Nnfxsf/ ;Dkfbg - Nepal Electricity Authority
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Transcript of Nnfxsf/ ;Dkfbg - Nepal Electricity Authority
;+/Ifs
;Nnfxsf/
;Dkfbg ;ldlt
lxt]Gb| b]j zfSosfosf/L lgb]zs
x//fh Gofkfg]pksfosf/L lgb]zs
nf]sxl/ n'O6]npksfosf/L lgb]zs
/fdhL e08f/Lpksfosf/L lgb]zs
k|jn clwsf/L lzj s'df/ clwsf/L ljZjgfy zdf
j]n k|;fb zdfsfosf/L ;Dkfbs
clgtf ;'j]bL
o; klqsfdf 5flkPsf n]v/rgf n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g\ . o;df ;Dkfbg ;ldlt lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g .
k|sfzsMg]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f hg;Dks
tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg zfvf
b/af/dfu, sf7df8f+kmf]g M )!тАУ$!%#)@!
cfGtl/s M @))@, @))#k\mofS; M )!тАУ$!%#)@@
Od]n M [email protected]
d'b|0f├╖l8hfOgMho nfnLu'/fтАЬ; OGe]i6d]G6P08 6┬л]l8┬╖ sDkgL k|f= ln=
nlntk'/тАУ#, xl/x/ejgkmf]g g+=M )!тАУ%)!)^!), %)!)&!!
tf/fb]jL clwsf/L
ldg' yfkf
s';'ds'df/L zdf
ldgf b]jsf]6f
k|sfzg├╖Joj:yfkg
cfj/0f tl:a/;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L s]=kL= zdf cf]nLHo"af6
9Ns]a/ $))├╖@@)├╖!#@ s]=eL= ;j:6]zgsf] ;d'b\3f6g tyf cjnf]sg .
3
z'esfdgf├жljB't├Ж Ps lgoldt / cwjflifs k|sfzgsf] ?kdf / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfoIf]q / ultljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ;a JolQmTjx?sf] cf╦Жgf] sfoIf]q, ljifo, 1fg Pj+ ef]ufO tyf l;sfOnfO ;xsdL / j[xQ/ hgdfg; ;dIf lg/Gt/tfsf] yk Ps kfOnfsf ?kdf km]/L ;asf] ;fd'G g] k:sg kfpFbf dnfO ;f┬еx v'zL nfu]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f cfh b]zsf] *)├Ь eGbf a9L hgtfdf s]GтА║Lo ljh'nLsf] e/kbf] ;]jf k'┬еofpg] ;+:yf, b]ze/L k|;f/0f / ljt/0f nfOgsf] ;~hfn sfod eO $@((=&) Pd=eL=P= sf] ;j:6]zg -xfOef]N6]h_, #$^$=% Pd=eL=P= sf] ljt/0f 6┬лfG:kmd/ Ifdtf / ^#^=^( d]=jf= sf] cf╦Жgf] pTkfbg Ifdtf ;Fu !$** d]=jf= eGbf a9L dfu cfk"lt ul//x]sf] ;+:yf eGbubf sl/a *%)) :yfoL sdrf/L Pj+ @*)) eGbf a9L blgs Hofnfbf/L / s/f/, ;]jf s/f/df ;]jf/t hgzQmL h'6]sf] ;+:yf klg xf] . olt 7"nf] ;d'bfosf] nflu ├жljB't├Ж k|sfzg jifsf] b'O k6s k|sflzt eO cf╦Жgf] If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L k|fK t ug] ├жljB't├Ж cfufdL lbgdf cem a9L Joj;flos?kdf If]qut lj1tf afF8\g], k|sfzg ug] nf]slk|o dfWod agf];\ eGb z'esfdgf JoQm ug rfxG5' .
b]zdf klxnf] k6s $)) s]=eL= 9Ns]a/ ;j:6]zg / k|;f/0f nfOg ;~ rfngdf cfPsf] / b]zleq klxnf] k6s @@) s]=eL= nfOg ;~rfng ePsf] o; jif leq b]zsf] uf/j dflgPsf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL -$%^ d]=jf=_ klg klxnf] o'lg6 ;~rfng x'g] ljZ jf; ;lxt g]kfnsf] ljB't If]q Pp6f dxTjk"0f ljsf;sf] 38Ldf cfOk'u]sf] 5 . s"n hl8t Ifdtf !#** d]=jf= k'u]sf] / k|To]s xKtf jf dlxgf h;f] yk hnljB't jf ;f]nf/ cfof]hgf ;~ rfngdf cfO/x]sf] g]kfnsf] k|0ffnL ljtl/t pTkfbg ;~ hfn -Distributed Generation Network_ sf] nflu ljZ js pbfx/0fLo ag]sf] 5 . !#** d]ufjf6 hl8t Ifdtf eP klg !^) eGbf a9L pTkfbg s]GтА║x? b]ze/ 5l/Psf 5g\ .
o; jifsf] jiffofddf dfu eGbf a9L ljB't pTkfbg x'g] k|If]k0f /x]sf] cj:yfdf ef/tLo ljB't ahf/df ;xeflutfsf] 9f]sf xfn ef/tn] :jLs[t u/]sf] lah'nL cfoft lgoftsf] sfoljlw -Procedure for exportтАУImport Cross Border Electricity 2021_ dfkmt vf]n]sf] x'Fbf lgoftsf] clglZ rttf x6]sf] 5 . ;fy b]zleq vkt j[l4 ug pBf]u wGbf / u|fx:y If]qdf pmhfsf] >f]t kl/jtg u/L ljh'nLdf kl/jtg ug Demand Stimulation cleofg ;~ rfng ul/Fb 5 . o;/L k|s6 x'g] dfunfO cfk"lt ug] k|;f/0f nfOgx?df ;Dk"0f k|of;x? s]lGтА║t ul/Psf] 5 . bfgfтАУs'Zdf @@) s]=eL= nfOg xfn ;DkGg ePsf] / d:of┬к\bLтАУsf7df8f+ @@) s]=eL= nfOg ;DkG g x'g] qmddf 5 . To:t e/tk'/тАУjb3f6 @@) s]=eL=, l;Fu6LтАУnfdf];fFu' !#@ s]=eL= / lt├ЛnfтАУldrof !#@ s]=eL= nfOg ;DkGg x'g] r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy sf]zL sf]l/8f]/ @@) s]=eL= / x]6f8fтАУe/tk'/ @@) s]=eL= o; cf=j= leq ;DkGg x'g]df ljZj:t 5f+ . cGo 5f]6f] b'/Lsf k|;f/0f nfOgx? h'g cToGt dxTj af]s]sf 5g\, tL klg o; cf=j= leq ;DkG g u/L dfu / cfk"ltsf] k'nsf] sfd ug]5g\ . ;Dk"0f ljB'tLs/0f sfoqmd cGtut ##├╖!! s]=eL= ;j:6]zg / ## s]=eL= / !! s]=eL= nfOg lj:tf/ u/L e/kbf] ljh'nL k'┬еofpg] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . :df6 ld6/ h8fg sfo dfkmt r'xfj6 36fpg] / ;]jf :t/ a9fpg] sfo lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] 5 . gofF k|;f/0f nfOg / ;j:6]zg lgdf0fsf] sfox? тА║'t ultdf a9fOPsf] 5 . k|flws/0fsf] cf╦Жgf] nufgL;Fu g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljleG g bft[ lgsfox?sf] pmhf If]qdf a9\bf] nufgLsf] sf/0f ljB'tLo k|0ffnL тА║'t ultdf cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
:jb]zL OlGhlgol/├Л ;Lk, Ifdtf / 1fgsf] clej[l4 ub b]zsf] cytGqsf] alnof] cfwf/ / cytGqnfO cl3 a9fpg] OlGhgsf] ?kdf ljB'tLo lj:tf/sf] nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ;w+ nflu/xg] 5 . o; k|of;df ├жljB't├Ж k|sfzg Pp6f dxTjk"0f ;xofqL /xg]5 eG g] ljZ jf;sf ;fy o; k|sfzgdf ;xof]u ug'x'g] ;Dk"0f k|sfzg, ;Dkfbg ;ldlt n]v/rgf pknAw u/fO ;xof]u ug] ;hsx? ;anfO wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . cfufdL lbgdf yk dxTjk"0f / pkof]uL n]v/rgf k|sfzg ;lxt cuf8L a9\b hfcf];\ eG g] z'e]R5f JoQm ub5' .
==============================
lxt]GтА║ b]j zfSo
sfosf/L lgb]zs
f
;DkfbsLo
;fjhlgs If]qaf6 /fHosf] cytGqdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'┬еofpg] x]t'n] :yflkt ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx?n] pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjfx ul/ cfPsf 5g\ . /fHosf] gLlt tyf sfoqmd sfofGjog ug Pjd\ hgtfnfO cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jf pknJw u/fpg ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] dxTj :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] lgs6 ;dod d'n's e/sf hgtfnfO lgoldt, e/kbf] / u'0f:t/Lo ljB't ;]jf pknJw u/fpg ljBdfg k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f ;+/rgf :t/f]GgtL ug / pkef]Qmfx?nfO yk ;/n / ;xh ?kdf ;]jf pknJw u/fpg ;d]t of]hgfj4 ?kdf ljleGg sfoqmdx? cl3 j9fO/x]sf] 5 . cfufdL jifb]lv d'n'sd] pTkflbt phfsf] clwstd vkt ul/ cltl/Qm phf lgoft ug] tkm klg k|flws/0fn] k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfo k|s[of cl3 a9fO;s]sf] 5 . o;n] :j]bzdf pknJw phfsf] clwstd vkt ug / lgoft ul/g] phfaf6 k|flws/0fsf] cflys cj:yfdf ;d]t pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ug yk d2t k'Ug]5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] lgoldt k|sfzg ├жljB't├Ж nfO yk :t/Lo agfpg d2t k'Ug] ul/ k|fKTf ePsf n]v /rgf Pjd\ ljljw ;fdfu|Lx? Afdf]lhd k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf o; klqsfnfO yk pTs[i6 agfpg phf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw n]v /rgf nufotsf ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fOlbg cg'/f]w ub oxfFx?sf] cd"No /fo, k|ltlqmof / ;'emfjsf] ;d]t ck]Iff ub5f+ .
cGTodf, ljljw ljifo j:t'x? ;d]l6Psf] of] c+s k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'┬еofpg' x'g] ;Da4 ;anfO xflbs wGojfb JoQm ub cfufdL c+sx?df ;d]t oxfFx?sf] o:t cd"No ;xof]u k|fKt x'g]5 eGg]df ljZj:t 5f+ .
тАФ ;Dkfbs d08n
/rgfqmd
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf pkef]Qmfsf] ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0fsf] cj:yf ho/fh e08f/L !тАУ%ljB't b'36gfsf sf/0f / b'36gfdf sdL Nofpg cjnDag ug'kg] pkfox? /d]z k|;fb wdnf ^тАУ!);fjhlgs ;+:yfdf Psn 6┬л]8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf / o;sf] ck]Iffs[t e"ldsf slkn rGb| a:tfsf]6L !!тАУ!^g]=lj=k|f= df sdrf/Lx?sf] clen]v Joj:yfkg / o;sf] dxTj /fhg k|;fb sf]O/fnf !&тАУ@!g]kfnsf] ;Gbedf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf tf/fb]jL clwsf/L @@тАУ@&r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf k|flws/0fsf] e"ldsf c+u axfb'/ v8\sf @*тАУ#@;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ;'zf;g w|'j /fh k|;fO ##тАУ#&e|i6frf/ / o;sf] k|efj /lj lg/fnf #*тАУ$!Grout Curtain in Abutments of UTK's Headworks Raja Bhai Silpakar $@тАУ%!Power Trading Through Power Exchange Markets Ranju Pandey %@тАУ%*Prioritization of Storage Hydropower Projects under Study in Nepal Surendra Kaini %(тАУ^*Design Options for Grid Connected Solar Irrigation Projects Sagar Gyanwali ^(тАУ&%Optimum Routing of Transmission Line using Geographical Information System (GIS) Intelligence Prajwol Khadka &^тАУ&(Blockchain Technology : Application and future Projection Hariom Dhungana *)тАУ*$Power Trading Between Nepal and India Suresh Kumar Timalsina *%тАУ*&DYWIDAG DCP - Rock Bolt System in Powerhouse of Tanahu Hydropower Project Shyam Krishna Karki **тАУ(@General overview of Butterfly valve used in UT3A HPP Indra Bahadur Bishwokarma (#тАУ((Online Consumer Self Meter Reading System Ganesh Ram Suwal !))тАУ!)%Multi Point Borehole Extensometer (MPBX) Deepak Thagunna !)^тАУ!)&Future of DCS Smart Distribution System Beni Nepali !)*тАУ!!)Protection System used in Power Transformer: Case of UT3A Abhisek Chauhan !!!тАУ!!%
1
ho/fh e08f/LOтАУd]nM [email protected]
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf pkef]Qmfsf] ljB't dxz'n
lgwf/0fsf] cj:yf
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] >f]t eg]sf] ljB't ljqmLaf6 x'g] cfo xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm k|flws/0fn] nufgLaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfef+z, ef8f, yk b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns Pjd\ Aofh nufotsf >f]taf6 x'g] ljljw cfDbfgL ;d]t
k|fKt ub5 .
cl3Nnf bzsdf k|flws/0fsf] ljB't dxz'n ;dofg's'n ;dfof]hg x'g g;Sbf k|flws/0fsf] ljlQo cj:yfdf k|ToIf k|efj kg uPsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)%* kZrft\ !! aif;Dd ljB't dxz'n ;dofg';f/ ;dfof]hg x'g ;s]g, ;f] cjwLdf k|flws/0fsf] ljlQo :jf:Yo w]/ g sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] lyof] . To; kZrft\ lj=;+= @)^( ;fndf sl/a @)% n] k|flws/0fsf] ljB't dxz'n ;dfof]hg x'Fbfklg ;f] ;dosf] gf]S;fgL k"lt x'g ;s]g . k|flws/0fsf] ljB't dxz'n lj=;+= @)&# df dfq ;dfof]hg x'g ;s]sf] / ;f]xL ;dodf ul/Psf ljljw k|sf/sf] ;'wf/sf] k|of;af6 k|flws/0fsf] cfDbfgL a9\g uO ljlQo cj:yfdf pNn]Vo ?kdf ;'wf/ x'g ;Sbf ljutdf ePsf ;+lrt gf]S;fgL ;d]t k"lt eO k|flws/0fsf] ljlQo cj:yf tl┬кu|g ;s]sf] xf] .
lj=;+=@)&# kZrft\ $ aif otf k|flws/0fsf] ;+rfng ;+ef/ vrdf ePsf] a[4L, lgdf0f ;fdu|Ldf ePsf] d'No a[4L, a9\bf] d'b|fl:kmtL (Inflation Rate) Pjd\ cGo lgoldt vrdf ePsf] a[4Lsf] sf/0f kl5Nnf aifdf ljB'tsf] nfut (Cost of supply) wfGg ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf] sf/0f k|flws/0fn] @)&^ dfudf ljB't lgodg cfof]u ;dIf dxz'n ;dfof]hgsf] nflu k|:tfj k]z u/]sf]] lyof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] to u/]sf] gLlt cg';f/ x/]s g]kfnLsf] kx'Frdf ljB't ;]jf k'┬еofpg, k|ltAoQmL ljB't vkt a9fpg, phf ;'/Iff ;lxt phfdf cfTdlge/ x'g] u/L pTkfbg, k|zf/0f / ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug] sfoof]hgf ;dfj]z u/L cfufdL @ aifdf #))) d]=jf=, $ aif leq %))) d]=jf= / !) aif leq !%,))) d]=jf= -afXo vkt ;d]t_ pTkfbg ug] nIo cg';f/sf sfo ;DkGg ug cfjZos kg] nufgL (Investment) sf] >f]t h'6fpg ;d]tsf nflu gofF dxz'n k|:tfj k]z ul/Psf] k|i6 5 .
k|flws/0fsf] ljB't dxz'n b/ ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]gтАУ@)&$, ljB't lgodg cfof]u lgodfjnLтАУ@)&% tyf ljB't pkef]Qmf dxz'n lgb]lzsfтАУ@)&^ cg';f/ lgwf/0f x'g] Joj:yf adf]lhd k|flws/0fn] cfof]u ;dIf k]z u/]sf] ljB't dxz'n ;dfof]hgsf] k|:tfj pk/ cfof]uaf6 lj:t[t ?kdf cWoog, 5nkmn Pjd\ ljZn]if0f u/L, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] /fo;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmofx?nfO ;d]t dWogh/ ub @)&& >fj0f dlxgf b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L :jLs[t pkef]Qmf dxz'n b/ xfn sfofGjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0fsf l;4fGt tyf cfwf/
ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$ Pjd\ ljB't lgodg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] bkmf *-$_ df ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0fsf l;4fGt tyf cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
тАв ljB't k|0ffnL jf pTkfbg ;+oGqsf] ;~rfng vr,
тАв x|f;s┬зL b/,
2
тАв ;fFjf Aofhsf] e'QmfgL,
тАв ddt ;Def/ vr,
тАв ljB't ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f / ;~rfng tl/sf,
тАв k'glgdf0f / k'g:yfkgf tyf z]o/ nufgL jfkt jflifs ?kdf k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn,
тАв ljB't vl/b ;Demftf,
тАв pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLdf x'g] kl/jtg,
тАв /fhZj b/ / ;f]df x'g] kl/jtg,
тАв ljB't ljsf;sf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] gLlt,
тАв cfof]un] pko'Qm 7x┬еofPsf cGo cfwf/ .
o:t ljB't lgodg cfof]uaf6 hf/L ePsf] ljB't pkef]Qmf dxz'n lgwf/0f lgb]lzsf, @)&^ adf]lhd dxz'n lgwf/0fsf l;4fGt tyf cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
тАв pkef]Qmfsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f
тАв ljB'tsf] cfk"lt tyf ;]jfdf u'0f:t/, lgoldttf, k|ofKttf Pjd\ ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf
тАв ljt/0f cg'dtL k|fKt AolQmsf] Joj;flostf tyf k|efjsfl/tfdf clea[4L
тАв k|0ffnL ;'wf/ tyf o; ;DaGwdf x'g] nufgLsf] nflu >f]t kl/rfngsf] cfjZostf
тАв ljt/0f cg'dtL k|fKt AolQmsf] nufgLdf Gofof]lrt k|ltkmn
тАв g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfoqmd
k|flws/0fsf] ljB't dxz'nnfO nfut l;4fGt (Cost Plus) adf]lhd ljB't ;]jfsf] nfut / o; If]qdf ul/g] nufgLsf] plrt k|ltkmn ;d]t k|fKt ug] u/L ljB't dxz'nsf] k|:tfj tof/ u/L lgDg ljj/0fsf ;fy cfof]u ;dIf k]z ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 M
k|flws/0fsf] cfo├╖Aoo ljj/0f McfDbfgL (YEARLY INCOME) -?= xhf/df_
ljj/0f cf=j= @)&%├╖&^ cf=j= @)&^├╖&&
ljB't ljqmL 67,384,565 77,138,914
5'6 -Rebate_ тАУ877,977 тАУ1,172,512
v'b ljB't ljqmLsf] cfo 66,506,588 75,966,402
ljlqm d"No -k|lto'lg6_ 10.31 10.26
cGo cfo 9,984,154 8,260,028
s'n cfo 76,490,742 84,226,430
jflifs vr (YEARLY EXPENDITURE) -?= xhf/df_
ljj/0f cf=j= @)&%├╖&^ cf=j= @)&^├╖&&
sdrf/L vr 7980593 11,438,053
;~rfng / ;Def/ vr -j:t'├╖;]jf vr ;d]t_ pTkfbg 889,189 1,032,374
;~rfng / ;Def/ vr -j:t'├╖;]jf vr ;d]t_ k|zf/0f 1,285,507 1,427,262
;~rfng / ;Def/vr -j:t'├╖;]jf vr ;d]t_ lj=u|f=;]= 3,073,101 4,665,564
k|zf;lgs vr -Corporate Office_ 853,670 2,076,354
ljB't vl/b -Power Purchase_ 38,965,813 39,191,000
/f]oN6L 1,501,682 1,657,075
x|f; s┬зL 4,848,340 5,500,000
cGo vr 3,500,000 3,750,000
Aofh / a+s vr 3,929,461 5,000,000
ljb]zL ljlgdo ;6xL 165,707 тАУ
hDdf vr 66,993,063 75,737,862
3
nfut -k|lt o'lg6 ?=_ 10.35 10.23f
ljB't ljlqmaf6 gfkmf/gf]S;fg?= 0.05 5 k|ltzt
?= 0.03 3 k|ltzt
lgodg cfof]u z'Ns тАУ 65,661
cfjZos k|ltkmn тАУ 10,802,965
hDdf vr 66,993,063 86,606,308
;DkQLdf cfjZos k|ltkmn (ROE) -?= xhf/df_
ljj/0f cf=j= @)&%├╖&^ cf=j= @)&^├╖&& cfift
z]o/ k'FhL 128,439,359 141,085,659
;+lrt 2,620,523 2,990
;+lrt gfkmf├╖gf]S;fg тАУ13,472,617 тАУ4,983,867
hDdf ;DkQL* 117,587,264 136,104,782 126,846,023
cfjZos k|ltkmn -ROE *=%@├Ь_ 10,802,965
cfjZos nufgLsf] k|ltkmn -ROE_ k|lt o'lg6 ?= df
?= 1.66
jflifs ck'u (REVENUE GAP) /sd -?= xhf/df_
ljj/0f cf=j= @)&^├╖&&
aflifs vr 75,803,343
cfjZos k|ltkmn -ROE_ 10,802,965
cfjZos /sd 86,606,308
ljB't ljqmLsf] cfo 75,966,402
cGo cfo 8,260,028
ck'u /sd [Revenue Gap] 2,379,879
k|flws/0faf6 cf=j= @)&^├╖)&& sf] ah]6nfO cfwf/ agfP/ cfjZos kg] aflifs cfo (Revenue) k|fKt ug xfnsf] cfift dxz'ndf sl/a #% a[4L ;dfof]hg x'g] u/L cfo k|If]k0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 M
-?= xhf/df_
u|fxs jlus/0f
cf=j= @)&%├╖)&^ cf=j= @)&^├╖)&&
u|fxs o'lg6 cfo u|fxs o'lg6 cfo
;+Vof ljqmL /sd ;+Vof ljqmL /sd
u|fx:y 3,657,887 2,683,968 25,090,654 4,193,063 3,193,047 29,968,921
ux| Jofkfl/s 23,493 187,431 2,830,885 26,614 215,717 3,288,222
Jofkf/Ls 25,746 468,890 6,567,038 28,575 540,669 7,820,265
cfBf]lus 52,697 2,438,060 27,282,559 60,633 2,719,293 29,782,614
vfg]kfgL 2,460 93,019 702,061 2,722 100,021 766,116
l;rfO 131,935 84,288 390,367 143,055 84,746 384,433
;8s jlQ 3,266 79,399 683,111 3,784 92,239 813,900
4
c:yfoL jlQ 1,682 3,507 66,635 2,012 3,214 59,232
oftfoft 40 4,612 32,640 47 5,535 41,411
dlGb/ 5,890 7,902 51,536 6,662 8,929 59,113
u|x u|fx:y 2,735 149,202 2,278,275 2,659 160,875 2,417,360
dgf]/~hg 150 5,658 84,485 162 4,933 83,764
;fd'bflos yf]s u|fxs 1,659 140,530 733,673 2,011 167,341 829,164
hDdf 3,909,640 6,346,468 66,793,919 4,471,999 7,296,558 76,314,515
lgsfzL -ef/t_ 1 34,740 590,646 1 90,000 824,399
hDdf ljqmL 3,909,641 6,381,208 67,384,565 4,472,000 7,386,558 77,138,914
5'6 -l/j]6_ -877,977 -875224
hDdf 65,979,177 75,966,402
k|flws/0fsf] nufgL of]hgf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg';f/ k|flws/0fn] cfufdL @ aif leq x/]s g]kfnLsf] kx'Frdf ljB't ;]jf k'┬еofpg], k|ltAoQmL ljB't vkt a9fpg], phf ;'/Iff;lxt phfdf cfTdflge/ x'g] u/L pTkfbg, k|zf/0f / ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/ Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug] sfoof]hgf agfPsf] 5 . cfufdL @ aifdf #))) d]=jf=, $ aif leq %))) d]=jf= / !) aif leq !%,))) d]=jf= pTkfbg ug] nIo cg';f/ cfjZos kg] k|zf/0f├╖ljt/0f nfOg Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ sfoof]hgfsf nflu nufgL of]hgf
(Investment Plan) lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M-?=s/f]8df_
ljj/0f @)&&├╖&* @)&*├╖&( @)&(├╖*) @)*)├╖*! hDdf
pTkfbg -Generation_ 678 385 тАУ тАУ 1755
;xfos sDkgLx? -Subsidiaries_ 2,142 2,285 2,831 3,728 11,648
k|zf/0f -Transmission_ 4,039 3,639 2,463 1,674 15,571
ljt/0f -Distribution_ 3,353 2,303 3,098 2,853 13,455
;+:yfut -Corporate_ 50 50 50 50 253
hDdf 10,262 8,663 8,442 8,304 42,681
k|flws/0faf6 cfGtl/s >f]t jfkt h'6fpg' kg] cfjZos nufgL /sd M-?= s/f]8df_
ljj/0f @)&&├╖&* @)&*├╖&( @)&(├╖*) @)*)├╖*! hDdf
pTkfbg 68 39 тАУ тАУ 176
;xfos sDkgLx? 393 399 441 553 1937
k|zf/0f 404 364 246 167 1557
ljt/0f 263 162 264 285 1162
;+:yfut 50 50 50 50 253
hDdf 1178 1014 1001 1055 5085
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ nufgL ug k|flws/0fnfO aflifs cfift ?= !) cjcfGtl/s >f]t h'6fpg cfjZos kg] b]lvG5 .
