Sahul Hameed

201

286.

Isolation and characterization of Propioni bacterium spp for vitamin

B12 production

Sheela, P., T. Umamaheswari & S. Kanchana

202

REVIEW

287. Integrated Weed Management in Rice Farming System

Sornalatha, N & Srinivasu V

203

288. The new age geo spatial technologies - drones and biosensors for soil

health and farm sustainability

Sivabalan, K.C. & M.R.Latha

203

289. Assessment of maturity of plant waste compost

Kiruba, M. & T. Kalaiselvi

204

290. Diversity of parasitic fauna of conventional rice ecosystem during

kuruvai season at Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu

Kathirvelu, C. & T. Parthasarathi

205

291. Eureka’18 - multidimentional protection for economically important

crops

Ganesh Saravanan, K. & L .Darwin Christdhas Henry

205

292. Variance technology findings using metals coating nanoparticles for

waste water treatment

Vanitha S

206

293. Role of endogenous abscisic acid in drought for Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Ramachandran, M. & D.Arulbalachandran

207

294. Empowerment of rural youth through agricultural development

programmes and retaining them in agriculture

Senthil, A., K.P.Vanetha & P.Balasubramanuim

207

295. Success stories of innovative extension approaches and strategies

(digital green)

Janusia, J.U., V. Balamurugan & M. Gokul Pranesh

208

296. Role of agricultural librarians in next generation libraries: issues and

challenges

Suresh Babu, J., K.Murugan, M. Ilaya Raja & S. Sujatha

209

297. Value added milk products – a gateway for dairy entrepreneurs

Rajarajan, G.

209

298. Application of genetic diversity in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

breeding

Sridharan, S., S. Mariappan & A.Beaulah

210

299. Agro-techniques in improving pulses productivity in India

Iswarya S

211

300. Automated wireless drip irrigation system and monitoring of soil

ecosystem

Ajaykumar, R. & A. Rajeshkumar

211

301. Cropping systems: A component of weed control

Varshini, S.V. & S. Stesi

212

302. Effect of weedy rice in direct seeded rice cultivation

Tamil Amutham G

213

303. Hydroponics green fodder production a boon to dairy farmers

Tharun kumar, A. & E. Somasundaram

213

304. Impact of climate change on weed shift and its management

Selvakumar, S., D. Senthilkumar & P.Kunjammal

214

305. Insitu moisture conservation techniques in dryfarming

Vaishnavi, S., S.Hemarahini, A.Ramachandran & G.Parimala

215

306. Natural minerals – boon to organic agriculture

Sourabh Munnoli, Uma Maheswari, Karthik, A & Ralesh Jolad

215

307. Rhizosphere dynamics and their management for improving nutrient

use efficiency in crop production – A review

Karthika, N., SP. Ramanathan & R. Sureshkumar

216

308. Soil solarization technique for non-chemical soil borne diseases and

weed management

Stesi, S., S.V.Varshini & Saurab munnoli

217

309. Strategies for enhancing pulse production in India - A review

Sangavi, S. & S. Porpavai

217

310. Sustainable weed management through conservation agriculture

Kunjammal, P., Yenebala Lavanya & D. Senthilkumar

218

311. Vertical farming: A novel technology for agriculture

Sowndharya, D., S. Sandhiya, V. Santhiya, P. Shanmuga priya,

A. Ramachandran & G.Parimala

219

312. Weed management through nano herbicides

Sandra Maria Saju

219

313. Weed seed bank as a cause of weed perpetuation

Yenebala Lavanya, S. Saptagiri & D. Senthilkumar

220

314. Weed Shift; an emerging menace

Sathyapriya K

220

315. Biochar: Soil Health Enhancer

Karthik & M. Uma Maheswari

221

316. Effect of bio-char on soil properties and its uses

ArunBalaji G

222

317. Nanotechnology in smart Agriculture development and crop

protection

Bharathi, B., S.Vijayakumar, A.Ramachandran & G.Parimala

222

318. Adverse factors: Mangroves exposing and tolerance with some

adapting mechanism its sustainable growth

Ranganathan, R., S. Kumaravel & R. Vinoth

223

319. Biological nitrogen fixation by non-legumes

Rajasekar M

224

320. Antibiotic producing endophytic Bacillus subtils in cotton plants

Magesh, M., P. Ahila devi, K. Rajappan & Ravi,V

224

321. Phytoremediation using technology in plants

Mahalakshmi, D., E.Susmitha, P.Saranya, P.T.Monica, A.Ramachandran

& G.Parimala

225

322. Host range and cross infectivity of the genus Magnaporthe grisea

Shanmugapackiam, S. & T. Raguchander

226

323. IDM; A Comprehensive Approach in Chilli

Arjun K

226

324. Chilling injury management in warm and cool season vegetable crops

Dharani T

227

325. Studies on behavior and characterization of off-season bearing

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu

Raj Kumar, A., V. Sangeetha & M. Vaidheki

227

326. Bioreclamation of salt-affected soils in arid and semi-arid regions

Revathy.V, K. Shanmugasundaram & M. Nagarajan

228

327. Biochemistry and pharmacology of podophyllotoxin - An overview

Dinesh, A. & G. Sujatha

229

328. Soy thrills

Rosy Bansal & Monika Hans

229

329. Forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

Senthilkumar, D., P. Kunjammal. Y. Lavanya, S. Selvakumar &

S. Sapthagiri

230

330. Atmospheric brown clouds

S. Suganthi

231

331. Mobile applications for farmers

Ponnulakshmi, R. & M. Suguna

232

332. Effective control of parthenium through non-chemical methods

Vidyashree, B.S. & P. Muraliarthanari

232

333. Nano clay polymer composites: An emerging technology for waste

water treatment

Amritha, K. & S. JayasreeSankar

233

334. Rice root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden and

Birchfield, 1965) an emerging problem in rice fields of Tamil Nadu

Suresh, P., K. Poornima & S. Subramanian

234

335. Crop Cutting Experiments

Panchali Meena, S. & K. Prabhakaran

235

ANNEXURE – I 236

Note…

* in the abstracts indicates the First author for correspondence

Email ID of the corresponding author is given in Annexure - I

Invited papers

Proceedings of IAAPS 2018 held on 23.05.2018 at DSAC, Perambalur - 12, Tamil Nadu, India

1

Invited papers

Bioethics and Biosafety of Agricultural Products Dr. Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Research Professor Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Agriculture is expected to feed an increasing population, forecasted to reach 8 billion by

2020, out of whom 6.7 billion will be in developing countries where the carrying capacity of

agricultural lands will soon be reached. Genome-editing technology has been widely used in

medicine, animals and agriculture. Genome-editing techniques with sequence-specific nucleases

(SSNs) creates DNA double-strand-breaks (DSBs) in the genomic target sites that lead to gene

mutations, insertions, replacements or chromosome rearrangements by non-homologous end

joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HR) mechanisms. Plant biotechnology comprised

only a few applications of tissue culture, recombinant DNA technology and monoclonal

antibodies. Today, genetic transformation, and marker-aided selection and breeding are just a

few of the examples of the applications in crop improvement with profound implications around

the world. Plant biotechnology applications must respond to increasing demands in terms of

food security, socio-economic development and promote the conservation, diversification and

sustainable use of plant genetic resources as basic inputs for the future agriculture of the Region.

Food security is defined by FAO as the access by all people at all times to the food needed for a

healthy and active life. The concept means the achievement of the food self -sufficiency, and

guarantees that this condition will be sustained in the future. Food security implies reaching

productive growth and the preservation of the environment.

Plant tissue culture offers a viable alternative for propagation via somatic embryogenesis

and plant regeneration. Plant biotechnology offers several possibilities for increasing

productivity, diversification and production, while developing a more sustainable agriculture. It

includes bio-pesticide production, plant tissue culture techniques, and the use of advanced

molecular biology techniques for plant transformation, genomic analysis coupled with breeding

and plant-disease diagnoses. Many small research teams in universities or agricultural

institutions, poorly connected and/or integrated, have a high dispersion of facilities and qualified


2

labor force. The demand for ornamental and medicinal plants is therefore very high leading to

their over- exploitation from the wild population. Therefore, an efficient propagation protocol

needs to be developed for this species for its application in traditional medicine and commercial

planting. Beside that the comparative approach focusing on the determination of similarities and

differences between the genetically modified food and its conventional counterpart aids in the

identification of potential safety and nutritional issues and is considered the most appropriate

strategy for the safety and nutritional assessment of genetically modified foods.

Biosafety means that protecting biological organisms. Biosafety mainly focus the GMO

(Genetically modified organisms), because it creates the unpredictable damage and biohazard.

Biosafety measured the properly safety measurement and risk assessment. The following

research committees are measured and suggest the respective protocol. RDAC (Recombinant

DNA Advisory Committee), IBSC (Institutional Biosafety Committee), RCGM (Revised

Committee Genetic Manipulation: it acts depends on review of IBSC), GEAC (Guided

Engineering Academic Committee: it is helpful for commercial production and large scale

production); SBCC (State Biotechnology Coordination Committee) and DLC (District level

committee) purpose is to monitor and inspection the experiments. As well, aboard many

committees are worked for Biosafety. USDA is the leading US regulator under the coordinated

framework and provides guidance on how to regulate modern biotechnology products to

technology developers followed by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) at

US. FDA's consideration is focused on product-base, and holds the position of considering foods

and feeds derived from genetic engineering technology as safe as their conventional counterparts

following voluntary consultation process. Regulation related to genetic engineering technology

within EPA is mainly focused to insect resistant traits. As well, the Canadian Regulatory

Framework for Biotechnology, the basis of Canada's regulation of biotechnology, is triggered

primarily by the “product” and its novel trait. The definition of a novel trait is given by the

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), where plant with a novel trait (PNT) developed from

conventional breeding, mutagenesis, transgenesis or genome editing will all be subject to a

similar regulatory approval process and are regulated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency

in cooperation with Health Canada. The sale of foods derived from these PNTs is controlled by

Health Canada via the mandatory pre-market notification requirement. An herbicide-tolerant

variety of canola developed by Cibus Global was approved for use in Canada by the Canadian


3

Food Inspection Agency and Health Canada in March 2014. It is the first commercial crop

generated using genome editing. In Argentina, National Commission Advisor in Agricultural

Biotechnology (CONABIA) shall perform the assessment for each NBT-derived crop submitted

by applicants to see if the result of the breeding process is a new combination of genetic material.

The European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) concluded in 2013 that “the trait

and product, not the technology, in agriculture should be regulated, and the regulatory

framework should be evidence-based”, which was also endorsed by the academies. EASAC also

asked EU regulators to confirm that the products of new breeding techniques. Finally, as a very

promising technology, genome editing not only has powerful applications in crop improvement

and animal health but has also been widely used in drug discovery, which is more closely related

to human health and life.


4

Pre-breeding for genetic enhancement of Sugarcane

Dr. A. Suganya Principal Scientist (Economic Botany) ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute Coimbatore- 641007, Tamil Nadu, India

Pre-breeding refers to all activities designed to identify desirable characteristics and/or

genes from unadapted materials that cannot be used directly in breeding populations and to

transfer these traits to an intermediate set of materials that breeders can use further in producing

new varieties for farmers. It is a necessary first step in the use of diversity arising from wild

relatives and other unimproved materials (Sharma et al., 2015). Sugarcane is cultivated in India

since time immemorial. Sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry. In plant

breeding history, revolution in sugar industry achieved through the first successful pre-breeding

efforts in sugarcane. Later, these pre-breeding activities have been initiated for other crops.

Sugarcane occupies about 2.7 million hectare area worldwide and cultivated mainly in Brazil,

India, China, Thailand, US, Cuba, Hawaii and South Africa. India is the second largest cane

producer with an area of 4.50mha.Sugarcane production in the world is about 1.9 billion tones /

annum and in India, it is about 30.6mt with the average productivity of 70.01tonnes/hectare.

Sugarcane genetic resources: Sugarcane belongs to the genus Saccharum of the family

Poaceae with four cultivated species (S. officinarum, S. barberi, S. sinense, S.edule) and two

wild species (S. spontaneum, S. robustum). Its related genera includes Erianthus, Narenga,

Sclerostachya, Miscanthus of Saccharum complex and Imperata, Sorghum, Zea, Vetiver,

Bamboo etc.. Sugarcane genetic resources consist of collections of the clones of these species

and genera from the expeditions made from 1915 to till date. These collections are systematically

characterised and conserved as world sugarcane germplasm and Indian collection. Currently

5392 clones are available. Pre-breeding activities utilizes these clones in interspecific and

intergeneric hybridization.

Interspecific Hybridisation: The first successful attempt of pre-breeding was made in 1912

through the interspecific hybridization of S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. The first man made

commercial variety ‘Co 205’ has been released in 1918 and it revolutionized the sugar industry.

Subsequent release of several commercial varieties developed through inter-varietal

hybridization spread worldwide. Later the PL 480 scheme transferred desirable traits from S.

spontaneum to foreign hybrids and 140 IA clones (Indo-American) were developed. In 1960s the


5

genetic base broadening programme initiated with S. spontaneum in Barbados, Lousiana (USA)

and Australia. Several commercial varieties (B 79474, B 80251, LCP 85-384, Q 138,

Q 154 and Q 158) have been released.

Since 1980s, several clones of S. officinarum, S. barberi, S. spontaneum, S. robustum and

their improved clones were intercrossed in several combinations. Subsequent backcrosses of

these interspecific hybrids (ISH) resulted in several Co varieties with ISH parentage. Among the

six species of Saccharum, S. spontaneum is widely utilized as it exists with cyto-morphological

diversity with 2n=40-128 and 41 cytotypes. Utilisation of these cytotypes led to selection of

several potential hybrids. Dual purpose energy canes were identified (INGR 12017). Reslient

clones tolerant to drought and water logging have been selected. Backcross hybrids with high

brix, fibre and NMC were selected for further trial.

Intergeneric hybridization: Pre-breeding efforts on transfer of genes from alien genera started

in 1915 with Narenga by Barber. These pre-breeding stocks were cytologically charactetized.

During 1930’s the intergeneric hybrids of bamboo attained Co status as Co 562, Co 563, Co 564

and Co 606 and the sugarcane-sorghum hybrid- Co 352 found adapted to Coimbatore condition.

Recently Saccharum x Sorghum hybrid has been registered as genetic stock (INGR15034). A

hybrid with maize genome has been obtained.

Attempts to utilize Erianthus arundinaceus of Arunachal Pradesh lead to the

development of Co cane- Co 87008. In order to incorporate cytoplasmic diversity, wild species

were used as female parent and several CD clones were identified. Recently the two Co canes

(Co 15015 and Co 16018) were developed with alien cytoplasm of E. arundinaceus and E.

bengalensis. Energy canes with high biomass and fibre were registered. In intergeneric crosses,

S. spontaneum is used as bridge species to impart fertility. New pre-breeding stock of

androgenetic plants have also been obtained in crosses involving E. procerus and E.

arundinaceus.

The success of pre-breeding in sugarcane is due to differential chromosome transmission

pattern with 2n+n, n+n, n+2n, 2n+2n transmission with aneuploidy and it diversified the genetic

base in the pre-breeding stocks. The effective utilization of these pre-breeding stocks in

backcrosses will produce new commercial varieties with enlarged genetic base and tolerance to

biotic and abiotic stresses in the prevailing resilient conditions.


6

Changing scenario of insect pests in India and research priority on pest management in cotton

Dr. N. Murugesan

Retd. Professor (Agricultural Entomology) Former Professor and Head, Cotton Research Station, TNAU, Srivilliputtur - 626 125 Former Professor (Ento) in Plant Clinic Centres of Srivilliputtur Agricultural College & Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam - 628 252, Tamil Nadu, India

Cotton was first known to be cultivated by the Indus Valley Civilization 7,000 years ago.

Greeks and the Arabs were apparently ignorant about cotton until the Wars of Alexander the

Great, as his contemporary Megasthenes told Seleucus Nicator of there being trees on which

wool grows’ in India. This paper traces out the of changing scenario of insect pests in cotton

with the change in cropping system, cropping pattern, shift in cotton genotypes grown and IPM

practices; and the corresponding need for change in research priority on pest management; and is

discussed under: Pre-Transgenic Cotton (Bt cotton) Era and Post-Transgenic Cotton Era.

Until the arrival of East India Company (before 18th century), Indian cotton growers

were cultivating the Desi cottons viz., Karunganni (G. arboreum) and Uppam (G. herbaceum)

cottons. East India Company was importing American upland cotton (G. hirsutum) into Madras

state from Cambodia and Uganda countries and exported (after ginning) to England to feed their

textile mills. The suitability of G. hirsutum cotton for cultivation in Madras State was discovered

accidentally by them. Seeds from Cambodia and Uganda were distributed for cultivation in

Madras State as MCU (Madras Cambodia Uganda) cotton in 1904-’05.

Desi cottons were scourged little by insect pests; they were intercropped with blackgram,

greengram, Cluster Bean, Tenai, Samai, Kudiraivali, Varagu, coriander Cumbu etc., with a

border crop of cholam. Cotton was raised in closed seasons viz., Summer irrigated (Feb-March)

and Winter rainfed (Sept- Oct) in their respective tracts; under such cropping system approach,

pest outbreak was almost nil.

After the introduction of Cambodia cotton (MCU-Madras Cambodia Uganda) during

Pre-Transgenic Cotton (Bt cotton) Era bollworms and leafhopper were the big botheration of

cotton growers till recent decades. Appreciable breakthrough has been achieved regarding

leafhopper; leafhopper resistant/ tolerant cultivars (KC 1, KC 2, KC 3, SVPR 2, and SVPR 4)

have been released. Except, Abhadita (Bollworm tolerant variety) from Karnataka, no

appreciable breakthrough has been achieved against bollworms. Pest management research was


7

mainly focused on the leafhopper and bollworms. Stem weevil, Pempherulus affinis Fst. became

a serious pest during the recent decades, especially after the introduction of LRA 5166, with the

continuous cropping of cotton throughout the year - without a closed season - and its infestation

predisposes the infection of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.

With the introduction and spread of Bt cotton hybrids sucking pests like, solenopsis

mealy bug, Phenacocccus solenopsis and papaya mealy bug, Paracoccus marginatus have

emerged as key pests. Of them, the solenopsis mealy bug emerged as a serious pest in cotton

simultaneously all over India. Molecular studies revealed minimum genetic diversity among the

populations of P. solenopsis throughout the country. Incidence of Phycita infusella Meyr,

a pyralid budworm and a shoot borer, Sphenoptera gossypii Cotes were mild to moderate level

necessitating plant protection in Summer irrigated cotton from 2007-‘08. In the recent years, S.

gossypii and Alcidodes affaber Auriv. were reported as serious ones from Karnataka state.

Mealybugs, Phenacoccus solenopsis, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus corymbatus, scales

(Pulvinaria maxima, and Saissetia nigra), mirids (Poppiocapsidea (=Creontiades) biseratense,

Campylommalivida, Hyalopeplus linefer), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis bryadi), yellow mite,

Polyphagotarsonemus latus, flower bud maggots (Dasineura gossypii), safflower caterpillar

(Perigea capensis) Leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii), were emerging insect pests, while leafhoppers

(Empoasca devastans), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci G.), pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella) and the armyworm (Spodoptera spp.) were the key pests on Bt cotton. Probable

reason attributed to the increased incidence of sucking pests in Bt cottons was the cessation of

plant protection sprays during reproductive phase of the crop, since Bt cotton hybrids are

resistant to bollworms.

Bt varieties viz., Anjali Bt, LRA-5166 Bt (G.hirsutum) and Desi cotton (G. arboreum)

variety, RG-8 Bt were under pipeline for the commercial release in CICR Nagpur during 2010-

11. But they could not be released. Farmers yearned to get Bt variety in Tamil Nadu too.

Bt hybrids from companies alone were then available for cultivation till 2017. Bt varieties could

not be released by ICAR or SAUs to benefit the farmers to reuse their seeds. Kranthi (2015)

reiterated that Bt-cotton in India should have been released in open pollinated varieties, not in

hybrids. After a long gap (from 2002 – 2017 ) eight Bt varieties (CICR Bt 5 (RS 2013), ICAR –

CICR GJHV 374 Bt, ICAR –CICR PKV 081 Bt, ICAR –CICR Raja Bt, ICAR –CICR Suraj Bt,

ICAR –CICR Bt 9, ICAR –CICR Bt 14 (CPT 2) and PAU Bt 1with the event Mon 513) have


8

been recommended for cultivation in 2017; The days of maturity is 150 days approximately for

all the varieties, except PAU Bt 1 ( 160-165 days). The recent increase of production from an

average of 3.0 million tons in 1992- 2002 to 5.1 million tons after 2004 in India signals hope and

provide evidence that, new technologies can drive the change. India has all the potential to

emerge as a world leader of cotton (CICR, 2015).

It is felt that it is timely and important that further studies pertaining to climate change

driven changes in serious insect pests of crops and planning and development of adaptive

strategies needs to be undertaken to lessen the yield losses and safeguard the food and fibre

security of nation. With the threat of climate change looming large, natural resources becoming

more scarcer by the day, burgeoning population, shrinking land holdings, ever rising cost of

inputs, public sector research plans and vision for the future becomes immensely challenging. In

India area under cotton crop increased from 94 lakh ha to 122 lakh ha in 2017-18. India had the

largest cotton area in the world in 2017-’18. However, current yields (524 kg/ha) are lower

compared to the four major cotton growing countries, China (1761 kg/ha), USA (1008 kg/ha),

Pakistan (538 kg/ha) and Brazil (1555 kg/ha) (CICR, 2018), there is immense scope for yield

enhancement in India and this increase will have the greatest impact on global supply. The recent

increase of production to 6.4 M in 2017 from an average of 3.0 M tons in 1992- 2002 in India

signals hope and provide evidence that, new technologies can drive the change. India has all the

potential to emerge as a world leader of cotton. If India has to emerge as the global leader in a

sustainable manner with farmers garnering the benefits of such leadership, it is imperative that

the growth is driven by indigenous innovations which can be used with sovereignty. It has the

best dedicated scientific talent of the world for cotton research.


9

Evolution of integrated pest management (IPM) system in indian agriculture:

Retrospect and Prospect

Dr. V. Ambethgar Dean JSA College of Agriculture and Technology Ma.Podaiyur-606 108, Cuddalore- District, Tamil Nadu, India

Indian ‘Green Revolution’ emerged based on the principles of intensive agriculture. With

intensification of agriculture, increased incidence of pests and diseases were witnessed, which

limited agricultural productivity growth. Annual crop losses due to pest associated panacea in

India are estimated to be 20 percent of the agricultural output. Emerging problems of pest

resistance, secondary pest outbreak and pest resurgence further compounded to the cost of crop

protection. Since ancient times, farmers learned to practice various methods of pest control

singly or in combination during the course of years through trial-and-error experiences with

limited success. Since 1870s, scientists strived to develop modern pest control approaches

chiefly with synthetic pesticides. Development of arsenical and copper-based pesticides in

1890s, and subsequent discovery of pesticidal properties of DDT in 1939 revolutionized the

modern pest control tactics with spectacular success. The agricultural use of pesticides grew

rapidly after the World War II, and farm workers began handling chemicals without much

knowledge of their toxicity and ecological damage was noticeable by the late 1940s. Pest

problems also increased in some intensively managed crops following the continuous application

of persistent pesticides. This, in turn, further compounded the consumption of pesticides

resulting in the phenomenon of pesticide treadmill. Indiscriminate uses of pesticides end up with

powerful selection pressure that altered the genetic make-up of many pests, resulting in

emergence of pesticides resistant population. The solution to the pesticide externalities has been

achieved through introduction of “Integrated Pest Management (IPM)”which is a

multidisciplinary endeavour that focuses on combination of common-sense agricultural practices

involving cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical methods as crop protection

umbrella. IPM programme also use comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and

their interaction with the environment, and least hazard to humans and wild life. In 1985,

Government of India adopted IPM as the official guiding principle of plant protection strategies

in government sponsored crop production programmes. This paper addresses the evolutionary

process of ancient pest control vis-a-vis modern IPM system in Indian agriculture.


10

Underutilized fruits and vegetables – Importance in nutritional security

Dr. V. Lakshmanan, Dr. P. Paramaguru and Dr. V. Swaminathan

Department of Vegetable Crops

Horticultural College and Research Insttute, TNAU, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu, India

Human history reveals that man has used some 40,000 to 100,000 plant species for food,

fibre, forage, fuel, crafts, industrial, cultural and medicinal purposes.Ethnobotanic surveys

indicate that worldwide more than 7000 plant species are still cultivated or harvested from the

wild but only 150 crops are commercialized on asignificant global scale.The current trend in

globalization of agricultural market in favor of a few crops to develop into a sort of 'global

village' is estimated to narrow the foodbasket to hold some 150 widely commercialized crops, in

favor of some commodities, which will enter newer areas displacing the local ones. Thus, large

enterprises will tend to replace the small commercial activities based on the underutilized species

resulting in the loss of traditional benefits such as more balanced diets, diversified income to

farmers and the related sectors of the society, better maintenance of the agro-ecosystems, greater

use of marginal lands and enhanced preservation of cultural identity shared by all the

humankind. This has placed the future supply of food and income to the rural people at risk

leading to deterioration in their quality of life. Thus, the narrowed species focus has not been

able to solve or even to keep pace with the enormous problems of hunger and poverty

confronting the Planet.

The underutilized fruits and nuts: Nearly 3000 wild or domesticated tropical fruits are found

growing worldwide. A total of 600 tropical and subtropical fruit species are better known in their

areas of diversity. The temperate fruit diversity consists of nearly 2400 species. At present only

about 28 fruits are grown commercially, i.e. 7 tropical (banana, papaya, mango, pineapple,

cashew, sapodilla and guava), 7 subtropical (citrus, litchi, olive, dates, grapes, fig and mulberry)

and 14 temperate fruits (almond, apple, pear, apricot, cherries, chestnut, peach, walnut, plum,

currants, gooseberry, blackberry, raspberry and strawberry). Over 1700 species of underutilized

fruits and nuts occurring in different diversity regions of the world. Nearly 252 fruit species (157

tropical, 57 subtropical and 38 temperate) have considerable nutritional as well as economic

merit. These are popular in their native regions of diversity for their nutritional and medicinal

valued Their systematic cultivation can be promoted in the arid, semi-arid and humid parts of the

tropical, subtropical and temperate regions.


11

Nutritional security: The nutrition and sustenance of life for the native communities largely

depend on the underutilized fruits. In fact, these fruits and nuts prevent widespread malnutrition

in their native regions, as a number of them are rich in vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates

and fats. Vitamins like A and E and minerals like calcium, magnesium and iron are abundantly

available in these fruits, which help in building resistance against diseases. For example, many

underutilized fruits contain more vitamin C and pro-vitamin A than the widely available

commercial species. Consumption of these fruits by the rural people directly from the trees

maximizes vitamin intake. Thus, promoting the use of neglected and underutilized species is an

effective way to help maintain a diverse and healthy diet and to combat micronutrient

deficiencies, the so-called 'hidden hunger’, and other dietary deficiencies.

Proteins: Protein is essential for the growth and maintenance of human body but its deficiency is

widespread in poverty-ridden areas of the world. Unlike most of the common fruits, some of the

underutilized fruits are rich in protein e.g. Brazil nut (14.3-17.4%), chironji (21.6%), Java

almond (19.6%), European filbert (16.4-20 %), black walnut (20.5%), white walnut (24.6%),

ginkgo (10.2-10.5%), marula nut, etc., The fruit of Jessenia bataua contains a high-quality

protein and oil. Similarly, in humid zone of West Africa, some underutilized fruit species are of

exceptional nutritional value, e.g. the seeds of Ricinodendron africanum contain 28% protein and

provide 570 calories/100g.

Minerals: Iron is essential for the development of blood and body cells. Lack of iron is the most

widespread nutritional disorder in the body, affecting nearly 2000 million people. The deficiency

results in an estimated 20 per cent maternal deaths in developing countries. Karonda (39.1%) and

dates (10.6%) are rich sources of iron.

Aquatic vegetables: In India, young leaves, stems and roots of Ipomoea aquatica are eaten, and

both there and in Malaysia, the foliage of Ottelia alismoides, and all the plant (except roots) of

Monochoria hastata and M. vaginalis are eaten. Several species of Ceratopteris are cultivated as

a green salad crop in parts of Africa and tropical Asia. Utilization of aquatic vegetables as food

could probably alleviate protein shortages in local populaces of many developing nations.

Concerted efforts are needed to assess the food value of the native aquatic flora for their

exploitation at commercial scale. A number of aquatic vegetables possess immense potential of

several health-related principles. They are medicinally utilized in different parts of the world and

local people are well acquainted for their healing properties.


12

Protected cultivation of vegetables in India - problems and prospects

Dr. P. Irene Vathamoni Dean (Horticulture), RVS Padmavathy College of Horticulture Sempatti, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

The worldwide production of vegetables has tremendously gone up during the last two

decades and the value of global trade in vegetables now exceeds that of cereals.Though India

ranks second in vegetable production, percapita consumption of vegetables in India is very low

against WHO standards (180gday-1 against 300 g day-1 as recommended by FAO). Vegetables are

recognized as healthy food globally and are sensitive to environmental extremes and thus high

temperature and limited soil moisture are the major causes of low yields and will be further

magnified by climate change. A potential approach to overcome these problems is perfection and

promotion of protected cultivation of vegetables. Protected cultivation practices can be defined

as a cropping technique where in the micro environment surrounding the plant body is controlled

partially / fully as per plant need during their period of growth to maximize the yield and

resource saving. Green house is the most practical method of achieving the objectives of

protected horticulture. It is generally covered by transparent or translucent material such as glass

or plastic. The green house covered with simple plastic sheet is termed as polyhouse. Tomato,

capsicum, cucumber and lettuce are the most extensively grown vegetables under green house

and give higher returns

Present status of global and national scenarios: There are more than 55 countries now in the

world where cultivation of crops is undertaken on a commercial scale under cover and it is

continuously growing at a fast rate internationally. China is the largest users of green house.

In India the area under greenhouse cultivation reported by the end of 20th century was about 110

ha.The states that have consistently expanded the area under protected cultivation are

Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.

Protected cultivation: Protected cultivation has two major components of technology. One is

infrastructure involving frames, cladding materials, irrigation systems, tools, implements, other

engineering inputs and another is crop production technology. Protected conditions for

vegetables are created by using different types of structures which are season and location

specific. Temperature, humidity, wind velocity, soil conditions and type of crop grown also play

a major role in the design of protected structures for growing vegetable crops ,but there are


13

several constrains and problems which restrict protected cultivation of vegetables. In High

Technology as protected cultivation, the yield may be increased manifold if the constraints and

problems is being controlled.

Problems in protected cultivation of vegetables

Cost of infrastructure: Green house cultivation is capital intensive, heavy financial investments

are necessary especially in the initial years to construct and equip the same with adequate

environmental control devices. The initial investment could be depending upon the type of

construction and material used. Green house design varies depending on its location, whether in

a desert, the tropics or in a temperate region. So protected cultivation is intensive in sense of the

energy consumption and it varies with green house design and location. One of the highest

problems in winter production is additional heating and light is needed. The problem of low air

temperatures during winter can be solved by some heat supplying to the green house during the

critical time periods. The protection is not technical but economical as the investment and the

running cost are relatively high. During summer months air temperature in green house is to be

brought down by providing cooling device. In commercial greenhouses besides temperature

controlled humidity, carbondioxide, photoperiod, soil temperature, cost of plant nutrients and

cost of fertigation units etc. increase the cost of cultivation.

Problems associated with crop production techniques and management

Non availability of suitable varieties: No specific breeding work has been initiated for the

development of suitable varieties / hybrids with specific growth habits for green house or

protected cultivations even in important vegetables viz., tomato, cherry tomato, sweet pepper and

cucumber. Exotic seeds are costly and are out of reach of Indian farmers. Capsicum varieties

with high yield potential (>100t/ha)and having uniform size and shape needs to be

selected.Hybrids preferably should have the characters long growing period of 8-10

months.Fruits should have the characters such as four lobes, fruit weight of >150 gram and

ripening with better shelf of more than five days under ambient condition. Tomato hybrids with

indeterminate growth habit are best suited for green house cultivation, as these hybrids grow to a

height of fifteen feet and above to utilize green house space both horizontal and vertical more

efficiently as the crops grows for longer period.Commercial hybrids with yield potential upto

80t/ha from a crop of six months duration and fruit size of 80 to 100 grams amenable for cluster

thinning with the retention of 4-5 fruits cluster-1 is suitable for protected cultivation.


14

Pest management: The best way of pest control under protected cultivation is by integrated pest

management (IPM). It involves the integration of cultural, physical, biological and chemical

practices to produce crops with minimal use of pesticides. There are several mechanical methods

to suppress pests and screens can exclude pests in greenhouses. High pressure water sprays can

effectively dislodge spider mites and aphids from plants. Traps may be used to reduce

populations of pests in an enclosed environment as in greenhouses. Biological control is another

method of pest control which refers to the use of natural enemies to suppress pests below the

economic injury. A good example would be the use of predator mites, Phytoseiulus persimilesto

control the two-spotted re spider mite, Tetranychusurticaein several conditions. Another latest

method found to control pests under protected structures is planting grafts with resistant

rootstock.

Disease management: Many disease causing fungi and bacteria require moist conditions for

disease development, therefore maintaining the environment below 85.0 per cent relative

humidity will help to escape or avoid disease problems under protected structures. This can be

achieved by avoiding wet conditions in the greenhouses i.e. wet floors and improving ventilation

and air circulation systems. Proper plant pruning and spacing provide good aeration for the

plants and reduce humidity at the micro-climate level. Diseases like powdery mildew, downy

mildew can be controlled by proper field sanitation and ventilation. Damping off and root rot can

be controlled by seed treatment with Steptomycesgriscoviridis, Trichderma spp., soil

solarization, heating and fumigation and using grafts. Disease like late blight, bacterial diseases

and viral diseases can be controlled by using clean seed.

Prospects of protected cultivation of vegetable

Raising of off season nurseries: Management of vegetable nursery in protected structure is

easiest and early nursery can be raised. The environmental conditions, particularly increase in

temperature inside greenhouse hastens the germination and early growth of warm season

vegetable seedlings for raising early crops in spring summer. Needless to emphasize, this

practice eliminates damage of destruction of nurseries by heavy storms, heavy rains and cold

temperature and provide protection against biotic stress. The cost of hybrid seed is high. So it is

necessary that every seed must be germinated. The controlled conditions prevailed inside

greenhouses ensures 100 per cent germination. Seedlings can also be produced inside the


15

structure during off season also and hence this technology fetches the heavy price due to

marketing of seedlings in the off season.

Manifold increase in productivity of vegetables

Greenhouse technology is used to protect the crops from adverse climatic conditions and

to provide optimum conditions of soil, light, temperature, humidity, carbodioxide, etc. for the

best growth of the plants to achieve maximum yield coupled with quality. The CO2 released by

the plants during night time is also trapped inside the greenhouse which is subsequently taken up

by the plants itself during daytime in the presence of light and thus enhances photosynthesis. All

the above factors contribute in 3-5 times higher yields of crops under greenhouse condition as

compared to open field conditions.

Hybrid seed production: In vegetable production hybrids seeds, transgenic, stress resistant

varieties, micropropagated transplants, synthetic seeds are likely to replace conventional

varieties. Protected environments will be helpful in production of hybrid seeds of cucumber and

summer squash by using gynoecious lines. Gibberlic acid is used to maintain such lines followed

by selfing. The desired pollen can be used for production of hybrid seed of cucumber. Similarly

in summer squash use of ethophan in inducing female flower at every node would help in the

Conclusion

India is the second largest producer of vegetable crops in the world; its production is less

than the requirement if balanced diet is provided to every individual. Even though there are

different ways and means to achieve this target, prevailing adverse climatic conditions in

different zones of vegetable cultivation, crop potentials, small land holdings and increasing

demand of high quality and quantity of vegetables necessitates adoption of the protected

cultivation of vegetable crops. Protected cultivation provides many fold advantages over open

field vegetable cultivation viz., high productivity, labour reduction by automation, conserves

water, fertilizer and land, production of pesticide free quality vegetables, suitability to hybrid

seed production and off season vegetable cultivation.These advantages are further enhanced

when the problems encountered during cultivation can be phased out efficiently by adopting

improved protected cultivation techniques viz., selecting suitable varieties/hybrids, using grafts

for improved yield and resistance to stresses, improved pollination techniques, adopting

integrated pest and disease management strategies and using robotics to reduce labour

requirements.


16

Agri-Nanotechnology - An Insight

Dr. T. Theivasanthi Assistant Professor (Nanotechnology) International Research Centre Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Educaion (Deemed University), Krishnankoil – 626 126, Tamilnadu, India

Fertilizers are applied to enhance the growth of plants. The quantum of the application

can be assessed by the soil test. The application of fertilizers depends on the soil fertility and

particular crop. For example, legumes do not require nitrogen fertilizer. They can manage the

nitrogen requirement from the nitrogen available in atmosphere. Application of nitrogen fertilizer

in legumes cultivation is not necessary and appropriate. The applications of fertilizers are mainly

focusing on the primary macronutrients. Plants consume these macronutrients in large amount.

Hence, these nutrients are supplied through fertilizers applications to fulfill the requirements. In

the case of micronutrients, generally, adequate quantity is available in the cultivation land. Also,

plants consume small amount of micronutrients.

Nanomaterials: Particles of nanomaterials are in 1-100 nm size range, at least in any one

dimension. These materials are surface enhanced materials and have more active sites.

Nanofertilizers are the nanoparticles with size between 1 to 100 nm and at least in any one

dimension. They enhance the plant growth and yields by supplying one or more nutrients to the

plants. Also, they indirectly enhance the plant growth by improving the performance of

conventional fertilizers. In this case, they do not provide the nutrients directly to the plants.

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles show toxic effects against bacteria species like Staphylococcus

aureus and Bascillus subtilis (Suresh et al., 2010). These anti-microbial properties are useful in

the management of plants diseases and food grains storage.

Nanomaterials: Nanofertilizers are classified into four categories: macronutrient nanofertilizers

(e.g.) apatite nanoparticles (NPs), calcium carbonate NPs, and magnesium oxide NPs;

micronutrient nanofertilizers (e.g.) iron oxide NPs, manganese oxide NPs, zinc oxide NPs, and

copper oxide NPs; nutrient-loaded nanofertilizers (e.g.) zeolites, silica NPs, and carbon

nanotubes; plant growth stimulating nanomaterials (e.g.) titanium oxide NPs and carbon

nanotubes. Development of nitrogen and phosphorus macronutrient nanofertilizers is an essential

for the sustainable agriculture and environmental protection (Ruiqiang and Rattan, 2016).

Slow and controlled release fertilizers: Biomaterials (such as chitosan) are utilized in the

preparation of controlled release fertilizers (Lan and Mingzhu, 2008). During the fertilizers


17

applications, significant amount are lost and unavailable. They cause pollution and

environmental problems. Large amount of fertilizers (like ammonium salts, urea, nitrate and

phosphate compounds) in localized applications are harmful (Trenkel, 1997; Ombodi and

Saigusa, 2000). These problems are solved with the help nanotechnology. Nanomaterials have

applications in fertilizers for slow and controlled releasing of the contents. Such slow and

controlled release fertilizer applications minimize the fertilizer consumption and environmental

pollution (Lan and Mingzhu, 2008). In controlled release fertilizers, the nutrients are released in

a controlled manner with the help of nano-coatings.

Nanocoatings: Fertilizers with nanocoatings of sulphur are useful in sulphur deficient soils

(Brady and Weil, 1999; Santosa et al. 1995). Nanocoated urea and phosphate are utilized as slow

release fertilizers. They will release the beneficial contents in accordance with demands of the

soil and crops. Controlled release of the NPK fertilizer sources i.e. urea; calcium phosphate and

potassium chloride are made with biodegradable and biocompatible material like polymeric

chitosan nanoparticles (Corradini et al. 2010). Kaolin and polymeric biocompatible nanoparticles

are utilized in the making of slow release fertilizers (Wilson et al. 2008).

Nanocoatings: Fertilizers with nanocoatings of sulphur are useful in sulphur deficient soils

(Brady and Weil, 1999; Santosa et al. 1995). Nanocoated urea and phosphate are utilized as slow

release fertilizers. They will release the beneficial contents in accordance with demands of the

soil and crops. Controlled release of the NPK fertilizer sources i.e. urea; calcium phosphate and

potassium chloride are made with biodegradable and biocompatible material like polymeric

chitosan nanoparticles (Corradini et al. 2010). Kaolin and polymeric biocompatible nanoparticles

are utilized in the making of slow release fertilizers (Wilson et al. 2008).

Implacts of agricultural innovation: International food policy research institute (IFPRI) has

measured the impacts of agricultural innovation on farm productivity. In this report, it has

mentioned about significant agricultural practices and technologies i.e. crop protection, drip

irrigation, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, integrated soil fertility management, no-till farming,

nutrient use efficiency, organic agriculture, precision agriculture, sprinkler irrigation, and water

harvesting. This report, pinpoints the practicing of these agricultural technologies will lead to the

significant improvement on the sustainability of the world’s main staple crops like maize, rice,

and wheat (Ift.org, 2014). In order to use the nutrients efficiently, nanotechnology assists through

implementing the variety of nanomaterials such as nano-fertilizers and nano-biofertilizers.

Oral papers


18

ORAL

THEME-I

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

CROP IMPROVEMENT

PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS

Application of information system in conventional breeding: QR based Banana Breeding

Tracker (BBT) for real time analysis of the breeding information

B. Vignesh Kumar*, S. Backiyarani, S. Saranya, M.S. Saraswathi, P. Durai and S. Uma

Department of Biotechnology, Crop Improvement Divison,

ICAR- National Research Centre for Banana (NRCB), Trichy

Improvement of banana through conventional breeding is an adventurous task, owing to

its recalcitrant nature of seed setting. Though genotypes with partial fertility have been identified

and compatible parents are being used in banana breeding program, developing a hybrid banana

for a specific trait is a time consuming process. Banana breeding is a laborious task involving

man power for hybridization, seed extraction, embryo culturing, primary hardening and

secondary hardening and with incubation period of nine to ten months to develop the hybrid

plantlets from the date of hybridization. The long duration and more man power involved in this

process may lead to poor data management and eventual loss of valuable information. This is

overcome by the application of information technology in banana breeding program and thereby

the correct information on banana breeding program can be tracked and extracted. Thus,

a Banana Breeding Tracker (BBT) has been developed, which is a web-based software office

suit/Database and works on all the platforms such as Windows, Mac, Chrome, Android, iOS.

The BBT allows any number of users (real workers) to create and enter the breeding information

online at the same time. The project coordinator can monitor the progress of banana breeding

program by tracking and retrieving the data fed by the field workers. All the data fed in BBT will

be coded as QR (Quick Responsive code) which can be decoded and breeding information can

be retrieved by the decoder using QR scanner. At every stage of banana hybrid development the

QR code will be updated with the information which leads to avoid the mislabeling. Thus the

application of information system will be a most important and useful tool in the maintenance of

accuracy of the conventional banana breeding information/data. The BBT developed by ICAR-

NRCB is being implemented and functions in the development of new hybrids and mapping


19

population which will be further useful to banana production and to understand the genetics of

the various trait in the banana.

Assessment of Vada and Idli batter volume for the popular blackgram varieties of

Tamil Nadu

P. Sathya*, N. Manivannan, A. Mahalingam, V.K. Satya and C. Parameswari

National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban-622 303,

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tindivanam-604002

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-04

Pulses play a major role in human nutrition. Blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

contains around 24% protein, 59.6% carbohydrate and 1.4% fat. Present experiment was carried

out during Rabi 2017-18 season at the National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban to assess the

batter quantity of nine blackgram varieties viz., VBN (Bg) 4, VBN (Bg) 5, VBN 6, VBN 8,

ADT 5, ADT 6, CO 6, Mash 114 and MDU 1 for idli and vada. For preparing vada batter,

50 ml of split dhal was soaked in 100 ml of water for 2 hours. For idli batter, 50 ml of split dhal

was soaked in 100 ml of water and 200 ml of rice was soaked in 250 ml of water for 4 hours and

then the samples were ground. Four replications were followed and analyzed in a Completely

Randomized Design. Unfermented and fermented batter quantity were assessed by volumetric

method for vada and idli batter respectively. Results revealed that, among the nine genotypes

evaluated, VBN (Bg) 5 and ADT 6 recorded significantly higher vada batter volume (205 ml)

and it may be concluded that both the varieties can be exploited for vada making to get higher

numbers per unit quantity. These varieties were significantly on par with VBN 6, VBN 8 and

CO 6. In case of idli batter volume, VBN 8 recorded significantly higher batter volume

(683 ml) and was significantly on par with VBN 6, ADT 6, CO 6 and MDU 1 which can be

utilized for idli making. The variety VBN (Bg) 4 recorded significantly lower vada as well as

idli batter volume.

Broadening the genetic base for MYMV resistance through interspecific hybridization

between Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo

A. Mahalingam*, N. Manivannan and S. Lakshmi Narayanan

National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Vamban, Pudukkottai – 622 303


20

Wide hybridization enables the interspecific gene transfer, which leads to additional

source of variation for desirable attributes including biotic and abiotic stresses. The present

investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre (NPRC), Vamban with an

objective of developing MYMV resistant genotypes in greengram through interspecific

hybridization. Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg) 2 has a distinct morphological feature of tri-lobed

leaf with green color shiny seeds and moderate resistance to MYMV disease. The Vigna mungo

var. VBN 6, a derivative of Vigna mungo var. silvestris is highly resistant to MYMV disease

with lanceolate leaf and black color seeds. Two interspecific direct crosses were attempted

between Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg) 2, and Vigna mungo var. VBN 6 during Kharif 2015. The

F1 hybrids were evaluated during Rabi 2015-16. One healthier true F1 hybrid plant was

recovered. The F1 had the tri-lobed leaf of Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg) 2 and black colour seed

of Vigna mungo var. VBN 6 with pollen fertility of 6.17 per cent and pod setting percentage of

15.76. Most interestingly, the interspecific F1 is immune to MYMV disease and heterosis was

noticed for plant height (73 cm), days to 50 per cent flowering (40 days) and days to maturity (90

days). Present study suggests that MYMV resistant cultivars of mungbean can be explored

through interspecific hybridization with Vigna mungo var. VBN 6 as a source of resistance.

Diversity analysis in inbred lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

R. Chandirakala*, A. Monica, S.R. Krithika, S.R. Mythili, Ameena Premnath and

N. Manivannan

Department of Oilseeds, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641003, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was conducted to determine the diversity among inbred lines of sunflower using

D2 analysis during rabi/summer 2017-18. Among the lines, COSF-1B-HO-22 and TNHSF 239-

61-2-4-1-HO-6 recorded high mean value for single plant yield. The lines viz. COSF-1B-HO-17

and TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1-HO-3 showed superior mean value for volume weight. The lines viz.

COSF-1B-HO-1 and TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1-HO-25 recorded high mean value for hundred seed

weight. Diversity study showed that 52 inbred lines were grouped into ten clusters. Considering

the cluster means and divergent values, clusters III and IV were more diverse followed by

clusters IV and IX, III and VIII and VIII and IX indicating that hybridization between divergent

clusters may result into more variability for the characters studied. Clusters II, V and VIII

comprised of ten entries each. Among the diverse clusters, genotypes viz., COSF-1B-HO-11,


21

COSF-1B-HO-18 and COSF-1B-HO-21 in cluster IV and COSF-1B-HO-10, TNHSF 239-61-2-

4-1-HO-17 and TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1-HO-20 in cluster III may be involved in crossing

programme to obtain wider variation in segregating population.

Effect of mutagens in Polianthes tuberosa L. on vegetative and floral characters in M1V2

generation

K.Kayalvizhi*, M.Kannan, A. Sangari and A.D. Ashok

Senior research Fellow (Hort.), Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur

Professor and Head, Dept. of Floriculture and Landscaping, TNAU, Coimbatore

Associate Professor (Hort.), Dept. of Floriculture and Landscaping, TNAU, Coimbatore

Asst. Professor (Hort.), Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur

An investigation was carried out for the improvement of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa

L.) var. Prajwal through mutation breeding at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The bulbs were treated with gamma rays,

diethyl sulphate (DES) and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS). The treatments consisted of 0.5,

1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kR of gamma rays, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mM of DES and 30, 45, 60 and 75 mM

of EMS including control (untreated). The expression of morphological characters like plant

height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness were increased in lower doses

and decreased in higher doses in M1V2 generation. The floral and yield characters like spike

length, rachis length, number of spikes per plant and flower yield per m2 were observed

maximum at lower doses whereas it was minimum at higher doses. The gamma ray doses

induced higher proportion of chlorophyll mutants than the chemical mutagens. Chlorophyll

mutants noticed were of four types, viz. ‘albino’ ‘chlorina’ ‘striata’ and ‘xantha’. The treatment

T3 (1.0 kR gamma ray) recorded maximum number of chlorophyll mutants followed by T4 (1.5

kR gamma ray) and T12 (45 mM of EMS). Broad leaved mutants were observed in T6 (2.5 kR

gamma ray) with a leaf width of 2.53 cm and T7 (15 mM of DES) 2.87 cm. Branched leaf

mutants were observed both in T3 (1.0 kR) and T5 (2.0 kR). Many morphological abnormalities

were recorded in many treatments of M1V2 generation.


22

Estimation of Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) in Kodo millet germplasm

lines using SSR markers

V. Nirubana*, K. Ganesamurthy and R. Ravikesavan

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, AC & RI, Madurai – 625104.

Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore - 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

Genetic diversity is a pre-requisite for utilization of diverse lines in various plant

breeding programmes. To assess the genetic differences existing among the genotypes,

molecular markers are also being employed. The DNA markers are more useful as they are quick

means of assessing genetic diversity through DNA polymorphism. In the present study, the

polymorphic information content was assessed from the genetic base of 103 kodo millet

genotypes employing 15 SSR markers. Out of which, only 10 markers produced clear, scorable

and polymorphic marker profile. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated for

10 SSR markers for 103 kodo millet genotypes. The PIC was the highest for SSR primer b109

(0.99) followed by PSMP 2224 (0.98), PSMP 2203 (0.97), ICMP 3029 (0.86), PSMP 2214

(0.65) and PSMP 2249 (0.52) and lowest for the primer PSMP 2201 (0.05) with a mean of 0.57.

Higher the PIC value, more informative is the primer. Hence, the primer b109, PSMP 2224 and

PSMP 2203 were found to be highly informative. Among the ten primers, six primers have

recorded high PIC value of more than 0.5 and hence these primers can be utilized for

polymorphism studies in kodo millet.

Gamma ray induced pod colour and seed mutation inbutter bean (Phaseolus Lunatus L )

Variety KKL-1

D. Suresh*, J. Rajangam, A. John Joel, S. Sridharan

Horticulture, Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur Department of Horticulture, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Periyakulamm

Department of Plant and Genetic Resources, Coimbatore

Department of Horticulture, JSA College of Agriculture Technology, Tittakudi

Induced mutagenesis has become an effective tool to improve a crop through creation of

variability. The present study was carried out to induce mutagenesis with Butter bean

Phaseolus lunatus L variety KKL-1. The seeds of this variety were exposed to different

doses/concentrations of 0 (control) 5, 10 and 15 kR were applied to dormant seed of


23

(Phaseolus Lunatus L). The mutagenic treated seeds were sown in the M1 field with control and

harvested in bulk to raise M2 generation to observe the characters and number of mutants in each

population mutation affecting pod colour and seed character were detected M2 generation.

Higher mutation frequency for pod colour and seed characterstics were induced by 10 kR dose

mutants with different flower colour and altered size and shape were obtained.

Genetic analysis of gene effects by generation mean analysis for oil yield and attributing

traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Ameena Premnath*, N. Manivannan, R. Chandirakala and C. Vanniarajan

Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641003

National Pulses Research Centre, TNAU, Vamban - 622303

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, TNAU, Madurai - 625104

Genetic analysis using generation mean analysis is a tool for designing appropriate

breeding approaches to develop improved varieties in sunflower. It estimates gene actions that

control quantitative traits as well as the additive, dominance and epistatic effects. In the present

investigation, generation mean analysis following five parameter model was adopted to

investigate genetic analysis for quantitative indicators of oil yield per plant in sunflower. Three

populations viz., F1, F2 and F3 generations of two crosses, COSF 7B x HO 5-13 and CSFI 99 x

HO 5-13 were raised along with parents during rabi/summer 2013-2014. The experiment was

carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two replications. Eight

biometrical traits viz., days to first flowering, plant height (cm), head diameter (cm), 100- seed

weight (g), volume weight (g/100ml), seed yield per plant (g), oil content (%) and oil yield per

plant (g) recorded from parental and segregating generations were analysed to assess gene action

involved. A scaling test was carried out to evaluate the fulfilment of additive-dominance model.

The study revealed the importance of both additive and non-additive types of gene action for all

the traits studied. The additive dominance model was adequate for days to first flowering in both

crosses which should undergo thorough selection at an early stage. All the other traits exhibited

epistatic gene action in both crosses. Duplicate type epistasis played a greater role than

complementary epistasis, which diminishes effect of dominant genes and makes breeding for

yield increase more difficult. The presence of epistasis would be detrimental for rapid progress

making it difficult to fix genotypes with increased level of character manifestation. Since several


24

important characters were influenced by dominance and non-allelic gene interaction, it is

advisable to delay selection to later generation with increased homozygosity.

Genetic analysis of root traits and its effect on yield for drought tolerance breeding in

rice (Oryza sativa)

N.B. John Kingsly*, F. D. Prisca Seeli, P. Gomathinayagam

School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, India

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for over half of the world’s population. Rice is

particularly susceptible to water stress. Drought is a serious limiting factor in rice. Grain yield

can be drastically reduced if drought stress occurs during flowering. Breeding of new rice

cultivar with drought tolerance not only saves a great amount of water but also helps to increase

and stabilize the yield during the periods of uncertain rains. The indirect selection for carefully

selected secondary traits can be helpful in improving selection response. This investigation was

aimed at studying the drought tolerant traits viz., root length, root dry weight, root : shoot ratio,

root volume of lines viz., ADT 43, ADT (R) 45, Anna (R) 4, CO (R) 49, CO (R) 50, MDU 5,

RMD (R) 1, and TKM 9 and five local land races as testers viz., Chandikar, Chinnar 20,

Nootripathu, Norungan and Vellaichitraikar and in the resultant 40 hybrids synthesized in

Line x Tester fashion. The combining ability analysis, heterosis, correlation and path coefficient

analysis were performed to assess the breeding value of lines, testers and their hybrids. The

study revealed that the parents and hybrids differed significantly among themselves for all the

characters. This suggested that a wide variability existed among the genotypes for all the

characters studied. On the basis of per se performance, sca effects and standard heterosis, the

hybrid Anna (R) 4 / Norungan was found suitable for exploitation in drought tolerance breeding

since it expressed high values for traits viz., root length, root dry weight, root : shoot ratio, root

volume and grain yield per plant. The next best hybrid combination was CO (R) 49 × Chinnar 20

as it also showed high values for these traits.

Genetic analysis on the extent of variability among the greengram (Vigna radiata (L.)

genotypes

K. Vadivel*, A . Mahalingam and N. Manivannan,

National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University



25

The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban

during Rabi 2017-18 to assess the extent of genetic variability among the newly developed 49

greengram cultures based on the yield and yield contributing traits. Observations were recorded

on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant,

number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length

(cm), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g.) and seed yield (kg/ha). The analysis of

variance revealed the presence of significant variation for all the characters studied except

number of seeds per pod. Variance in terms of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation,

number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant and seed yield showed higher variation.

In general, the PCV values were higher than GCV values indicating the influence of environment

in controlling these traits. Among the estimates of genetic parameters, heritability along with

genetic advance are normally more helpful in predicting the gain under selection. In the present

investigation, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of

pods per plant, hundred seed weight and seed yield have recorded high heritability coupled with

high genetic advance. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicated that most

likely the heritability is due to additive genetic effects and the selection may be effective. The

environment played relatively limited role in influencing the inheritance of these characters and

thus the response to selection would be higher for these characters.

Genetic analysis on the Vigna radiata x Vigna mungo interspecific progenies of F4

generation for yield and yield attributes

S. Ragul *, N. Manivannan, A. Mahalingam, V. K. Satya, and K. Thangaraj

National Pulses Research Centre, TNAU, Vamban - 622 303

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, TNAU, Tindivanam - 604002

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai - 625104

A total of 24 F4 progenies of interspecific cross between Greengram (VBN (Gg) 2) and

Blackgram (Mash 114) were evaluated at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban during

Kharif 2017 for plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant,

number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod,

100 seed weight and single plant yield. Mean performance is a basic and an important criterion

in selection and progenies with highest mean were relatively effective in selecting the superior

segregants. In the present study, five progenies (3-2, 3-3, 3-12, 3-13 and 3-30) had recorded


26

significantly higher yield than parents. Five progenies viz., 3-1, 3-6, 3-9, 3-11 and 3-19 had

recorded significantly more number of branches per plant. Plant height ranged between 61.75

and 95.11cm. Number of cluster per plant ranged between 1.80 to 18.00 and number of pods per

plant varied from 3.90 to 69.00. Thus, significant differences were recorded for all the traits

studied except pod length and number of seeds per pod. Vigna radiata x Vigna mungo

interspecific hybridization can be successfully utilized for the improvement of seed yield of

greengram through the component characters like more number of branches per plant, more

number of clusters per plant and more number of pods per cluster as well as the development of

MYMV resistant genotypes.

Genetic diversity studies on yield and yield contributing attributes in greengram

(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

S.M. Indhu*, A. Mahalingam and N. Manivannan

National Pulses Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University


The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban

during Rabi 2017-18 with 49 advanced breeding lines of greengram to study the nature and

magnitude of genetic divergence through mahalanobis D2 statistics. Observations were recorded

on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant,

number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length

(cm), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha). The analysis of

variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied. In the

present investigation, the forty nine genotypes of greengram were grouped into seven clusters.

Maximum number of 17 genotypes were found in cluster I followed by 13 genotypes in cluster

VII. Cluster II had seven genotypes and cluster VI had six genotypes. Clusters III, IV and V had

two genotypes each. Genotypes with same pedigree were grouped into different clusters. The

maximum D2 value between the clusters indicates that genotypes of wide variation are present

between the clusters. The maximum intercluster distance (334.1) was found between the cluster

V (VGG 17 049, VGG 17 050) and VI (VGG 17 015, VGG 17 016, VGG 17 017, VGG 17 018,

VGG 17 036 and VGG 17 043) followed by the cluster VII and VI (287.46). The intra cluster

distance was highest in cluster II (244.54) followed by VI (228.50). The cluster V recorded


27

maximum cluster mean value (2321) for the trait seed yield. Among the eleven traits studied,

single plant yield (47.02%) contributed maximum towards total genetic divergence followed by

hundred seed weight (26.62%). From this study it was concluded that sufficient amount of

variability was observed among the breeding lines. The genotypes from the clusters V and VI

may be used as parents to produce highly heterotic and superior transgressive segregants upon

hybridization for important yield traits.

Genetic variability analysis for seed yield in interspecific derivatives of

Vigna mungo x Vigna mungo var. sylvestris

S. Sowmyasree, N. Manivannan, S. Lakshmi Narayanan, V. Babu Rajendra Prasad and

S. Chitra

National Pulses Research Centre, TNAU, Vamban-622303

Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Trichy- 620009

The present study was carried out at the National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban during

Kharif 2017 in order to have cognizance on the variability enkindled in the seed yield and yield

components of ten progenies of the cross between Vigna mungo x Vigna mungo var. sylvestris.

Observations were recorded on nine plant characters viz., plant height (cm), number of branches

per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant,

pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g.) and seed yield per plant (g.).

Results revealed the presence of high PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability and high

genetic advance for all the characters studied except number of clusters per plant and seed yield.

The improved heritability estimates were probably due to higher genotypic variance recorded

for most of the component characters that could have resulted from additional opportunity for

recombination. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean for the

component characters showed that gain from selection based on plant height, number of branches

per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per

pod and 100 seed weight would be high in the Vigna mungo x Vigna mungo var. sylvestris

derivatives.


28

Genetic variability, heritability, correlation coefficient and path analysis in gladiolus

T. Vetrivel*, V. Lakshmanan, M. Jawaharlal and S. Narmadhavathy

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur – 621212

Department of Vegetable crops, HC & RI, TNAU, Periyakulam – 625 604

Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur, Trichy – 621 712

Gladiolus (Gladiolus spp L.) is a bulbous ornamental plant belongs to the family of

Iridaceae and the sub family of Ixioideae. It is an elegant cut flower grown for its magnificent

spikes. In this regard, gladiolus has gained much importance, as it is the “Queen of bulbous

flowers”. The experiment was carried out in 12 varieties of gladiolus for different yield

attributing traits at the Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Yercaud. The results indicated that the estimates of heritability varied from 0.997 to 0.591. The

highest heritability estimates was observed for the characters length of first floret (0.997) and the

lowest for marketable spikes per plant (0.591). Expected genetic advance expressed as per cent

of mean ranged from 17.07 to 95.42. The highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was

recorded for number of cormels per plant (95.42) and lowest for diameter of daughter corm

(17.07). The PCV were higher than GCV for all the characters taken into consideration.

Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient variations were highest for number of cormels per plant

(65.095 and 54.911 respectively) and lowest for diameter of daughter corm (11.155 and 9.615

respectively). High genetic advance in percentage of mean coupled with high heritability was

recorded for the characters, viz., weight of mother corm, plant height at 60th day after planting,

length of spike, length of rachis, number of florets per spike, length of first floret and vase life

indicates a greater scope of further improvement of these traits in advance generations.

Heterosis studies in China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] for various

economic traits

V. Bhargav*, Rajiv Kumar, T.M. Rao, M.V. Dhananjaya and T. Usha Bharathi

Division of Floriculture and Medicinal Crops, Division of Vegetable Crops, ICAR-IIHR,

Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089

China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] is a popular annual flower crop belongs to

the family Asteraceae and is native of Northern China. The genus Callistephus derives its name

from two Greek words ‘Kalistos’ and ‘Stephos’ meaning ‘most beautiful’ and ‘a crown’,

respectively. China aster is most preferred flower due to its wide spectrum of attractive colours


29

and comparatively longer vase life. Among the various methods of breeding methods,

hybridization is a most viable method to improve the germplasm by adding new phenotypes with

improved characters. The present study is an attempt to exploit the heterosis in F1 hybrids for

various qualitative as well as quantitative traits, which helps in identifying the elite genotypes. A

total of 30 China aster hybrids were developed through L x T fashion; 6 lines viz. Matsumoto

Pink, Matsumoto Red, Matsumoto Rose, Matsumoto Yellow, Matsumoto Scarlet and Matsumoto

White and 5 testers viz., Phule Ganesh Violet, Phule Ganesh Purple, IIHRJ3-2, IIHRG13 and

Local White. Significant heterosis over commercial check was obtained for economic traits. The

crosses L2 x T3 (Matsumoto Red x IIHRJ3-2), L5 x T1 (Matsumoto Scarlet x Phule Ganesh

Violet), L5 x T4 (Matsumoto Scarlet x IIHRG13), L6 x T1 (Matsumoto x Phule Ganesh Violet)

and L6 x T5 (Matsumoto x Local White) exhibited overall best performance for economic traits

such as plant height, plant spread, flower stalk length, flower head diameter, 100 flower weight

and vase life were the best cross combinations for exploitation of heterosis over commercial

check cv. Arka Kamini.

Identification of rust and late leaf spot resistance genotypes among backcross lines in

peanut using validated SSR markers

P. Ramakrishnan*, N. Manivannan, A. Mothilal and PL. Viswanathan

Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003

Backcross lines from three populations involving cultivated variety and resistant donor,

TMV (Gn) 13 x GPBD 4, CO 7 x GPBD 4 and TMV 2 x GPBD 4 were employed for selection

of foliar disease resistant genotypes using the validated SSR markers. In the present study, the

validated SSR markers, IPAHM 103, GM 2301, GM 2009, GM 2079, seq8D09 linked to the rust

and late leaf spot disease resistance gene were used over 563 genotypes from three backcross

populations of two generations to select the rust and late leaf spot disease resistance. From these

genomic resources, approximately 24 % (139 lines) of the resistant backcrossed lines were

identified for further field and hybridization experiment. This study confirmed the possibility of

successful application of marker assisted selection in rust and late leaf spot resistant breeding

programs in groundnut.


30

Morphological signatures of rice landraces and their utilization

Smitha, KV; Maya, P;, Krishna, TS; and Manickavelu, A*

Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India.

Landraces are imperative sources of genetic diversity that lack formal crop improvement,

characterized by a specific adaptation to the natural environment. Each of the landraces has

unique characteristics like early maturity, adaptation to particular soil types, resistance or

tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses. The landrace rice varieties cultivated in Kerala are

supposed to be unique in nature (Indica type) and so far very few works have been done to

characterize those varieties at the molecular level. The precise phenotyping will reveal its

adaptation for abiotic stresses. Morphological analysis is completed for the first season and the

PCA data revealed the correlation between 12 phenotypic variables. PCA produced three

principal components using 12 traits (Eigenvalue > 1) which cumulatively accounted for 63.7 %

of the total phenotypic variance. The first PC explained 37.65 % of the total variance and the

traits with high positive loadings were LL, PH, PL, CL, LIL, and FLF. The PC2 explained a

16.154 % of the total variance. The traits such as WFGP, FLW, CD, and LW showed high

positive loadings. The PC3 explained a 9.89% of total variance presenting the traits such as WT

showed high positive loading and EHPP showing high negative loading. Apparently surprising

that, the genotypes with high grain weights have low no. of empty hulls. A Bi-plot has been

plotted between three components explaining the landraces associated with the traits. The

Orthogonal linear transformation revealed the high level of genetic variation and the traits

contributing to the variation was identified. The significant variables will be selected after the

morphological data analysis of second field trial for trait improvement in the breeding programs.

Future works are based upon the genome-wide diversity analysis through GBS, and QTL

mapping by GWAS of landraces to find efficient genes for the improvement of rice varieties.

Studies on genetic diversity using molecular markers in Tomato genotypes

(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)”

V. Vishnupriya*, K.R.Saravanan, A. Ramachandran and G.Parimala

Mother Terasa College of Agriculture, Mettusalai, Illuppur (Po), Pudukkottai - 622102.

Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, TamilNadu, India


31

The present investigation was carried out to find out the genetic diversity using molecular

markers in tomato genotypes Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) at Field and pot experiments. This

experiment was carried out at Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of

Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram during 2015- 17. DNA was extracted using

the CTAB method from 18 plants per genotype without bulking to check the purity of the

genotypes. In current study 5 SSR markers and 10 RAPD markers were used to assess the

genetic diversity of tomato germplasm. The genotypes LE-150 and LE-22 showed the highest

similarity as revealed by clustering using RAPD markers. Similarity coefficient of 18 genotypes

using RAPD markers ranged from 0.22 to 0.33. The lowest genetic distance was (0.22) between

genotypes LE-6 and LE-14, while, the highest genetic distance was (0.33) between varieties

LE-150 and LE-22. The clustering done using UPGMA was further confirmed by DARWIN

(6.0version). Among 18 tomato genotypes, LE-150 and LE-22 showed the highest similarity as

revealed by clustering using SSR markers. Similarity co efficient of 18 genotypes using SSR

markers ranged from 0.1 to 0.4. The clustering done using UPGMA was further confirmed by

DARWIN (6.0 version). Our result suggests the existence of divergence among the tomato

genotypes at the genotypic level. LE-150 and LE-22 (based on SSR markers) and LE-150 and

LE-22 (based on RAPD markers) could be exploited through hybridization to recover the

segregants possessing high yield potential with improved fruit quality characteristics. It was

concluded that both markers are of great utility for genetic diversity studies of tomatoes which

can further be utilized in strengthening tomato breeding programmes.

SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Botanical treatments for grain protection and their effects on germination of stored

greengram seeds

M. Chitra

Agricultural College & Research Institute, Echangkottai, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India

In an early stage of crop growth, good seed treatment helps in getting better germination,

plant establishment and crop protection. Seed storage helps in enhancing the longevity of the

seed for sowing in the following season. Traditionally farmers followed various methods of seed

treatment and storage. Seed quality is the prerequisite condition that affects the germination and

yield of any crop plants. This condition is directly related to the factors like moisture content,


32

seed drying temperature and relative humidity around seed storage, types of storage container

and storage period. Different botanicals can be used for protection of seeds and this study was

carried out to determine the effects of three botanicals on greengram seeds storage. Laboratory

studies were conducted with leaf powder of plants to show the preservative effect for

maintaining the quality of greengram seeds in storage. After processing and drying, seeds were

preserved with different botanicals such as Albizia amara, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus

emblica at a dose of 10g/Kg and halogen mixture @10g/Kg stored in gada cloth bags. The results

revealed that the botanicals and halogen mixture treatments were significantly superior in

controlling and maintaining higher seed quality throughout the storage period when compared to

untreated control. Among the botanicals, the Albizia amara @ 10g/ kg were found better by

recording significantly higher germination percentage, shoot length and root lengh, vigour index

and protein and amino acids levels compared to untreated control at the end of 12th month of

storage. From this study, it was concluded that uses of different botanicals for seed storage are

less expensive and easily available to the farmers and safe to handle.

Development of organic seed invigoration technique for enhancing seed quality in various

vigour status of Blackgram (Vigna mungo. L).

C. Vanitha

Assistant Professor (Seed Science and Technology)

National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban, Pudukkottai-622 303

The experiment was conducted at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban during

2014-2016 to develop new organic seed invigouration technique for enhancing various vigour

status of blackgram seeds. Different lots of blackgram VBN 6 were selected based on harvesting

dates and forwarded for germination test and seed quality parameters were analyzed. Vigour lot

statuses were categorized as High, Marginal and Low vigour lots in blackgram VBN 6. Marginal

vigour lot recorded 68 % germination which is 7.0 % lesser than the Minimum Seed Certification

Standard. To develop new seed invigouration technique, marginal vigour lot of blackgram seeds

were packed in gunny bags and soaked in water for various durations viz., 2 and 4 hours then the

bag was removed from the water and closed air tight and incubated for 2, 4 and 6 hours. After

the incubation period, seeds were dried back to original moisture content and forwarded for seed

quality analysis along with recommended hardening treatment and control seeds. Blackgram


33

seeds packed in gunny bag and soaked in water for 2.0 h and incubated for 4.0 h enhanced the

germination percentage (83 %), increased the speed of germination (12.68) and seedling dry

weight (0.245 g) compared to control (70 %, 9.19 and 0.170, respectively) and recommended

seed hardening treatment (77 %. 10.74 and 0.203, respectively). Based on the experiment results,

the best performed soaking duration and incubation period (2h soaking and 4h incubation) was

imposed for blackgram seeds to increase the vigour by utilizing the organic sources of

Panchagavya (% ) - 2, 4 & 6, Nutrigold (% ) – 0.25, 0.50 & 1.0, Humicacid (%)-0.25, 0.5 &1.0,

Seaweed extract (%) – 0.2, 0.4 & 0.6, Vermivash (%) – 5, 10 & 15 and Liquid biofertilizer

(%) - 5, 10 & 15 along with water (2-4h) and seed hardening (ZnSo4 100 ppm). Among the

different organic sources used for seed vigour upgradation, nutrigold @ 0.5% increased the

germination (88 %), speed of germination (16.87) and dry matter production (0.405 g) than the

control (65 %, 7.82 and 0.168, respectively).

Effect of seed priming in rice on physiological constituents under saline soil condition

N.Punithavathi* T. Jayaraj and A.Sabir Ahamed

Soil and Water Management Research Institute, Kattuthottam,Thanjavur.

Retd.Director, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai.

Horticultural College and Research Institute (Women), Navalurkuttapattu, Trichy.

Soil salinity has become a severe threat to ensure food security in the developing world.

Increasing salinity had a significant impact on food production and more agricultural lands are

expected to become salt affected due to climate change. Cereals contribute mainly to food

production and growing grain crops on saline soils require the adoption of different strategies for

sustainable crop production. Based on the above view an experiment was undertaken at Anbil

Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Navalurkuttapattu, Trichy during

2012 to study the effect of seed priming on alleviating salinity stress. The following two rice

varieties TNAU Rice TRY 3 (salt tolerant variety) and I.W.Ponni (salt sensitive variety) seeds

were primed with 1% KCl, 1% mixture of CaSO4+ZnSO4+FeSO4, GA3 20 ppm, + Azophos 1%

+ Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0 %, 1% mixture of KCl+ CaSO4+ZnSO4+FeSO4 +GA320 ppm

+ Azophos 1.0 % + Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0 % individually as well as combinations

followed by foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4, 2 % DAP and 2% cowpea pulse sprout extract at

active tillering stage. Among the different combinations of priming tried, the seeds primed with


34

with1 % mixture of KCl + CaSO4 + ZnSO4 + FeSO4 + GA3 20 ppm + Azophos 1% +

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1% followed by foliar spray of 2% cowpea pulse sprout extract at

active tillering stage recorded the improved physiological constituents such as leaf sodium

content of 1.95 mg g-1, potassium content of 4.10 mg g-1 sodium potassium ratio of 0.50.

Regarding varieties, I.W.Ponni recorded higher leaf sodium content of 2.75 mg g-1 and sodium-

potassium ratio of 0.62, whereas TNAU Rice TRY 3 registered 1.76 mg g-1of sodium and

potassium content of 4.44 mg g-1.

Standardisation of seed priming in rice under salt stress condition

N.Punithavathi* and A.Sabir Ahamed

Soil and Water Management Research Institute, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur.

Horticultural College and Research Institute(Women),Navalurkuttapattu,Trichy-9

Salinity induced stress inhibited seed germination and ultimately diminished economic

yield and quality of produce. A study was undertaken at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural

College and Research Institute, Navalurkuttapattu, Trichy to standardize a suitable seed priming

treatment for rice. The seeds of TNAU Rice TRY 3 (salt tolerant) and I.W.Ponni (salt sensitive

variety) were primed with CaCl2, CaSO4, ZnSO4, FeSO4, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azophos

and Pungam leaf extract at 0.5 and 1.0 % each and with GA3, IBA at both 10 and 20 ppm

concentrations for 12 and 18h soaking durations. The results revealed that seed priming with

Azophos 1.0%, ZnSO4 1.0 %, GA3 20ppm, Pseudomonas fluorescens 1.0%, CaSO4 1.0 % and

FeSO4 1.0% for 18h could be recommended as suitable priming treatments for enhancing

germination and vigour of rice. The best performing treatment was tested under sodicity stress

levels of 0, 14, 16 and 18 mM concentration along with untreated control. Germination per cent

is an important index for salt tolerance and significant variations in germination were observed

due to stress treatments. The effect of different stresses imposed a reduction in germination at the

sodicity level of 18 mM in both the varieties. Among the different sodicity levels, germination

per cent at 14 mM registered 85 and 83 followed by 16 mM 83 and 80 and 18 mM level 81 and

75 whereas control recorded higher germination of 96 and 94 per cent in both varieties,

respectively. The Seed priming with 1% mixture of CaSO4+ZnSO4+FeSO4 +GA320 ppm

+Azophos 1.0% registered higher germination of (88 and 86 per cent) whereas control recorded

lower germination of 80 and 78 per cent and vigour index value of 3198 and 2960.


35

Effect of staggered sowing and micronutrient application on accelerated ageing of

rice hybrid CORH 4

S. Seethalakshmi*, R. Jerlin, U. Gowthamy and K.V. Shobha

Department of Seed Science and Technology,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3, Tamil Nadu, India

Rice is an important staple cereal food crop, next to wheat. Due to urbanization, the land

area under cultivated is shrinking and the crop growth suffers due to various kinds of abiotic

stresses. Accelerated ageing is a stress tolerance test. High vigour seeds can withstand this stress

conditions and able to germinate than low vigour seeds. We can easily predict the vigorous lots

among the genotypes using accelerated ageing stress test. In the present experiment, the seeds

were placed and stressed under 40°C and 100 % relative humidity, for varying lengths of time..

The results showed that the mixed planting of the staggered seedlings in a single hill along with

the boron @ 0.02 % foliar spray during boot leaf stage has exhibited the initial germination

(100%), root length (20.15 cm), shoot length (10.10 cm) and vigour index (3023), which was

reduced to germination of 89 %, root length (12.80 cm), shoot length (9.60 cm) and vigour index

(1994) after 8 days of accelerated ageing compared to other treatments.

Foliar application of nutrients to increase seed setting and filling percentage in sunflower

K. Vijayalakshmi* and K. Nelson Navamani Raj

Seed Centre, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crop grown in temperate and tropical

countries. Sunflower yield was reduced due to ill filled seed, seed ill filling its due to several

physical, physiological problems behind the crop production. A higher proportion of empty

achenes (upto 60%) especially in the centre of capitulum result from source limitation. During

seed filling, maximum import of photoassimilate appeared in intermediate whorls, while central

whorls always exhibited the lowest import leading to poor seed filling. This study was carried

out an application of different foliar nutrients at the capitulum to minimize the empty achenes.

Foliar spray viz., Nutrigold (2.0 ppm), TIBA (100 ppm), KH2PO4 (200 ppm), boron (4.0 ppm),

NAA (5.0 ppm), GA3 (1000 ppm) and control (water). All the foliar spray treatments were

imposed at bud opening (55th DAS) and seed formation (68th DAS) stage of sunflower.

The observations on floral characters, capitulum characters, growth parameters and yield


36

components of sunflower (yield per plant, yield per plot, 100 seed weight) were recorded at

vegetative, budding, flowering, seed formation and seed maturation stages. Foliar spray of

KH2PO4 established its supremacy among the treatments were observed higher capitulum fresh

weight and dry weight, number of filled achenes, seed oil content, seed set percentage, 100 seed

weight, seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot and harvest index, dry matter but germination

percentage and vigour index was maximum in GA3. The number of ill filled seeds was

maximum in in control. The promotive effects of KH2PO4 on production of highest seed yield of

45.9 g/plant with the increase of 26 per cent over the control. The present study showed that

empty achenes are formed due to source limitation, so the foliar application of 2% KH2PO4 is to

minimize the empty achenes and yield loss. Yield increase up to 21 percent and seed set

percentage also substantially increase 21 per cent over the control.

Improvement of germination and vigour through seed priming with ZnO nano particles in

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Nguyen Quang Thinh*, S. Sundareswaran and K. Raja

Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore- 3

Department of Nano Science Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore – 3

India is the major producer and consumer of blackgram and produced about 1.66 million

tonnes of blackgram in an area of 3.06 million ha during 2012 - 2013. Nanotechnology is an

exciting and powerful discipline of science which offered many new and profitable products and

applications. The metal ions such as zinc, iron and copper are essential constituents of several

enzymes found in the botanic system. Seed priming is the controlled hydration and dehydration

method adopted for improving seed quality. To study the effect of different concentration and

duration of ZnO nano particles on seed germination and vigour, blackgram seeds (CO 6) was

primed with ZnO nano particles dissolved by sonicator for 30 minutes. Seed priming was done at

different concentrations viz.,100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/lit for 2, 3 and 4 hours with 1:1

(w/v) ratio with three replications and the observations on physiological seed quality parameters

were recorded. To study the effect of seed priming with ZnO nano particles on biochemical

changes in blackgram seeds before and after ageing, the primed seeds were artificially aged

(accelerated ageing) for five days. Biochemical changes in seeds viz., dehydrogenase enzyme

activity in seeds and free sugars and free amino acids in seed leachate were observed in aged and


37

non-aged seeds. The results revealed that the seeds primed with ZnO nano particles at 300 mg/l

for 3 hours recorded the maximum speed of germination (21.67) and the maximum germination

percentage (99.0%). The dry weight of root (45 mg/seedling) and the computed vigour index

value (3314) were also maximum in the seeds primed with ZnO nano particles at 300mg/l for

3 hours when compared to other treatments. The dehydrogenase enzyme activity was

significantly higher in the seed primed with 300 mg/l of ZnO nano particles for 3 hours. The

higher enzyme activity was recorded even after accelerated ageing for 5 days in this treatment.

The leachate of seeds primed with 300 mg/l of ZnO nano particles for 3 hours recorded the

minimum free sugar and free amino acids content (0.099 µg and 0.468 µg/50 seeds/50 ml,

respectively) than the other treatments. Less free sugar and free amino acids content in seed

leachate is an index of cell membrane integrity and seed vigour. From this study, it is clearly

evident that the seeds primed with ZnO nano particles suspension at 300 mg/l for 3 hours

significantly improved the seed germination, seedling vigour and vigour associated biochemical

parameters in blackgram seeds. Seed priming with ZnO nano particles might have involved in

the triggering of seed germination and control over the seed deterioration and mechanism of seed

ageing.

Influence of bio priming on seed quality characters of multipurpose tree Bael

(Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.,)

B.Venudevan* and P.Srimathi

Agricultural college and Research Institute, Killikulam1 and RRS, Paiyur

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3.

In the cultivation of multipurpose trees, seed germination fetches higher importance.

Hence, various seed enhancements techniques are adopted to improve the seed germination and

seedling emergence. Among them, seed priming is an efficient method for increasing seed vigour

and improvement of germination and seedling growth. A study was conducted to evaluate the

influence of liquid biofertilizers viz., Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria and Azophos and the

biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) in four concentrations with the soaking duration

of 6h in Bael (Aegle marmelos). The results highlighted that priming the seeds in 10 per cent

liquid Azospirillum for 6h adopting 1:1 seed to solution ratio enhanced the seed germination of

90 per cent and vigour index of 2205.


38

Mitigation of salt stress in rice through seed priming

T. Eevera

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and

Research Institute, TNAU, Trichy, Tamil Nadu.

Salinity is one of the major hurdles that cause serious hazards in agriculture thereby

limiting agricultural productivity. Various reclamation methods had been followed to alleviate

the salinity and among them most successful tool is the adoption of toleranct varieties. In

addition to that, seed priming is very useful technique to mitigate the effect of salt stress. In this

experiment, the rice seeds of salt tolerant (TNAU Rice TRY 3) and salt sensitive (ADT (R) 49)

varieties were primed with various concentration of Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) along with

hydropriming and unprimed seeds as a control. The performance of primed seeds was assessed

under salt affected field condition. The field emergence (%) 5th DAS, seedling length (cm), dry

matter production (DMP), root volume (ml) and biochemical changes like proline and defense

enzymes viz., peroxidase and catalase were observed. The results revealed that priming treatment

enhanced the performance of salt-sensitive variety in addition to the tolerance varieties. The

improved performance of primed seeds under salt stress condition may be due to the regulated

defense responses leading to systemic tolerance to subsequent salt stress exposure. Hence, from

this study, it is clearly envisaged that the seed priming with 80µMSNP was found to be suitable

for enhancing the performance of rice seeds under salinity condition.

Optimizing duration of hydro priming for seed quality enhancement in Basil

(Ocimum basilicum L.)

B.Venudevan*, S. Keerthanapriya, D.Navitha and R.Geetha

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

In cultivation of medicinal plants the farmers face a majopr problem of poor seed

germination. Seed priming is an efficient method for increasing seed vigour and improvement of

germination and seedling growth. The laboratory experiment was conducted at the seed science

and technology unit, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and

Research Institute, Killikulam during 2017 to improve the seed germination and vigour. The

present study was conducted to examine the effect of hydropriming (2h, 4h, 6h, 8h and 12h


39

hydro priming and control) treatment on seed parameters of basil. The results showed that the

effect of hydropriming was significant on germination percentage, seedling length, dry matter

production and seedling vigour. Mean comparison showed that the maximum germination

(70%), shoot length (2.4cm), root length (1.9 cm), dry matter production (0.032) and vigour

index (301) were achieved at 12 h of seed priming. Moreover, hydro priming treatment can

successfully be applied on basil seeds to improve physiological performance.

Positional influence of siliqua in Mustard

V. Vijaya geetha* and M. Bhaskaran

Oilseeds Research Station, TNAU, Tindivanam, Tamil Nadu, India

Tamil Nadu Open University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Seeds with maximum germination and vigour are the basic requirements in achieving

maximum crop yield. It has been found that in many plant species the fate of the next generation

or generations, as the germination is concerned, is dependent, at least to a certain degree, on the

maturation conditions of the seeds when they are still on the mother plant. In different plant

species maternal factors such as position of inflorescence on the mother plant or the position of

seeds in the inflorescence or in the fruit influence the germinability of seeds. Hence, studies were

undertaken in mustard cv. GM-2 to elicit information on positional influence in mustard at

Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU Coimbatore.. A total number of ten plants

were randomly tagged and seeds were collected from different positions as the total plant height

was equally divided into three positions as P1-Top; P2 - Middle; P3 - Bottom; and the seed

quality attributes like germination, shoot length, root length, vigour index, oil and protein content

were recorded. The study on the effect of siliqua position on seed quality revealed non

significant influence on physiological parameters viz., germination, shoot and root length, vigour

index, dry matter production and biochemical parameters like like - amylase, oil and protein

content for seeds collected from the top, middle and bottom portion of the mother plant.

Seed priming influence on seedling vigour of Kodo millet

R. Sridevi*, V. Manonmani and G. Gopalakrishnan

Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, Trichy District.

Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore.

Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore.


40

The present study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of priming in enhancing

the seedling vigour of kodo millet cv. CO 3. The seeds were primed with water, KH2PO4 (2%)and

Pseudomonas fluorescens (20%) and evaluated for their physiological seed quality parameters.

The nonprimed seed was treated as the control. Seed quality parameters like speed of

germination, germination, shoot and root length, dry matter production, vigour index and seed

metabolic efficiency were improved in the kodo millet seeds primed with Pseudomonas fluorescens

20 % for 6 hours.

Seed priming with banana pseudostem polyphenols for enhanced seed quality parameters

of maize hybrid COH (M) 6

G. Gopalakrishnan*, K. Sundaralingam and R. Sridevi

Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, Tamil Nadu, India

The investigations were conducted to assess the vigour potential of maize hybrid COH

(M) 6 with different seed priming treatment using Banana Pseudostem Polyphenols. Seed

priming is a pre sowing treatment which leads to a physiological state that enables seed to

germinate more efficiently. The study carried out under the factorial completely randomized

design. The maize hybrid COH (M) 6 seeds were subjected to seed priming treatment such as

hydropriming, Banana pseudostem polyphenols @ 50 ppm, Banana pseudostem polyphenols

@ 100 ppm and Banana pseudostem polyphenols @ 150 ppm along with control. The

physiological parameters like speed of germination, germination %, shoot length, root length, dry

matter production, vigour index and biochemical parameters like amylase activity and

dehydrogenase activity were recorded. The results showed that maize hybrid COH (M) 6 seeds

primed with Banana pseudostem polyphenols @ 50 ppm enhanced the physiological and

biochemical seed quality parameters.

Standardization of suitable vigour test for tomato seeds

V.Vijayalakshmi*, K.Ramamoorthy, S.Sathish and K.Sivasubramaniam

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003

Experiments on suitable vigour testing method for measuring the vigour status of tomato

seeds were carried out. Four seed lots of TNAU tomato hybrid CO 3 (varying from 88 to 100 %


41

germination) was exposed to different stress tests viz., accelerated ageing (at 40oC with 100 %

relative humidity), controlled deterioration (20 % seed moisture content at 40oC for 36h) and

complex stressing vigour tests (seeds soaked for 4h at 40oC followed by 2h at 5oC). The

differences in the ability of tomato seed lots to retain germination during adverse and controlled

environment were correlated with field emergence which would help in differentiating the vigour

lots. The results revealed that Correlation among vigour tests with field emergence indicated

strong and positive association between accelerated ageing test and controlled deterioration test

(r = 0.778) and negative correlation between accelerated ageing and CSVT (-0.034) and

controlled deterioration and CSVT (- 0.655). Highly significant and positive correlation was

observed for all the vigour tests viz., accelerated ageing (0.933), controlled deterioration (0.500)

and CSVT (0.337) with field emergence. Based on the correlation studies it was evident, that

accelerated ageing followed by complex stressing vigour tests had significant positive

association with field emergence. Considering the higher strength of correlation accelerated

ageing test can serve as a suitable vigour test for tomato.

CROP MANAGEMENT

AGRONOMY

Assessing the biomass production of azolla in rice soil eco system

M. Kalaiselvi*, A. Lakshmanan and V. Geethalekshmi.

Department of Agro Climate Research Centre, Directorate of Crop Management,

Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 3.

Wetland rice fields can provide an ideal condition for the growth of Azolla and

cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae) employing these photosynthetic systems. Hence, the wet bio

mass production of Azolla as dual crop (grown along with rice) was quantified at different stages.

The growth rate was high up to 40 days after transplanting and declined thereafter and the bio

mass generation was high during 60 days after transplanting. Under single inoculation, Azolla

recorded an average observed growth rate of 0.04 and average wet biomass production was

376.14gm-2. Under combined inoculation of Azolla & BGA recorded an average observed

growth rate of 0.02 and average wet biomass production was 231.4gm-2, thus confirming the fact

that the biomass generation was high when grown alone.


42

Assessment on water efficient rice production technology

E. Subramanian*, R. Ravi and R. Babu

Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aduthurai – 612 101

Experiments were conducted during Kharif seasons at Tamil Nadu Rice Research

Institute, Aduthurai, the Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu to find out the water efficient rice

production technology. The experiment consisted of 5 crop establishment treatments viz., direct

planting system, drum seeding, system of rice intensification, aerobic rice and conventional

planting system. The rice variety ADT 45 was used for the study. The experiment was laid out in

randomized block design with four replications. Among the water efficient crop establishment

techniques, drum seeding registered the highest grain yield of 5650 kg ha-1 and it was

comparable with direct planting system (5592 kg ha-1). The system of rice intensification

produced the grain yield of 5025 kg ha-1. The conventional method of transplanting (15 X10 cm)

produced higher yield than system of rice intensification. However, the unproductive tillers were

less in the system of rice intensification system. The harvest index was also higher in system of

rice intensification when compared to other crop establishment. Interestingly, the water

productivity was higher in aerobic rice (6.92 kg/ ha mm of water) in spite of its low yield. In rice

cultivation around 49.6 % water can be saved by means of aerobic rice when compared to

conventional method of rice cultivation. Though the system of rice intensification was known for

higher yield, with higher number of tiller and panicle per plant the suitability of this system for

short duration rice varieties need to be reassessed because of less number of tiller and panicle per

unit area. Hence, the water efficient rice production techniques of drum seeding and direct

planting system can be followed in canal irrigated areas whereas aerobic rice can be followed in

water scarcity, turn system of irrigation and well irrigated area for efficient water use and to

sustain rice farming.

Comparative study on the effect of additive and replacement series on growth and yield of

Groundnut based intercropping system

Syed Abul Hassan Hussainy*, R. Vaidyanathan

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

Oilseeds Research Station, Tindivanam


43

The present study was undertaken to identify suitable groundnut intercropping system

and evaluate its production potential in additive and replacement series. In this regard field

experiment was conducted at Oilseeds Research Station, Tindivanam, India during kharif season

of 2017 as a comparative study on the effect of additive and replacement series on growth and

yield of groundnut based intercropping system. Experiment was laid under randomized block

design with three replications and nine treatments comprising of one sole groundnut crop and

four groundnut + intercrops under both additive and replacement series respectively comprising

of groundnut + castor (6:1), groundnut + black gram (6:1), groundnut + sesame (4:1) and

groundnut + pearlmillet (4:1) under irrigated conditions. Results indicated that plant height of

groundnut was significantly higher in sole groundnut (23.3 cm) followed by groundnut +

blackgram (22.9 cm) in replacement series. While, comparing the yield of all main crops and

intercrops, replacement series as a whole recorded higher than additive series. In terms of

equivalent yield, groundnut intercropped with blackgram (3435 kg ha-1) under replacement series

followed by the same under additive series (3320 kg ha-1) was found to be advantageous. Lower

equivalent yield was recorded when groundnut was intercropped with castor (2260 kg ha-1) in

replacement series.

Compatibility of bispyribac sodium with insecticides for tank mix application in

wet seeded rice

G. Anjana Devaraj*, K. P. Prameela and T.K. Bridjith

Research scholar, Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara

Professor and PI, AICRP on Weed Management, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara

Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padanakkadu

An experiment entitled “compatibility of bispyribac sodium with insecticides for tank

mix application in wet seeded rice” was conducted in Alappad Kole lands of Thrissur district,

from August 2016 to January 2017. The experiment aimed at studying the compatibility of

bispyribac sodium with two new generation insecticides (flubendiamide & imidacloprid) for tank

mix application in wet seeded rice and to asses the pest control efficiency of herbicide and

insecticides. The insecticide Imidacloprid appeared to be compatible with bispyribac sodium, but

efficacy of bispyribac sodium was reduced when mixed with flubendiamide. Due to low

incidence and no significant difference on insect pest counts among various treatments, efficacy

of insecticides when tank mixed with herbicide could not be interpreted.


44

Crop weed competition studies in irrigated Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Bijjula Sruthi*, S.Anbarasan, M. Ishwarya, Masadi Akhila and P.Saravanane

Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore, India

Department of Agronomy, PAJANCOA & RI, Karaikal, India

Department of Agronomy, UBKV, West Bengal, India

A pot experiment was conducted at Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and

Research Institute (PAJANCOA&RI), Karaikal on clay loam soil during Rabi 2016 to find out

the critical period of crop-weed competition in irrigated blackgram in the coastal region of

Karaikal. The experiment involved 10 treatments viz., Weedy for 15 DAS (T1), Weedy for 30

DAS (T2), Weedy for 45 DAS (T3), Weedy for 60 DAS (T4), Weedy up to harvest (T5), Weed

free for 15 DAS (T6), Weed free for 30 DAS (T7), Weed free for 45DAS (T8), Weed free for 60

DAS (T9),Weed free upto harvest (T10) tested in a Completely Randomized Design with three

replications. Weedy condition throughout the crop growth recorded more weed density

(30.7 numbers/0.625 m2) (T5) and weed dry weight (35.20g/0.625 m2), respectively. Weed free

condition maintained throughout the crop growth resulted in improved plan dry weight (9.08g)

higher number of pods per plant (7.4 numbers), which in turn result per planted in higher

blackgram seed yield (11.1 g per plant) (T10). Higher yield loss was observed in weedy

condition throughout the crop growth (91.5 percent) followrd by weed free condition maintained

for early 15 DAS (69.9 percent) and weed free condition maintained for early 30 DAS (61.4

percent) respectively.

Effect of black polythene mulch on weed suppression in elephant foot yam

[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicholson]

Lekshmi Sekhar* and C. George Thomas

Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara

A field experiment was conducted in the Department of Agronomy, College of

Horticulture, Vellanikkara during March to December 2016 to study the effect of frequency of

weeding and various weed management techniques on the growth and yield of elephant foot

yam. Broad leaf weeds were the most dominant weed species during the whole crop growth

phase irrespective of the treatment. Mulching with black polythene was the best option to

manage weeds in elephant foot yam fields at all growth stages. Mulching with black polythene


45

maintained the highest weed control efficiency at all the stages except at 165 DAP. However,

mulching with black polythene gave consistent weed control efficiency up to 105 DAP after

manual weeding four times, and at 165 DAP, it was the second best in controlling weeds. Weed

index was lower in plots with black polythene mulch, pre emergence application of oxyfluorfen

and post emergence spray of glyphosate indicating their efficacy in enhancing competitiveness of

the plant and ensuring better crop yield compared to other treatments.

Effect of intercropping pulses and vegetables on Littlemillet yield and economics under

rainfed condition

K. Sharmili* and S. Manoharan

Department of Agronomy, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season (2014) at Millet Breeding Station

of TNAU, Coimbatore, to evaluate little millet based intercropping system under rainfed

condition. The experiment was laid out in RBD with four replications. Six treatments were

studied viz., T1-little millet sole crop, T2-little millet + radish (8:2), T3-little millet + coriander

(8:2), T4-little millet + small onion (8:2), T5-little millet + blackgram (8:2) and T6-little millet +

greengram (8:2) intercropping under replacement series and all the intercrops were raised

separately adjacent to treatment plots and yields were recorded to work out indices related to

biological efficiency of intercropping system. The plant height was comparatively higher (104.9

and 104.7 cm) in little millet intercropped with blackgram and greengram. Among the

intercropping system, little millet Grain Equivalent Yield (LMGEY) was highest in little millet +

small onion (1832 kg ha-1) and the lowest LMGEY were recorded in horsegram + coriander

(1373 kg ha-1). The net income was found to be higher in little millet intercropped with small

onion (35,612 Rs ha-1) whereas B:C ratio was found to be higher in little millet intercropped

with greengram (2.65) which was on par with little millet intercropped with blackgram (2.63).

Effect of non chemical weed management interventions on yield of organic Brinjal

Uma Maheswari*, M, Karthik. A and Sourabh Munnoli

Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

Field trial was conducted in an organic farmer’s field located at Annur, Coimbatore

district during Kharif 2015 to asses the different weed management techniques in organic brinjal.

The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with replicated thrice. The


46

treatments comprised of different weed management interventions like pre-emergence

application of Corn flour @ 1 t/ha, Pre-emergence Sunflower dried stalk extract spraying, live

mulching with sunnhemp and multi varietal grains, hand and twin hoe weeder weedings and the

control. The predominant weed flora of the experimental field were Cyperus rotundus under

sedge and Euphorbia geniculata, Trianthema portulacastrum, Boerhaavia diffusa and

Commelina bengalensis under broad leaved weeds. The observation on 90 DAT of brinjal

revealed that, trenching of Corn flour at one tonne per hectare on 3 DAT followed by one hand

weeding on 30 DAT has reduced total weed density ( 18.67/m2) and weed dry weight (4.90g/m2)

than control (92.0/m2and 166.3g./m2) on 90 DAS. This was closely followed by the application

of sunflower dried stalk solution on 1:10 w/v basis on 3 DAT and one hand weeding on 30 DAT

(24.7/m2). The higher yield of 329 q/ha was recorded with the application of corn flour @ 1 t/ha

followed by hand weeding. Hence, it is concluded that trenching of corn flour at 1 ton/ha or

spraying of sunflower dried stalk solution at 1:10 w/v basis along with one hand weeding will be

ecologically safe and viable option to maintain less weed competition in organic brinjal.

Effect of organic nutrient sources on productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

S.P. Sangeetha* and P. Devasenapathy

Department of Agronomy, AC & RI, TNAU, Kudumiyanmalai - 622 104

Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003

Tamil Nadu, India

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

during rabi season to study the effect of organic sources of nutrients on productivity of rice. The

soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture having a slightly alkaline pH of 8.1 with

low soluble salts (EC = 0.45 dS m-1), medium organic carbon content (0.62 per cent), low in

available N (262 kg ha-1), medium in available P (18.2 kg ha-1) and high in available K (576 kg

ha-1). The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications.

The experiment consisted of eight treatments comprising six treatments of organic manures and

their combinations viz., T1: enriched FYM compost, T2: vermicompost, T3: FYM + neem cake

(1/2+1/2), T4: enriched FYM compost + vermicompost + FYM (1/3+1/3+1/3), T5: composted

poultry manure, T6: enriched poultry manure compost, T7: recommended NPK fertilizer and

T8: absolute control (without organic and inorganic). The pre-season green manuring of Sesbania

aculeata (Dhaincha) was sown prior to rice crop uniformly and incorporated in situ at 47 days after


47

sowing before rice transplanting. The recommended doses of 75: 50: 50 kg ha-1 of N, P and K

were applied to the rice crop. The consumer preference rice variety, improved white ponni was

raised. Transplanting was done in the main field with a spacing of 20 x 10 cm at two seedlings

hill-1. The results revealed that the application of enriched poultry manure compost on equal N

basis (2.3 t ha-1) recorded higher growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield, which was

however comparable with composted poultry manure (3.3 t ha-1).

Effect of spacing and nutrient management on nutrient uptake and post harvest soil

nutrient availability of transplanted barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea L.) under

irrigated condition

M. Dhananivetha* and T. Ragavan

Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur – 621 712, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agronomy, AC & RI, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai to find out the effect of different spacing and

varying nutrient levels on nutrient uptake and post harvest soil nutrient status in transplanted

barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea L.) under irrigated condition. The experiment was

laid out in a split-split plot design and replicated thrice during summer and kharif’ 2015. The

main plot consisted of barnyard millet variety CO (KV) 2 and pre-release culture ACM10145

and the spacing treatments viz., 25 x 10 cm (S1), 30 x 10 cm (S2) and 45 x 10 cm (S3) which

were assigned to subplot. The levels of nutrients viz., 100 per cent RDF (44:22:0 NPK kg ha-1)

(N1), 125 per cent RDF (N2) and 150 per cent RDF (N3) were allotted to sub sub plot. The

barnyard millet crop with conventional farmers practice (Direct sown) was raised separately

outside the treatment plot for comparison study purpose. In general, the nutrient uptake gradually

increased from tillering to harvest. The N, P and K uptake at all the stages of observations were

higher under the closer spacing of 25 x 10 cm than wider spacings due to more accumulation of

dry matter with increased plant population. Soil available nutrients were reduced due to adoption

of higher plant population under closer spacing. Wider spacing recorded higher post harvest soil

nutrient availability due to reduced plant population with lower dry matter production. Higher N,

P and K uptake were observed under 150 per cent RDF level. Increased N application resulted in

increased uptake of P.


48

Enhancement of water productivity and profitability under melon based cropping system

using mulching sheet and drip fertigation in nallvaur sub basin of villupuram district

P.C. Prabu* and R.Vaidyanathan

Oilseeds Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tindivanam, Tamil Nadu, India

Nowadays farmers are adopting Precision Agriculture (PA) mainly due to the reduction

of environmental impacts which is need of the day to increae the production potential of the

field. Precision farming in melon based cropping system is being practiced by the farmers of

Nallavur basin of Villupuram district. The ground water in Marakkanam block of Nallavur basin

is over exploited which is a key limiting factor to grow crops with the available water throughout

the year. Farmers participatory research was conducted in 20 ha area with an objective of

growing three melon crops under drip fertigation and polythene mulching sheet. Field

experiments were conducted at farmers field in Alankuppam village of Marakkanam block of

Villupram district of Tamil Nadu state. All the plant growth parameters, yield and quality

characters were significantly higher in drip fertigation coupled with mulching practice than that

of drip fertigation alone and conventional irrigation method. The gross productivity of the

cropping system (3 crops) under drip fertigation + mulching sheet was 120.2 t/ha/year with net

income of 7.12 lakhs/ha/year as compared to drip fertigation alone (85.4t/ha/year with net

income of 5.55 lakhs/ha/year. Under conventional irrigation method the crop productivity was

33.1 t/ha/year with net income of 1.65 lakhs/ha/year. Besides it also minimized the water

requirement of crop due to less evaporation and good crop cover. Since the ground water is over

exploited in Marakkanm block, drip fertigation coupled with mulching sheet for melon based

cropping system paved way for the effective utilization of ground water and maximizing the

water productivity which is the need of the hour.

Evaluation of new herbicide molecules for rice under transplanted condition

S.Radhamani

Associate Professor (Agronomy), Institute of Agriculture, AEC & RI, Kumulur, Trichy

Among the different factors influencing the crop yield, weeds are one of the important

yield limiting factors in rice cultivation. The predominant weed flora present under transplanted

rice situation is Echinocloa colona, Echinocloa crusgalli, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis,

Eclipta alba and Marsilea quadrifoliata. Weeds cause about 50 to 100 per cent yield loss if it is


49

uncontrolled. Suitable weed control measures have to be adopted to reduce weed competition

and to increase the rice yield. With this view, field experiments were conducted in AICRIP

programme with an objective of evaluating new molecules of herbicides for chemical weed

control in transplanted rice. The experiments were conducted at Paddy Breeding station, TNAU,

Coimbatore during Kharif, 2012. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam in texture with

low available N (252 kg ha-1), medium in available P (18 kg ha-1), and high in available K (540

kg ha-1). The trial was conducted in a Randomized Block Design with three replications using a

variety CO 47. The treatments included were Butachlor at 1.5 kg a.i./ha applied at 5-7 DAT,

flucetosulfuron 20 g a.i./ha at 2-3 DAT, flucetosulfuron 25 g a.i./ha at 2-3 DAT, penoxsulam +

cyhalofop-butyl at 120 g a.i./ha, penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl at 135 g a.i./ha,

bispyribacsodium at 35 g a.i./ha applied at 15-20 DAT, two hand weedings at 20 & 40 DAT and

unweeded control. The results revealed that among the weed control practices the lowest weed

dry weight (10.47 g/m2) was recorded with application of penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl at 135 g

a.i./ha. Application of penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl at 120 and 135 g a.i./ha did not recorded

any phytotoxicity symptoms on rice. Application of penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl at 135 g

a.i./ha recorded higher grain yield of 7642 kg/ha and was comparable with application of

bispyribac sodium at 35 g a.i./ha (7487 kg/ha) and penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl at 120 g a.i./ha

(7360 kg/ha). The treatment hand weeding twice recorded a grain yield of 7091 kg/ha. The

increased grain yield with application of penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl at 135 g a.i./ha might be

attributed to efficient and broad spectrum control of grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds.

Evaluation of principles of SRI on growth and productivity of rice

G. Parimala*, A. Ramachandran and V.Vishnupriya

Mother Terasa College of Agriculture, Pudukkottai – 622102, TamilNadu, India

A field experiment was carried out at research farm of Annamalai University, Annamalai

nagar during summer (January 2012 to April 2012) and Samba seasons (November 2012 to

February 2013). The experimental soil was clay loam, alkaline, medium in nitrogen and

phosphorus and high in potassium. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design

(RBD) with 7 treatments, viz., (T1) - SRI (Use of 8-12 days old seedling raised bed nursery,

careful transplanting at a spacing of 25×25cm , weed management with conoweeder 4 time,

saturation of water management use of 75% inorganic + 25% organic, (T2) - T1 with 20 to 25


50

days old seedlings + (instead of 8-12 day old seedlings), (T3) - T1 with 20×15 cm spacing +

(instead of 25×25 cm spacing), (T4) -T1 with only inorganic (RDF) + (instead of organic +

inorganic), (T5) - T1 with herbicide + manual weeding (instead of conoweeding), (T6) - T1

with alternate wetting and drying (instead of saturation of water management), (T7) -

conventional transplanting (location specific pest management practice). The growth and yield

components of rice viz., plant height, tillers hill-1, tillers m2, leaf area index, dry matter

production, number of panicle/m2 and number of grain panicle-1 was favorably influenced by

SRI (use of 8-12 days old seedling, 25×25 cm of spacing, saturation of water ,four times cono

weeding only inorganic) in both the cropping seasons. Among the treatment, SRI (use of 8-12old

seedling, 25×25 cm of spacing, saturation of water, four times cono weeding only inorganic) in

recorded the highest grain yield of 5667 kg ha-1 and 6578 kg ha-1 straw yield in the respective

cropping seasons. This was followed by SRI (use of 8-12 days old seedlings, 25×25 cm of

spacing, four times cono weeding, saturation, use of 75% inorganic+ 25% organic ). The least

grain and straw yield was recorded in conventional method of transplanting.

Fibre -Fodder intercropping for improving soil fertility and maintaining seed cotton

productivity with variable fertilizer levels under Bt cotton based cropping system in north

western zone of Tamil Nadu, India

M. Daisy* and K. Rajendran

KVK, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal-2, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore-3, Tamil Nadu, India

To ward off the shortage of leguminous green fodder for feeding livestock, it is an option

to grow compatible short duration intercrops to best utilize the wide space between cotton crop.

A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of cotton yield under legume fodder

cropping system, productivity and profitability of cotton and fodder as influenced by various

fertilizer levels during Kharif 2015-16 and Kharif 2016-17 at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil

Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal. The treatments consisted of

intercropping systems in the main plot viz., C1- Bt cotton alone; C2- Bt cotton + fodder cowpea;

C3-Bt cotton + horse gram; C4- Bt cotton + moth bean; C5-Bt cotton + pillipesera and different

fertilizer levels in sub plot viz., F1-100% RDF; F2- 125% RDF; F3-150% RDF. The experiment

was conducted in a split plot design with each block of treatments replicated three times at each


51

plot. Gross plot size was 32.4 m2 (6.0 m x 5.4 m). Bt cotton + moth bean (C4) fodder

intercropping system recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield during both years (2029 kg

ha-1 and 1507 kg ha-1) followed by Bt cotton + horse gram (C3) with 1909 kg ha-1 and 1422 kg

ha-1 during both years. Comparing the two years, the seed cotton yield was more during 2015-

2016 than 2016-2017. This is attributed to favourable weather condition particularly adequate

quantity of rainfall received during the first year of study. Yield reduction of Bt cotton

intercropped with fodder cowpea was noticed and it was 9.80 to 10.43 per cent over sole cotton.

Among legume fodders, fodder cowpea intercropped with Bt cotton, with 150% RDF (C2F3)

produced higher green fodder yield 17,407 and 14,431 kg ha-1 during first and second year of the

study. Highest net income of Rs. 98888 and Rs. 65922 ha-1 was recorded in Bt cotton + fodder

cowpea (C2) system and was followed by Bt cotton + moth bean (C4) and Bt cotton + horse gram

(C3) intercropping system. Land equivalent ratios of all the fodder legume intercrops were

greater than one which indicated more efficient and utilization of resources by the intercrops. But

the highest benefit cost ratio was in Bt cotton + moth bean (C4) of 2.55 and 2.14 followed by

Bt cotton + fodder cowpea (C2) of 2.52 and 2.04 during first and second year, respectively.

Fodder cowpea and moth bean performed better than horse gram and pillipesera when

intercropped with cotton.

Impact of integrated weed management practices on growth parameters and yield

attributes of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

S. Dhilsha*, S. Manoharan and P. Shalini Pillai

Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam

Field experiment was conducted in wetland of Agricultural College and Research

Institute, Killikulam during Rabi (Pishanam) season of 2016-17, with a view to find out the

effective integrated weed management practice for the cultivation of direct seeded aerobic rice.

The treatments consisted of application of pre emergence and early post emergence herbicides

viz., pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 25 g ha-1, pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1, pendimethalin @ 1 kg ha-1,

bispyribac sodium @ 25 g ha-1, ethoxysulfuron @ 20 g ha-1 along with 2,4-D Na salt

@ 0.5 kg ha-1 hand weeding on 40 DAS. In addition, the hand weeding twice 20 and 40 DAS

were adopted including unweeded control for comparison. Results revealed that the early post

emergence application of bispyribac sodium @ 25 g ha-1 on 20 DAS fb hand weeding on 40 DAS


52

registered significantly higher plant height, number of tillers, dry matter production, panicles,

filled grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and straw yield, closely followed by hand

weeding twice on 20 DAS and 40 DAS.

Influence of nutrient management practices on maximum yield potential and economics of

hybrid castor (Ricinus communisL.) under high resource condition in Tamil Nadu

S. Manickam* and S. Suganya

Adhiparashakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai, Vellore – 632 506, Tamil Nadu, India

Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur, Salem– 636 119, Tamil Nadu, India

The main objective of the study was to bridge the gap between actual and potential yield

of castor hybrid and to assess the yield and economics under high resource condition. Field

experiment was conducted at Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur with castor

YRCH 1 hybrid and improved nutrient management technologies with 9 treatments viz., RDF,

RDF + MN mixture, RDF + MN mixture along with biofertilizers and RDF + MN mixture +

biofertilizers along with foliar spray of micronutrientson 45 DAS and replicated thrice in RBD

during Aug, 2014 to Mar, 2016. The results revealed that higher seed yield (3122 kg ha-1) and

higher BC ratio (3.46) were recorded under high resource condition ie., application of 100%

recommended dose of fertilizer along with enriched TNAU MN mixture for castor @ 7.5 kg ha-1

+ Azophos @ 2 kg ha-1 + Foliar spray of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% on 45 DAS. Hence, it is

concluded that application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (90:45:45 kg NPK ha-1)

along with enriched TNAU MN mixture for castor @ 7.5 kg ha-1 + Azophos @ 2 kg ha-1 + Foliar

spray of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 @ 0.5% on 45 DAS could be followed to bridge the yield gap

between actual and potential yield of castor.

Nutrient uptake of sugarcane by using different Water Soluble Fertilizer (WSF) under

subsurface drip fertigation system

M. Anbarasu*, A. Gurusamy and R. Indirani

Department of Agronomy, AC & RI, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agronomy, AC & RI, TNAU, Kudumiyanmalai, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Soil Science and Environment, AC & RI, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

To estimate the efficiency water soluble fertilizers used in drip fertigation practices with

regard to the nutrient uptake by the plants, a study was conducted in RBD with three

replications. The treatments consisted of F1- soil application of RDF (275:62.5:112.5 kg


53

NPK/ha), F2- Drip fertigation of 100% RDF (P as basal, N and K through drip as Urea and

MOP), F3-Drip fertigation of 100% RDF with Urea, MOP and SOP, Drip fertigation of 75%, (F4)

and 100% (F5) RDF with Urea, Map and SOP up to 120 DAP + Ultrosol from 121 to 210 DAP,

Drip fertigation of 75% (F6) and 100% (F7) RDF with Ultrosol, MAP and Urea, Drip fertigation

of half of the 75 % (F8) and 100 % (F9) RDF (50 % NPK as basal) with Urea, SSP and MOP.

The total N, P, K uptake of sugarcane was estimated 90,210 DAP and at harvest. Among the

water soluble fertilizer treatments, subsurface Drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF with ultrasol,

MAP and urea (F7) resulted in maximum NPK uptake of sugarcane (240.4 kg N, 41.35 kg P and

206.38 kg K ha-1).

Performance of Guinea grass CO (GG) 3 in coconut garden for sustainable

green fodder production

S. Alagudurai, K.R. Pushpanathan and S. Sendurkumaran

ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, TANUVAS, Kundrakudi, Sivagangai district, TamilNadu

Field experiments were conducted in 10 farmers field of Namakkal district to assess the

performance of new Guinea grass variety CO (GG) 3 under coconut garden during 2013-16.

Rooted slips of Guinea grass were distributed (1600 nos /farmer) by Krishi Vigyan Kendra,

Namakkal through Front Line Demonstration (FLD) programme and planting was carried out at

spacing of 50 x 50 cm. Seventy five percentage of area can be used for cultivation of Guinea

grass, i.e. planting carried out 5 feet away from trunk of the palm. The results of the study

revealed that, the new variety exhibits heavy tillering (45-50 nos), broad and long leaves

(75 cm), high leaf stem ratio (0.72) and the number of tillers and leaves are more after 4th cutting.

The first harvest was done on 80 DAP and subsequent cutting was carried out 30-35 days

intervals and totally 10 cuttings carried out per year. Guinea grass var CO (GG) 3 produced total

green fodder yield of 280, 292 and 305 tons ha-1year-1 during 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16,

respectively. The fodder was highly palatable and feeding preferred by cows, buffalos, sheep and

goat. Delayed harvest (more than 50 days) considerably reduced the palatability of fodder and

wastage was more. Due to shade tolerance capability, the new Guinea grass variety Co (GG) 3

produced 33% higher green fodder yield than existing variety CO.2 (210 t /ha/year ) and this

variety is suitable for more than 10 year old coconut garden.Fodder crop such as Bajra Napier

hybrid grass and Fodder sorghum were considerably reduced the Coconut yield.


54

Productivity and profitability enhancement in irrigated uplands of Tamil Nadu through

bio-intensive complementary cropping system

P. M. Shanmugam

Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur – 621712, Tamil Nadu, India

Field experiments were conducted during 2011 - 2014 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Coimbatore to identify the appropriate bio-intensive complementary cropping

systems for irrigated uplands of Tamil Nadu. The experiments were laid out in a Randomised

Block Design with three replications. Among the different cropping systems tested, onion -

cotton - maize cropping system produced significantly higher cotton equivalent yield of 5407 kg

/ ha and it was comparable with greengram - cotton +sunnhemp - sunflower (5116 kg / ha) and

fodder sorghum - cotton + onion + sunnhemp - lablab cropping (5034 kg / ha) systems. This

system also recorded higher production efficiency (16.38 kg/ha/day) and economic efficiency

(561 Rs/ha/day), which indicates the need for integration of vegetable crops due to higher per

day productivity over the other crops. The higher B: C ratio and sustainability yield index were

registered in onion - cotton - maize cropping system. The higher water use efficiency (WUE)

was noticed in onion - cotton - maize cropping system (3.28 kg/ha/mm).

Response of irrigation levels and varieties on consumptive use and water use efficiency of

upland rice

Gritta Elizabeth Jolly*, V.M. Bhale and P.N. Chirde

Dept. Agronomy, Post Graduate Institute, Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishividyapeeth, Akola

Vice Chancellor, Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishividyapeeth, Akola

Ph.D. scholar, Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishividyapeeth, Akola

A field investigation entitled "Response of upland irrigated rice varieties to irrigations”

was conducted at Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi

Vidyapeeth, Akola during the Kharif season of 2016-2017. The experiment was laid out in a

Split Plot Design with 16 treatments and three replications, in order to study the response of

upland irrigated rice varieties to irrigations, in terms of consumptive use by the crop and the

water use efficiency. The treatments consisted of four irrigation levels and four varieties. The

main plot treatments were: (1) I1- Irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE, (2) I2- Irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE (3)

I3-Irrigation at 1.0 I W/CPE and I4-Irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE and subplot treatments consisted of:


55

(1) V1- Variety Avishkar (2) V2- Variety Parag (3) V3- Variety Sindewahi-1 and V4- Variety

PBNR-03-02. The experimental results revealed that the rice varieties performed best at 1.2

IW/CPE, in which irrigation water was provided when cumulative pan evaporimeter reading

reached 50 mm. The consumptive use and water use efficiency were found to be the highest at

increased irrigation levels. Consumptive use of water by the crop was the highest in case of

variety having the longest duration, Sindewahi-1 and the lowest in short duration variety Parag.

However, Water Use Efficiency was the highest in variety Avishkar and lowest in variety

Sindewahi-1.

Response of nutrients on yield and nutrient uptake in rice-rice cropping system under

farmer’s field condition

N. Satheeshkumar*, K. R. Latha, T. Myrtle Grace and N.K. Prabhakaran

Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Bhavanisagar-638 451

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003

DrylandAgricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Chettinad-630 103

The on - farm field experiments were conducted at Dry land Agricultural Research

Station, Chettinad to study the response of nutrients N, P & K in rice – rice cropping system in

farmer’s field during Kharif 2014 and Rabi/summer 2014-15 seasons. The experiments were

conducted with different nutrient combination treatments such as control (No NPK), N alone,

NP, NK, NPK, NPK with micronutrient (Zn SO4) and farmers practice. The results revealed that

the balanced application of N, P, K (150: 50: 50 kg NPK/ha) along with ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha

registered significantly higher grain yield of 4913 kg/ha and 4933 kg/ha during kharif 2014 and

rabi/summer 2014-15 respectively. The lowest grain yield of 2865 and 3018 kg/ha were realized

in the control plots (No N, P & K)in both the seasons. Application of N, P and K @ 150:50:50

kg/ha along with ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha resulted in higher straw yield of 5636 kg/ha and 5580 kg/ha

during kharif 2014 and rabi/summer 2014-15 respectively. The lowest straw yields were noticed

under control treatment during both the seasons (3140 and 3408 kg/ha). Total N uptake was

higher in balanced application of N, P and K nutrients @ 150:50:50 kg/ha with ZnSO4 @ 25

kg/ha recorded 96.3 kg/ha and 95.5 kg/ha during Kharif 2014 and Rabi/summer 2014-15 season,

respectively. The lowest N uptake was observed under control treatment during both the seasons

of study (45.8 and 49.5 kg/ha). Application of N, P and K nutrients @ 150:50:50 kg/ha had


56

significantly altered the total uptake of 13.5 and 14.0 kg/ha during Kharif 2014 and Rabi/summer

2014-15 seasons, respectively. The balanced application of N, P and K nutrients @ 150:50:50

kg/ha with ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ ha had registered the highest total K uptake of 78.9 during Kharif

2014, whereas during Rabi/summer 2014-15 season application of N, P and K nutrients @

150:50:50 kg/ha recorded highest K uptake of 79.8 kg/ha.

Screening of rice varieties suitable for drip irrigation with saline water under sodic soil

T. Ramesh and S.Rathika

Department of Agronomy, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute,

Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620009

Identification of suitable rice varieties for drip irrigation which can grow under aerobic

condition, profuse tillering with high water use efficiency is an important issue in use of drip

irrigation for paddy. A field experiment was carried out Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College

and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli during Kharif, 2016 to screen rice varieties suitable for drip

irrigation system under sodic soil with saline water. Four short duration rice varieties viz., ADT 36,

ADT 45, TRY (R) 2 and Anna (R) 4 and four pre release rice cultures (TR13-069, TR13-083,

TR09-27 and TR09-30) were used for this study. Drip system was installed with the lateral

spacing of 90 cm, emitter spacing of 30 cm and discharge rate of 2.0 litre / hour. Irrigation was

given at 100% PE throughout the cropping period on every alternate day. Recommended dose of

fertilizer (187.5: 50:50 kg NPK/ha) was adopted. Nitrogen and potassium were given as

fertigation from 14 DAS to heading stage at 5 days interval. Results revealed that among the rice

varieties raised under drip irrigation, Anna (R) 4 rice variety produced significantly taller plants

(76.5 cm) than other varieties except TRY (R) 2 (73.7 cm). Significantly more tillers (530 m-2)

were recorded under TR09-027 culture than others. All the varieties recorded SPAD reading of

more than 40 except TR13-069. With regard to 50 % flowering, TR09-027 culture and ADT 36

recorded 88 days to 50 % flowering and TRY (R) 2 took 100 days to 50 % flowering. Culture

TR09-030 recorded more days to 50% flowering (104 days). Variety TRY (R) 2 produced more

number of panicles (365 m-2) and higher percentage of tillers to panicles conversion (77.0 %).