5
ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0f k|of]hgsf nflu ljB't lgodg cfof]un] ljB'lto dfWodaf6 ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfO (e-hearing) ubf pNn]Vo ?kdf ;xefuL ePsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? cfBf]lus jusf u|fxssf] dxz'nnfO ;x'nLot lbOg' kg], u|fx:y judf vfgf ksfpg] ljB'lto r'Nxf] k|f]T;fxg x'g]u/L dxz'n lgwf/0f ul/g' kg], 8]l8s]6]8 jusf u|fxsnfO nufOPsf] dxz'n x6fOg' kg], vfg]kfgL tyf l;+rfO k|of]hgsf nflu Demand z'Ns x6fOg' kg]], k|flws/0fsf] vr Joj:yfkgnfO r':t jgfOg' kg] Pjd\ u|fxs ;]jfdf yk ;'wf/ ul/g' kg] cflb h:tf ljifox?df ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf] Joxf]/f cfof]un]
hfgsf/Ldf NofPsf] 5 .
dxz'n lgwf/0f
k|flws/0fn] cf=j= @)&^├╖)&& sf] ah]6nfO cfwf/ agfP/ cfjZos kg] aflifs cfo (Revenue) k|fKt ug xfnsf] cfift dxz'ndf sl/a #% a[4L ug] u/L k|:tfj u/]sf]df cfof]uaf6 k|flws/0fsf] ck]lIft cfo eGbf em08 !)% sd x'g]u/L dxz'n lgwf/0f eO cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|flws/0fn] cf=j= @)&%├╖)&^ / cf=j= @)&^├╖)&& sf] cfift k"Flhsf] /sddf *=%@ k|ltztn] k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] u/L gofF dxz'n b/ k]z u/] tfklg cfof]uaf6 dxz'n lgwf/0f x'Fbf ;f] cfift k"Flhsf] #=*% k|ltzt dfq k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] u/L lgwf/0f eO cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 k|flws/0fn] to u/]sf] sfoof]hgfsf] nflu cfjZos kg] >f]t h'6\g sl7gfO x'g] ;Sg] cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] / k|flws/0faf6 agfOPsf dWosflng Pjd\ lb3sflng sfoof]hgf sfofGjog ug ;d]t sl7gfO x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
ljZjAofkL dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] COVID-19 af6 g]kfnsf] cfBf]lus If]q nufot ;du| cytGqdf kg] k|efjsf] sf/0f k|flws/0fnfO ;d]t k|ToIf c;/ kg hfg] ePsf]n] o;af6 ljlQo ;"rsdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kg hfg] b]lvG5 .
t;y k|flws/0fsf] ljlQo :jf:Yo (Financial Health) ;'wf/ ug d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] >f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ljB't dxz'n b/nfO oyfyk/s, a┬бfflgs / ;dofg's'n x'g] ul/ k'g/fjnf]sg ug cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] cfufdL lbgx?df pNn]lvt kIfsf cltl/Qm dxz'n lgwf/0f ug] cfwf/x?df ;d]t k'gljrf/ ul/ tbg'?k ljB't dxz'n b/ lgwf/0f x'g ;s]df phf If]qdf lbuf] ljsf; ug pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
n]vs cflys ljZn]if0f ljefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf k|d'v kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
6
ljB't b'36gfsf sf/0f / b'36gfdf sdL Nofpg cjnDag
ug'kg] pkfox?/d]z k|;fb wdnf
OтАУd]nM [email protected]
!= b'36gfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro ;fdfGotof b'36gf eGgfn] ;'lgof]lht dg;fo lagf
ck|Tofl;t ?kdf 36\g] 36gf eGg] a'lemG5 . o:tf] 36gf dfgjLo sfa'jflx/sf] kl/l:ylt ;[hgf eO 36\g] ub5 . ljB'lto b'36gfsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ljB't b'36gf Ifltk"lt ljlgodfjnL, @)^& sf] ljlgod @-┬к_ df kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . pQm kl/efiff cg';f/ ljB't b'36gf eGgfn] ljlgod !@ df pNn]lvt Ifltk"lt kfpg] cj:yf eO dflg; jf kz'wgsf] lhpHofgdf xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g] u/L ePsf] ljB't b'36gf ;Demg' kb5 . o; ljlgodfjnLdf ljB't b'36gfsf] lg/LIf0f tyf hfFra'em sld6L u7g, Ifltk"lt kfpg] cj:yf / gkfpg] cj:yf, Ifltk"ltsf] lg0fo / k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf af/]df ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't n]vdf pk/f]Qm sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;fy ljB't b'36gfsf sf/0f / b'36gfdf sld Nofpg cjnDjg ug ;lsg] pkfo / ;dfwfgsf pkfosf ljifodf ;d]t ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ljB't b'36gfsf sf/0f
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ug] Psdfq ;fjhlgs ;+:yf xf] . o; ;+:yfn] cf╦Жgf] p2]Zo cg';f/ sfo ub cfO/x]sf] 5 . k|flws/0fnfO ljB'lts/0fdf ePsf] a[l2 ;Fu ljB't ljt/0f ;]jfnfO k|efjsf/L / ;'/lIft agfpg] d'Vo
r'gftL /x]sf] 5 . ljB't ;]jf k|bfg ubf tyf ljB'tLo ;+/rgfsf] ddt ;+ef/ ug] qmddf ljleGg k|sf/sf b'36gf e/x]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof ljB't b'36gfsf d'Vo rf/ sf/0f x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] kl/k|]Ifdf ljutdf 36]sf b'36gfsf cfwf/df s]xL sf/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
@=! ljB't b'36gfsf d'Vo rf/ sf/0f
тАв c;'/lIft pks/0f h8fg x'g'
тАв c;'/lIft jftfj/0f
тАв sfo ug] tf/t/Lsfdf nfk/afxL
тАв k|fs[lts k|sf]k
@=@ g]=lj=k|f=df ePsf ljB'tLo b'36gfsf sf/0fx?
тАв !! s]=le= nfOgsf] tf/ lkgaf6 r'l8P/ Rofgnb]lv kf]n;Dd s/]06 k|jfx x'g uPsf] .
тАв %) KVA sf] 6┬лfG;kmd/ crfgs k8sLO cfunflu eO pQm 6┬лfG;kmd/sf] cfon z/L/df k/L b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв ljt/0f nfOgsf] kf]n 9n]/ af6f]df tf/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf af6f]df lx8\b ubf b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв !! s]=eL= nfOgsf] lkg km'6L HT tf/ km'lTsP/ Rofgndf kl/ kf]n tyf :6]df s/]06 k|jfx x'g uPsf] .
тАв sf7sf] kf]n l9:sf]af6 pKsLP/ hldgdf n8]sf] cj:yfdf b'36gf ePsf] .
7
тАв dfnafxs 6┬лs emf]lNnP/ /x]sf] Pn=6L= nfOgsf] tf/df clNemPsf]n] ;f]nfO x6fpg 6┬лssf] 5tdf hfbf pQm nfOg 5'g k'lu ;f] 6┬лsdf /x]sf JolQmsf] s/]G6 nflu d[To' ePsf] .
тАв 3/ lgdf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf kmnfdsf] 808L l;wf kfg] qmddf dflyaf6 uPsf] xfOef]N6]hsf] gf├Лf] tf/df pQm 808Ln] 5'g k'Ubf b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв !! s]=le= k|zf/0f nfOgsf] tf/ r'l8P/ e'Odf embf pQm :yfgdf af6f] sf6\b u/]sf] cj:yfdf b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв !! s]=le k|zf/0f nfOgsf] tf/ lkgaf6 r'l8P/ :yfgLosf] 3/df kl/ s/]06 nflu u+le/ 3fOt] ePsf] .
тАв ?vdf r9L :ofpnf sf6\g] qmddf ?vsf] xfufF nRsLO jf xfFuf sf6LP/ tn emg] qmddf !! s]=le= k|zf/0f nfOgsf] tf/df 5'g k'uL b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв ##├╖!! s]=le= nfOgsf] tf/ nlRsPsf] cj:yfdf cf]l9/x]sf] 5ftfsf] 6'Kkf]n] pQm tf/ 5'g uO b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв !! s]=le= tf/ lkg OG;'n]6/af6 pl5l┬зP/ Rofgndf 5'g uPsf] / kf]ndf hl8t :6] ;]6 efFlrP/ nlqPsf] cj:yfdf b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв ## s]=le= nfOgsf] tf/df afF;sf] xfFuf 5f]OPsf] cj:yfdf afF; sf6\g] qmddf s/]06 nflu 36gf:yndf g d[To' ePsf] .
тАв 3/sf] a/08fdf a;L df]afOndf s'/f ub xft kmnfpbf ## s]=le= k|zf/0f nfOgsf] tf/df 5f]Og uO d[To' ePsf] .
тАв hGtL ;jf/ a;sf] 5fgfdf /flvPsf] l6gsf] afs; hx/Lof hfg] !! s]=eL= k|zf/0f nfOgsf] tf/n] 5f]Psf] / ;f] a;sf vnf;Ln] pQm tf/ kG5fpg] qmddf tf/ pl5l┬зP/ l6gsf] afs;df 5f]O s/]06 k|jfx x'Fbf s/]06 nflu 3fOt] ePsf] / a;df /x]sf ^ hgf JolQmx?sf] ;d]t s/]06 nflu d[To' ePsf] .
тАв 3/fozL sfd u/]sf] ;dodf 3/ glhsaf6 k|zfl/t Pr=6L= nfOgsf] tf/ Pn=6L= nfOgdf ;6 eO ljB'tLo b'36gf k/]sf] .
тАв !! s]=le= nfOgsf] tf/ l5Gg ljB'tLo b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв @@) ef]N6 nfOg ;KnfO eO /x]sf] sf7sf] kf]n PSsf;L efrLO ljB'tLo b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв !! s]=le= nfOgsf] B km]hsf] lkg OG;'n]6/ k8\s]/ km'6L ljB't ;6 eO ljB'tLo b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв af6f] lj:tf/sf] sfo ubf hldgaf6 ## s]=le=k|zf/0f nfOgsf] tf/;Fusf] lSno/]G; sd ePsf] cj:yfdf ljB'tLo b'36gf ePsf] .
тАв !! s]=eL= nfOg d'gL lgdf0f ePsf] 3/sf] 5tdf v]Nb ubf kf]lnlyg kfOk ;d]t /flvPsf] !! s]=eL= nfOg 5'g k'lu s/]06 nfuL / pkrf/s qmddf d[To' ePsf] .
тАв Pr6L nfOgsf] kf]ndf /x]sf] lkg jfOl08├Л u/]sf] ACRS s08S6/ 5'l┬зg uO Spindle df 5f]O pQm kmnfd] kf]naf6 s/]06 k|jfx x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf ljBfno hfFb u/]sf JolQm ;f] kf]n glhs nl8 kf]nnfO 5'g k'Ubf s/]06 nflu 36gf:yndf g d[To' ePsf] .
тАв kmnfd] kf]n pv]nL ;fg] qmddf kf]nn] wfGg g;sL !! s]=eL= tf/nfO 5'g k'Ubf ljB't b'36gf eO d[To' ePsf] .
тАв v]tdf sfd ug] qmddf emf]lNnPsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ljB't k|jfx eO /x]sf] Pn=6L= nfOgdf 5f]Og k'uL s/]06 nflu lghsf] 36gf:yndf g d[To' ePsf] .
@=# ljB'tLo b'36gfsf ;d"xut sf/0fx?
!= ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ / sfdsf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf sf/0f ePsf b'36gf
@= goldt ddt ;+ef/ / r]shfFr gx'Fbf ePsf b'36gf
#= c;fjwfgL / c1fgtfn] ePsf b'36gf
#= ljB't b'36gf Ifltk"ltsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
#=! g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ljB't b'36gf Ifltk"lt ljlgodfjnL, @)^& df Ifltk"lt ;DalGw Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pSt ljlgodfjnL cg';f/ ljB'tLo b'36gfsf] ;DaGwdf 5fgljg tyf hfFra'em ug cfjZos b]lvPdf, P] ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod * adf]lhd ljefuLo k|d'vn] :yfgLo lgsfo, :yfgLo k|zf;g ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L lj1 JolQmsf] ;+of]hsTjdf a9Ldf kfFr ;b:oLo 5fgljg sld6L u7g ug]├╖u/fpg] .
тАв P] ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod * adf]lhd ul7t sld6Ln] ljlgod ( df pNn]lvt cfwf/df cf╦Жgf]
8
/fo 7x/ ;lxt ljefuLo k|d'v ;dIf k|ltj]bg a'emfpg] .
тАв ljefuLo k|d'vn] cfkm'nfO k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] clwgdf /xL ?= Ps nfv ;Ddsf] Ifltk"lt lbg] lg0fo ug] / ;f] afx]s cGosf] xsdf cf╦Жgf] /fo ;'emfj ;lxt cfkm'eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfo ;dIf k]z ug] .
тАв ljB't b'36gf Ifltk"lt ljlgodfjnL @)^& sf] ljlgod !@ df pNn]lvt cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt kfpg] cj:yf 5 eg] ljlgod !% sf] cj:yfdf s'g k|sf/sf] Ifltk"lt kfpg ;Sbg .
#=@ ljB't b'36gf hfFra'em Pj+ 5fgljg sld6Ln] tkl;nsf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ ug' kb5 .
тАв ljifo k|j]z b'36gfsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f .
тАв b'36gfaf6 ePsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL tyf dfgljo Ifltsf] ljj/0f .
тАв k|rlnt P]g ljlgoddf ePsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf .
тАв 5fgljg sld6Lsf] /fo ;'emfa Pjd l;kmfl/; .
тАв 5fgljg sld6Lsf] lgisif .
тАв cGo cfjZos ljj/0f .
$= sfo/t sdrf/Lsf] xsdf +Ifltk'ltsf] Joj:yf
$=! g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfo/t sdrf/L sfofnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'36gfdf ePdf kfpg] pkrf/ Pj+ Ifltk'ltsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f sdrf/L ;]jf zt ljglodfjnL @)&% sf] ljglod !!@ / !!# df Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu tkl;n adf]lhdsf sfuhftx? k]z ug' kb5 .
тАв b'36gf ePsf] lbgsf] xflh/Lsf] k|ltlnkL .
тАв ddt ;+ef/df sfofnon] v6fPsf] sfofb]zsf] kq k|ltlnkL .
тАв ddt ;+ef/ ubf ;a:6]zgaf6 ;6 8fpg lnPsf] eP pQm lbgsf] nu a'ssf] k|ltlnkL .
тАв sfhdf vl6Psf] cj:yfdf b'36gf x'g uPdf ;d]t sfofb]z lbPsf] kq tyf e|d0f cfb]zsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnkL .
тАв s'g b'36gf ePdf Ifltk"ltsf] nflu kmfOn k]z ubf Safety ;DaGwL pks/0fx? k|of]u u/]├╖gu/]sf] pNn]v u/L 36gf:ynsf] kmf]6f] ;d]t k]z ug] .
$=@ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfo/t DofbL s/f/ / Hofnfbf/L sdrf/L sfofnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'36gf ePdf kfpg] pkrf/ Pj+ Ifltk'ltsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.)&.)@ sf] $%! cf+ a7ssf] lg0fofg';f/ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfo/t blgs, dfl;s, DofbL / s/f/ ;]jfsf JolQmnfO k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ljB't b'36gfdf k/L pkrf/ u/fP afktsf] af:tljs vrsf] zf]wegf lbg] clwsf/ >L sfosf/L lgb]zsnfO 5 . ;fy g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f hg;fwg ljefuaf6 ldlt @)&$.)%.!* df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f cGtutsf ljleGg sfofnodf sfd ug] sfdbf/nfO k|flws/0fsf] l;nl;nfdf b'36gf k/]df pkrf/ u/fP afktsf] af:tljs vr pknAw u/fpg] kl/kq ePsf] 5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu pNn]lvt sfuhftsf cltl/Qm lghx?sf] DofbL, s/f/ / Hofnfbf/Ldf lgo'St ul/Psf] kqsf] k|ltlnkL ;d]t k]z ug' kb5 .
%= ljB'tLo b'36gfdf sdL Nofpg ckgfpg ;lsg] s]xL k|s[ofx?
g]=lj=k|f=sf] ljB'tLo ;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/sf] ;fy ljz]if u/L ddt ;+ef/sf] sfo ubf tklzn adf]lhdsf k|s[of ckgfpg ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf b'36gfdf s]lx sdL Nofpg ;lsg] cj:yf x'G5 .
тАв k|To]s ljt/0f s]GтА║n] ddt tyf u|fxssf cGo lzsfot btf ug clgjfo ?kdf ddt tyf lzsfot btf k'l:tsfdf ug] sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
тАв ddt tyf lzsfot k'l:tsfdf ddt tyf lzsfot btf u/fpg] JolQmsf] gfd y/, jtg, u|fxs gDa/, ;Dks gDa/, ddt ug' kg] :yfg, lzsfot k|fKt ;do / ldlt cflb cfjZos x'g] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]├╖u/fpg] .
тАв lzsfot k|fKt :yfgdf sfo ug v6fpFbf sfofno k|d'v jf kmfF6 k|d'v / sfofnon] tf]s]sf] Safety Officer n] lnlvt ?kdf sfofb]z lbP/ dfq v6fpg] Joj:yf clgjfo ?kdf nfu' ug]├╖u/fpg] .
тАв ddt ;+ef/df vl6g]├╖v6fOg] sdrf/Lsf] lnlvt sfofb]z sfofnosf] d'n rnfgL k'l:tsfaf6 dfq ug]├╖u/fpg] .
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тАв ddt ug' kg] :yfgdf sfh v6fpg' kg] cj:yfdf lnlvt sfofb]z ;d]t lbg] Joj:yf ug'kg]5 .
тАв sfofnodf /x]sf] ddt tyf lzsfot btf k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ePsf] afx]ssf] :yfgdf tTsfn vl6g' kg] cj:yfdf sfofno k|d'v├╖kmfF6 k|d'vn] tTsfn v6fpg] / ;f] sfosf] sfofnodf lzsfot btf k'l:tsfdf /]s8 sfod ug] u/fpg] .
тАв sfofnodf ddt ;+ef/sf] /]s8 sfod gu/L├╖gu/fO u/]sf] sfoaf6 h'g;'s k|sf/sf] b'36gf x'g uPdf sfofno cjlw leq ePsf] ePtfklg sfofno hjfkmb]xL gx'g] / s'g k|sf/sf] IftLk'lt gkfpg] eGg] Joxf]/f ;';'rLt ug] .
тАв xfn;Dd ddt ;+ef/sf] nflu sfofb]z lbbf cfGtl/s d]df] dfkmt lbg] k|rng /x]sf]df cj pk|fGt kq dfkmt rnfgL g ;lxtsf] lnlvt sfofb]z lbg] . o; ljk/Lt sfo u/]├╖u/fPdf sfofno k|d'v JolQmut ?kdf hjfkmb]xL x'g] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ug] u/fpg] .
тАв sfofnodf /x]sf] ddt tyf lzsfot k'l:tsfsf] blgs ?kdf sfofno k|d'v jf kmfF6 k|d'vn] k|dfl0ft u/L pQm btf k'l:tsfsf] d'v aGb -Close_ ug' kg] .
тАв ddt ;+ef/sf] sfodf vl6bf sfofnon] lgwf/0f u/]sf] ;'/Iff ;DalGw pks/0f clgjfo k|of]u ug' kg] 5 . pks/0f k|of]u gu/L b'36gf ePdf sfofno hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5g . o; k|sf/sf] b'36gfdf s'g k|sf/sf] Ifltk"lt pknAw u/fOg] 5g eGg] Joxf]/f ;"rgfkf6Ldf ;d]t 6fF; ug] .
тАв ddt ;+ef/ ubf ;6 8fpg lnO ddt ;+ef/ ug'kg] cj:yfdf clgjfo ;6 8fpg lnP/ dfq ug]├╖u/fpg] . ;6 8fpg lnbfF ;Dej eP;Dd ddt ug vl6Psf] 6f]nLaf6 Pshgf ;a :6]zgdf uO ;DalGwt sdrf/Laf6 ;6 8fpg lng] Joj:yf u/L pQm sfo ;DkGg eP kZrft vl6Psf sdrf/Ln] nfOg rfh ug hfgsf/L u/fP kZrft dfq ;DjlGwt ;a :6];gsf sdrf/Ln] nfOg rfh ug]├╖u/fpg] .
тАв ;6 8fpg lng ddt 6f]nLaf6 :jod\ pkl:yt x'g g;lsg] cj:yfdf ;a :6];gaf6 ;6 8fpg lbFbf ;6 8fpg dfFu ug] lat/0f s]GтА║, sdrf/Lsf] gfdy/, kb, ;+s]t g+=, ;Dks g+= lnO ddt sfodf
vl6Psf] xf]├╖xf]Og Plsg u/L ;6 8fpg / nfOg rfh ug] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . plrt ;fjwfgL Pjd ;dGjo gu/L s'g b'36gf x'g uPdf ;DjlGwt sdrf/L hjfkmb]xL x'g] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ug]├╖u/fpg] .
тАв ddt ;+ef/df v6LPsf sdrf/Lx?n] ;6 8fpg eP├╖gePsf] r]shfFr u/]/ dfq sfo ug]├╖u/fpg] . plrt ;fjwfgL gckgfO s'g b'36gf x'g uPdf sfofno hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5g eGg] Joxf]/f ;Da4 ;anfO hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
тАв g]=lj=k|f= af6 x'g] ddt ;+ef/ jfx]s af]nkq├╖lznaGbL b/efpkq / cdfgtaf6 vl/b ul/g] sfodf ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]5 . o; k|sf/sf] sfodf ;Demftf ubf ljB'tLo b'36gfsf] sf/0f Iflt x'g .
^= ljB'tLo b'36gfdf ;'wf/ tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
^=! ;'wf/sf pkfox?
ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfno dftxtsf ljefu, k|fb]lzs, sfofno k|b]z l8lehg sfofno / ljt/0f s]GтА║x?af6 ;]jf k|bfg ubf ljB'tLo b'36gfaf6 x'ghfg] wghgsf] Iflt Go"lgs/0fsf] nflu ljB'tLo ;'/Iffsf pkfox? ckgfpg ckl/xfo ePsfn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;'wf/sf pkfox? cjnDjg ug] .
тАв x/]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] xKtf k|To]s sfofnon] sdrf/Lx?nfO clgjfo ?kdf ;'/Iff ;ky -Safety oath_ lng] Joj:yf ug] .
тАв k|To]s sfofnox?n] ;Dej eP ;Dd clws[t :t/sf] k|fljlws sdrf/LnfO Health and Safety Inspector sf] lhDd]jf/L lbO lghaf6 sfonodf kofKt ;'/Iffsf] pks/0f eP├╖gePsf], sfo:yndf vl6Fbf ;'/Iffsf] pks/0f k|of]u u/]├╖gu/]sf] ;d]t cg'udg ug] .
тАв b'36gf lgoGq0f ug tyf ljB't b'36gfaf6 aRg arfpg g]=lj=k|f= sf ljt/0f s]GтА║x?n] ljB't pkef]Qmfx?nfO ;do ;dodf cfjZos ;"rgfx? ;fjhlgs ?kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug] . ;"rgfx? k|rf/ k|;f/ ubf :yfgLo efiffdf clgjfo ?kdf ug]├╖u/fpg] . ljB't b'36gf Ifltk'lt ljlgodfjnL, @)^& sf] ljlgod !% df /x]sf] Ifltk'lt gkfpg] Joj:yfsf] Aofks ?kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]├╖u/fpg] .
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тАв ljB'tLo b'36gf x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt If]qsf] ;DaGwdf ;j;fwf/0f gful/saf6 s'g hfgsf/L├╖;"rgf k|fKt ePdf ;f] :yfgsf] tTsfn lg/LIf0f u/L ;f] sfosf] ddt ;Def/ ug] . o;/L ;"rgf k|fKt x'gf;fy ddt ;+ef/ gu/L s'g ljB't b'36gf x'g uPdf ;DaGwLt ljt/0f s]GтА║ k|d'vnfO lhDd]jf/ agfpg] .
^=@ ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
тАв ;Dej eP;Dd e"ldut ljB'tLo ljt/0f k|0ffnL Joj:yf ug] (Underground cabling)
тАв lat/0f k|0ffnLsf tf/ slxn]sfxL r'l8g hfg] ePsf]n] al9 hg3gTj ePsf] If]qdf tflgPsf ## tyf !! s]=le= nfOgsf tf/sf] d'gLhfnL (Guard Wire) nufot ;'/IffTds ljwL ckgfpg] .
тАв ljB'tLo ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf tf/x? xfjfx'/L nufotsf sf/0fn] Ps cfk;df 5'g g;Sg] u/L cfjZos k|ljlw ckgfpg] . h:t ljt/0f nfOgdf Separatoror Linespacers k|of]u ug ;lsG5 .
тАв 6┬лfG;kmd/df :jrfnLt l6┬лkL├Л pks/0f h8fg ug] .
тАв ;s];Dd gf+uf] tf/sf] ;6\6f OG;'n]6]8 tf/sf] k|of]u ug] .
тАв 3/ agfpFbf ljB'tLo nfOgaf6 6f9f tf]lsPsf] b'/Ldf ;'/lIft :yfgdf agfpg] .
тАв tf]lsPsf dfkb08 cg';f/sf] ljB'tLo tf/ tyf kf]nsf prfO sfod ug] .
pk;+xf/
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO ;Ifd tyf e/kbf] agfO ljB'tLo b'36gfdf sdL Nofpg' g cfhsf] r'gftL /x]sf] 5 . ljut b'O cflys aifsf] ljB'tLo b'36gfsf] clen]v ljj/0f cg';f/ cf=j= @)&%├╖)&^ df kz'wgsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL s/La %% / dfgjLo Iflt s/La %) / 3fOt] s/La %$ 5 eg] cf=j=@)&^├╖)&& df kz'wgsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL s/La $% / dfgjLo Iflt s/La @% / 3fOt] s/La #) eO g]=lj=k|f=n] s/f]8f /sd Ifltk"lt Joxf]/L /x]sf] 5 . o; n]v dfkmt ljB'tLo b'36gfdf sdL Nofpg canDjg ug'kg] k|s[of nfu' ug ;lsPdf b'36gf sd eO g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;]jf ;'/lIft / e/kbf] x'g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy b'36gf kZrft Ifltk"lt kfpg ckgfpg' kg] k|s[ofsf af/]df ;d]t ljj]rgf ul/Psf]n] ;f]xL cg';f/ ;DalGwt sfofnoaf6 kmfOn k]z ePdf lg0fo k|s[of l56f]5l/tf] eO lkl8t kIfn] l56f] Gofo kfPsf] dxz'; ;d]t ug ;Sg]5 .
n]vs sfg"g ljefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;xfos lgb]zs kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
b'36gfdf kl/ 3fOt] tyf c+u e+u ePdf k]z ug'kg] sfuhftx? M!= rfnssf] gfd, 7]ufgf, ;jf/L Ohfht kq gljs/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltlnlk
@= ;DjlGwt sfofnosf k|d'vaf6 lbOPsf] sfofb]z kq .
#= b'36gf k|ltj]bg -sfofnosf] tkmaf6_
$= b'36gfsf] k|x/L k|ltj]bg . -:ynut d'r'Nsf ;lxt_
%= b'36gf ePsf] ;fwgsf] gDa/ / lsl;d . -ef8f, ;xsf/L, ;+:yfg cflb_
^= ;jf/L ;fwg jLdf ubfsf] rfn' jLdfn]vsf] k|ltlnkL .
&= b'36gfsf] lsl;d -b'36gf cfkm\gf] sf/0fn] jf t];|f] kIf_
*= pkrf/ vrsf ;Ssn ljn tyf Prescription / lzifs jfOh vrsf] ljj/0fx?
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;fjhlgs ;+:yfdf Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf / o;sf]
ck]Iffs[t e"ldsfslkn rGb| a:tfsf]6LOтАУd]nM [email protected]
ljifo k|j]z M
a]nfotdf ;g\ !&&) b]lv !*&) ;Ddsf] !)) jifsf] cjlwdf ePsf] cfBf]lus qmflGtn] >lds jusf] xs clwsf/sf] ljifosf] hu a;fn]sf] kfOG5 . >lds jusf] xs clwsf/sf] ljifosf] p7fgn] g 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|fb'efj ePsf] dflgG5 . cfBf]lus qmflGtsf] kl/0ffd :j?k >ldsx?sf]] clwsf/, Go'gtd dfgjLo Jojxf/, ;]jf tyf Jofj;flos ;'/Iff h:tf ljifox?df >ldsx?dfly ul/Psf] bdg / zf]if0fsf] k|ltlqmof :j?k Tolta]nf 6]┬л8 o'lgog tyf >lds ;+u7gx?sf] u7g / :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf 6]┬л8 o'lgog cfGbf]ng k"FhLafbL k|0ffnL cGtut Joj:yfkg├еf/f ul/Psf] >ldssf] zf]if0f lj?┬в z'? ePsf] lyof] . vf;u/L ILO / Karl Marx sf] of]ubfgn] 6]┬л8 o'lgog cfGbf]ngnfO vf; prfOdf k'┬еofpg / Joj:yfkg ug ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
ljZjdf 6]┬л8 o'lgog ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ;g\ !*!) sf] bzsdf ePsf] kfOG5 . a]nfotsf] dgr]i6/ zx/df ;g\ !*!* df :yfkgf ePsf] General Unions of Trades (also known as Philanthropic Society) ljZjsf] klxnf] 6]┬л8 o'lgog xf] egL dflgPsf] 5 . a]nfotdf ;g\ !*#) df John Doherty ┬вf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf] тАжThe National Association for the Protection of Labour├Ъ nfO /fli6┬лo :t/df u7g ePsf] klxnf] 6]┬л8 o'lgog dflgPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf 6]┬л8 o'lgog ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] w]/ ;do ePsf] 5g . la/f6gu/df lj=;+ @))# kmfNu'0fdf h'6
ldndf ePsf] x8tfnsf] bf/fgdf >ldssf] xs clwsf/sf] af/]df ;aeGbf klxn] ljifo p7fg ePsf] kfOG5 . %)├Ь Hofnf a[l┬вsf] dfu /fv]/ z'? ePsf] ;f] x8tfndf /f0ff zf;g lj/f]wL ultljlwsf] uGw lyof] . g]kfnL e'ldaf6 z'? ePsf] /fhglts uGw k|]l/t cfGbf]ng ePtf klg o;nfO 6]┬л8 o'lgog :yfkgfsf] cfwf/e't hu dflgPsf] 5 .
6]┬л8 o'lgog s] xf] <
6]┬л8 o'lgog dhb'/x?sf] ;+u7g xf], h;n] ;fd'lxs ?kdf ;fd'lxs ;fbfafhL dfkmt pgLx?sf] cfk;L lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4g ug] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 . 6]┬л8 o'lgog, dhb'/x?sf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug] p2]Zon] u7g ul/Psf] dhb'/x?s Ps ;+u7g xf] .
6]┬л8 o'lgog o:tf] ;+u7g xf], h;df ;a ;b:ox?n] ;fd'lxs lxtsf nflu ljleGg sfox? ;Dkfbg ub5g\ . o:tf o'lgogx? sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/, ;+u7g :j?k cg';f/ km/s km/s lgdf0f x'g] ub5g\ . of] sfdbf/x?sf] ljlzi6 ;+u7g xf], h;df Hofnfdf a9f]Q/L, ;'/Iff dfkb08df ;'wf/, sfo cj:yfdf ;'wf/, sdrf/L Pstf ;'b[l9s/0f h:tf ljljw ;fd'lxs nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;a ;b:o Psh'6 x'G5g\ . 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf ;DaGwdf s]xL c+u|]hL kl/efiffx?af6 cem k|i6 x'g ;lsG5 .
тАЬA Trade Union is an association of employees designated primarily to maintain and improve the conditions of employment of its members.тАЭ
-Prof. Richard A. Lester, Princeton University, USA.
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тАЬThe Trade Unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is traditionally maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value.тАЭ
-Karl Marx (Das Capital -V1, 1867).
тАЬA Trade Union means an association of workers in one or more occupations, an association carried on mainly for the purpose of protecting and advancing the memberтАЩs, economic interests in connection of their daily work.тАЭ
-George Douglas Howard Cole, English Political Theorist, UK
6]┬л8 o'lgogsf p2]Zox? M
s'g klg ;+u7g :yfkgfsf] s'g g s'g p2]Zo /x]sf] x'G5 . p2]Zo ljgfsf] s'g ;+u7g x'g ;Sbg . 6]┬л8 o'lgog klg Pp6f ;+u7gsf] :j?k ePsfn] :jtM o;sf klg ljleGg p2]Zox? /x]sf x'G5g\ . 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] ;du| l;┬вfGtnfO cWoog ljZn]if0f ubf o;sf p2]Zox?nfO b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug ;lsG5 .
-!_ Go'gtd Hofnf jf dhb'/L, sfd ug] 306f / ;dosf] lgwf/0f ug] .
-@_ sfdbf/x?sf] ;]jf, zt / ;'ljwfsf] k|j4g ug] .
-#_ pko'Qm >d ljwfog th'df ug ;xof]u k'┬еofpg] .
-$_ >lds ;DaGw tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljifox? jLdf, lga[lQe/0f, pkbfg, k]G;g, cfifwL pkrf/, ljbf cflb pknAw u/fpg k/fdz tyf bjfj lbg] .
-%_ >lds cyft sfdbf/x?sf] Joj;flos, k|fljlws tyf k|lt:kwfTds Ifdtfsf] clea[l┬в ug] .
-^_ sfdbf/x?sf] lj?┬вdf /f]huf/bftfaf6 x'g ;Sg] cg'lrt sfd sf/jfxL / zf]if0f lj?┬в ;hu /xg] .
-&_ ;fd'lxs ;fbfafhLsf] dfWod├еf/f sfdbf/x?sf] ;]jfnfO pGgt agfpg k|of;/t /xg] .
-*_ cfBf]lus >d ;DaGw ;'dw'/ /fVg Joj:yfkgnfO /rgfTds ;xof]u k'┬еofpg] .
;fjhlgs If]qsf 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf p2]Zox? M
;/sf/L / cw ;/sf/L ;fjhlgs lgsfodf u7g x'g] 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] p2]Zo s]xL ljlzi6 x'G5 . ;fjhlgs lgsfosf 6]┬л8 o'lgogx? 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf ;fdfGo l;┬вfGtnfO cfTd;fy ub ;w ;+u7gsf] ax'cfoflds ;'wf/tkm lgb]lzt x'G5g\ .
o;sf p2]Zox?nfO b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug ;lsG5 .
-!_ Joj:yfkg;Fu ;xdltsf] dfWod├еf/f sdrf/L├╖sfdbf/x?sf] ;]jf zt / ;'ljwfx?nfO sdrf/L├╖sfdbf/x?sf] cfjZostf cg'?k agfpFb hfg] .
-@_ sdrf/L├╖sfdbf/x?sf] ;]jf zt / ;'ljwfsf] k|j4g ug] .
-#_ sdrf/L├╖sfdbf/x?sf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4g ug]] .
-$_ Joj;flos bIftf / dofbf sfod ub ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l┬в ug] .
-%_ sdrf/L├╖sfdbf/x?sf] Joj;flos / k|lt:kwfTds Ifdtfsf] clej[l┬в u/L ;+:yfsf] lbuf]kgfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug] .
g]kfnsf] sfg"gL b:tfj]hnfO cWoog ubf 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] p2]Zo ;dfg / p:t /x]sf] kfOG5 . 6┬л]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ( df 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] p2]Zo b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 elg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 MтАУ
-s_ sfdbf/x?sf] sfdsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L ltgLx?sf] cflys / ;fdflhs ;d'Ggltsf] nflu sfo/t /xg],
-v_ sfdbf/ / Joj:yfks aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw /fVg k|oTg ug],
-u_ k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L k|lti7fgsf] ljsf; ugdf ;3fp k'┬еofpg],
-3_ sfdbf/x?nfO stJolgi7 / cg'zfl;t agfpg k|oTgzLn /xg] .
Dffly n]lvPsf p2]Zox?sf cltl/Qm 6]┬л8 o'lgog ;+3 / 6]┬л8 o'lgog dxf;+3sf] p2]Zo b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 MтАУ
-s_ sfdbf/x?nfO lzIff lbg] ;DaGwdf sfoqmdx? ;~rfng ug],
-v_ sfdbf/x?sf] lxtsf] lgldQ cGt/fli6┬лo ;+3 ;+:yfx┬┐;Fu ;Dks sfod /fVg],
-u_ >d gLlt th'df ug] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO cfjZos k/fdz k|bfg ug],
-3_ sfdbf/x?sf] ;fdflhs Pj+ cflys :t/sf] ljsf; ug cfjZos sfozfnf, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ cflb ;~rfng u/L sfdbf/x?nfO pkof]uL x'g] tYox? k|sfzg ug],
-┬к_ sfdbf/x?sf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4g ug] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu jftf ug] / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL cGo cfjZos pkfox? ckgfpg] .
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6]┬л8 o'lgogsf sfox? M
6┬л]8 o'lgogsf sfox?nfO b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug ;lsG5 .
-!_ sfdbf/x?nfO plrt Hofnf├╖kfl/>ldssf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] .
-@_ sfdbf/x?sf] ;]jf zt, ;]jf cjlw -Tenure_ sf] ;"lglZrt Joj:yf ug] .
-#_ sfdbf/x?sf] j[lQ ljsf; tyf tflndsf cj;/x? km/flsnf] kfg] .
-$_ sfdbf/x?sf] sfo / hLjg cj:yf -Working and Living Condition_ df ;'wf/ ug] .
-%_ sfdbf/x?nfO zlIfs, ;f+:s[lts / dgf]/~hgfTds -Recreational_ ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf u/fpg] .
-^_ sfdbf/x?sf] cj:yfnfO ljrf/ u/L cfw'lgs k|ljlwut ;'ljwfdf lj:tf/ ug ;dGjo ug] .
-&_ pBf]u;Fu sfdbf/x?sf] ;DaGw tyf kl/ronfO uxg agfpg] .
-*_ pBf]udf pTkfbgsf] :t/, pTkfbsTj / u'0f:t/df j[l┬в Nofpg ;dGjofTds e"ldsf v]Ng] .
-(_ sfdbf/x?sf] JolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs sNof0fnfO k|jlwt ug] .
ljz]iftM 6┬л]8 o'lgog :yfkgf ubfsf]] cf╦Жgf] ljwfgdf g 6┬л]8 o'lgogn] ug' kg] sfox? pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . cf╦Жgf] ljwfgdf pNn]lvt sfd, stJo / clwsf/sf]] cltl/Qm 6┬л]8 o'lgogsf] cGo sfd, stJo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] kfOG5 M
-s_ 6┬л]8 o'lgogsf] p2]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu cfjZos sfd sf/jfxL tyf sfoqmdx?sf] ;~rfng ug] u/fpg],
-v_ k|lti7fg :t/sf] cflwsf/Ls 6┬л]8 o'lgogsf] lgjfrgdf cf╦Жgf ;b:ox?nfO efu lng nufpg],
-u_ k|lti7fg :t/sf] cflwsfl/s 6┬л]8 o'lgogsf] lg0fox? k|lti7fgsf] sfdbf/x?nfO kfngf ug nufpg] .
6]┬л8 o'lgogx?sf] :yfkgf├╖lgdf0f M
sfo k|s[lt Pj+ ljleGg p2]Zox?sf] cfwf/df km/s km/s 6┬л]8 o'lgogx? :yfkgf Pj+ lgdf0f ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t
-s_ Craft Union MтАУ ljlzi6 sfdsf cfwf/df lgdf0f x'g] -g]kfn a+s; ;+3, g]kfn lrlsT;s ;+3, g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb cflb _
-v_ Industrial Union MтАУ leGbf leGb pBf]u├╖sf/vfgfsf cfwf/df lgdf0f x'g] . -6]S;6fOn ldn o'lgog, l:6n pBf]u o'lgog, wfuf] sf/vfgf dhb'/ ;+3 _
-u_ General Union MтАУ 7"nf] If]q ;d]6]/ :yfg ljz]ifdf :yfkgf ul/g]] -cfBf]lus If]q sfdbf/ ;+u7g, g]kfn 6┬лs Joj;foL ;+3, g]kfn xf]6n dhb'/ ;+3 _
-3_ Federation MтАУ /fli6┬лo :t/df lgdf0f x'g]]] . -g]kfn :jf:YosdL dxf;+3, g]kfn rnlrqsdL dxf;+3, g]kfn 6┬лs Joj;foL dxf;+3_
g]kfndf 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] jlus/0fM
-s_ cfBf]lus If]qsf 6]┬л8 o'lgog
-v_ gLlh If]q / k|lti7fgsf 6]┬л8 o'lgog
-u_ ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf /x]sf t/ leGg P]g├еf/f ;+rflnt k|lti7fgsf 6]┬л8 o'lgog
-3_ ;/sf/L sfofnosf 6]┬л8 o'lgog
g]kfndf 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] ljsf;qmd M
-s_ lj=;+=!((# df sDkgL sfg"g ag]kl5 df]/┬к s6g ldn, lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldn, hgsk'/ rfdn ldn h:tf pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf eP kl5 cgfkrfl/s ?kdf eP klg Joj:yfkg;Fu df]ntf]n ug] sfosf] z'?jft .
-v_ lj=;+= @))# df cn g]kfn 6]┬л8 o'lgog sfFu|];sf] :yfkgf .
-u_ lj=;+= @))$ df la/f6gu/ h'6 ldndf x8tfn . sfdbf/x?sf] ;'ljwfdf yk ug' kg] dfu Joj:yfkg;Fu /flvPsf] .
-3_ lj=;+= @))% df ;+3 ;DaGwL P]gsf] dfWod├еf/f k|lti7fgnfO Jojl:yt ug] k|lqmofsf] z'?jft .
-┬к_ lj=;+= @)!^ df sf/vfgf tyf sf/vfgfdf sfd ug] dhb'/ ;DaGwL P]g @)!^ hf/L .
-r_ lj=;+= @)!* df /fli6┬лo lgb]zg P]g @)!* hf/L .
-5_ @)#^ ;fn kl5 k|ltjlGwt cj:yfd dhb'/ o'lgog, lzIfs ;+3├╖;+u7g vf]Ng] qmdsf] z'?jft .
-h_ >d P]g @)$* / 6]┬л8 o'lgog P]g @)$( hf/L .
-em_ 6]┬л8 o'lgog P]g @)$( cg';f/ ljleGg k]zfut ;+3 ;+u7g v'Ng] qmddf ltj|tf .
-`_ k|hftGq k'g:yfkgf kZrft lgldt lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( df -@)^$ ;fndf ePsf] bf];|f] ;+;f]wgn]_ lghfdtL sdrf/Lx?nfO 6]┬л8 o'lgog vf]Ng kfpg] :jtGqtf k|fKt .
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-6_ >d P]g @)&$ / >d lgodfjnL @)&% hf/L . 6]┬л8 o'lgog clwsf/ ;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]┬л8 o'lgog M
g]kfndf lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf g lghfdtL ;]jfn] sfg'gL ?kdf ;+:yfut :j?k u|x0f u/]sf] ePtf klg ;f] sfg'gdf sdrf/Lx?sf nflu 6]┬л8 o'lgog ;DaGwL Joj:yf lyPg . lj=;+ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrftsf] /fhglts kl/jtg ;Fu lgdf0f ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( n] lghfdtL sdrf/LnfO 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] P]gdf ePsf] bf];|f] ;+;f]wg -@)^$├╖)$├╖@#_ / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%) df ePsf] ;ftf+ ;+;f]wg -@)^$├╖)*├╖@)_ n] lghfdtL sdrf/Lx?sf] 6]┬л8 o'lgognfO Jojl:yt ug sfg'gL cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf;Fu lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg /f=k=c=sdrf/Lx?nfO 6┬л]8 o"lgog vf]Ng kfpg] clwsf/ lbPkl5 g]kfn lghfdtL sdrf/L ;+u7g, g]kfn lghfdtL sdrf/L ;+3, lghfdtL sdrf/L kl/ifb\ tyf lghfdtL sdrf/L d~r gfds 6┬л]8 o"lgogx? ls|ofzLn /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;'?df Pp6 dfq 6┬л]8 o"lgog vf]Ng] k|fjwfg x'Fbfx'Fb g]kfn lghfdtL sdrf/L ;+3sf] :yfkgf nuQ o; ljifosf] 6'+uf] nufpg nfdf] ;do;Dd cbfntdf ax; k/jL ePtf klg Ps eGbf a9L 6┬л]8 o"lgogx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf ls|ofzLn e/x]sf] kfOG5 .