The rice variety ADT 36 registered more numbers of filled grains per panicle (99.5), followed by

TRY (R) 2 (88.4). Higher grain yield (3122 kg/ha) and water productivity (3.58 kg/ha/mm) was

registered by TRY (R) 2, followed by ADT 36 (2801 kg/ha) and Anna (R) 4 (2602 kg/ha). ADT


57

45 recorded lower grain yield (2025 kg/ha). Among the cultures, TR09-027 recorded higher

grain yield of 2450 kg/ha, followed by TR13-069 and TR09-030. Thus, a pioneer attempt on

growing of rice through drip irrigation with saline water lead to the conclusion that TRY (R) 2

rice variety performed better, followed by ADT 36 and TR09-027 prerelease culture for this

sodic soil environment. However, it requires detailed study to confirm the results and also to

improve the productivity level before taking into farmers’ field under sodic soil condition.

Studies on source-sink relationship in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)

A.Vivekanandhini* and R. Jagannathan

Ph.D Scholar and Professor (Agronomy), Dept. of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641003

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,

during rabi, 2013-14 to study the source-sink relationship in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) by

selective defoliation and to know the consequent influence on crop microclimate. Leaf removal

also has the potential of improving the peneteration of incoming PAR into the canopy to the

benefit of the crop. The study consisted of 14 treatments viz., no leaf removal (T1), 1st leaf

removal from top (tassel leaf) (T2), 2nd leaf removal from top (T3), 3

rd leaf removal from top (T4),

4th leaf removal from top (T5), 5th leaf removal from top (T6), 6

th leaf removal from top (T7), 7th

leaf removal from top (T8), 8th leaf removal from top (T9), 9

th leaf removal from top (cob leaf)

(T10), 1st & 9th leaf removal (tassel & cob leaf) (T11), all leaves removal except tassel leaf (2-9

leaves) from top (T12), all leaves removal except cob leaf (1-8 leaves from top) (T13), and

removal of all leaves below cob leaf (T14). The results revealed that growth components like

plant height, Leaf area index, DMP and yield components like grain and stover yield and harvest

index were influenced by leaf removal. A better source-sink relationship was noticed in no leaf

removal treatment compared to other leaf removal treatments as seen from higher growth and

yield attributes including yield of the former. More leaves removed, lesser were these attributes

as exhibited by T12 and T13, whereas only single leaf was allowed as source. However, the cob

leaf as a source possibly translocated produces to the sink compared to tassel leaf as the former

was closer to the sink. The higher light interception in T1 and low in T12 coupled with low and

high canopy temperature respectively could be attributed as reasons for their relative

performance.


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Studies on tank mix application of early post emergence herbicides for efficient weed

control in groundnut

K.Sathiya*, R. Brindavathy, V, Vijayageetha and R. Vaidhyanadan

Oilseeds Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tindivanam

Field experiments were conducted at Oilseeds Research Station, Tindivanam to study the

efficacy of herbicides in groundnut. The experiment with twelve treatments was laid out in

Randomized Block Design with three replications. The result revealed that, the pre emergence

application of Pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg a.i/ha (PE) followed by each 50 % tank mix application

of Imazethapyr @ 37.5 g a.i/ha + Quizalopfop ethyl @ 25 g a.i/ha at 20-30 DAS as early post

emergence for effective weed management and higher yield (2421 kg/ha) of groudnut which

showed increase in pod yield up to 58% over control and 3% over the existing practices and also

recorded the highest net return (86761 Rs. /ha) and benifit cost ratio (2.5). The lowest weed

density (157.7 Nos) and weed control efficiency (90.2%) were recorded . In economic point of

view the treatment with combined application of the above chemicals were recommended that

has the weed density of 177 Nos. and weed control efficiency of 82.1%.

Study on crop establishment and nutrient management in barnyard millet

S. Anandha krishnaveni

Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute,

Navalur kuttapattu, Thiruchirapalli – 620 027

A field experiment was conducted with an objective to find out the suitable crop

establishment method and to optimize the nutrient requirement for barnyard millet (Kudiraivali)

under sodic soil condition during kharif season of 2016 at Anbil Dharma lingam Agricultural

College and Research Institute. The experiment was carried out in FRBD comprising two factors

viz., crop establishment techniques like line sowing at 25 x 10 cm (E1) and 35 x 10 cm (E2) and

transplanting at 25 x 10 cm (E3) and 35 x 10 cm (E4) and nutrient management practices like N1

at 125 %, N2 100% and N3 75 % recommended dose of fertilizers. Kudiraivali variety

Co (KV) 2 comes to harvest at 90 days. Totally twelve treatment combinations were analyzed.

Results revealed that transplanting at 35 x 10 cm with 125 % RDF recorded higher grain yield of

986 kg/ha with increased growth parameters like plant height, number of tillers and yield

attributes viz., number of panicles, length of panicle and weight of the panicle.


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WUE, WP and yield of rice as influenced by different transplanting and irrigation

practices

R. Sureshkumar* and B.J. Pandian

Department of Agronomy, IIAT, Thuraiyur, TNAU. Tamilnadu, India

Water Technology Centre, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

Field experiments was conducted at wetland, AC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore during

summer season 2017 to evaluate the influence of different methods of transplanting and

irrigation management practices on water use, water use efficiency (WUE), water productivity

(WP) and yield of rice. The experiment was laid out in Strip Plot Design and replicated thrice.

The treatments comprised of four different methods of transplanting viz., machine transplanting

with 30 cm x 14 cm and 30 cm x 18 cm, SRI transplanting (25 cm x 25 cm) and conventional

transplanting (20 cm x 10 cm), respectively in main plots and four method of irrigation

management practices in sub plots viz., continuous submergence of 5 cm, cyclic irrigation

management, SRI irrigation management and field water tube irrigation management. Increased

spacing under SRI transplanting consumes lesser amount of water with higher WUE and WP.

Field water tube irrigation reduced the total water use, which inturn increased the WUE and WP.

In combined effect, SRI transplanting with SRI irrigation practice recorded higher WUE and

WP. Machine transplanting (30 cm x 14 cm) combined with SRI irrigation management gave

24% higher grain yield over conventional transplanting with farmers’ irrigation practice during

both the years.

Yield and yield attributes of cotton under mechanized cultivation

with varying crop geometry

M. Anbarasi* and K. Rajendran

Department of Agronomy, JSACAT, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to

study the effect of cultivation methods and crop geometries on yield attributes and yield of

cotton. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments

comprised of two cultivation methods and four crop geometries. Cultivation methods viz.,

mechanized cultivation (M1) and conventional cultivation (M2) were assigned to main plot and


60

crop geometries viz., 45 cm x 15 cm (S1), 60 cm x 15 cm (S2), 75 cm x 15 cm (S3) and 75 cm x

30 cm (S4) were assigned to sub plot. For mechanized cultivation, crop was raised in flat bed

with paired row planting system and the major cultivation practices from sowing to harvest were

done with machines, whereas in conventional cultivation, crop was raised under ridges and

furrow system and the cultivation practices from sowing to harvest were done as per the crop

production guide of TNAU. The machines used for mechanized cultivation systems were,

inclined plate planter for sowing, power weeder for weeding, micro irrigation system for

irrigation and fertigation and portable battery operated cotton picker for harvesting. Results

indicated that, increased planting density of cotton under mechanized cultivation recorded less

number of yield attributing parameters like number of sympodial branches per plant, number of

fruiting points per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll setting percentage and boll weight, but

because of their high plant population per unit area it recorded higher seed cotton yield than the

other treatment combination.

Studies on maximization of yield in rice fallow black gram

S. Rathika and T. Ramesh

ADAC & RI, TNAU, Thiruchirappalli - 620 009, Tamil Nadu, India

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai

during rice fallow season 2013 and 2014 to study the effect of irrigation, varieties and seed rate

on the productivity of rice fallow black gram. The experiments were laid out in split plot design

with three replications. The main plot treatments comprised of irrigation (one supplemental

irrigation at 25 DAS and no irrigation) and black gram varieties (ADT 3 and LBG 752) and the

sub plots were assigned three levels of seed rate (30, 40 and 50 kg ha-1). The results revealed that the

growth, yield attributes and grain yield were significantly higher in rice fallow black gram given

with one supplemental irrigation at 25 DAS than no irrigation. Black gram variety LBG 752

registered higher plant height compared to ADT 3. However, yield attributes and yield were

comparable with ADT 3. Black gram sown at 40 kg ha-1 registered significantly higher yield

attributes and seed yield over 30 kg ha-1. The lower seed yield was observed in blackgram sown at

50 kg ha-1. Thus, black gram variety ADT 3 or LBG 752 sown at 40 kg ha-1 followed by one

supplemental irrigation at 25 DAS could be recommended for higher productivity under rice

fallow condition.


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Effects of cowpea sprout extract and panchagavya on growth and development of

Blackgram and Greengram genotypes under salt stress

S. Nithila* and R.Sivakumar

ADAC&RI, TNAU, Trichy, Tamil nadu, India

The partitioning efficiency of pulse crops can be improved by physiological

manipulations such as spraying of hormones and nutrients that reduce flower drop and thereby

facilitate large sink size. To achieve these objectives, a laboratory screening and field study were

carried out. Green gram variety VBN (Gg) 2 and Black gram variety VBN (Bg) 6 were screened

for tolerance to various levels of sodicity stresses, based on germination per cent, seedling

growth and vigour index through roll towel method. For imposing sodicity (3 levels) stresses,

sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution at 25, 50 and 75 mM were prepared by maintaining the

pH and EC. Seed treatments were imposed by using Cowpea sprout extract (2%), GA3 50 ppm,

Ammonium Molybdate 0.05 % and control (without seed treatment). The treated seeds were

allowed to germinate up to 15 days in the respective salt concentrations and observations were

recorded. The distilled water was used for maintaining the control. Field experiment was

conducted under sodic soil condition. Ten treatment combinations were employed by initial seed

treated with Cowpea sprout extract (2%), GA3 50 ppm and Ammonium Molybdate 0.05 %

followed by foliar spray with ZnSo4 (0.5%), Panchagavya (1%) and KCl (1%) along with

control. Among the treatment combinations T9 (Seed Treatment with Cowpea Sprout Extract 2%

+ foliar spray of Panchagavya -1.0 %) recorded higher leaf area index of 4.94 at pod formation

stage in green gram and 4.58 in blackgram. In Greengram T9 recorded higher SPAD value at pod

formation stage compared to blackgram variety recorded (35.1). In Greengram variety Treatment

T9 recorded higher number of pods/plant (18.30),No of seeds/pod (8.96),100 seed weight

(2.87g), Biological yield (2624.3Kg/ha), grain yield (785.3 Kg/ha) and Harvest Index (29.64 %)

under sodicity with control. All the treatments differed significantly in Na/K ratio at Maturity

stages. The best performing treatment maintained the lowest Na/K ratio. Among the treatments,

T9 registered the lowest Na/K ratio of 0.621 at maturity stage and shows higher tolerance. In

Black gram variety , the treatment T9 recorded higher number of pods/plant (12.24), number of

seeds/pod (7.85), 100 seed weight (2.6g), Biological yield (2482.3Kg/ha), grain yield (695.10

Kg/ha) and Harvest Index (29.23%) under sodicity with control. Among the treatments, T9

registered the lowest Na/K ratio of 0.725 at maturity stage and shows higher tolerance. Among


62

these ten treatmental combinations six best combinations were selected for next year for

conformation trail. Among the treatment combinations T9 (Seed Treatment with Cowpea Sprout

Extract 2 % + foliar spray of Panchagavya -1.0 %) performed better. From this study it was

concluded that Seed treatment with Cowpea sprout extract (2%) + foliar spray of Panchagavya of

1.0 % was more effective to increase seed and seedling establishment and yield under sodic soil.

Effect of intercrops on the growth and yield of little millet based cropping systems under

rainfed conditions

K.Sivagamy* and P. Parasuraman and M.Rajesh

Centre of Excellence in Millets, TNAU, Athiyandal, Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India

Little millet (Panicum sumatrense) is a small millet and its cultivation is seen only in

about 0.5 million ha in India. Selection of appropriate and compatible component crops for

intercropping helps in reducing inter-and intra-plant competition for resources, there by

enhancing the productivity with optimal use of available and applied resources. A field

experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal,

Thiruvannamalai under rainfed condition and the experiment consisted of intercropping little

millet with four pulses viz., Redgram , Greengram, Blackgram and Cowpea and vegetables viz.

Bhendi, Guar and the cereal crop of Maize. The plant height was comparatively higher (112.0 cm

and 110.0 cm) in little millet intercropped with redgram and sole crop. The Little millet Grain

Equivalent Yield (LMGEY) was found to be higher in little millet intercropped with redgram

(1810 kg ha-1) and was on par with little millet intercropped with Bhendi (1746 kg ha-1) and the

lowest was recorded under little millet intercropped with cowpea (884 kg ha-1). The net income

and B/C ratio were found to be higher in little millet intercropped with redgram (32,194 Rs ha-1)

and was on par with little millet intercropped with Bhendi with net income (30, 230 Rs ha-1)

and B:C ratio (2.31) respectively.

Bio-efficacy, weed control efficiency and yield attributes in herbicide resistant transgenic

stacked Corn hybrids (TC1507 x NK603) enhancing crop productivity

K.Sivagamy* and C. Chinnusamy and G. Senthilraja

Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

Regional Research Station, TNAU, Virudhachalam, Tamil Nadu, India


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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the herbicide tolerance level of transgenic

corn hybrids with stacked event, (TC1507X NK603) having both insect protection and herbicide

tolerant traits, which will provide protection to the crop against target pests and also provide

effective weed management. The field experiment was carried out during kharif, 2012 at

research farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. The experiment was

laid out in a Randomized Block Design with treatments replicated thrice. The two transgenic

hybrids (30V92 &30B11 HR) that are resistant to glyphosate, were tried with two different doses

of post emergence Glyphosate at 900 and 1800 g a.e ha-1 and compared with pre-emergence

application of atrazine at 0.5 kg ha -1 followed by hand weeding on 40 DAS in non-transgenic

maize hybrids like 30V92, 30B11, BIO9681 and COHM5. From the study it is concluded that

early post emergence application of glyphosate at 1800 g a.e ha-1 recorded lower weed index,

weed dry weight and high weed control efficiency at all the stages compared with other

treatments. Higher grain yield was recorded with application of Glyphosate at 1800 g a.e ha-1 in

transgenic stacked maize hybrid of 30V92HR which recorded high productivity and profitability.

Unweeded control there was a lesser grain yield due to higher weed index of 58.39 per cent and

due to heavy competition of weeds for nutrients, space and light with major crop.

Study on performance evaluation of summer Maize under sub surface drip fertigation

M. Nagarajan*, S. Porpavai and G. Thiyagarajan

Soil & Water Management Research Institute, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur.

A study was conducted to evaluate the technical feasibility of maize with square spacing

(40 x 40 cm) effect towards reaching the maximum yield potential and cost economics through

sub surface drip fertigation. The irrigation was scheduled according to 75%, 100% and 125%

calculated water requirement of crops (WRc) on alternative days through subsurface drip

irrigation and fertigation were scheduled (50%, 75% and 100% RDF) on weekly once as sub

treatments, whereas the control plot was irrigated through IW/CPE = 1.0. The moisture

distribution pattern was studied through (volumetric analysis) soil sample collection and

percentage of soil moisture was plotted in Surfer software. In the above irrigation schedules the

moisture pattern was reached up to 20 cm in each side of the lateral pipe with minimum moisture

percentage of 17% in 75% WRc. From the observations the highest WUE (17.67 kg/ha mm) was

recorded in drip irrigation at 100% WRc with 100% RDF (I2F3) consumed 434 mm of irrigations


64

water in 34 Nos. of irrigations significantly higher grain yield of 7670 kg/ha and followed by

drip irrigation at 125% WRc with 50% RDF (I3F1) and drip irrigation at 75% WRc with 100%

RDF (I1F2) which also received 34 Nos. of irrigations consumed 338 mm of irrigation water

recorded a significantly lower grain yield of 5330 & 5195 kg/ha with the WUE of 15.77 & 15.37

kg/ha mm. The sub surface drip irrigation with all the treatments of WRc were saved 25 %

(approx. 120 mm) of irrigation when compared to conventional method was practiced by

IW/CPE ratio consumed 566 mm of water (10 Nos. of irrigation) with 11.10 kg/ha mm of WUE

and yield of 6283 kg/ha which is significantly higher amount of water. The highest water

productivity (1.77 kg/m3 & 247.42 Rs./ha mm) was recorded in treatment of drip irrigation at

100% WRc with 100% RDF (I2F3) and the least was observed in drip irrigation at 125% WRc

with 50% RDF (I3F1) (0.93 kg/m3), whereas the control was obtained 1.11 kg/m3. The highest

FUE of N, P & K (65.44, 129.16 & 129.16) was found to be in treatment drip irrigation at 125%

WRc with 50% RDF (I3F1) followed by drip irrigation at 100% WRc with 50% RDF (I2F1)

(64.24, 126.79 & 126.79) and least was recorded in drip irrigation at 125% WRc with 50% RDF

(I3F1) (35.53, 71.07 & 71.07) respectively.

Allelopathic influence of leaf litters on the early growth in Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

Sheeba Rebecca Isaac*, Janova Varghese and D. Anjana

College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University

Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

An understanding of the allelopathic effects of the mulch materials assumes importance

to identify sutable litter for mulcing. In this backdrop the allelopathic effects of the litters of six

common multipurpose agroforestry trees; cashew (Anacardium occidentale), mango (Mangifera

indica), bread fruit (Artocarpus altilis), ailanthus (Ailanthus triphysa), cinnamon (Cinnamomon

zeylanicum) and jack (Artocarpus heterophyllus), on the sprouting and early growth of taro

(Colocaia esculenta) were evaluated during 2014-’15. Litter leachates at 5% concentration and

litter mulch @ 20 g corm-1were used for the study and it was found that the litter leachates

showed significant stimulatory effects on sprouting and seedling growth whereas litter as mulch

recorded inhibitory effects. It was most prominent with Ailanthus litter and of the six species,

mango litter was revealed to be a potential material for mulching taro ensuring early sprouting

and seedling vigour that would have bearing on the crop growth and yields.


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Moisture and nutrient dynamics in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) under different level of

drip fertigation in semi - arid region of India

Jeyajothi, R. and S. Pazhanivelan

Department of Agronomy, CAT, Theni -625562 Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Remote Sensing and GIS TNAU, Coimbatore -641 003 Tamil Nadu, India

Water and nutrients are the two key inputs in agriculture but their use efficiency is low

and their injudicious use leads to environmental degradation. Among the various techniques of

water application, drip or trickle irrigation is the most efficient method of delivering water to the

root zone. Drip irrigation at 100% WRc, once in three days had higher moisture content in the

root zone depth (0 - 30 cm) in among all distances. In surface method of irrigation was higher

which causes fluctuation in field capacity to stress conditions. Steep decline in soil moisture

content make the plant roots hard enough to extract moisture. The nitrogen availability steadily

increased with increased depth upto 30 cm after that declined in all the distances. The highest

available phosphorus in soil was confined to 0-15 cm of soil layer under 100 % RDF levels. The

available phosphorous decreased with increase in distance and soil depth. With regards to

potassium, soil K content was significantly higher in the surface soil than in the subsoil, this

might be due to majority of applied K was held in the surface soil and the downward movement

was slow. Among the drip fertigation levels and varieties Co (Rg)7 recorded with drip fertigation

at 125 per cent RDF through WSF registered significantly highest grain yield of 1650 kg ha-1 and

by 74 per cent yield increase over surface irrigation method with RDF through conventional

method of application (942 kg ha-1). APK 1 and VBN 3 registered significantly lower grain yield

of (1301 and 1076 kg ha-1) compared to other two varieties.


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Soil biological health indicators as influenced by Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS)

in laterite soils

B. Aparna*, R. Gladis, R.S. Neethu and K.Ushakumari

Dept of Soil Science & Agrl Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University


The research entitled “Soil biological health indicators as influenced by Integrated Plant

Nutrient System (IPNS)” was undertaken in the Dept. of Soil Science and Agrl. Chemistry,

College of Agriculture, Vellayani with the objective to assess the conjugal effect of manures and

chemical fertilizers on the dynamics of major agriculturally significant soil enzymes, Biological

Fertility Index and Enzyme Activity Number. Field experiment using bhendi as test crop

consisted of 15 treatments replicated thrice with various combinations of enriched vermicompost

in combination with chemical fertilizers. Treatment T9 with the combination of 50 % enriched

vermicompost (PGPR mix-1) + 50 % Chemical fertilizers increased available micro nutrient

status (Fe, Cu, B), macro nutrients (N & K) biological properties of soil viz., urease,

dehydrogenase, cellulase and protease activities; and biometric characters of bhendi i.e., plant

height and no. of fruits. Vmax and Km for each enzyme at fortnightly intervals were recorded and

it was observed that Highest Vmax values for urease, phosphatase, protease, dehydrogenase and

cellulase were recorded at 6th week, 8th week, 2nd week and 6th week respectively. Comparison of

biological properties such as enzyme activities and microflora between rhizosphere and non-

rhizosphere soils had shown variation highlighting the rhizosphere effect in the test crop. A

highest value of Enzyme Activity Number, which is an index of biological fertility, was

registered by the treatment T9, revealing its superiority over other treatments.

Suitability evaluation of black gram in ponnaniyar basin soils of tiruchirapalli,

Tamil nadu, India

V.Sabareeshwari, M. Baskar, P. Balasubramaniam

ADAC & RI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy-09, Tamil Nadu, India

Five pedons were evaluated for their suitability to blackgram on the basis of variation in

physiography, parent materials, and soil nutrients in Ponnaiyar basin soils of Tiruchirapalli,

Tamil Nadu. The pedons were developed by non calcareous gneiss with feldspar (P1), granite

and feldspar intermingled in pedon 2, weathered gneiss (P3), weathered quartz and felspatic


67

gneiss (P4) and gneiss with lime parent materials (P5) and classified as Vertisol (P3, P5),

Inceptisol (P1, P2) and Alfisol (P4). In general, sand, silt and clay contents ranged from 16.00 to

71.55, 8.95 to 49.50 and 12.35 to 55.25% in different horizons, respectively. The soils were

calcareous and moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline in reaction. The organic carbon ranged

from 0.13 to 0.39 g kg-1 and cation exchange capacity from 16.23 to 19.91 cmol (p+) kg-1 soil.

The soils were low, medium and high in available N, P and K respectively. All the pedons under

study were moderately suitable (S1) for blackgram cultivation, except Eliyattur series which

showed temporary unsuitability (N1).

Utilization of treated distillery effluent and fertilizers on yield and quality of seed cane

Jegan Revathi*and M.Baskar

Palar Agricultural College, Ambur, Tamil Nadu, India

Depart. of Soil Science and Agrl. Chemistry, ADAC&RI, TNAU, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

An Experiment was conducted with an objective of assessing the utilization of TDE and

fertilizers on yield and quality of seed cane. There were four main plots viz., M1 ( control ), M2

(TDE at a dilution 1:10 on 75th days after planting), M3 (TDE at a dilution 1:10 on 75th and 120th

Days After Planting) and M4 (TDE at a dilution 1:10 on 75th, 120thand 165thDAP) and five

fertilizer treatments in subplots viz., S1 (control), S2 (100 % NPK), S3 (100 % NP), S4 (75 % N

and 100 % P) and S5 (75 % NP) replicated three times in a split plot design. Results revealed that

among the main plot treatments application of TDE at a dilution 1:10 on 75th, 120th and 165th

DAP (M4) recorded highest yield (33.7 % over control) and quality. Among sub plot treatments,

same results were recorded by application of 100 % RDF (S2). On interaction, application of

three times TDE along with 100 % recommended dose of fertilizers (225:62.5:112 kg NPK/ ha

/year) has resulted in the improvement of soil properties leading to enhance the seed cane yield,

quality and it was on par with three times application of diluted TDE with 75 % NP fertilizer. It

is noteworthy that, by omitting 100 % K and 25 % NP, in combination with three times of

diluted TDE improved yield and quality of seed cane.

Land use influences soil carbon pools in major soils of kerala

Biju Joseph*, R. Gladis and B. Aparna




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A study was conducted in red loam soil (Vellayani series), laterite soil (Trivandrum

series), coastal sandy soil (Kazhakuttam series), forest soil (Kallar series) and acidsulphate soil

(Kallara series) to assess the impact of different agricultural land use systems on soil carbon

pools. Surface soil samples (0-15 cm depth) were collected and analysed for soil properties and

carbon pools following standard procedures and carbon stock in soil was also calculated. The

results indicated that various land use categories had a significant effect on soil properties and

carbon pools. The soil organic carbon values ranged from 2.96 to 9.93 g kg-1. The highest value

was recorded under rubber land use in Kallar soil, which is significantly higher (about 3.6 times)

than the coconut land use in Kazhakuttam soil which had the least value.The highest carbon

stock of 23.02 kg m-2 was recorded in rubber land use in Kallar soil. The total particulate organic

carbon concentration was also found to be the highest in rubber land use (Kallar series). The

highest concentrations of labile carbon were found in soils from coconut plantation site (2516 mg

kg-1), followed by rice field (2187mg kg-1), whereas the lowest concentration was detected in

homestead site (940 mg kg-1). Hot water soluble carbon in soil ranged between 18.14 and 76.45

mg kg-1. Cumulative amount of carbon mineralized in 15 days of incubation ranged from 2.86 to

6.39 mg C kg-1 soil. The highest organic carbon content of 9.38% was recorded in Kallar series

of acid sulphate soil under rice land use. The microbial biomass carbon varied between 71 mg

kg-1 and 488 mg kg-1. The soil organic carbon stock (115.96 Mg ha-1) and carbon pool index

(2.10) were the highest in Kallar series. The proportion of POC to SOC was the highest in Kallar

series (0.62) under rice land use indicating it as a potential carbon sink.

Effect of bio char application on soil organic carbon and microbial activity under

black cotton soils of Perambalur district, TamilNadu, India

T. Sherene*, R. Kavimani, and K. Bharathi Kumar

Assistant Professor, Dept. of SS &AC, ADAC&RI, Trichy, TamilNadu, India

Principal, Institute of Agriculture, AEC&RI, Kumulur, Trichy, TamilNadu, India

Assistant Professor Cotton Research Station, Veppanthattai, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India

Maintaining an appropriate level of microbial activity, soil organic carbon and biological

cycling of nutrients is crucial to the success of any soil management in dry land agriculture.

We characterized biochar from five different agriculture feed stock materials like, maize stover,

cotton stalk, Prosopis wood, rice husk and redgram stalks for their suitability as soil amendments

under dry land agriculture. The characterization of bio char revealed that there is a scope for


69

using bio char from crop wastes as an organic amendment as well as carbon sequestrant under

dry land agriculture by retaining high organic carbon, microbial activity and surface area thereby

improving nutrient and water holding capacity of soils under dry land agriculture eco system.

Among the different bio char materials applied in black soil, prosopis biochar @ 30 t /ha

significantly increased soil organic carbon along with enhanced microbial activity. This paper

presents a preliminary investigation on effect of biochar application on soil microbial activity

thereby sequestering soil carbon for their suitability under dry land agricultural crops.


Antibacterial activity of Simarouba leaf extract on food borne pathogens

K. Sedhupathi* and B. Karthikeyan

Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Palar Agricultural College

Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Annamalai University

Simarouba glauca-“The paradise tree” is one of the important medicinal plants with

bioactive molecules which exhibit antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity.Thus the

present investigation was carried out to analysis the antibacterial properties of hot and cold water

fresh leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca with different concentrations (250 ppm, 500 ppm and

1000 ppm) against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the different treatments,

the highest inhibitory activity of 17 mm and 8.66 mm zone of inhibition was observed by 1000

ppm against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus respectively.

Effect of microbial inoculants for composting of selected weeds and to assess the

manurial value

S. Anushma*, B.Aparna, R. Gladis and K.S. Meenakumari



A study was conducted during 2013-14 at the Department of Soil Science & Agricultural

Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani with a main objectives of making assessment of

various microbial and enzymatic sources for the effective degrading the lignocellulosic biomass

into compost and also to evaluate the manurial value of the resultant compost. Representative

samples of water cabbage (L. flava), coir pith, water hyacinth (E. crassipes), and farm wastes

(dried leaves and pseudostem of banana) were collected and were converted into composts using


70

various inoculants viz. T. reesei, P. sajor-caju, Composting Inoculum and commercial enzyme

cocktail (cellulase/pectinase and lactase). The physico-chemical and biological characteristics

were analyzed. A mixture of water cabbage and Composting Inoculum) was concluded as the

best in terms of nitrogen content, cellulase activity, maturity period, C:N ratio and no detectable

levels of heavy metals except Ni (0.414 ppm) below the detectable limit. Considering the effect

of inoculants on different substrates, Composting Inoculum was concluded as the best in terms of

moisture content, EC, N, P, K, dehydrogenase activity, cellulase activity, maturity period and C:

N ratio. The resultant composts from the previous stage were evaluated for their performance as

manure in a pot culture experiment with test crop amaranthus (variety - Arun). Application of

100 % N as compost from water cabbage and Composting Inoculum was found to be good and

on par with T13 in many of the soil biological characters. Thus it was inferred from the study,

water cabbage + Composting Inoculum was recorded as the best compost followed by water

hyacinth + Composting Inoculum. 100 % N as compost (water hyacinth + Composting

Inoculum) was noticed as the best treatment in pot culture. With regards to inoculants used on

different substrates,Composting Inoculum was found to be the most effective for composting the

agrowastes.

Effect of organic ‘P’ source and biofertilizers on nodulation and microbial population in

blackgram under acid soil condition

M. Gnanachitra*, S. Marimuthu and G.Prabhukumar

Asst. Professor (Agrl. Microbiology), Asst.Professor (Agronomy)

National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban,

Asst.Professor (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vamban, Pudukottai-622 303

In acidic soils, combined application of organic resources viz,.farm yard manure along

with biofertilizers may increase the available phosphorus required for crop growth of blackgram

by production of organic acids helps to dissolve the insoluble phosphorus and at the same time

which helps to buffer the soil against acidity. In this study also, the treatments such as FYM and

biofertilizers (Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and VAM) alone and in combination were applied

along with rock phosphate and evaluated the effect on nodulation and grain yield during kharif

2017. The result revealed that, among the different treatments, application of P2O5 as rock

phosphate @ 50 kg/ha + Rhizobium @ 2 kg/ha + PSB @ 2 kg/ha + VAM @ 50 kg/ha recorded

higher nodules/plant (22.9 nodules /plant) followed by the recommended practice P2O5 as rock


71

phosphate (50 kg/ha) + Rhizobium (2 kg/ha) + PSB (2 kg/ha) recorded 15 nodules /plant which

were in direct correlation with the phosphobacterial population. In general, the treatments

inoculated with the phosphorus bioresources viz., Phosphobacteria and VAM along with FYM

recorded more nodulation and phosphobacterial population compared to other uninoculated

treatments. This might be due to the more organic acid production by the inoculated

phophobacteria and during the decomposition of FYM helped to dissolve the insoluble

phosphorus and VAM mobilized the available phosphorus to the root zone which inturn helped

the Rhizobium for nodulation in a synergistic way.

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on yield of tomato

S. Senthamizhselvi* and J. Sriman Narayanan

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan agriculture College, Perambalur - 621 212

Dept. of Agrl. Microbiology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram - 608 002

The production of tomato is greatly influenced by the multiple factors including nutrients

such as N, P, K, Mg and Ca. The use of PGPR is a promising potential technique in the practice

of sustainable agriculture. A group of natural soil microflora welling in the rhizosphere and on

the surface of the plant roots improves the plant growth (plant biome). The results of our study

revealed that the co-inoculum of PGPR viz., Azospirillum lipoferum and Bacillus megaterium

evolved as a bio inoculant and can be recommended to farming community to increase the

number of fruits (22.50 plant-1) fruit weight (35.15g plant-1) and fruit yield (1489.63g plant-1) of

tomato. Application of PGPR bio inoculants not only increases the yield ; it also reduce the cost

of cultivation helps in eco friendly way of cultivation.

Evaluation of bioinoculant (NovoBac) on seed germination and seedling characters of

vegetable cowpea

N. Vijay* and G. Velu

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur-12, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Crop Physiology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

To investigate the effect of bioinoculant (NovoBac) on growth and yield of vegetable

cowpea using seed treatment & soil drenching method. The results observed from the study

revealed that seed treatment with (NovoBac) and soil drenching has higher seed germination and

seedlings characters (Plant height, root length, dry matter production, vigour index) when


72

compared with control. The experiment had eight levels of bioinoculants comprising seed

treatments with (NovoBac) @ 1g or 2g/kg, soil drenching with (NovoBac) @ 250 g or 500 g/ha

and their combinations. In the laboratory study, the seed treatment with bacterial formulation of

bioinoculant (NovoBac) at different concentration influenced the seedling parameters of cowpea.

Among the treatments, seed treatment with (NovoBac) recorded significantly higher per cent of

germination, root growth and vigour of seedlings over the control treatment. (NovoBac) seed

treatment @ 1g/kg (T4) had significant influence when compared to other treatments, by

registering higher root length (17.4 cm), shoot length (16.68 cm), dry matter production

(0.026 g) and vigour index (2.62).The seed germination and seedlings characters was increased

due to the effect of bacteria in (NovoBac) which produce plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

(PGPRs) which influence the growth activities of vegetable cowpea PKM 1.

Studies on the synergistic effect of K releasing bacterial strain, Paenibacillus mucilaginosus

(KRB-9) with N fixers, P solubilizers in groundnut

R. Brindavathy* K. Sathiya and V. Vijaya Geetha

Oil Seeds Research Station, TNAU, Tindivanam-2, Tamil Nadu, India.

To study the effectiveness of beneficial microorganism in increasing the aggregate

formation of the soil, an experiment was taken up with groundnut variety, TMV 13, under

randomized block design with three replication and seven treatments comprising of 100 per cent,

75 % of NPK, with Rhizobium (2.1x 109cfu ml-1), Phosphobacteria (2.0 x109cfu ml-1), and

Paenibacillus (KRB-9) (2.1x109cfu ml-1), which was compared with uninoculated control.

Bioinoculants were applied as seed treatment and soil application. Biometrics like plant height,

root length and nodule number were recorded on 30 and 45 DAS. The crop which received

Rhizobium, PSB, KRB-9 and 100 per cent NPK recorded highest nodule number of 85.3 per

plant, plant height of 25.2 cm and root length of 16.5 cm at 30 DAS. At 45 DAS the nodule

number was 99.3 per plant, plant height of 38.5 cm and root length of 19.8 cm and their pod was

2.43 t ha-1 and haulms yield of 4.98 t ha-1. Plants which received Rhizobium, PSB, KRB-9 and

75 per cent NPK recorded 2.40 t ha-1 of pod yield and 4.83 t ha-1 haulm yield. It was evidently

clear that KRB-9, apart from K release, have also contributed N, P and Si nutrition and the

present study reveals a successful microbial consortium for groundnut crop.


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ANIMAL SCIENCES

Effect of different semen diluent on fertilizing ability of turkey breeders

G. Prabakar*, M. Gopi. P. Beulah and Jag mohan

Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different semen diluent on fertilizing

ability in turkey breeders. Twenty healthy adult toms and forty hens (Beltsville small white)

were taken randomly and maintained in individual cages under uniform husbandry conditions.

They were given normal breeder ration and water ad libitum with a constant light 14 hrs/day.

Three different semen diluent CARI, BPSE and Lake with different temperature (fresh and 6hr

stored semen) were performed in this study. Semen was collected and diluted (1:2) with semen

diluent, one semen sample was freshly inseminated to female birds and another semen sample

was stored (6 hrs @ 10 - 120C) and inseminated. Fertility of birds was assessed by incubating the

eggs (99.5oF temperature and 55-60% relative humidity) laid by hens 2 to 10 days after single

intravaginal insemination. Fertility was examined by candling at 15thday of incubation. The

fertility percentage was determined by the ratios of number of fertile eggs to the number of total

eggs set in the incubator. In this study, fertilizing ability of stored turkey semen showed

significant difference (P<0.05) among the different diluent. Fertilizing ability of stored semen

diluted with CARI diluent showed significantly (P<0.05) higher overall fertility (92.86 ± 2.70 %)

than LAKE (76.19 ± 1.55%) and BPSE (71.04 ± 2.76 %) diluent. Based on the result it may be

concluded that CARI diluent had significant positive and better reproductive performance in

turkey breeders.

Identification of estrus specific urinary proteins in farm animals during estrous cycle

Srinivasan Mahalingam*, Salha Maheen and Govindaraju Archunan*

Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli – 24 Tamilnadu, India

A study was undertaken to identify the estrus-specific protein in selected farm animals

during their estrous cycle to increase their productive efficiency. Reproductively healthy four

goats, cows, pigs, murrah buffaloes were recruited for the present study and the urine samples

were collected from selected animals. Estrus confirmation was carried out by observing

behavioural response exhibited by the animals and some visible signs. The SDS PAGE result of

the estrus and non-estrus phases exhibited: in buffalo 29.2kDa protein band appears to be estrus-


74

specific, in cow protein bands in 97 kDa, 66.5kDa, and 42.7kDa and 20.1kDa and below 14.3

kDa are estrus specific, in goat 29.2kDa protein band found only in estrus, in pig 42.7kDa and 6

bands ranging from 25kDa to 13kDa appeared in estrus and absent in non-estrus. Over all, the

urinary protein was observed in the reproductive phases of the farm animals, in which the estrus-

specific low molecular protein bands appeared near and around 14 kDa in urine samples. Further

analysis is required to confirm the protein as estrus-specific in the farm animals.

CROP PROTECTION

ENTOMOLOGY

Bioactive chemical characterisation and insecticidal activity of Red algal seaweed

Liagora ceranoides against Tobacco caterpillar- Spodoptera litura

N. Dharani Priya* and R. Kannan

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University,

Chidambaram- 608002, Tamil Nadu, India

Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura is a polyphagous pest of cosmopolitan distribution

causes complete defoliation of crops. The use of botanical pesticides in pest management is

primarily encouraged to contain the hazardous influence of synthetic insecticides on human and

environment. In this context of seeking a suitable alternative, the red algal seaweed Liagora

ceranoides (seaweed powder) was investigated for their repellency, antifeedant property, larval

mortality and IGR (Insect Growth regulator) activity on S. litura. The seaweed powder

treatments did not exhibit any repellent and antifeedant activity, however larvicidal and IGR

activity was noticed during the experiment. The maximum larval mortality (86.66%) was

observed in 20 per cent concentration whereas the minimum mortality (66.66%) was detected in

1, 3 and 5 per cent concentrations. The larva to pupal conversion was high (33.33%) at 1, 3 and 5

per cent concentration while the lowest pupation (13.33%) was demonstrated by 20 per cent

concentration without any malformation. The seaweed’s phyto chemicals characterized by Gas

Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence 23 phyto

chemicals of which the principal compounds viz., Tetradecane, E-9-Tetradecenoic acid, 2-

Hexadecanol, Oleic acid, Z,Z-2,5-Pentadecadien-1-may be responsible for the insecticidal and

Insect growth regulator activity.


75

Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes prevalent in host free conditions of

Tamil Nadu

C. Mathivathani* and S. Subramanian

Department of Nematology, TNAU, Coimbatore -3, Tamil Nadu, India

Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes is important in assessing their

pathogenic potential in a particular region and identifying the hotspots of nematode attack. This

investigation involves a study of community structure of phytonematodes in fallow soil in

different zones of Tamil Nadu. A random survey was conducted in five zones of Tamil Nadu

viz., East, west, north, south and centre for important plant parasitic nematodes having

desiccation tolerance and their survival under host free condition. Collections of soil samples

were done at the fallow areas and total numbers of samples were restricted to 10 per location at

the depth of 15-20 cm depth. Extraction of nematodes was done by Cobb’s decanting and sieving

method followed by modified Baermann’s funnel technique. Estimation of nematode population

was done in a multichambered counting dish under stereo zoom microscope and the nematode

genera were identified by comparing the characters given by Mai and Lyon, 1975. Among the

different nematode species encountered Helicotylenchus incisus, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti,

Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis were found with high frequency in the

zones and Tylenchorhynchus sp., Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similis and Aphlenchus avenae

were encountered with lesser frequency. Helicotylenchus incisus was the predominant nematode

species in all the zones with high frequency and density and could tolerate desiccation upto 12

months of host free condition. This is the first record of various species of phytonematodes

associated with fallow regions of Tamil Nadu.

Degradation kinetics of organophosphorus insecticides in/on okra Abelmoschus esculentus

(L) Moench fruits

C. Meenambigai*, K. Bhuvaneswari and M. Paramasivam

Dept. of Agrl. Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia – 741 252, India

Department of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003, India

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pest management modules viz.,

M1 - Integrated Pest Management (IPM), M2 - Bio-Intensive Pest Management (BIPM) and M3 -

Farmer’s pest management practice in okra during January- April 2017, at Naraseepuram village,

Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The insecticides sprayed in each module were utilised to


76

study the dissipation and to workout half-life and a safe waiting period of selected insecticides.

The okra plots were sprayed with dimethoate 30 EC (Rogor®) @ 300 g a.i. ha-1 in M1 and M3 at

40 and 50 DAS and acephate 75 SP (Starthene®) @ 292 g a.i. ha-1in M3 at 40 and 50 DAS. The

samples were collected up to 10 days after second spraying along with untreated control and

processed by modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method.

The final estimation of dimethoate, acephate and its metabolite methamidophos were carried out

on Gas Chromatography (GC). The mean per cent recoveries of both the insecticides in okra

ranged from 80 to 120 per cent and relative standard deviations were below 20 per cent. The

average initial deposit of dimethoate and acephate were 3.65 and 3.46 µg g-1 in okra fruit,

respectively. Both persisted up to 7 days after treatment and further dissipated to Below

Detectable Limit (BDL < 0.05 µg g-1) on 10 days after treatment. The average initial deposit of

1.34 µg g-1 of methamidophos, the metabolite of acephate dissipated on 1 day after treatment.

The dissipation of dimethoate and acephate followed first-order reaction kinetics with the

calculated half-life of 1.19 and 1.33 days, respectively.Their respective safe waiting periods of

1.39 and 2.04 days were calculated based on the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL).

Ecofriendly management of major pests and population dynamics of natural enemies in

paddy ecosystem

R. Ramesh and A. Baskaran

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Needamangalam -614404, Thiruvarur District

Rice growers frequently opt for spraying of inorganic pesticides to manage insect pests.

The inorganic pesticides not only affect the beneficial organisms present in the paddy ecosystem

but also cause 3R’s viz., residues, resistance and resurgence. Hence, an ecofriendly method to

manage insect pests in paddy ecosystem was conducted during Samba season of 2016-17 and

2017-18 in 10 plots each in one acre with IPM components viz., (i) installation of sex pheromone

trap (@5/acre) at 10 days after transplanting, (ii) releasing egg parasitoid Trichogramma

japonicum (@ 2 CC/acre) at 30 and 37th days after transplanting, (iii) releasing Trichogramma

chilonis (@ 2 CC/acre) at 37, 44 and 51st days after transplanting, (iv) installation of yellow

sticky trap @ 12 per acre and (v) need based spraying of neem oil (@3%). More productive

tillers (25.33 and 26.12/hill in 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively), lesser damage by leaffolder

(2.69 & 3.20 %) and gall midge (1.09 & 0.88 %), less number of insect pests viz., GLH (1.77 &


77

3.22/hill), hispa (0.51 & 0), green horned caterpillar (1.93 & 3.67/hill), yellow hairy caterpillar

(0.23 & 0.5/hill) and grasshopper (2.13 & 2.88/hill) in demonstration plot than control plot which

recorded comparatively lesser productive tillers (20.92 & 22.15), greater leaf damage (4.20 &

4.62 and 2.40 &1.66) and more number of insect pests viz., leaffolder, gall midge, GLH, hispa,

green horned caterpillar, yellow hairy caterpillar and grasshopper. Ladybird beetle and rove

beetles were numerous compared to the control plot. The hunting spiders and web forming

spiders were also numerous in the demo plot. The average yield (6.37 - 6.26 tons/ha) and net

returns (Rs. 62825 and Rs 66168) were also higher in demo plots compared to those in control.

The BCR were also higher in demo plot compared to the control plots.

Effect of weather parameters on the incidence of the Fruitborer,

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee.in Brinjal

N.Murugesan and T. Murugesh and J. Arockia Stephen Raj

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam- 628 252, Tamil nadu, India

The best way to avoid pest outbreak is to curb the pest before it gets a foothold – in other

words, predict the occurrence of such outbreaks – so that the timely preventive measures can be

taken. This may be possible, if the congenial weather condition for the insect infestation is fully

known. The present study was taken up to study the effect of abiotic factors, viz., maximum and

minimum temperatures, relative humidity (RH), rainfall, sunshine hours, pan evaporation and

wind velocity weather parameters on the incidence of the brinjal fruit borer L. orbonalis using

the cultivar KKM 1. Multiple regression analysis was made between incidence of fruit borer,

Leucinodes orbonalis and and the weather parameters viz., maximum and minimum temperature

(C), relative humidity (%), sunshine hours, total rainfall (mm), evaporation and wind velocity

(km per hour) during the crop period. In Kharif crop, rainfall, pan evaporation and wind

velocity influenced the shoot damage by L. arbonalis by 79 (R2 = 0.7870;

F = 17.245**) per cent; a unit increase in rainfall and an unit decrease in evaporation and wind

velocity increased the shoot damage by 0.05, 1.01 and 0.44 per cent respectively. However in

Rabi, rainfall, sunshine hours and wind velocity contributed for the 54 per cent of variability in

shoot damage. A unit increase in rainfall and a unit decrease in sunshine hours and wind velocity

increased the shoot damage by 1.71, 0.89 and 0.56 per cent respectively. Fruit damage by

L.arbonalis in Kharif was influenced by rainfall, relative humidity, sun shine hours, evaporation


78

and wind velocity to the tune of 97 per cent (R2 = 0.9723: F= 84.186**); a unit increase in

rainfall, evaporation and wind velocity and a unit decrease in relative humidity and sunshine

hours increased the fruit damage by 3.36, 5.04, 1.09, 1.40, and 2.43 per cent respectively. In Rabi

crop, minimum temperature alone influenced the fruit damage by 55 per cent (R2 = 0.5465;

F = 19.281**); a unit increase in minimum temperature decreased the fruit damage by

13.25 per cent.

Field efficacy of selected botanical preparations against certain brinjal pests

K. Jayakumar* and T. Selvamuthukumaran

Department of Entomology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was undertaken to study the effectiveness of indigenous plant products in

controlling the major pests of Brinjal. The selected botanicals like Neem oil, Neem Seed Kernel

Extract, Acorus calamus extract and five leaf extract were evaluated in the laboratory along with

a standard insecticide check Chlorpyriphos. The results revealed that the per cent shoot damage

caused by Brinjal shoot and fruit borer was greatly reduced by Chlorpyriphos treatment (93.61

%). The selected botanical preparations viz., Neem oil, Neem Seed Kernel Extract, Acorus

calamus extract and five leaf extract performed better and reduced damage to the tune of 89.38

per cent, 89.04 per cent, 85.25 per cent and 83.54 per cent respectively. Such reduction was not

noticed in fruit damage. Chlorpyriphos treatment imparted 79.84 per cent reduction, whereas

Neem oil (57.47 %), Neem Seed Kernel Extract (58.28 %), Acorus calamus extract (52.09 %)

and five leaf extract (30.56 %) imparted less reduction. However, the botanical preparations

managed to reduce the number of Epilachna grub effectively. The management of sap feeders,

Mealy bug was challenging for all the treatments. However, Chlorpyriphos managed to provide

45.5 per cent decrease whereas among botanicals Neem oil imparted a maximum of 25.64 per

cent reduction and Five leaf extract imparted a minimum of 14.32 per cent reduction.It may be

concluded that neem products can effectivelymanage brinjal pests. Further, other botanical

preparations can be alternated or combined with neem to obtain better results.


79

Field efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium

saksenae (Kushwaha) Kurihara & Sukarno against rice bug, Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg

S.S. Hari Sankar* and O.P. Reji Rani

Dept of Agril. Entomology, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University


A new indigenous isolate of Lecanicillium viz., Lecanicillium saksenae (Kushwaha)

Kurihara and Sukarno was tested for its efficacy against rice bug. An oil based formulation of the

test fungi, L. saksenae and L. lecanii were prepared following Nithya (2015) and their efficacy

against rice bugs and safety to natural enemies were assessed. The different bioformulations

tested were, oil formulation of L. saksenae and L. lecanii, spore suspensions of L. saksenae and

L. lecanii, talc based products of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Field

evaluation of the bioformulations revealed that, chitin enriched formulation of L. saksenae was

superior reording lower population of rice bug (1.33 bugs / 5 sweeps) and higher yield (3.25 kg

plot-1, plot size 2 x 2 m). Though the talc formulation of M. anisopliae was equally effective in

reducing the population (1.67), the increase in yield (2.17 kg plot-1) was not significant.

Population of insect predators, viz. coccinellids, mirids, and reduviids did not vary significantly

on third, seventh and fourteenth day after first spray and third and seventh day after second spray

in the treated as well as untreated plots, the average population ranging from 0.67 to 4.67 per

plot,. However, the population was significantly low (1.67, 1.33, and 1.00) in plots treated with

Malathion 0.1% on the tenth day after first spray and tenth and fourteenth day after second spray.

The population of predatory spiders and hymenopteran parasitoids did not vary significantly in

the plots throughout the experimental period, indicating the safety of these bioformulations. This

study projects the prospect of utilizing L. saksenae and its oil formulation as an effective

control agent against major sucking pest of rice, rice bug.

Genetic characterization of Malathion resistance in rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L.

P. Yasodha

Department of Plant Protection,

Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy

Field strains of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. collected from 23 different

warehouses of Tamil Nadu were tested for susceptibility to Malathion at discriminative dose


80

(FAO, 1969). Bioassay revealed that Malathion resistance level ranged from 75 to 93.33 %. The

highest resistance level (93.33%) was recorded in Trichy, TNCSC; while Nagerkoil, TNCSC

recorded the lowest level of resistance (75.00%). Three molecular markers, viz., 5.8S rRNA,

35.58 ITS, 28S rRNA linked to Malathion resistance were designed to characterize resistance on

rice weevil population of Tamil Nadu. The results of rRNA and ITS primers showed more than

90 per cent resistance by amplifying at 261, 470 and 450 bp amplicon size among the rice weevil

population of Tamil Nadu. The amplified PCR products were digested with ECoRI restriction

enzyme. Most of PCR product found to cleave with enzyme confirming Malathion resistance.

Harvest time residues of Emamectin benzoate 1.9 ec and 5 sg in chickpea

G. Vijayalakshmi* and K. Bhuvaneswari

Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur- 621206, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

Field study was conducted to determine the harvest time residues of emamectin benzoate

1.9 EC and 5 SG on chickpea in the farmer’s field at Andhiyur and Idikarai during Rabi season.

Two sprays of Emamectin benzoate 1.9 EC and 5 SG at 7.75 and 22 g a.i. ha-1 were given along

with untreated check. Samples of chickpea pod and soil were collected at harvest time for residue

analysis. The results revealed that the harvest time residues of emamectin benzoate 1.9 EC and 5

SG at 7.75 and 22 g a.i. ha-1 were at a below detectable level in chickpea pod and soil samples.

The average recovery per cent of emamectin benzoate 1.9 EC and 5 SG in chickpea pod 85.66%

and soil 82.50%, respectively.

Impact of Cultivars, Time of observations and Canopy levels on the population fluctuation

of Amrasca devastans Distant on cotton

N. Murugesan* and R. Pandi

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam - 628 252, Tamil Nadu, India

Nature seems to have designed cotton specifically to attract insects. Until the

introduction of transgenic cotton In India 45 per cent of the pesticides were applied in cotton in

India. A sound surveillance system to suit the cultivation practices of the crop is very essential

for IPM to launch timely plant protection measures on need-basis to reduce cost of cultivation as

well as to avoid contamination to eco-system. Hence a study was made to bring out the influence

of times of observations and canopy levels on the nymphal population of Amrasca devastans


81

Distant. A study was made to bring out the influence of times of observations (morning, noon and

evening) and different canopy level (upper, middle and bottom canopy) on the nymphal population

of A.devastans on three cultivars (LRA 5166, MCU 10 and KC 2). The different times of day as

well as levels of plant canopy had effect on the abundance of cotton leafhoppers on all the three

varieties. Of the three times of the day population was least during noon hour. The population of

nymphs was the least in upper canopy. The trend was similar during different periods of

observations also. At noon (26.49/30 leaves), the population was the least followed by evening

(28.85/30 leaves) and morning (32.04/30 leaves) hours. The upper canopy (21.71/30 leaves)

supported the least population followed by the middle canopy (29.52/30 leaves); lower canopy

(36.15/30 leaves) recorded the highest. The trend was similar during different periods of

observations also. Variability in leafhopper population due to the combined influence of

treatment, time observation and canopy level was also evident

Impact of weather parameters and time of sowing on the population fluctuation of

Amrasca devastans distant in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L)

N. Murugesan*, N.R. Manish and J. Arockia Stephen Raj

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam - 628 252, Tamil Nadu, India

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has evolved more as a holistic approach in crop

protection. IPM gives more importance for pest population, co-tenants, natural enemies,

environment factors, biosphere or ecosphere in addition to crop protection and yield. Abiotic

factor, especially weather besides having direct influence on the pest population build-up affect

the pest population indirectly also through its effects on other factors like food availability,

shelter and natural enemies impact of the weather parameters. Manipulation of planting dates is

more meaningful, if planting is based on the information obtained from pest monitoring. In the

present study with LRA 5166 conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam

to understand the impact of the weather parameters viz., maximum temperature, minimum

temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind velocity and rainfall on the incidence of the

leafhopper, Amrasca devastans Distant in cotton crop was studied under four levels of plant

protection and three levels of time of sowing. Under different levels of plant protection multiple

regression analysis of weather factors and incidence of leafhopper, Amrasca devastans in cotton

revealed that decrease in minimum temperature favoured leafhopper population on crop


82

protected during vegetative phase as well as those on unprotected plants. However on crop

unprotected during reproductive phase increase in minimum temperature favoured the leafhopper

population. The weather parameters had no contribution to the incidence of leafhoppers on the

crop protected throughout the crop period. Under three levels of sowing dates, 75, 79 and 85 per

cent of the variation in leafhopper incidence was contributed by the weather parameters in early-

(relative humidity, sun shine hours and wind velocity), normal-(minimum temperature, wind

velocity and rainfall) and delayed sown crops (maximum temperature, minimum temperature,

sunshine hours and rainfall) respectively.

Influence of green algal seaweed - Chaetomorpha antennina on the growth and

development of Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

R. Kannan * and R. Bharathkumar

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture

Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India

Investigations on the green algal seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-

Vincent) Kützing for their insecticidal and growth inhibition effect on Spodoptera litura

Fabricius were conducted under laboratory conditions in Department of Entomology. Marine

green algae C. antennina collected from the intertidal and submerged rocky substratum in the

beach of Puducherry was powdered and solvent extract (acetone) was prepared using Soxhlet

extraction method. Different concentrations of solvent extracts viz., 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10

percent along with a solvent control and check was tested on S. litura third instar larvae under

completely randomized block design with three replications for their larvicidal action and growth

inhibitory effect. Experimental results on the larvicidal action of acetone extract of seaweed

C. antennina noticed no effect up to 24 hours of treatment. C. antennina acetone extract (10%)

exhibited higher mortality of larva in all the periods of observation and a gradual increase in

mortality was observed up to 7th day, but on the 7th day observation, acetone extract at 10 percent

concentration exhibited maximum larval mortality of 66.67 percent. Even though the larval

mortality was gradual among the treatments, pupation was at the variable level among the

treatments and the pupal to adult conversion was comparatively lower in all the treatments. Adult

emergence data exhibited pupal: adult conversion ratio of 1: 0.54 in C. antennina 10 per cent

treatment whereas in control and solvent control the ratio was 1:0.92.


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Influence of weather parameters on pheromone trap catches of Spodoptera litura

A.Vinithra*, M. Senthilkumar and V. Sathyaseelan

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur - 621 212, Tamil Nadu, India

Dept. of Agrl. Entomology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram - 608 002

An experiment was studied in farmer’s field at Ponnanthittu village, Kumaratchi (block)

in Cuddalore during kharif season of 2016 to know the influence of weather parameters on

pheromone trap catches of Spodoptera litura. Pheromone traps were installed at 30 DAS in plot

area of 3.0 ha with 15 sleeve traps and maintained till the end of crop season. The lures were

changed at 3 weeks interval and male moths trapped were counted, removed and destroyed daily

early in the morning from installation of traps until the end of crop season. The data on daily

catches were pooled and total number of male moths collected per week/trap was worked out.

The data on number of moths trapped weekly were correlated with weather parameters. The data

on catches of S. litura in pheromone traps showed that the pest was active from 37th MSW

(Mean Standard Week) and continued till the end of crop season at increasing trend up to 42nd

MSW and later on it was in decreasing trend. The maximum numbers of moths (13.00/ trap/

week) was trapped in 42nd MSW. Peak activity period of S. litura (above 8 to 13 moths/ trap/

week) was observed from 39th MSW to 42 MSW where the population was in the range of 8.5 to

13.20 male moths/ trap/ week.

Insect pest diversity of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) In west bengal-eastern state of India

B. Selvaraj* and Arunava Samanta

Department of Agricultural Entomology, BCKV, Mohanpur, West Bengal-741 252, India

The Insect pest associated with Pigeon pea crop grown in West Bengal, Eastern state of

India has been recorded during kharif season of 2016-17 and 2017-18. A total of 47 insect pests

belonging to 6 orders and 25 families were recorded. Among these, 8 species were recorded as

major, 30 were recorded as minor and remaining 9 were recorded as negligible pests. A total of

eight species of insect pests constituting the pod borer complex have been recorded, out of which

three species viz., Exelastis atomosa, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) and Apion clavipes

(Gerst.) were found to be the most destructive key pests. 38.3 and 28.7 and 26.5% pod damage

by plume moth, 43% pod damage by Apion, 56.5 and 58.4% by pod fly, 8.7 and 7.5% by

Helicoverpa, 4.6 and 3.7% by Lycaenid larvae and 1.5 and 2.1% by Etiella zinckenelia were

recorded during two consecutive years.


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Isolation and Molecular identification of native entomopathogenic nematode,

Steinernema siamkayai Stock, Somsook & Reid, 1998 (Tylenchida: Rhabditidae)

P. Giribabu*, C. Anuradha, T. Anitha Sree, B. Padmanaban and S. Uma

ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was conducted to isolate native entomopathogenic nematodes for management

of banana weevils. Soil samples were collected from different locations of ICAR-NRC for

Banana and were baited with final instar larvae of greater waxmoth, Galleria mellonella

(Bedding and Akhurst, 1975). Infected larvae were collected and kept in white trap for EPN

isolation. Emerged infective juveniles were sterilized and stored in incubator at 23°C. For

identification of EPN genus, nematode specimens were killed and mounted in slides and

observed for morphological characters. Species identity of EPNs was determined using

molecular tools. DNA of the nematode was isolated using DNeasy blood and tissue kit. ITS 1-5.8

S-ITS 2 region of rDNA fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the

primers forward 18S 5' – TTG ATT ACG TCC CTG CCC TTT - 3' and reverse 26S 5' – TTT

CAC TCG CCG TTA CTA AGG - 3'. PCR was performed with denaturation at 94°C for 5 min.

followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for one min., 62°C for one min., 72°C for one min. and an

additional 7 min. at 72°C. 5µl of the amplification product was electrophoresed on a 1.7% gel

and visualized following staining with ethidium bromide. The remaining product was purified

and sequenced. The same primers were used for amplification and sequencing. The query

sequence annotated using BLAST at NCBI. Two EPN isolates viz. Pothavur and Thayanur were

obtained. Molecular identification revealed that both belong to the species Steinernema

siamkayai. The obtained sequences were submitted at NCBI portal and their Genbank accession

Nos. were Podavur isolate - MH091332 and Thayanur isolate - MH091330.

Studies on host plants of a new invasive pest rugose spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus

rugioperculatus martin and their impact on Encarsia guadeloupae viggiani parasitization

potential

K.Elango*, S. Sridharan , S. Jeyarajan Nelson and M.R.Srinivasan

Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India


85

A study was made during 2017 in farmer’s fields of Coimbatore district to assess the

host plants of rugose spiralling whitefly and their impact on natural enemies activity in Tamil

Nadu were also studied. Still now 12 host plants were documented. Among host plants Coconut

and banana are the most preferred host by RSW. During the survey, different stages of rugose

spiralling whitefly was recorded on coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.), banana

(Musa paradisiaca L.) where as only the egg stage was observed on Pearl millet (Pennisetum

glaucum) and Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). The observation on the samples collected from

different cropping pattern of coconut had the maximum parasitization 62.38% with the parasitoid

emergence of 45.78% followed by banana field which showed parasitization of 40.00% and adult

emergence of 39.91% .In pearl millet and nutmeg intercropping the field samples showed

minimum parasitization and parasitoid emergence of 31.75% and 25.07% respectively.