@)^# ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ng kZrft k'gM:yflkt ;+;bn] pkтАУ;lrj :t/sf sdrf/Lx?;Dd 6┬л]8 o"lgog ultljlwdf cfj4 x'g ;Sg] egL cem pbf/ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/of] . @)^# ;fndf hf/L ul/Psf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dflns xs cGtut >d ;DaGwL xsdf k|To]s sfdbf/ sdrf/Lx?nfO cfk\mgf] xslxt /Iffsf] lgldQ 6┬л]8 o"lgog vf]Ng], ;Ful7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;fbfjfhL ug] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( df ul/Psf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgn] eg] sfofno k|d'vsf] ?kdf /xg] /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf clws[t afx]s cGo /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLdf clws[t ;DdnfO 6┬л]8 o"lgogdf ;+nUg x'g] kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lghfdlt ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%) sf] bkmf !)& -s_ df 6┬л]8 o"lgog btf, ;+rfng, cflwsf/Ls 6┬л]8 o"lgogsf] r'gfj tyf ;fd'lxs ;fbfjfhL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( bf]>f] ;+zf]wgn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L & j6f 6┬л]8 o"lgogx? >d tyf Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff ljefudf btf eO ;s]sf b]lvG5g\ .
-!_ g]kfn lghfdtL sdrf/L ;+u7g -@)^$.(.!*_
-@_ g]kfn lghfdtL sdrf/L o"lgog -@)^$.(.!(_
-#_ g]kfn /fli6┬лo lghfdtL sdrf/L ;+u7g -@)^$.!).@)_
-$_ /fli6┬лo :jtGq sdrf/L ldng s]Gb| -@)^$.!!.@^_
-%_ g]kfn dw]zL lghfdtL sdrf/L dGr -@)^%.$.!_
-^_ g]kfn :jf:YosdL o"lgog -@)^%.*.*_
-&_ clvn g]kfn k|ultzLn :jf:YosdL ;+u7g -@)^^.!.#_
;fjhlgs If]qsf u7g ePsf 6┬л]8 o"lgogsf s]xL /fd|f tyf g/fd|f kIfx?nfO b]xfo adf]lhd ljj]rgf ug ;lsG5 M
-s_ /fd|f kIfx? M
-!_ k]zfut ;+u7gsf] awflgs dfGotfsf] sf/0fn] sdrf/Lx?df k]zfut ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt x'g] .
-@_ sdrf/Lx?df g]t[Tj znLsf] ljsf; x'g] .
-#_ sdrf/L ;]jf zt ;DaGwL sfg"g lgdf0fdf sdrf/Lsf] wf/0ff k|ltljlDjt x'g] .
-$_ sdrf/L xsтАУlxtsf ljifodf ;femf cjwf/0ff tof/ x'g] / sdrf/Lx?sf] u'gf;f] ;[hgzLn tj/af6 ;dfwfg x'g] .
-%_ 6┬л]8 o"lgogx? Joj:yfkgsf] ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf /xbf k|zf;lgs k|lqmof ;'wf/df ;xof]u k'Ug] .
-^_ ;]jf k|jfxsf k|lqmofx?nfO ;]jfu|fxLd'vL agfpg o'lgogx?af6 /rgfTds ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] .
-&_ sdrf/L o'lgogx? / Joj:yfkgsf sfd sf/jfxLx?df kf/blztf cfO c;n sfo jftfj/0f lgdf0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] .
-*_ sdrf/L o'lgogx?n] gLlt lgdftfx? / sdrf/L jLr ;DaGw ;]t'sf] sfd ug] x'gfn] gLlt lgdf0fdf k[i7kf]if0f / sfofGjog ;+oGq k|efjsf/L agfpgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] .
-(_ sdrf/Lx?df l;hgzLntfsf] ljsf; x'g] .
-!)_ ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwL gofF of]hgf sfofGjogdf Nofpg ;lhnf] x'g] .
-v_ g/fd|f kIfx? M
-!_ 6┬л]8 o"lgog clwsf/ k]zfut clwsf/sf] bfo/f eGbf aflx/ hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf .
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-@_ 6┬л]8 o"lgog ;+:yfx? Joj:yfkgsf] ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf eGbf klg k|lt:kwL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ePdf cg'zf;glxgtfn] k|>o kfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf .
-#_ ;f+u7lgs k|lqmofnfO /fhglts cfj/0f lbg] jf To;df /fhglts klxrfg vf]Hg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; ePdf 6┬л]8 o"lgog clwsf/ ljeflht x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf .
-$_ Joj:yfkgn] cgfjZos dfu / x8\tfn h:tf ;d:ofsf] ;w+e/L ;fdgf ul//xg' kg]] .
-%_ ;+u7gdf cgfjZos k|lt:kwf / ljjfbsf] ;+:s[ltn] k|>o kfpg ;Sg] .
-^_ ;+u7gdf cgfjZos k|lt:kwf / ljjfb b]vf k/]df ;]jf k|jfxdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg ;Sg]] .
g]kfndf >d├╖6]┬л8 o'lgogsf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of├╖r'gftLx? M
-!_ ljBdfg >d ;DaGwL sfg"gx?df ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug g;lsPsf] cj:yf /xg' .
-@_ cfBf]lus ljsf; / cflys pbf/Ls/0fnfO ;Fu;Fu nhfg g;lsg'' .
-#_ >d ahf/af6 afn >dnfO pGd'ng ug g;lsg' .
-$_ Jojxfl/s ?kdf dlxnf / k'?if sfdbf/ jLrsf] e]befj x6fpg g;lsg' .
-%_ ab]lzs /f]huf/ tyf gful/ssf] ab]lzs alxudgsf] cj:yfnfO /f]Sg g;lsg' .
-^_ Self-employees sf] mass nfO 6]┬л8 o'lgog ;+:sf/ leq ;lDdng ug g;lsg' .
-&_ Joj:yfkg├╖lg0fo k|lqmofdf >ldsx?sf] plrt k|ltlglwTj u/fpg g;lsg' .
-*_ sfdbf/x?sf nflu kofKt lzIff ty tflndsf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg'' .
-(_ s[lif If]qdf sfo/t >lds junfO >lds ;+u7gx?df ;dflxt ug g;lsg' .
-!)_ ;a >lds├╖sfdbf/x? Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] 5ftf leq cfj┬в x'g g;Sg' .
-!!_ >lds ;+u7g├╖6]┬л8 o'lgogx? s'g g s'g /fhglts bn jf /fhglts cf:yf;Fu cfj┬в ePsf] cj:yf /xg' .
;fjhlgs If]qdf Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf M
;fjhlgs ;+:yfx?df Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] cfjZostf w]/ g v8\lsPsf] 5 . ;fjhlgs ;+:yfx?df vf]lnPsf 6]┬л8 o'lgogx? s'g g s'g /fhglts bn jf cf:yf k|lt 9lNsP/ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . olb 6]┬л8 o'lgogx? /fhglts bnx?sf] eft[ ;+u7gsf] ?kdf /xg] jf s'g /fhglts bn k|lt cf:yfjfg /xg] xf] eg] o:tf 6]┬л8 o'lgogx?n] rfNg] x/]s sbdx? /fhglts k"jfu|xaf6 u|l;t aGb5g\ . o:tf 6]┬л8 o'lgogx?sf] lg0fon] ;a sdrf/Lx?sf] enfO ug ;Sbg .
/fhglts k"jfu|xsf cfwf/df Joj:yfkg k|lt /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] wf/0ff agfpg] ePsfn] o:tf] cj:yfdf s'g a]nf Joj:yfkg xfjL aGg hfg] t s'g a]nf sfd ug g;s]/ csd0otfsf] l:yltdf /xg] cj:yf ;d]t ;[hgf x'g ;Sb5 . /fhglts cf:yfaf6 k|]l/t 6]┬л8 o'lgog g]t[Tjn] ;a sdrf/LnfO Gofo lbg ;Sbg . /fd|f] Ph]08f lnP/ cfpg] s'g csf] 6]┬л8 o'lgognfO p;n] ;xof]u ug] r]i6f g /fVbg . kmn:j?k 6]┬л8 o'lgogx? jLr jdg:ytf / ├еGb ;[hgf x'G5 . csf] 6]┬л8 o'lgogn] s'g sfdsf] h; lng] kf] xf] ls eGg] 8/df p;n] csfsf] sfd x'g glbg] tkm efFhf] xfN5 . cGttM 6]┬л8 o'lgog sdhf]/ ;fljt eO Joj:yfkg;Fu x'g ;Sg] / ug ;lsg] ;fd"lxs ;fbfjfhL c;Dejdf kl/0ft x'G5 . Joj:yfkg ;fd' 6]┬л8 o'lgog em'Sg' kg] cj:yf cfpF5 . o;af6 ;du| sdrf/Lx?sf] xf/ x'G5 . 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] lqmofzLntfsf] s'g cy /xFbg . Joj:yfkg / 6]┬л8 o'lgog tyf ljleGg 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf aLrsf] ├еGb / jdgZotfn] ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/ xf]Og ;+u7g ktgf]Gd'v cj:yf lt/ hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . >lds sdrf/Lsf] k]zfut lxt Pj+ ;+:yfsf] k|ult tyf pGgtLsf nflu /fhglts cf:yfsf cfwsf/df ljleGg 6]┬л8 o'lgog vf]Ng cfjZos b]lvbg . ;asf] ;xdltdf ljz'┬в Joj;flos ;d[┬в Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] u7g ug] Joj:yf x'g plrt / ;do ;fk]If 7xl/G5 . xfdLnfO rflxPsf] lgikIftf xf] . ;an collective bargaining power xf] . ;+:yf├╖;+u7gsf] ;d'GgtL xf], ljsf; xf] / ;du| sdrf/Lsf] clwstd sNof0f Pj+ xLt xf] . oL ;a Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yfaf6 dfq k|fKt x'G5 .
g]kfndf ;/sf/L├╖;fjhlgs If]qsf 6]┬л8 o'lgog s:tf] x'g'k5 <
g]kfnsf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfdf lqmofzLn 6]┬л8 o'lgogx?df ljleGg sdL sdhf]/L /x]sf] l6sf l6Kk0fL x'g] u/]s 5 . hj;Dd Pp6f ljlzi6 ;+:yfdf Pp6f dfq 6]┬л8 o'lgog /xg]
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Joj:yf ul/Fbg, tj;Dd o:tf sdL sdhf]/L /xL g /xG5 . Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgog k|0ffnLdf klg sdL sdhf]/L /xFb /xGg eGg ;lsbg tfklg t'ngfTds ?kdf Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgogdf Hofb g yf]/ /xG5 . xfdL ;an] ck]Iff u/]sf] lgDg ljz]iftf /x]sf] ;an, ;Ifd / lgikIf Psn 6]┬л8 o'lgog xf] .
-!_ ljgf k"jfu|x ;a sfdbf/├╖sdrf/Lsf] g]t[Tj ug ;sf];\ .
-@_ Joj:yfkg;Fu 7f8f] zL/ u/]/ ;fd'lxs ;fbfjfhL (collective bargaining) ug ;sf];\ .
-#_ s'g /fhglts bn jf To;sf] cf:yf;Fu cfj┬в gePsf] xf];\ .
-$_ ;+u7gsf] pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / u'0f:t/ a[l┬в ug e/k'/ ;xof]u xf]; .
-%_ 6]┬л8 o'lgogsf] k|d'v p2]]Zo sdrf/L sNof0f xf];\ .
-^_ ;+u7gdf /fhglts x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]wL / Joj;flos :jtGqtfsf] kIfw/ xf];\\ .
-&_ ;+u7gsf ;j sdrf/Lx?sf] ;fd'lxs efjgf hfu[t u/fO pgLx?sf] kL/dsf / u'gf;f]x? sd ub sfo pTk|]/0ff l;hgf ug ;Ifd xf]; .
-*_ ;Dk"0f sfdbf/├╖sdrf/Lsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| ljGb' aGg ;sf]];\ .
-(_ JolQmjfbL ;f]+r lgd"n ub ;+u7gfTds rl/q k|:t't u/f];\ .
-!)_ sfdbf/ sdrf/Lsf] k]zfut xs lxtsf] ;'/Iff ub cg'zf;g / OdfGbf/Ltf sfod ug ;xof]u u/f];\ .
pk;+xf/ M
g]kfndf 6┬л]8 o'lgog ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; w]/ 5f]6f] / ckl/kSj cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfkgf kZrft ;+VofTds ?kdf w]/ g 6┬л]8 o'lgogx? vf]lnPsf] ePtfklg tL ;a cfzfltt stJo kydf /x]sf b]lv+bgg\ . ;fjhlgs If]qdf lqmofzLn 6┬л]8 o'lgogx? klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] ;f]+r] h:tf] ck]Iffs[t e"ldsfdf /x]sf] kfObg . cfkm'nfO ;'wfg gvf]Hg' / ;do ;fk]If ?kdf cufl8 a9\g grfxg' cl:yTjnfO gsfg' ;/x x'G5 . ;fjhlgs If]qdf lqmofzLn 6┬л]8 o'lgogx? klg ;dogfs'n kl/:s[t / kl/dflht xF'b hfg' kb5 . ;+:yf├╖;+u7gsf] ;d'Gglt, ljsf; / ;du| sdrf/Lsf] clwstd sNof0fnfO Wofgdf /fVb, ;an] vf]h] / ;f]r] h:tf] ;an, ;Ifd / lgikIf 6]┬л8 o'lgog lgdf0fdf ;fjhlgs If]qdf lqmofzLn 6┬л]8 o'lgogx? ?kfGtl/t x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . cfzf u/f+, xfd|f 6┬л]8 o'lgogx? xfdL ;jn] cfzf / ck]Iff u/] h:t ljleGg rdTsfl/s ljz]iftfn] el/k"0f xf]pmg\ . o;df xfdL ;asf] sNof0f 5 .
;xof]uL ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx? M
!= https://en.wikipedia.org
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#= cfBf]lus ljlwzf:q, kjg s'df/ cf]emf .
$= Trade Union ;DaGwL ljleGg n]vx? .
%= >d ;DaGwL ljleGg P]g, lgodx? .
n]vs hgzlQm of]hgf tyf ljsf; zfvf, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;xfos lgb]zs kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
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/fhg k|;fb sf]O/fnfOтАУd]nM [email protected]
g]=lj=k|f=df sdrf/Lx?sf] clen]v Joj:yfkg
/ o;sf] dxTj
clen]v Joj:yfkg eGgfn] sfofnodf l;hgf ePsf jf k|fKt ePsf lr6\7Lkq lkmNdL lel8of] sDKo'6/s[t skLnfO To;sf] ljifo k|s[lt ;do / dxTjsf cfwf/df k|fyldlss/0f u/L Jojl:yt ug] . /fli6┬лo :t/sf k'/fgf s[lt snf P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h nufotsf ;fdfu|L lnlka4 u/L /fVg' xf] . h'g;'s b]zx?n] klg cf cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hx?nfO jtdfg / eljiosf k':tfx?sf nflu ;d]t ;'/lIft ?kn] /fVg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf klg o:tf s[ltx? / ;"rgfx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug /fli6┬лo clen]vfno /x]sf] 5 . sfofnodf k|fKt ePsf / sfofNfoaf6 aflx/ k7fOPsf kqx?sf] ;'/IffTds ?kaf6 cfunfuL tyf cGo ls/fx? nufotsf bL3sfnLg ?kdf c;/ gkg] ul/ eljiodf vf]h]sf jvt t'?Gt kfpg ;lsg] ul/ /fVg'nfO clen]v Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjM (Important of Record Management)
!= jtdfg ;fdfu|LnfO eljio;Dd ;'/lIft ?kn] /fVg' .
@= clen]v vf]hLdf nfUg] ;do arfpg' .
#= eljiodf k|df0fsf] ?kdf k]z ug] clen]v /fVg' .
$= cfufdL sfosf nflu dfubzg ug .
%= ;+:yfsf] ;+:d/0f .
^= lg0fodf Ps?ktf .
&= vf]h]sf] avt h'g;'s j]nf kfpg ;lsg] .
*= k|df0fLs/0f ;'/lIft ug .
(= ;do Joj:yfkgdf ;xh .
!)= Joj:yfkg sfodf ldtJolotf .
!!= clen]v /fVgfn] :yfgsf] jrt x'g] .
!@= ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] kx'Fr / kf/blztf .
!#= k'/ftflTjs j:t' hf]ufO /fVg' .
clen]v rqmM(Record Management Cycle)
s= l;hgf jf k|flKt
3= rfn' jf
rngrlNtdfg/x]sf] u=
e08f/0f
v= jlus/0f
jf k|fyldlss/0f
┬к=x:tGt/0f
jfw'Nofpg]
g]kfndf sdrf/L clen]v Joj:yfkg (Personel Record Management in Nepal ).
s= /fli6┬лo clen]vfno
v= lstfavfgfx?
┬к=x:tGt/0f
jfw'Nofpg]
18
!= lghfdtL lstfavfgf#= ;lgs lstfavfgf $= k|x/L lstfavfgf%= lzIfs lstfavfgf
Uf=k'/ftTj ljefu
g]kfndf sdrf/L clen]v Joj:yfkgdf IT sf] k|of]u
!= j]e;fO6sf] qmd lbgfg' lbg j9\b uPsf] .
@= sfofNfo leqsf g]6jls┬к .
#= dfOs|f] lkmNd; .
$= sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug] tkm k|of;/t .
%= Onf]S6┬лf]lgS; l8efO; h:t E-Attendance.
g]kfndf dfly pNn]v ul/P adf]lhdsf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx?n] cf cfkm\g lsl;daf6 clen]v Joj:yfkg ug] u/]sf 5g . lghL If]q / cGo Pglhof] cfOPglhof]x?n] klg clen]vsf] Joj:yf cf cfkm\g tl/sfn] ug] u/]sf 5g .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sdrf/Lx?sf] clen]v Joj:yfkgM
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'0f :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx? dWo] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f klg Ps xf] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g @)$! cGtut g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf @)$@ ;fn efb| ! ut] ePsf] xf] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f u7g xF'bf g]kfn ljB't skf]/]zg, ljB't ljefu / ; ;fgf hn ljB't ljsf; ;ldlt ;fy ljleGg >L % sf] ;/sf/sf hn ljB't ljsf; ;ldltx? ldnfP/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L ;a ;+:yfx?df sfo/t sdrf/Lx?sf] klg JolStut clen]vx? Kf|wfg sfofno /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]vdf PsLs[t ul/of] . oL ;a sdrf/Lx?sf] JolStmut kmfOnx?nfO Ps :yfgdf /fvL ;s] kl5 /тАУ/sd tyf lgjl[Tte/0f klg ;f]xL clen]vaf6 g lbg yflnof] . h'g h'g ztdf sdrf/Lx?nfO PsLs[t u/L g]=lj=k|f=df ;dfj]z ul/of] ;f]xL zt cg';f/sf ;]jf ;'ljwfx? s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vaf6 clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[tLdf lbg yflnof] . To:t ;+u7g ;+rfngsf eflts ;+/rgfx? cGo kF"hL k|ljlwx? klg oyf:yfgdf Plss[t u/L x:tfGt/0f u/LP . ;fy s]Gb|Lo ?kdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k|wfg sfofno /Tgkfs sf7df08fdf g /x\of] . ;jn hgzlStsf ?kdf /x]sf sdrf/Lx?, goFf lgo'lQm ldnfg ubf h'g h'g ztsf
cfwf/df lgo'StL ul/Psf lyP jf ldnfg ul/Psf lyP ;f]xL ;]jf zt adf]lhdsf kmfOnx? ztgfdf s]nfP/, sfg"gL JofVof u/]/, dfq ;]jf ;'ljwfx? h:t k]G;g jf /тАУ/sd lbg] lg0fo ul/G5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f s]lGb|o sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vaf6 xfn lgoldt e /x]sf sfox?M
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] hg;fwg ljefu cGtut /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vaf6 ul/g] sfd sf/jfxLx? sdrf/Lx?sf cjsfz kl5sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0fdf dxTjk"0f e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . sdrf/L cG7fpGg jif k'/f eO cjsfz k|fKt eP/ ;]jf lgj[Q cj:yfdf /x]sf sdrf/Lx?sf] hLjg /x];Dd dfq geO sdrf/Lsf] >Ldfg\ jf >LdtL ;d]tn] hLjg /x] ;Dd lgj[Qe/0f clwsf/ kq ;/f]sf/ jfnf lgj[Tt sdrf/Lsf] d[To' kl5 >LdtL jf >Ldfg\sf] gfddf gfd;f/L ug'kg] ePdf├╖x/fPdf, gfl;Pdf, RofltPdf, sfofno k|lt x]/L agfO lbg] sfosf] ;'?jft / clGtd ;Ddsf sfox? kb5g .To;n] sdrf/L gofF hf]; / hfFu/df gofF lgo'lSt lnP/ lelqP b]vL p:fsf] cfl>t kl/jf/x?sf] ;d]t hLjg /x];Dd o;n] sfo ul/ lbg kg] x'G5 . t/ @)^# >fj0f ! ut] eGbf kl5 lgo'lSt ePsf sdrf/Lx?sf] lgj[lTte/0fsf] ef/ of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] o;n] z'?sf] r/0fsf] kmfon p7fpg] sfo s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]vn] lg0fo u/fpg k|s[of cufl8 j9fpg' kb5 t/ ;f] jfkt ljbf jfktsf] /sd afx]s cGo ef/ cjsfz sf]if Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfn] g e'QmfgL ug] ub5 . To; kl5 sdrf/Lx?n] cjsfzsf]if Joj:yfkgaf6 Psd'i6 /sd k|fKt ub5g . lgj[lTte/0fsf] ef/ ;+:yfn] Joxf]g' eg] kbg . lj=;=@)^# ;fn >fj0f ! ut] eGbf klxn]sf ;]jf k|j]z ul/ ;s]sf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 ;]jf lgj[Q sdrf/L jf p;sf] cfl>t kl/jf/x? ;d]t u/L lqrfln; ;o nueusf xf/fxf/Ldf cjsfz xF'bfsf] cj:yfsf] zt adf]lhd ;]jf lgj[Q sdrf/L jf pgLx?sf cfl>t kl/jf/n] kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f kfpFb cfO/x]sf 5g . g]=lj=k|f= sdrf/L ;]jf zt ljlgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ sdrf/L sfofnosf] sfdsf] lzNflznfdf d[To' ePsf] xsdf clws[t:t/sf] kbdf sfo/t /x]sf] sdrf/L eP Ps xhf/ kfFr zo / ;xfos:t/sf] ?kdf sfo/t sdrf/L eP Ps xhf/ b'O zo j[lQ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] sdrf/Lsf kl/jf/x?n] hLjg koGt j[lt k|fKt ub5g . o;/L lgh cfl>t kl/jf/n] j[tL kfpg] xf] xf]Og sfutkq x]/L ls6fgL u/L j[lQsf] k6\6f ;d]t s]Gb|Lo
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sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]vaf6 g agfpg] z'?jftL ul/G5 . o;/L sdrf/Lx?nfO k"j ;]jfdf k|j]z ubf ul/Psf] zt adf]lhdsf ;]jf ;'ljwf dWo] cfifwf]krf/sf] afFsL /sd ljbf jfktsf] afFsL /sd / k]G;g jf pkbfg k|fKt ug]x?n] kfpg] /sd lbg] sfosf] z'?jftL / clGtd lsgf/f sdrf/L clen]vaf6 g nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfo/t sdrf/Lx? dWo] nueu cf7 xhf/ ;ft ;o :yfoL sdrf/Lx?sf] JolStut rfn' kmfOnsf] ;'/Iff ug] / ;]jf lgj[Q sdrf/Lx?sf] kmfOnsf] lhDdf klg o; clen]vn] ug] u/]sf] 5 .
lgDgfg';f/sf sfox? sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vn] ub cfPsf] 5 .
s= sdrf/Lx?sf] JolStut ljj/0fsf] clen]v /fVg] sfo dWo] lgDgfg';f/sf sfox? /x]sf 5g\ .
!= gofF lgo'lSt x'g] jf a9'jf x'g] sdrf/Lx?sf] lgo'QmL zlIfs of]Uotf nufot ;L6/f]n h] h:tf sfuhft kbk"lt ljefun] hg;fwg dfkmt s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]vdf k7fpFb5 To;nfO gofF kmfOn v8f u/]/ JolQut kmfOn agfO ;'/lIft tj/n] /fVg] sfo .
@= sdrf/Lx? kb:yfkg ;?jf j9'jf x'Fbf jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL x'Fbf lghsf] gofF l;lht k|fKt jf]wfy kq JolQut kmfondf /fVg] sfo .
#= s'g klg sdrf/Ln] :j]lR5s cjsfz /f]Hg rfx]df pgLx?sf] ;]jf afFsL ;]jf cjwL ls6fgL lbg] sfo .
$= sdrf/Ln] ;'ljwfsf] ?kdf jfx\o ;+:yf h:t sdrf/L ;+rosf]ifaf6 C0f ;fk6L lng dfu u/]df pgLx?sf] ;]jf cjlw slt afFsL 5 ;f] v'nfO k7fpg] sfo .
%= cfpFbf] lbgx?df slt sdrf/L ;+:yfaf6 aflxl/b 5g cyjf clgjfo cjsfz lnb5g To;sf] tYof├Н lgsfNg] sfo .
^= s'g sdrf/Ln] pd]/ jf zlIfs of]Uotf 9fF6]sf] ph'/L kg cfPdf ;f] af/] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 dfu eP adf]lhd hfFr k8tfnsf] nflu JolStut kmfOndf ePsf] sfuhft k|dfl0ft u/L lbg] sfo .
&= sdrf/Lx?sf] / /sdsf] lx;fj e nflu lx;fj e kl5 tfn's sfofnodf kqfrf/ ;]jf lgj[Q tkmsf] kmfOn Sofljg]6df /fVg] sfo .
*= k|To]s sdrf/Lsf] JolStut kmfOn cfjZostfg';f/ /fVg] / lemSg] sfo .
(= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf jif lkR5] @% jif cljl5GGf ;]jf ug] sdrf/LnfO bL3 ;]jf kbs / :jl5s cjsf; tyf clgjfo cjsfz e ;s]sf sdrf/Lx?nfO cjsfz kbs lbg gfdfjnL ptf/ ug] ;f] gfdfjnL JolStut kmfondf /fVg] sfo / cfjZos lgb]zfg';f/ ljt/0f ug] sfosf] Joj:yfksLo sfodf ;xefuL eO sfos|d ;+rfng / ;dfKtL ug] sfo .
!)= ;]jf lgj[Q e ;s]sf sdrf/Lx?nfO pgLx?nfO ;]jf lgj[Qsf] kl/rokq agfO lbg] sfo .
v= /тАУ/sd lx;fj ul/ lbg] / lgj[lQe/0f jf j[lQsf] k6\6f agfO lbg] sfoM
!= sdrf/Lsf] JolQmut kmfOndf ePsf] ljj/0f / ;]jf lgj[Q e ;s] kl5 lgh sdrf/LnfO sfo/t sfofnon] k7fO lbPsf] ljj/0f x]/L b'j x]/L / /sdsf] lx;fj ul/G5 .
@= ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf gkg] sdrf/Lx? sdrf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnLn] / /sd kfpg] elg ls6fgL u/LPsf] / /sdsf] kmf/fd k|flKt kl5 clen]vaf6 /тАУ/sdsf] lx;fa tof/ ug] sfo .
#= ;]jf lgj[Q sdrf/Lx?sf] k]G;g k6\6f x/fPdf jf gfl;Pdf k6\6fsf] dxn ;dfKt ePdf csf] k66f agfpg' kg] ePdf ;f] agfO lbg] sfo .
$= sdrf/L k]G;g kfpg] xf] jf pkbfgdfq kfpg] xf] ;f] cg';f/ lx;fa tof/ ug] sfo .
%= ;]jf lgj[Q sdrf/n] k]G;g k6\6f x/fPdf !% lbg] /fli6┬лo:t/sf] klqsfdf ;"rgf lgsfnL ;f] kqsf] ;Ssn k|lt /fvL x/fPsf] lgjb]g k|fKt u/] kl5 dfq k|ltlnlk lgj[lQe/0f clwsf/ kq hf/L ul/G5 .
Uf= lk=l8=lj= cyft Personnel Data Bank af6 ul/g] sfox? M
!= sDKo'6/fOH8 ljlwaf6 sdrf/Lsf] kmfOn vf]Ng] / 8f6f kf]li6├Л ug] sfo .
@ sdrf/Lx?sf lgo'lQm ldlt / zlIfs of]Uotf nufotsf ljj/0fx? /fVg] sfo .
#= JolQmut kmfOn vf]Hg ;do nfUg] x'gfn] sdrf/Lx?sf] l;lgo/L6L . jl/i7tfqmd x]g' k/]df t'?Gt kQf nufpg] sfo .
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$= clen]vn] Hardware sf] sfo ub5 eg] o;df P D B software sf] ?kdf sfo x'G5 .
%= lk=l8=lj= sf] ;Dks cfO=l6=;Fu ;Da4 /x]sf] 5 . lk=l8=lj=sf kf]li6├Л 8f6fx? cfO=l6=sf] Memory df ;'/lIft x'g] / ;j/ klg ;'rgf k|ljlw ljefudf /xg] u/]sf]n] lk=l8=lj / IT Department Ps csfsf kl/k"/ssf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
^= tx !) eGbf dflysf sdrf/Lx?sf] l8lh6n kl/rokq agfpg] sfo .
sdrf/L clen]vaf6 l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf sfo ;DkGg ug u/fpg sdrf/L :jod g cu|;/ x'g'kg] x'G5 . To:t ;DalGwt sfofnosf] k|zf;g k|d'v, n]vf k|d'v, lhG;L x]g] k|d'vn] / sfofno k|d'vx?n] sdrf/Ln] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf 8f6f /fd|f];Fu ptf/ u/L lbPsf] v08df lx;fa ug ;do w]/ gnfUg ;Sb5 . sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vn] sdrf/Lx?n] eg'kg] kmf/fd g]=lj=k|f=sf] j]j;fO6df / 5kfO u/]sf] "/flhgfdf d[To' clgjfo cjsfz tyf cGo cjsfzsf] nflu eg'kg] ljj/0f kmf/fd" /fd|f];Fu cWoog u/]/ ToxfF pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fx? e/]/ s]lGb|o sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vdf k7fO lbPdf ;d]t sdrf/L cfkm\gf] ;]jf ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd lng w]/ ;do s'g' gkg] x'G5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 ;]jf lgj[Tt ePsf sdrf/Lx?n] /тАУ/sd lng cfpFbf ;dfj]z ugkg] sfuhftx?M
!= cjsfz ljj/0f sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf cjsfz kmf/fd g+ ! k"0f?kdf e/L sfofno k|d''vn] b:tvt u/]sf] x'g' kb5 .
@= cjsfz x'g] sdrf/L . d[ts sdrf/Lsf] xsjfnfn] sdrf/L d[To" jf cjsfz ePsf] ldlt b]vL ljB't ;'ljwf s6\6f ul/Psf] kq k]z ug' kb5 .
#= OR5\ofOPsf] JoStLsf] d[To' e;s]sf] jf jjflxs ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] eP ;f] k|df0fkq gf]6/L klJnsaf6 k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k]Zf ug' kb5 .
$= sdrf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL cg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwg k|fKt ug] txsf] kbflwsf/Ln] ;f] ;fwg ;fdfGo ;]jf ljefudf j'emfO ;fdfGo ;]jf ljefuaf6 n]lvPsf] d]df] jf kq k]z ug' kb5 .
%= c:yfO gf]s/L ;]jf hf]l8g] sdrf/Ln] c:yfO ;]jf hf]l8Psf] kq ;d]t k]z ug' kb5 .
^= lj=;+=@)$@ ;fn efb\ ! ut] eGbf cuf8L lgo'St
sdrf/Lx?sf] xsdf :yfoL hf]l8Psf] . hf]8\g] kq tyf cGo lgsfox?af6 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ldnfg eO cfPsf] ePdf ldnfg ePsf] jf :yfoL ;]jf ;'ljwf sfod ul/Psf] kq .
&= lgj[lTte/0f k|of]hgsf] nflu cjsfz k|fKt sdrf/L / lghn] OR5\ofPsf] JoStLsf] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk xfn;fn lvlrPsf] kf;kf]6 ;fOhsf] kmf]6f], c6f];fOhsf] kmf]6f] ! . ! yfg / gftf k|dfl0ft k|df0fkq
*= gf]s/L tyf jolSts ljj/0fdf / xfn el/Psf] ljj/0fdf gfd km/s kg jf km/s ePdf :yfgLo lgsfon] Pp6 JolSt xf] elg k|df0fLt ul/lbPsf] kq jf OR5\fOPsf] JolSt b'O hgf ePdf yk ! yfg kmf]6f] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq / gftf ;DaGwsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;dfj]z ug' kb5 .
(= ;]jf lgj[Tf sdrf/Ln] cjsfz kl5sf] kl/rokq agfpg rfx]df yk ! yfg kmf]6f] .
sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vdf ;'wf/ ug'kg] kIfx?M
!= sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]v /x]sf] ljlN8├Л hg;fwg ljefusf] lgb]zs /x]sf] jl/kl/ g /flvg'kg] . clen]v /fVg] ejgsf] lay out ldnfOg' kg] .
@= sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vdf /x]sf sdrf/Lsf rfn' kmfOn jf lgj[Q e;s]sf sdrf/Lx?sf kmfOn ;+:yf / o;df sfo/t sdrf/Lx? /x'Gh]nsf nflu cTofjZos ePsf]n] o;sf] ljZj;lgotf / k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;'/Iffdf cem j9L Wofg lbOg'kg] .
# =ljleGg jh]6 s]Gb|x?af6 sdrf/Lx?n] kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f ljt/0f ul//x]sf]df sdrf/L jf gLhsf] cfl>t kl/jf/sf] z]if kl5 ;f] k]G;g k6\6f lkmtf ul/ clen]vdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ul/g'kg] .
$= sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]vdf sdrf/L ;?jf jf kb:yfkg ubf lgoldt sfofnodf xflh/ x'g ;Sg] uf]kgLotf sfod ug ;Sg] k]zf k|lt OdfGbf/ sdrf/L dfq ug] .
%= sdrf/L clen]vdf /x]sf JolQmut kmfOnx?nfO l8lh6nfOH8 ug ;+:yfn] sfo/t sdrf/Lx?nfO tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'kg] .
^= b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uPsf]n] clen]v Joj:yfkg, /тАУ/sd, lgj[lQe/0f ljt/0f k|s[of, k|b]z :t/df ljt/0f ug sf nfuL cWoog sldl6 u7g ul/g'kg] .
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lgrf]8M
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfo/t sdrf/Lx?sf] tYofFs / JolStut ljj/0f /fVg] ;+:yfsf] Ps dfq lgsfo s]lGb|o sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]v xf] . sdrf/Lx?nfO ;+:yfn] e"Stfg ug' kg] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] s'/fx? cfpFb5g\ sdrf/L jf lghsf cfl>t kl/jf/ sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]v stf xf] eGb vf]Hb cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;/L lghfdtL lstfavfgf g]kfn ;/sf/ tkm sfo ug] lghfdtL sdrf/Lx?sf] nflu cTofjZos 5 To; ul/ g g]=lj=k|f=sf] sdrf/Lx?sf] nflu s]lGb|o sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]vsf] dxTj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sdrf/Lx?sf] ;]jf
n]vs s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g, clen]v, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf k|zf;lso clws[t kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
;'ljwfsf s'/fx? cfpgf ;fy sdrf/L clen]vsf] Wofg cfslift e xfNg] ePsf]n] Personnel management df clen]v -Record_sf] dxTj w]/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf clen]vdf ;]jf lgj[Q sdrf/Lx? ;d]t kGw| la; jif cl3sf sfuhft vf]hjLg ug cfpg] u/]sf 5g . To;n] Human Resource Management sf] Institutional Memory eg]sf] g Personnel record section xf] . h'g h'g Joj:yfksx?n] ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj ug' x'G5, of]hgf agfpg' x'G5 / sfofGjg u/fpg' x'G5 pxfFx?sf] Oltxf; g o; clen]vdf /xG5 . o;af6 g s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vsf] dxTj w]/ /x]sf] 7f]s'jf ug ;lsG5 .
b'36gfsf sf/0f sdrf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf jLdf bfjLsf nflu cfjZos sfuhft
тАв cfjZos ljj/0f el/Psf] jLdf bfjL kmf/fd
тАв sfofnon] tof/ kf/]sf] b'36gf k|ltj]bg
тАв zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg
тАв b'36gfsf] k|x/L k|ltj]bg
тАв d[To" btf k|df0fkq
тАв d[tssf] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk
тАв xsjfnf;Fusf] gftf k|df0fkq
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g]kfnsf] ;Gbedf ;''zf;gsf] cj:yf
tf/fb]jL clwsf/LOтАУd]nM [email protected]
;f/f+z
;'zf;g eGgfn] sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] If]q leq /x]/ hjfkm b]lx 9+un] hgtfsf] sfd ug] jftfj/0f tof/ kg] k|lqmof eGg] j'l┬┤G5 . ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] pQ/fwdf b]lvPsf] xf] . of] zAb Jofks ?kn] k|of]udf ;g\ !(() cfP klg o;sf] k|of]u /fHo ;~rfngdf lgSs cuf8L b]lv x'b cPsf] lyof] . t/ o;sf] cfw'lgs k|of]u eg] klZrdL b]z tyf bft[;+:yfx?├еf/f t]>f] ljZjsf b]zx?sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;xfotf ;tsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljZj a+sn] ;'zf;gsf] ;DaGwdf cl3 ;f/]sf Joj:yfx?df eljioblz, v'Nnf / lzIffk|b gLlt lgdf0f, Jofj;flos sdrf/LtGqsf] ljsf;, kf/bzL / hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/, ;zQm / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfh / sfg"gsf] zf;g x'g h?/L b]lvG5 . /fHosf] p2]Zo / gLltx?sf] sfofGjogsf] nflu k|zf;lso Ifdtfn] ;'zf;gsf] Joj:yfksLo cfofdnfO k|ltljlDat u5 . ;'zf;gsf cfofdx?df /fhgLlts cfofd, Joj:yfksLo cfofd, glts cfofd, cfpg] ub5g . zf;g jf ;/sf/sf] jwtf, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blztf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t tTjx? x'g\ . o; n]vdf ;'zf;gsf] g]kfndf o;sf] cj:yf cfofd, / cjwf/0f af/] k|sf; kfl/Psf] 5 .
kl/ro
;'zf;gn] ;fjhlgs If]qsf] ;dli6ut sfoIfdtf tyf k|efjsfl/tf clea[l4 u/L d'n'ssf] ;fz; Joj:yfnfO ;an agfpg dxTjk"0f e'ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnL a[xt
zAbsf]ifn] ;'zf;g zAbnfO pQd lsl;dsf] zf;g / c;n /fHo Joj:yf egL JofVof u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;gljbx┬┐sf b[li6df k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u elg kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;'zf;g leq zf;g ;~rfng ug ckgfOg] tf/tl/sfx?, zf;g ;~rfng ug] lgsfo / o;n] ug] sfox?, zf;g ;~rfng ug] Ifdtf cflb kb5g\ . ;du|df ;'zf;g eGgfn] sfg'gn] tf]s] cg';f/sf] clwsf/x? gful/sn] k|Kt ug ;Sg] cj:yf eGg] a'l┬┤G5 . ;'zf;gsf nflu /fhgLlts Joj:yf, ;+jwflgs ;+/rgfn] k"jfwf/sf] ?kdf sfo u/]sf x'G5g\ . /fHosf] p2]Zo / gLltx?sf] sfofGjogsf] nflu k|zf;lso Ifdtfn] ;'zf;gsf] Joj:yfksLo cfofdnfO a'emfpF5 .
ljleGg bft[ /fi6┬л ;+:yfx┬┐n] ;'zf;g ;DaGwdf cfkm\gfтАУcfkm\gf wf/0ffx┬┐ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . ljZj a+s (World Bank) n] ;'zf;g ;DaGwdf lgDg wf/0ffx┬┐ cuf8L ;f/]sf 5g\ M
-!_ eljiobzL, v'Nnf Pj+ lzIffk|b gLlt lgdf0f
-@_ Jofj;flos sdrf/LtGqsf] ljsf;
-#_ kf/bzL / hg pQ/bfoL ;/sf/
-$_ ;zQm / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfh
-%_ sfg"gsf] zf;g -pk|]tL @)%*, k[=$%_
;'zf;gnfO k|i6\ofpgsf nflu ljleGg lj├еfg\/ ljsf; k|of;df ;+nUg cGt/fli6┬лo ;+:yfx?n]] cf╦Жgf] tl/sfn] kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ . Psy/L lj├еfg\sf] ;d'xn] ;'zf;gnfO k'/fgf]wf/0ff dfGb5g\ / o;nfO ahf/ ;+oGqn] lj:yflkt
23
u/]sf] 7fG5g\ . csfy/L lj├еfgx? o;nfO ;/sf/ / u/;/sf/L Pj+ cGo gful/s ;dfhaLrsf cGt/lqmofnfO Joj:yfkg ug] snfsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf 5g . t/ ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf ;d:ofx?;Fu cjut ePsf sltko lj├еfg\x?n] ;fjhlgs j:t'/ ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu klg ;'zf;g h?/L 5 eGg] dfGb5g\ .
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;Q/Lsf] bzssf] dWoaf6 ljZjdf k|hftGqsf] nx/ k|f/De eP ;Fu nf]slk|otf kfpg yfn]sf] xf] . ;'rgf / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;n] ;Fu cfPsf] k|hftGqsf] nx/n] k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGqsf ;Ldfx? k|i6 kfl/lbof] . jf:tjdf k|ltlglwd"ns elgPsf] kl/kf6Ln] ;dfhsf] tNnf] tx (Grass root level) sf hgtfsf aLrdf k|efjsf/L ;DaGw :yflkt ug ;s]g . kl/0ffd:j?k ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGq (Representative democracy) sf] 7fpF lj:tf/тАУlj:tf/ ;xeflutfd"ns k|hftGq (Participatory democracy) n] lng yfNof] . -a]Njf;], zdf, / v8\sf, -@)%*_,k[=%%_
zf;sx?n] lgjflrt x'g' cl3 7"nfтАУ7"nf jfrf ug]\, k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug] t/ lgjflrt eP/ ;/sf/df uPkl5 cf╦Жgf] /fhgLlts zlQmnfO JolQmut :jfydf b'?kof]u ug] k|j[tL a9b uof] . r'gfj x'g], ;/sf/ aGg], k|ltkIf aGg], ah]6 aGg], ;+;b rNg], t/ oL ;a sfd s'/f lg/Gt/ ?kn] lgoldt rln/xFbf klg hgtfsf] rfxgf / ljsf;sf sfo;"rLx? plrt 7fpFAff6 ;Daf]wg gx'g] / hgtfdf lg/fzf j9\g] kl/kf6Ln] k|hftflGqs Joj:yfg w/fkdf kg] jftfj/0f lgdf0f eof] .
/fHo Joj:yfsf] z'?jft g sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf nflu ePsf] xf] . k|frLg Clifd'gLx┬┐n] klg cfkm\gf] lrGtgsf] Pp6f kIf s;/L k|hfhgnfO ;'vL /fVg ;lsG5 eGg]df s]lGb|t u/fPsf lyP . ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO vf;u/L jflNdsLo /fdfo0f, dxfef/tsf] zflGtkj, z'qmgLlt tyf cGo u|Gyx┬┐df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhgLltzf:qsf k|sf08 lj├еfg sfl6Non] hgtfsf] v'zL g/fhfsf] v'zL tyf hglxt g /fhxLt eg]sf 5g\ . c+u|]hL efiffdf ;jk|yd Goodovernance sf] k|of]u ;g\ !^@* df ePsf] lyof] . of] Term nfO The action or manner of governance elgPsf] 5 . ljs;Lt d'n'sx┬┐n] bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kl5 zLto'4sf] ;dodf t]>f] ljZjsf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx┬┐nfO lbOg] jb]lzs ljsf; ;xfotfsf nflu ;'zf;gsf] gLlt lng yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((* sf] ljZj a+ssf] clk|msL ;j ;xf/g ;DaGwL Document df ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO
klxnf]kN6 k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5, h;df ;'zf;gsf rf/ ;"rsx┬┐ JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] . -kf08]o -@)^)_, k[= #,_
;'zf;gdf ;/sf/sf cltl/Qm lghL, u/тАУ;/sf/L If]q, u/тАУ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfhn] ;asf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ub5 . o;/L ljsf;sf] s]Gb|ljGb' dflgPsf] hgtf :jo+sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fO zf;g u/fpFbf ljsf; k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;'zf;gn] Jofks hg;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ljlwsf] zf;g, hjfkmb]xL sdrf/LtGqnfO hf]8 lbg] ePsf]n] u|fdL0f ljsf;df k|efj kfb5 . hgtfk|lt pQ/bflo ;/sf/ x'g] ePsfn] hgtfsf rfxgf, cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg x'G5 . ;'zf;gn] nl├Лs ;dfgtf / hg ;zlQms/0fdf hf]8 lbg] ePsf]n] ;fdflhs lje]bsf] cGTo x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g
g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf s]xL ;do cl3 dfq k|of]udf NofOPsf] ;'zf;g zAbsf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] 5g . ;'zf;g (Good Governance) c;n ;/sf/ (Good Government) sf] kl/dflht ┬┐kdf b]vfk/]sf] gjLgtd wf/0ff xf] . ;'zf;gsf] wf/0ffsf] tLj| utLdf ljsf; x'g'sf k5fl8 o;sf] sxL k[i7e"ld /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf ;+o'Qm /fi6┬л;+3sf] dxf;efn] ljsf;sf] d'Vo s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ┬┐kdf dfgjnfO dfgL hg;xeflutfd"ns zf;g k4ltdf hf]8 lbg yfn]kl5 ;'zf;gsf] hu a:g k'u]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ljZj a+ssf] nufgLdf clk|msL b]zx┬┐df ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx┬┐n] cfzfltt k|ult xfl;n ug g;s]sf] tkm d"Nof+sg ub ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] c;kmntfnfO cfNofOPsf] lyof] . oxL bzsdf ljsf; ug kfpg] clwsf/nfO dfgj clwsf/sf] ┬┐kdf :jLsf/ ul/of] . !(() sf] z'?jft ;Fu ;'zf;gnfO jb]lzs ;xfotfsf] k"j ztsf] ┬┐kdf /fVg yflnof] . To;n] sdhf]/ ;/sf/sf] sf/0f pTkGg gsf/fTds c;/nfO Go"lgs/0f ugsf] nflu Goodv Governance zAbnfO k|rngdf NofOPsf] xf] . jf:tjdf s'zf;g lj?4 zf;sLo ;'wf/ ug] d"n nIo lnP/ b]vf k/]sf] cfkmdf /fd|f] zAb ;'zf;gn] ljZjJofkL dfGotf k|fKt ul//x]sf] 5 . -;'j]bL -@)^!, k[= !*)_
;'zf;gsf] If]q, l;df / kl/efiffn] s] slt bfo/f ;d]6\g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f b]z, sfn, kl/l:ylt, ljsf;sf] :t/, ;fdflhs, cflys, zlIfs cj:yf / r]tgfsf] :t/df e/ kb5 . ljsl;t b]zx┬┐sf] ;Gbedf lghLs/0f / ahf/ cytGqnfO k|j4g ug]/ ;f]sf] nflu ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO
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Go"g kf/L lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf clea[l4 ug] ;Ddsf] bfo/f ;'zf;gn] ;d]6\g ;Sb5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx┬┐sf] ;Gbedf eg] lghL / ;/sf/L If]qsf] ;xofqfdf cflys, ;fdflhs s[ofsnfkx┬┐ ;~rfng u/L lk5l8Psf ju / ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tkm zf;sLo ;'wf/ ugdf g o;sf] bfo/f l;ldt x'g k'Ub5 . -;'j]bL @)^!, k[=+= !*!_
;'zf;gsf ljz]iftfx┬┐
;'zf;gsf] kl/efiff / cjwf/0ffsf] ljZn]if0f ubf ;'zf;gsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx┬┐ lgDg adf]lhd x'g] b]lvG5 .