Mono cropping of coconut samples showed least parsitization of Encarsia guadeloupae 17.53%

with the emergence of 26.38 %.

Study of Antifungal compounds in Terminalia arjuna and Tribulus terrestris

chloroform leaf extracts

N. Murugan*, T. Geetha and C.A.Mahalingam

Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

A TLC method was developed and Bioautography was carried out for Terminalia arjuna

and Tribulus terrestris chloroform leaf extracts using Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger to

localize the active antifungal constituent and this was isolated by column chromatography and

preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). This was controlled by gas chromatography (GC)

and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and the leaf extracts was found to contain

antifungal compounds viz.,(E)-17á-[[(4-Dimethylaminobutoxy) imino]methyl]-5á-androstane-

3á,14á-diol oxalate,5-(2-Bromotetrafluoroethyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-4, 5-dihydroisoxazole,

1-(Dimethylamino)-2-butene-2, 3-dicarbonitrile,1-Pentyl-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]furan,(1R,3S)-(+)-

N-(3-Ethenyl-2, 2-dimethylcyclobutyl)acetamide,2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)-1-methylene cyclo

octane,o-DeuteriobenzaldehydeTosylhydrazone.


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The safety of thiamethoxam 25 % wg on coccinellids predators in okra

P. Karthik*, G. Srinivasan, T.Thiruveni R. Pandiyan and Kuttalam

Department of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur- 621 712

Nammazhvar College of Agriculture and Technology, Ramanathapuram

TNAU, Coimbatore-641 00, India

Studies were conducted in the field to evaluate the effectiveness of thiamethoxam 25 %

WG for its ability to safe the coccinellids predators in okra. Significant differences were

observed in coccinellid population among the treatments after insecticidal application. The mean

population of coccinellids after first spray, the plots treated with thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 15 g a.i.

ha-1 recorded 6.25 and 6.80 coccinellids per five plants followed by thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 25 g

a.i. ha-1 (5.10 and 6.11 nos. five plants-1) after first and second round of spraying, respectively. On

the other hand, higher dose of thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 75 g a.i. ha-1 registered a

population of 4.22 and 4.33 nos. coccinellids plant-1 after first and second spray respectively.

But when the plot treated with standard check, Willoxam (thiamethoxam 25% WG) @ g .a.i.

ha-1 (4.77 and 5.77 nos. five plants-1) after first and second spray, respectively. Considerable

decrease in coccinellids population initially in all the treatments. Later, it started increasing, but

it was less than the population recorded in untreated check. The thiamethoxam 25 % WG is

effective against sucking pest of okra and at the same time it is safety to coccinellids so it may

be recommend for the management for sucking pests in okra ecosystem.

Efficacy of Spinetoram 10% w/w +Sulfoxaflor 30% w/w WG against Leaf hopper,

Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishidaon Okra crop

G. Srinivasan*, C.Chinniah, M.Kalyanasundaram, P. Karthik and Ramesh Kaliaperumal

Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agricultural Entomology, AC & RI Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Professor of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Dow Agro Sciences, Mumbai, India

A field trial was laid to evaluate three doses of Spinetoram 10% w/w + Sulfoxaflor 30%

w/w WG against A.biguttula biguttula in okra during winter 2015 and summer 2016. However

okra is harbored by several sucking pests like whitefly, aphids, thrips and mealybug apart from

this leaf hopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula is an important destructive sucking pest on okra in

India causing economic damage both in open field and polyhouse conditions. The combination


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product Spinetoram 10% w/w + Sulfoxaflor 30% w/w WG was evaluated against the pest for

two seasons i.e., winter 2015 and summer 2016 at Alagapuri village, Alanganallur Block,

Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India under field conditions. Three rounds of spray of Spinetoram

10% w/w + Sulfoxaflor 30% w/w WG @ 140 g a.i/ha and Spinetoram 10% w/w + Sulfoxaflor

30% w/w WG @ 120 g a.i/ha from 30 DAT at 10-15 days interval were effective and superior in

reducing the leaf hopper damage.

Antifeedent and insect growth regulatory activities of brown algal seaweed

(Sargassum cristaefolium) against a Cosmopolitan pest, Spodoptera litura (Fabr.)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

K. Gowthish* and R. Kannan

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar,

Chidambaram -608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

The leaf-eating caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a severe yield dropping pest

which caused huge economic losses to numerous agricultural and horticultural crops. In the past,

the management of insect pests mainly involved with the expensive and toxic chemical

insecticides which were highly unsafe to natural enemies and other invertebrates. S. litura have

developed resistance to the commonly used insecticides viz., Organochlorine, Organophosphate,

Carbamate and synthetic pyrethroids. As an alternate, botanicals and other naturally available

resources can be well utilized for sustainable pest management. One such naturally available

resource is the marine algal seaweeds bid a novel in insect pest management, which contains

abundant secondary metabolites to act against the insect pest. The present study aimed to

investigate the presence of antifeedant action, larvicidal effect and IGR activity of brown algal

seaweed Sargassum cristaefolium C. Agardh solvent extract (Methanol) against S. litura.In each

treatment, five numbers ofcastor leaf disc (4mm dia)smeared with seaweed extractwere given to

feed. The experimental results showed the various biological effect on the test insect viz.,

antifeedant, larval mortality, and pupal malformation. The maximum antifeedant effect (61.99%)

was recorded by 20 percent concentration followed by 10, 5, 3, 1 and 0.1 percent concentration

with 58.58, 54.25, 49.32, 40.88 and 32.75 percent antifeedant effect respectively, whereas the

minimum antifeedant effect (0.85%) was recorded in control. The observation for larval death

due to the solvent extract treatments at 72 hours of exposure revealed that the maximum larval


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mortality (73.33%) was exerted by 20 percent concentration followed by 10, 5, 3, 1 and 0.1

percent concentration with 60.00, 53.33, 40.00, 33.33 and 20 percent mortality respectively. Data

on pupal malformation effect by seaweed extract revealed that the maximum effect (20.00%)

was exerted by 20, 10 and 5 percent concentration whereas the minimum effect (20.00%) was

exhibited in 0.1, 1 and 3 percent concentration.

Insect diversity in Agricultural College and Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai Farm

complex

Ajithkumar. J, R.P. Bhuvaneshwaran, P. Jeevith, R. Mouliswaran and C.Vijayaraghavan

Agrl. College and Research Institute, TNAU, Kudumiyanmalai - 622 104, Tamil Nadu, India

Insects play a significant role in the ecosystem by affecting the diversity, abundance and

distribution of plant communities. Biodiversity provides both opportunities and challenges for

studying local ecological communities, which are affected by environment. The present study

makes an attempt to explore the insect diversity in farm complex of Agricultural College and

Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai since the college was established in 2014. The sampling

was done weekly once and insects were collected by using, pitfall trap, light trap, sticky trap and

sweep net from January to March. These traps were installed in different ecosystem in the field

such as Crop cafeteria, Forest tree area, Vegetable crops, Cotton, Pulses and oilseeds. Collected

insects were, segregated up to the order level and preserved in storage box. Small insects were

preserved in glass vials consisting of 70% ethyl alcohol. A total of 1435 number of insects

collected from 7 orders. Among them, 566 beetles, 323 ants and wasps, 169 moths and

butterflies, 145 bugs, 76 grasshoppers, 74 dictyopterans and 82 flies were collected. Over all the

Coleopteran (39%) and Hymenopteran’s (23%) shared maximum and Lepidopteran (12%),

Hemipteran (10%), Dictyopteran (5%), Orthopteran (5%) and Dipteran’s (6%) contributed

minimum.

Effect of biocides against the pests of cowpea, Vigna ungiculata (L) Walp

C. Vijayaraghavan, Zadda Kavitha and S. Pasupathy

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai - 622 104

National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban-622 303, Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu

Anbil dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirapalli

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India


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Cowpea is the most important pulse crop having high nutritive value and widely

cultivated in India. Cowpea is damaged by an array of insect pests from sowing to harvest in the

field as well as in the harvested produce in storage. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, pod damaging

insects i.e., spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer., gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera and

pod sucking bugs are considered to be important in causing economic losses to the farmers.

Hence, an attempt was made to manage the above insect pests in Cowpea by the use of biocides.

A field experiment was laid out at NPRC, Vamban with the Cowpea variety, VBN (Cowpea) 1

in a Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications. Treatments included Neem

Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) 5%, Azadiractin 1%, Neem oil 3%, Beauveria bassiana @ 10g /

litre, Dimethoate 1ml / litre, Indoxa carb 0.7 ml / litre and untreated check. Foliar spraying was

given on 30 DAS. Whitefly population was recorded by bell-jar method in which the individual

plant is covered with a glass jar and the flying insects were counted on 35 DAS. Natural enemies

like coccinelids and spider population were also observed. At the time of harvest cumulative pod

damage was calculated. Foliar application of NSKE 5% on 30DAS recorded the lowest white fly

population (6.20/plant) followed by spraying of azadirachtin 1% (6.80/plant) while in untreated

check it was 18.00/plant. Cumulative pod damage was less in indoxacarb spraying (0.7ml/litre)

(21.70%), followed by dimethoate 1ml/ litre (27.3) treatment while in control it was 52.3%.

Natural enemies like coccinellid (13.0) and spider population (16.0) was more in untreated check

and minimum in insecticides spraying.

PATHOLOGY

Biosynthetic potential of endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens against cotton wilt pathogen

P.Ahila devi*, M. Gnanachitra, K. Rajappan M.Magesh and V. Ravi

National Pulse Research Centre, Vamban

The antibiotics viz., Phenazine and 2, 4 diacetylpholoroglucinol were isolated from

endophyic Pseudomonas fluorescens. The isolate CClEPf which was isolated from leaf of cotton

plants enhanced the antibiotic production. The mode of action by leaf endophytes found to

produce higher range of siderophore 136.26 µg/ml by quantitative assay, volatile compounds and

hydrogen cyanide production.


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Chaetomium globosum a novel biocontrol agent for the management of

Pythium seedling rot of Tomato

S. Parthasarthy*, V. Jayaprakash, L. Rajendran and T. Raguchander

Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, TNAU, Coimbatore, India

Chaetomium globosum have very important considerable attention in recent years

because of their potential use as a biological control agent for the management of foliar and soil

borne pathogens of crop plants. Ten isolates of Chaetomium globosum from various sources

were tested for its efficacy against Pythium ultimum. An isolate TNAU-Cg6 effectively

suppressed the mycelial growth of the isolates of the pathogen and also promoted higher plant

growth under in vitro conditions. Aqueous formulation of C. globosum (TNAU-Cg6) was

standardized by adding different chemical amendments to the sterilized distilled water separately

and the survival was studied upto 12 months under room temperature. The aqueous formulation

enriched with glycerol supported the maximum ascospore population (16×105 cfu/ml) throughout

the period of study upto 12 months. Crude metabolites obtained from different month old stored

culture of TNAU-Cg6 inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen. On analysis of different

month old crude metabolites indicated the production of chaetoglobosin upto 12 months.

The glasshouse studies showed that combined application of aqueous formulation of

C. globosum (TNAU-Cg6) as seed treatment (10ml/kg of seed) and soil drenching (10 ml/lit)

at 15 days after germination of seedlings showed significantly increased shoot and root length

(8.90 and 1.55 cm) over control (2.82 and 0.63 cm) respectively. Further the same treatment with

aqueous formulation of C. globosum showed least pre and post emergence damping off incidence

in tomato.

Chitosan nanoemulsion: synthesis, characterization and its antimicrobial activity

S.S. Krishnakumar* and S. Marimuthu

Assistant Professor (Agronomy), Department of Nano Science and Technology

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003

An experiment was carried out at the Department of Nanoscience & Technology to

synthesize chitosan Nanoemulsion and to validate its antimicrobial property of test model

microorganisms viz., Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Exserohilum turcicum, Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides. Synthesis of chitosan emulsion was carried out and particle size of the droplets


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in chitosan Nanoemulsion was estimated through Particle Size Analyzer using the principle of

Dynamic light scattering. Infra-red spectroscopy is used to confirm the functional groups in the

chitosan Nanoemulsion. Transmission Electron image showed droplets are regular circular in

shape for chitosan Nanoemulsion. In vitro screening of chitosan with pathogenic fungi,

Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Exserohilum turcicum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was tested by

agar well diffusion test. The results revealed that, there is absolute inhibition of mycelia growth

in the three pathogenic fungi tested. The possible mechanism of mycelia inhibition may be due to

the electrostatic interactions of chitosan on fungal call wall; altering the permeability of cell

membranes and thereby caused the death of fungi; the efflux of potassium ions preventing

Hydrogen ions – ATPase activity; passing through cell wall and destroy intracellular components

from colloidal state to flocculation and degeneration, disrupt the normal physiological metabolic

activity of bacteria, or directly interfere with genetic materials; thickening of cell envelope

prevents nutrients from entering the cell, as well as the extracellular transport of metabolite

excretions.

Evaluation of foliar fertilizer, nutrient, bio-control agents and fungicides against

anthracnose leaf spot disease of culinary melon under greenhouse conditions

S. Narmadhavathy*, Kamala Nayar, Babu Mathew and T. Vetrivel

IOA, TNAU, Kumulur, Tamil Nadu, India

College of Agriculture, KAU, Thiruvananthapuram, Tamil Nadu, India

DhanalakshmiSrinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India

The greenhouse experiment was conducted during March-2014 to June-2014 and August-

2014 to October-2014 to study the efficacy of chemicals and non-chemicals agents such as.,

19:19:19 NPK (0.5%), mancozeb (0.4%), azoxystrobin (0.15 ml/l), calcium nitrate (5g/l),

Pseudomonas fluorescens (2%), Trichoderma viride (2%), farmers’ practices, package of

practices KAU (2011) and control was tested for controlling anthracnose leaf spot disease of

culinary melon. The biometric observations were also recorded for both the periods. Pooled

analysis of minimum disease incidence (20.00 %) and index (12.22 %) was achieved by the

treatments of NPK 19:19:19 (0.5 %) + mancozeb (0.4 %) + adjuvant and there by recorded

maximum plant height (46.50 cm), leaf length (11.75 cm), leaf breath (11.33 cm), number of

leaves (35.00), number of branches (6.33) and number of fruits(8.83).


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Evaluation of various eco-friendly components viz., animal products, Sea weeds and

Biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt of cotton caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.

vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans.

G. Karthikeyan, and D. John Christopher

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur- 621 212, Tamil Nadu, India

Dept. of plant pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai university, Chidambaram- 608 002

In the present study, different eco-friendly components viz., Trichoderma viride,

sea weeds and animal products were tested against Fusarium wilt disease incidence in cotton

under pot culture condition. The results showed that, all eco-friendly components significantly

reduce the Fusarium wilt disease incidence than the control. The T. viride were used @ 2×10-8

cfu g-1. The seed were treated @ 10g/kg of seed and were dried in shade overnight before

sowing. Cow urine were used at rate of 100% concentration and 10ml/kg for seed treatment,

soil application @ 10 lit /ha, foliar spray@ 10 lit/ha the flowering stage. Seaweed applied were

used as 20% Conc. 20 ml/kg of seed, soil application @ 20 lit/ha and 20 % Conc. as foliar spray

@ flowering stage. Among the treatments, combined application of bio-agents (T. viride),

sea weed extracts and animal products (T5) recorded significantly reduced Fusarium wilt

incidence of 5.48, 9.48 and 10.90 on 45th, 70th and 120th DAS respectively.

Identification of resistant sources for blast and rust in fox-tail millet incited

by Pyricularia setariae and Uromyces setariae-italica

M.Rajesh*, K.Sivagamy, A.Nirmalakumari and P.Parasuraman

Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal, Tiruvannamalai District

The present investigation was undertaken to identify the resistant genotypes amongst

twelve genotypes of foxtail millet for evaluating blast and rust disease severity caused by

Pyricularia setariae and Uromyces setariae italica were studied during 2016-2017 at Centre of

Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal, Tamil Nadu, and this paper reports the result of this

investigation. Blast disease caused by Pyricularia setariae and rust disease caused by Uromyces

setariae-italica is a serious disease of foxtail millet and inflicts considerable reduction in grain

yield. The disease has characteristic lesions and in severe cases, completely drying up of lesions.

Among the twelve genotypes screened against blast and rust diseases, maximum grade of disease

severity was recorded in SiA 3163 (4 and 7.67 grade respectively) and the minimum percentage


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of disease severity was recorded in SiA 3164 (1.33 and 0.67 grade respectively). Among the

twelve genotypes, SiA 3205 and SiA 3164 were evaluated as resistant genotypes. These

genotypes could be considered a potential source for disease resistance against the blast and rust

of foxtail millet and could be used in breeding program for development of blast and rust

resistant foxtail millet variety.

In vitro Efficacy of Different Oils cakes on Mycelial Growth of Sclerotium rolfsii causing

stem rot of cluster bean

M. Surya*, M. Muthamilan, N. Revathy, V. Swaminadhan

Ph.D Scholar*, Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute,

Madurai-625104

The efficacy of five different oil cake extracts viz., coconut cake, groundnut cake,

gingelly cake, neem cake and pungum cake were tested against S. rolfsii causing stem rot in

cluster bean. Among the (5 and 10%) concentrations of extracts of five oil cakes tested, the

extract of neem cake (Azadiracta indica) (5 and 10%) were found to record significantly the

lowest mycelial growth of 3.25 and 1.31 cm at 5 DAI which accounted for 63.89 per cent and

85.44 per cent mycelial growth reduction over control it was followed by pungum cake (5 and 10

%) were found to record the lowest mycelial growth of 3.96 cm and 2.17 cm at 5 DAI which

accounted for 56.00 per cent and 75.89 per cent mycelial growth reduction over control. The

extract of gingelly cake (10%) was found to record the minimum reduction of mycelial growth

(20 per cent) of S. rolfsii.

New bacterial leaf blight disease of rice in Tamil Nadu state and its management

J. Vinodhini* and R. Kannan Depat of Agrl Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae a destructive pathogencause bacterial leaf blight which is a

major disease of rice and it also be reported to cause by species of Pantoea. Survey was

conducted in Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Kanyakumari and Madurai districts of TN to assess the

incidence of bacterial leaf blight.Upon isolation, the pathogen was thought to be Xanthomonas

oryzae pv. oryzae. But,the results of biochemical characterization revealed that the bacteria were

found to be belong to gram negative, facultative anaerobe with small rods arranged singly.

Further the organism was molecularly characterizedusing 16SrRNAgene,revealed that the causal


94

agent was not Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae but a new species of bacterium Pantoea stewartii

subsp. Indolegenes (Accession No. SUB2733370: MF163273; MF163274; MF16327).In the

physiological studies, maximum growth of Pantoea was observed in peptone sucrose agar

medium (3.17per cent mean transmission values); Fructose (5.47%) and Ammonium nitrate

(4.87%) as potent carbon and nitrogen source. Among the strategies, the plant extracts and

BCAtested under in vitroanalysis, Prosopis (10.33 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (8.66 mm)was a

potent agent in inhibiting growth of Pantoea.As far aschemicals COC (5.56 mm) and

streptomycin (7.13 mm) exhibited maximum inhibitory effect against Pantoea. In vivo studies,

among the fungicides, antibiotics, botanicals and antagonists tested, streptomycin sulphate was

found to be effective by PDI of 12.00. To our knowledge, this is the first report of rice leaf blight

caused by Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes in southern districts of Tamil Nadu.

Phylogeny, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia Associated with Postharvest

Nut Rot of Coconut in India

R. Dheepa*1, C. Goplakrishnan1, A. Kamalakannan1 and S. Nakkeeran1

Department of Plant Pathology, CPPS, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of the most important perennial tropical crops.

Nut rot is the major postharvest disease of coconut in India. The fungus Lasiodiplodia

theobromae is the only species that has been reported to be associated with this disease.

However, a comprehensive study elucidating the true identity of this pathogen with molecular

tools has never been conducted. A type culture of pathogen was submitted to Indian Type

Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute,

New Delhi with the accession number of 10,517.17. It was further confirmed by molecular

characterization using PCR amplification and sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer

(ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA by using primers ITS1 and ITS4. The different methods of

inoculation L. theobromae through pin prick along with spore suspension spray was found to be

the best which record higher severity inoculated with seven month old coconuts. The nut rot

incidence was more in 3, 5 and 7 months old nuts of yellow type variety Chowghat Orange

Dwarf than green variety West Coast Tall (WCT). Fifteen isolates were distinguished

morphologically and phylogenetically and were proven to be pathogenic to coconut following

artificial inoculation. L. theobromae was the most common and the most aggressive species.


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Management of sesame root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina by organic

amendments with bio control agents

P. Mahalakshmi

Institute of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute,

Kumukur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the major oilseed crops cultivated in India

occupying the third position. The productivity is remained stagnant over recent decades because

of its susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses. Inherently low yield potential apart, biotic and

abiotic stresses constitute the major yield destabilizing factors do not as well realize the full

potential of the currently available varieties. It is well recognized that the root rot disease

constitutes a major constraint in increasing the yield level of sesame crop. Root rot caused by

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is an important disease of Sesame (Sesamum indicum

L.) causing 5 to 100 per cent yield loss under field conditions. A field experiment was conducted

during the year 2015 -2016 to evaluate the efficacy of bio inoculants with combined application

of organic amendments. The integrated disease management module consisting of Seed

treatment with Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens+ Soil application of T.viride +

Soil application of P.fluorescens enriched in 100 Kg FYM +Neem cake@250g/ha effectively

reduced the root rot incidence which recorded the minimum disease incidence of 11.86 per cent

with accounted of 65.52 per cent reduction over control followed by Seed treatment with T.viride

+ Soil application of T.viride enriched 2.5 Kg /ha enriched in 100 Kg FYM +Neem

cake@250g/ha which recorded minimum disease incidence of 14.28 percent with accounted of

60.57 per cent reduction over control.


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HORTICULTURE

Effect of organic practices on yield of Black Pepper

(Piper nigrum L.) cv. Panniyur – 1

A. Ravanachandar* and V. Lakshmanan

J.K.K.M College of Agricultural Science, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, HC & RI, TNAU, Periyakulam

To elicit information on the influence of organic manure and its application at different

graded levels of FYM, Neem Cake, Vermicompost, Coir compost and biofertilizers viz.,

Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria and VAM on quality of black pepper. The investigations on black

pepper (Piper nigrum L.) were carried out at the Horticultural Research Station, Yercaud, during

2008-2009. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design. The results relating to the

mean data revealed that treatment combination of higher levels of nutrients viz., FYM +

Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria + VAM (T5) recorded the highest dry berry yield per vine

(3.31kg) and the yield increases are attributable to augumentation of yield components like vine

length, internodal length, leaf area, earliness, number of spike per vine, number of berries per

spike, spike length, 1000-berry weight, 1000-berry volume, green and dry berry yield. Enhanced

yield due to inoculation of organic manures viz., FYM+Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria + VAM

(T5) are attributable to increased uptake of all three macro nutrients namely N,P,K. The study

clearly suggests that the combined application of FYM + Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria +

VAM can maximize the yield of black pepper.

Identification of perennial moringa rootstock for successful grafting with annual Moringa

var. PKM 1 (Moringa oleifera Lam.) by histological studies and biochemical aspects

P. Irene Vethamoni* and G. Priyadharshini

* Dean (Horticulture) RVS Padmavathy College of Horticulture, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

Grafting experiment was conducted at Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural

College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3 during 2016-

2017 using different perennial moringa species viz., moolanur moringa, karumbu moringa and

wild species of moringa (Moringa cocanensis) as rootstocks and annual moringa var. PKM 1 as

scion to identify the suitable rootstocks for successful grafting with annual moringa var. PKM 1

(Moringa oleifera Lam.) by histological development during the union of rootstock and scion to

assess the rate of compatibility and the response of biochemical aspects on the success of


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grafting. Seedlings of perennial moringa rootstocks were wedge grafted individually with the

same thickness of scion of annual moringa var. PKM 1. Perennial moolanur moringa rootstocks

grafted with annual moringa scion var. PKM 1 showed significantly a highest grafting success

(46.1 per cent) with lesser number of days to attain graftable size and graft union. Histological

investigation on grafting is very important to know the compatibility of grafts. Perennial

moolanur moringa rootstock showed highest compatibility and grafting success when grafted

with annual moringa scion var. PKM 1. Necrotic layer which formed as a result of cutting was

seen along the cut surfaces in all the grafts. But in the course of time, necrotic layer was broken

into pieces and then absorbed by the newly formed callus, especially in the cortex regions of the

grafts and finally necrotic layer was seen as light dark strands. It was seen that the removal of

necrotic layer depended on cell division where callus was profuse. It indicates adequate and early

callus formation is important for initial scion survival and subsequent formation of the cambium

and vascular tissues. The proper matching of the two components contributes significantly for

the success of graft union by this graft combination. Lowest biochemical content of ortho

dihydroxy phenol, total phenol with highest peroxidase activity, catalase activity, carbohydrate,

starch and nitrogen content were noticed in the grafts with perennial moolanur moringa rootstock

and annual moringa var. PKM 1 scion which favoured highest success in terms of compatibility.

Influence of Organic amendments on Growth, Yield and Quality of Aggregatum

onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)

J. Kathiravan* and S. Ganesh

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,

Gandhigram Rural Institute, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu 624302.

A field experiment was conducted during summer 2017 to study about the influence of

organic amendments in aggregatum onion. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments, laid

out in Randomized Block design and replicated thrice. The growth characters viz. plant height

and number of leaves exhibit significant variation among the nutrient management practices.

Significant increase in yield components like number of bulbs, bulb weight and bulb yield were

observed in treatments consisting of organic amendments. A treatment receiving 60:60:30 kg

NPK +12.5t FYM + 2.5t vermicompost + biofertilizer (2 kg each of Azospirillum +

Phospobacateria) hectare -1 recorded the highest bulb yield 245.91qha -1 as compared to control

(117.09qha-1) It is indicated that the use of organic amendments in combination with


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biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers offers a great opportunity to increase the production of

aggregatum onion. The total soluble solids content was also influenced by various treatments

comprising of organic, inorganic & biofertilizers in aggregatum onion under investigation.

Standardization of drip irrigation and fertigation for improving, yield and quality

parameters of mango var. Alphonso under ultra-high density planting

K. Prakash*, R.M.Vijayakumar and S.D. Sundhar Singh

Department of Horticulture, Palar Agricultural College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of fruit crops, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd, Tamil Nadu, India

An experiment was conducted with an objective of assessing the water and nutrient

requirement (NPK) through fertigation on yield and quality of mango cv. Alphonso under Ultra

High Density Planting. There were three irrigation regimes in main plots namely I1 (16 lpdp), I2

(20 lpdp) and I3 (24 lpdp) and four fertigation levels in subplots viz., F1 (50 % RDF), F2 (75 %

RDF), F3 (100 % RDF) and F4 (125 % RDF) replicated three times in a split plot design. The

results revealed that among the irrigation treatments I3- 24 lpdp recorded the highest values for

yield characters like percentage of fruit set, fruit weight, number of fruits per tree, fruit yield per

tree and quality characters like TSS, ascorbic acid, sugar, carotenoids. On comparison of sub plot

treatments, yield contributing factors like percentage of fruit set, mean fruit weight, number of

fruits per tree, fruit yield per tree were found to be higher by application of 100 per cent RDF

(F3) through fertigation. In the interaction effect, application of 100 per cent of recommended

dose of fertilizers (120:75:100 g NPK/tree/year) along with 24 litres per day per plant has

resulted in the improvement of all beneficial parameters leading to enhanced yield and quality of

mango var. Alphonso under ultra high density planting.

Studies on propagation techniques in jack fruit (Artocarpushetero phyllus L.)

S.R. Raajmohan*, V. Vishnupriya and M. Seeman

RVS Padmavadhy College of Horticulture, Sempatti, Dindigul – 624 707. Tamil Nadu, India.

Mother Terasa College of Agriculture, Pudukkottai – 622102, Tamil Nadu, India.

Study on propagation techniques in jack (Artocarpushetero phyllus L.) was carried out at

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University during 2015-2017.

Twelve genotypes viz., AH-1 to AH-12 were used in the investigation. Based on germination

percentage and seed vigour AH-5 was identified as best genotype for rootstock. In order to


99

increase seedling vigour the seeds of AH-5 were treated with bioregulators viz. NAA (100 ppm,

200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm) and IBA (100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm). Among

nine treatments soaking of seeds for 24 hours in 400 ppm of IBA gave superior performance.

The experiment to find out the optimum age of rootstock for successful softwood grafting

revealed that 150 days of old seedlings exhibited highest percentage of successful grafts.

Significant interactions were observed for germination per cent, plant height, number of leaves,

leaf length, leaf breadth and stem girth etc. The best growth attributes were observed in AH-5

which recorded higher germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves, leaf length,

breadth and stem girth. Among the different age of rootstocks tried for softwood grafting,

maximum graft union success was recorded in 150 days old rootstocks and it was followed by

120 days old rootstocks.

Determination of lethal dose for ethyl methane sulphonate induced mutagenesis in jasmine

Sanchita Ghosh* and M. Ganga

Dept. of Floriculture and Landscaping, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

Horticultural Research station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India

Mutation breeding has proved to be effective crop improvement method leading to

desirable genetic variability in plant species which are propagated through vegetative means.

Assessment of mutagenic sensitivity and optimization of lethal dose is a pre requisite in any

mutation breeding experiment in order to obtain higher recovery of beneficial mutants with

minimal population loss. Jasmine is one of the most important traditional flower crops in India

and especially Jasminum grandiflorum is being used for concrete extraction. The present study

aimed at investigating the effects of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) on crop phenotypes in two

varieties of Jasminum grandiflorum namely, White Pitchi and CO.1 Pitchi. Terminal cuttings of

these two varieties were treated with ten doses of EMS viz., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 45

and 50 mM. The LD50 values were worked out from survival rate based on probit analysis. The

LD50 values were 37.15 mM and 44.67 mM for White Pitchi and CO.1 Pitchi respectively.

Survival rate, shoot length, leaf length and width was found to be greatly affected by mutagenic

treatments which ultimately exhibited linear reduction with increase in concentration of EMS in

the both the varieties. A comparison of the LD50 values, survival and growth parameters of the

treated plants in M1V1 generation, the variety White Pitchi was found to be more sensitive to

chemical mutagen than CO.1 Pitchi.


100

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Evaluation and adaption of self propelled groundnut combine harvester

P. Rajendran*, B. Shridar, G. Manikandan

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur-12, Tamil nadu, India

Department of Farm power & Machinery, AEC & RI, Coimbatore-3, Tamil Nadu, India

Influence of stripping drum viz., single drum with five vanes and double drum with eight

vanes were developed and the investigation was carried out at three levels of speed of rotation of

stripping drum viz., 200, 300 and 400 rpm to optimize the number of stripping drum and also speed

of rotation. The self propelled groundnut combine harvester was evaluated in three cropping

practices viz. Flat bed system, Ridges and furrows system and raised bed system with two levels of

harvesting blade viz., straight blade and peg type blade, at three levels of forward speed of

operation viz., 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 km h-1 and at three levels of depth of operation viz., 10, 12.5 and

15 cm respectively investigated and the appropriate levels of variables were optimized.

Performance of tractor drawn precision pulse seeder to mitigate labour demand in

blackgram

S. Marimuthu* and M. Kathiravan

National Pulses Research Centre1 and Krishi Vigyan Kendra2, Vamban, Pudukkottai

The FLD was carried out in ten locations of two taluks viz., Gandarvakottai and

Pudukkottai to evaluate the performance of tractor drawn precision pulse seeder to mitigate the

labour requirement in black gram cultivation. . Blackgram VBN 6 was sown with a spacing of 30

x 10 cm through tractor operated precision pulse seeder utilizing south west monsoon rain. The

seed rate of 15 kg/ha is required for seed drill sowing. It covers one hectare per day and the cost

of the machine is Rs.50, 000/-. All recommended practices were followed. The observations on

growth, yield parameters and yield were recorded and economics was worked out. The results of

the demonstration revealed that mechanized sowing had increased the mean field emergence

(79.13%), yield of 1031 kg/ha than manual sowing (846 kg/ha). The time required for sowing

was reduced 95.27 % and reduction in 23.34 man hours. The seed drill sowing saved from cost

of cultivation was Rs.3320/ha and obtained an additional net return of Rs.19, 606/ ha and BCR

was 3.03 as compared to manual sowing. It also helped in timely operations and effective use of


101

rain water which in turn to 22 per cent higher yield. Farmers are of the opinioned that usage of

precision tractor drawn blackgram seeder helped them to overcome drudgery involved in the

sowing operation and also higher productivity.

Performance of manually operated hand held vegetable seedling transplanter

Dr.P.K.Padmanathan* and Dr.P.Parimalam

Institute of Agriculture, AEC & RI, Kumulur, Tamil Nadu, India

Dept. of Family Resources Management, Agricultural Engineering College and Research

Community Science College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil nadu, India

Presently, manual transplanting method is being adopted at most of the area under

vegetable cultivation. Manual transplanting one has to make a dug by hand and place the

seedling in the soil and cover it. All operations need to be done in bending posture and very

tedious. The labour and time consuming; it consumes the 260-320 man-h/ha. Semi-automatic

vegetable transplanters are available in India for bare root, plug and pot type of seedlings. But

they are too costly for small farmers. Therefore, a need was felt to develop a transplanter low

cost, lightweight which can be operated at less efforts and higher work rate. Hence, hand-held

vegetable transplanters for transplanting of vegetable seedlings on ridge/raised bed and

plastic mulch has been developed to provide a solution to the manual operation at small farms.

The hand held vegetable seedling transplanter consists of different component like handle, lever,

hollow pipe, jaw and jaw operating lever. To raising the transplanter up to one feet height and

allow to free fall in the soil, dropping the seedling in the seedling delivery tube, pressing the

lever in upward direction which enable the jaw to open the soil and seedling was placed in the soil

by gravity and lifting the transplanter with open jaw and close the after raising the transplanter

by one feet height. It was evaluated in farmers field for inter and intra-row spacings of 45×45

cm. The result obtained from the trial tests concluded that transplanter functioned properly as

there is no miss planting. The cost of operation is comparatively less than traditional method of

transplanting. From visual observation we have seen that there is no damage to the seedling

during operation. The transplanting capacity observed from trail is 0.03 ha/hr, theoretical field

capacity is 0.035 ha/hr, field efficiency is 86.50% and also it is reduce the human labour efforts

and time required for transplanting.


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Performance evaluation of manually operated direct paddy drum seeder

Dr.P.K.Padmanathan

Dept. of Farm Machinery and Bio energy Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Kumulur, Trichy

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Direct seeding and transplanting are the two general methods of planting rice. The

traditional method followed from many years in Madurai region is transplanting of seedlings raised

in nursery. Transplanting method involves seedbed preparation, nursery growing, care of seedlings

in nursery, uprooting of seedlings, hauling and transplanting operations. The preparation of

seedbed and sowing are done 30 days before planting. The paddy growing farmers practicing

transplanting are facing problems like shortage of labour during peak time in single cropping

system, hike in labour charges, small and fragmented land holdings and water scarcity and etc,

direct seeding is becoming increasingly popular now days in Tamil Nadu, India. For wet drum

seeding the paddy seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours and incubated for 12-24 hours. These

sprouted seeds are sown by manually operated eight row paddy drum seeder in puddled

field 1-2 days after well puddling. Drum seeder can be used in the Madurai region for seeding

in both Kharif and Rabi season with proper irrigation practices. Drum seeder tested was

manually operated. The laboratory calibration was carried out with different combinations of

drum fills viz., 100, 75, 50 per cent, and travel speed viz., 1 km/h, 1.2 km/h, and 1.5 km/h. From the

laboratory calibration test the combination of 75 % drum fill and 1 km/h speed were selected for

field evaluation of drum seeder. The drum seeder was tested on puddled field. The theoretical field

capacity was calculated as 0.25 ha/h. while effective field capacity of the drum seeder was observed

to be 0.15 ha/h. The field efficiency of the seeder was found to be 65 per cent. The cost of

operation of drum seeder is Rs. 35.50/- per hour.


103

THEME-II

PLANT SCIENCES

A new distributional area for the diploid cytotype of Thelypteris dentata (forssk.) E.p. st.

John (thelypteridaceae - pteridophyta) in India

Shashank Kumar Singh *, S. Dominic Rajkumar, Ravi Pratap Gautam and

Shobhit Kumar Srivastava

Department of Botany, St. Andrew’s College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh

Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) is a tropical species. The tetraploid cytotype (n = 72) has

been reported widely from several localities in India and the diploid cytotype of n =36 has been

reported only from Meghalaya, Uttarakhand and Punjab. Presently the diploid cytotype has been

collected from Kushmi forest, Gorakhpur and the study area Uttar Pradesh becomes the fourth

locality in India.

A new octoploid cytotype of Adiantum philippense linn. from India

Ravi pratap gautam*, S. Dominic rajkumar, Shashank kumar singh and

shobhit kumar srivastava

Department of Botany, St. Andrew’s College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh

Adiantum philippense L. belongs to the family Adiantaceae. It is widely distributed in

tropical, sub tropical and warm temperate regions. Mostly the apogamous triploid (2n = n = 90)

cytotype has been reported frequently from different localities in India. During the recent

exploration in Western Uttar Pradesh the diploid (n = 30) and tetraploid (n = 60) cytotypes have

been observed for this species. In Eastern Uttar Pradesh, the present study area, a different

cytotype with chromosome number of n = 120 (SACH - 599) was collected. This octoploid

cytotype is a new report for the species from Pharenda forest of Maharajganj district, Eastern

Uttar Pradesh. The octoploid cytotype has also been reconfirmed from another specimen from

the same locality (SACH - 651). The distributional model depicting the place of collection of

different cytotypes shows that the apogamous triploid (2n = n = 90) cytotype is comparatively

wider in distribution than the diploid and tetraploid cytotypes.


104

Study on Pharmacognostic and In Vitro antimicrobial activity of leaf and root extracts of

Enicostemma littorale, Blume. (Family: Gentianaceae)

S. Bavya*, M. Selvi Rao, S. Sahaya Sathish, A. Vimala and V. Thangarajan

Centre for Cryptogamic Studies, Department of Botany, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous),

Tiruchirappalli - 620 002, Tamil Nadu.

Department of Botany, Queen Mary’s College (Autonomous), Chennai – 600 004, Tamilnadu

A study was conducted to assess the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis

and the antibacterial activity of Enicostemma littorale. The phytochemical analysis revealed the

presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols, glycosides,

phytosterols, steroids, and tannins. The primary metabolites were abundant in leaves than roots

whereas secondary metabolites were abundant in root when compared to leaves. The extracts of

root and leaf exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella

paratyphi.

Analysis of free radicals in Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) induced by gamma

irradiation by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR)

S. Latha* and D. Arulbalachandran

Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Finger millet (Eleusine corocana L.Gaertn) most widely produced cereal worldwide.

Most cereals have abundant fibre contents also enriched with niacin, iron, riboflavin and

thiamine. Increase in the alarming population of the world leads to the necessity of the increase

in the productivity of all agricultural products. However, mutation breeding induced by

irradiations are the tool in the hand of breeder to create variability in crop population and to

make selection in the population with the view to bring about further improvement in crop,

gamma rays affect the plant growth by altering cellular environment. Gamma rays have proved

to be more economical and effective compared to other ionizing radiations because of their easy

availability and power of penetration. In this investigation growth of seedling treated with

gamma irradiation with 60kR and 70kR was studied in finger millet. The results showed that

reduction in seedling growth due to the formation of free radicals induced by gamma irradiation.

Free radicals such as singlet oxygen, hydroxyl ions and hydrogen peroxide were increased in

increasing dose of gamma rays compared to control. Radicals were analysed by electron spin


105

resonance spectroscopy (ESR) shown that increasing intensity of peak which correlated with

decreasing of growth at higher doses viz., 60kR and 70 kR rather than control plant.

Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum in Tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum L.)

R. Pavithra and S. Lalitha*

Department of Botany, School of life sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu

Trichoderma spp are the effective biocontrol agents against fungal, bacterial pathogen.

The fungal isolates of the bio control agents Trichoderma asprellem (Tr01), Trichoderma

asprellem (Tr02) and the pathogen, F. oxysporum (Fu04) were confirmed with morphological

characterization observed under light microscope (10x×40x) and PCR analysis. The pot culture

study was conducted to test the antagonistic potential of (Tr01, Tr02) against (Fu04). Healthy

seeds of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were used in this experiment, treatment such as

Control, Tr01, Tr02, Fu04, Tr01+ Fu04, Tr02 + Fu04 was given to the seeds sown in pots and

maintained in appropriate distances. Water was supplied at intervals of 24 to 48 h as required.

In pot culture after 45th DAI of bioinoculated plant (Tr02) significantly enhanced plant length,

fresh weight, dry weight, Chlorophyll content, Nitrogen content, NPK content and soil microbial

population. Bioinoculant (Trr02) highly inhibited the plant pathogen (Fu04) and there was an

increase in plant growth ability to with stand under nutrient deficient conditions.

Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of a moss (Bryophyte) plant -

Sematophyllum humile (Mitt.) Broth.

S. Sahaya Sathish*, Jisin Joseph, A. Vimala, S. Bavya and V. Thangarajan


Tiruchirappalli - 620 002, Tamil Nadu

An attempt was made to study the antimicrobial and phytochemical analysis in a moss

(bryophyte) plant, Sematophyllum humile. The studies were carried out in four different solvents

such as ethanol, acetone, hexane and benzene. All the solvents showed inhibitory effect on the

pathogenic bacteria. Among them ethanolic extract showed a high inhibitory activity especially

against Staphylococcus lentus, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. Hence the ethanolic

extract was exploited to investigate the presence of bioactive compounds. The UV-Vis and FTIR

spectrum was used to identify the functional group of the active compounds. The peaks of the


106

spectrum showed the presence of alkane, amino, alcohol, amide, aldehyde, nitro, amine, alkene

and aromatic compounds. The spectrum obtained by GC-MS/MS revealed the presence of

eighteen major compounds such as palmatic acid, diterpene, linoleic acid, omega 3- fatti acid,

triterpene, steroids and vitamin E. Thus this cryptogamic moss plant Sematophyllum humile

proved that it is a good antimicrobial agent, because of its richness in the bioactive principles.

Therefore it could be seen as a potential source to prepare the ethanomedicine.

Biomimetic synthesis of nanostructures (Ag and Cu) using Justicia adhatoda and study

their anticancer activity and antimicrobial activity in combination with antimicrobial

S. Vignesh*, K. Muthukumar, M. Santhosh Gokul, M. Koperuncholan and

R. Arthur James

Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India – 620 024

Department of Botany, SriMad Andavan College of Arts and Science, Tiruchirappalli – 620 005

In the present study, biosynthesis of silver and copper nanostructures and its

antimicrobial and anticancer activity on certain pathogens and HeLa cells respectively were

investigated. Silver and copper nano particles were rapidly synthesized using leaf extract of

Justicia adhatoda and the formation of nanostructures was observed within 30 min.

Biofabricated AgNS and CuNS were characterised by different analytical techniques such as UV-

vis Spectrophotometer, FTIR, DLS, Zeta analysis and SEM/EDS, XRD and etc. Microbial

strains were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity using the disc diffusion method and were used to

evaluate in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of test sample against certain human

pathogenic microorganisms on muller hinton agar (MHA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA),

respectively. In the present study, higher (30 μL/disc) concentration of sample got greater

sensitivity than (15 μL/disc) lower concentration in all the tested microorganisms. The test

sample was most effective against Salmonella typhimurium while smaller effect was noticed

from Micrococcus luteus. Thus, AgNPs gave better activity against pathogens than CuNPs. The

highest enhancing effect was observed for ampicillin against test strains. The result showed that

the combination of antibiotics with AgNPs have better antimicrobial effects. A mechanism was

also proposed to explain this phenomenon.


107

Bioremediation of glyphosate contaminated soil using Plant Growth Promoting

Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

R. Santhakumari and S.Lalitha*

Department of Botany, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India

The present study investigated the effectiveness of PGPR inoculation on

morphological, photosynthetic pigments of the tomato crop and soil glyphosate under herbicide

and non-herbicide treated plots. For conducting the experiment, the soil samples were collected

from Dalmiya Colony of located in the Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India. 1% of glyphosate

herbiside was sprayed to the sterilized soil. Tomato seeds were sown in each pot at green house.

The leaf, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight were compared in treatment plots at 45

Day After Inoculation (DAI) of PGPR. The highest increase of photosynthetic pigments such as

chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content was observed in PGPR inoculated crops of tomato

in glyphosate sprayed treatment. Herbicide content was significantly decreased in PGPR

inoculated soil compared to herbicide applied but PGPR uninoculated control. The toxic

herbicide of glyphosate was degraded by the inoculated PGPR such as Bacillus spp., Rhizobium

spp. and Pseudomonas spp. The results showed that PGPR may possess potential to be used in

bioremediation of herbicide.

Biochemical changes on storability of greengram seeds by botanical treatments

M. Chitra

Agricultural College & Research Institute, Echangkottai, Thanjavur

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of three botanicals on greengram seeds

storage. Laboratory studies were conducted with leaf powder of three plants to show the

preservative effect for maintaining the quality of greengram seeds in storage. After processing

and drying, seeds were preserved with different botanicals such as Albizia amara, Azadirachta

indica, Phyllanthus emblica at a dose of 10g/Kg and halogen mixture @10g/Kg stored in gada

cloth bags. The results revealed that, the botanicals and halogen mixture treatments were

significantly superior in controlling and maintaining higher seed quality throughout the storage

period when compared to untreated control. Among the botanicals, the Albizia amara @ 10g/ kg

were found better by recording significantly higher germination percentage, vigour index and

enzymatic levels such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase compared to untreated


108

control at the end of 12th month of storage. From this experiment, it was concluded that use of

different botanicals is less expensive and it is easily available to the farmers and safe to handle.

Callogenesis and organogenesis from petiole explants of Artemisia vulgaris L.

G. Sujatha* and B.D. Ranjitha Kumari

Department of Botany, Periyar E. V. R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli

Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,

Tamil Nadu, india

A reproducible protocol was developed for callusing and plant regeneration from petiole

explants of Artemisia vulgaris. The explants were cultured on MS medium fortified with

different concentrations and combinations of auxins (NAA and 2, 4-D) for callus induction. A

maximum of 97.6% callusing response was achieved on 2, 4-D and NAA combinations. The

green compact calli were subcultured on a medium augmented with BA, 2iP individually and in

combination for shoot induction. A maximum of 99.9% shooting response was achieved on

medium supplemented with 4.9 µM 2iP (57.6 shoots). Shoots raised were rooted on the medium

containing MS salts, B5 vitamins and 8.5 µM IAA. The plantlets were transferred to garden soil:

farmyard soil: sand (2:1:1) mixture for acclimatization which was successful and subsequent

maturity was achieved under greenhouse conditions. This in vitro strategy is a consistent method

for the steady production of a huge number of plants for essential oil production as well as

Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation studies.

Ethnobotanical survey of anti-hyperlipidemic activity in medicinal plants from Namakkal

district of Tamil Nadu, India

G. Balamurugan* and K. Sasikumar

Department of Botany, Periyar EVR College, Trichy-23, Tamil Nadu, India

Medicinal plants are important treasures for the treatment of different types of

diseases.Current study provides significant ethnopharmacological information, both qualitative

and quantitative on medical plants related to hyperlipidemia from Namakkal districtof

Tamil Nadu, India. The information gathered was quantitatively analysed to establish a baseline

data for more comprehensive investigations of bioactivecompounds of indigenous medicinal

plants specifically related to hyperlipidemia. Total of 130 informants were interviewedusing


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questionnaire conducted during 2017 to identify the preparations and usesof the medicinal plants

for hyperlipidemia treatment. A total of 36 species of floweringplants belonging to 35 genera and

27 families were used as ethno-medicines in the study area. The largest number of species

belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. In addition leaves and fruits are most used parts (26%),herbs

are most used life form (50%), paste method were used for administration (32%) and oral

ingestion was the main used route of application (68.5%). The highest use value was reported for

species Ocimum basilicum and Momordica charantia. The results of present study revealed the

importance of medicinal plant species and their significant role in the healthcare of the

inhabitants in the present area. The people of Namakkal district own high traditional knowledge

related to hyperlipidemia. In conclusion, we recommend giving priority for further

phytochemical investigation to plants that scored highest FIC, UV values, as such values could

be considered as good indicator of prospective plants for discovering newdrugs and attract future

generations toward traditional healing practices.

Evaluation of composite film containing extracts of Glycine max and sago impregnated with

graphene oxide nano particles

Ramnath Varadarajan*

Department of Biochemistry, Thiruvalluvar Arts and Science College, Kurinjipadi, Cuddalore,-

607 305, Tamil Nadu, India.

Composite films containing soya protein (SY) and sago starch (SG) imbibed with

graphene oxide nano particles (GONp) with and without antibiotic gentamicin (G) were prepared

by solvent casting method. The films were characterized for their, water absorption studies,

FTIR, SEM (with EDX), TEM and mechanical properties. The water absorption studies showed

the absorbing capacity of the material revealing the porous nature which is mandatory for a

composite biomaterial. The FTIR and SEM studies revealed the composite nature of the films

prepared. The results of MTT assay confirmed the cell viability and biocompatible nature of the

composite film. The physico-chemical, mechanical and in vitro studies strongly suggest the

efficacy of the biomaterial and may be tried in wound management studies in animals.


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Evaluation of phytochemicals and in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic activity of

edible mushroom, Pleurotus sajor caju

K. Manimaran* and S. Murugesan

Research Scholar, Department of Botany, Periyar University, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Periyar University, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, India

Anti-inflammatory activity of edible mushroom was investigated by human red blood

cell membrane (HRBC) stabilization methods. Results showed that the extract exhibited

significant anti-inflammatory activity of 46.60% at the concentration of 1.0mg/ml which is

comparable to that of the standard diclofenac sodium. The edible mushroom extract also showed

significant anti-diabetic (27.8%) activity by inhibition of α-amylase at the concentration of

1.0mg/ml.

Facile green revolt of nano particles from golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha) and its

pharmacological applications

S. Vignesh*, K. Muthukumar, M. Santhosh Gokul, B. Meera, and R. Arthur James

Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India – 620 024

Department of Microbiology, Thanthai Hans Roever College (Autonomous),

Perambalur – 620 005

Green synthesis of nano particles provides an alternative to material and elemental

approaches. It represent an eco-friendly way of iron and silver nanoparticle synthesis using a

rapid, single step, and a completely green biosynthetic method employed by aqueous Acacia

pycnantha (AP) extracts as both the reducing and capping agent. The biosynthesized AP-

Ag/FeNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrum, Fourier transform-infra red spectrum (FT-

IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive

spectroscopy (EDS). The UV- Vis spectroscopy of prepared Ag and Fe colloidal solutions

showed absorption maxima at 430 nm and 574 nm. The XRD and TEM analysis revealed that

AgNPs are face-centered, cubic structure being spherical in shape with an average particle size

of 52 nm. The AP - Ag/FeNPs were tested for antibacterial activity against three different group

(Human, Multidrug and oral cavity) bacterial pathogens viz., Klebsiella pneumonia >

Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Salmonella typhimurium and they demonstrated highest sensitivity

towards multi drug resistant (MDR) strains when compared to oral cavity pathogens.


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Gamma rays effects on biochemical alteration in Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy

K. Yasmin* and D. Arulbalachandran

Division of Crop Mutation and Molecular Breeding

Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences

Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

In the present study, the biochemical alteration was analyzed in Black gram

(Vigna mungo L. Hepper) variety VBN - 4. The seeds were treated with different doses of

gamma rays viz., 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120kR. Higher dose 80 and 120 kR showed more

frequency of protein, lipids, amino acid and carbohydrate, starch, polysaccharides compared to

control observed from the peak values of Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy (FTIR).

Compared to control higher dose shows high frequency of biochemicals due to overexpression/

upregualtion of genes.

Green synthesis, characterization of silver nano particles by using Sematophyllum humile

(Mitt.) Broth. a bryophyte plant and determination of its antimicrobial activity

J. Vedhamani*, S. Sahaya Sathish, A. Vimala, T. Tamizharasi, R. Palani and

P. Vijayakanth

Department of Botany, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Trichirappalli - 620017


Trichirappalli – 620 002, Tamil Nadu, India

This study aims to synthesise silver nano particles in an eco-friendly method. For this,

10ml of moss plant Sematophyllum humile aqueous extract was mixed with 90ml of 1mM

AgNO3 solution. The initial colour of the test solution pale yellow colour turned into reddish-

brown colour. It indicates the formation of silver nano particles. It was further confirmed by the

following characterization techniques. The colour change was confirmed with the help of

UV-Vis analysis. The maximum absorption obtained at 438nm. The responsible active functional

groups for the reduction and capping of AgNO3 were identified by FTIR analysis. The size and

shape of the particles were found out with a help of FESEM image. The average size is 8.1 nm as

in globe shape. The antimicrobial activity was done against 4 fungal and 4 bacterial pathogens.

Among the tested bacteria, Proteus mirabilis and the fungus Aspergillus niger exhibited a higher

inhibition.


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Identification of antioxidant protein marker in Bacopa monnieri L.

S. Alagendran*, Gaby Fernandez, N. Pushpa, P.Ramakrishnan and T.Vetrivel

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur-12

Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Mexico (UNAM),

Mexico D.F

PG Department of Microbiology, Cauvery College for women, Trichy-18

The present study was investigated to estimate the total protein and total phenolic content

of the Bacopa monnieri leaf extracts. The protein content of the phenol-chloroform/TCA

precipitation extracts from Bacopa monnieri leaves was measured by Lowrys method. Total

phenolic content of the extracts was measured as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) by Folin–

Ciocalteu reagent. The Phenol-chloroform and TCA precipitation of protein metabolites showed

raise in correlation with high phenolic content with 86.7± 5.34mg GAE/g dry weight might been

the pivotal source of natural antioxidants. PAGE analysis of Bacopa monnieri leaves extract

possess low molecular weight protein were validated by MALDI-TOF MS/MS database analysis.

This finding suggests that in Bacopa monnieri is a cost effective neuro enchancer and neuro

protectant against dementia.

In vitro anticancer activity of green synthesized silver nano particles using

Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Bird – a bryophyte plant

A. Vimala*, S. Sahaya Sathish, S. Bavya and V. Thangarajan



A study was conducted too characterize and investigate on the cytotoxic properties of

synthesized Ag-NPs using the moss plant Campylopus flexuosus (bryophyte), by human breast

cancer cell line studies. Cytotoxic activity of AgNps was confirmed by MTT, Caspase assay and

Gene expression study. Treatment of MCF - 7 breast cancer cells with various concentrations of

AgNPs (25–500 μg/ml) were carried out. The Ag-NPs caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell

viability. Furthermore, the apoptotic effects of AgNPs were confirmed by activation of caspase

3, 9 and Bcl-2 gene expression. Caspase assay measured for free pNA were cleaved by the

AgNps. Gene expression was studied by RT–PCR. Bcl - 2 expressed high level in AgNps

compared to the pure plant extract. It confirms the apoptotic effect of synthesized silver nano

particles. The present findings suggest that CfAgNPs could contribute to the development of a


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suitable anticancer drug, which may lead to the development of a novel nanomedicine for the

treatment of cancers.

In vitro studies on Artemisia indica willd. – a commonly used medicinal plant

V. Thangarajan*, S. Sahaya Sathish, S. Bavya and A. Vimala



The callus induction and in vitro plantlet regeneration for the plant Artemisia indica was

optimized by studying the influence of the explant (leaf) on age and different concentrations of

plant growth regulators. Explants from 10 to 15 day old seedlings showed maximum callus

induction. Callus formation and shoot differentiation was initiated on Murashige-Skoog (MS)

medium containing Auxin in combination with BAP in all explant types. The best results were

obtained using leaf explants 80% callusing was achieved in MS medium supplemented with

Auxin and combination of BAP. However the results reflected the existence of high inter-explant

variability in response to growth regulators. Root induction was achieved in MS medium

containing 3 mg/l IBA. Application of this protocol has potential for mass multiplication of the

target species in limited time period.

Influence of alpha tocopherol on endogenous free radicals and antioxidant enzymes during

in vitro rhizogenesis in Lycoperciscon esculentum L.

Malini Soundararajan*

Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences I, Jain University, Bangalore, 560011, India

Influence of alpha tocopherol on endogenous free radicals and antioxidant enzymes were

studied during in vitro rhizogenesis in Lycoperciscon esculentum. Three weeks-old calluses were

transferred to root regeneration media (Murashige and Skoog media with 5 μM indole-3-

butyric acid) supplemented with 3 different concentrations of alpha tocopherol (α TC) (T1- 0.25

mM, T2- 0.5 mM and T3- 1 mM).Of the three different concentrations, 0.25 mMα TC induced

rhizogenesis by 24 h whilst in control it was observed after 48 hours. During rhizogenesis α TC

was observed to enhanced lipid peroxidation and H2O2levels, whereas catalase activity was

observed to be low compared to control. However during rhizogenesis, SOD activity was

observed to be slightly higher than control in the presence of 0.25 mMα TC, when compared to


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other two concentrations.These results suggest that α TC mediated changes in H2O2 and lipid

peroxide levels influence in vitro rhizogenesis in cultured tissue of tomato.

Intraspecific assessment of Adiantum philippense linn. from Uttar Pradesh, India

Shashank kumar singh*, S. Dominic Rajkumar

Department of Botany, St. Andrew's College (PG), Gorakhpur, UP

Adiantum philippense Linn.belongs to the family Adiantaceae Adiantum philippense is

widely distributed in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate regions. Mostly the apogamous

triploid (2x = n = 90) cytotype has been reported frequently from different localities in India.

During the recent exploration of Adiantum philippense species complex, in Uttar Pradesh, the

diploid (n=30) and tetraploid (n=60) cytotypes have been observed. The intraspecific variations

in these two cytotypes have been studied and documented

Intraspecific quantification of the karyo-morphological characters of Adiantum capillus –

veneris l species complex

Shashank kumar singh and S. Dominic Rajkumar*

Department of Botany, St. Andrew’s College (PG), Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh

Adiantum capillus-veneris is a common fern found in plains of western Uttar Pradesh.

This species has been found to be with diploid (n= 30) and tetraploid (n= 60) cytotypes. The

external morphology of the plants of two cytotypes of Adiantum capillus-veneris has been

studied. The variation in these two cytotypes has been studied extensively. The

karyomorphological studies have also been done for these cytotypes. Based on the Karyology,

the difference in length and the width of the chromosomes in both cytotypes were observed. The

variations observed have given leads for various potential evolutionary interpretations.

Isolation of Rhizobium sp against Fusarium oxysporum

S. Nithyapriya and S. Lalitha*

Department of Botany, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu

The present study was investigated on isolation of Rhizobium spp were isolated from root

nodules of Vignaradiata, and the plant pathogens was Fusariumoxysporumwere isolated from

Cucumissativus leaf. The isolates were further characterized for their different plant growth

promoting activities like Indole acetic acid production (IAA), ammonia production, phosphate


115

Solubilization, and HCN production. From bio chemical and enzymatic it was found that this

bacteria belonged to the genes of Rhizobium spp. In vitro studies inoculation of Rhizobiumspp

increased morphological growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments such as shoot and root

length, fresh weight, dry weight and photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll a, b, total

chlorophyll component and decreased by the plant pathogen ofFusariumoxysporum.. The

resultsshowed in Rhizobium were used as biocontrol agent of Cicerarietinum (chickpea) against

Fusariumoxyporum.

Morphology, molecular and biochemical characterization of potential isolates of

Trichoderma spp. effective against damping off of cucumber caused by Pythium

aphanidermatum

S. Vasumathi*, S. Nakkeeran and K. Eraivan Arutkani Aiyanathan

Trichoderma species is one of the key potential bio-control agents against soil-borne

pathogens. In the present investigation, a total of 70 Trichoderma isolates were successfully

isolated from rhizosphere soil of various crops in different locations of Tamil Nadu. All the

isolates were identified as morphologically and species levels based on internal transcribed

spacer (ITS 1 and 4) were divided into three aggregate groups. Antagonistic effects of all the

seventy isolates of Trichoderma were screened in vitro against P.aphanidermatum (KY381579).