!= zf;gdf hgtfsf] clwstd ;xeflutf,
@= :jtGq, :jR5 / lgikIf lgjfrg k|0ffnLnfO a9fjf,
#= ljlw;Ddt zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng,
$= gful/s ;dfh / u/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfgx┬┐sf] k|j4g,
%= hgsNof0fsf/L ;fjhlgs gLltx┬┐sf] th'df / sfofGjog,
^= k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf,
&= k|zf;lgs / /fhglts hjfkmb]lxtf,
* :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf,
( cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt cflys sf/f]af/ / lg0fodf kf/blztf,
!)= OdfGbfl/tf / gltstfsf] k|j4g,
!!= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f,
!@= cflys, /fhglts / Joj:yfksLo clwsf/x┬┐sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f Pj+ lgIf]k0f,
!#= pbf/ cflys gLltnfO a9fjf,
!$= k|zf;g / zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tf,
!%= ;fjhlgs ;]jfx┬┐sf] ljt/0fdf k|efjsf/Ltf,
!^= Gofo ;Dkfbgdf ;/ntf, :jR5tf, zL3|tf / lgikIftf cflb . -;'j]bL @)^! k[=+= !*! / !*@_
;'zf;gnfO j:t'k/s ┬┐kdf kl/eflift ug lgDg lnlvt tLgj6f cfofdx┬┐sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5, hf] o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= /fhgLlts cfofdM
;'zf;gnfO /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf lgofNbf cToflws hg;xeflutf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / ax'ntfjfb g k|d'v tTjsf ┬┐kdf b]vf kb5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf ;'zf;gsf] /fhglts cfofdleq cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf]
k|Tofe"lt vf]lhG5 eg] sfg"gL /fHosf] :yfkgf csf] lg0ffos tTjsf ┬┐kdf b]lvG5 .
@= Joj:yfksLo cfofdM
;'zf;gsf] Joj:yfksLo cfofdleq 5l/tf] t/ ;Ifd ;/sf/sf] efjgf d'vl/t ePsf] x'G5 . o;sf] lgldQ sfobIftf k|d'v tTjsf ┬┐kdf b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 . oL kl/j]zdf cflys pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0f pko'Qm / ;zQm dfWod 7xl/g ;St5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo sfoIfdtf k|bzgsf] ck]Iff o;df ul/G5 . oL ;a sfosf lgldQ ;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf] cxd\e"ldsf /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t la;g ;lsbg .
#= glts cfofdM
;'zf;gsf] glts cfofdleq kf/blztf / :jR5 k|zf;gsf] efjgf n's]sf] x'G5 . pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6nfO k|zf;gn] cfkm\gf] ;kmntfsf] dfks 7fGb5 . h;sf] lgDtL hgtfk|ltsf] rf;f]nfO pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg ul/G5 . /fi6┬л / hgtfsf] ;]jfk|lt cleJoQm k|lta4tf, zky u|x0f cg'┬┐k sfo ;Dkfbg ubf e|i6frf/ /lxt k|zf;gs cg'e"lt cfd hgtfdf k|bfg ug' kg] x'G5 . jf:sf]6f, -@)%&_ k[=@_
$ k|zf;lgs cfofdM
k|zf;g ;+oGq t6:y, lgZkIf Pj+ ;]jfu|fxL pGd'v x'g'kb5 . gLlt lgodsf] kl/kfngdf hf]8, ;]jfsf] ;Gt'li6 k|Tofe"lt pGd"v k|zf;g x'g'kb5 . /fhgLltsldsf] unt lg0fo lj?4 ;r]t /xg' kb5 . /fggLlt1x?nfO ;Nnfx lbFbf P]g, sfg"g / ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t x'g'kb5 . e|i6frf/ d'Qm k|zf;g gful/ssf] ck]Iff xf] .
% ;fdflhs cfofdM
;dfhsf] rfxgf, x]/fO ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfnfO klg c;n zf;gsf] ?k/]vf lgdf0fdf dxTjk"0f cfwf/ dflgG5 . zf;ssf g/fd|f lqmofsnfk, e|i6 rl/q, cglts Jojxf/ h:tf ljifodf alx:sf/ jfbL cfGbf]ng, e]befj ljlxg ;dfh, ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tf, ;fxfbtf, ;dfgtf / ;Dj[l4 ;fdflhs cfofdsf ljifoj:t'x? x'g . t;y ;dfh kl/jtg, /fHosf] ;';+:s[lt ljsf;df ;fdflhs k4ltn] dxTjk"0f e"ldsf lgjfx u/]sf] x'G5 .
25
^ cGt/fli6┬лo cfofdM
;'rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;Fu ljZj Ps ePsf] 5 . Think globally act locally sf] cjwf/0ff ;Fu /fHosf ultljlw ljZjJoflk tyf :yflgo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d"lrt Joj:yfkg k|d'v r'gflt ag]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ;xeflutf ;+o'Qm /fi6┬л;+3, To;sf ljlzi7s[t cu+, If]qLo ;+u7gdf ;d]t ;DjlGwt /x]sf] kl/k]|Iodf lt lgsfox?sf ultljlw klg /fHosf ;femf Ph]G8f ag]sf 5g .
cGt/fli6┬лo :t/df dfGo k4lt, ;xdlt, ;femf sfoqmdnfO sfo?k lbg' cfh /fHosf] k|yfldstf k"0f bfloTj xf] . ljZj jssf] k|ltj]bg -@)!%_ n] dxTjk"0f cfofdx?nfO o;/L pNn]v u/]sf] 5Ma. Public sector managementb. Accountabilityc. Legal framework for development and
transparency and information. (World Bank report, 2015, p.89)
;'zf;g ;DjGwL ;4flGts tyf sfg"gL kIfx?M
;'zf;g sfod ug ;/sf/L gLltnfO v's'nf]l;t k|of]u ubf lgod, k|yf / lg0fo;Fu cndlng] 8/ x'G5 . lgodn] s] ug' x'G5 s] ug' x'Fbg eGg] atfpF5, To; cydf of] lgb]zs xf] t/ gLltsf] ljk/Lt of] lglbi6 / s7f]/ x'G5 . k|yf eg]sf] pxL 9+un] rNg] afgL ag]sf] af6f] xf] . t/ k|yf :jtM ljsl;t x'G5 eg] gLlt hfgfhfg ul/g] s[To xf] . lg0fo k|foM gLltsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ ul/g] sfo xf] . cyft\ gLlt;Fu lg0fox?sf] >[┬к\vnf g hf]l8Psf] x'G5, gLltnfO kl/eflift ub 6]/L eGb5g\ ├жgLlt eg]sf] sfdsf] dflvs, lnlvt jf k/f]If cfwf/e"t lgb]z xf] h'g ls k|aGws├еf/f ckgfOPsf] / cg';/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .├Ж l8df]ssf cg';f/, ├ж;fjhlgs gLlt eg]sf] ;r]t ?kdf c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] cfr/0fsf] lgod xf] h;n] k|zf;sLo lg0fonfO lgb]z u5 .├Ж -;'j]bL, @)^!, k[=%_ jf:tjdf ;/sf/n] lgwf/0f ug] gLlt g ;fjhlgs gLlt sxnfpF5 . gLltnfO Psflt/ nIoaf6 cnu /fv]/ x]g' k5 eg] csf]lt/ sfo;~rfngsf] r/0faf6 klg cnu /fVg'k5 . t;y k|To]s b]zjf;LnfO lzlIft agfpg' nIo xf] eg] clgjfo k|fylds lzIff Tof] nIo k|fKt ug] gLlt xf] / ljBfno :yfkgf Pj+ lzIfs tflnd rflx+ Tof] gLltnfO sfofGjog ug] r/0f xf] . hgk|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fjfbL :s"n ;fjhlgs gLlt / k|zf;gaLr b"/Tj (Dichotomy) sf] kIfkftL 5 . p8┬лf] ljN;g ;fjhlgs gLlt lgdf0fnfO /fhgLlts sfo / gLlt sfofGjognfO k|zf;sLo sfo
dfGby] . pgsf] ljrf/df k|zf;g /fhgLltsf] bfo/f eGbf aflx/ k5 . u'8gfp (Good now), lao8 (Beard), ljnf]aL (Willoughby) / cGo k|f/lDes n]vs s] ;fljt ug lbnf]Hofgn] nfu]sf lyP eg] hxfF /fhgLlt ;lsG5 ToxfF k|zf;g k|f/De x'G5 (Administration begins only where politics ends) . To;n] g t k|zf;sn] ;fjhlgs gLlt lgdf0fdf x:tIf]k ug x'G5 g t /fhgLlt1n] k|zf;gdf 6f┬к c8\ofpg x'G5 eGg] pgLx?sf] dfGotf lyof] . l9neP klg of] dtsf] s6'cfnf]rgf ePsf] 5 . ;fjhlgs gLltnfO k|zf;gaf6 cnu /fVg] s'/fsf] k|yd cfnf]rs n'y/ u'lns x'g\ . la:tf/ of] ;f]+rn] nf]slk|otf xfl;n ub uof]/ krf;sf] bzs cfOk'Ubf gk'Ub o;n] csf] clt (Extreme) sf] dfu ;dfTof] . kn PKknafO / hg u; (John Gaus) h:tf lj├еfg\ t s] bfaL ug yfn] eg] k|zf;g eg]sf] k"/ /fhgLlt xf] . o;sf cg';f/ xfd|f] hgk|zf;gsf] l;4fGt eg]sf] /fhgLltsf] l;4fGt klg xf] . lk6/ cf]8]uf8n]t oxfF;Dd eg]ls gLlt / k|zf;g eg]sf /fhgLltsf h'DNofxf aRrf x'g\ (Policy and administration are Siame set wins of politics)
/fhgLlts lhDd]jf/Lsf] efjgf ;Fu;Fu zf;gsf] jwflgstf klg plQs dxTjk"0f x'G5 . jwflgstf eg]sf] zf;ssf] zf;g ug kfpg] clVtof/ xf] . Joj:y lkR5] zf;gsf] jwflgstf ;'lglZrt ug] cfтАУcf╦Жg ljlw / znL x'G5 . cfhsf] b'lgofFdf zf;ssf] jwflgstf ;'lglZrt ug] ;jflws k|rlnt tl/sf eg]sf] cfjlws lgjfrg xf] . jf:tjdf lgjfrgsf dfWodaf6 hgtfn] cfkm";Fu /x]sf] zf;gflwsf/ cf╦Жgf k|ltlglwsf] xftdf ;'DkG5g\ . oxfF Wofg lbg'kg] Pp6f s'/f s]5 eg] lgjfrg g zf;gsf] jwflgstf ;'lglZrt ug] ;aeGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod ePsfn] lgjfrg k|0ffnLnfO :jR5, lgikIf / wfFwnL/lxt agfpg h?/L 5 . k|fo s] b]lvG5 eg] ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf zf;sx?n] ;Qf, wg / ;"rgfsf] b'?kof]u u/]/ lgjfrgsf] :jR5tf / jwtfnfO g la6'NofOlbG5g\ . To:tf] eof] eg] lgjfrgn] klg jwtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug ;Sbg .
lxhf]cfh zf;ssf] jwflgstfnfO p;sf] sfoIfdtf;Fu klg hf]l8G5 . o;nfO sfo ;Dkfbg jwflgstf (Performance legitimacy) eGb5g\ . lgjfrgn] Joj:yfsf] jwflgstfsf] gjLs/0f u5 eg] zf;ssf] jwflgstf p;sf] sfo ;Dkfbg Ifdtfn] lgwfl/t u5 . xfdL xfd| d'n'sdf 5ofln; ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf gfosx?sf] JolQmTj qmdzM sdhf]/ x'Fb uPsf] kfpF5f+ . pgLx? lxhf] hlt cfb/sf kfq lyP cfh Tolt g qmf]wsf kfq ag]sf 5g\ .
26
cflv/ lsg < o;sf cGo sf/0fx? klg xf]nfg\ . t/ Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f rflxF pgLx?n] zf;g ubf b]vfpg ;Sg'kg] sfoIfdtf b]vfpg ;s]gg\ . jwflgstf eg]sf] zf;gflwsf/ t xf]t/ olb zf;sn] o;sf] ;Dos\ 9+un] / nf]slxtdf k|of]u u/]g eg] hgtfnfO To;sf] cj1f ug] ;d]t clwsf/ x'G5 . egfO g 5, ljb|f]x ug] Gofof]lrt clwsf/ xf]. ;'zf;gsf] ;Gbedf a'em\g' kg] d'Vo s'/f g s]xf] eg] o;df jwflgstfsf] k'6 x'g'k5 . -xf8f -@)^!_, k[=#_
g]kfndf ;'zf;g sfod ug Joj:yf ul/Psf ;/sf/L gLltx?sf] th'df sfofGjog / d"Nof┬к\sg txdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?M ;'zf;g sfod ug'kg] hgcfjfh / u'gf;f] al9/x]sf] ;Gbedf ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx? hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg'sf] ;fy ;+ljwfgn] lglbi7 u/]sf] lgltx?nfO sfo?k lbg ;'zf;gsf cjojx?nfO k"0f k|ltj4tfsf ;fy ;Djf]wg ug' r'gftLk"0f /x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug b]lvPsf d'Vo r'gftLx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
тАв gLlt th'df ubf klxrfg ul/g] ljifosf] oyfytf / jf:tljstf k|dfl0ft ug cfjZos kg] ;"rgf / 1fgsf] sdL
тАв gLlt th'df tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu cfjZos kg] ljz]if1tf, sfod"ns Ifdtf ;lxtsf] ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] cefj
тАв ;Da4 kIfsf];s[o ;xeflutfsf] cefj
тАв glthf / kl/0ffdsf] k|If]k0f / k"jfg'dfg ug g;Sg'
тАв ;d:of / r'gfltsf] k"j cfFsng gul/g'
тАв ;|f]t ;fwgsf]cefj / dfh'bf ;|f]t ;fwgsf]pko'Qm kl/rfng x'g g;Sg'
тАв /fhgLlt / k|zf;lgs g]t[TjaLr ;dembf/L, ;dGjosf] cefj
тАв clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjaLr ;Gt'ngsf] cefj ;fy pQ/bfloTj kG5fpg] k|j[lQ
тАв gLlt sfofGjog ug sfoof]hgf, sfoljlw to gul/g'/ sfox?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f gul/g'
тАв gLlt ;Da4 JolQmx?sf] dgf]j1flgs kIf sdhf]/ Pj+ gsf/fTds x'g'
тАв /fhgLlts bfpk]r, 3ft, k|lt3ft / k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k a[l2 x'g'
тАв k'FhLsf] cefj, cJojxfl/s ah]6 ljlgof]hg tyf lgsf;f k|0ffnL .
тАв lkmtnf] sfo;Dkfbg d"Nof├Нg k4lt, sdhf]/ cg'udg Joj:yf, tYof├Н / ;"rgfsf] cefj . lgo'QmL, ;?jf, a9'jf / kb:yfkg ;DaGwL lglZrt sfoтАУk|0ffnL jf l/ltsf] cefj . JolQmut cfj]z / nx8sf cfwf/df kl/0ffdsf] k/LIf0f / ljZn]if0f ljgf ul/g] gLltut k|of]ux? . b08, k'/:sf/sf] k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] cefj / lgikIftfsf] cefj . pRr dgf]an / k|ltj4tfsf] cefj .
lgisif
k|zf;gaf6 hgtfn] kfpg] ;]jf lgoldt / u'0ffTds x'gsf] nflu k|zf;gdf sfd ug] sdrf/L cfkm\gf] kb cg'?ksf] sfo ug ;Sg] x'g'kb5 . ha 7Ls kbdf 7Ls dflg;sf] kb:yfkg x'G5 ta dfq hgtfn] k|zf;gaf6 kfpg] ;]jf 7Ls ;dodf k|fKt ub5g\ / Tof] u'0f:t/Lo x'G5 . csf] tkm sfd ug ;Sg] dfq eP/ x'Fbg p;sf] sfd k|ltsf] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f klg x'g'kb5 . sdrf/Ldf sfdk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f To; a]nfdfq x'G5 ha p;n] kfpg] tna / ;'ljwfn] p;sf] Go"gtd cfjZostfsf] k"lt x'G5 . t;y ;'zf;g sfod x'gsf] nflu ;jk|yd j:t'ut ?kdf Ifdtf hfFr]/ dfq kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jf ug'kb5 eg] csf]tkm sdrf/LnfO ;dfhdf a;]/ vfg k'Ug] u/L tna / ;'ljwf lbg'kb5 . To:tf] ug g;s]sf] v08df k|zf;gdf e|i6frf/ ;+:yfut x'g k'Ub5 . sdrf/Ldf cg'zf;glxgtf a9\b uPsf]n] pgLx?af6 k|zf;gsf] txut >[+vnfdf /xL ug'kg] pQ/bfloTj axg ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n] ;+u7gfTds pQ/bfloTjdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg uPsf] 5 . a[xt ?kdf cflys cg'zf;g lxgtf, e|i6frf/ / clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u eO/x]sf tyf o;af6 ;du| ?kdf g pQ/bfloTjdf c;/ kl//x]sf] b]lvg cfp5 . sdrf/Lx?sf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/ 36\g uPsf]n] JolQmut pQ/bfloTj / ;+u7gfTds pQ/bfloTjsf] :t/ klg 36\g uPsf] a'lemg cfp5 .
sfg"gsf] cIf/zM kfngf ug] cEof; b]zdf geP ;Dd ;'zf;gn] d't?k kfpg ;Sbg . ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO /fhgLlts / cflys ;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfosf] k|lqmofnfO dha't agfpg gful/s ;dfhn] ;3fpg' kb5 . /fHosf] s7f]/ x:tIf]k / ahf/sf] cb[io xftaf6 pTkGg x'g] cflys ljR5'vntfaf6 ;dfhnfO 5'6sf/f lbg gful/s ;dfhn] ;bj ;r]t / lqmoflzn x'g'kb5 .
27
;Gbe ;fdfu|L
!= pk|]tL, lg/Ghg -@)%*_ ljsf; / k|zf;g, sfi7d08k Ps]8]lds OG6/k|fOh]h k|f=ln=, sf7df8f+ klxnf] ;+:s/0f .
@= a]Njf;] gf/fo0f, k|sfzdgL zdf, s]bf/ v8\sf, -@)%*_ c;n zf;g ;|f]t ;Fufnf], k|f]klAns hglxt ;+/If0f d~r .
#= kf08]o xl/bQ, -@)^)_ k|zf;lgs pQ/bfloTj, g]kfn cGt/fli6┬лo kj lbj; @)^), jif #$ ;+o'Qmf @# k"0ff├Н !$&, @)^) c;f]h k';, >L % sf];/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, sf7df8f .
$= xf8f, uDeL/ axfb'/ -@)%&_ g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f / ;'zf;gsf] dxTj, g]kfn jf0fL, -/fli6┬лo ;fKtflxs_ jif !&, c+s $!, @)%& h]i7 !( .
n]vs hg;Dks tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg zfvf, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf k|zf;lso clws[t kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
%= xf8f, uDeL/ axfb'/ -@)^!_, g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f ;d:of tyf ;'emfj, sfdfb (CAMAD),
@)^! azfv .
^= bfxfn /fh]Gb|, -@)!^_ g]kfndf kf/blztf / e|i6frf/, g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, sf7df8f .
&= ;'j]bL, lji0f' -@)^!_ k|zf;g Joj:yfkg / ljsf;sf d'ne"t kIfx?, c6n Ps]8]dLs ;]G6/, sf7df8f, k|yd ;+:s/0f .
* jf:sf]6f, s[i0fxl/ -@)%&_, g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;'zf;gM r'gftL / ;Defjgfx┬┐, hgk|zf;g SofDk; .