Among the isolates, TRI 37 (T. virens) isolate was superior in inhibiting the growth and

development of damping off pathogen up to 87.78% per cent in vitro. The significant reduction

was also observed in the other isolates such as TRI 9 (T. asperellum), TRI 35 (T. harzianum) and

TRI 36 (T. harzianum). Crude antibiotics extracted from effective Trichoderma spp. (TRI 9, TRI

35, TRI 36 and TRI 37) were tested against the pathogen. The crude antibiotic from isolate TRI

37 showed maximum inhibition area of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum 150 mm2 at

150 l concentration, respectively. Antibiotic genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes viz.,

cellobiohydrolase (cbh1), endochitinase (ech42) and endoglucanase (eg14) were detected and

identified from three isolates of Trichoderma spp.(TRI 35,TRI 36 and TRI 37). The activity of

cell wall degrading enzymes in various Trichoderma spp. indicated that the isolate TRI 37

(T. virens) produced more chitinase followed by TRI 35 and TRI 36 (T. harzianum), whereas

T. harzianum (TRI 35 and TRI 36) secreted more β-1,3 glucanases and proteases followed by

T. virens (TRI 37).


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Sensorial quality test in Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. L

S.Alagendran*, Gaby Fernandez, P. Ramakrishnan, S. Satyaraj, N.Pushpa and

S. Sahaya Sathish


Adhiyamaan college of Agriculture and Research, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Microbiology, Cauvery College of Women, Trichy-18, Tamil Nadu, India


Trichy-2

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Mexico, Mexico

City, Mexico

Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf L.) is a perennial grass belonging to family

Poaceae and grouped under genus cymbopogon. It is of indigenous origin and is a medicinal and

aromatic plant. In general aromatic, flavors, flavonoids and essential oil gives aroma/smell to the

lemongrass extract. The lemongrass has a very extensive required in food, therapeutic and

flavouring making during ambient conditions. But it is not stored as fresh for long time at

ambient condition because it rotten after long periods. The main characteristic losses to facilitate

transpire next to storage is transform in colour, texture and flavour. The herbs, sealed in

polyethylene bags, were stored at 4°C for 12 days. The sensory valuation of quality

characteristics color, texture and flavor, on a scale of 1 to 5 was done in the 1st, 5th, 8th and 12th

day. The results indicated that aroma of lemongrass powder extract scores in the initial day 7.25;

later on a sensory profile was showed by aroma of lemongrass powder extract score decrease

from 7.82 to 7.50 during the 5th day using e-nose followed by 9 point Hedonic score method. The

taste acuity possesses in all the days represent as 1% lemon grass powder altitude was improved

in quality for preparation of tea/extract as resolute by the basis of 9 point Hedonic score method.

This was also maintained and evaluate sensory test in triplicates manner along the storage period

there were no statistically significant differences for any of the parameters under study in the

days has been determined.


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THEME-III

RURAL SOCIOLOGY

ECONOMICS

An economic analysis of growth and instability, price forecasting and spatial co -

integration of coconut in India

V. Balamurugan*, K. Mani, S. Arivarasan, T. Anitha

RVS Padmavathy College of Horticulture, Sempatti, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agricultural Economics, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Thittakudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Social Sciences, HC & RI, TNAU, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu, India

The study was conducted for understanding the present situation of marketing system and

price behavior of coconut in the selected markets of Tamil Nadu. The objectives of the study

were to estimate growth and instability of area, production and productivity, to analyze the

seasonal decomposition and market integration of prices of coconut in India. Secondary data was

used for this study. The results showed that there was a positive growth pattern in terms of area,

production and productivity for all the time periods. The results of the instability indices showed

that the area, production and productivity of coconut in India was positive and thereby indicating

less riskiness for growing of coconut in the country. The Coefficient of Variation of the prices of

coconut in the selected markets has not shown much of variations. The seasonal decomposition

of prices of coconut in the selected markets in India have shown that the prices of coconut are

less from the month of May to October in almost all the selected markets in the country and the

prices are higher from the month of November to April in all the selected markets in the

country. Analysis of market integration shows that coconut markets in Tamil Nadu were well

integrated. Thus, it was concluded that all markets should be integrated in order to avoid price

variations over time and space.

Attitude of sample respondents towards buying fresh cut vegetables

Shantanu R Nake*, T.Samsai and S.Praveena

Department of Agricultural Rural Management,

Centre for Agriculture and Rural Development, TNAU, Coimbatore 64100, Tamil Nadu, India


118

A study was made to determine the perception and attitude of the consumers towards buying

fresh cut vegetables which helps to understand the value of the product in consumer’s point of view.

Totally 240 samples were selected for the survey out of which 120 were those who prefer to buy

fresh cut vegetables and other 120 were those who didn’t prefer to buy fresh cut vegetables.

From the results it was identified that most of the respondents were aware about fresh cut vegetables

and respondents working in private sector prefer fresh cut vegetables. Majority of the respondents

felt that maintenance of quality and pricing are the influencing factors towards the preference fresh

cut vegetables and it was observed that they are ready to spend extra money if they get good

qualityof fresh cut vegetables.. It was concluded that most of the sample respondents had

positive attitude towards fresh cut vegetables and hence it is suggested to develop market

promotion in the study area.

Comparative analysis of seasonal water table behavior and trends of conjunctive water use

over surface and ground water use- An economic study in Karur district of Tamil Nadu

R. Rubanesh*, R. Venkatraman and S. Santhakumar


Department of Agricultural Economics, Annamalai University, Chidambaram-608002

PRIST Deemed to be University, Thanjavur-61340, Tamil Nadu, India

An attempt was made to study the economics of conjunctive water use Karur district of

Tamil Nadu. Three blocks were viz., Karur, Kulithalai and Aravakurichi blocks were selected to

represent Conjunctive, Surface, and Groundwater irrigation systems after arranging the blocks

in ascending order based on the criteria of percentage share of area irrigated under each irrigation

source. Hence the present study was considered to seasonal water table behavior and trends of

conjunctive water and surface water and groundwater in the study area. The intraseasonal water

table fluctuations of over the years were observed to be the highest in Ground Water block

followed by Conjunctive water, block and the least was observed in Surface water as indicated

by the Standard Deviation (SD) and range values. However, while comparing the Pre and Post-

Monsoon periods the depth to the water table and the intraseasonal fluctuations over the years

were found to be higher in magnitude in Pre-Monsoon period compared the Post-Monsoon

period in all the blocks. The Trend confirms the fact that the Conjunctive water use blocks could

able to ensure a considerable level of groundwater recharge whereas Surface water use block the


119

decline in deviation was rapid and it may be due to the least decline in the water table in Pre-

Monsoon season and with a considerable recharge during the Post-Monsoon periods.

Economics of drip irrigation in coconut production

G. Parthasarathi* and M. Chandrakumar and D. Prabha

Institute of Agriculture, AEC & RI, Kumulur, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was made to assess the economics of drip irrigation in coconut cultivation in

Tirupur region of Tamil Nadu. The sample farmers were split up into two categories, viz farmers

comes under TN-IAMWARM scheme drip farmers and Non-scheme drip farmers. To find the

worthiness of drip irrigation the Benefit cost ratio, Net present value and internal rate of return

was calculated for coconut for 12 years. The result showed in coconut, the BCR for scheme drip

farmers and non-scheme drip farmers were 2.38 and 2.07 respectively. The NPV and IRR for

conventional and drip farmers were Rs. 196139, Rs. 166975 and 87.97, 27.03 respectively.

Investing in drip system is a worthy decision. However, the initial cost is high in drip installation

and the poor farmers not able to invest huge amount. So it is suggested that, if the drip system

were given to the farmers under subsidy the poor farmers will escape from huge amount of initial

cost and also their production will be increased using drif irrigation.

Impact of demonetization on farming in Madurai district

A. Muhammed Iqshanullah*, Rexlin Selvin and R. Sasmitha

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

A survey was conducted with farmers of the Madurai district Alanganallour block to

study the impact of demonetization on farming in. This block has different types of land and has

various types of crops. The farmers suggested that if it was implemented in a proper way the

objectives of demonetization could be achieved.

Impact of farmers Producers Company on vegetable growers Coimbatore district – an

economic analysis

G. Uthamalingam*, K. Mani and Dr.S.Arivarasan

AC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agricultural Economics, TNAU, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India

Dept. of Horticulture, JSA College of Agri.and Tech, Tittagudi, Tamil Nadu, India


120

A study was conducted with the objectives assessing the resource use efficiencies of

farmers in Farmers Producers’ Organization in comparison with the farmers outside the

organization and to identify the constraints in organizing FPO and to suggest suitable measures

to make them effective in extending support to farmers for increasing their level of income and

profitability. Among five FPC operating in Coimbatore district, Annam Vegetable Producers

company, Govindanur, Coimbatore district was selected as the company had been engaged in

production and marketing of vegetables. Thirty farmers in the company cultivating tomato and

30 farmers outside the purview of the company in the same area growing tomato were contacted

and the details on package of practices, cost of cultivation, yield, income and marketing were

collected through administering pre structured questionnaire. Stochastic frontier technique was

employed to test the technical efficiency between tomato cultivating FPO farmers and non FPO

farmers. The constraints and problems were analysed by adopting Garrett ranking. The analysis

revealed that farmers in FPO have edge over farmers outside FPO by way of reduction in cost of

production per kg due to higher yield, procurement of quality inputs at competitive prices,

enabling members in availing subsidy benefits from Govt.depts, adoption of better cultivation

practices by way of exchange of information / technology among the farmer members in the

company, realization of better price for their produce by better utilisation of infrastructures

provided by the Govt./ marketing agencies. However it is very difficult to mobilize the required

number of farmers for availing matching grant from Govt, educating and convincing the farmers

about the objectives, advantages etc. The task of keeping them united and enlisting their

cooperation in implementation of prescribed guidelines is formidable. Inspite of various steps,

the company still faces difficulty in finding right market for realising better price as the

commodities are highly perishable. Support from Govt./ NABARD will help them to improve

the performance.

Production system of Cassava in Kalvarayan and Kolli Hills in

Western Tamil Nadu

S. Arivarasan*, M. Chinnadurai and K. R. Ashok

JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Thittagudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

The study concerned with the cassava production system of farmers in hill areas of

Western Tamil Nadu. Salem and Namakkal district were purposively selected since these are the


121

major cassava growing districts of western Tamil Nadu. A list of cassava cultivators was

obtained from Village Administrator Officer. From the list, 30 farmers were selected at random

from each village. Thus the total sample size is 180. The average cassava yield was 23.98 tones

per ha in Kalvarayan hills and 22.07 tones per ha in Kolli hills. The yield of cassava was more in

case of Kalvarayan hills compared to Kolli hills. The average cost of Cassava production per kg

over Cost C2 was high in Kolli hills (Rs. 4.31) than Kalvarayan hills (Rs. 4.01). The return per

rupee of cost over Cost C2 was higher in Kalvarayan hills (1:1.21) due to efficient use of all the

inputs. The return per rupee of investment over Cost C2 was less in Kolli hills (1:1.14) due to low

yield and high cost of production. Due to variety selection yield was higher in Kalvarayan hills.

Hence, the gross return was higher when compared to Kolli hills. In case of Kalvarayan hills,

farmyard manure, human labour, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash were identified as the

underutilized resources, indicating that the farmers have opportunities to increase the profit by

increasing farm yard manure, human labour, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash up to the optimal

level. For Kolli hills, farmyard manure, human labour, nitrogen and phosphorus were

underutilized inputs, indicating that the farmers have opportunities to increase the profit by

increasing farmyard manure, human labour, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers up to the optimal

level. However, potash was found to be over utilized input. The Kolli hills farmers must reduce

their usage level of this resource in order to achieve the optimum profit.

Rice value chain analysis in Tiruchirappalli district

N. Vanitha* and R. Karunakaran

Department of Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Rice is the basic grain consumed as a food in every Indian kitchen. To identify the

appropriate demand and meet them properly in a profitable way is the primary concern of rice

value chain. A proper framework which suggests the mechanism for tracing and visibility of

inventory in the system, procurement and sourcing of paddy operations of the rice millers,

distribution systems, retailing strategy and logistics system is very essential in order to make the

Indian supply chain efficient and globally competent. Keeping the above aspects in view, the

present study was conducted at Tiruchirappalli district to study the price spread at each stream

from paddy farmers to rice consumers.This study shows 40 percent of the value chain is formed

by post-harvest stages of the rice value chain viz milling, trading and retailing. This study found

out that major price margin is taken by rice millers’ and retailers. Rice value chain have begun to


122

“geographically lengthen and intermediationally shorten”.This has involved an orientation from

subsistence to commercial agriculture, from selling to local final consumers towards selling to

the big cities and from selling to village traders to wholesale merchant traders and mills. The

study points out the importance of farm inputs supply chains- upstream from farmers and of

midstream and downstreampost-harvest activities such as logistics and wholesale, milling and

retailing.There needs to be a concerted public policy debate on how to enable and encourage

input supply chains to become modernized and mid-stream businesses to invest in upgrading

equipment and expanding. A better analysis of value chain will help farmers in maximizing the

net income than from traditional market and help the other stakeholders of value chain to gain by

better handling of value chain.


Constraints experienced by turmeric farming entrepreneurs in production and marketing

of turmeric

M. Gokul Pranesh*, G. Tamilselvi and J.U. Janusia

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur – 621212, Tamil Nadu, India

Dept of Agricultural Extension, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar, Cuddalore, India

Department of Agricultural Extension, PRIST University, Tanjore – 613403, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was undertaken in six selected villages of Kodumudi and Modakkurichi blocks

of Erode district of Tamil Nadu to understand the Constraints experienced by turmeric farming

entrepreneurs in production and marketing of turmeric. By resorting to proportionate random

sampling method, a fixed sample size of 120 turmeric growers were selected as respondents and

the constraints faced by them in production and marketing of turmeric were identified. The

major production constraints experienced by majority of the turmeric growers were labour

scarcity, high labour cost, non-availability of good quality rhizomes, high cost of inputs, failure

of seasonal rainfall, non-availability of FYM, inadequate availability of fuel for steaming the

rhizomes, non-availability of machinery in time, inadequate credit facilities and pest and disease

attack. The marketing constraints faced by the respondents in turmeric cultivation were fixation

of price by commission agents, price fluctuation; high cost incurred on transport, lack of

remunerative price, inadequate storage facilities, inadequate market intelligence and delayed

payment from buyers.


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Evaluation of cluster front line demonstration trials on Blackgram (Vigna mungo) in

Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu

M. Saravanan*, A.Rajkala and G.Alagukannan

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Hosted By CREED), Cholamadevi, Ariyalur – 612 902,

Tamil Nadu, India

The cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on blackgram were conducted by Krishi

Vigyan Kendra, Ariyalur during kharif season in village of Sirukadambur in Sendurai Block. All

25 demonstrations on blackgram crops were carried out in area of 10 ha by the active

participation of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the improved technologies of pulses

production potential. The improved technologies included the use of improved variety, seed

treatment with Pseudomonas flurocensence, integrated weed management and insects and

diseases. FLD recorded higher yield as compared to farmer’s local practice. The improved

technology recorded the highest yield of 775 kg/ha in demonstration plot of variety VBN 6 at

village Sirukadambur at Sendurai block of Ariyalur district.

Impact assessment of mobile agro advisory services in Tamil Nadu

D. Prabha* and R. Arunachalam

Institute of Agriculture, AEC & RI, TNAU, Kumulur- 621712

A study was conducted at Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu to understand the utilization

pattern of the mobile agro advisory services offered by the public extension system. The agro

advisories offered by the e-Extension centre of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University was selected.

A sample of 200 respondents was selected by employing proportionate random sampling

method. The study was carried out in terms of dimensions viz., personal changes, farm

improvement / development, technology changes, social changes and changes in their economic

wellbeing. Results of the survey showed that an overwhelming majority of the respondents

(94.00 %) stated that the decision making ability has increased, followed by 95.00 percent of the

respondents have developed the farm to orient with the locality based agriculture, cent per cent

of the respondents gained increased awareness on the modern technology, social participation

(96.50 %) has increased because of the subscription and adoption of mobile based agro advisories.

Only about thirteen per cent of the respondents (12.50 %) experienced increased income level.

With regards to service preference, more than half (54.00 %) of the respondents received

messages on daily basis and nearly two-thirds (61.00 %) of the respondents got the messages at

morning time.


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Reasons attributed for failure and suggestions for the improvement of NFSM scheme

J Kavipriya1 and K Mahandrakumar2

Dept of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, AC & RI, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was formulated. to find the Reasons attributed for failure and suggestions for the

improvement of NFSM scheme in five districts of Cauvery delta zone. Data were collected

through focused group discussion and the constraints faced by the farmers in implementation of

NFSM scheme were ranked and also suggestions offered for success by the farmers are

documented.

Yield enhancement through popularization of new Paddy variety CO 52 in

Pudukkotai district

M.Kathiravan* and M.R.Latha

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, TNAU, Vamban, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

Fifteen number of Front Line Demonstrations were conducted in different locations of

Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu. Truthfully labelled seeds of the rice variety,CO 52 were distributed

to the farmers and all the recommended package of practices were adopted. The parameters of

Percent Disease Incidence (PDI), Number of Productive tillers, Yield (q/ha) and Benefit Cost

Ratio (BCR) were observed. The results revealed that, Paddy variety CO 52 ,recorded the lowest

Percent disease incidence (4.1) compared to control BPT 5204 (11.8), Number of productive

tillers (18.57) was observed higher in Paddy CO 52 and low in control (13.20) and the yield was

recorded higher in Paddy CO 52 (62.2 q/ha) over to control (54.9 q/ha). It was concluded that,

farmers were satisfied with cultivation of CO 52 variety due to low pest and disease incidence,

higher yield and BC ratio.

Impact of mixed green fodder production in Pudukkottai district

S.Marimuthu* and M.Kathiravan

National Pulses Research Centre1 and Krishi Vigyan Kendra2, Vamban, Pudukkottai

Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2015 in farmers field through Front Line

Demonstration by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vamban, Pudukkottai to study the impact of mixed

green fodder production in Pudukkottai district. Mixed fodder crops viz., Cumbu Napier grass

(CO (CN) 5), Fodder sorghum (CO (FS) 31), Desmanthus and Agathi (CO4) were raised in an


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one hectare for the demonstrations in ten locations. The spacing of 60 x 50 cm, 30 x 15 cm and

50 cm between row for cumbu napier, fodder sorghum and desmanthus respectively were

adopted for planting. The recommended dose of fertilizer @ 150:50:40, 25: 40:20 and 60: 40: 20

kg NPK /ha for Cumbu Napier, desmanthus and fodder sorghum respectively were applied. The

biometric observation viz., growth, yield attributes and yield were recorded and economics also

worked out. The results revealed that an average of ten locations recorded higher mixed fodder

biomass yield of 22.26 t/ ha, higher net income of Rs. 46,449/ha, BCR was 3.28 and higher

milk yield of 15.9 litres/ day/animal under mixed fodder cultivation than farmers practices.

Hence the farmers are satisfied to adopt mixed fodder cultivation to get more income.

Chilli hybrid CO 1 demonstration in Pudukkottai district

M.R. Latha*, R. Manimekalai, and K. Dhanalaksmi

ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vamban, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tirur, Tamil Nadu, India

To give awareness on new hybrids and improved crop management practices, Front Line

Demonstration of TNAU chilli hybrid CO1 with ICM practices was taken up by Krishi Vigyan

Kendra, Pudukkottai in 15 locations in farmers’ fields during 2016 - 17. Integrated crop

management techniques viz., seed treatment with Trichoderma viridi, protray nursery seedlings,

application of recommended dose of fertilizers, installation of pheromone traps to monitor the

pest were practiced by the beneficiaries. On and off campus trainings were conducted. By

adoption of improved technologies, the yield under demonstration was 265.8q/ha with a percent

yield increase of 13.59 compared to farmer’s practices where the yield was 234 q/ha. Economic

analysis indicated a net return of Rs. 3, 06,683/- in demonstration while it was Rs. 2, 59,183/- in

check. Disease incidence was also reduced to 7.0 percent in demonstration compared to 12

percent in check with a benefit cost ratio of 4.33.

Evaluation of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) genotypes for growth and yield suitable for

saline and sodic soils of Tamil Nadu

C. Rajamanickam

ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramanathapuram - 623 503, Tamil Nadu, India


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A study on “Evaluation of tamarind genotypes for higher yield and fruit quality suitable

for saline and sodic soils” was carried out at Horticultural College and Research Institute,

Periyakulam and to find out suitable high yielding genotype suitable for saline and sodic soils of

Tamil Nadu was aimed at. Totally 18 genotypes were used for this study. Biometic observations

on flesh weight (g), pod length (cm), pod circumference (cm), average pod weight (g), shell

weight (g), fibre weight (g), number of seeds per pod and 10 pod weight (g) were recorded. The

collected morphological traits datas’ were statistically analysed. In the present study a significant

difference among the tamarind genotypes were observed. Among the 18 genotypes evaluated,

TI-37 recorded the highest values in all the pod and yield characters. Regarding pod characters,

TI-37 recorded the highest pod length (27.93 cm), pod circumference (8.70 cm), number of seeds

per pod (13.33), flesh weight (12.40 g), fibre weight (1.93 g) and shell weight (6.73 g).

Regarding yield characters, genotype TI-41recorded the highest values of the traits like average

pod weight (31.40 g) and 10 pod yield of (317.00 g). It was concluded that genotypes TI-37 and

TI 41 showed the highest mean performance of yield and pod characters and it can be confirmed

further and utilized in hybridisation purpose.


Comparative Study of Stepwise MLR and Principal Component Regression to Address the

Multicollinearity

N. Elakkiya* S.G Patil and M. Vaidheki


Department of Social Science, TNAU, Coimbatore-03, Tamil Nadu, India

KRISAT, Usilampatti, Madurai-625532, Tamil Nadu, India

In multivariate analysis, the independent variables are interrelated with others which

would be multicollinearity in the regression model. In this study an attempt was made for the

detection of multicollinearity using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and comparison of Stepwise

Multiple Linear Regression model (MLR) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) methods

to overcome the multicollinearity. The yields of black gram crop is estimated using 13

independent variables and out of that seven variables are interrelated with other independent

variable and VIF value was more than 10, which have indicated multicollinearity. In stepwise

MLR only five independent variables are significantly contributed the yield estimation.


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Replacing the independent variables with a fewer number of uncorrelated PCs with maximum

variability explained is called Principal Component regression In this study, three Principal

Component Regression (PCR) models were fitted based on the variability percentage explained

by PCs, first model consisted 95 per cent of variability (contains first six PCs), second model

consisted 66.33 per cent of variability (first and second PCs) and third model considered only

first principal component with 44.33 per cent of variability. Both the method overcome

multicollinearity better way even though based on R2 and Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)

value PCR model could be a best alternative to stepwise MLR because PCs are uncorrelated and

linear combination of all original variables.

Impact analysis of weather parameters on rice crop yield

M. Vaidheki*and N. Elakkiya and A. Raj Kumar

KRISAT, Usilampatti, Madurai-625532, Tamil Nadu, India


A study was carried out to examine the effect of weather parameters on rice crop yield at

ADAC&RI, Tiruchirappalli. Simple linear regression analysis was done separately for each

climatic character to know the effect of weather parameters viz., minimum temperature,

maximum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind velocity, evaporation and sunshine hours

on the rice crop yield. The results revealed that there was a positive influence of wind velocity

and rainfall on the yield of rice whereas maximum temperature, minimum temperature,

evaporation, sunshine hours and relative humidity had a negative influence on the yield of rice

crop. Similarly, to know the overall effect of weather parameters on the rice crop yield, multiple

regression analysis was carried out all eight weather parameters. However, the model was free

from multicollinearity but none of the weather parameters had significant influence on rice crop

yield with low R2 value. The errors due to the fitted model were randomly and near normally

distributed which was confirmed using run test and normal probability plot respectively.


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Impact of production related characters of Sugarcane on sugar production

K. Sujatha* and R. B. Singh

*Department of Agrl. Statistics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,

Mohanpur, West Bengal

Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya,

Jabalpur, Madya Pradesh

The study was undertaken to identify the factors (pertaining to the sugar production

scenario) which are related to and also have direct and indirect effects on the total sugar

production in respect of Tamil Nadu state and also of India as a whole for the period 1991 to

2015. The secondary data were collected for analysis from A Monthly Magazine Indian Sugar of

ISMA Publications. The technique of Path Coefficient analysis had been employed for detecting

the influential time series production factors governing total sugar production. The

interrelationship among the total sugar production (Y) and other production factors i.e.

Sugarcane area (X1), Sugarcane production (X2), Cane yield (X3), Total cane crushed (X4),

Average recovery of sugar percent (X5), Number of factories in operation (X6), Minimum

support price (X7), the independent variables had been analysed, which revealed that the

production of sugar is positively correlated with all the production factors in India and Tamil

Nadu. Besides in TN, sugar production had a significant relationship with sugarcane area

(0.915), cane production (0.873) and cane crushed (0.988) and in case of India, excepting the

factor cane yield all the factors have a significant relationship with the sugar production. Path

analysis delineated that cane crushed (0.960) is the most direct influential factor for sugar

production followed by area (0.175), average recovery of sugar percent (0.163) and cane

production (1.026) is the most indirect influential factor with respect of TN. Similarly for India,

the findings emanated that cane crushed (0.970) followed by area (0.168), average recovery of

sugar percent (0.073) are the most influencing factors and cane production (1.141), the most

indirect factor. Hence the direct effect analysis confirm that the factors cane crushed, area, sugar

recovery to cane have paramount importance in representing the behaviour and exhibiting its

influence on the total sugar production in the context of both Tamil Nadu and India.


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AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION ADVANCEMENTS

A Study on difference in the communication skills in English among the Students of TNAU

P. Sivakumar

Asst. Professor (English), Dept. of Social Sciences, AC&RI, TNAU, Killikulam

The study was conducted in Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai,

Horticultural college and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Home Science College and Research

Institute, Madurai and Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam to assess the

difference in communication skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing) in English

among 2014-15 Batch Students in the First Year and the Third Year. Ex-post Fact research

design was adopted for the study. 365 students who belonged to the 2014-15 Batch in the Fours

Campuses were chosen as respondents for the study. Data were collected by employing

standardized and well structured interview schedule and questionnaire. Percentage analysis was

carried out to get meaningful inference from the data. The results revealed that majority of the

respondents were at the middle level (5-7 marks) in the skills of Listening, Speaking and

Writing. Only in the Writing Skill, majority of the students were at the higher level (8-10

Marks). The Comparison between Pre-Test and Post Test Data shows that there is a significant

level of increase in the students from the Low level (Below 5 marks) to the Middle level

(5-7 marks). But the increase from Middle Level to the next level (8-10 marks) is not significant.

The study concluded that the students the students need active care and practice in Listening,

Speaking and Reading. The results suggested that the students should be introduced and given

enough exposure to the speeches of the Native Speakers of English and should be given adequate

practice in Pronunciation, Articulation, Intonation and Rhythm in the English Language.

Challenges and performance in Paperless University Examination

S. Praveena

Department of Agricultural and Rural Management

CARDS, TNAU, Coimbatore 641003

This study mainly focussed on the challenges and performance in paperless university

examination among the agricultural college students in Perambalur district. The primary data

were collected from 230 sample respondents (students) and 12 staff members. Percentage


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analysis, Garrett ranking, factor analysis and paired t test were utilized for the analysis for the

study. From the results it was observed that most of the sample students were satisfied with the

paperless examination because of paper saving, eco-friendly and easy handling procedures. Most

of the sample students preferred objective and descriptive type of questions. From the staff point

of view, they were satisfied with the paperless examination correction because of auto total,

paper saving.

THEME-IV

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

Antioxidant and bioactive components in mango and groundnut processing industry

by-product flours

C. Sivananth*, S. Amutha, G. Hemalatha, M.L. Mini and G. Karthikeyan

1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, HSC & RI, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India 2Dept of Soil Science and Agrl. Chemistry, AC & RI, TNAU, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu, India

3Department of Plant Pathology, AC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Food Processing Sector has emerged as an important segment of the Indian economy in

terms of its contribution to GDP, employment and investment. About 38 percent of food wastes

occur during food processing operations. The food processing industry by-products such as

mango peel, mango seed kernel from mango pulp processing industry located in Natham of

dindigul district and groundnut processing by-products such as groundnut seed coat and

groundnut germ were collected from the groundnut chikkis industry located in Madurai district

and analyzed for their antioxidant compounds through chemical and GC-MS Analysis. The

results revealed that the groundnut seed coat was the richest source of total polyphenols

(6500.19±85.00 mg/GAE/100g) followed by mango peel (5510.66±70.12 mg/GAE/100g) and

seed kernel (4105.31±58.33 mg/GAE/100g). The mango peel recorded the highest content of

total flavonoids (986.31±30.89 mg QE/100g) followed by mango seed kernel (904.19±22.50 mg

QE/100g). Mango peel was rich in total carotenoids and has carotenoid content of 310.50 ±

10.50 mg/100 g. The groundnut seed coat contained maximum content of tannin (2200.00±2.44

mg TAE/100g). The DPPH antioxidant activity of mango peel, mango seed kernel and groundnut

seed coat were 94.45±2.70, 96.20±2.20 and 95.50±3.86 percent respectively.The polyphenol

compound1, 2, 3 - Benzenetriol (20.23 %) in abundant quantity followed by n-Hexadecanoic


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acid (19.91 %) were identified in groundnut seed coat flour and the bioactive polyphenol

derivative 1, 2, 3 - Benzenetriol (58.85 %) in abundant quantity followed by benzoic acid, 3, 4,

5-trihydroxy-, methyl ester (12.46 %) were identified in mango seed kernelthrough GC-MS

analysis. Food processing industry by-products provides a promising source of functional

compounds which may be utilized because of their favorable nutritional and therapeutic

properties.

Development and evaluation of shelf stable retort processed Ready-to Eat (RTE) green

gram texturized liver curry

L. Senthamarai selvi* and G. Hemalatha

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Community Science College and Research

Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625104

Liver fry is popular in households and restaurants, but for vegetarian version of liver

fry ground whole green gram was used to simulate the taste of liver. For the development of

vegetarian version of liver curry, whole green gram at 100 percent level was used. Whole green

gram was soaked and ground with 2g of salt to a fine paste with water (70 ml) in a blender to

idly batter consistency. The batter was poured in greased idly plate and steamed for 10 minutes

in an idly steamer, cooled and was cut into small pieces. Meanwhile the gravy prepared using

onion, tomato and other spices along with green gram texturized meat pieces was cooled and

packed in retort pouch and processed in a steam air retort. Time and temperature were

determined during heat processing using data recorder cum F0 recorder. The total processing

time was 34 minutes with Fo value of 3.60. The product was evaluated for its shelf stability under

ambient condition (27 – 30 0C) for a period of 6 months. The chemical and microbial changes

were observed at intervals of 30 days during storage. The nutrients viz., moisture, protein and fat

content of the product were 66.73±0.54, 28.88±0.04 and 23.24±0.05 g per cent respectively. The

free fatty acid and peroxide value was 2.80 ± 0.19 mg KOH/g and 1.99±0.21 meq/Kg

respectively after 6 months of storage. The increase in free fatty acid and peroxide value was

within the perishable limits and did not affect the sensory quality of the product. Microbiological

analysis revealed that product was commercially fit for consumption. The product was

acceptable and stable up to 6 months under ambient condition with good texture and sensory

characteristics.


132

Evaluation of concentrated casein system and gums as gluten replacers in development of

gluten free bread

P. Ganthimathi* and G. Hemalatha

Assistant professor, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur-621212

Professor and Head, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Home Science College and

Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625104

The present investigation was undertaken with an aim to study the effect of incorporation

of concentrated casein system and gums as gluten replacers in development of gluten free breads

from rice, little millet and pearl millet with quality characteristics comparable to breads from

refined wheat flour. The gluten replacers viz., gums (guar and xanthan gum), casein and

hydrocolloids were added to bread at the level of 3g, 5g and 10g respectively. The formulated

bread had similar quality characteristics to that of standard white bread and also has high

nutritional quality. The treatment combination, pearl millet with incorporation of xanthan gum

(F3G2) had minimum weight, density and maximum bread volume and specific volume. Fiber

content was observed to be high in the bread made from little millet with the incorporation of

xanthan gum as gluten replacer (F2G2) which also had highest iron content (7.65 mg/100g). The

highest calcium and phosphorous content were present in the treatment F3G2. The anti-nutritional

factors were observed to be high in the millet based gluten free bread. Among all the treatments,

the gluten free bread made from pearl millet flour with xanthan gum as a gluten replacer (F3G2)

had more cell cavities, higher loaf volume and their micrographs showed a less dense structure

than the others. Gluten free bread conforming to F3G2 had high sensory scores among the

different treatment combinations. Although many common foods must be eliminated, the gluten

free diet can be both nutritional and organoleptically acceptable using nutrient rich millets.

However, in view of the current increasing incidence of CD, there is a major need for more

research and development in the area of gluten free products.

Gluten free formulation of pasta products from functional ingredients

M. Balmurgan *, G. Sashidevi, S. Kanchana and M. Sundhar

JKK Munirajah College of Agricultural Science, T.N.Palayam, Gobichettipalayam 638 506

The gluten free noodles are developed from different combinations such as T1 -100%

Whole wheat flour, T2 - 50% corn flour: 50% Amaranth flour, T3 - 40% Amaranth flour: 60%


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corn flour, T4 - 20% Amaranth flour 80 % corn flour, with the addition of xanthan gum 2% as a

gluten replacer. From the standardization T2 attained the good organoleptic characteristics. As

per the standardized pasta T2 was evaluated for their cooking quality, nutritional quality and

storage study upto 180 days on different packaging materials like High density Polyethylene

(HDPE) and Metalized polypropylene (MPP) under room temperature. The nutrient content of T2

sample in the prepared noodles were observed for 2.65g of fat, 5.10 g of fibre, 74.00 g of starch,

256.34 mg of calcium and 5.75 mg of iron. The nutrient content was high when compare to

control sample. Results revealed that the noodles packed MPP had better keeping quality upto

180 days of storage under room temperature. Hence it can be concluded that the developed

gluten free noodles with high nutrient can be consumed by individuals who exhibit allergic

symptoms to wheat gluten.

Influence of storage time on physico-chemical and biological properties of

fish jaggery extract

V.N. Dhanalakshmi* and K. E. Usha

College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur – 680656, Kerala, India

A study on influence of storage time on physico-chemical and biological properties of

fish jaggery extract was carried out in the Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture,

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur during 2016-2017. Fish jaggery extract was prepared

using sardine and jaggery by keeping it for 21 days. The prepared liquid manure was stored for

about six months and samples were drawn in 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks interval.

The colour change and odour was recorded in the entire storage period. Analysis of pH, EC,

macro and micro nutrients was done and it was found that, there was no significant variation in

these parameters. Biological properties like total microbial population including fungi, bacteria,

actinomycetes and Escherichia coli were also analysed. All these data were subjected to

statistical analysis and it was revealed that, fish jaggery extract can be kept upto one month of

preparation without quality deterioration.


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Primary screening of probiotic bacteria isolated from South Indian naturally fermented

fruit mix

S. Uma Maheshwari*, S. Amutha, G. Hemalatha, N. Senthil and R. Anandham

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Community Science College and Research Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Agriculture College and Research Institute,

Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agriculture College and Research Institute,

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai – 628104

A study was conducted to characterize the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria

from the naturally fermented fruit mix. Initially, three hundred and sixty seven isolates were

enumerated from fermented fruit mix from three different media such as Nutrient Agar,

Richards2 Agar and Endo Agar. Among the three hundred and sixty seven bacterial isolates,

thirty one isolates were selected based on colour, shape and size. A total of four isolates which

produced acid were selected. Among the tested bacterial isolates, 48%, 58% and 61% of

bacterial isolates exhibited maximum growth pH 4, 5 and 8. Nine percent isolates exhibited

minimum growth at pH 3. All the bacterial isolates tolerated 5%, 70%, 75% and 80% and

showed remarkable tolerance towards sucrose content. This research gives a potential probiotic

bacteria associated with fermented fruit mix.

Standardization and evaluation of Faba bean candy

R. Priya* and G. Hemalatha

Department of Food Science and Nutrition

Community Science College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai – 625 104

An attempt was made to develop candies using faba bean flour to increase the nutritive

value of candies. The faba bean flour was mixed with the sugar solid mass at different levels of

substitute (10%, 20% and 30%). The faba bean candies were assessed for physiochemical

analysis and sensory evaluation were carried out using 9-point hedonic scale. The faba bean

candies had high Carbohydrate - 64.20 g, Protein - 12.43 g, Fat -0.60 g, Fibre – 9.32 g, Calcium

– 75.21 mg, Phosphorous – 218.07 mg and Iron – 1.80 mg content. In the sensory analysis, it was

found that the sample with 20 per cent level of incorporation had highest acceptability. Hence, it

was concluded that incorporation of faba bean flour in candy would improve the nutritional and

sensory properties.


135

Studies on in vitro mineral availability of Barnyard millet vermicelli fortified with

Ekanayakam root barks

S.Chandraprabha* and C.L. Sharon

Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Palar Agricultural college,

Assistant Professor, Department of Community Science, College of Horticulture, KAU,

Vellanikkara

Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) is a functional food crop with high nutritive,

therapeutic qualities and considered to be an under exploited grain which contributes a fair

amount of highly digestible protein coupled with low amount of slowly absorbed carbohydrate.

Ekanayakam (Salacia reticulata) is a medicinal herb used effectively as food supplements to

reduce fasting blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin level in diabetic patients. In the present

study, germinated barnyard millet flour (40 to 80 per cent) was fortified with Ekanayakam root

barks (2 and 5 per cent) to obtain designer vermicelli. Among the different combination,

barnyard millet vermicelli with 40 per cent barnyard millet flour, 58 per cent whole wheat flour

and 2 per cent Ekanayakam root bark powder observed highest In vitro availability of minerals

(calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium and phosphorus) when compared to refined wheat

vermicelli. Development of functional product with nutritional and sensory properties may be

beneficial to improve human health.

Poster papers


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POSTER PAPERS

THEME-I

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

CROP IMPROVEMENT

PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS

Combining ability studies for yield and yield components in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

M. Vaithiyalingan* and R.Vaidyanathan

Oilseeds Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tindivanam – 604 002

Combining ability analysis of 20 hybrids developed through line x tester mating design in

groundnut revealed that additive gene action was predominant for all the characters studied

except for harvest index and pod yield/plant. The genotypes ICGV 07240 and TVG 0856

recorded significant gca effects along with high mean for plant height, root length, harvest index

and pod yield / plant. Hence these genotypes were categorized as good combiners based on the

mean and gca effects. Involving the above parents in crossing programme could result in

improvement in pod yield. Among the crosses, ICGV 07240 x JDR 65 registered significant sca

effects along with high mean. Hence pedigree breeding method could be adopted to isolate

desirable recombinants. However, the cross, TVG 0831 x RG 426 involved parents with poor

combiners. Hence biparental mating followed by selection is recommended for the identification

of desirable recombinants.

Genotype x environment interaction for kernel yield in drought tolerant groundnut

(Arachis hypogaea L.)

*M. Vaithiyalingan and R.Vaidyanathan

Oilseeds Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tindivanam – 604 002

Sixteen medium duration groundnut cultures were evaluated for pod yield, stability and

adaptation across four environments. The G x E interaction was highly significant and both

linear and non-linear components were equally important for yield stability. The genotype ICGV

01249 was classified as highly stable genotype over three environments because of its high mean


137

pod yield, with a regression coefficient close to unity and non-significant deviation from

linearity.

Genetic analysis of hybrids for drought and yield characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

*1V. Karpagam, 2 S. Jebaraj and 3S. Rajeswari

1JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Cuddalore – 606108.

2Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur – 621212.

3Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641003.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar to

evaluate genotypes for yield and its contributing traits and also drought tolerance. The

experimental material consisted of 60 F s by using ten lines viz., ADT 36, ADT 39, ADT 43,

TNAU Rice ADT 49, ASD 16, BPT 5204, CO 47, CO(R) 49, CO(R)50 and IR 50 and six testers

viz., Anna (R) 4, Chandikar, Chinnar 20, Nootripathu, PMK(R) 3 and Vellaichitraikar by line x

tester design. The ratio of GCA and SCA variances were less than unity for all the 19 characters

studied viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant,

panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight,

biomass yield and single plant yield including ten drought tolerant traits viz., SPAD chlorophyll

meter reading, 70 per cent relative water content, root length, dry root weight, dry shoot weight,

root/ shoot ratio, root volume, root length density, total number of roots and root thickness

indicating the preponderance of non- additive gene action governing the traits. Based on per se,

sca and heterosis, the hybrids viz., CO (R) 50 / PMK (R) 3, ADT 43 / Anna (R) 4, BPT 5204 /

Chinnar 20, ADT 36 / Anna (R) 4 and ADT 43/ PMK (R) 3 are highly suitable for exploitation

under moisture stress conditions. The Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation was found to be higher

in all the traits studied. The differences between phenotypic coefficient of variation and

genotypic coefficient of variation were less indicating less environmental influences for all the

characters.


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Genetic diversity analysis in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

A.K Chippy

Agriculture College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was conducted to assess the level of variability among the hundred and two

blackgram genotypes based on Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics for nine quantitative traits. High GCV

estimates were recorded for the characters viz., single plant yield, number of clusters per plant,

number of pods per plant, and number of primary branches per plant. High heritability coupled

with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for the characters viz., hundred

seed weight, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, plant height,

protein content, number of seeds per pod and single plant yield.The character association studies

revealed that the traits viz., number of clusters per plant and number of pods per plant could be

given due importance and simultaneous selection of these traits would offer scope for

improvement of seed yield in blackgram. Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis grouped the hundred and

two genotypes into eighteen clusters.

Genetic variability study in blackgram under rice fallow condition

*G. Thamodharan, A. Ramalingam and S. Geetha

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai – 625 104, India

An experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai in a

Randomized Block Design with two replications using the F2 population of of four blackgram

crosses viz., Cross I (MDU 1× VBN 6 (BG) 6), Cross II (MDU 1 x Mash-114), Cross III (ADT 3

x PU 31) and Cross IV (CO 6 x VBN (BG) 6) during summer, 2016, under rice fallow condition.

Invariably the PCV was more than GCV for all the characters in all the four crosses. In cross I

and II high GCV, genetic advance as per cent of mean with moderate heritability (h2) % was

observed for single plant yield and pods per plant. Likewise in cross III high GCV and genetic

advance as per cent of mean was observed in branches per plant, single plant yield and pods per

plant. Among the four crosses, cross IV alone identified with high genetic advance with high

heritability and high genetic advance with moderate heritability for seeds per pod, days to 50%

flowering and single plant yield. The yield attributing traits viz., single plant yield, pods per

plant, seeds per pod and clusters per plant were exhibited with moderate to high genetic advance

as well as moderate to high heritability indicated the above yield traits were under the influence


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of additive gene action and less affected by environment. High and moderate heritability is as a

result of favorable environment and selection based on this would be ineffective. Selection based

on high and moderate genetic advance combined with high or moderate heritability would be

highly effective since traits under the control of additive gene action, well response to selection

and will be improved through simple selection. Hence simple selection is suggested for the

improvement of single plant yield in blackgram under rice fallow condition.

Heterosis for important qualitative and quantitative characters of mungbean

*V. Sandhiya and S. Saravanan

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Forty hybrids developed from five high yielding genetically diverse lines and eight testers

in mungbean were investigated for eleven important quantitative and qualitative traits. Mid

parent, better parent and standard parent heterotic effects were estimated. The highest standard

heterosis was observed for number of clusters per plant. The hybrid EC 396120 x IPM 99125

registered the highest mid parent, better parent and standard parent heterosis of 182.66 per cent,

173.44 per cent 196.61 per cent respectively for the trait number of clusters per plant. The

highest standard heterosis of 31.5 percent was recorded for the hybrid between EC 396126 and

CO GG 930. Based on per se performance, SCA effects and standard heterosis, hybrids were

identified for heterosis breeding. The crosses, PANT M 103 x COGG 930, EC 396120 x IPM 99

125, AGG 10091 x CO 7, PANT M 103 x MH 565, AGG 100 91 x IPM 99 125, EC 396120 x

IPM 0214, PANT M 103 x CO 7 and EC 396120 x PUSA VISHAL exhibited significant per se,

SCA effects and standard heterosis for single plant yield. So these crosses were considered as

superior crosses and further utilized in the breeding programme.

Heterosis studies for yield and yield component traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Anju. R, S. Ranjith Raja Ram* and J. Gokulakrishnan

Department of Genetics and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University.

An investigation in rice was undertaken to study the nature and magnitude of heterosis

for yield and yield component traits involving seven lines, four testers and twenty eight hybrids

developed through line x tester mating design. Observations were recorded for days to 50 percent

flowering, plant height at maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, number


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of grains per panicle, 100 grain weight, grain yield per plant, kernel length, kernel breadth and

kernel L/B ratio. Significant heterosis for grain yield and yield component traits were observed

in most of the hybrids. Eighteen hybrids and four crosses out of twenty eight hybrids exhibited

significant and positive heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for grain yield per plant

respectively. Heterobeltiosis ranging from 5.13 to 35.23 percent and standard heterosis from 5.13

to 13.64 percent for grain yield per plant were observed. The most promising specific

combinations identified for grain yield per plant were L3 x T4 (IR 72 x CO 51) and L1 x T4 (MTU

1001 x CO 51) and also these crosses recorded significant and positive standard heterosis for all

the yield component traits studied.

Photo protective potential of ecofriendly chemicals on rice (Oryza sativa L.) under UV-B

stress

*T. Shafeeqa and K. Nandini

Department of Plant Physiology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University,

Thrissur - 680656, Kerala, India

An experiment was undertaken in Kerala Agricultural University to understand photo

protective potential of ecofriendly stress mitigating chemicals on photoinhibition and

photosynthesis of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The plants were grown in pot culture under open

condition with 100% solar radiation and in polyhouse with only 80% solar radiation. As

mitigating treatment, three chemicals with two different concentrations such as glycine betaine

(10 and 20ppm), ascorbic acid (50 and 100ppm) and combination fungicide-Nativo (50 and

70ppm) were tested. Chemicals were applied during vegetative and flowering stages. The plants

treated with combination fungicide showed yield improvement to a tune of 44% under open

condition and 33% under closed condition when compared to control. There was an enhanced

grain filling period, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content.

Pod shattering in M2 generation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

N.Vairam

Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, Trichy-621206

A trial was conducted for screening non shattering types green gram using the M2

population of two genotypes viz., Co (Gg)7 and NM 65 treated with both the physical (Gamma

ray) and chemical (EMS) mutagens at various doses at Agriculture College and Research

Institute, Madurai during 2012. The pod shattering was recorded at physiological maturity of the


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pod. The yield related traits along with pod characters were observed. The shattering percentage

ranged from 5.74 (30 mM) to 44.05 per cent (500 Gy). The shattering percentage was higher in

gamma rays than EMS in both the genotypes.

Principal component analysis for yield and its components in oats (Avena sativa L.)

*1R. Premkumar, 2A. Nirmalakumari and 3C.R. Anandakumar

RVS Agricultural College, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu – 613 402, India.

Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal, Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu – 606 603, India.

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – 641 003, India.

An experiment was conducted with forty eight genotypes of oats for the Principal

Component Analysis at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington during

kharif, 2013. Fifteen quantitative characters were taken under observation to estimate substantial

variation and relationship among oats genotypes to identify the best performing lines. Analysis

of variation for such quantitative traits in diverse line showed considerable and dissimilar level

of variability. Single plant kernel yield showed significant and positive correlation with single

plant groat yield, harvest index, kernel weight per panicle, groat weight per panicle, thousand

groat weight, thousand kernel weight, number of groats per panicle, number of productive tillers

per plant, fodder yield per plant and total number of tillers per plant. Principal component

analysis showed the amount of variation by the principal components assigned from component

1 to component 4. Clustering analysis based on various morphological traits assorted forty eight

oats genotypes into eight main clusters. The cluster I was the largest having 30 genotypes,

followed by cluster III with nine and cluster II with four genotypes. Dendrogram based on

hierarchal clustering grouped genotypes based on their morphological traits rather than

geographic origin. Grouping of genotypes based on morphological traits is not always associated

with their geographical origin. The diverse genotypes will be used for future breeding

programme.

Variability studies in super early pigeonpea genotypes (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

*1M. S. Ranjani, 1C. Vanniarajan, 2C. V. Sameer Kumar, 2Anupama J. Hingane

1Depatment of Plant Breeding and Genetics, AC & RI, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India 2International Crop Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India


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The present study involves the estimation of variability and genetic parameters with 30

super-early genotypes of Pigeon pea at ICRISAT during Kharif 2017 as a tool for further crop

improvement. The quantitative traits like hundred seed weight (g), days to maturity, single plant

yield (g) and protein content were investigated. PCV was higher than the corresponding GCV

values; however, the lower difference in their magnitude explains that PCV is only due to the

environment. The heritability was high for protein content (87.11%) followed by hundred seed

weight (47.05%), single plant yield (39.45%) and days to maturity (37.33%). The genetic

advance as percent mean was high for single plant yield (g) (32.82%) followed by protein

content(20.56%), hundred seed weight (11.47%) and days to maturity (3. 80%). The high

heritability combined with high genetic advance indicated that the traits like single pant yield (g)

and protein content (%) were controlled by additive gene action and can be improved by simple

selection in the above breeding material.

Varietal variation for floral biology in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]

*1E. Nandhini, 2K. Padmini, 3G. Thamodharan, 4M. Thennarasu

The study was conducted at the experimental field of ICAR- Indian Institute of

Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru during kharif season of the year 2016-2017 to evaluate

ten okra varieties (V1 - Arka Abhay, V2 – Arka Anamika, V3 – Varsha Uphar, V4 – Pusa A-4,

V5 – Srivilliputhur Local, V6 – Thirunelveli Local, V7 – OK-01, V8 – Ankur-48, V9 – Punjab-8

and V10 – Kashi Kranti) for variability with respect to floral biology viz., anthesis, anther

dehiscence, pollen production per anther (pollen load), pollen viability, in-vitro pollen

germination and stigma receptivity. The varieties were significantly different from each other for

all floral biology traits. In all the varieties, peak anthesis time was noticed during 8.00 to 9.00

a.m. Anther dehiscence was observed to be maximum after 10 minutes of anthesis in all the

varieties. Among the varieties, maximum pollen production per anther and pollen viability was

noticed in cv. Ankur-48. Among the varieties, maximum pollen viability was observed at the

time of anthesis in cv. Ankur-48 with 98.26%. In-vitro pollen germination was high in all the

varieties after 48 hours of incubation. Peak stigma receptivity was observed between 8.00 and

9.00 a.m. on the day of anthesis in all the varieties. Duration of stigma receptivity was highest in

Arka Anamika until 12 p.m. (66.00%). Hence, the variety Ankur-48 can be used as a male parent


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since it has high pollen load and pollen viability while, Arka Anamika can be used as female

parent in hybrid seed production programme since it’s having higher stigma receptivity.

Correlation studies yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata ssusp sesquipedalis

*1Asoontha and 2Mareen Abraham

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani, Kerala, India

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis a member of Leguminosae family commonly

known as yard long bean is an important vegetable crop that supplies the dietery protein through

the edible tender pods. Twelve genotypes of yard long bean from different locations of the

country were collected and analysed for correlation studies in a Completely Randomized Block

Design with three replications. Correlation provides information on the nature and extends of

relationship between pairs of characters. Yield, a polygenic character is influenced by several

component characters. Selection for yield depends on these component characters as well. Thus,

for yield improvement through selection programme, the knowledge of correlation between yield

and its component characters and between the component characters is important. Therefore

analysis of yield in terms of genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of component

characters leads to the understanding of characters that can form the basis of selection of high

yielding genotypes. Observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants in each plot on

10 quantitative characters. Correlation between vegetable pod yield plant per plant (g) and other

characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first harvest, number of pods per plant, pod

length (cm), pod weight (g), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g), length of harvest

period (days), crop duration (days) were recorded. The study revealed that the relationship of

yield with other characters and it is observed that yield had significant positive phenotypic and

genotypic correlation with number of pods per plant, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and

100 seed weight. Thus these characters form the basis of selection of high yielding genotypes in

yard long bean.


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SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Authority of seed treatments and storage containers on biological agents in bioprimed

tomato seeds cv. PKM 1

*T. Shunmuga Vadivel and K. Sundaralingam

Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003

Studies were carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Coimbatore in tomato cv. PKM 1 to assess the storability of bioprimed

seeds of tomato under ambient conditions and to evaluate the performance of stored bioprimed

seeds. In the present investigation, fresh seeds of tomato cv.PKM 1 were taken bioprimed with

(i).liquid Azospirillum @ 15% for 9h, (ii).liquid phosphobacteria @ 20% for 6h, (iii).

Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 80% for 3h, (iv).Trichoderma viride @ 60% for 9h along with

hydroprimed seed and nonprimed (control) seed. The seeds were stored in cloth bag and

aluminium foil pouch under ambient storage condition for eight months. Samples were drawn at

monthly intervals and evaluated for physiological, biochemical and population of biological

agents related to seed storage under laboratory conditions.

Bioassay an indicator test to identify the level of seed deterioration in groundnut

(Arachis hypogeae L.)

*1M. Gayathri, 1T. Dhanush, 1A. Shameema Parveen, 1P. Selvapriya, 2V. Vijayalakshmi,

2S. Sathish and 2K. Sivasubramaniam 1Agricultural College and Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai

2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003

Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of bioassay a indicator test to identify

the level of seed deterioration in groundnut. Seven seed lots of groundnut with different date of

harvest (various vigour level) were collected from different parts of Tamil Nadu viz.,

Dharmapuri, Trichy and Pudhukottai and kept under storage as pod, kernel, kernel inoculated

with Aspergillus parasiticus in cloth bag with ambient condition of kudumiyanmalai. Stored

seeds were evaluated fortnightly to know the rate of deterioration by observing the reduction in

percent germination, shoot length, root length, dry matter production and vigour index and

increase in cell membrane leakage through Electrical conductivity. Standard germination test


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results were compared with seedling growth reduction in Bioassay test where, jute seeds (94%

germination percentage) used as test and standard material. The results revealed that deteriorated

groundnut seeds affect the growth of test material (jute seeds). The reduction in jute seed

germination was positively correlated with the level of groundnut seed deterioration. From the

studies it could be concluded that Bioassay test is an easiest and very good indicator to detect the

level of seed deterioration in groundnut.

Correlation between seed vigour tests and field emergence of groundnut CO 7

*1A. Suganthi and 2P. Selvaraju

1Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Technology, Theni.

2Special Officer, Seed Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3.

In the present investigation, various vigour tests viz., germination test, paper piercing test,

brick gravel test, accelerated aging test, radicle emergence test, electrical conductivity test and

field emergence test were conducted in groundnut var. CO 7 with thirty different seed lots at

three months intervals during natural ageing to correlate field emergence with different vigour

tests. The results showed that, the electrical conductivity test and accelerated ageing test had

significant negative correlation and germination test was not significantly correlation with field

emergence. Results indicated that the germination test was not a good indicator for predicting to

field emergence. However, electrical conductivity and accelerated ageing tests were the best

predictors of field emergence than all other vigour tests in groundnut CO 7.

Proso millet seed storage management techniques

*K. P. Ragupathi, K. Sujatha and V. Paramasivam

Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of botanicals on proso millet seed

storage. The seeds obtained from field experiment were cleaned and graded using BSS 12×12

sieve and dried to moisture content of twelve per cent was used for storage studies. The graded

seeds were treated with botanicals viz., Vitex negundo, Lippia nodiflora, Lantana camara,

Clerodendron inerme and Azadirachta indica at the concentration of 100g/kg of seed and stored

in both cloth bag and polypropylene bag containers for a period of twelve months at the optimum

storage conditions. The seed quality parameters viz., insect damage (%), weight loss (%) and


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pathogen infestation (%) were evaluated at bimonthly intervals.Among the different botanicals,

seeds treated with Azadirachta indica and stored in polypropylene bag performed better in all the

above seed quality parameters.

Seed priming with biofertilizers for improving vigour of sesame genotypes

*Sreepriya S and T. Girija

Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India

A laboratory study was conducted at the Department of Plant Physiology, College of

Horticulture to understand the influence of seed priming with biofertilizers on improving seed

vigour in five sesame genotypes viz., Surya, Thilak, Kayamkulam 1, Thilarani and Thilatara

released from Kerala Agricultural University. The biofertilizers used for priming was

Phosphobacteria, Azospirillum and PGPR Mix 1 (A consortium of plant growth regulating

rhizobacteria released from Kerala Agricultural University). The seeds were treated with the

biofertilizers and the shade dried seeds were sown in germination paper for a test period of 7

days. The seedling growth parameters like germination per cent, shoot length, root length, vigour

index and speed of germination were recorded. There was 21 to 27 per cent improvement in

germination over control in the variety thilathara and thilarani with azospirillum treatment which

was the highest improvement recorded. PGPR mix I priming also improved the germination by

16 per cent in the same varieties. The variety thilarani responded more compared to others in

terms of improved shoot length. Highest shoot length was recorded for PGPR mix 1 treatment.

Among the varieties surya, thilarani and thilatharahad higher improvement in root length

compared to others. Speed of germination also significantly improved with biofertilizers. All the

biofertilizers improved the vigour index, among them PGPR mix 1 gave the best results.

Standardization of seed biopriming with humic acid on snakegourd cv.CO2

*1U. Gowthamy, 2P. Selvaraju, 2S.Seethalakshmi and 3V. Poobalan

1&2 Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore-3

3Department of Vegetable crops, HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore-3

An experiment was conducted to study the seed biopriming with Humic acid

biofertilizers on snakegourd cv. CO2 for better germination & seedling growth.The results

showed that the effect of biopriming was significant on germination percentage, seedling dry

weight and seedling vigour in snakegourd. Seeds bioprimed with Humic acid 5% concentration


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for 30h was the best biopriming treatment.This treatment showed a higher percentage of

germination (80%), root length (21.2cm), Shoot length (30.0cm), dry matter production (1.265g

10 seedlings1) and vigour index (3085) compared to other concentrations, durations and over the

other treatments.

STORAGE POTENTIAL OF BIOPRIMED SEEDS OF PUMPKIN cv. CO 2

*R. Sivakalai , K. Krishnaveni and S. Sundareswaran

Department of Seed Science and Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641003.

A study was conducted to study the storage potential of bioprimed seeds of Pumpkin cv

CO2. The pumpkin seeds were subjected to four treatments with 12 h soaking duration viz.,T1-

Nonprimed seed; T2- Hydropriming; T3- Phosphobacteria 20 % + Pseudomonas fluorescens 20

%; T4 - Azospirillum 10 % + Phosphobacteria 20 % + Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 % were

packed in 300 gauge polyethylene bag and aluminium foil pouch and kept under ambient storage for a

period of 6 months. However, the seed quality parameters of both primed and non-primed seeds

showed a reduction in all the periods of storage. The initial germination percentage (84%) during

first month of storage got reduced to 77 % and 79 % in the polyethylene bag and aluminium foil

pouch at the sixth month of storage, respectively. At the sixth month of storage, T4 recorded 10

% higher value in the polyethylene bag and 11 % in aluminium foil pouch over non-primed seed.

At sixth month of storage, an increase by 38 % for root length, 18 % for shoot length, 44 %

increase for vigour index was recorded over non-primed seeds in polythene bag and 35 %

increase for root length, 21 % increase for shoot length, and 45 % increase for vigour index was

recorded over non-primed seeds in aluminium foil pouch. The results of the bio-primed seeds

under storage study revealed a minimal decrease in germination, root length, shoot length and

vigour index in bio-primed seeds (Azospirillum 10 % + Phosphobacteria 20 % + Pseudomonas

fluorescens 20 % - T4) compared to non-primed seeds.


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AGRONOMY

Agronomic approaches for enhancing the growth and yield potential of low land rice

*Naveenkumar, S., R. Gobi, P. Stalin and S. Sathiyamurthi 2Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Institute of Research and Technology, Perambalur – 621113.

Field experiments were conducted in the Experimental Farm, Department of

Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar during March -

June 2016 to evaluate the agronomic approaches for enhancing the growth and yield potential

of low land rice. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three

replications. There were altogether nine treatments viz., T1 – Control, T2 - Recommended

dose of nitrogen (RDN), T3 - 75% N + 25 % N through vermicompost, T4 - RDN + ZnSO4 @

25 kg ha-1, T5 - 75% N + 25 % N through vermicompost + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1, T6 - RDN +

FeSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1, T7 - 75% N + 25 % N through vermicompost + FeSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1, T8

- RDN + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1, T9 - 75% N + 25 % N through

vermicompost + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1. The results of the field

experiment on the rice revealed that the growth characters, yield attributes, yield, nutrient

uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and post harvest soil nutrient status were markedly influenced

by the application of inorganic N, along with vermicompost, zinc and iron. Among the

different treatments tried, T9 (75% N + 25 % N through vermicompost + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ FeSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1) recorded the maximum values of growth characters, yield attributes,

yield and nutrient uptake. This was followed by application of RDN + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 +

FeSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 (T8). The least values were recorded under the treatment T1 (Control).

The results of the investigation clearly indicated that the positive response of rice to the

application of inorganic N, along with vermicompost, zinc and iron. Among the INM

practices on rice, higher net return of Rs. 59396 ha-1 and return rupee-1 invested of 2.69 were

registered with 75% N + 25 % N through vermicompost + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 @

50 kg ha-1.


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Analysis of growth parameters inhydroponic fodder maize

*S.V.Yaashika, M.Bojiraj, S.Naveen, Ponmanaselvan, Anburaj and M. Gnana Deepa

Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur – 621 115.

The word hydroponics has been derived from the Greek word ‘water working’and it is a

technology of sprouting grains or growing plants without soil, but only with water ornutrient rich

solution.The study was conducted to evaluate the growth parameters of fodder maize which was

grown in organic medium and water under hydroponics system. One kg of maize seed were pre-

soaked for 24 hours and the evenly spreading in the plastic tray, trays stacked on shelves.

Organic growth mediums (3% Amirtha karaisal, 3% Panchagavya and 3% Meenamilam and

Water) were sprayed manually with two hours interval for eight days.The highest root length is

14.9cmfrom 3% Meenamilam followed 14.33cmby water followed by13.275 cm3%

Amirthakaraisal and 9.25cm in3 % panchakavya. Highest shoot length is 29.23cmfrom water

25.2cm,24.05cm and 21.60 cm in 3% Meenamilam, 3% Amirthakaraisal, 3% Panchakavya

medium respectively. The highest leaf area and length is from water followed by 3%

Meenamilam, 3% Amirthakaraisal and 3% Panchakavya were noticed.Highest seed and fodder

production yield was more in water (1.68: 6.44) followed by 3% Panchakavya (1.52:4.91)

followed by 3% Amirthakaraisal (1.5:4.2) and 3% Meenamilam (1.5:3.84). We conclude that the

growth parametersviz root length, shoot length, leaf area and seed fodder production ratio are

higher in water solution but higher nutrient content present in 3% Amirtha karaisal solution

grown fodder maize than other nutrient solution.

Effect of fish amino acid and egg amino acid as foliar nutrient on productivity of rice

(Oryza sativa L.)

*1Priyanka. B and 2R. Ramesh

CAT, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India ADAC&RI, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

An investigation was undertaken out to study the effect of fish amino acid and egg amino

acid as foliar nutrition on productivity and profitability of rice. The recommended dose of

fertilizer + foliar spray of egg amino acid 1.0 % recorded higher grain yield of 4763 kg ha-1.

Higher nutrient uptake of N, P and K was registered in the recommended dose of fertilizer +


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foliar spray of egg amino acid 1.0 %. The highest net returns of Rs. 40531 ha-1 and B: C ratio of

2.04 were obtained in recommended dose of fertilizer + foliar spray of egg amino acid 1.0 %.

Effect of foliar nutrition on growth and yield of maize

*M. Jayaraj and S. Ramesh

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India

A field experiment was conducted during July to October 2017 under deep clay soil at the

Experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to study effect of foliar

nutrition on growth and yield of maize. The experiment was conducted in randomized block

design and replicated thrice. The experiment comprised nine treatments viz., T1 - control, T2 -

foliar spray of 3 % Jeevamrutha on 20, 40 and 60 DAS, T3 - foliar spray of 3 % Beejamrutha

on 20, 40 and 60 DAS, T4 - foliar spray of 3 % Vermiwash on 20, 40 and 60 DAS, T5 - foliar

spray of 5 % Jeevamrutha on 20, 40 and 60 DAS, T6- foliar spray of 5 % Beejamrutha on 20,

40 and 60 DAS, T7- foliar spray of 5 % Vermiwash on 20, 40 and 60 DAS, T8 – foliar spray of

8 % Jeevamrutha on 20, 40 and 60 DAS, T9 – foliar spray of 8 % Beejamrutha on 20, 40 and

60 DAS and T10 – foliar spray of 8 % Vermiwash on 20, 40 and 60 DAS. The results of the

experiment showed that T5 - foliar spray of 5 % Jeevamrutha on 20, 40 and 60 DAS

significantly recorded higher growth, yield attributes and yields of maize viz., plant height, leaf

area index (LAI), dry matter production (DMP), cob length and cob diameter, number of grains

cob-1, test weight, grain and stover yield. Significantly lowest values for growth attributes, yield

attributes, grain and stover yield of maize were recorded under the control. Based on the above

results, it could be concluded that cultivation of maize with foliar spray of 5% Jeevamrutha on

20, 40 and 60 DAS will be a promising combination which resulted in higher grain and stover

yield.

Effect of intercropping pulses and vegetables on little millet yield and economics under

rainfed condition

*Sharmili K and S. Manoharan

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the littlemillet based intercropping system

under rainfed condition. The experiment was laid out in RBD with four replications. Six

treatments were studied viz., T1-littlemillet sole crop, T2-littlemillet + radish (8:2), T3-littlemillet


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+ coriander (8:2), T4-littlemillet + small onion (8:2), T5-littlemillet + blackgram (8:2) and T6-

littlemillet + greengram (8:2) intercropping under replacement series and all the intercrops were

raised separately adjacent to treatment plots and yields were recorded to work out indices related

to biological efficiency of intercropping system. The plant height (104.9 and 104.7 cm) was

comparatively higher in littlemillet intercropped with blackgram and greengram. Among the

intercropping system, Littlemillet Grain Equivalent Yield (LMGEY) was highest in littlemillet +

small onion (1832 kg ha-1) and the lowest LMGEY was recorded in horsegram + coriander (1373

kg ha-1). The net income was found to be higher in littlemillet intercropped with small onion

(35,612 Rs ha-1) whereas B:C ratio was found to be higher in littlemillet intercropped with

greengram (2.65) which was on par with littlemillet intercropped with blackgram (2.63).

Effect of planting pattern and nitrogen timing on crude protein content and nitrogen

uptake in maize (Zea mays L.)

*Selvakumar Dharmalingam, Velayudham Kumaran and Thavaprakaash Nallasamy

Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur, India- 621 115

Field experiments were conducted at Department of Agronomy of Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the effect of spatial arrangement and nitrogen

scheduling on N uptake and crude protein content in maize. The experiments were laid out in

split plot design and replicated thrice. The following spatial arrangements viz., 60 x 25, 30 x 30,

35 x 35, 40 x 40, 45 x 45 and 50 x 50 cm were alloted to main plots. Three nitrogen scheduling

approaches were assigned to sub plots. Growth stage based N scheduling approaches were

compared with Leaf Colour Chart based (LCC) N management. Based on the experimental

results, N uptake was higher under 30 x 30 cm arrangement throughout growth stage and reached

maximum at 90 DAS ( 290.2 and 307.9 kg ha-1). Among N schedling approaches, LCC based N

scheduling removed more N (261.6 and 284.2 kg ha) at 90 DAS than conventional approach.

Similarly LCC based N management resulted in more crude protein (7.68%) content in maize.

Effect of weed management practices on growth and yield of transplanted rice and its

residual effect on succeeding blackgram

C. Nivetha and V. Janahiraman

Krishna College of Agriculture and Technology, Srirengapuram, Madurai


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Rice is the most important cereal crop which plays a major role in Indian economy as

well as dietary needs of the World. Weeds are a major impediment to rice production through

their ability to compete for resource and their impact on product quality. Hence, the field

investigations were carried out at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research

Institute, Tiruchirapalli, during rabi 2015-2016 to evaluate the effect of weed management

practices on growth and yield of transplanted rice and its residual effects on succeeding

blackgram. Experiments were conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated

thrice. Treatments consisted of application of herbicides viz., PE Butachlor at 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1,

PE Pyrazosulfuron ethyl at 25 g a.i. ha-1, PE Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor at 60+600 g a.i.

ha-1, EPOE Bispyribac sodium at 25 g a.i.ha-1, POE 2,4-D sodium salt at 80 g a.i. ha-1 followed

by hand weeding on 40 days after transplanting (DAT) and also tested with two hand weeding

and unweeded control. The highest grain and straw yield (4987 kg ha-1and 6841 kg ha-1) were

recorded under pre emergence application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor at 60 + 600 g a.i.

ha-1 on 3 DAT followed by hand weeding on 40 DAT as a result of reduced weed dry weight

and increased growth attributes. The results indicated that herbicides applied in rice did not show

their residual effects on succeeding blackgram.

Influence of different cotton cultivars on fiber quality and economics under organic

cultivation

*D. Yogeswari and K. Rajendran

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3.

A study was conducted to assess the fibre quality of different cotton varieties under

organic cultivation. The experiment was laid out in a RBD replicated thrice. The treatments

consisted of seven cotton varieties viz., SVPR 4, MCU 7, MCU 5, KC 3, LRA 5166, Suraj and

Anjali. The above cultivars were significantly differ in all the traits. The highest seed cotton yield

recorded in the cultivar Suraj (1484 kg ha-1) followed by KC 3 (1434 kg ha-1) and the lowest

yield recorded the cultivar SVPR 4 (813 kg ha-1). Among the cotton cultivars, KC 3 recorded

higher ginning out turn along with in 38.60 percent and lowest ginning outturn recorded the

cultivar SVPR 4. The cultivar MCU 5 registered higher 2.5% span length (35.61 mm) and fibre

strength (24.70 g/tex). Micronaire value was higher in KC 3 (5.45 µg inch-1) and was comparable

with SVPR 4 and MCU 5. Seed index (7.33) and lint index (12.23) was higher in the variety

Anjali. The other quality parameters like, elongation percentage was higher in the variety LRA


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5166 and MCU 7 recorded the value of (6.71), higher uniformity ratio recorded the variety was

Suraj (53.95). The highest net return of Rs. 49,690 ha-1 with B: C ratio of 2.03 was obtained in the

variety Suraj followed by KC 3 (Rs.46, 390 ha-1 and 1.97) and Anjali (Rs. 43, 340 ha-1 and 1.90)

and lowest net return and B: C ratio recorded LRA 5166 (Rs. 23,440 and 1.49) respectively.

Optimizing fertilizer requirement for Newly Released Castor Hybrid YRCH 2 under

irrigated condition

*1M.Keerthana, 2S.Manickam, 3P.Kathirvelan and 3S.Suganya 1Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India

2Dean, Aathiparasakthhi Agriculture College, Kalavai, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Yethapur, Tamil Nadu, India

Field experiment was conducted at Gopalapuram village of Salem district at Rabi 2017

season under irrigated condition with the objective of optimizing the fertilizer dose for higher

productivity in castor hybrid YRCH2. The experiment was conducted in randomize block design

with three replication. The treatments consisted of two graded dose of fertilizers viz., 100 and

125% with the combination of split application at basal, 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAS. The results of

the field experimentation revealed that crop attained fifty percent flowering at 54.6 days under

125 % RDF along with five split application which was followed by 125 % RDF with four splits

(56.3 days).The yield attributing characters such as productive branches/plant, length of primary

spike, No. of capsules/spike, test weight and seed yield (3020 kg ha-1)were higher in 125% RDF

with five split application which was followed by 125% RDF with four split application which

inturn resultedin realization of higher gross returns of Rs.123820 Rs.ha-1, net returnsof Rs. 98771

Rs.ha-1 with benefit cost ratio of 4.94.

Performance of newer maize hybrids to higher nitrogen levels in Coimbatore

K. Shoban Chakravarthy Assistant Professor (Agronomy), Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur

A field study was laid to evaluate the effect of increased nitrogen in five newer maize

hybrids at Eastern Block Farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during kharif

and rabi, 2012. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design replicated thrice with five maize

hybrids and four levels of nitrogen. Cutting across the seasons, the TNAU hybrid CMH08-282

which was later released as CO6 by TNAU, maintained supremacy in recording growth

parameters viz., plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production. The yield parameters


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also showed positive response to the increased nitrogen application. The same hybrid performed

better as the yield potential was higher during both the seasons. Though higher nitrogen levels

produced more yield, the interaction between hybrids and nitrogen levels applied was found to

be non significant irrespective of the seasons studied.

Post harvest soil fertility status by integrated nutrient management in ashgourd

(Benincasa hispida Cogn.) Cv. Co-1 *1M. Thangamuniyandi and 2S. Kamalakannan

Don Bosco College of Agriculture, Sagayathottam, Tamil Nadu, India Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India

` An investigation on post harvest soil fertility status by integrated nutrient management in

ashgourd (Benincasahispidacogn.) cv. CO-1 was undertaken at Department of Horticulture,

Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar during 2013-2014. The results

of the study indicated that the computed data pertaining to the nutrient availability in the soil due

to the effect of various organic and inorganic inputs was observed in the treatment FYM @ 10 kg

pit-1 plus 50 per cent RDF plus EM @ 1:1000 had recorded the highest NPK content in the soil.

This might be due to the slow release of nutrients from the FYM, resulting in the lesser loss and

further availability of nutrients can also be achieved in due course of time due to degradation.

Productivity and proximate analysis of hydroponic fodder maize grown in different organic medium

*M. Gnana Deepa, M. Bojiraj, N. Harshvardhan, P. Ponsakthivel and S.V. Yaashika

Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur - 621 115.

A study was conducted to compare and analyse the nutritive value and production of

fodder maize grown in different organic growth media under hydroponic system. One kg of

maize seed were pre-soaked for 24 hours and the evenly spreading in the plastic tray, trays

stacked on shelves. Organic growth mediums (3% Amirtha karaisal, 3% Panchagavya and 3%

Meenamilam and Water as control) were sprayed manually with two hours interval for eight

days. Grown fodder was harvested and proximate analysis was done with standard procedure.

Crude Protein (26.5%), Crude Fibre (17.3%), Ether Extract (9.9%), Total Ash (5.3%) and Gross

Energy (1122 k Cal/Kg) content were more in 3% Amirtha karaisal than other organic media.

The seed: fodder production yield was more in water (S: F - 1.68: 6.44) than other organic

media. The 3% Amirtha karaisal solution yielded higher nutrient content more than other media


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because of its ingredients. Hydroponics fodder maize was more nutritious than the conventional

fodder maize in terms of available drymatter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free

extract. Hydroponics may be the farmers’ choice of fodder production in future.

Productivity enhancement in chillies through sustainable agronomic practices

*V. Hariharasudhan, P.M.Shanmugam and K.Siddeswaran

Institute of Agriculture, Kumulur, Trichy

A field trial was carried out with an objective to develop sustainable organic nutrient

management package for chillies-cowpea cropping system . The treatments were, T1 : 100% organic

as enriched farmyard manure (EFYM) + vermicompost + neem cake (1/3rd each to supply

recommended N), T2 : T1 + Biofertilizer + Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, T3 : T1 +

Panchakavya 3% foliar spray thrice, T4 : T1 + (chillies + onion) - (cowpea + corriander), T5 : T1 +

One mechanical weeding and one hand weeding, T6 : 50 % N as EFYM + Biofertilizer +

Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, T7 : 50% NPK as chemical fertilizer + 50% N as EFYM and

T8 : 100% recommended NPK as chemical fertilizers. The results revealed that, integrated

application of required nitrogen to both chillies and cowpea at 50% N as EFYM and 50% N as

inorganic fertilizer recorded significantly higher chillies equivalent yield (11148 kg/ha),

profitability (Net return: Rs.57889/ha and Benefit cost ratio : 2.18) and enhance the soil fertility.

Weed management in maize system

P. Thukkaiyannan.

Maize Research Station, TNAU, Vagarai (Po), Palani (Tk), Tamil Nadu, India

Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2015, 2016 and 2017 in Maize Research

Station, Vagarai under irrigated condition with the objectives to develop weed management

options in maize cropping system. Sole maize crop system was followed in the experiments. The

treatment comprises of different pre and post emergence herbicides with different doses and

combinations which were compared with weedy cheek (Control) and weed free treatments.

These experiments were conducted in Randomized block design with three replications. The

results of the experiment revealed that the application of atrazine @ 1.5 kg/ha as pre emergence

followed by spraying of halosulfuran @ 60 g/ha as post emergence at 25 DAS gave significantly

higher grain yield (10,709 kg/ha, in 2015 kharif) and numerically higher grain yield of 8662

kg/ha in kharif 2016 in the treatment combination of atrazine as pre emergence @ 750 g/ha +


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2,4 – D amine at 25 DAS as post emergence and 11,055 kg/ha of higher grain yield in kharif

2017 in the application of atrazine as pre emergence @ 1.5 kg/ha followed by Tembotrione 120

g/ha as post emergence at 25 DAS. The significant higher number of cobs per hectare

(54,900/ha) was recorded in atrazine @ 1.5 kg/ha followed by halosulfuran @ 60 g/ha during

kharif 2016. The net returns and BCR were significantly higher in the application of atrazine @

1.5 kg/ha followed by halosulfuron @ 60 g/ha (Rs. 1,05,965 and Rs.70,250 and 3.04 and 2.2

during 2015 and 2016 kharif respectively). The net returns and BCR was significantly higher

(Rs.1,08,857 and 2.93 ) in atrazine (750 g/ha) + pendimethalin (750 ml/ha) as pre emergence

which was on par (Rs.1,06,529 and 2.79) with atrazine (1.5 kg/ha) as pre emergence followed by

Tembotrione (120 g/ha) as post emergence in kharif 2017.

Evaluation of integrated weed management practices in direct wet seeded rice + Dhaincha

dual cropping

G. Bagyalakshmi and S. Radhamani*

Institute of Agriculture, AEC & RI, Kumulur – 621 712, Trichy.

A field experiment was conducted at wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore during rabi, 2016-17 to evaluate integrated weed management practices in wet

seeded rice + dhaincha dual cropping using the variety CO(R) 51. The soil of the experimental

site was clay loam in texture with low in available nitrogen (278 kg/ha) medium in available

phosphorus (18 kg/ha) and high in available potassium (628 kg/ha). The experiment was laid in

randomized block design with three replications. The treatments comprised of application of

bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha at 20 DAS/30 DAS with cono weeding at 40 DAS, 2, 4-D Na salt 0.5

kg/ha at 20 DAS/30 DAS with cono weeding at 40 DAS, chlorimuran ethyl + metsulfuron

methyl 4 g/ha at 20 DAS/30 DAS with cono weeding at 40 DAS, cono weeding twice at

20/30DAS and 40 DAS, hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and unweeded check. In the

experimental field Echinocloa colona, E. crusgalli and Dinebra retroflexa under grasses,

Cyperus difformis and C. iria under sedges and Ammania baccifera and Eclipta alba under broad

leaved weeds were the major weed species. The results of the study revealed that lower weed dry

weight and higher weed control efficiency were recorded with hand weeding twice at 20 and 40

DAS which was comparable with application of bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha at 20 DAS + cono

weeding at 40 DAS. Biomass addition of Dhaincha ranged from 8.25 t/ha to 19.10 t/ha and


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nitrogen addition ranged from 43.69 kg/ha to 73.93 kg/ha. Efficient control of weeds along with

green manure addition resulted in higher growth parameters and yield attributes of rice and

recorded higher grain yield in hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS (6535 kg/ha) and it was

comparable with application of application of bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha at 20 DAS + cono

weeding at 40 DAS (6244 kg/ha). Higher net return of Rs. 55556/ha was recorded with hand

weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and it was closely followed by application of bispyribac

sodium 25 g/ha at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS (Rs. 55161/ha). However, the BC ratio

was higher (2.59) with application of bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha at 20 DAS + cono weeding at

40 DAS due to less cost involved for weeding. Since the present day agriculture faces labour

scarcity and increased cost of labour, under wet seeded rice + Dhaincha dual cropping,

application of bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha at 20 DAS + cono weeding at 40 DAS could be

adopted for getting higher grain yield and benefit cost ratio.

Effect of Organic Fertilizers on growth and mineral composition of Amaranthus blitum L.

Vijayarengan, P., M. Maheswari*, M. Christhu Uthayam and A. Natarajan Department of Botany, Annamalai University,

Annamalainagar, Chidambaram-608002, Tamil Nadu, India

The present investigation deals with the effect of various types of fertilizers such as

farmyard manures (FYM), vermicompost (VC) and composted coir pith (CCP) on seed

germination, seedling growth, and mineral contents of Amaranthus blitum (L.). The highest

germination percentage (98), root length (17.60 cm/seedling), shoot length (19 cm/seedling),

fresh weight (23.74 g/seedlings) and dry weight (13.40 g/seedlings) were recorded in seedlings

grown with combined application of organic manures (FYM + VC + CCP). Minerals such as calcium,

magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese content (71.12, 32.56, 22.14, 18.0 188.10 and 46.73 ppm)

were also highest in seedlings received combined application of organic fertilizers. The present study

concludes organic farming is becoming a major tool for sustaining the soil quality degraded by intensive

use of synthetic chemicals for increasing crop production.


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Effect of phosphorus solubilizers on the availability of native P and soil enzymes in

phosphorus rich soil of Kerala

*Sreelakshmi. M.M., B.Aparna, B. Rani and Anith.K.N.

Dept of Soil Science & Agrl Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India

The research entitled “Effect of phosphorus solubilizers on the availability of native P

and soil enzymes in phosphorus rich soil of Kerala” was undertaken in the Dept. of Soil Science

and Agrl. Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the year 2017 with the objective

to evaluate the effect of phosphate solubilizers (PSB, AMF , Pseudomonas) on the solubility and

availability of native P and its impact on crop growth and yield of test crop tomato var. Vellayani

vijay. The experiment was carried out with 14 treatments replicated thrice with various

combinations of P solubilizers along with chemical fertilizers. Treatments imposed were the

combinations of four doses of P (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%) along with P solubilzers (AMF,

Pseudomonas, and Bacillus). From the study it was observed that, treatment T3 with 75%

phosphorus + AMF recorded the highest value for available macro nutrients (N, P, and K). The

same treatment has recorded the highest values for biological properties like dehydrogenase, acid

phosphatase, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass phosphorus and microbial load. A

highest mean for yield, primary branches / plant, no of fruits per plant was also registered by the

treatment T3. Treatment T3 with the application of 75%+AMF+100% N & K as per the KAU

POP was found to be the best treatment

Synthesis and characterization of nano encapsulated zinc fertilizers

*1T. Venkateshwaran, 2M. R. Latha, 3K. S. Subramanian and 3S. Marimuthu

1Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, TNAU, Coimbatore-3 2Programme co – ordinator, KVK, Vamban

3Department of Nano Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore-3

Nano encapsulated zinc fertilizers were synthesized from manganese hallow core shell.

Manganese hallow core shell was synthesized by layer by layer method. Different zinc fertilizers

vizzinc sulphate (ZnSO4 (en)), zinc citrate (Zn citrate (en)), and EDTA zinc (EDTA Zn (en)) were

incorporated in to the hallow core shell and their entrapment efficiency was characterized. Size

and surface charge of the nano encapsulated fertilizer was determined using PSA and zeta


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analyser ZnSO4 (en) have a size of 315 - 356 nm and EDTA Zn (en) have a size of 402- 454 nm

and Zn citrate (en) have a size of 359 - 412 nm, and have surface charge of (-)29.6 mV (-) 30.1

and(-) 28.2 mV correspondingly. Surface morphology and shape of encapsulated fertilizer were

characterized using TEM and SEM. Zn functional group was identified using raman

spectroscopy. Zn content in different encapsulated forms were analysed using AAS. Among

different encapsulated forms Zn citrate (en) have higher entrapment efficiency of 15%. This study

provides a new idea about encapsulation of fertilizers with nano materials to increase the

fertilizer use efficiency.

Assessment of graded levels of fertilisers with FYM on NPK uptake by Hybrid maize

(CO-6) in Inceptisol

*Sivaranjani .C, K.M. Sellamuthu, R. Santhi and S. Maragatham

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Directorate of Natural Resource

Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore-3

The field experiment was conducted to evaluate yield and N, P and K uptake for hybrid

maize on Inceptisol. The soil of experimental field was sandy clay loam with alkaline pH and

non-saline in nature. The soil was low in organic carbon and available N, medium in available P

and high in available K. The available Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn were in sufficient status. The highest

N, P and K uptake of 241.82 kg ha-1, 33.57 kg ha-1 and 149.36 kg ha-1 was recorded in STCR-

IPNS-200% of FD for 5 t ha-1 + FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 (T10).


Evaluation of P solubilizing bacteria bio fertilizers in maize

P. Thukkaiyannan.

Maize Research Station, TNAU, Vagarai (Po), Palani (Tk), Tamil Nadu, India

Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the bio

fertilizers (Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria) in maize under irrigated condition. The experiment

was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications with the treatment

combinations of PSB – I, PSB – II, NPK Consortia with 30 kg, 60 kg and 90 kg P2O5 (SSP)

which were compared with absolute control (Recommended N and K). The result of the

experiment in kharif 2016 revealed that a numerical higher grain yield (7873 kg/ha) and


160

significantly higher cob number (52,900/ha) were recorded with the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha

+ PSB – II treatment. The result of kharif 2017 revealed that a numerical higher grain yield

(12,849 kg/ha) was recorded with 60 kg P2O5/ha + NPK Consortia followed by 30 kg P2O5/ha +

NPK Consortia. The net returns and BCR values were significantly higher (Rs. 49,504 and 1.71

in kharif 2016) in 60 kg P2O5/ha + PSB – II and (Rs. 1,22,561 and 2.75) in 60 kg P2O5/ha + NPK

Consortia in kharif 2017.

Microbial remediation (Lactobacillus sp.) of Profenofos 50% EC by Agar-well diffusion method

*1A. Subash Chandra Bose, 1P. Yasodha, 1P. M. M. David and 2K. G. Sabarinathan

1Dept of Plant Protection, ADAC & RI, TNAU, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Dept of Soil and Environment, ADAC & RI, TNAU, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.

We examined the role of lactic acid bacteria in the degradation of the profenofos

insecticide using agar-well diffusion method. The lactic acid bacteria were isolated from rice

rinse water and also enumerated the LAB in single colonies from MRS (de Mann Rogosa

Sharpe) medium. MRS broth was prepared in which a single colony of LAB was inoculated and

kept in shaker for 24 h. Agar well diffusion method was used whether LAB can utilise and

degrade insecticide residue placed in agar well. After plating, about 100 µl of the broth was

spread over the MRS medium using L-rod. A sterilized cork borer (6 mm size), to make wells

on the medium in which four different concentrations, i.e., 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm of

insecticide. After 24 hours, the size of the inhibition zones was examined to confirm the

microbial degradation. The result showed that inhibition zone (mm) of degradation, 100 ppm –

2.00 (1.58), 200 ppm – 7.66 (2.85), 300 ppm – 8.33(2.97), 400 ppm – 9.00 (3.17).

CROP PROTECTION

ENTOMOLOGY

Anti-insect properties of two brown algal seaweeds Stoechospermum marginatum

(C.Agardh) Kutzing and Turbinaria ornate (Turner) J.Agardh against Tobacco caterpillar,

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

*Gunalan.C and R.Kannan

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University,

Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram -608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.


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An experiment was conducted to assess the anti insect properties of two brown algal

seaweeds viz ., Turbinaria ornata and Stoechospermum marginatum on Spodoptera litura

collected from Rameswaram coast . The sea weeds were pulverised after processing and were

used for testing their bio-activity (toxicity and growth inhibition effect) on S. litura in a

completely randomized design with seven treatments (0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20g and a control) and

three replications. The treatments were found to be effective in influencing larval mortality,

pupal malformation and adult malformation on the test insect. The observed results after 84

hours of exposure revealed that the treatment T6 (20g powder treatment) of both the seaweeds S.

marginatum and T. ornata pronounced the highest larval mortality of 60.00 and 53.33 per cent

respectively whereas minimum larval mortality was displayed by control (6.67%). The pupal

mortality ascertained by the seaweed treatments observed a maximum of 13.33 percent by S.

marginatum and 20.00 percent by T. ornata at 20 g concentration. The adult malformation data

recorded in the experiment displayed a maximum of 6.66 and 13.33 percent at the 20g

concentration of both the seaweeds S. marginatum and T. ornata respectively.

Bioefficacy of certain ethnobotanical extracts on the repellency property against the two

spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) on brinjalcrop

*1V. Sathyaseelan and 2V. Baskaran

Dept of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India

Sugarcane Research Station, TNAU, Sirugamani, Tamil Nadu, India

A study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of various ethnobotanical extracts for

their repellency property against two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (koch) on brinjal.

The ethnobotanicals such as Melia leaf extract, Justicia leaf extract, Lavandula leaf extract, vitex

leaf extract, Eucalyptus leaf extract and Ocimum leaf extract at five percent concentration were

tested. After 48 hours the highest repellency was recorded in case of Melia leaf extract (81.5%)

followed by Vitex leaf extract (73.0%), Justicia leaf extract and Eucalyptus leaf extract showed

on par results among various treatments. The Lavandula leaf extract also recorded a moderate

repellency effect and the least repellency was recorded in case of Ocimum leaf extract. Similar

trend was recorded during 24 hour of release also. As the dose increases the repellency effect

also increased irrespective of the ethnobotanical extracts against two spotted spider mite on

brinjal.


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Biopesticidal value of plant essential oils on subterranean termite, Odontotermes

wallonensis

*1E. Adlin Pricilla Vasanthi, 2S. Jeyarajan Nelson and 2N. Muthukrishnan

1Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur- 621206.

2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641003.

Odontotermes wallonensis is a major pest on maize, finger millet, red gram,

sugarcane, groundnut, niger, castor, coconut, mango, jackfruit and cashew. Botanicals offer an

advantage over synthetic pesticides because they are less toxic, easily get degraded and are

readily available in many areas of the world. The biopesticidal potential of five plant derived

essential oils [Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), Citronella

(Cymbopogon nardus), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Basil (Occimum basilicum)] at 0.1 per

cent were evaluated against O. wallonensis. Basil, eucalyptus and lemongrass oil registered the

mortality of 89.00, 88.66 and 81.33 per cent respectively. Clove oil (0.32g), lemongrass oil

(0.43g), eucalyptus oil (0.52g), citronella oil (0.56g) and basil oil (0.67g) were found to have

antifeedant activity.

Field evaluation of the combined effect of botanicals and insecticides against the pod insect

pests of redgram

*1C. Vijayaraghavan, 2Zadda Kavitha and 3S. Pasupathy

1Agricultural College and Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai - 622 104

2National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban-622 303, Pudukottai dt. India.

3Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Tiruchirapalli, India.

A field experiment was laid out at NPRC, Vamban with the blackgram variety, VBN

(Redgram) 3 in randomized block design with three replications to study the combined effect of

botanicals and insecticides against the pod insect pests of redgram. The eight treatments viz.,,

Rynaxypyr 18.5 SC (@ 15g a.i/ha) + azadirachtin (@ 1.0%), indoxacarb 15.8 EC (@ 36.5

a.i/ha) + azadirachtin (1%), acetamiprid 20 SP (@ 10g ai/ha) + azadirachtin (1.0%), Rynaxypyr

18.5 SC (@ 30g ai/ha) , indoxacarb 15.85 SC (@ 30g ai/ha), acetamiprid 20 SP (@ 20g ai/ha),

azadirachtin (1% ) and untreated Cheek were applied at flowering stage. At the time of harvest,

300 pods were collected from each treatment and the per cent damage by spotted pod borer,

gram pod borer and pod sucking bugs was recorded and cumulative pod damage was worked out


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for each treatment. Results brought out the effectiveness of the application of indoxacarb 15.8

EC (@ 36.5 a.i/ha) + azadirachtin (@1.0%) was very effective to suppress the pod damage by

spotted pod borer to the tune of 18.30 per cent and reducing the pod damage by H. armigera by

1.30 per cent.

Demonstration of Sealer-cum-healer’ technology for the Management of Stem and Root

Borer (Plocaederus ferrugineus L.) Management in Cashew

*K.Dhanalakshmi and M.R.Latha

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vamban, Pudukkottai, 622 303, Tamil Nadu, India

The ‘Sealer-cum-healer’ technology developed by Indian institute of Horticulture

Research (IIHR), Bengaluru for the management of Stem and root borer was demonstrated

during 2016-17 in Rabi season in Thavalapallam village of Pudukkottai district through the

ICAR-Front Line Demonstration (ICAR – FLD) . The results revealed that pest incidence

level was 20.00 per cent in untreated trees compared to 13.00 per cent in treated ones. It

reflected an average yield of 2.7 kg nuts in treated trees with a BC ratio of 4.56 compared to

2.3 kg yield per untreated tree with a BC ratio of 3.98 in the control.

Development of artificial diet for rearing paddy yellow stem borer Scirpophagain certulas

(Walker) using cut stalks

*Niroja, D and R.Kannan

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University

A study was conducted to standardize an artificial diet for rearing paddy yellow stem

borer using cut stalks. In view of increasing the efficiency of the standard diet, stem extract +

Bengal gram + Groundnut powder was supplemented at different concentrations. Two diets were

prepared as two treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice in completely randomized

block design. Data on paddy cut stalk weight after the feeding was continued up to the larval

survival and were documented and statistically analysed and presented. Observation on the

larval survival on the improved diets showed positive result as the released larva penetrated the

cut stalk (100%) survived for 10 days. As the time progressed the larval weight in day 1 and 2

showed significant difference and on days 3 to 9 non-significant difference was noticed in

between the treatments. On the last larval day both the treatments differ significantly but the


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larva in T2 died. Larva in T1 transformed to pupation (33.33) and 26.67 per cent of the pupa

became adult.

Eco – friendly management of striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) in Tuberose

(Polianthes tuberosa L.)

*S. Naziya Begam, W. Baby Rani and B. Usha Rani

Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-4

A study was conducted to evaluate organic manures, botanicals, bio-rationals for the

management of striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) on tuberose. The seasonal

occurrence of mealybug varied significantly and expressed different levels of population

during the period of study. The biology was studied under in vitro and the total life cycle

period was recorded. In the laboratory evaluation of biorationals and insecticides against F.

virgate, the biorational, buprofezin 25% SC recorded a mortality of 74.64 per cent; among

the insecticides, chlorpyriphos 20EC caused the maximum (71.66%) mortality. Field trials

conducted at Allanganallur block, Madurai during 2015-2016 revealed that the field efficacy

of biorationals against striped mealybug on tuberose; after two rounds of spray,

NC + Buprofezin 25% SC + C. montrouzieri @ 20 grubs / plot (release) followed by

PM (?) + Buprofezin 25% SC + C. montrouzieri @ 20 grubs / plot (release) recorded the

least population of the mealy bug compared to untreated check; recorded the least

population of the mealy bug compared to untreated check;; on the plants treated with neem

based products the mortality of coccinellids was the least.

Effect of organic sources of silica, rhizobacteria, plant growth regulators and botanicals

against Chilli, fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner).)

*1K. Bharathi and 2P. Chandramani. 1JSA college of Agriculture and Technology, Cuddalore – 606 108, India.

2Department of Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India

Basal application of organic sources of silica and rhizobacteria along with the foliar spray

of plant growth regulators, flower extracts and essential oils was studied under field condition

against chilli, fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera. The treatments tested were Rice husk ash 1t +

SSB, RHA 2t + SSB, Pseudomonas + Azophos along with foliar spray of NAA alternated with


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GA3 10 ppm + Chrysanthemum or Lantana flower extract 2% and basil and mint oil 0.2%. The

results revealed that the basal application of RHA+SSB+ foliar spray of chrysanthemum flower

extract 2%+NAA/ GA3 10 ppm+ B.O+M.O@ 0.2% (1.25 larvae/ plant) significantly reduced

the fruit borer incidence infestation.. The per cent reduction observed in these treatments was

79.52 percent over untreated check.

Effect of tablet formulation of selected plant species against stored product insect pests

*Maline, A. S., Kathirvelu, C. and Kulothungan, K.

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 2

In the present study, certain plant species like Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L.,

Sweet flag rhizome, Acorus calamus L., Worm wood, Artemisia vulgaris L., Mint Mentha

piperita L., and Indian privet, Vitex negundo L. were tested for their insecticidal properties

in the formulation of tablets in laboratory conditions against Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae

(Linnaeus) and red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, (Herbst). These plant materials were

ground into powder and the tablet formulation is synthesised by mixing the powder with

rice gruel and carrier materials viz. chalk powder (CP), kitchen ash (KA) and fly ash (FA).

Among the combinations of tablets tested against the S. oryzae, O. basilicum + CP

performed better in causing maximum mean mortality of 48.89% which is closely followed

by, O. basilicum + KA, A. vulgaris + FA and A. vulgaris + KA with 40.56% mortality each.

The least per cent mortality was observed with A. calamus, which caused 17.22%. The

results revealed that a maximum mean mortality of T. castaneum was witnessed in A.

vulgaris + CP and V. negundo + FA caused 28.89%, followed by O. basilicum + KA caused

27.22%. The least per cent mortality was found in treatments of M. piperita + FA had

caused 19.44%. The results of the weight loss by S. oryzae was noticed less in the grains

treated with A. vulgaris + KA combination, which caused 10.67% loss, followed by O.

basilicum + CP with 11.33% and A. vulgaris + CP and V. negundo + CP with 11.66% each.

The results of the weight loss by T. castaneum was obtained less in the treatment with the

tablets formulated using A. vulgaris + CP (11.33%) followed by A. vulganis + FA with

13.00% of weight loss, whereas the treatment A. calamus + FA evidenced with 24.67%.

Hence, the selected plant materials and carriers formulated as tablets are recommended for

the small scale storage of stored products safely from weevil and beetles.


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Effect of weather parameters on the incidence of leaf beetle,

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) in Brinjal

*N.Murugesan, T. Murugesh and J. Arockia Stephen Raj

Agricultural College & Researsh Institute, TNAU, Killikulam- 628 252

Understanding the relationship of insect species with physical environment factors

helps in predicting the damage by the insect and facilitates the farmers to work out and to

manipulate the crop production with appropriate crop production practices. For this type of

expert systems advanced aids such as, prediction models and computer based systems are

needed. Development and provision of up-to-date information is a key factor enabling farmers to

implement IPM. Multiple regression analysis was made between pest (viz.,leaf beetle,

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata) incidence and the weather parameters viz., maximum- and

minimum temperature (C), relative humidity (%), sunshine hours, total rainfall (mm),

evaporation (mm) and wind velocity (km per hour) during the crop period. Rainfall and relative

humidity accounted for the variability of grub population of the spotted leaf beetle in Khariff to

the tune of 53 per cent (R 2 = 0.5283; F = 8.401**); the grub population was found to decrease

by 0.03, when the relative humidity increased by one per cent. The other parameters played no

significant role. In Rabi, pan evaporation alone accounted for 38 (R 2 = 0.3812; F = 9.855**) per

cent variation; the grub population was found to decrease by 0.05, when the pan evaporation

increased by one mm. In case of adult populations, Maximum temperature influenced the adult

population by 59 per cent (R 2= 0.5903; F =23.055**) in Rabi crop; the grub population was

found to decrease by 0.06 numbers, when the maximum temperature increased by one unit.

Contribution of weather factors was not evident (R 2 = 0.1977; F = 3.942NS) in Khariff.

Efficacy of vegetable oils as grain protectants against pulse beetle,

Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) in green gram

*M. P. Bharath, C. A. Mahalingam and S. Jeyarajan Nelson

Department of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore -641 003, India.

Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to study the insecticidal action

of vegetable oils (viz., sunflower oil and groundnut oil) on pulse beetle, Callosobruchus

maculatus (F.). Vegetable oils were added at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6,

0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1%) to 20g of green gram seeds in plastic containers and shaken thoroughly.


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Ten newly emerged adults of C. maculatus were released into each plastic container. Untreated

pulse seeds were maintained as control. Mortality (lack of locomotion and/or response to

repeated probing) was recorded at 24 h intervals for seven days. Malathion was used as a treated

check besides an untreated control. Vegetable oils tested at different concentrations showed

varied levels of mortality in C. maculatus in green gram. Treated check brought out cent per cent

mortality, whereas sunflower oil and groundnut oil recorded 60.00 and 16.67 per cent mortality,

respectively at 1.00 per cent concentration on one DAT (Day After Treatment). Among the

vegetable oils evaluated, sunflower oil brought out cent per cent mortality at 1.00 per cent

concentration on 7 DAT, whereas groundnut oil could record 90.00 per cent mortality.

Mortality in the untreated check was 6.67 per cent only.

Evaluation of certain botanical oils against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

(Koch) on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)

*M. Prabhavathi and V. Sathyaseelan

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India

In cowpea an experiment was conducted to evaluate the acaricidal activity of certain

botanical oils such as mahua oil (Madhuca longifolia), pungam oil (Pongamia glabra), neem oil

(Azadirachta indica), eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), castor oil (Ricinus communis) and

tulsi oil (Ocimum sanctum) with an untreated check under in vitro condition at different

concentrations using leaf disc method. The results revealed that neem oil exhibits higher

acaricidal effect against Tetranychus urticae followed by eucalyptus oil and pungam oil. The

tulsi oil and mahua oil shows moderate effect, while the least mortality was recorded in case of

castor oil at 3 per cent concentration against mite, respectively. The obtained results indicated

that the botanical oils exhibited a great potential acaricidal effect against two spotted spider mite

at different concentrations that are not phytotoxic to the host plants.

Field evaluation of certain botanicals extract against shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella

(Fab.) on bhendi

*K. Archunan, M.Pazhanisamy and S.Sathya

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar- 2


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A field trial was carried out at C. Mutlur, Chidambaram during rabi and kharif season 2017.

The results of field trial in rabi 2017, indicated that the highest per cent of mortality of larvae of

fruit borer was observed in NSKE 5% followed by NLE 5% and GCKE 5%. The results of toxic

existence was more in NSKE 5% which was reflected maximum per cent of mortality by E.

vittella on bhendi. Moderate mortality was observed in OSE 5% followed by GBE 5%, while the

least per cent mortality was recorded with DLE 5%. Similar results of botanical extracts against

E. vittella on bhendi were recorded in kharif 2017.

Influence of irrigation schedule on the biological parameters of two spotted spider mite

(TSSM) Tetranychus urticae Koch. on French bean, pumpkin and cassava

B. Poovizhiraja*, C. Chinniah, A. Ravikumar and K. S. Karthick

Department of Agricultural Entomology, AC & RI, TNAU, Madurai – 4, Tamil Nadu, Inda.

In the present study, influence of irrigation schedule on the biological parameters of the

TSSM (Two Spotted Spider Mite), Tetranychus urticae Koch on French bean, pumpkin and

cassava was investigated. The study revealed that that all the biological parameters viz., egg

period, larval period, protonymphal period, duetonymphal period, adult longevity, pre-

oviposition period and post-oviposition period of two spotted spider mite TSSM, Tetranychus

urticae Koch were briefer on the studied host plants under daily irrigation schedule followed by

those under irrigation schedule of once in a week and twice in a week. The oviposition period,

fecundity, hatching percentage, sex ratio and webbing intensity was found to get enhanced in

daily irrigation followed by once in a week. The biology of T. urticae was the shortest on host

plants, whereas the oviposition period in cassava (16.8±0.69 days), in pumpkin (16.2±0.46 days),

in French bean (15.8±0.30 days) and fecundity in cassava (101±3.24/♀), in pumpkin

(99±2.07/♀), in French bean (84±1.64/♀), were found to get enhanced on different host plants

tested, ,especially on okra. Thus all the biological parameters were favoured by daily irrigation

followed by once in a week indicating that daily irrigation is the most suitable moisture regime

which supported as many number of T. urticae population probably by maintaining the cell

appropriate turgor pressure and succulence of leaf which in turn encouraged the uninterrupted

feeding process, which was most suitable for other biological parameters.


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Laboratory bioassay of selected botanical preparations against certain brinjal pests

*K. Jayakumar and T. Selvamuthukumaran

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar.

An experiment was made to make the laboratory bioassay of the selected botanicals like

Neem oil, Neem Seed Kernel Extract, Acorus calamus extract and Five leaf along with the

standard insecticide check Chlorpyriphos.The results revealed the supremacy of Chlorpyriphos

followed by Neem oil and Neem Seed Kernel Extract against brinjal shoot and fruit borer.

Although a similar trend was noticed against third instar Epilachna grub, Acorus calamus and

five leaf extract also performed relatively better.The effects of various botanical preparations

against sap feeders viz., whitefly and mealy bug also revealed similar trend. The results of the

ovicidal bioassay against brinjal shoot and fruit borer and Epilachna beetle indicated the

supremacy of Chlorpyriphos, Neem Seed Kernel Extract and Acorus calamus extract. It may be

concluded that neem products can effectively manage brinjal pests. Further, other botanical

preparations can be alternated or combined with neem to obtain better results.

Media suitability of entomopathogenic fungi, Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko used in

mass production

*S. Ravichandran and M. Senthilkumar

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar- 2

Five different readymade media viz., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Sabouraud Maltose

Agar Yeast extract (SMAY), Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Yeast extract (SDAY), Czapek’s Dox

Agar (CDA), and Rose Bengal Agar (RBA) were selected and evaluated to find the effective

medium for culturing the entomopathogenic fungi namely Z. radicans. Among the different

synthetic media, highest biomass (654.31 mg), radial growth (73.33 mm), spore germination

(79.41 per cent) and infectivity (65.60 per cent) was recorded on SMAY extract medium. So,

SMAY was highly supporting for the growth of Z. radicans. So, it can be well suited for the

mass production of entomopathogenic fungi, Z. radicans.


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Role of trichomes in bhendi against Aphis gossypii (Glover) as influenced by inorganic

nutrients

*Pavithradevi, P and N.Muthukumaran

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar.

The role of inorganic nutrients on trichomes and in controlling Aphis gossypii in bhendi

was studied with the tolerant bhendi accession Salem Local in comparison with a susceptible

check, Arka Anamika under glasshouse conditions at Department of Entomology, Annamalai

University, Tamil Nadu. Results of the experiment revealed that, among the accessions, Salem

Local recorded least aphids population irrespective of the inorganic nutrients. Among the

inorganic sources of nutrients applied plants, K alone applied plants least population of

aphids followed by PK combination. The accession Arka Anamika has a least number of

trichomes (31/cm2) from the untreated plot, whereas the K treated Salem Local accession was

found to possess highest number of trichomes (88/cm2) and it is also recorded the highest

trichome length (302.2µ) and trichome breadth (18.2µ).

Screening of synthetic insecticides for insecticide - induced resurgence of brown

planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (stål) in rice

*G. Karthik, N. Murugesan and K. Elanchezhiyan

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam -628 252, Tamil Nadu

The present investigation was designed to screen commonly available/applied

insecticides, fungicides and botanical leaf extracts for their resurgence induction potential under

field and screen house condition. The rice variety, ASD 16 was the test variety. Rice plants were

sprayed with the selected treatments at 10, 20 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT) with the

desired concentration. The design was Completely Randomized Block Design with three

replications. The gravid females were released (@ two per pot) at 35 days after treatment (DAT).

The number of nymphs emerged were recorded 10 days after release. The reproductive rate viz.,

the number of nymphs emerged on tenth day after release was used as a criterion to evaluate the

resurgence potential. Of the 18 insecticides, five fungicides and eight botanical leaf extracts

triazophos 40 EC, profenofos 50 EC, lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC, quinalphos 25 EC and

deltamethrin 2.8 EC recorded enhanced the nymphal resurgence indicating resurgence induction

potential. Among the commercial products of profenofos 50 EC, lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC,


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quinalphos 25 EC, that were known for resurgence inducing, reproductive rates were almost

equal. The present study brought out the resurgence inducing potential of lambda-cyhalothrin 5

EC and profenofos 50 EC, probably for the first time.

Studies on biology of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus sp. in greengram

*Aarthi. S and V. Selvanarayanan

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar.

Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) has got great economic

importance and most destructive in stored pulses. Pulse beetles complete their life cycle by

passing through four stages namely egg, larva, pupa and adult. The biology of the pulse beetle

was found to be influenced by the host and hence a study was conducted under laboratory

conditions at the Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University,

Tamil Nadu, India during November 2017 to April 2018. The egg was small, glued on to the

grain singly, but many eggs could be seen on single grain. Duration of egg period ranged from 4

to 6 days. Larva of the beetle (grub) spent their entire time inside the seeds, and the grub is

creamy, “C” shaped, scarabeiform. It passed four instars wherein the third and fourth instar larva

fed the endosperm voraciously. The total larval period spanned for 22 days. At the time of

pupation, larval structures were broken down and adult structures developed. The pupal period

ranged from 6 – 7 days. At fourth day, almost all the adult characters developed and at fifth day

forewing changed into dark brown with black patches, both of which were visible internally.

Adults were oval in shape and chocolate reddish brown in colour. The adult male was smaller

whereas female adults had dark stripes on each side of dorsal abdomen. The total adult period

was 14 days. The beetle completed its life cycle from egg to adult emergence stage within

30 to 35 days under laboratory conditions.

Survey on pesticide usage pattern in jasmine (Jasminum sambac Linn.) in Tirunelveli

district of Tamil Nadu

*1K. Harini, 1K. Elanchezhyan, 1N. Murugesan, 2S. R. Padma, 1L. Allwin and 3T. Prabhu

1Department of Agricultural Entomology, AC & RI, TNAU, Killikulam

2Department of Social Sciences, AC & RI, TNAU, Killikulam 3Department of Horticulture, AC & RI, TNAU, Killikulam


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A survey was conducted in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu during 2017-2018 with

well structured questionnaire to identify pesticide usage pattern by the jasmine growers. A total

of 30 jasmine growers were interviewed. Thrips, Isothrips orientalis Bagnall was perceived as

the major insect pest that causing yield loss by 94.00 per cent of jasmine growers reported. Most

of the farmers (72.00 %) solely rely on synthetic insecticides for pest control in jasmine. The

growers use a variety of pesticides belongs to various chemical groups with different

formulations. Most of the farmers (82.00 %) used acephate 75 SP against thrips, Isothrips

orientalis. Only sixty eight per cent of the farmers were aware about adjuvant and its usage.

About one third (35.29 %) of farmers rely on the pesticide dealers for pest management

recommendations and few farmers (29.41 %) preferred to contact Agricultural Officers.

Knapsack and power sprayers (35.29 %) are the widely used sprayers followed by battery

operated sprayer. There is no proper application of insecticides for control of insect pests.

Television (58.82 %) was the popular source of information among the jasmine growers. The

present study could pave a way to develop the strategies to bring out awareness among the

jasmine growers, also to improve linkage of extension workers with farmers to avert misuse of

pesticides to promote sustainable development.

Efficacy of A. calamus formulation with biocontrol agents, Pseudomonas fluorescens and

Purpureocillium lilacinum combination against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita.

*1S. Vanitha, 1M. Sivakumar, 2S. Jeyarajan Nelson and 1S.Subramanian1 1Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

2Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

Botanical formulation of A. calamus 6 EC was developed and tested with biocontrol

agents, Pseudomonas fluorescens (TNAU-Pf-001) and Purpureocillium lilacinum (TNAU-Pl-

001) in glassghouse on tomato against M. incognita with three types of delivery system viz., seed

treatment, seedling root dip and soil drench. The combination treatment of A. calamus 6 EC with

biocontrol agents were found better then the botanical formulation alone. From the data it might

be concluded that a combination of seed treatment with A. calamus (6 EC 1000 ppm ) and the

biocontrol agent of Purpureocillium lilacinum was found best in production of lowest number of

galls/plant (3.96), lowest root knot index (2) and lowest final soil population 138.5

nematodes/200 cc followed by chemical check carbofuran which recorded least gall of 9 per


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plant and 148.46 nematodes/200 cc soil and 92.23% reduction of soil population. Among all

treatments, combination treatment of A. calamus 6 EC 1000 ppm with P. fluorescens was found

significantly superior by increasing the shoot and root length (30.57% and 193.00%), shoot and

root weight (19.61% and 77.63%) in soil drenching.

Host range and efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema abbasi against

insect pest

*S. Abirami, K. Poornima and S. Subramanian

Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003

In the present study, host range and efficacy of both Steinernematids were tested and

twelve insect species belonging to two Orders namely, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera were

recorded as hosts for S. carpocapsae and S. abbasi. Both S. carpocapsae and S. abbasi were

found to be pathogenic to Lepidopteran pest like Spodaptera litura. The LC50 of both S.

carpocapsae and S. abbasi to kill S. litura were 20.40 and 27.52 IJ/larva. The LT50 of S.

carpocapsae and S. abbasi were recorded as 28.11 h and 30.70 h respectively.

PATHOLOGY

Antagonistic potential of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria against plant

pathogens of vegetables

*V. Janahiraman and C. Nivetha

Krishna College of Agriculture and Technology, Srirengapuram, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

In this investigation twenty facultative methylotrophic bacteria were isolated from

phylloplane of crop plants ot study the antagonistic potential of pink pigmented facultative

methylotrophic bacteria against plant pathogens of vegetables. Out of twenty, 12 facultative

methylotrophic strains such as PPT-1, PPN-1, PPB-1, PPBJ-1, PPG-1, PPL-1, PPP-1, PPGR-1,

PPO-1, PPBO-1, PPPA-1, PPGS-1 inhibited growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani,

Colletotrichum circinans, Alternaria solani, Altenaria helianthi, Pythium ultimum, Sclerotium

hydrophilum and Alternaria alternata in a dual plate assay. The facultative methylotrophic

strains PPO-1, PPT- 1 and PPB-1 reduced the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum

(57.62, 56.52 and 55.42 ; 57.78, 56.67 and 55.56 %), Rhizoctonia solani (57.68, 56.58 and 55.48

% ; 44.45, 43.34 and 42.23 %), Sclerotium hydrophilum (57.64, 56.54 and 55.44 % ; 43.34,


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42.23 and 41.12 %), Colletotrichum circinans (58.71, 56.51 and 55.41 % ; 55.06, 53.95 and

52.84 %), Alternaria solani (56.74, 55.61 and 54.43 % ; 64.06, 62.95 and 61.84 %), Alternaria

helianthi (57.66, 56.56 and 55.46 ; 63.34, 62.23 and 61.20 %) and Alternaria alternata (56.78,

55.65 and 54.51 % ; 65.06, 63.95 and 62.84 %), respectively under in vitro condition.

Comparative efficacy of inoculation methods of powdery mildew pathogen

(Oidium mangiferae BERTHET.) in mango

*1V Vidhya, 2K Manonmani, 1S Thiruvudainambi and 2R Arun Kumar

1Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 2Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

The present work has been carried out for evaluating the effective method of inoculation

of Oidium mangiferae in mango. Four different methods of inoculation viz., dusting of conidia,

spraying of conidial suspension, rubbing of conidia and leaf stapling method were evaluated by

inoculating three months old Alphonso saplings. Symptom expression on foliage was assessed

from the first week of inoculation till fourth week. The results showed that spraying of conidial

suspension was found to be the effective method under greenhouse condition which recorded

highest Percent Disease Index (PDI) of 52.22 during fourth week whereas leaf stapling method

showed less PDI. Free water generally available on the leaf surface always lead to the higher

conidial germination than comparing with the conidial germination under drier conditions.

Spraying of conidial suspension method provided the uniform spread of conidia along with water

which resulted in the maximum PDI.

Ecofriendly management of fusarium wilt disease in tomato caused by

Fusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici

*K. Ganesh Saravanan, L. Darwin Christdhas Henry, S. Krishnamoorthi and M. Jayapriya

Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar

In tomato, the ecofriendly natural products viz., plant products, animal excrements,

seaweeds and bio agents were screened against F.oxysporumf sp lycopersici.. Among six

different plant products, natural products and sea weeds tested, Allium sativum extract,

Azadirachta indica extract and Lawsonia inermis extract @ 20% concentration; cow urine, hen

litter and buffalo urine @ 20% concentration; T. conoides (brown algae), U. lactuca (green

algae) and S. wightii (brown algae) were found to successfully inhibit the mycelial growth of

Fusarium oxysporum sp lycopersici in the decreasing order of merit. The population of


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F.oxysporum sp lycopersici in the soil showed drastic reduction when treated with Carbendazim

@0.1% followed by application of Trichoderma viride and cow urine which was on par with A.

sativum extract.

Effect of fungicide on the management of wilt disease of tomato caused by Fusarium

oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

M. Dhivya, M. Muthamilan, R. Kalaivanan, K. Devrajan and C. Chinnaiah

Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai – 625 104

The inhibitory effect of six fungicides viz., Kocide (Copper hydroxide), Cutox (Copper

oxychloride), Bavistin (Carbendazim), Saff (carbendazim + mancozeb), Folicur (Tebuconazole)

and Kontrol (Propiconazole) each at (0.05%) concentration on the growth of Fusarium

oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were evaluated by poisoned food technique. Among these,

carbendazim and the combination product s (carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64%) were found to

inhibit the fungal growth completely at 500 ppm concentration followed by Folicur

(Tebuconazole). Copper oxychloride 500 ppm was found to be less effective with 20.0 per cent

inhibition over control.

Effects of fungicides and plant extracts against exserohilum turcicum causing turcicum leaf

blight in sorghum

*Jayalakshmi R, Kamalakannan A, Selvi B and Paranidharan V

Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

The efficacy of fifteen botanicals and six fungicides were evaluated against

Exserohilum turcicum causing Turcicum Leaf Blight (TLB) of sorghum under laboratory and

field condition. Among the six fungicides tested, Trifloxystrobin 50 WG + Tebuconazole 25 EC

completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Exserohilum turcicum at 250 ppm followed by

Azoxystrobin 25 SC, Hexaconazole 5% EC and Tebuconazole 25% EC at 500 ppm

concentration under in vitro condition. The leaf extract of Centella asiatica at 5% was found to

be most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of the E. turcicum about 30.0% followed by

Achillea millefolium showed 28.32% of inhibition. In field condition botanicals and fungicides

were used as a foliar spray. Among the fungicides tested, Trifloxystrobin 50 WG +

Tebuconazole 25 EC was reduced the disease incidence of 65.46% followed by Azoxystrobin 25


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SC, reduced the disease about 60.96% over control. The strobilurin and azole group of

fungicides were effectively reduced the disease in additionally they also increased the greening

effect and yield of treated plants. The leaf extract of Centella asiatica at 10% concentration

reduced the disease incidence about 36.90% followed by Stevia rebaudiana about 35.43%

disease reduction over control.

Efficacy of bacterial antagonists, neem oil and fungicides for the management of post-

harvest anthracnose of banana

Dharanidharan. S*., Eswaran, R., Divya, T., Arya Surendran., Haritha, T., Saranya, M.

and Parthasarathy, S.

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Technology, Theni – 625562

In banana, the effect of minimal inhibitory concentrations of selected neem oil, Bacillus

spp., chemical fungicides viz., carbendazim (standard), tricyclazole + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin

+tebuconazole (new generation fungicides) was evaluated against C. musae by poison food

technique and dual plate screening under in vitro. Among them the trifloxystrobin +

tebuconazole showed the maximum antifungal activity followed by tricyclazole + mancozeb and

Bacillus sp. (APT). Post-harvest treatment of fruits in room condition with same treatments

showed that, the reduced incidence of disease and among them trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole

showed the maximum antifungal activity followed by tricyclazole + mancozeb and Bacillus sp.

(APT) was highly effective in reducing the disease incidence.

Efficacy of bacterial biocontrol agents associated with seaweeds and seawater against rice

sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani

*Jayapriya. M, S. Usha Rani and T. Suthin Raj

Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram

The fungitoxic effects of 26 isolates of bacterial biocontrol agents from various seaweed,

sea water and sediments were evaluated under in vitro conditions on growth of Rhizoctonia

solani, the causal agent of sheath blight. The Bacillus subtilis Bs-1 was the most effective,

showing 68.80% inhibition of colony growth with a minimum mean mycelial dry weight (120.75

mg/50m/broth) of the pathogen. The aim of this research work was to study the use of biocontrol

agents as an alternative to fungicide in the control of sheath blight of rice. The present study


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revealed that the efficacy of bacterial biocontrol agents against fungal pathogens may be due to

higher levels and early accumulation of phenolics and phytoalexins, and the field study proved

that,R. solani can be controlled by the application of Bacillus subtilis.

Efficacy of different botanicals and organic extracts on tomato early blight caused by

Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Jones and Grout under field condition

*B. Rex and P. Lakshmanan

Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai -625 604.

Various plant extracts viz., Prosopis juliflora, Pongamia pinnata, Eucalyptus obliqua

and Allium cepa at 10 per cent concentration and organic extract viz., NSKE (0.5 per cent) and

poultry liquid (10 per cent) were used against tomato early blight caused by A. solani in field

condition. The result showed that among the treatments, NSKE recorded lowest per cent disease

index of 37.34. This was followed by poultry liquid manure (PDI 38.12), Pongamia pinnata

(PDI 43.42), Eucalyptus obliqua (PDI 50.62), Allium cepa (PDI 52.16) and Prosopis juliflora

(PDI 59.44).

Evaluation of antagonistic potential of Trichoderma isolates against rhizome rot of turmeric

(Curcuma longa L.) caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.