(. World Bank Report (2015) Kathmandu: Nepal office.
sdrf/L b'36gfdf k/L cfiflw pkrf/ u/fPsf] cj:yfdf
jLdf bfjLsf nflu cfjZos kg] sfuhftx? M
l cfjZos ljj/0f el/Psf] jLdf bfjL kmf/fd
l cfiflw pkrf/sf ;Dk"0f ;Ssn sfuhft tyf lanx?
l sfofnon] tof/ kf/]sf] b'36gf k|ltj]bg -sfofnosf] sfdsf] lznlznfdf b'36gfdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq_
l b'36gfsf] k|x/L k|ltj]bg -sfofnosf] sfdsf] lznlznfdf b'36gfdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq_
28
r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf k|flws/0fsf] e"ldsf
c+u axfb'/ v8\sfOтАУd]nM [email protected]
ljB't cltcfaZos ;]jf xf] . dflg;sf] x/]s cfaZostf k"lt ug ljB'tsf] dxTjk"0f e"ldsf x'G5 . g]kfnsf] && j6 lhNNffdf ljB't k'lu;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] sl/j *^ k|ltztdf ljB't ;]jfsf] kxF'r k'u]sf] 5 . 3/, sfofno, pBf]u sn sf/vfgf ;j If]qdf lbg k|ltlbg ljB'tsf] dfu a9\bf] 5 . ljB't lagf ;DkGg dfgj hutsf] sNkgf klg ug ;lsGg . lglh If]q, ef/taf6 cfoft tyf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg u/L xfn;Dd g]kfndf ljB'tsf] pTkfbg sl/j !$)) d]ufaf6 /x]sf] 5 eg] jflifs dfu j[l┬в sl/j * b]lv !) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
;'/lIft, u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf] / ;j;'ne ljB't cfhsf] cfaZostf xf] . blgs !* 306f;Dd nf]8 ;]l8├Лsf] tflnsf cufl8 /fv]/ ljB'tsf] cfpg] kvfOdf a:g] g]kfnLn] ca lt lbg ;Demg klg rfFxbgg . lxhf] cfh If0fe/ ljh'nL hfbf klg ;fdflhs ;~hfn tyf ;dfrf/df rrf x'g'n] ljh'nL k|lt g]kfnL slt ;r]t 5g eGg] k|i6 dfq ubg o;n] ljh'nL k|ltsf] dflg;sf] lge/tfnfO ;d]t k'li6 ub5 . ;j;'ne tyf u'0f:t/Lo ljB't ;]jfaf6 OGwg tyf Uof;nfO ;xh lj:yflkt ug ;Sg] s'/fdf s;sf] b'Odt x'g ;Sbg . o; aifdfq ! vj $& cj /sdsf] k6┬лf]lnod kbfy cfot ePsf] 5 . k;f lt/]/ klg 306f;Dd nfOgdf j;]/ OGwg lng'kg] afWotf tyf aGb, x8\tfn tyf a]nf a]nfdf x'g] Uof;sf] cefjn] cflht ePsf dflg; lg/Gt/ / u'0f:t/Lo ljB't pknJw ePdf OGwgsf] jbnfdf ljB't pkof]u u/L pTkfbg pGd'v /x]sf 7"nf cfof]hgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ;a ljB't b]zdf vkt x'g] dfq xf]Og o;sf]
cltl/Qm ztk|ltzt ef/tdf lge/ /x]sf] OGwgsf] cfot 36L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd eO b]zsf] cytGqdf ;d]t jlnof] 6]jf k'Ug] tYonfO gsfg ;lsGGf .
u'0f:tl/o, e/kbf] tyf ;do ;fk]If ;j;'ne ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn lJfB't k|flws/0f cflys ?kn] ;jn / :fIfd x'g h?/L 5 . k|flws/0fsf] cfflys kIf alnof] kfg ljB't r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf] e"ldsf klg Hofb dxTjk"0f /x]sf] ;To e'Ng ;lsGg .
ljB't r'xfj6nfO b'O Kf|sf/n] kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ k|fljlws r'xfj6
-v_ ck|fljlws r'xfj6
ljB't dfkg ug] ld6/ afOkf; u/L, 8fO/]S6 x'ls├Л u/L cgflws[t ?kn] x'g] r'xfj6 ck|fljlws r'xfj6 xf] . pTkfbg ePsf] ljB't pTkfbg :yn b]lv ;]jfu|fxLsf] 3/;Dd Nofpbf k|0ffnLdf x'g] r'xfj6 k|fljlws r'xfj6 xf] . k|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ug ;lsG5 t/ k'/f lgoGq0f ug ;lsGg . g]kfndf k|fljlws / ck|fljlws b'j u/L r'xfj6 -n;_ cf=j=@)&^├╖)&& df !%=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] r'xfj6sf] Oltxf;nfO kms]/ x]bf cf=j=@)&#├╖)&$ b]lv r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf pNNf]Vo ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf=j=@)&@├╖)&# df @%=&* k|ltzt /x]sf] r'xfj6 cf=j= @)&#├╖)&$ df @@=() k|ltzt, cf=j= @)&$├╖)&% df @)=$% k|ltzt, cf=j= @)&%├╖)&^
29
df !%=#@ / cf=j=@)&^├╖)&& df !%=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k|flws/0f gfkmf x'gdf r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf] dxTjk"0f e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf ePsf] cg's/0fLo ;'wf/af6 d'gfkmfsf] dfqf a9\b uO cf=j=@)&^├╖)&& df k|flws/0fsf] d'gfkmf !! c/j eGbf jl9 k'u]sf] tYoaf6 sf]lx klg cgle1 5g .
cf =j= n;k|ltzt sd ePsf] n; k|ltzt
@)&@├╖)&# @%=&* тАУтАУ
@)&#├╖)&$ @@=() @=**
@)&$├╖)&% @)=$% @=$%
@)&%├╖)&^ !%=#@ %=!#
@)&^├╖)&& !%=@& )=)%
r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug] d"Vo lhDd]jf/L ljB't k|flws/0fsf] xf] . r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug ;dfhdf w]/ kIfsf] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf /x]sf] tYo ;j ljlbt 5 . cToflws r'xfj6 ePsf] If]qdf r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug hfg] sdrf/Lsf] 6f]nLnfO k|j]z ugg glbPsf] 36gfn] o;nfO k'li6 ub5 . 6f]n, ;dfh, gfu/Ls cu'jf, :yflgo lgsfo, ;'/Iff lgsfo, /fhglts kf6L cflbsf] cxd tyf uxg e"ldsf x'G5, r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf .
r'xfj6 j[l┬в x'g'sf] d"Vo sf/0f M
тАв l6 cf] l8 tyf l;l6 ck/]6]8 ld6/ hfgsf/L gePsf cbIf hgzlQmaf6 h8fg x'g' .
тАв a9L r'xfj6 x'g] If]qsf] klxrfg u/L ;f] If]qsf] lgoldt ?kdf lg/LIf0f x'g g;Sg' .
тАв gFof ljB't ;KnfO dfu u/]sf] ;]jfu|fxLn] nfdf] ;do;Dd ljB't ;KnfO gkfpg' .
тАв ld6/sf] sg]S;g tyf 8f6f nf]8 8fpg u/L outage sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;dodf yk ljn gx'g' .
тАв sfofnosf] sdrf/Laf6 x''b cfPsf] ld6/ l/l8├Л sfo 7]Ssfaf6 u/fpg' .
тАв lglZrt ;dodf ld6/ l/8/sf] Pl/of kl/jtg ug' kg]df ;f] gu/L aiff;Dd Pp6 sdrf/Laf6 ld6/ l/l8├Л x'g' .
тАв ;DjlGwt tfn's lgsfoaf6 ;do ;dodf r'xfj6 ;DjlGw lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg gx'g' .
тАв k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f nfOg cToflws nfdf] x'g' .
тАв 6┬лfG;kmd/ tyf ljB't ;KnfO x'g] tf/ u'0f:tl/o gx'g' .
тАв x'ls├Л, ld6/ jfOkf; u/L ljB'tsf] cgflws[t k|of]u a9\b hfg' .
тАв ljB't rf]/L ubf x'g ;Sg] b'36gfaf6 hg wgsf] Iflt tyf b08 h/Ljfgfsf] af/]df k|ofKt hg r]tgf hufpg g;Sg' .
тАв ;'/Iff lgsfo, :yflgo ;/sf/, /fhglts bn;Fu r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfosf] nflu ;dGjosf] cefj .
тАв aGb ld6/ ;dodf jbnL ug g;Sg' .
тАв 6┬лfG;kmd/sf] nf]8 Jofn]G;, nf]8 ;]G6/df 6┬лfG;kmd/ h8fg tyf dfu j[l┬в eP cg';f/ 6┬лfG;kmd/ cku|]8 gx'g' .
r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf k|flws/0fn] lgjfx ug'kg] e"ldsfM
!= ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] ;DjGwdf ;'wf/
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ljB't ;KnfO dfu u/L lgj]bg lbPsf] u|fxsnfO ljB't ;KnfO u/L lgodfg';f/ ld6/ h8fg u/] kZrft ;]jfu|fxL, k|flws/0fsf] ljlwjt u|fxs aGb5 . ljB't ;KnfO lng cfpg] ;]jfu|fxLnfO ljB't ;KnfO lng cfjZos kg] ;Dk"0f sfuhftsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' kb5 tfls k'gM bf]x┬еofP/ ;]jfu|fxLn] cfjZos yk sfuhft lng wfpg' gk/f]; . lagf emGem6 ;]jfu|fxLnfO tf]lsPsf] ;do leq ljB't ;KnfO lbg' kb5 . ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;w lzi6, ;Eo, ;/n efiffdf doflbt Aojxf/ ug'kb5 . o;af6 ;]jfu|fxL / k|flws/0f ljr ;'dw'/ ;DjGw sfod x'g d┬вt k'Ub5 . ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ePsf] /fd|f] ;DjGwn] k|flws/0fn] ug] x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;fy / ;xof]u ldNb5 . elgG5, ;]jfu|fxLsf] e/f];f k|flws/0fsf] rNtL k"lh xf] eg] k"0f ljZjf; k|flws/0fsf] s"n k"lh xf] . ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] uf9f ;DjGw k|flws/0fsf] ;fv xf] . k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6 ePsf] OdfGbf/ ;]jfu|fxLn] cfkm\gf l5d]sL tyf cf;kf;df s;n] ljB't rf]/L u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfPdf k|flws/0fnfO vj/ ug'sf ;fy r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf ;xof]u ug ;d]t kl5 kbgg\ .
o:t gf]nfO6 -km\o"h;]jf_ af6 lbOg] ;]jf r':t, b'?:t, l56f] 5l/tf] x'g clt cfaZos 5 . ;]jfu|fxLnfO sfofnodf :jo+d pkl:yt eP/ gf] nfO6sf] l;sfot gf]6 u/fpg, ljB't dx;'n sf8 lnP/ cfpg tyf tTsfn x'g] sfo ;d]t t'?Gt x'g] g;Sg] elg cgfjZos b'Mv tyf emGem6 lbg' x'bg . sfofnosf]
30
sfdsf] rfk tyf ;do cefjn] t'?Gt x'g g;Sg] ddt ;'wf/sf] sfd eP klg gemls gd| efjn] sfd x'g g;Sg] sf/0f ;lxt sfd ;DkGg ug ;lsg] ;do tf]ls ;Dej eP tf]lsPsf] ;do cufj gq ;f] ;dodf ;'wf/ sfo ;DkGg u/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO ;Gt'i6 agfO ;]jfu|fxLsf] dg lhtL ljZjf; lbnfpg' ;Sg' kb5 . k|flws/0faf6 ;dodf e/kbf] ;]jf kfPsf] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ljB't k|flws/0f k|ltsf] ;f]r ;w ;sf/fTds x'G5 . k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6 ;]jfu|fxLaf6 r'xfj6 lgoGq0f nufot k|flws/0fn] ug] ;j sfodf ;befj tyf ;xof]u x'g] s'/fdf b'Odt x'g ;Sbg .
@= :yflgo lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo├╖tfnd]n
r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug] sfodf gful/s ;dfh, /fhglts bn, ;'/Iff tyf :yflgo lgsfosf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f x'G5 . :yflgo lgsfodf s'g bn ljif]zsf] afx'Notf ePtf klg lqmofl;n ;j kf6L k|lt plQs cfb/efj /fVg'kb5 . r'xfj6 lgoGq0f nufot k|flws/0fn] ug] h'g;'s sfo ;'? ug k"j ;j kIf tyf kf6LnfO hfgsf/L u/fO plgx?af6 glts ;dyg tyf ;xof]u k|fKt ug lqmofl;n ;j kf6L ;lDdlnt ;j klIfo a7s jf]nfO ;xof]usf] clkn ugfn] k|flws/0fn] ug] sfo ;kmn x'g] lglZrttfsf] dfqf j9\5 . ;j klIfo tyf ;j blno a7sdf p7]sf tTsfn ;Djf]wg x'g] ;d:ofsf] t'?Gt ;dfwfg ug] / ;do nfUg] vfnsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug ;lsg] lglZrt ;do tf]ls pQm ;do leq k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;dfwfg ug' kb5 . ;j klIfo tyf ;j blno a7sdf p7]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ubf k|flws/0fsf w]/ ;d:of ;d]t :jtM ;dfwfg dfq x'bg kf6Lsf] ljZjf; ;d]t lhTg ;kmn eO k|flws/0faf6 ;~rfng ul/g] sfodf glts ?kdf ;xof]u / ;dyg ug'kg] jfWofTds kl/l:yltsf] ;d]t ;[hgf x'G5 . :yflgo :t/df clwsf/ ;DkGg :yflgo alnof] ;/sf/ ePsf]n] k|flws/0fn] ug] gFof nfOg lj:tf/, 6┬лfG;kmd/ h8fg tyf cku|]8 nufotsf cGo sfo ubf :yflgo ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo ubf :yflgo ;/sf/sf] /fd|f] ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 . :yflgo ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfon] aFfls jSoftf ePsf tyf ljB'tsf] cgflws[t pkof]u ug] ;]jfu|fxLnfO :yflgo lgsfoaf6 kfpg] l;kmfl/; tyf ;x'lnotaf6 jl~rt u/fpg nufO k|flws/0fn] nfe lng ;S5 .
r'xfj6 d'St gu/kflnsf 3f]if0f u/L emfkf lhNNffsf]
sGsfO gu/kflnsf ljB't r'xfj6 d'St 3f]if0f ug] klxnf] gu/kflnsf ePsf] 5 . sltko ufFpkflnsfn] cfkm\gf] If]qdf j:g] gful/ssf] ljB't dx;'n e'StfgL ul/ gful/s k|ltsf] ;Rrf bfloTj lgjfx u/]sf] w]/ pbfx/0f 5g . gu/├╖ufFpkflnsfaf6 ePsf o:tf cg's/l0fo sfoaf6 k|flws/0fnfO 7"nf] ;xof]u / ;dyg ldn]sf] oyfy 5n├Л b]lvG5 .
#= hg r]tgfd'ns sfoqmdsf] cefjM
ljB't rf]/L ug' sfg"gL ?kn] b08lgo tyf ;dflhs ?kn] ck/fw xf] . ljB't rf]/L ubf wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] k|z:t 36gf b]lvPsf] 5 . l5d]lsn] ljB't rf]/L u/]sf] b]v]/ csf] 3/df klg kl/jf/sf] bjfjdf k/L rf]/L ug jfWo ePsf], b]vfl;lv ub ljB't rf]/L ug] u/]sf] 36gf ufFp 3/df b]lvg] oyfy xf] .
x'ls├Л u/L ljB't rf]/L ubf Hofg hfg ;S5 eGg] x]Ssf w]/nfO gePsf] x'g;S5 . ljB't rf]/L sfg"gL ?kn] b08lgo xf] eGg] ;j pkef]QmnfO hfgsf/L gx'g klg ;S5 . r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf] nflu ug] klxnf] sfo ;]jfu|fxLnfO ;r]t agfpg' xf] . ljB't rf]/L ubf Hofg hfg ;Sg] ;fy b08 h/Ljfgf afkt kl/jf/nfO cflys ef/ kg] k/L Psd'i6 ?kdf 7"nf] /sd ltg'kg] jf/]df hfgsf/L ePdf ljB't rf]/L gug ;S5, ;]jfu|fxLn] . o;sf/0f k|flws/0fn] cfkm\gf ;]jfu|fxLnfO ljB't cgflws[t pkof]u ubf x'g;Sg] wg hgsf] Iflt tyf b08 ;hfosf] jf/]df hg r]tgf d'ns sfoqmd ;~rfng u/L ;hu / ;r]t agfpg' k|flws/0fsf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] .
krf kDkn]6 ljt/0f, cgnfOg kqklqsf, dfOls├Лsf] cltl/SQ ufFp 3/df Pkm=Pd=/]l8of]sf] k|z:t kxF'r k'Uf]sf]n] r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ;DjlGwhg r]tgf d'ns ;Gb]z b]zsf] s'gf sfKrfdf ;/n / ;xh ?kn] k'┬еofpg /]l8of] ;lhnf] dfWod jGg ;S5 . r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf /rfgfTds zlndf sfoqmd lgdf0f u/L 6]lnlehgaf6 k|;f/0f ubf cem ;zSt / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . cToflws r'xfj6 x'g] If]qdf eg] k|flws/0fsf sdrf/L :j+o pkl:yltdf o:tf sfoqmd ;~rfng ubf Hofb k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 .
$= sdrf/Lsf] dgf]an a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug]
ljB't r'xfj6 x'g] If]qnfO r'xfj6sf] dfqf cg';f/ cToflws r'xfj6, sd r'xfj6 x'g] h:tf If]qdf jlus/0f u/L j9L r'xfj6 ePsf] If]qdf r'xfj6
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lgoGq0fdf hfbf ljif]z ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg] x'G5 . cToflws r'xfj6 ePsf] If]qdf r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug hfbf sdrf/Lsf] ;+Vof a9fP/ 7"nf] ;d"xdf hfg] tyf sdrf/Lsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'/Iff b:tf ;d]t /xg h?/L b]lvG5 .
r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf v6\g] sdrf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr /fVg lkmN8df hfg] sdrf/Ln] ;'/lIft dx;'; x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf0f x'g h?/L 5 . r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf hfbf ;'/Iffsf] r'gflt x'g' :jefljs xf] t/ r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf v6\g] sdrf/LnfO sfofno ;do eGbf cGo ;dodf ;d]t cfpg] wlDsaf6 eg] sdrf/Ln] ;fx| c;'/lIft dx;'; ug] u/]sf] lttf] cg'ej sdrf/Lsf] nflu gfnf] ljifo xf]Og . o;sf] nflu ;DjlGwt k|d'vn] :yflgo lhNNff k|zf;g tyf ;'/Iff lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L tTsfn lg?k0f u/L sdrf/Lsf] cfTdannfO ;w j9jf lbg r'Sg' x'bg . ljB't rf]/L ug] s;'/bf/nfO sf/jfxL ug] k|flws/0fsf] p2]Zo xf]Og . ljB'tsf] cgflws[t pkof]u ug] s;'/bf/nfO b08 ;hfo lbO ljB'tsf] cgflws[t pkof]u ug] sfonfO lg?T;flxt ug' o;sf] p2]Zo ePsf] x'Fbf o:tf] sf/jfxL u/LPsf] ;Gb]zsf] ;"rgf cfd hgdfg;df ;Dk|]if0f x'g h?/L 5 . r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfonfO k|efjsf/L agfpg r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf v6\g] sdrf/LnfO ljif]z k|f]T;fxg eQmfsf] Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 .
%= k|flws/0fn] r'xfj6 lgoGqsf] nflu ug'kg] ;'wf/M
тАв k|zf/0f / ljt/0f nfOgsf] k'/fgf] tf/ k|fyldstfsf ;fy jbnL ug] .
тАв ljB'tsf] dfudf ePsf] j[l┬в cg';f/ 6┬лfG;kmd/ yk u/L nf]8 ;]G6/df h8fg ug] .
тАв 6┬лfG;kmd/sf] nf]8 Jofn]G; ug] .
тАв cToflws r'xfj6 ePsf] If]qdf ePsf] gf├Лf] tf/ x6fO Pljl; s]jn h8fg ug] .
тАв l6cf]l8 tyf l;6L ck/]6]8 ld6/ bIf k|fljlwsaf6 dfq h8fg u/fpg] .
тАв ljB't ljt/0f ljlgodfjnLn] tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq l6cf]l8 ld6/sf] 8f6f nf]8 8fpg ug] tyf ;f] eP gePsf] tfn's lgosfoaf6 clgjfo ?kdf lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg x'g'kg] .
тАв l/тАУl;ln├Л sfonfO ltj|tf lbg] ;fy kmf]/ lkmu/, w]/ k'/fgf tyf aGb ld6/ t'?Gt jbnL ug] .
тАв k|To]s ^,^ dlxgfdf ld6/ l/8/x?sf] Pl/of kl/jtg ug] sfo s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ug] .
тАв r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug] sfosf nflu ;ftfdf slDtdf $ lbg r'xfj6 lgoGq0f 6f]nL kl/rfng ug] .
тАв gFof ;KnfO dfu ug] u|fxsnfO slDtdf tfn's lgsfon] tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq ;KnfO lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
тАв u|fxs ;+Vofdf ePsf] j[l┬в tyf j9\bf] dfu cg';f/ gFof ;j:6];g, lkm8/sf] lgdf0f tyf ljt/0f nfOgsf] lj:tf/ sfo k|fyldstf ;fy ug] .
тАв r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ljlgodfjnLsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfoGjog u/L rf]/L ug] s;'/bf/nfO s8f sf/jfxL ug] .
тАв ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO ;'wf/ ug of]hgfj┬в ?kn] e"ldut ub nhfg] .
тАв u|L8 ljt/0f ;'b[9 agfpg tyf ;6 8fpg 36fpg :jrflnt u|L8 ;j:6]zg lgdf0f ug] .
тАв Onf]S6┬лf]d]sflgsn ld6/ k|lt:yfkg u/L :df6 ld6/ h8fg sfonfO ltj|tfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg] .
r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug] sfo ;f]r] h:tf] ;/n / cf;fgL 5g . of] lgs r'gftLk"0f sfo xf] . r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug uPsf sdrf/Lx?sf] 6f]nLnfO sltko 6f]ndf l5g glbO cj/f]w ePsf], s'g :yfgdf sdrf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf] Hofg hf]ufO efUg' k/]sf] 36gf xfd|f] ;fd' l5k]sf] 5g . sltko :yfgdf x'n x'Hht u/L sdrf/LnfO s'6lk6 ug] tyf b'Jofjxf/ u/]sf] 36gf gfnf] xf]Og . r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug uPsf] 6f]nL r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfo ;DkGg u/LpQm :yfgaf6 l56f] eGbf l56f] km'Tsg] /0fgLltdf x'G5 . klxn] cfPsf] dfuaf6 kmsbf cgflws[t ljB't pkof]u ug] kIfaf6 cfs|d0f x'g] ;Defjgfn] ubf csf] dfuaf6 kmls ;'/lIft /xg vf]Hg] eolet sdrf/L dflyg unt cf/f]k tyf cg]s nfG5gf nfUg] u/]sf] 36gf gFof xf]Og . r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug uPsf sdrf/LnfO g]kfnu~hdf rf]/Lsf] cf/f]k dfq nfu]g ljB'tsf] cgflws[t k|of]u ug]af6 ;fdflhs ;~hfndf unt ;b]z k|jfx eof] . o:tf] unt k|rf/sf] :yflgo sfofno, k|fb]lzs tyf s]Gb|Lo sfofnosf] r'xfj6 lgoGq0f dxfzfvfaf6 v08g x'g h?/L b]lvG5 . cGoyf r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug hfg] sdrf/Lsf] dgf]jn lu/L c;'/Iffsf sf/0f r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfodf v6\g] sdrf/Lsf] cefj eO r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfo k|efjlxg x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
32
ljZje/L sf]/f]gf efO/; -sf]le8тАУ!(_ sf] sf/0fn] aGbfaGbL eO ld6/ l/8/ 3/ 3/df uO l/l8├Л x'g g;ls cfift ljn eO jf:tljs vktsf] dfkg x'g g;s]sf], r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug] sdrf/L kl/rfng x'g g;ls tyf pBf]u sn sf/vfgf aGb eO pTkfbg ePsf] ljB'tsf] vkt 36\g uO o; jif tf]s]sf] nIo eGbf r'xfj6 a9\g] ;Sg] k|an ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] x'Fbf nIo k|fKt ug yf]/ d]xg]tn] k'Ug] b]lvGg . df;ddf cfpg] v/fla;Fu clgoldt x'g] ljB't ;KnfO, k'/fgf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL, cf]e/nf]8sf sf/0f l6┬лk x'g] 6┬лfG;kmd/ cflbsf sf/0f lg/Gt/, ;j;'ne, e/kbf], tyf u'0f:t/Lo ljB't :fKnfO x'g g;s]sf]n] ;do ;fk]If cem ;'wf/ ug'kg] vFfrf] 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe ;"lrM
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cw jflifs c+sx?
n]vs s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g, clen]v, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;xfos k|zf;lso clws[t kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
v egf x'g' k"j ul/Psf pkrf/sf sfuhft .v egf eO;s]kl5 8fS6/n] n]lvPsf] Prescription .v cfifwL vl/b ubfsf] ;Ssn lanx? Hospital sf Invoice Bill .v ljleGg kl/If0fsf All Requisition tyf All Report x? .v l8:rfh kl/If0fsf . l8:rfh ;d/L lz6 t/ cfsl:ds pkrf/ ;]jfsf]
sfuhft .v jLdf bfjL kmf/d .v cfl>t kl/jf/sf] xsdf gftf v'Ng] cflwsfl/s s'g sfuhft .
sdrf/L tyf cfl>t kfl/jfl/s cfifwL pkrf/ jLdf bfjLsf nflu
cfjZos sfuhftx?