*1Gokilavani, L., 2Muthamilan, M. and 2Karthikeyan, G. 1Department of Plant Pathology, AC & RI, Madurai – 625 104

2Department of Plant Pathology, CPPS, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003

Five isolates of Trichoderma spp. isolated from the turmeric rhizosphere soil collected

from major turmeric growing area of south Tamil Nadu along with TNAU isolate were evaluated

for their antagonistic potential against Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. causing rhizome

rot of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Six isolates of Trichoderma spp. were screened against

P. aphanidermatum by dual culture method. A nine mm disc of P. aphanidermatum and test

antagonist Trichoderma spp. were placed opposite to each other near the periphery of the Petri

plate and incubated at room temperature (28 2C). Among the Trichoderma spp. isolates

tested, Tsp-TNAU isolate was found to record the minimum mycelial growth of 1.80 cm which

accounted for the maximum (80.00 %) mycelial growth reduction over control and it was

followed by Tsp-Cm (Chennimalai) which recorded 76.44 per cent reduction of mycelial growth


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over control. Whereas least inhibition (46.00%) was recorded in the strain Tsp-Ra (Rasipuram)

against P. aphanidermatum, seven days after inoculation.

Management of nematode fungal disease complex in guava

*T. Senthilkumar and M. Muthuraman

Department of Plant Protection, ADAC & RI, Navalurkuttapattu-620 027, Tiruchy.

Glass house experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different biocontrol

agents viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens (20 g/plant), Trichoderma viridi (10 g/plant),

Paecilomyces lilacinus (10 g/plant), Pochonia chlamydosporia (10 g/plant), AM fungi (20

g/plant) and Biodynamic compost (2 kg/plant) for the management of nematode-fungal disease

complex in guava. The experiment result revealed that all the biological agents were found to

inhibit the nematode and fungal disease development and shows the potential to increase the

plant growth significantly. The maximum plant growth was recorded in P. fluorescens treated

plants (47 per cent) followed by B. subtilis, Biodynamic compost, AM fungi as 30, 25 and 37 per

cent respectively significantly different from untreated control. The M. enterolobii alone treated

seedlings recorded least bio mass of 24.5 g. The population of root knot nematode M. enterolobii

in soil and roots were significantly lower in all biological agents treated seedlings compared to

untreated control. The lowest percent of disease incidence was recorded in P. fluorescens

compared to untreated control. The percent reduction in nematode population in soil, egg mass/g

and adult female nematode/g was maximum in P. fluorescens with 59.7, 44.2 and 35.6 per cent

respectively over untreated control.

Molecular characterization of different isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in Jasmine

(Jasminum sambac L. Aiton)

*R. Deepa Sankari, E.G. Ebenezar and R. Kalaivanan

Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai - 625 104.

Ten pathogenic isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. were isolated from the diseased

Jasminum sambac plants collected from the different jasmine growing areas of Madurai,

Dindigul, Erode, Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu were subjected to

Molecular characterization using RAPD primers. RAPD analysis of Sclerotium rolfsii with eight

random primers viz., OPA01, OPA03, OPA07, OPA10, OPA14, OPB02, OPF08, OPF10 that


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amplified DNA fragments with different molecular weights ranged in size from approximately

100 to 1,200 bp. All random primers showed significant polymorphism. The relationships among

the isolates examined were represented as dendrogram by using UPGMA. Results indicated

about 60 to 70 per cent variation exists among the S. rolfsii isolates infecting Jasminum sambac

in TamilNadu.

Potential effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas and Bacillus) on

cabbage white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita)

disease complex

*Kalaivanan. R., G. Karthikeyan, M. Dhivya, K. Devrajan and K. Manonmani

Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai-4

The effect of application of different biocontrol agents like, Pseudomonas fluorescens

(ten isolates) and Bacillus subtilis (ten isolates)) was tested against white rot fungus,

(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum) and root-knot nematode, (Meloidogyne incognita) complex diseases

under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Among the different biocontrol agents, the biocontrol

agents P. fluorescens isolate (PF1) and B. subtilis (BS1) show efficient control against White rot

and Root-knot complex disease and efficient growth promotion in cabbage under in vitro and pot

culture study, which were taken to field conditions. Different treatments are fixed as soil

application, seed treatment, seedling dipping as alone or combine application of both shown the

reduction in the incidence of the complex diseases and induced significantly increased activities

of defense related enzyme viz., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO),

polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenols in cabbage helps in the reduction of White rot and Root-

knot complex in cabbage.

Utilization of sugarcane trashes, maize stover and water hyacinth for the production of

oyster mushroom in Tamil Nadu

Mahendran*, S., Vasanthakumar, T. and S. Parthasarathy

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Technology, Theni – 625562

An attempt was made in our commercial mushroom production unit to utilize the

agricultural farm residues viz. sugarcane trashes, maize stover, saw dust andwater

hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as sole source as well as combination of each other as a

substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation and a good yield was achieved. This was related to the


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ideal C/N ratio, enhanced biomass and degradable lignin content than paddy straw. Different

substrates of farm wastes like sugarcane trashes, maize stover, saw dust andwater hyacinth were

used individually, all individuals were mixed with saw dust and combined equally each other

(sugarcane trashes + maize stover, sugarcane trashes + water hyacinth and maize stover + water

hyacinth) with saw dustfor the production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) was studied.

Paddy straw tested as control and it was evaluated as a standard substrate. The substrate mixture

were sterilized and placed in polyethylene bed bags before being inoculated with the Pleurotus

florida spawn. Colonizing and fructification periods and biomass production were analyzed. The

results showed colonizing and fructification periods similar to the control. Among the different

farm residues used for the cultivation of oyster mushroom, 50 %, sugarcane trashes + 50 % water

hyacinth + 500 g of saw dust gave the highest yield (1900 g/ bag) and bio mass production

(95.95%), whereas paddy straw alone exhibited (1300 g/ bag) and bio mass production (90.95%)

and all the combination treatments exhibited higher yield than the control. Also, these combined

substrates facilitate three pickings per bag under favourable climatic conditions. This technology

could be very effective to attain more yield by possess high C:N ratio within limited growth

period than routine practice and all the substrates were cheaper than paddy straw and it is also a

method of helping to eradicate a troublesome aquatic weed in water bodies and avoid burning of

trashes and stover in fields.

Molecular characterization of antibiotic producing endophytic Bacillus subtils in

cotton plants

M. Magesh*, P. Ahila devi, K. Rajappan and V. Ravi

National Pulse Research Centre, TNAU, Vamban, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

Cotton the ‘white gold’ enjoys a predominant position amongst all cash crops in India.

Cotton is an important raw material for the Indian textile industry, constituting about 65% of its

requirements. It is also an employment generator as its cultivation provides 200 mean days/ha

and about 60 million people earn their livelihood through its cultivation or trade and processing.

Cotton is the most important fiber crop, cultivated over an area of 9.0 million hectare in India

and ranks first in area and second in production in the world. Cotton crop that has its own unique

disease complex requires adequate protection from a large number of soil borne diseases that

causes damage on different growth stages of cotton crop. The Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp.

vasinfectum disease has a wide distribution and causes severe damages on cotton, which has


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been reported, from United States. Management of foliar diseases by means of fungicides is

widely practiced in many cotton-growing areas. Extensive fungicide application incurs added

costs to producers and repeated use of fungicides leads to fungicide-tolerant strains and reduces

the biodiversity of soil microbes. Hence new molecules, which are less hazardous, can be

combined with biocontrol agents and botanicals for the management of foliar diseases.

The plant-associated bacteria colonize the rhizosphere (rhizobacteria), the phyllosphere

(epiphytes) and inside the plant tissues (endophytes). Endophytes are sheltered from

environmental stresses and microbial competition by the host plant and they seem to be ubiquitous in

plant tissues, having been isolated from flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, roots and seeds of various plant

species. Recent studies have shown the potential role of endophytic bacteria in plant growth

promotion and phytopathogen control. Several bacterial endophytes have been shown to support

plant growth and increase nutrient uptake by providing phytohormones and biologically fixing

nitrogen Endophytic bacteria can not only promote plant growth and act as biocontrol

agents, but also produce nature products to control plant diseases and reducing disease severity.

Some endophytes offer increased resistance to pathogens thus making them ideal candidates for

biological control .With this background, the present study was carried out to isolate, screen and

characterize the effective endophytic bacterial strains for the management of major diseases of

tomato by identifying the antibiotic genes.

HORTICULTURE

Collection and evaluation of leafy coriander genotypes for higher productivity

C. Rajamanickam

ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramanathapuram – 623 503

Evaluation of leafy coriander genotypes for higher productivity was carried out at

Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam to identify the promising leafy

coriander genotypes suitable for off season leaf production under shadenet condition. Totally

twenty two leafy coriander genotypes were used for this study and were evaluated during the

months of April to June (summer). The experimental trial was laid out in randomized block

design (RBD) and replicated thrice. The split seeds were sown soaked in water for eight hours

and were sowed at a spacing of 20 x15 cm in flatbeds. The bed size was 4 x 2.4 m. Data on


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growth and yield parameters such as days to flowering (days), plant height (cm), number of days

taken for germination, number of leaves per plant, plant weight (g), yield per plot (kg/ 10m2),

estimated yield (t/ha) and B:C ratio were recorded and analysed statistically. Among the twenty

two leafy coriander genotypes, Acr-1 recorded the highest values of growth and yield parameters

like days taken for germination (9.00 days), plant height at 40 days after sowing (31.77 days),

number of leaves per plant (6.40), yield per plot (3.75 kg/10m2) and estimated yield of 3.92 t/ha,

followed by LCC-232 recorded the higher values then rest of the treatments. However, genotype

LCC 244 recorded the lowest values in all the growth and yield characters.

Influence of biofertilizers, biocontrol agents and organic nutrients on fenugreek

(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) for sustainable growth and yield

C. Rajamanickam

ICAR – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramanathapuram – 623 503, Tamil Nadu, India

A field experiments on “Influence of biofertilizers, biocontrol agents and organic

nutrients on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) for sustainable growth and yield” was

conducted at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam. The seeds of fenugreek

var. NRCSS – AM-1 was sown at the distance of 20 x 10 cm in raised beds with line sowing.

The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated thrice.

Biometrical observations viz., plant height (cm), number of primary branches, number of

secondary branches, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm),

number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight (g), yield per plot (kg) and estimated yield (kg/ha)

were recorded and analysed statistically. The results revealed that combined application of

inorganic fertilizers along with Azospirillium, Phosphobacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescence and

vermicompost (T9) resulted in the highest values of growth characters viz., plant height (35.27

cm), number of primary (6.90) and secondary branches (14.63), days taken for 50 per cent

flowering (48.25 days) and intermodal length (2.70 cm). The control (T10) registered the lowest

values for all the traits (22.67 cm; 5.20; 10.77; 56.25 days; 2.20 cm). In the case of yield

characters, T9 recorded the highest values of the traits viz., number of pods per plant (48.25), pod

length (11.25 cm). number of seeds per pod (15.67), seed yield per plot (85.97 g) and estimated

yield (429.67 kg/ha). The control (T10) observed the lowest values of all the yield characters

(33.20; 8.40 cm; 10.33; 52.00 g; 329.67 kg/ha). Regarding B:C ratio, T9 registered the highest

ratio of 1.89 and it was followed by T7 (1.80) where as the lowest B:C ratio was recorded by


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control (T10) of 1.25. It was noticed that treatment T9 recorded 40 per cent increased yield over

the control.

Effect of spacing on growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta)

R.P.Jagadeeshkanth

Assistant Professor (Horticulture), Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur.

The investigation on effect of spacing on growth and yield of African marigold

(Tageteserecta) was carried out at Adhiparasakthi Agricultural and Horticultural College,

Kalavai, Vellore district during 2015-2016. The experiment was laid out in randomized block

design consisting various spacing viz., T1-60 x 40 cm, T2- 60 x 60 cm, T3- 60 x 50 cm, T4- 60 x

30 cm, T5- 50 x 50 cm, T6-50 x 40 cm, T7- 50x 30 cm, T8- 40 x 40 cm, T9- 40 x 30 cm, T10 – 40 x

20 cm. various growth attributes such as plant height, number of primary branches, number of

secondary branches, number of flowers per plant, flower weight per plant, flower yield per plot,

flower yield per hectare were recorded. The study results revealed that the spacing T7 produced

vigorous growth than the other spacing adopted. The same treatment recorded significantly

highest plant height, number of primary branches and number of secondary branches. Among the

yield attributes the number of flowers per plot, flower weight per plant, flower yield per plot,

flower yield per hectare were significantly higher in spacing T7. The spacing T7- (50 x 30 cm)

produced highest number of flowers per hectare (15 tonnes).

Impact of spacing, bulb size and growth regulators on bulb parameters of tuberose

(Polianthes tuberosa L.) cv. ‘Prajwal’

1Palanisamy*, A, 2S. Parthiban, 1P. Vinotha and 1R. Mahendran1

1Sethu Bhaskara Agricultural College and Research Foundation, Karaikudi-630306. 2Grape Research Station, TNAU, Theni -625 526.

Investigations were carried out to study the influence of spacing, bulb size and plant

growth regulators on bulb Parameters of tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.) cv. Prajwal during

2012-2014 at Horticultural College and ResearchInstitute, Periyakulam.Experiment consisted of

twenty fourtreatment combinations of two levels spacing (30 x 20 and 40 x 20 cm2), two sizes of

bulb (3.5- 4.0 cm diameter and 4.0-4.5 cm diameter) and three different PGR’s (Gibberellic acid

at 200 and 300 ppm, Brassinolideat 10 and 15 ppm and Nitrobenzene at 0.5 and 0.6%

concentration) were randomly allocated in split split plot design replicated for three times.The


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results of the study indicated that the bulbs 4.0-4.5 cm diameter planted at 40 x 20 cm spacing

and sprayed with GA3 at 200 ppm recorded the highest in number of bulbs and bulblets/clump,

bulb diameter and bulb length, bulb weight/clump, bulb yield/plot and bulb yield/ha of tuberose

(PolianthestuberosaL.) cv. Prajwal.

Performance Assessment of Bush type Lablab varieties in Perambalur district

J. Kathiravan

ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Valikandapuram, Perambalur District, TamilNadu

The bush type lab lab varieties viz., i) Local cultivar which was being cultivated by the

farmers more than a decade ii) CoGB14, variety released by TNAU Coimbatore and iii) Arka

Sambram, variety released by IIHR, Bengaluru, were assessed for their performance in

Perambalur District. Recommended management practices were followed. Among the three

varieties, CoGB14 and Arka Sambram produced more number of pods i.e.46.82 and 58.35

respectively. The pod yield obtained from CoGB14 and Arka Sambram were 9.36 t/ha and 11.15

t/ha respectively which was 19.69% and 42.58%. superior over local variety respectively. Gross

costs incurred for cultivation were 71344, 75088 and 88088 and the Gross incomes obtained

were 140760, 168480 and 178400 respectively. Though the gross return was high in Arka

Sambram the Net return was 90312 where as in CoGB14 it was 93392. The market price of

variety Arka Sambram was somewhat lesser than CoGB14. Hence the variety CoGB14 has

higher BCR of 2.24 where as it was 2.03 in Arka Sambram and 1.97 in local variety.

Standardization of pruning techniquesand bio-stimulants on growth and leaf yield of curry

leaf (Murrayakoenigii Spreng.)

1Suresh. V* and 2P. Jansirani 1RVS Padmavathy College of Horticulture, Sempatti, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.

2Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, HC & RI, TNAU, Periyakulam

A field experiment on effect of pruning technologies and application of bio-stimulants on

growth and leaf yield of curry leaf was conducted at Department of Spices and Plantation Crops,

Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam

during 2015. The experiment was laid out in split-split design consisting of three factors, viz.,

factor – I pruning levels (L1 – 15 cm and L2 – 30 cm), factor – II harvest intervals (H1 – 2 months

harvest interval and H2 – 3 months harvest interval) and factor –III foliar applications (N1 – 0.25


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per cent ZnSO4, N2 – 0.25 per cent FeSO4, N3 – 2 per cent seaweed extract and N4 – 0.3 per cent

humic acid) constituting sixteen treatment combinations. The results have shown that among the

harvesting techniques and bio-stimulants the highest growth characters viz., plant height (127.84

cm, 124.78 cm and 129.68 cm at first harvest, second harvest and third harvest), number of

secondary branches (7.01, 13.67 and 19.24 at first, second and third harvest). The leaf yield per

plant was 643.50, 714.21 and 789.07 g per plant at first harvest, second harvest and third harvest

respectively and leaf yield per hectare was 4468.46, 4959.47 and 5479.30 kg per hectare at first

harvest, second harvest and third harvest respectively.

Studies on nutrient enhancement of Glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.), Rind

*1N. Ashokkumar, 1A. Shanthi, 1M. Sivakumar and 2K. Rajamani2

1Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 2Department of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore

The experiment was conducted to study the nutrient enhancement of major and minor

nutrients in Glory lilly rind at Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore, during 2016. The results revealed that major nutrients like N, P, K and minor

nutrients viz., calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and manganese in the rind of Gloriosa superba

was increased substantially when the rind incorporated with farm yard manure. Further,

significant increase has been noticed in their nutrient content if the rind is decomposed with

Farm Yard Manure. (Major nutrients viz., N-0.50%, P-0.14% and K-0.98% and minor nutrients

viz., Ca-0.09%, Mg-0.03%, Fe-2680µg/g, Cu-21.3 µg g-1, Zn- 35.6µg g-1, Mn- 459.7 µg g-1)

Fortification of G. superba rind with Farm Yard Manure resulted in enhanced quantities of major

nutrients viz., N- 0.67%, P-0.19% and K- 1.22% and minor nutrients viz., Ca- 0.11%, Mg-

0.05%, Fe- 3854µg g-1, Cu- 49.7 µg g-1, Zn- 50.51µg g-1, Mn- 520.10 µg g-1and can be applied as

soil amendments for the control of plant parasitic nematodes. Significant increase in nutrient

content of rind by decomposition with farm yard manure enhanced the value addition of

G.superba.


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Study of Chlorophyll Stability in different accessions of chilli under tropical conditions

*Arjun, K., Delince, J., Nithiyah, B. R., Divyabharathi, V. and Arumugam, T.

Department of Vegetable Crops, HC&RI, TNAU, Coimbatore 641003

Chilli is a one of the important spice as well as vegetable crop of India and worldwide,

which is predominantly grown as a rainfed crop in southern states of India, but nowadays there is

a drastic increase in temperature which affects the availability of water for irrigation. Since,

availability of water is limited, drought has become a major stress factor inhot

pepper production. In plants chlorophyll plays a vital role in photosynthesis, which helps in

conversion of carbon dioxide and waterinto oxygen and glucose. But, these chlorophyll pigments

are highly thermo sensitive in nature and degradation occurs when subjected to high temperature.

So, to this changing environment there is anurgent call among the breeders for evolving heat

tolerant varieties. Chlorophyll stability index (CSI) is a function of temperatureand is inversely

related to the degree of stress conditions imposed on the plants, so the property of chlorophyll

pigments can be correlated with drought tolerance. The Study was conducted at College Orchard,

Horticulture College and Research Institute (HC&RI), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

(TNAU), Coimbatore to estimate the CSI in seven different accessions of chilli under field

conditions in three replications. We observed that among these seven accessions, CA 21

(76.67%) wasmoderately drought tolerant, followed by CA140 (73.33%) which was classified

under drought susceptible category and lowest value was observed in CA 201 (65.42%). So, we

can conclude that CA 21 can be used as one of thesource for future breeding programs for

evolving drought tolerant varieties and that indirectly help in bringing more acreage under chilli

cultivation in India.

PLANT SCIENCES

Allelopathic potential of aqueous leaf extract Azadirachta indica (L.) on the management

of Parthenium hysterophorus (L.)

*Ramachandran . A ., G.Parimala and V.Vishnupriya

Mother Terasa College of Agriculture, Pudukkottai – 622102, Tamil Nadu, India

The present investigation was carried out to find out the “Allelopathic potential of

Azadirachta indica (L.) extract on the management of Parthenium hysterophorus through


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laboratory experiments. These experiment were carried out at Department of Agronomy,

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2013-15. In a laboratory bioassay,

the effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica (L.) at 0, 25, 50 and 75 % w/v was

tested. The study revealed that the per cent germination, seedling root length, shoot length and

seedling biomass of P.hysterophorus was reduced significantly due to application of botanical,

however the effect was more pronounced with botanical extract Azadirachta indica (L.) at 50

and 75 % concentrations. Increased concentrations (50 and 75 %) was pronounced more

detrimental effects on per cent germination and seedling growth parameters of P.hysterophorus.

The present study concludes that leaves of Azadirachta indica (L.). contain herbicidal

constituents for the management of Parthenium.

Effect of gamma irradiation on photosynthetic pigment analyzed by Chlorophyll

fluorescence

*Soundarya V and D. Arulbalachandran

Division of Crop Mutation and Molecular Breeding, Department of Botany, School of Life

Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.

The present investigation was carried out to find the effect of gamma irradiation on

photosynthetic pigments content of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wikczek). Seeds of green

gram were treated with different doses of gamma rays such as 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 & 1200

Gy. The result showed that photosynthetic pigment such as chlorophyll a and b were decreased

and carotenoid content were increased with increased doses. This was confirmed by Chlorophyll

fluorescence analysis which shows the lowest peak intensity in increased doses of gamma rays. It

is one of the important parameter for identifying stress in plants and are associated with other

important variables that affect plant development.

Effects of physical mutagens on seed germination, morphological characters of cowpea

(Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

*D. Arulbalachandran, S. Vanmathi and M. Saradha

Division of Crop Mutation and Molecular Breeding, Department of Botany, School of Life

Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.


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The present investigation was carried out on one of the pulse crops namely with cowpea

(Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) the effect of physical mutagens to study the seed germination,

morphological characters of pot culture. For physical gamma rays, the following doses were

selected for viz., 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200Gy. Seed germination, morphological

characters was decreased with increasing dose/concentration of gamma rays. The LD50 value was

observed in 600Gy of gamma rays. In higher concentrations of gamma rays affected and delayed

the seed germination and morphological characters. The present study indicated that mutagens

are a powerful tool to induce physiological changes and inhibit the cell division caused by the

mutagen gamma rays.

Evaluation of bio active compounds and in vitro antiinflammatory activity of leaf and seed

extracts of Coriandrum sativum L.

1Kavitha R, 1Christy Mettilda, 1Gowsalya R, 1Kousalya S, 1Soundarya K and

2Sahaya Sathish S 1Department of Botany, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 002

2Centre for Cryptogamic Studies, Department of Botany, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous),

Tiruchirappalli - 620 002.

The plant species, Coriandrum sativum L.was evaluated for its bio active compounds

and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The extraction of C. sativum leaves and seeds was made

through sequential extraction method using aqueous, ethanol and petroleum ether solvents. The

extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, reducing

sugars, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, phenols and anthocyanins.

Alkaloids were present in all the three extracts of both seeds and leaves but the flavonoids were

available with the seeds only. Steroids and terpenoids showed their presence only with the water

and ethanol extracts. Aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of seed and leaf were used

to analyze the antioxidant property in terms of free radical scavenging activity on DPPH. Highest

activity was noticed with the ethanolic extract of seeds (92.70%). The leaf extracts also showed

a high activity even though it is less than the seed extracts (74.10%). The extracts made using

aqueous and ethanol showed a higher activity of HRBC membrane stabilization, petroleum ether

extract showed only a moderate activity.


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Knowledge of medicinal plants for hyperlipidemia in Salem district of TamilNadu, India

*Karthick A and Sasikumar.S

PG and Research Department of Botany, Periyar EVR College (A), Trichy Tamil Nadu, India

The present study was carried out in Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India to investigate

and document the existing ethnomedicinal knowledge on local florato treat hyperlipidemia.Data

was collected through semi-structured questionnaires from the community members and local

herbalists. The information gathered was quantitatively analysed using to establish a baseline

data for more comprehensive investigations of bioactive compounds of indigenous medicinal

plants specifically related to hyperlipidemia.A total of 76 medicinal plant species were recorded

belonging to 63 genera and 36 families. Most frequently used plant families in ethnomedicines

were Fabaceae (10%), Cucurbitaceae (7%) followed by Mimosaceae and Amaranthaceae (6%),

Apiaceae, Solanaceae, Caesalpiniaceaeeach (4%).In addition leaves are most used parts

(25%),herbs are most used life form (39%), decoction method were used for

administration(30%), and oral ingestion was the main used route of application (80%). The

highestuse value was reported for species Cucumissativus (1.812),FI (Familiarity index) values is

63and the IAR (Informants Agreements Ratio) is 0.982.The study reports important medicinal

plants from an area, which has not been investigated previously. Traditional knowledge is

restricted to health practitioners and elder community members. This knowledge is at the verge

of extinction because younger generation is not taking interest in its learning and preservation

process. Hence, there is a dire need to phytochemically and pharmacologically test the

investigated taxa for the validation of traditional knowledge.

Nutritional composition of selected sea weeds of manamelkudi coast, Pudukkottai district

*1Radha, P. and 2Sangeetha, S.P

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Kudumiyanmalai - 622 104, Pudukkottai

A study was undertaken at Agricultural College & Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai

during 2016-17 to evaluate the nutritional composition of the seaweeds in order to use them as

potential food ingredients. Sea weed samples were collected from Manamelkudi village of

Pudukkotai district at different time intervals i.e. March, July and November and were identified

at Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore. The samples were washed in sea and fresh water to

remove associated organisms and other extraneous matters. The identified sea weeds Gracilaria


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salicornia (C.Agardh) Dawson and Gracilaria edulis (S.G. Gmel.) P.C. Silva Gracilariaceae

were dried, powdered and used for analyzing nutritional parameters namely carbohydrates,

protein, fibre, lipid and ash content. The concentration of macronutrients (NPK), micronutrients

(manganese, iron, copper, zinc) and heavy metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel and

mercury were also determined. Of the two sea weeds analysed, G.edulis was rich in carbohydrate

(86.58 g/100g), protein (1.98 g/100g), lipid (0.86 g/100g) and fiber content (1.49 g/100g) when

compared to G.salicornia (carbohydrates: 76.18 g/100g; protein:1.86 g/100g; lipid: 0.51 g/100g;

fiber: 1.41 g/100g). The ash content was found to be higher in G.salicornia (19.2 g/100g). The

sea weed G.salicornia and G.edulis contains fairly large amounts of N (0.29 and 0.32 mg/100g),

P (15.10 and 5.90 mg/100g) and K (465.10 and 307.80 mg/100g) respectively. Both G.salicornia

(Mn: 0.03mg/100g; Fe: 0.5mg/100g; Zn: 0.01mg/100g) and G.edulis (Mn:0.01mg/100g; Fe:

1.7mg/100g; Zn: 0.01mg/100g) also contain reasonable amounts of micronutrients except Cu

which was found below detectable limit. Heavy metals namely lead, chromium, cadmium, nickel

and mercury were found below detectable level in both the sea weeds. G. salicornia and G.

edulis may be utilised as value-added products in human nutrition.

Silencing of Tocopherol Cyclase and gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase leads to the altered

content of tocopherols in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum

*K. Jothibasu, R. Saranya, M.Karthika and R. Sathishkumar

Plant Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University,

Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India

Plants produce numerous secondary metabolites to perform their vital cellular functions. The

nutritional and medicinal value depends on the composition of these compounds, one such compound

is a vitamin.. Among the vitamins, vitamin E has a great importance due to its protection against

lipid peroxidation in biological membranes. They occur in 8 isoforms with 2 subgroups α, β, γ

and δ- tocopherol and α, β, γ and δ-tocotrienol. There is a considerable interest to engineer the

vitamin E content in plants. Towards this, we have constructed two RNAi constructs namely

pRNAi-GG-TC and pRNAi-GG-γ-TMT and carried out Agrobacterium mediated syringe

infiltration. The HPLC analysis revealed that, the tocopherols level was reduced significantly in

TC silenced line and gamma tocopherol levels increased in γ-TMT silenced transgenic line when


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compared to WT. The quantitative Real-Time PCR analysis of TC silenced transgenic line

revealed 0.55-1 fold reduction of TC transcript level to compare N.tabacum wild type. The

γ-TMT silenced transgenic line showed 0.33-0.9 fold reduction of γ-TMT transcript level to

compare N.tabacum wild type. This study clearly proves that the selective up-regulation of the

metabolite is possible by metabolic engineering to enhance the plant nutritive value.

Effect of gamma radiation on seed germination and photosynthetic pigments in groundnut

(Arachis hypogea L.)

*1D. Arulbalachandran and Aswini G.

Division of Plant mutation breeding, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar

University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Gamma rays, the physical mutagen are non-particulate ionising radiations, having high

energy and penetrable capacity in biological tissues and make changes in the base, disruptions of

hydrogen bonds between complementary strands of DNA. Groundnut seeds were treated with

different doses of gamma irradiation such as 100Gy, 200, 300, 400 and 500Gy. In the present

study the LD50 value was observed in 300Gy. The photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll-

a, b content were decreased with increasing concentration of gamma rays, carotenoid content

increase with increasing concentration when compared to control.

Effect of ABA on morphological characteristics and photosynthetic pigments of maize

(Zea mays L.) under induced drought

*D. Arulbalachandran and Ramya S

Division of Plant Stress Physiology, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar

University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Maize (Zea mays) variety CoH (M) seeds were induced to drought stress after treated

with different concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) such as 25µm, 50, 75 and 100µm after

drought and withhold of watering (control plants). In the present study, morphological

characters such as plant height, fresh weight, dry weight and photosynthetic pigments were

decreased under drought and the exogenous applications of ABA showed better recovery of

morphological parameters with increasing concentrations of 75µm of ABA compared with

drought plants at 75th days.


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Medicinal properties of Andrographos panicuata (Burm F)

*S. Kasthuri, D. Dhanavel and R. Ramkumar

Deparment of Botany, Annamali University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India

Andrographis paniculata (family Acanthaceae) is one of the most popular medicinal

plants used traditionally for the treatment of array of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, high

blood pressure, ulcer, leprocy, bronchitis, skin diseases, colic, flatulence, dysentery, malaria, for

centuries Asia, America and Africa continents. Andrographolides in the plant are thought to

enhance immune function such as in the production of white blood cells, to support the release of

interferon, and promote healthy activity of the lymphatic system. It has been found to be as

effective as silymarin (the active component in milk thistle) in protecting the liver. A piece of

licorice root may also be effectively used as a flavor additive. Extractsof andrographis may be

used in amounts of up to 400 mg twice day with standardized extracts of 5-to 6- percent

Andrgrapholide. Andrographolide, neoandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11, 12 didehydro-

andrographolide isolated from anrographis paniculata.

Morphological and medicinal uses of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.)

R. Ramkumar, D. Dhanavel*.D, S. Kasthuri and S. Gnanamurthy

Deparment of Botany, Annamali University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India

The black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), belongs to the family Ranunculaceae, it is a annual

plant, cultivated as a spice, native to South and Southeast Asia. Nigella sativagrows upto

20-30 cm tall with finely divided linear leaves; flowers aredelicate, pale blue and white in

Coloured, with five to ten petals. Secondary Metabolites present in this plant such as Linoleic

acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid. Aromatics are thymoquinone, dihydrothymoquinone, p-cymene,

carvarol, α-thujene, thymol,α-pinene, β-pinene and t- anethole. These are helps excellent natural

remedy for various diseases like Asthma, Arthritis, auto-immunedisorders, jaundice, hyper -

tension, and major types ofcancer, also help to treats the liver and kidney disorders. Grant

flowers used applying for beauty to the skin, hairs and other inflammatory problems. Since,

an important spice of commerce it has immense therapeutic use as these species also a good

material for cytological studies.


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RURAL SOCIOLOGY

ECONOMICS

An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Tomato in Krishnagiri District of

Tamilnadu

*1Santhakumar.S and 2Rubanesh. R 1 Department of Agricultural Economics PRIST Deemed University, Thanjavur-613403

2Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur-621212, Tami. Nadu, India

An economic analysis of production and marketing of tomato was taken up in Krishnagiri

district from 80 vegetable growers and 30 commission agent cum wholesalers, retailers. The

data were collected with the help of tested schedule by personal interview method using

multistage random sampling method the year 2017-2018. The study revealed that the cost of

cultivation of tomato Rs 174482 per hectare. The net return cost was found Rs 121726 per

hectare. The study identified for different marketing channel for tomato. Among three tomato

marketing channels, Channel-II (Producer-Commission agent cum Wholesaler-Retailer-

Consumer) was most favoured for marketing of tomato. The price spread for tomato in all

selected channel except channel was around 40 percent.

An economic analysis of growth and instability, price forecasting and spatial co -

integration of coconut in India

*1V. Balamurugan, 2K. Mani, 3S. Arivarasan and 4T. Anitha

1RVS Padmavathy College of Horticulture, Dindigul. 2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Thittakudi. 4Department of Social Sciences, HC & RI, TNAU, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu, India.

The study was conducted for understanding the present situation of marketing system and

price behavior of coconut in the selected markets of Tamil Nadu. The objectives of the study

were to estimate Growth and Instability of area, production and productivity, to analyze the

seasonal decomposition and market integration of prices of coconut in India. Secondary data

were used for this study. The results showed that there was a positive growth pattern in terms of

area, production and productivity for all the time periods. The results of the instability indices

showed that the area, production and productivity of coconut in India was positive and thereby


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indicating less riskiness for growing of coconut in the country. The Coefficient of Variation of

the prices of coconut in the selected markets have not shown much of variations. The seasonal

decomposition of prices of coconut in the selected markets in India have shown that the prices of

coconut are less from the month of May to October in almost all the selected markets in the

country and the prices are higher from the month of November to April in all the selected

markets in the country. Analysis of market integration shows that coconut markets in Tamil

Nadu were well integrated. Thus, it was concluded that all markets should be integrated in order

to avoid price variations over time and space

An Economic Analysis on Domestic Fish Marketing in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu –

The way forward for rural empowerment

*1R. Thulasiram and 2A. Daniel Viswasam Samuel 1Departmen of Agriculture, Karunya Institute of Sciences and Technology, Coimbatore – 641114

2Department of Agricultural Economics, AC & RI, TNAU, Madurai – 4, Tamil Nadu, India.

A study was taken up in Cuddalore district to study the domestic fish marketing and to

suggest suitable policy implications. A sample of 40 fishermen, 40 retailers and 30 traders were

randomly selected and interviewed. Marketing channels and efficiency, price spread, market

structure, determinants of price and constraints were analysed. The per cent share of fishermen in

consumer’s rupee of around 50 in almost all the channels showed the scope to increase this share

to a tune of 70 per cent through interference in reducing marketing cost. The indices of

marketing efficiency are found to be more than one in all type of channels implying efficient

marketing system for fish. The Gini Concentration Ratio indicated that the domestic market

structure for fish is “slightly concentrated oligopolistic. The analysis on determinants of average

fish price found the costs on ice and wastage, transport, loading & unloading and marketing

margin as the significant operations for deciding fish price. The constraints identified in the fish

marketing were the forced sale of fish and wastages. The study concludes that the fishing was

found to be more profitable but still the fishermen are in the clutches of middlemen. Hence

efforts should be taken to reduce the dominance of middlemen under fish trade and to increase

the income of small scale fisher folks by way of adopting processing units for higher unit value

realization and employment


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Analysis of rainfall pattern in Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari Districts

R. Meenasulochani

Research Scholar, AC & RI, KKM

To analyse the trend and forecast the rainfall pattern of three chosen districts,Tirunelvel,

Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari Districts, the R software was used. Markov chain analysis was

used to know the probability of transition of rainfall in successive years. Past 18 years rainfall

data were collected and anlaysed for the study. The results showed that Kanyakumari has

negative trend of rainfall in all the four seasons. Negative trend of rainfall in winter, summer and

southwest monsoon are more than the northeast monsoon because maximum of 37.9 per cent to

the total rainfall of Kanyakumari district is received in northeast monsoon. Rainfall pattern of

Tirunelveli district has positive trend in summer, southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon and

negative trend in winter rainfall. Rainfall pattern of Thoothukudi district has negative trend in all

the four seasons. The study concludes that among the three districts, essential measures need to

be taken in Thoothukudi district because from 2022 a drastic reduction of rainfall in Thoothukudi

district is forecasted. Future threat of water scarcity is highly noticed in Thoothukudi district.

Since average annual rainfall of Tirunelveli district is low, sustained usage of water is also

essential in Tirunelveli district. Even though Kanyakumari district has negative trend in rainfall,

it has relatively distributed rainfall through-out the year.

Economics of rice cultivation in Theni district of Tamil Nadu

*1Suresh R and 2C Vinodhini 1College of Agricultural Technology, Theni – 625562, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India

The present study was undertaken with 60 farmers of two sized farm holdings (up to 2ha

and >2ha) selected randomly from the five villages (Cuddalore, Kullappagoundan patti, C.Pudhu

patti, Angur palayam and Samandi puram) of Cumbum block in Theni district of Tamil Nadu to

analyse the economics of rice cultivation. A multistage sampling technique was used to select

block, villages, rice growers and market functionaries. The period of study was restricted to the

agricultural year 2016-17. The results of the study revealed that the total cost of production of

rice was Rs. 25,461.89 per ha. The share of variable cost and fixed cost to the total cost of


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production was 82.65 per cent (Rs.21,045.62) and 17.34 per cent (Rs. 4,416.27) respectively.

The rental value for land had major share in fixed cost accounting for about 74.09 per cent

(Rs.3,272.4) while depreciation on equipment, interest on fixed capital and land revenue

contributed about 17.07 per cent (Rs.753.59), 8.55 per cent (Rs.377.9) and 0.28 per cent

(Rs.12.4) respectively. Of the total variable cost, irrigation practice accounted for highest

proportion with 17.58 per cent (Rs.3,700), followed by harvesting with 17.34 per cent (Rs.3,650)

and manures, fertilizers with 15.64 per cent (Rs.3,291.64). These three operations together

accounted for nearly half of the total variable cost. Nursery preparation and after transplantation

practices had a lesser proportion to the total variable cost. Gross income from rice cultivation

was Rs.61,965.97 per ha and gross margin was Rs.40,920.35 per ha. The profit of rice cultivation

was Rs.6.49 per kg. The cost of production is lesser than the net income due to efficiency in use

of resources. In rice production, Non availability of quality seed was the main constraint

followed by scarcity of water, inadequacy of labour and incidence of pest and diseases.

Impact of watershed development programme on income, employment in Dindigul district

of Tamil Nadu

*1Kalidass.N, 2 Thilagavathy.M and 1R. Rajasekaran

1Don Bosco College of Agriculture, Sagayathottam, Vellore-631 151.

2Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 3.

The present investigation was undertaken to study the social status and income and

employment status among beneficiaries on onfarm, off farm and nonfarm families under

watershed development programme. The study was conducted purposively in Athoor block of

Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu. Twenty farmers from each village in total 60 farmers in

Watershed Treated Area and 60 farmers in Non Treated Area were selected randomly from six

selected villages for this study. The data collection was carried out through personal interview

using well structured and pre-tested interview schedules. Two separate sets of interview

schedules were prepared to collect details from the sample farmers of Watershed treated area and

Non Treated area. The results were analyzed and presented in percentage. It could be seen from

the impact of the study that the sample farmers in WTA have earned higher annual income

(Rs.74633) than NTA farmers (Rs.65188) through on farm sources. It shows that the farmers in

WTA area are highly engaged in on farm activities. The sample farm families in Watershed


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Treated Area and Non Treated area got 50 per cent and 42 per cent of their employment through

on farm activities, followed by the nonfarm activities 26 per cent and 25 per cent in Watershed

Treated and Non treated Area respectively.The impact of the watershed development programme

was observed by providing more employment opportunities in rural peoples through watershed

development including farm pond preparation, check dam and stone wall construction, land

leveling and agro forestry in watershed treated area.

FARM EXTENSION

A Study on yield gap analysis of castor hybrid production technology

*1P.Hema and 2M.Asokhan

1Imayam Institute of Agricultural Technology, Kannanur, Thuraiyur - 621206

2Head of the Department Social Sciences, TNAU, Coimbatore- 641003

A study was conducted in Tiruchengode block of Namakkal district and Edappadi block

of Salem district with an objective of analyzing the yield gap in YRCH 1 hybrid. Using a pre-

tested and well structured interview schedule, the necessary data was collected and statistically

analyzed. The study revealed that yield obtained by the farmers in YRCH-1 hybrid varied from

700kg/acre to 1120kg/acre. The highest percentage (22.50%) of the farmers obtained a yield of

910kg/acre. About 14.16 per cent of the farmers had obtained lowest yield of 700kg/acre,

whereas only 5.83 per cent of them had highest yield of 1120kg/acre. Yield gap per cent was

found to vary from 6.67 per cent to 41.67 per cent. However an average yield gap was found to

be 27.17 per cent. The factors such as inadequate irrigation water, high cost of agricultural

inputs, high cost of labour, low plant population, non-availability of seed at correct time, micro

nutrient deficiency in soil and lack of adequate demonstration in castor cultivation technologies

might be the possible reason for this yield gap.

Evaluation of cluster front line demonstration trials on groundnut in Ariyalur district of

Tamil Nadu

*A. Rajkala, M.Saravanan and G.Alagukannan

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Hosted By CREED), Cholamadevi, Ariyalur – 612 902.

The cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on groundnut were conducted by Krishi

Vigyan Kendra, Ariyalur during kharif season in village of Kasankottai in T.Palur Block. All 75


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demonstrations on groundnut crops were carried out in area of 30 ha by the active participation

of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the improved technologies of oil seeds production

potential. The improved technologies consisting use of improved variety, seed treatment with

Pseudomonas flurocensence, mechanized sowing, integrated nutrient, and weed management,

pest and disease management. Cluster frontline demonstrations recorded higher yield as

compared to farmer’s local practice. The improved technology recorded highest yield of 1759

kg/ha in demonstration plot of variety GJG 9 at village Kasankottai at T.palur block of Ariyalur

district.

Farmer’s decision making behavior on the adoption of short message servicebased

advisories

*1M. Murugan and 2C. Karthikeyan

1S. Thangapazham Agricultural College, Vasudevanallur – 627 760.

2e-Extension Centre, Directorate of Extension Education, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003.

The study deals with the analysis of effectiveness of Short Message Service based

advisories on farmers adoption behaviourdisseminated by institutions such as DEMIC (Domestic

and Export Market Intelligence Cell),ACRC (Agro Climate Research Centre) and KVK

(KrishiVigyan Kendra) which were exclusivelyinvolved in the delivery of Market, Weather and

Technology advisory respectively throughoutTamil Nadu. Totally 30 farmers from each of these

institutions were identified through simplerandom sampling method which sum up to a total of

90 respondents. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics – mean, standard deviation,

frequencies, independent samplet-test and chi-square test. Results showed that the adoption of

SMS based advisories was lowamong registered farmers of KVK as compared to that of ACRC

and DEMIC. Most of the farmers reported that lack of access to an effective extension service

(or) credible information source as the constraint to access the required information. Extension

activities need to be strengthened through a combination of personnel & ICT based extension

approach to meet outsuch gaps in future.


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Impact of farmer producer company – an empirical analysis

*1E.Sathyapriya and 2Rexlin Selvin

1Department of agricultural extension and rural sociology, TNAU, Coimbatore.

2Department of agricultural extension and rural sociology, AC & RI, Madurai.

An analysis was made to study the impact of farmer producer compay with Ayakudi

Guava and Fruits Producer Company located in Palani block, Dindigul District. The members of

Ayakudi guava and fruit Producer Company were selected as respondents. Data were collected

by using case study method. The objective of the study are, to study the entire activities of

farmer producer company in village context, impact of FPC members before and after joining

producer company and to encounter the risk and constraints of FPC members. Based on the

study, it can be concluded that it is more beneficial to work as group under a registered body like

a Farmer producer organization/Company. Individual farmers are facing so many risks and

challenges in farming & Marketing. When the farmers do farming in group like Producer

Organization they will be benefitted more. Hence this type of FPO can be promoted for different

crops for inclusive growth and development of both farmer & the country.

Training needs of cotton growers of Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu

*Vaishali M D and Ganapathy Ramu M

Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India

The present investigation on “Training Needs of Cotton Growers of Perambalur District

of Tamil Nadu” was carried out with a sample size of 30 cotton growers. The study revealed that

majority of the cotton growers require high level of training for two major subject areas viz.,

seed treatment and disease management, followed by nutrient management, pest management,

weeding and planting method .


Regional disparity in bovine population, its structural change and influence of time on the

diversity for different agro-climatic zones of Karnataka

*1Bishvajit Bakshi, 1P. Dinesh Kumar and 2V. Manjunath 1 Department of AS, AM and CS, UAS (B), GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka

1Associate Professor, Department of AS, AM and CS, UAS (B), GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka


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In the present study an exertion was made to appraise the regional disparity, its structural

change, and influence of time on the diversity of bovine population. The secondary data on

district wise livestock population of Karnataka for five consecutive quinquennial livestock

census (1990-2012) were collected from the department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary

Services, Bengaluru. Different statistical diversity indices like Herfindhal, Simpson, Shannon-

Wiener and Entropy Indices were used in order to assess the regional disparity in bovine

population. The Indices showed that the bovine population in the state was remarkably assorted

during the beginning year. However, as the time lapsed the assorted population had moved

towards specialization. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used to evaluate the structural

change in the bovine population and the concordance value reveals that there is symbolic change

in the structure of bovine population within and between different agro-climatic zones over year.

Further, the chi-square test for independence showed that there was no significant association of

agro-climatic zones and time period on structural change of bovine population.

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

Development of pulse based doughgnut

*Devipriya J and Hemalatha G

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Community Science College and Research Institute

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai.

Pulse Based doughnut was standardized by using different formulation of refined wheat

flour (25 to 100%) with lentil flour substituted at different levels (T1-25, T2-50 and T3-75%) in

the product formulation for better nutrition. Doughnut prepared using 100 per cent refined wheat

flour served as the control. The doughnut was evaluated for physical characteristics such as

weight, temperature measurements, loaf volume (seed displacement method) and bulk density (g

/cm3) and chemical constituents namely moisture, protein, fat, fibre, calcium, phosphorus and

iron. The doughnut prepared for the different formulation were organoleptically evaluated, and

based on the sensory attributes the doughnut prepared with 25 per cent (T1) incorporation of

lentil flour was found to be highly accepted with overall acceptability score of 8.5/9.0 per cent.

The data on physical characteristics such as weight of doughnut (71.03±1.7g), loaf volume

(74±2.6) and bulk density (2.1395±0.07g /cm3), temperature (830C), overall acceptability score


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(8.3 to 8.5) were studied. The chemical constituents for moisture (22.2±0.66%), protein

(7.98±0.21 g), fat (27.5±0.99 g), fibre (0.272±0.09 g) and mineral content for calcium

(46.87±2.14), phosphorus (156.24±4.6 mg) and iron (2.3±0.06 mg) of the pulse based doughnut

was assessed. The studies revealed that the protein and mineral content of the pulse based

doughnut was significantly high compared to the control.

Functional properties of defatted rice bran influenced by processing conditions

*I. Maheswari and R. Sahul Hameed

Department of Home Science, School of Sciences, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be

University, Gandhigram, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

The present study was conducted to compare the functional properties of defatted rice

bran. Defatted and stabilized rice bran was collected from Vaighai Agro Products Ltd, Madurai

and categorized as T0-Control (Defatted Rice Bran (CDRB), Treatment-1 (Steamed Defatted Rice

Bran (SDRB)), Treatment – 2 (Roasted Defatted Rice Bran (RDRB)). Functional properties

namely Bulk Density (BD) (g/ml), Water Absorbance Capacity (WAC) (g/g), Oil Absorbance

Capacity (OAC) (g/ml), Foaming capacity (FC) (%) and Emulsifying Capacity (EC) (%) and

Least Gelation Concentration (LGC) were determined by following standard procedures. The

results revealed that functional properties of defatted rice bran was 0.50g/ml of bulk density,

3.39 g/g of WAC, 2.19 g/ml of OAC, 16 % of FC, 45.16% of EC and 12% of Least Gelation

Concentration. Functional properties of defatted rice bran showed good water holding capacity

and oil absorption capacity in all the treatments which were ranged between 3.2g/g to 3.39g/g

and 1.94g/ml to 2.19g/ml respectively. FC and EC of defatted rice bran were ranged between

16% to 20% and 41.53% to 45.31% respectively. Least Gelation Concentration for control (T0)

defatted rice bran was 14% and 10% for Steamed Defatted Rice Bran (T1). Roasted defatted rice

bran (T2) in 10% concentration, T2 sample start to get gelatinized and get gelatinized completely

in 12%. The SDRB (T1) sample start to get gelation in 8% and gelatinized completely in 10%.

The findings suggested that Defatted Rice Bran can be used as functional ingredient in

preparation of weaning foods, dry mixes, baked foods etc due to their high foaming and

emulsifying properties, as well as water/oil absorption capacity. This difference in least gelation

concentration of rice bran samples may be attributed to the variation in constituents such as

protein, carbohydrate and lipids.


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Isolation and characterization of Propionibacterium spp for vitamin B12 production

P. Sheela*. T. Umamaheswari and S. Kanchana

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Community Science College and Research Institute,

Madurai – 625 104.

With this view, this study was designed to isolate, characterize and screening of vitamin

B12 producing propionibacterium from Dairy products. Dairy propionibacterium was isolated

from raw milk, swiss cheese and curd using Yeast Extract Lactate Agar, Ammonium Sulphate

Lithium Agar and Reinforced Clostridium Agar under anaerobic condition in anaerobic gaspak

and incubated at 30°C for 10-14 days. Randomly picked tiny colonies were purified and

subjected to morphological and biochemical characterization. The isolates were tentatively

identified as propionibacterium.

Review


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REVIEW

Integrated weed management in rice farming system

*1Sornalatha N and 2Srinivasu V

1Department of Agronomy, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur-12.

2Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University-2.

Integrated farming system seems to be the possible solution to meet the continuous

increase in demand for food, stability of income and diverse requirements of food grains,

vegetables, milk, egg, etc., thereby improving the nutrition of small-scale farmers with limited

resources. Integrated rice and fish farming provides countless economic, social and

environmental benefits. Fish farming in paddy fields is a sustainable, low cost activity to produce

high value protein and minerals. Crop residues can be used for animal feed, while livestock and

livestock by-product production and processing can enhance the agricultural productivity by

intensifying nutrients that improve soil fertility, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. This

combined culturing system is among new technologies and sustainable system where it is

possible to decrease the consumption of herbicide and pesticides compare to rice monoculture

field.

The new age geo spatial technologies - drones and biosensors for soil health and farm

sustainability

1K. C. Sivabalan and 2M. R. Latha 1Training Asst. (Agrl.Extension), ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pudukottai.

2Programme Coordinator, ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pudukottai.

The escalating population across the globe warranted best out of crop production. That’s

why the major shift in agriculture from ‘traditional subsistence’ to ‘intensive input use’

agriculture was witnessed in many countries including India. When resolving the food security

challenges, food safety and protection is also a matter of concern in the midst of environmental

issues. The nutrient use in India has increased by 1573% whereas the average yield increase of

total food grains was only 125% during past five decades which has led to deterioration in soil

health as well as increased cost of production. The indiscriminate use of fertilizers is the major

cause of soil contamination, erosion, and lack of fertility and finally worsening soil health.


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Indian farmers apply around 66 million tonnes of fertilizers every year, which accounts also for a

significant share of India’s imports and subsidies. Considering the above issues, a multi-pronged

approach is required to address soil health issues in the realm of nutrient management in

smallholder production systems. To accomplish soil health and farm sustainability, the new age

geo-spatial technologies have tremendous potential. Among the tools, drones and bio sensors

have many more advantages such as real time diagnosis of soil parameters, geo-referenced

scouting along with early detection of pest and diseases, monitoring farm boundaries, irrigation

structures and livestock surveillance.

Assessment of maturity of plant waste compost

1M. Kiruba and 2T. Kalaiselvi 1Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur

2Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore

Composting emerges as the most widely applicable process for handling diverse wastes

in the entire area of waste recycling. The maturity of the compost is critical and the criteria for

mature compost reflect achievement of the objectives of composting. The composting industry is

poised for new era where composts will be evaluated both for safety and quality. In this regard,

the quality calls for analyses both for its fertilizer value as well as any potential contamination

that might limit the products use. The maturity of the compost affects their successful utilization

in agriculture. The process of obtaining the final product, a good matured compost is influenced

by a number of factors viz., carbon: nitrogen ratio, blending or proportioning of wastes, moisture,

aeration, temperature, pH, microorganisms involved, use of inoculants, destruction of pathogens,

calcium phosphate addition etc. Immature composts induce high microbial activity in soil,

potentially causing oxygen deficiency in soil and rhizosphere and biological blockage of

available soil nitrogen. Simarouba and coffee pulp waste recorded higher (72.0; 176.0) and lower

value (18.62; 22.38) of compost maturity in conventional and vermicomposting respectively.


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Diversity of parasitic fauna of conventional rice ecosystem during kuruvai season at

Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu

*C. Kathirvelu and T. Parthasarathi

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil nadu, India

Arthropod natural enemies are often important biological control agents of various insect

pests of rice ecosystem which include a wide range of predators and parasitoids. Determining the

natural enemies and bio diversity of rice fields is the first step to success in biological control

and IPPM (Integrated production and pest management) programs. In the present study, there

were four methods of collection viz. sweep net, Malaise trap, UV light trap and yellow pan trap

were used to gather parasitoids from ADT-36 rice variety during Kuruvai season (June-

September) in 2012. The rice variety was cultivated following the conventional practices like

application of inorganic manures, pesticides, micronutrients etc., The diversity of parasitic fauna

of conventional rice ecosystem revealed that a total of 889 parasitoids were collected through net

sweep, 631 in Malaise trap, 534 in yellow pan trap and 308 in UV light trap during Kuruvai,

2012. Thirteen different agriculturally important parasitic families were collected and identified.

Among the families collected, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Scelionidae and Chalcididae were

found predominant. Dryniidae was recorded only in yellow pan trap. Among the collection

methods employed, Net sweep was found to be the best in collection of parasitoids than other

methods in conventional rice ecosystems.

Eureka’18 - multidimentional protection for economically important crops.

*K. Ganesh Saravanan and L. Darwin Christdhas Henry

Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University

Crops are infected by various pathogens and pests causing huge economic loss to the

farming community. A proposal was undertaken to counter the different pathogens and pests by

a simple, economical, ecofriendly and sustainable method. UV rays 250 nm have been proved to

effectively eradicate bacteria in 30secs, Fungi in 60secs and also attract vectors of viral diseases.

It also has been proved that UV rays play a role in enhancing the pathogen resistance in plants. A

post fitted with solar powered batteries and timers to burn a UV-C lamp for short durations of

time & an insect trap is to be placed at equidistant places in the field. Periodical activation of

UV-C lamps for short burst of time will ensure eradication and inhibition of exposed bacterial


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colonies; destruct fungi and inhibit spore germination, thereby reducing the pathogen population

immensely. The insect trap captures insects which will prevent insect damage to crop plants and

also vectors preventing spread of viral disease. Further, the short term exposure to UV rays also

enhances the crop growth and yield potential. Identifying the optimum range of UV rays and the

exact duration of exposure to achieve above target isbeing standardized. Chelico et al. (2005)

reported that UV radiation can suppress powdery mildew development through inhibition of

fungal growth and activation of host defenses. De Menezes et al. (2015), quantified and/or

characterized UV- induced damage in conidial DNA. (Correia et al., 1999; Nasser, 2001). UV-C

radiation has significant effect on barley growth parameters including stem height, sprout count,

leaf area and biomass. The direct effect of UV on plant production is generally negative and

small (Searles et al., 2001).

Variance technology findings using nanoparticles for waste water treatment

S. Vanitha

Adhiyamaan College of Agricultural and Research, Shoolagiri (TK), Krishagiri – 635 105.

At present, the water treatment became the most anxious issue all over the planet.

Development in the inhabitants and industrialization ensuing into the infectivity of the water

(basin and earth water). Hence it is obligatory to disinfect and reuse the engineering as well as

the metropolitan wastewater. Since from the previous decade, the use of of nano particles for

water treatment as a nano-adsorbent and for using in support of filtration have increased due to

its cost effectiveness. Additionally, the variety of magnetic nano particles (MNPs) and metal-

containing nano particles possesses the high surface area and being the super-magnetic in

environment. The magnetic property of severance is helpful as a result of concerned exterior

magnetic field to them. As a consequence, the MNPs are also living being used for the removal

of the contaminated heavy metals/ requisites like cations, natural organic matter, biological

contaminants, and organic pollutants, Nitrates, Fluoride and Arsenic from the polluted water.

The MNPs and metal containing nano particles can be fused by different techniques akin to

mechanical grinding. A different tool, adsorption by means of MNPs is one of the furthermost

outstanding to its trouble-free treatment, cost effective and high competence. Metal nano

particles or magnetic nano particles also show some positive result. A nanomaterial reveals good


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result than other techniques used in water treatment because of its high surface area

(surface/volume ratio).

Role of endogenous abscisic acid in drought for rice (Oryza sativa L.)

*D. Arulbalachandran and Ramachandran M

Division of Crop Stress Physiology, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences,

Periyar University, Salem-Tamil Nadu, India.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone and it is known as stress hormone that regulates

the many physiological, molecular metabolisms in under drought stress. ABA mediates so many

stress responses; the initial perception of dehydration and the subsequent changes in gene

expression that lead to rapid ABA biosynthesis constitute the most important stress signal

transduction pathway among all the plant responses to stress.

Empowerment of rural youth through agricultural development programmes and

retaining them in agriculture

*1A. Senthil, 2K.P.Vanetha and 3P.Balasubramanuim

1Mother Terasa College of Agriculture, Illupur, Pudukkottai, Tamil nadu, India

2Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

3Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College & Research Institute, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

Agriculture continues to be the occupation and way of life for more than half of

Indian population even today. The Agriculture has played a major role in human history and

agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in worldwide social economic change. India is

losing more than 2,000 farmers every single day and that since 1991, the overall number of

farmers has dropped by 15 million (Sainath, 2013). This has several implications for the future of

Indian agriculture and India’s food security. Young farmers can play an important role in

ensuring food security if they are encouraged to involve in farming and the challenges they face

are solved. Over the past few years, rural youth have been shying away from agriculture and

globally there is an increasing interest in finding ways of engaging youth in agriculture. Young

people are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults and more than 75 million youth

worldwide are looking for work, according to the UN International Labour Organization (ILO).

Due to their limited access to assets (in particular land), markets, finance and education and


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skills training, youth are often unemployed or work informally – often in unpaid, very low-

skilled, insecure and sometimes hazardous jobs (IFAD, 2012). Most of the educated youth find

agriculture as an unattractive preposition, especially the way it is practiced traditionally by their

parents. The society largely looks down upon farming, as also families of prospective brides do

not prefer farming youth. Generally youth are willing to adopt new ideas and technologies and

therefore agricultural extension services should target youth to transform agriculture. The youth

could be the ideal catalyst to change the poor image of persons involved in agriculture, especially

in the rural communities given their greater possibility to adapt new ideas, concept and

technology which are all important to changing the way agriculture is practiced and perceived.

Adult education was the main focus for extension at that time and the agricultural extension

programmes, obviously were mostly designed considering this mass scale rural illiteracy,

focusing on interventions aimed at improving the functional literacy among rural adults.

However, over the years, the literacy rates have gone up and in 2011, it stands at 74.04%. The

rural youth are now more literate, aware, educated and many are looking for new livelihood

options including migrating to urban areas.

Success stories of innovative extension approaches and strategies (digital green)

*1J.U. Janusia, 2V. Balamurugan and 3M. Gokul Pranesh

1Department of Agricultural Extension, School of Agriculture, PRIST University, Tanjore.

2Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University.

3Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India

India is a country of farms. Agriculture plays a vital role in Indian economy. Over 58

percent of rural household indulge in agriculture as their principle means of livelihood.

Agriculture along with fishery and forestry is one of the largest contributors to the Gross

Domestic product (GDP). Farmers while working at the farms using machines either do not

know how to use them properly or they are not updated about the latest innovations in the market

a platform where they can connect with farmers globally and can sort their issues and highlight

their success stories. After observing various issues an organization known as Digital Green

stepped into this to make a better world by improving the living standard of farmers and helped

for a good cause for our nation. Digital Green’s early roots were formed as a Microsoft Research

Project in Bangalore. It was founded in 2006 by Rikin Gandhi. The use of video for agricultural


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extension was by no means a new approach and Digital Green was inspired by a number of

different projects. Small scale farmers make up about 70 percent of India’s farming community

but experience deep economic and social inequities in comparison to large land – holding

farmers. Digital Green currently has projects in nine states in India, and in 13 other countries.

Digital Green is currently in a phase of rapid growth and has expanded its approach to new

sectors and geographic zones. The simplicity and flexibility of this video – based approach has

allowed for its effective application in multiple and different social, economic and cultural

contexts.

Role of agricultural librarians in next generation libraries: issues and challenges

*1J Suresh Babu, 2K. Murugan, 3M. Ilaya Raja and 4S. Sujatha 1Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur -621 212, Tamil Nadu, India

2Anna University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India

3Bhararithadasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

4Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Perambalur -621 212, Tamil Nadu, India

Libraries today are in a period of transition. From the print-centered past, they are now

moving to the electronic-based collections. Hybrid libraries hold the key to the future. Virtual,

electronic environment that support teaching, learning and research has become the identity of

the next generation libraries. Users are computer-savvy, techno-literate and give more credence

to speed and convenience and rely heavily on electronic resources. The librarian after taking

cognizance of facts before him prepares himself for the role of the Next Generation Librarian

which has expanded and grown multi-fold. The librarian with his skills, knowledge competencies

and right attitude offers personalized services to the users in this age of cutting-edge

technologies.

Value added milk products – a gateway for dairy entrepreneurs

*G. Rajarajan

Department of Livestock Products Technology, Veterinary College and Research Institute,

Orathanadu – 614 625 Tamil Nadu, India

Milk is the lifeline of Indian economy. Milk production of our country is 165 million

tonnes per annum against world production of 817 million tonnes and stands first in milk


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production. The per capita availability of milk in India is 355 gram per day as against the world

daily average of 299 gram. India’s milk production today accounts for 16% of the total world

output and 40% of the Asia’s total production. Among the total milk production buffalo milk

contributes 54%, cow milk contributes 42% and goat milk contributes 4 %. Nearly 50% of the

total milk produced in our country is consumed as fluid milk. The remaining 50% of the milk is

being utilized for the production of various milk products. Among the milk products ghee is

produced by utilizing 33% of milk, butter milk 7% and Khoa 7% and paneer 3 %. The value of

output from dairy sector is estimated around Rs. 5, 49,587 crores per annum.

Application of genetic diversity in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum .L) breeding

*1S. Sridharan, 2S. Mariappan and 3A.Beaulah 1JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Tittagudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Horticulture College & Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

3Agricultural College & Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

The favourable result of any breeding programme depends upon the extent and

immensity of variability existing in germplasm. Exploring as broad as possible genetic diversity

not only to provides information on availability of target donor genes but also on genetically

divergent genotypes and varieties to be used as potential parents in crosses to realize optimum

genetic polymorphism required for breeding. Genetic diversity may arise due to geographical

separation or due to genetic barriers to crossability or due to different pattern of evolution. The

diversity within cultivated tomato germplasm provides a great resource for variety improvement.

The assessment of genetic diversity using quantitative traits has been of prime importance in

many contexts particularly in differentiating well defined populations. In hybridization

programme, selecting the parents for breeding program with a specific objectives in any crops is

critical because, the success of such program depends upon the segregants of hybrid derivatives

between the parents, particularly when the aim is to improve the qualitative characters like

nutrients apart from yield.


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Agro-techniques in improving pulses productivity in India.

*S. Iswarya

Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore.

Pulses are the protein bank of India with low yielding potential. Pulses are major sources

of proteins among the vegetarians in India contains 22-24% of protein. In the world pulse

pool, India ranks 1st in area, production and consumption with low average productivity

compared to world average. India imports 4.6 million tonnes of pulses a year (2016-17) for

domestic needs. There are many reasons behind low pulse productivity which includes

replacement of pulses to poor marginal lands, complex disease-pest syndrome, lack of proper

care and socio-economic constraints. The adoption of agro-techniques viz., Multibloom

Technology in Mungbean and Urdbean, Nipping in Gram, Topping in Garden lab lab,

Transplanting in Pigeon pea, Moisture stress mitigating foliar spray in Blackgram, DAP

spray in Blackgram Micronutrient Seed coating and Seed treatment of pulses with

Carbendazim and Imidacloprid, Rhizobium Inoculation, Biocontrol Agent inoculation and

Phosphate solubilizing Bacterial inoculation could increase the productivity, satisfies the

domestic needs and would makes India self sufficient in pulses.

Automated wireless drip irrigation system and monitoring of soil ecosystem

*R. Ajaykumar and A. Rajeshkumar

Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

Drip Irrigation is today’s need because water is nature’s gift to the mankind and it is not

unlimited and free forever. World’s water resources are fastly vanishing. The farmer has to

maintain watch on irrigation schedule in the conventional drip irrigation system, which is

different for different types of crops. The remotely monitored embedded system for irrigation

purposes have become a new essential for farmer to accumulate his energy, time and money In

this approach, the soil test for chemical constituents, water content, and salinity and fertilizer

requirement data collected by wireless and processed for better drip irrigation plan. Drip

irrigation requires about half of the water needed by sprinkler or surface irrigation. Lower

operating pressures and flow rates result in reduced energy costs. A higher degree of water

control is attainable. Plants can be supplied with more precise amounts of water. Disease and

insect damage is reduced because plant foliage stays dry. Operating cost is usually reduced.


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Fertilizers can be applied through this type of system. This can result in a reduction of fertilizer

and fertilizer costs. When compared with overhead sprinkler systems, drip irrigation leads to less

soil and wind erosion. Drip irrigation can be applied under a wide range of field conditions. They

can provide irrigation to larger areas of plants with less water consumption and lower pressure.

Using this system, one can save manpower and water and increae the production and profit

Cropping systems: A component of weed control

*Varshini S.V and Stesi S


Weed management is a key issue in any farming system (Bond & Grundy, 2001). The

most modern and widely used approach of weed management is the chemical weed control,

which involves the usage of herbicides. It is evident from numerous researches that herbicides

can be toxic to both crops and consumers if not properly used. Also the prolonged usage of

herbicides in recent years develops resistance in weed species, which decreases the effectiveness

of herbicides considerably. The most effective and economic alternative solution to this issue is

the adaptation of cropping systems as a strategy for weed control. This utilizes crop rotation,

inter cropping, mixed cropping and cover cropping as major controlling techniques. Crop

rotation alters the competitive balance between crop and weeds through which weeds can be

controlled (Younie & Litterick, 2002). Individual cereal species vary in their competitiveness

against weeds (Davies & Welsh, 2002) (Mcdonald, 2003). Taking advantage of this

phenomenon, we can consider mixed culture as one the effective method in weed management.

Intercropping systems have the ability to control of weeds better in different environmental

conditions compared with sole cropping (Nargis Akter et al., 2004) (Liebman & Dyck, 1993;

Bulson et al., 1997; Szumigalski, 2005; Deveikyte et al., 2008). Cover cropping has long and

short-term weed control effects (Barberi 2002) as a result of competition and allelopathy exerted

by the crop (Randall et al. 1989; Boydston and Hang 1995). These observations identify

cropping systems as one of the essential component of weed management and opens up a need

for an extensive research to determine the effectiveness of weed control by cropping system on

various crops.


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Effect of weedy rice in direct seeded rice cultivation

G. Tamil Amutham

Department of Agronomy, TNAU-641003, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Weedy rice is an unwanted plant of genus oryza, highly polymorphic group of plants of

the rice agro-ecosystem. It has some undesirable trait which causes major losses in rice field.

Rice is a self-pollinated crop with up to 5 to 6% cross pollination. Weedy rice is disseminated by

hybridization of gene flow between wild and cultivated rice through natural crossing. Adoption

of 100 % direct seeded rice cultivation and also mono-cropping pattern of rice cultivation

increases the intensity of weedy rice. Some special characters of weedy rice are high dormancy,

high seed shattering mechanism, high longevity, tolerance to cold and drought condition and

high tolerance to rice blast and bacterial blight diseases . Seeds of weedy rice have red pericarp

due to proanthocyanin content which has high antinutritional factors. Weedy rice is taller than

the rice varieties during vegetative phase and reproductive phase (growth increase of 14-23 cm

every two weeks). It is very difficult to control weedy rice because it is morphologically,

anatomically and physiologically similar to rice. It can be managed by stale seed bed preparation,

flood irrigation, high seed rate recommendation, adoption of herbicide resistant crops, use of

seed protectants and antigerminative herbicides. A new weed management strategy is to use the

allelopathic potential of plants showed that the application of a dry powder of Tagetes minuta to

rice fields suppressed weed emergence and increased crop yield.

Hydroponics green fodder production a boon to dairy farmers

*1A. Tharun Kumar and 2E. Somasundaram 1Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

2Department of Sustainable & Organic Agriculture, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Green fodder is a natural diet for the livestock and that livestock is an important asset for

Indian farmer. But today, the gap between supply and demand for green fodder is increasing day

by day due to shrinking of agriculture land, poor availability water and labour. Hydroponics is a

modern technology of producing green fodder by growing plants without soil, in an

environmentally controlled house. It will be a viable alternative technology to bridge the gap

between demand and supply of green fodder to livestock and it requires 98% less water than

conventional method. The green fodder produced through this technology will be ready for


214

harvest within 8 to 10 days, having high palatability, and enhanced nutritional values as the

fodder contains seed along with root, it has higher crude protein content than conventional

fodder.

Impact of climate change on weed shift and itsmanagement

*S. Selvakumar, D. Senthilkumar and P. Kunjammal


Climate change brings changes in physical atmospheric air composition. Increasing

concentration of carbon dioxide and other green house gases increases the earth temperature,

which ultimately has a various impact over monsoon pattern; it may cause prolonged dry spell or

excess rainfall. These variation influences on crop and weed population with long term

interaction. Increases in temperature will increases competition of C4 weeds compared to C3

weeds in cropped field (Patterson, 1995). Increasing CO2 concentration increases net

photosynthetic rate in C3 weeds. In some cases, weeds possess safety mechanism like

parahelionatsic movement, leaf rolling or leaf curling etc., to avoid heat loading. In this case,

respiration may reduce for example Cirsium arvense L., is an invasive perennial weed, it

increases in biomass by 70% with elevated carbon dioxide level. Increasing CO2 levels may also

increase wind dispersal of weed seeds by either increasing the height of the weed plant or by

increasing the plant size. Some of these wind dispersed invasive weed species are Cirsium

arvense, Sonchus arvensis L., Sonchus oleraceus L., and Carduus nutans L. Increasing CO2

concentration reduces herbicide uptake and translocation due to morphological and anatomical

changes. It reduces the stomata number and conductance and increases leaf thickness in C3

plants, which might influence on uptake and translocation of foliar applied herbicides (Kudsk

and Kristensen, 1992). Dryness of atmosphere caused by climate change will increases the root

length, it may improve the hardiness in perennial weeds and difficult to control. Due to increase

in temperature parasitic weeds like Striga, Orobanchaceae and some warmer region weeds like

Sataria viridis may spread to moderate climate zones in near future. In certain conditions

temperature surges phonological development in weeds than at elevated CO2. A change in

rainfall patterns would favor hydromorphic weeds while prolonged drought spells will benefit C4

over C3 weeds. As a result, climate change not only cause weed shift but also reduces efficiency

of herbicide.


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Insitu moisture conservation techniques in dry farming

*S. Vaishnavi, S. Hemarahini, A. Ramachandran and G. Parimala

Mother Terasa College of Agriculture, Mettusalai, Illuppur (Po), Pudukkottai - 622102.

To increase the moisture availability to the agricultural crops, it is necessary to adopt in-

situ moisture conservation techniques in addition to the large scale soil and moisture

conservation and water harvesting structures in the watershed. The principle behind the

recommendation of different practices is to increase the infiltration by reducing the rate of

runoff, temporarily impounding the water on the surface of the soil to increase the opportunity

time for infiltration and modifying the land configuration for inter plot water harvesting. Earlier

efforts for moisture conservation were concentrated upon construction of various types of bunds

across the land slope to control erosion and conserve soil. All the erosion control measures

however, led to accumulation of water against the structures rather than its proper and uniform

distribution in the inter terraced area and at times led to reduction in crop yields. To overcome

these problems the in situ moisture conservation techniques are recommended.

Natural minerals – Boon to organic agriculture

*Sourabh Munnoli, Uma Maheswari, Karthik, A and Ralesh Jolad

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003.

Natural minerals occur geologically and can be used both in unprocessed and

processed forms in crop production systems to enhance crop productivity. Some of the multi -

nutrient minerals like feldspar, mica, vermiculite can increase the yield of the crops as well as

improve the soil quality. Other minerals like glauconite and zeolites can be used as soil

conditioner. Use of fly ash in agriculture provides a feasible alternative for its safe disposal to

improve the soil environment and enhance the crop productivity. There has been an extensive

use of rock phosphate in agriculture for ages. It has been observed that the Mussoorie rock

phosphate (MRP) along with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation and residue

incorporation could be used for phosphorus fertilization in potato for increasing productivity and

higher net returns. Zeolites application in rice cultivated soil moderated drought cycles and

improved dry matter weight of spike and root. Utilization of natural for crop nutrient

management can serve as an alternative to improve soil quality and make crop production

sustainable. These rocks represent a less expensive and environmentally sound nutrient source


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for farmers in areas with infertile soils and desirable climates. Better results could be obtained

especially when these are blended or modified with available organic materials.

Rhizosphere dynamics and their management for improving nutrient use efficiency in crop

production – A Review

*1N. Karthika, 2S. P. Ramanathan and 3R. Sureshkumar 1&3Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003.

2Department of Agronomy, AC& RI, TNAU, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu, India

‘Using less produces more’ is becoming a promising characteristic for sustainability of

modern agriculture despite the great contribution of intensive agriculture with ‘high input, high

output’ to the growth of food production in the past. The status of agriculture today is more

complex than before because of the increased demand for global food production while also

protecting environmental quality and conserving natural resources in the coming decades.

Simultaneously achieving high nutrient use efficiency and high crop productivity has become a

challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and

deterioration of environmental conditions. The overuse of chemical fertilizers and ignoring the

intrinsic potential benefits of biological processes in crop exploitation of nutrient resources in the

soil are experienced. The root-induced rhizosphere processes not only determine mobilization

and acquisition of soil nutrients as well as microbial dynamics, but also control nutrient use

efficiency by crops, and thus profoundly influence crop production and sustainability. Therefore,

manipulating root growth and rhizosphere processes provides an effective approach to improve

nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity simultaneously. The main strategies of

root/rhizosphere management are: (1) manipulating root growth in terms of both morphological

and physiological traits (2) intensifying rhizosphere processes in terms of acidification and

carboxylate exudation; and (3) synchronizing root-zone nutrient supply with crop demand by

integrated soil–crop system management.


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Soil solarization technique for non-chemical soil borne diseases and weed management

*Stesi. S, S.V.Varshini and Saurab Munnoli

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore -641003.

Soil Solarization is a non-chemical, hydrothermal method of soil disinfestation

accomplished by passive solar heating of plastic film-covered soil. It controls various soil-borne

pests and diseases, nematodes and weeds, also influences the soil physio-chemical properties,

plant growth and yield. The critical factors that determine the disinfection efficiency are soil

temperature, mulching materials, soil moisture and climatic conditions. Balancing the need to

control soilborne pathogens and weeds in agricultural and horticultural systems is an immense

challenge for researchers and farmers alike. The indiscriminate chemical treatments will create

severe environmental hazards, thus, nonchemical soil disinfection methods are being widely

pursued in recent years. Among these, soil solarization is one of the most promising methods and

lesser cost compared to chemical treatments and also it can be used in situations where chemical

soil disinfestation is not permitted. Soil solarization is most effective when performed during the

hotter months and relatively small increases in temperature could induce less time requirement

for controlling soil-borne disease and weeds. Soil solarization is more effective on moist soil

than dry soil. Soil moisture has also been reported to increase the thermal sensitivity of

pathogens (McGovern and McSorley, 1997). In addition, soil moisture combined with heat

increases the metabolism of the weed seeds and reduces their viability to germinate. In some

cases soil solarization can break the seed dormancy of weed seeds before killing them during

germination (Rubin and Baruch, 2012). The purpose of this review is to compile the scattered

available information regarding soil solarization studies for exploring further possibilities and its

scope in a broader sense and also analyzing the efficiency based on the so far studies conducted

elsewhere in the world.

.Strategies for enhancing pulse production in India – A review

*1S. Sangavi and 2S. Porpavai

1Department of Agronomy, Tamil nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

2Professor and Head, Soil and Water Management Research Institute, Thanjavur

Pulses, a subgroup of legumes, are crop plants belong to Leguminaceae family. They

are important food crops that play a major role in addressing global food security. They have


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prime importance in healthy diet since they are the primary source of protein, vitamins and

minerals. They are climate resilience crops and its role is inevitable in sustainable agriculture

also. India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and also importer of pulses. Pulse

production in India is stagnated around 18 million tonnes over last decade. Due to this

stagnation, the gap of domestic demand and supply widen sharply. About 20 % of the total

pulses demands of our country are met by imports only. Per capita availability of pulses has

declined sharply from 61 g/day to 43 g/day from 1951 to 2015 but the FAO recommendation is

80 g/day. This shortfall has serious nutritional implications especially to children and women in

rural areas. To overcome this problem, the pulse production must be increased up to 26.5

million tons by the year 2050. Unavailability of quality seeds, biotic and abiotic stress,

agronomic constrains, low price and fragmented markets are some of the important constrains in

pulse production in India. These constrains can be overcome by good crop management,

increased seed replacement ratio, better marketing and by stabilizing the price of pulses to attain

self-sufficiency in India.

Sustainable weed management through conservation agriculture

*P. Kunjammal, Yenebala Lavanya and Senthilkumar D

Department of Agronomy, Agriculture College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore.

Conservation agriculture (CA) is the simplest form which includes minimum soil

disturbance, permanent soil cover and crop rotation. CA has several advantages in terms of soil

health parameters. However, weeds are the major biotic constraint in CA, posing as a great

challenge towards its adoption. The presence of weed seeds on the upper soil surface, due to no

tillage operation, leads to higher weed infestation in CA, and so far, herbicides are the only

answer to deal with this problem. Overreliance of herbicide use has shown its consequence in

terms of environmental pollution, weed shift and herbicide resistance development in weeds.

Growing herbicide-tolerant crops using nonselective herbicides could be a broad-spectrum weed

management technique to tackle weed shift, but the same is being resulted in the evolution of

more problematic ‘super weed’. These observations indicate the need of integrated weed

management technologies involving the time tested cultural practices, viz. competitive crop

cultivars, mulches, cover crops, intercrops with allelopathic potential, crop diversification,


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planting geometry, efficient nutrient, water management, etc., along with limited and site-

specific herbicide application.

Vertical farming: A novel technology for agriculture

*D. Sowndharya, S. Sandhiya, V. Santhiya, P. Shanmuga Priya, A. Ramachandran and G.

Parimala


Advancements in the field of science and technology along with the global urbanization

are the major factors driving the course and evolution of agricultural research. Rise in per capita

income in developing nations, occupational changes and global linkages have changed the food

preferences. These trends along with the increase in population pose a challenge to agriculture

for producing more & better food. Increase in the productivity of agriculture by employing

techniques of conventional (20th century) agriculture is posing a limitation. The threat to

environment, due to dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides for increasing productivity

and pest management respectively is major constraint affecting the global food production.

These trends suggest that new innovations in agriculture are inevitably needed and these

innovations should be integrated with the main stream agriculture (the big agriculture as we may

call). Vertical farming is one of the ways to fight these constraints. Vertical farming employs

vertical stacking of the farms therefore small land can be utilized for more production. In

addition, this technique is well suited for the rapidly growing global urban population as the

demands of food supply can be met from within the cities and thus reducing the transportation

cost and environment deterioration caused by fuels in the process. Thus, these techniques can be

utilized for increasing the production and productivity to meet the growing food demands.

Weed management through nano herbicides

Sandra Maria Saju

The agricultural practices associated with Green Revolution have greatly increased food

supply, but excessive and inappropriate use of farm-inputs has increased toxins in soils,

groundwater and surface waters threatening life and life supporting systems. Out of the total

annual consumption of 2 million tons of pesticides, herbicides share 47.5 per cent. Weeds are

menace in agriculture. Two-third of Indian agriculture is rainfed farming where usage of


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herbicide is very limited. Weed shift and emergence of herbicide resistant weeds are also issues

of concern. Nanotechnology throws rays of hope for the development of nano herbicides with

highly specific, controlled release and increased efficiency to evade the weed competition under

different ecosystem of crop production. Nano herbicides under development in the current

decade could be a new strategy to address all the problems caused by the conventional

herbicides. Nano herbicides inhibits activity of viable belowground plant parts like rhizomes or

tubers, which act as a source for new weeds in the ensuing season, which are not acted upon by

conventional herbicides. Nanoherbicides are being developed to address the problems in

perennial weed management and exhausting weed seed bank. Nanotechnology will be

successful, if these chemicals are target specific, release them in controlled manner, show

superior efficiency, and effective in different ecosystems to thwart weed competition. Nano

herbicide is an area with great scope for research works in future.

Weed seed bank as a cause of weed perpetuation

*Yenebala Lavanya, S. Saptagiri and D. Senthilkumar

Department of Agronomy, Agriculture College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore.

The seed bank is the resting place of weed seeds and is an important component of the

life cycle of weeds. Seed banks are the sole source of future weed populations of the weed

species both annuals and perennials that reproduce only by seeds. For this reason, understanding

fate of seeds in the seed bank can be an important component of overall weed control. When

weed seeds enter the seed bank, several factors influence the duration for which seeds persist..

Weed shift; an emerging menace

Sathyapriya. K

Department of Agronomy, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

Weeds present a continual challenge for profitable crop production. In modern

agriculture, with more emphasis on single weed control method particularly herbicides will lead

to weed population shift. The purpose of this paper is to know about some of the causes and

consequences behind weed shifts and also to suggest some weed management practices that will

reduce weed shifts and helps in effective control of weeds. Repetition of same weed control

method over period of years, usage of same herbicides, herbicides with same mode of action and


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inappropriate dose, monocropping, development of biotypes and also some agronomic practices

will serve the path for weed shifts. Weed shift doesn’t only mean that shift from one genus to

other, it will also occur within the species. Further, weed shift are long-range risk and direct

result of lack of species diversification. In order to overcome this menace, the sole consideration

of individual species for management is unlikely to be sufficient to manage weed shift. To

conclude that, the best solution is to develop a holistic approach on integrated weed management

strategy to prevent the occurrence of weed shift.

Biochar: Soil Health Enhancer

*A. Karthik and M. Uma Maheswari


Biochar is a carbonaceous material produced through pyrolysis of biomass and unique

material that when applied as soil amendment can effectively improve the physical, chemical and

biological properties of soil, and thereby solve many of the soil limitations. Biochar is persistent

in soils and its beneficial effects are longer lasting when compared to other forms of organic

matter such as manure. The unique characteristics of the Biochar is , its effectiveness in retaining

most nutrients and keeping them available to plants than other organic matter such as for

example common leaf litter, compost or manures. The long persistence of biochar in soil also

makes it a prime material for the mitigation of climate change as a potential sink for atmospheric

carbon dioxide. The success of effective reduction of greenhouse gases depends on the

associated net emission reductions through biochar sequestration. Application of biochar has led

to improvement in soil fertility and crop productivity and crop response varied with the

physicochemical nature. Biochar has a bulk density much lower than that of mineral soils and,

therefore, application of biochar may increase the volume of unit weight soil and thereby reduces

the bulk density of the soil. Biochar additions can increase the pH of amended soils by 0.4–1.2

pH units, with greater increases observed in sandy and loamy soils than in clayey soils. It also

positively increased the soil pH in acidic red soil. It incubation can balance the acidity of soil,

enhance soil nutrients such as K and Mg and hence can improve soil fertility status. There is still

no evident that biochar may exert which chemical, biological and physical effects on soil

microbial communities and their related interactions with plants, and on possible nutrient use.

Earthworms and microorganisms are responsible for performing ecosystem engineering tasks in


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soil, specifically for nutrient cycling, organic matter degradation and soil hydrology. Biochar can

promote the activity of microorganisms, but there is little evidence of its effect on soil fauna

Effect of bio-char on soil properties and its uses

Arun Balaji G

Department of Agronomy, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu.

Bio-char is first coined by Peter Read at Massey university is the result of biomass

(including wood and agricultural residues) in a zero to low oxygen environment to produce a

charcoal like material, which can be used as a soil amendment. Bio-char is typically alkaline

which is beneficial to increase the pH of the acid soil. The properties of bio-char in the soil

change over time but proportion is stable and it also brings carbon storage benefits. Bio-char

improves crop yield, reduces need for mineral fertilizer and supports peasant farmer. India’s

population and carbon emission are rising fast and of all the most polluting nation US, China,

Russia, Japan and European union only India’s carbon emission are rising 6.7 % in 2016 and it

will rise only by 2% to 2.5% in 2017 and the same can further be reduced by bio-char application

and management which will counteract deforestation, protect biodiversity, increase crop

production, improve agricultural waste management and remove carbon from the atmosphere

and function crucial to a carbon negative strategy to fight global warming.

Nanotechnology in smart agriculture development and crop protection

*1B. Bharathi, 2S. Vijayakumar, 3A. Ramachandran and 4G. Parimala 1, 3 &4Mother Terasa College of Agriculture, Pudukkottai – 622102, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, India

With the increase in the world population and the demand for food, new agricultural

practices have been developed to improve food production through the use of more effective

pesticides and fertilisers. Today, nanotechnology represents a promising approach to improve

agricultural production and remediate polluted sites. This idea is part of the evolving science

of precision agriculture, in which farmers use technology to target their use of water, fertilizer

and other inputs. Nanotechnology – designing ultra small particles like nanocapsules,

nanoparticles and even viral capsids, are examples of uses for the detection and treatment of

diseases, the enhancement of nutrients absorption by plants, plants growth and development the


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delivery of active ingredients to specific sites and water treatment processes. The use of target-

specific nanoparticles can reduce the damage to non-target plant tissues and the amount of

chemicals released into the environment. Nanotechnology derived devices are also explored in

the field of plant breeding and genetic transformation. Applications of nanotechnology in

agriculture are still in their infancy and not many studies have been carried out in this field.

Despite the scientific and technical knowledge achieved so far, in many conditions, crop

productivity potential has not been fully realised. Nanotechnology offers a new scientific

approach to break this yield barrier and may improve our understanding of the biology of

different crops. This has the potential to enhance yields and nutritional values, and improve

systems for monitoring environmental conditions and delivering nutrients or pesticides as

appropriate. It can offer solutions to meet the challenges of food security and of environmental

remediation.

Adverse factors: Mangroves exposing and tolerance with some adapting mechanism

its sustainable growth.

*Ranganathan .R, Kumaravel .S and Vinoth .R

Department of Botany Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram- 608 002.

Mangroves are the salt-tolerant forest ecosystem. They have high level of production

among all other ecosystems. It has extremely dynamic ecological entities which supply energy

to aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The Mangrove plants affected by number of biotic and abiotic

factors, such as high salt, low temperature, drought, and high temperature etc. the common

abiotic stress factors. Mangroves can exposed various biotic stress factors such as microbial

pathogens includes (viruses, bacteria and fungi, nematodes, insects etc.,) in this result the

produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) within cellular compartments to the plant cell are

detrimental for the plants. In both biotic and abiotic stress factors causes severe damages and

also decrease in productions, totally collapsing the normal behaviour of the plants. However, the

mangrove plants are able to withstand these stress conditions with its special adaptations such as

(viviparous germination, salt exclusion, salt excreting, pnematophores, knee root, butter root,

stilt root, succulence leaf lamina, cryptoviviparous germinations) by functional, morphological

and physiological it helps to maintain sustainable growth and production.


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Biological nitrogen fixation by non-legumes

M. Rajasekar

Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu

Nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient. It is the nutrient that is most commonly deficient,

contributing to reduced agricultural yields throughout the world. Molecular nitrogen or

dinitrogen (N2) makes up four fifths of the atmosphere, but is metabolically unavailable

directly to higher plants or animals. It is available to some microorganisms through

biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia

by the enzyme nitrogenase. Cereals in particular wheat, rice and maize account for major

share in global fertilizer N consumption. A number of non leguminous plants are recognized

to have the ability to fix N2 either through exogenous or endogenous symbiosis with N2

fixing microorganisms. A nitrogen fixing bacterium can exist freely or in symbiosis and in

either case entraps atmospheric nitrogen and converts the unreactive N2 molecule to NH3, a

form that is readily utilized by plants. Unlike the Rhizobium-legume interaction, endophytes

are not restricted to a specific compartment but occur in the mainstream plant roots, stems

and leaves. Some cereal crops of commercial importance like rice, wheat, maize and millets

are found to have association with microorganisms that are capable of assimilating

atmospheric nitrogen. Endophytes, used as inoculants for plants (non-legume), proved to be

an efficient source of N that can partly substitute urea N in the cultivation of rice and other

cereals. The need for an improved means of delivering nitrogen to cereals and other non-

legume crops is crucial for the future of sustainable agriculture. The development of a

nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacterium can be applied to all staple food crops and substitute

for mineral nitrogen fertilizers.

Antibiotic producing endophytic Bacillus subtilis in cotton plants

*M. Magesh, P. Ahila Devi, K. Rajappan and Ravi, V

National Pulse Research Centre, Vamban, Pudukkottai District

Cotton the ‘white gold’ enjoys a predominant position amongst all cash crops in India.

Cotton is an important raw material for the Indian textile industry, constituting about 65% of its

requirements. It is also an employment generator as its cultivation provides 200 men days/ha

and about 60 million people earn their livelihood through its cultivation or trade and processing.


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Cotton is the most important fiber crop, cultivated over an area of 9.0 million hectare in India

and ranks first in area and second in production in the world. Cotton crop that has its own unique

disease complex requires adequate protection from a large number of soil borne diseases that

causes damage on different growth stages of cotton crop. The Fusarium oxysporum. f .sp

.vasinfectum disease has a wide distribution and causes severe damages on cotton, which has

been reported from United States. Management of foliar diseases by means of fungicides is

widely practiced in many cotton-growing areas. Extensive fungicide application incurs added

costs to producers and repeated use of fungicides leads to fungicide-tolerant strains and reduces

the biodiversity of soil microbes. Hence new molecules, which are less hazardous, can be

combined with biocontrol agents and botanicals for the management of foliar diseases. The

plant-associated bacteria colonize the rhizosphere (rhizobacteria), the phyllosphere (epiphytes)

and inside the plant tissues (endophytes). Endophytes are sheltered from environmental stresses

and microbial competition by the host plant and they seem to be ubiquitous in plant tissues, having

been isolated from flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, roots and seeds of various plant species (Kobayashi

and Palumbo, 2000). Recent studies have shown the potential role of endophytic bacteria in plant

growth promotion and phytopathogen control. Several bacterial endophytes have been shown to

support plant growth and increase nutrient uptake by providing phytohormones and biologically

nitrogen fixing Endophytic bacteria can not only promote plant growth and act as biocontrol

agents, and also produce nature products to control plant diseases and reducing disease severity .

Some endophytes offer increased resistance to pathogens thus making them ideal candidates for

biological control.

Phytoremediation using technology in plants

* D. Mahalakshmi, E. Susmitha, P. Saranya, P. T. Monica, A. Ramachandran and

G. Parimala


Phytoremediation is the name given to a set of technologies that use different plants as

containment, destruction, or extraction technique. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) seeks to protect human health and environment from risks associated with hazardous

waste sites. Phytoremediation may be applied wherever soil or static water environment has

become polluted or suffering ongoing chronic pollution. Past 20 years, this technology has


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become increasingly popular and employed at sites with soils contaminated with lead, uranium,

cadmium, mercury. Some of the phytoremediation mechanisms are Rhizosphere biodegradation,

phyto-stabilization, phyto-extraction, Rhizofiltration, phyto-volatilization, hydraulic control,

phytodegradation.

Host range and cross infectivity of the genus Magnaporthe grisea

*1S. Shanmugapackiam and 2T. Raguchander

1ICAR – Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vamban, Pudukkottai – 622 303

2Department of Plant Pathology,, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003.

Blast (Magnaporthe grisea) is an economically important disease of finger millet in

India. The cross infectivity of M. grisea isolates of leaf, neck and finger blast from finger millet

can infect weed host viz., Pennisetum cenchroides, Pennisetum purpureum and Cynodon

dactylon but not the rice, foxtail millet and little millet. The vice versa pattern of cross infection

were observed between the leaf, neck and finger blast pathogens. This shows that the weed

management is more important in finger millet fields to manage the blast disease and growing of

finger millet adjacent to weed host is dangerous for blast epidemics in finger millet since weed

host viz., P. cenchroides, P. purpureum and C. dactylon serves as the source of inoculums.

IDM; A comprehensive approach in chilli

Arjun, K.

Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute (HC&RI),

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu State, India.

Protecting crop plants in the challenging environment is rising with increase in the human

population. Chilli is the important vegetable and commercial spice crop grown throughout the

country in the almost all states, although there is a enormous scope to enhance the productivity

of chilli, a number of limiting factors hindering the success; among which, the damage caused by

pest and diseases. The crop loss due to disease is upto 100 per cent if not managed at the right

time. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is a multidisciplinary approach of management of

disease for sustainable crop production by integration of cultural, physical, biological and

chemical strategies; Among these, biological control is emerging as an effective approach, but

bio-formulations have only inadequate share in the global pesticide scenario and are under


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exploited. Need based control strategy not only reduce the pesticide consumption and

environment abuse, but also helps in maintaining the disease infestation level below the

economic threshold level. Nevertheless, the use of IDM strategy is gaining momentum, but in

developing countries it often lacks the enabling environment for its successful implementation.

Chilling injury management in warm and cool season vegetable crops

T. Dharani

Assistant Professor (Horticulture), JSA College of Agriculture and Technology, Cuddalore

Chilling injury is a disorder of vegetable crops of tropical and subtropical origin. The

ideal temperature for chilling injury varies with the crops, it occurs at temperatures below 10°–

13°C. The cause of chilling injury to damage the plant cell membranes followed by secondary

reactions, it may include ethylene production, increased respiration, and reduced photosynthesis.

This leads to cause following symptoms surface lesions on leaves and fruits, abnormal curling,

lobbing and crinkling of leaves, loss of vigour (potato). This chilling injury can be effectively

managed by application of Plant growth regulators (salicylic acid, Polyamines and mefluidide).

Cultivation of vegetable crops under protected structures (high tunnels and low tunnels) and crop

improvement programme by conventional breeding and transgenic approaches. Using resistant

sources like Solanum curtilobum species of potato and Solanum habrochaites of tomato is

resistance to frost which is used for conventional breeding. Potato var. Kufri Sheetman and

Tomato var. Pusa Sheetal is developed for areas where frost is a problem. Transgenic approach

tomato for chilling injury has successfully tried a tomato variety Pusa Ruby was introgressed

with Osmotin gene through Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation to enhance inbuilt

cold stress tolerance.

Studies on behavior and characterization of off-season bearing mango (Mangifera indica

L.) in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu

*1A. Raj Kumar, 2V. Sangeetha and 3M. Vaidheki

1KRISAT, Usilampatti, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

3KRISAT, Usilampatti, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India


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Mango, the “National fruit of India” is one of the most important tropical fruits of the

World. Indo-Burma-Siam region and Malaya are considered to be the probable places of origin.

It is referred in Sanskrit literature as Amra and was under cultivation by man for over 4000

years. Mango varieties bearing off-season fruits in Kanyakumari district are Neelum, Bangalora,

Kalepad, Olur, Mundappa, Humayudin, Banganapalli, Jahangir, Mulgoa, Pairi, Padari and

Gudadhad. Among the off-season bearing varieties, the major production share is from Neelum,

Bangalora, Kalepad and Banganapalil. One of the special features of mango cultivation in

southern districts of Tamil Nadu is the availability of main crop during April to July and off-

season crop during August to January months. Since off-season flowering is observed during

August to September and it is noticed even upto October. In general the peak flowering is during

August to September and fruiting is during December to January. This phenomenon is due to

varietal character, nutritional status and the peculiar seasonal conditions prevailing only in these

areas. The off-season production technology at present is more economical but it is not stable.

The viability of the off-season mango production depends on the development of a precision and

cost effective technology.

Bioreclamation of salt affected soils in arid and semi arid regions

*1Revathy. V, 2K. Shanmugasundaram and 3M. Nagarajan 1&2Dept of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering & Agricultural Structures,

AEC & RI, TNAU, Kumulur, Trichy.

3Soil and Water Management, Rice Research Institute, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur, Tamil nadu

In arid and semi arid regions, salinity is one of the crucial problems causing great

reduction in crop production all over the world. Out of an estimated area 173 million hectares of

totally degraded land in India, approximately 7 million hectares are affected by salinity. To

maximize crop productivity, these areas should be brought under utilization where there are

options for removing salinity or using the salt-tolerant crops. Use of salt-tolerant crops does not

remove the salts present in soil and hence halophytes that have capacity to accumulate and

exclude the salt can be an effective way. Methods for salt removal include agronomic practices

or phytoremediation. Vegetative bioremediation or bioreclamation of salt-affected soils is

followed and it is an economic solution mainly for developing countries since chemical additions

are becoming increasingly expensive. The ability of some halophytes can be used to desalinize a


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saline soil where leaching of salt is not possible . In halophyte grown soil, the soil salinity is

reduced and the plants were able to decrease the soil electrical conductivity by absorbing soluble

salts, mainly sodium ions. Utilization of halophytes for reducing salinity can be good sources for

meeting the basic needs of people in salt-affected areas

Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Podophyllotoxin – An Overview

Department of Botany, Periyar E. V. R. College (Autonomous), Trichy - 620 023. Tamil Nadu

Podophyllotoxin (PPT, C22H22O8) is the most abundant non-alkaloid toxin lignan isolated

from Podophyllin, the resin obtained from species of the genera Podophyllum (Berberidaceae). It

is otherwise known as Podofilox which is present in concentrations of 0.3-1.0% in the rhizomes

of mayapple. The Podophyllotoxin molecule includes a number of oxygen containing functional

groups: an alcohol, a lactone, three methoxy groups, and an acetal. Podophyllotoxin possesses a

large number of medical applications and can be used as a cathartic, purgative, antiviral agent,

vesicant and anthelminthic. Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives are precursors for anti-tumor

agents such as etoposide and teniposide. Podophyllotoxin is included in many Pharmacopoeias

and used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of Condyloma acuminatum caused by human

papilloma virus (HPV) and other venereal and perianal warts. It is also used as a gel or solution

to treat warts. Podophyllotoxin and analog compounds are also active against cytomegalovirus

and Sindbis virus. It is also effective in the treatment of anogenital warts in children and against

Molluscum contagiosum, which is generally a self-limiting benign skin disease that affects

mostly children, young adults and HIV patients. It is effective in the treatment of Wilms tumors,

different types of genital tumors (e.g., Carcinoma verrucosum) and in non-Hodgkin’s and other

lymphomas. The mechanism of action of Podophyllotoxin is based on inhibiting the

polymerization of tubulin and arresting the cell cycle in the metaphase.

SOY THRILLS

*1Rosy Bansal and 2Monika Hans 1Dept. of Food Tech., GSSDGS Khalsa College Patiala, Punjab, India

2Dept. of Food Tech., SGGS World University, Fathegarh Saheb, Punjab, India

Soybean (Glycine max) a grain legume is the least expensive and quality wise at par with

animal protein and contains high quality nutrition, nutraceuticals and therapeutic ingredient that


230

help people to live longer, healthier and happier with enhanced quality of life. In fact, soy

fortified diet suits the richest of the rich on health ground and poorest of the poor on economic

consideration. Soybean is having 40 per cent good quality protein and 20 per cent oil has gained

acceptance and is now cultivated in about 10 million hectare in India with a production of nearly

13.4 million tonnes. Soy protein is the least expensive and quality wise at par with animal protein

and contains high quality nutrition, nutraceuticals and therapeutic ingredient that help people to

live longer, healthier and happier with enhanced quality of life. The American Cancer Society

says that breast cancer patients can safely consume up to three servings of traditional soyfoods

per day. Research has shown that calcium absorption from soymilk and cow’s milk is pretty

much the same and that there is no evidence that soy foods cause mineral deficiencies or

imbalances. Soy foods do not contain estrogens, although they do contain isoflavone

phytochemicals that fall in the “phytoestrogen” or “plant” estrogens grouping. Clinical evidence

indicates that soy foods do not feminize men or lower their testosterone levels or lower their

sperm concentration. Soy foods may actually offer men specifically several health benefits. For

example, evidence suggests soy foods may be protective against prostate cancer. Soy protein

actually contains all essential amino acids in sufficient amounts to meet biological requirements

and is therefore considered a complete protein.

Forage-based systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

*D. Senthilkumar, P. Kunjammal, Y. Lavanya, S. Selvakumar and S. Sapthagiri

Dept. of Agronomy, Agrl. Coll. & Res. Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore

Livestock play a central role in global food systems and thus in food security, accounting

for 40% of global agri-cultural gross domestic product; at least 600 million of the world’s poor

depend on income from livestock. Forage grass is the most consumed feed in the world (2.3 Gt

in 2000), representing 48% of all biomass consumed by livestock. Livestock production is a

major contributor to green-house gas (GHG) emissions. An additional 17% of emissions is

attributed to land-use changes related to agriculture and deforestation for grazing (IPCC 2007).

Comparing the environmental footprint of systems requires not only analysis of their direct GHG

emissions but also the environmental costs of feed production. Transport accounts for 11–12% of

GHG emissions from feedlots in Europe feeding soy-bean produced in Brazil. Forage-based

systems can mitigate GHG emis-sions by: (1) increasing C stocks; (2) reducing CH4 emissions


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per unit of livestock product and net CH4 emissions by reducing animal numbers; and (3)

reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Sown tropical forages can accumulate large amounts of

C in soil, particularly in the deeper layers. Forage diets with high digestibility plus high energy

and protein concentrations produce less CH4 per unit of meat or milk produced. Current

emissions of N2O are about 17 Mt N/yr and by 2100 are projected to increase four-fold, largely

due to increased use of N fertilizer. Up to 70% of fertilizer N applied in intensive cereal produc-

tion systems is lost by nitrification. Some plants release Biological Nitrification Inhibitors

(BNIs) from their roots, which suppress nitrifier activity and reduce soil nitrification and N2O

emission, particularly B. humidicola and B. decumbens. Agroforestry arrangements combining

forage plants with shrubs and trees for animal nutrition and complementary uses are known as

silvopastoral systems (SPSs). The main benefits of SPSs compared with treeless pastures are:

(i) increased animal production per ha (up to 4-fold) (ii) improvement of soil properties due to

increased N input by N-fixing trees, enhanced availability of nutrients from leaf litter and greater

uptake and cycling of nutrients from deeper soil layers (iii) enhanced resilience of the soil to

degradation, nutrient loss and climate change (iv) higher C storage in both above-ground and

below-ground compartments of the system and (v) improved habitat quality for biodiversity.

Re-incorporation in crop lands and pastures results in greater net C storage above and below

ground. Animals fed with tropical legumes produce 20% less CH4 than those fed with C4

grasses.

Atmospheric brown clouds

S. Suganthi


Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABCs) are widespread pollution clouds that can at times

span an entire continent or an ocean basin. ABCs extend vertically from the ground upward to as

high as 3 km, and they consist of both aerosols and gases. ABCs consist of anthropogenic

aerosols such as sulfates, nitrates, organics, and black carbon and natural dust aerosols.

The brownish color of the cloud is due to absorption of solar radiation at short wavelengths by

organic and black carbon aerosols as well as by nitrate. While the local nature of ABCs around

polluted cities has been known since the early 1900s, the widespread transoceanic and

transcontinental natures of ABCs as well as their large-scale effects on climate, hydrological


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cycle, and agriculture were discovered inadvertently. The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX),

an international experiment conducted in the 1990s over the Indian Ocean. A major discovery of

INDOEX was that ABCs caused drastic dimming at the surface. The magnitude of the dimming

was as large as 10–20% over vast areas of land and ocean regions. The dimming was shown to

be accompanied by significant atmospheric absorption of solar radiation by black and brown

carbon. Black and brown carbon, ozone and methane contribute as much as 40% to

anthropogenic radiative forcing. The dimming by sulfates, nitrates, and carbonaceous species has

been shown to disrupt and weaken the monsoon circulation over southern Asia. In addition, the

ozone in ABCs leads to a significant decrease in agriculture yields (by as much as 20–40%) in

the polluted regions. The importance of ABCs to global environmental problems led the United

Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) form a international ABC program called as Climate

and Clean Air Coalition. This ABC program subsequently led to the identification of short-lived

climate pollutants as potent mitigation agents of climate change.

Mobile Applications for Farmers

R. Ponnulakshmi* and M. Suguna

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College

In the modern era of agriculture, the mobile applications are helpful for agricultural

development. There are many authenticated free mobile applications are available for the public

use. IFFCO Kisan- This application was launched by Government of India which gives

information about Market prices, Weather forecasts, Agricultural advisory, guidance related to

agricultural practices. Another app called, Indian Farmer, helps the farmers to sell their goods

without depending on the middleman. The app, Farmers E-market helps the farmers to display

and sell their goods such as animals, poultry, fishes, diary and other farm products. In UK,

Farmers Guardian, the agricultural national e-newspaper is also available with the mobile

application updating the latest farming news, machinery reviews, comments, analysis and show

coverage on agriculture today.

Effective control of parthenium through non-chemical methods

*Vidyashree B.S and P. Muraliarthanari

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003,


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Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is world’s problematic weed. Parthenium is

native to the subtropical regions of North and South America and has spread like wild fire across

the globe. Nowadays, management of Parthenium is completely dependent on synthetic

herbicides. Driving force for usage of herbicides is its low cost and quick action. Looking in to

present farming situation, we need to control parthenium by an eco-friendly and bio efficacy

methods for sustainability of environment. Efforts are being made to use natural plant

metabolites for weed management. It has been observed that leachates, residues and essential

oils of many competitive or allelopathic plant species found to inhibit the germination and

growth of Parthenium. Herbicidal properties of aqueous root and shoot extracts of three

allelopathic crops, viz. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) evaluated against germination and growth of the noxious alien weed

Parthenium were effective. Many grasses are known to exhibit allelopathy to preclude the

associated weed species. Crude preparations or pure compounds of Imperata cylindrica grass is

an effective germination inhibitor against Parthenium. Aqueous extracts of 2–8 per cent

concentration of Eucalyptus citriodora, E. camaldulensis, Azadirachta indicaL., Melia dubia L.,

Ficus beghalensisL., Syzium cumini L. significantly suppressed germination and reduced the root

and shoot length of Parthenium. Leaf-feeding beetle of Zygogramma bicolorata showed

promising results. Hence, it is concluded that successful management and effective control of

this weed could only be achieved by an integrated approach in which non chemical control is

one of the important component, because of its cost effectiveness, environmental safety and

sustainability.

Nano clay polymer composites: An emerging technology for wastewater treatment

*Amritha, K. and JayasreeSankar, S.

Kerala Agricultural University

An attempt was made here to review the applications of nano clay polymer composites

(NCPCs) for wastewater treatment. This technology is emerging out as the sixth revolutionary

technology in the current era after the industrial revolution, nuclear energy revolution, the green

revolution, information technology revolution and biotechnology revolution. Nano clay polymer

composites are formed by blending polymer and clayminerals. Clays in the nanometer scale with

its nano scale dispersion within the polymer matrix maximizes the overall efficiency of


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NCPCs.Trinitrophenol is an anionic phenol derivative used mainly in the explosives industry

which was found to be toxic to both humans and the environment.Montmorillonite–poly-4-

vinylpyridine-co-styrene nanocomposite gave better adsorption efficiency for the removal of

pollutant and trinitrophenol removal efficiency was approximately 99.5 per cent.Water is also

polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping. Oil

cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This suffocates fish, gets caught

in the feathers of marine birds stopping them from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic

aquatic plants. Highest oil removal efficiency was recorded in treatment contain nano clay

polymer composites compared to powdered activated carbon. Rectorite, a type of layered

silicate, was used to prepare the intercalated nanocomposites with quaternized chitosangave a

highest killing rate of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Nano clay polymer composites shows

better adsorption capacity and it is effective for the removal of chemical, biological, and physical

contaminants existing in the ecosystem.

Rice root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden and Birchfield, 1965) an

emerging problem in rice fields of Tamil Nadu

*P. Suresh, K. Poornima and S. Subramanian

Department of Nematology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003

Rice (Oryzasativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. It is

used as staple food for majority of the world populations, predominantly in Asia where more

than 90% of world rice is grown and consumed. Out of the total rice area under cultivation, 53%

is irrigated, 31% is lowland rainfed and 13% is upland and 3% is under deep water. Rice crop is

affected by several abiotic and biotic stresses, of which plant parasitic nematodes constitute an

important component. The rice root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola is considered one

of the limiting factors in rice production in all rice ecosystems. In upland rice, there is an

estimated yield reduction 2.6% in grain yield for every 1000 nematodes present around young

seedlings. In irrigated rice, damage is caused in nurseries before transplanting or before flooding

in the case of direct seedling. It has become an emerging problem in the nurseries and upland

rice along with its widespread occurrence in the deepwater and irrigated rice in the different

countries of Southeast Asia. Second stage juveniles (J2s) penetrate the roots closely behind the

root tip; migrate to vascular cylinder turning it into multinucleated giant cells, by endomitosis


235

and cell hypertrophy characterized by hook shaped galls. Meloidogyne graminicola is the most

common Root Knot Nematode (RKN) species infecting rice. In India, it is reported to cause

17-30% yield loss due to poorly filled kernels. The stylet length of second stage juveniles 12.86

µm (11.5 -12.5 µm). Perineal pattern, dorso ventrally ovoid, sometimes low dorsal arch, smooth

striae lateral line absent.

Crop cutting experiments

*Panchali Meena. S and K. Prabhakaran

AC&RI, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Now a days, our day to day activity is based on planning and planning is based on the

data. Particularly in case of agricultural data the planning like five year planning, schemes etc

which based on data and the processing of data (agricultural statistics). India has a well-

established system of collection of agricultural statistics. The information on various agricultural

statistics used to be collected even during Moguls period and continued to be improved in the

British period. The statistics on crop include the data of crop area, yield, processing, marketing,

forecasting etc., among this crop area and crop yield is called backbone and body of the

Agricultural statistical system. Thus for improving the sources and collection of data the

Directorate of Economics and Statistics created General Crop Estimation Survey. In which the

total area is estimated by the complete enumeration and the average yield is estimated by the

Stratified Multistage Random Sampling. After this the total production is estimated by the

product of these two values. Several new technologies are available for the identification of the

survey number, identification of the crop on the particular survey number and mobile app is

available which shows the results of crop cutting experiment. But the present procedure is not

sufficient we have to focus more on the how many hectares or percentage comes under high

fertile soil and other groups etc in case of area statistics while in yield statistics it has to extended

to various soil types, various climatic factors etc.,

Annexure - I


236

ANNEXURE – I

E-mail address of the corresponding author

Name E-mail

AARTHI S [email protected]

ADLIN PRICILLA VASANTHI E [email protected]

AHILA DEVI [email protected]

AJAYKUMAR R [email protected]

AMEENA PREMNATH [email protected]

AMRITHA K [email protected]

AMRITHA K [email protected]

ANBARASI MURUGESAN [email protected]

ANBARASU MARIYAPPILLAI [email protected]

ANJANA DEVARAJ G [email protected]

ANJU [email protected]

ANN MARY MATHEW [email protected]

ANUSHMA S [email protected]

APARNA B [email protected]

ARIVARASAN S [email protected]

ARJUN K [email protected]

ARJUN K [email protected]

AROCKIA STEPHEN RAJ J [email protected]

ARUN BALAJI G [email protected]

ASHOKKUMAR N [email protected]

ASOONTHA [email protected]

BALAMURUGAN V [email protected]

BALMURUGAN M [email protected]

BHARATH MP [email protected]

BHARATHI B [email protected]

BIJI JOSEPH [email protected]

BIJJULA SRUTHI [email protected]

BRINDAVATHY R [email protected]

CHANDRAPRABHA S [email protected]

CHIPPY A K [email protected]

CHITRA M [email protected]

D.SOWNDHARYA [email protected]

DAISY M [email protected]


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Name E-mail

DEEPA SANKARI R [email protected]

DELINCE J [email protected]

DEVIPRIYA J [email protected]

DHANALAKSHMI K [email protected]

DHANALAKSHMI V N [email protected]

DHANANIVETHA M [email protected]

DHARANI PRIYA N [email protected]

DHARANIDHARAN [email protected]

DHARMALINGAM P [email protected]

DHEEPA R [email protected]

DHILSHA S [email protected]

DHIVYA M [email protected]

DINESH A [email protected]

DINESH KUMA R P [email protected]

DIVYABHARATHI V [email protected]

DOMINIC RAJKUMAR [email protected]

ELAKKIYA N [email protected]

ELANGO K [email protected]

GANESH SARAVANAN K [email protected]

GANTHIMATHI P [email protected]

GIRIBABU P [email protected]

GNANACHITRA M [email protected]

GOKILAVANI L [email protected]

GOKUL PRANESH M [email protected]

GOPALAKRISHNAN G [email protected]

GOWTHAMY U [email protected]

GOWTHISH K [email protected]

GRITTA ELIZABETH JOLLY [email protected]

GRITTA ELIZABETH JOLLY [email protected]

GUNALAN C [email protected]

HARI SANKAR S S [email protected]

HARIHARASUDHAN V [email protected]

HEMA P [email protected]

INDHU S M [email protected]

IRENE VETHAMONI [email protected]


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Name E-mail

ISWARYA S [email protected]

J KATHIRAVAN [email protected]

JAGADEESHKANTH RP [email protected]

JANAHIRAMAN V [email protected]

JANUSIA JU [email protected]

JAYA PRIYA M [email protected]

JAYA PRIYA M [email protected]

JAYAKUMAR K [email protected]

JAYALAKSHMI R [email protected]

JAYARAJ M [email protected]

JEYAJOTHI R [email protected]

JOHN KINGSLY N B [email protected]

JOTHIBASU KARUPPAIYAN [email protected]

KALAISELVI M [email protected]

KALAIVANAN D [email protected]

KALAIVANAN R [email protected]

KALIDASS N [email protected]

KANNAN. R [email protected]

KARTHIK A [email protected]

KARTHIK P [email protected]

KARTHIKEYAN G [email protected]

KASTHURI S [email protected]

KATHIRAVAN M [email protected]

KAVIPRIYA J [email protected]

KEERTHANA M [email protected]

KIRUBA M [email protected]

KOKILA G [email protected]

KRISHNA KUMAR S [email protected]

KUMARAVEL S [email protected]

KUNJAMMAL P [email protected]

LATHA MR [email protected]

LEKSHMI SEKHAR [email protected]

M.MAGESH [email protected]

MAHALAKSHMI D [email protected]

MAHALAKSHMI P [email protected]


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Name E-mail

MAHALINGAM A [email protected]

MAHENDRAN [email protected]

MAHESWARI I [email protected]

MAHESWARI M [email protected]

MALINE A.S [email protected]

MALINI S [email protected]

MANIKANDAN KR [email protected]

MARIMUTHU S [email protected]

MATHIVATHANI C [email protected]

MEENAMBIGAI C [email protected]

MEENASULOCHANI R [email protected]

MUHAMMED IQSHANULLAH A [email protected]

MURUGAN M [email protected]

MURUGAN N [email protected]

NAGARAJAN M [email protected]

NANDHINI E [email protected]

NARMADHAVATHY S [email protected]

NAZIYA BEGAM S [email protected]

NGUYEN QUANG THINH [email protected]

NGUYEN QUANG THINH [email protected]

NIBIN P M [email protected]

NIROJA D [email protected]

NIRUBANA V [email protected]

NITHIYAH B. R. [email protected]

NIVETHA C [email protected]

PALANISAMY A [email protected]

PANCHALI MEENA S [email protected]

PARIMALA G [email protected]

PARTHASARATHI G [email protected]

PARTHASARATHY [email protected]

PATMANATHAN PK [email protected]

PAVITHRADEVI P [email protected]

PONNULAKSHMI R [email protected]

POOVIZHIRAJA B [email protected]

PRABAKAR G [email protected]


240

Name E-mail

PRABHA D [email protected]

PRABHAVATHI M [email protected]

PRABU P.C [email protected]

PRAKASH K [email protected]

PRAVEENA S [email protected]

PREMKUMAR R [email protected]

PRIYA R [email protected]

PRIYANKA B [email protected]

PUNITHAVATHI N [email protected]

RAAJMOHAN S.R [email protected]

RADHA P [email protected]

RADHAMANI S [email protected]

RAGUL S [email protected]

RAGUPATHI K P [email protected]

RAJ KUMAR A [email protected]

RAJAGOPAL V [email protected]

RAJAMANICKAM [email protected]

RAJARAJAN G [email protected]

RAJASEKAR M [email protected]

RAJENDRAN P [email protected]

RAJESH M [email protected]

RAMACHANDRAN A [email protected]

RAMACHANDRAN M [email protected]

RAMAKRISHNAN P [email protected]

RAMKUMAR R [email protected]

RAMESH S [email protected]

RAMESH T [email protected]

RAMNATH V [email protected]

RAMYA S [email protected]

RANJANI M S [email protected]

RAVANACHANDAR A [email protected]

RAVI PRATAP GAUTAM [email protected]

RAVICHANDRAN S [email protected]

REVATHI [email protected]

REVATHY V [email protected]


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Name E-mail

REX B [email protected]

RUBANESH R [email protected]

S.P.SANGEETHA [email protected]

SABAREESHWARI V [email protected]

SANCHITA GHOSH [email protected]

SANDHIYA V [email protected]

SANDRA MARIA SAJU [email protected]

SANTHAKUMAR S [email protected]

SARAVANAN M [email protected]

SATHEESHKUMAR N [email protected]

SATHISH M [email protected]

SATHISH S [email protected]

SATHIYA K [email protected]

SATHYA P [email protected]

SATHYAPRIYA ESWARAN [email protected]

SATHYAPRIYA K [email protected]

SATHYASEELAN V [email protected]

SEDHUPATHI [email protected]

SEETHALAKSHMI S [email protected]

SELVAKUMAR D [email protected]

SELVAKUMAR S [email protected]

SENTHAMARAI SELVI L [email protected]

SENTHAMIZHSELVI S [email protected]

SENTHIL A [email protected]

SENTHILKUMAR D [email protected]

SENTHILKUMAR T [email protected]

SHAFEEQA T [email protected]

SHANMUGAM P. M [email protected]

SHANMUGAPACKIAM S [email protected]

SHASHAN K [email protected]

SHERENE [email protected]

SHOBAN CHAKRAVARTHY K [email protected]

SHOBHIT KUMAR SRIVASTAVA [email protected]

SHUNMUGA VADIVEL T [email protected]

SIVABALAN KC [email protected]


242

Name E-mail

SIVAGAMY K [email protected]

SIVAKALAI R [email protected]

SIVAKUMAR P [email protected]

SIVANANTH C [email protected]

SIVARANJANI C [email protected]

SMITHA KV [email protected]

SORNALATHA N [email protected]

SOUNDARYA V [email protected]

SOURABH MUUNOLI [email protected]

SOWMYASREE [email protected]

SREELAKSHMI M.M. [email protected]

SREEPRIYA S [email protected]

SRIDEVI R [email protected]

SRIDHARAN S [email protected]

SRINIVASAN [email protected]

SRINIVASAN G [email protected]

SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE A [email protected]

SUBBARAYALU ALAGENDRAN [email protected]

SUBRAMANIAN E [email protected]

SUGANTHI A [email protected]

SUGANYA KANNA S [email protected]

SUGUNA M [email protected]

SUJATHA G [email protected]

SUJATHA K [email protected]

SURESH [email protected]

SURESH BABU J [email protected]

SURESH D [email protected]

SURESH R [email protected]

SURESHKUMAR R [email protected]

SURYA M [email protected]

SYED ABUL HASSAN HUSSAINY [email protected]

TAMIL AMUTHAM G [email protected]

THAMODHARAN G [email protected]

THANGAMUNIYANDI M [email protected]

THARUN KUMAR A [email protected]


243

Name E-mail

THUKKAIYANNAN P [email protected]

THULASIRAM R [email protected]

UMA MAHESHWARI S [email protected]

UMA MAHESWARI M [email protected]

UTHAMALINGAM G [email protected]

VADIVEL K [email protected]

VAIDHEKI M [email protected]

VAIRAM N [email protected]

VAISHNAVI AND S [email protected]

VANITHA C [email protected]

VANITHA N [email protected]

VANITHA S [email protected]

VANMATHI S [email protected]

VARSHINI S V [email protected]

VASUMATHI S [email protected]

VELURU BHARGAV [email protected]

VENKATESHWARAN T [email protected]

VENUDEVAN B [email protected]

VETRIVEL T [email protected]

VIDHYA [email protected]

VIGNESH KUMAR B [email protected]

VIJAY N [email protected]

VIJAYA GEETHA V [email protected]

VIJAYALAKSHMI G [email protected]

VIJAYALAKSHMI K [email protected]

VIJAYALAKSHMI V [email protected]

VIJAYARAGHAVAN C [email protected]

VINITHRA A [email protected]

VINODHINI J [email protected]

VISHNUPRIYA V [email protected]

YASMIN K [email protected]

YASODHA P [email protected]

YENEBALA LAVANYA [email protected]

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