33
;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ;'zf;g
w'|j/fh k|;fOOтАУd]nM [email protected]
cjwf/0ff
/fHo / zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . /fHosf] k/d stJo jf bfloTjsf] ?kdf ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] ljsf; k|frLgsfnaf6 ePsf] xf] . ljz]iftM /fHo / gful/ssf] ;]jf / ;'/Iff ug] ljifoaf6 g ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . Kn]6f], c/:t' h:tf k|rLg bfzlgsx?n] JoSt u/]sf] zf;g ;DaGwL wf/0ffaf6 ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . oBlk ;fjhlgs ;]jfnfO k|efjsf/L, hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL agfpg] cleofg ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . hgtfsf] dt / s/af6 lgdf0f / ;~rfng x'g] ;/sf/ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' k5 eGg] dfGotfaf6 jtdfg ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] If]q / dxTj a9\b uPsf] b]lvG5 . o; s|ddf j]nfotL k|wfgdGqL dfu/]6 Yofr/n] ;g\ !(*@ df Next Step Agency sf] yfngL ul/g\ . o;n] j]nfotL sdrf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf s6ftL tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/df clej[l4 u┬еof] . ;g\ !((! Dff hf]g d]h/n] gful/s j8fkq ;'? u/] h;n] ;]jf k|jfxsf] kf/blztf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ldtJolotf j[l4df dxTjk"0f ;xof]u k'┬еofof] . ;g\ @))) sf] bzsb]lv ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; eof] . ;fjhlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf New Public Management, New Public service h:tf cjwf/0ff ljsf; eP . kmn:j?k ;]jf k|jfx ;/n, ;xh, u'0f:t/Lo x'g k'Uof] . xfn;Dd cfO k'Ubf New Public Management n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf glthfd'vL, u|fxsd'vL ;f]r / ldtJooLtf, ;'zf;gn] cufl8 ;f/]sf sfg"gsf] zf;g, kf/blztf, hjfkmb]lxtf, pQ/bfloTj, lgikIftfnfO
;d]6b New Public Service sf] ljsf; eof] . jtdfg ;/sf/ tyf;fjhlgs ;]jf gful/sk|lt a9L g pQ/bfoL x'g' k5 eGg] dfGotfn] dxTj kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfx
;fjhlgs ;]jfnfO pTkfbg :ynaf6 pkef]Stf ;dIf k'┬еofpg] sfo k|s[ofnfO ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfx elgG5 . o:tf] sfo k|s[of ;/n, ;xh, kf/bzL, u'0f:t/Lo / ;doj4 x'g' kb5 . ;/sf/ cfkmn] ;]jf lbg] k|ToIf ;]jf k|jfx, ;]jf k|jfxsf] lghLs/0f, ;]jfsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, jslNks ;]jf k|jfx h:tf ljleGg 9fFrfdf ;]jf k|bfg ug ;lsG5 . ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfx hl6n / jx'cfolds sfo xf] . o:tf] sfo s'g Pp6f lgsfoaf6 dfq ;Dej 5g\ . ;+3Lo├╖k|b]z dGqfno, ljefu, sfofno, :yfgLo tx, ;fjhlgs ;+:yfg, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh cflb af6 ;fjglhs ;]jf k|jfx ug ;lsG5 . sfg"gsf] th'df / sfofGjog u/]/, lgsfo jf ;+oGqsf] lgdf0f / ;~rfng u/]/, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/, ;xsfo u/]/ ;]jf k|jfx ug ;lsG5 .
;fjhlgs ;]jfsf If]q tyf sfox?M
;fjhlgs ;]jf j[xt If]q cf]u6]sf] ljwf xf] . o;sf] sfo hgtfsf] hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . hGd k"jb]lv d[To' kZrft;Dd klg ;fjhlgs ;]jf cfjZos kl//x]sf] x'G5 . of] hgtfsf] lxt / ;Dj[l4sf nflu ;Ldf ljxLg If]q cf]u6]sf] ljifo xf] . ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] sfonfO ljljw 9┬к\uaf6 rrf ug] ul/G5 . oBlk jfWosf/L sfo -zflGt
34
;'/Iff_ cTofjZos ;]jfsf] pknAwtf -;"rgf k|fKt x'gf ;fy ug' kg] ;]jf_ k|j4gsf/L ;]jf -lzIff :jf:Yo_ k"jwf/ ;DaGwL ;]jf -;8s vfg]kfgL, ljB't_ Joj;flos ;]jf -a+s ljtLo ;]jf_ / sNof0fsf/L ;]jf -k5fl8 k/]sf ju If]q ;d'bfosf] lxt_ cflb ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf d'Vo sfo x'g\ . ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf sfonfO /fhglts sfo, cflys sfo, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts sfo, ljsf;fTds sfo / s'6glts sfo eg]/ klg rrf ug ;lsG5 . nf]stflGqs k4lt tyf ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug] tyf /fhgLlt1nfO ;'emfj lbg' ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] /fhglts sfo xf] . cflys ;|f]t / cj;/sf] ;dtfd"ns kl/rfng, cflys cg'zf;g ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf h:tf sfo cflys sfo leq kb5g\ . ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts sfo cGtut zflGt ;'/Iff Gofo / ;lxi0f'tfsf] k|j4g ug], ck/fw, ljs[lt / lj;Fultsf] lgoGq0f jf cGTo ug] tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt h:tf sfo kb5g\ . ljsf;sf gLlt of]hgf, sfos|d th'df ug], lbuf] ljsf; tyf ljsf;sf] nfesf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug' ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf] ljsf;fTds sfo xf] . To; u/L ldq /fi6┬л aLr czn / ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw sfod ug], /fli6┬лotfsf] k|j4g tyf cGt/fli6┬лo d~rdf /fli6┬лo klxrfgsf] j[l4 ug] sfo ;fjhlgs ;]jfsf s'6glts sfo leq kb5g\ .
;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf b]lvPsf sdhf]/Lx? M
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO k|efjsf/L agfpg sfg"gL, ;+:yfut, Joj:yfksLo cflb k|;:t k|of; u/]sf] ePtfklg b[9 OR5f zlSt / OdfGbfl/tfsf] cefjdf ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5g . ;fjhlgs ;]jfaf6 hgtfn] ;Gt'li6 dx;'; ug ;ls/x]sf 5gg\ . sltko cj:yfdf t ;fjhlgs ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] cfzf e/f];f klg sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . /fHon] tnj eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf lbP/ hgtfsf] ;]jf ug v6fOPsf sdrf/L hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g g;s]sf], cfkm"nfO zf;s 7fGg] k|j[lt /x]sf], ;]jfu|fxL;Fu doflbt Jojxf/ ug g;s]sf], ;dodf ;]jf k|jfx gu/]sf], ;]jfu|fxLsf u'gf;fsf] ;'g'jfO ug g;s]sf], ljrflnof;Fu ldn]dQf] u/]/ cg'lrt kmfObf lnO ;]jfu|fxLnfO b'Mv lbg] u/]sf] h:tf ;d:ofx? w]/ If]qdf ;'Gg ;lsG5 . ;d:ofx? w]/ x'g ;S5g\ t/ s]nfP/ x]g] xf] eg] Jojxf/ut ;d:of g ;]jf k|jfxdf /x]sf] sfnf] wAafsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 .
PsLs[t gLlt / 5ftf P]gsf] cefj, c:yL/ cw'/f / :jfy k|]l/t gLlt, ;+ljwfg P]g sfg"g, gLlt Ps cfk;df aflemg', ;/sf/ kl/jtg;Fu gLltx? kl/jtg eO /xg', e"uf]nsf]
ljljwtf t/ ;+/rgfdf Ps ?ktf, k/Dk/fut / e2f ;+/rgf, lg0fosf] tx nfdf] / 3'dfp/f], ;xefltuftfd"ns Joj:yfkgdf sdL Change Management, Conflict Management, Time Management, Human Resource Management sf] kIf sdhf]/ /xg', sfo lgb]lzsf, sfoljlw, gful/s j8fkqsf] sfofGjogsf] kIf sdhf]/ /xg', uf]Kotfd'vL ;+:s[lt, hjfkmb]xLtf / lhDd]jf/ gaGg', Public Hearing sf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /xg', #^) l8u|L d"Nof┬к\sg sfofGjog gx'g', Quality sdhf]/ / Cost a9L x'g', sfddf Overlapping x'g', Power Delegation gx'g', bIf / k|ltj4 sdrf/Lsf] cefj, ;"rgf k|ljlw dqL aGg g;Sg', ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Go"gtf, gful/s r]tgfsf] sdL, k|zf;g /fhgLltk|lt t6:y tyf ;/sf/sf gLlt sfoqmdk|lt k|ltj4 x'g g;Sg', /fhgLltn] k|zf;gk|lt lgikIf Jojxf/ ug g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx? g ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf b]lvPsf d'ne"t ;d:of x'g\ .
;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'wf/df Wofg lbg' kg] s'/fx? M
тАв u|fxssf] cfjZostf, Ifdtf, dfu cflbsf] ;j]If0f ug],
тАв sfoljlw ;/nLs/0f ug],
тАв IT sf] k|of]u dfkmt l56f], 5l/tf] / ;xh ;]jf k|bfg ug],
тАв Gfful/s j8fkqsf] k|efjsf/L sfofGjog ug],
тАв u|fxsd'vL ;f]r ljsf; ug],
тАв ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf, ;]jfu|fxLdqL eflts ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug]
тАв ;]jf k|bfos sfofnosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]
тАв Gfful/s ;d'bfo ;xsfo, cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;jnLs/0f ug]
тАв Administrative Federalism sf] cfwf/df ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug], ;+3Lo zf;g cg'?ksf ;+/rgf tyf sdrf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug],
тАв Time Bound Service System nfu" ug]
тАв Work Environment Jojl:yt ug]
тАв Public Hearing, Public Audit cflb kIfdf Wofg lbg]
тАв Service Marketing, Resource Networking ug]
тАв Kff/blztf k|j4g ug ;';]nL sfg"g nfu" ug],
тАв sfo ;Dkfbg d"Nof┬к\sgdf u|fxs ;Gt'li6 dfkg ug]
тАв ;]jf k|jfxdf ljsNksf] lj:tf/ ug],
35
тАв OdfGbfl/tfsf] Audit u/L gltstf k|j4g ug],
тАв b[9 OR5f zlSt, OdfGbfl/tf / k|ltj4tfsf] k|j4g ug],
тАв gful/s ;xeflutf k|j4g ug],
тАв k[i7kf]if0fsf] pkof]u ug],
;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO ;/n, ;xh, ldtJooL, k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL, hgd'vL, ;xeflutfd"ns agfO k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO ;]jf k|bfos ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug gLltut ;'wf/, ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/, Jojxf/hGo ;'wf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf a9f]Q/L h:tf ljifodf Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO k|efjsf/L agfpg ePsf Joj:yf M
тАв g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ sf] wf/f %!-v_ df ;fjhlgs ;]jfnfO :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL, e|i6rf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfO /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 h;n] ;]jf k|jfx ;/n / ;xh agfpg ;+jwflgs ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
тАв lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf g lghfdtL ;]jfnfO ;Ifd ;'b[9,;]jfd"ns, pQ/bfoL agfpg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
тАв ;]jf cleofg lgb]lzsf, @)^% n] u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L ;]jf ljt/0f, ;]jf k|bfos sfofnosf] eflts jftfj/0f tyf lzi6rf/ cleofgdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
тАв ;/sf/L lg0fo k|lsof ;/nLs/0f lgb]lzsf, @)^% n] lg0fosf] tx 36fpg], ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfnfO ;d]t :jLsf/ ug] cflb Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
тАв ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g,@)^$ tyf lgodfjnL @)^%n] ;]jf k|jfxnfO ;/n, ;xh, kf/bzL, ldtJooL, hg;xeflutfd"ns agfO k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO ;]jf k|bfos ;+oGqdf ?kfGt/0f ug] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] kbLo / k]zfut cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To; u/L k|zf;lgs sfo ;~rfngsf cfwf/, ;/sf/n] clVtof/ ug] gLlt, gful/s j8fkq, 3'DtL ;]jf, ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfO, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg cflbsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf pkrf/fTds / k|j4gfTds sfd ul/ /x]sf]
5 . /fli6┬лo ;tstf s]Gb| ;fjhlgs lgsfosf] lgu/fgL ul/ ;r]t u/fO e|i6rf/ x'g glbg ;ls|o e"ldsfdf b]lvG5 . /fli6┬лo cg';Gwfg ljefun] e|i6rf/hGo sfosf] cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] 5 . To; u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, hg u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]lzsf, @)^%, cflys sfoljlw lgodfjnL, ;Dklt z'l4s/0f P]g cflb P]g sfg"gx?n] ;'zf;g sfod ug dxTjk"0f /x]sf] 7flgG5 h;n] ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO k|efjsf/L agfpFg d2t k'тАУofPsf] 5 .
;]jf k|jfxnfO kf/bzL, pQ/bfoL, ;/n, ;xh tyf l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg ljB'tLo zf;gnfO dxTjsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . ;a dGqfno, ljefu, sfofno tyf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx?n] j]e ;fO8sf] lgdf0f u/L cfтАФcfkm\gf gLlt, sfofs|d tyf ;"rgfx? k|jfx ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;]jf z'Ns tyf /fHfZj a'emfpg ;lsg], Online af6 ljleGg kmf/dx? eg ;lsg] -/fxbfgL, nfO;]G;, k/LIff kmf/dx? cflb_ E-Banking cflb ;]jfx?n] ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO yk ultzLn agfPsf] cg'ej eO /x]sf] 5 . ;fjhlgs lgsfon] k|jQmf, ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/]/ cfkm\gf ls|ofsnfknfO kf/bzL agfO ;"rgfsf] xsnfO k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ph'/L k]l6sf, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfO, x]Nnf] ;/sf/ sIfsf] Joj:yf tyf e/v/ ;'? ePsf] gful/s PK; cflbsf] Joj:yfn] ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO ;/n, ;xh, ldtJooL, kf/bzL, sd vlrnf] / gful/sdqL agfpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff /fHosf] cjwf/0ff hlQs k'/fgf] eP klg zflAbs ?kdf o;sf] k|of]u ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv ePsf] b]lvG5 . Jfb]lzs ;xfotf k|efjsf/L ?kdf pkof]u x'g g;sL hgtfsf] hLjg :t/ p7\g g;s] kl5 o;f] x'g'sf sf/0fx? vf]hL x'g yfNof] . vf]hn] ljBdfg zf;g Joj:yfdf v/fjL /x]sf] lgisif lgsfn] kl5 zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ugsf nflu ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . vf; ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] jb]lzs ;xfotf k|bfg ug] ;+:yf4f/f t];|f] ljZjsf b]zx?sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;xfotf ;tsf ?kdf cl3 ;fl/Psf] cjwf/0ff g ;'zf;g xf] . v'Nnf k|lt:kwL Pjd\ ahf/d'vL cy Joj:yfsf] k|j4g ug, k|hftflGqs/0f tyf
36
dfgj clwsf/sf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / zf;g Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/fpg ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofOPsf] xf] . ;/sf/n] ;s];Dd sd sfddf dfq xft xfNg] gu/L gx'g] sfd dfq ug] lghL If]q tyf u/ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 x'g ;Sg] sfd pgLx?nfO x:tfGt/0f ug] s'/fdf ;'zf;gn] ljZjf; /fVb5 . ;du|df hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/bzLtf, sfg"gL zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :jtGq, lgikIf Pjd\ ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|ltikwfTds jftfj/0f, zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt tyf People sf] Happiness ePsf] cj:yf g ;'zf;g xf] .
Jff:tjdf ;'zf;gn] /fhglts ?kn] nf]stflGqs/0f, cflys ?kn] pbf/Ls/0f, zf;sLo zlStsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, lk5l8Psf ju, If]q tyf ;LdflGts[tsf] d"n k|jfxLs/0f, gful/s ;dfhsf] ;zlSts/0f, ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfsf] ;+/If0f tyf PsLs/0f, zf;gdf ;dfj]lzs/0f, ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf Go"gLs/0f tyf k|zf;lgs If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fnfO ;+s]t ub5 .
;'zf;gsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf ?kdf sfg"gsf] zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, kf/blztf, hjfkmb]xLtf, hg;xeflutf, :jtGq, ;Ifd tyf lgikIf Gofo, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f cflbnfO lnOG5 . /fhglts ?kdf ;'zf;gn] v'Nnf / nf]stflGqs zf;g k4lt, dfgj clwsf/, dflns xssf] k|Tofe"lt, jflns dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjfrg tyf k"0f k|]; :jtGqtf sfod ug ;xof]u k'┬еofpF5 . k|zf;lgs ?kdf ;'zf;gn] glthfd'vL, hgd'vL, kf/bzL, pQ/bfoL, ldtJooL k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] jsfnt ub5 . cflys If]qdf ;'zf;gn] :jtGq, cfTdlge/ tyf pGgltzLn cytGq, cflys pknAwLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f tyf v'Nnf pbf/ / k|lt:kwL cflys gLltsf] cjnDag ug k|]l/t ub5 . ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;dfgtf tyf lje]b /lxtf, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;dfj]lzs/0f h:tf ;fdflhs If]qdf ;'zf;gn] rf;f] /fVb5 . Goflos If]qdf :jR5, lgikIf, ;Ifd Goflos k|0ffnL, sfg"gL /fHosf] :yfkgf tyf Gofo, ;dfgtf / ;dtf sfod ug' g ;'zf;gsf] Goflos dxTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;'zf;g sfod ug ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g,@)^$ tyf lgodfjnL @)^% n] u/]sf d'Vo Joj:yfx? b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ .
тАв k|zf;lgs sfo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x?,
тАв ;/sf/n] clVtof/ ug] gLlt,
тАв d'Vo ;lrj,;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'v, sfofno k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L,
тАв k|zf;lgs sfo ;Dkfbg ubf ckgfpg' kg] sfo ljlw,
тАв kbLo / k]zfut cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf,
тАв kbLo bfloTj lgjfx ug' kg],
тАв gful/s j8fkq /fVg' kg],
тАв 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug' kg],
тАв Gofof]lrt ;]jf z'Ns lgwf/0f ug' kg,]
тАв hgtfsf] :jfldTj / ;xeflutf sfod ug' kg],
тАв ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfO ug' kg],
тАв zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfOsf] :yfkgf ug' kg,]
тАв u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg,
тАв k|jQmf tf]Sg' kg],
тАв ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO Jojxf/df ptfg' kg],
тАв cg'udg d"Nof┬к\sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf .
;'zf;gsf cfodx? M
;'zf;g Ps ax'cfolds ljwf xf] . zf;gsf ax' ljwfdf o;n] rf;f] /fVb5 . ;'zf;g pGgt zf;g Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yf xf] . ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs zf;g k4lt, ;dtf d"ns ;dfh tyf gful/ssf] ;Gt'li6 pRr ePsf] cj:yf ;'zf;g xf] . ;'zf;gsf cfodnfO b]xfo adf]lhd pnn]v ul/G5 .
/fhglts cfod
k|hftflGqs zf;g, cfjlws tyf :jtGq, :jR5 / lgikIf lgjfrg, jflns dtflwsf/, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ljs]lGb|s/0f, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g, dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] pRr kl/rfng, k|lt:kwL /fhglts Joj:yf, /fhglts ;+:sf/ pRr ePsf] cj:yf g ;'zf;gsf] /fhglts cfofd xf] .
Joj:yfksLo cfod;Ifd, 5l/tf], k|efjsf/L ;/sf/, r':t k|zf;g ;+oGq, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng, ;/sf/L lghL ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xofqf, hg;xeflutf kl/rfng, pQ/bfloTj, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blztf sfod ePsf] cj:yfnfO Joj:yfksLo cfodsf ?kdf ;'zf;gn] cfTd;fy u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
sfg"gL cfod;+ljwfg, P]g sfg"gsf] sfofGjog, sfg"gsf] zf;g, e|i6frf/sf] pGd'ng, jolSts clwsf/sf] /Iff tyf ;/sf/L
37
ls|ofsnfksf] jwflgstf g ;'zf;gsf] sfg"gL cfofdsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
Goflos cfod
l56f], 5l/tf], ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL, ;xgzLntf, ;dtf, lbuf]kg, Gofodf ;j;fw/0fsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ePsf] cj:yf g ;'zf;gsf] Goflos cfofd xf] .
cflys cfod
lbuf] km/flsnf] cflys j[l4 / ljsf;, ul/jL lgjf/0f, lgoldt /f]huf/L, cflys ultljlwdf lghL If]qsf] ultzLntf / OdfGbfl/tf, ;Dkltsf] ;+/If0f ePsf] cj:yf g ;'zf;gsf] cflys cfod xf]
cGo cfod
eflts k"jfwf/sf] ljsf;, cflys j[l4 tyf ljsf;, :yfloTj, lzIff, :jf:Yo /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ tyf ;'lglZrttf, v]ns'b, dfgjLo d"No dfGotfsf] ljsf; tyf v';L / ;Gt'li6 ePsf] cj:yfnfO ;'zf;gsf] cfofdsf ?kdf x]g ;lsG5 .
lgisif
;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/Lotfn] ;'zf;g sfod ug ;xof]u ub5 eg] ha ;'zf;gnfO cfTdf;fy ul/G5 ta ;]jf k|jfx ;/n, ;xh, ldtJooL, kf/bzL / k|efjsf/L x'g k'Ub5 . To;n] ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ;'zf;g aLr 3lgi6 ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] ;"rf┬к\s eg]sf] v';L / ;Gt'li6 g xf] . gful/snfO ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug] dfWod ;fjglhs
;]jf k|jfx ePsfn] ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/df g ;'zf;gsf] k|f0f afFr]sf] x'G5 . ;fjhlgs ;]jfn] ;/sf/ / gful/s aLr ;DaGw lgwf/0f ub5 . ;]jf k|efjsf/L eP gful/s ;dyg k|fKt x'G5 eg] sdhf]/ eP ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w x'G5 . ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxn] gful/s ljZjf; / :jfldTj sfod ub5 . d]/f] b]z d]/f] ;/sf/ d]/f] jf xfd|f] nflu sfd ul/ /x]sf] 5 eGg] cg'e"lt u/fpFb5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] g /fli6┬лo Pstf, gful/s ;xeflutf / zf;gsf] jwflgstf sfod ub5 . /fHosf] tkmaf6 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f ug], gful/ssf dfu / /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f ug], sfg"gsf] sfofGjog ug], :jR5, hgd'vL, kf/bzL, sd vlrnf], pQ/bfoL k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] ljsf; klg ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxaf6 x'g] ePsfn] ;'zf;g sfod ug ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO ;dofg's"n u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;xof]uL ;fdu|L M
Zofd k|;fb dgfnL, zf;sLo :j?k, ;+ljwfg / ;'zf;g, ljdnf dnfnL,@)&!
;'/]z clwsf/L, zf;g k|0ffnL tyf ;d;fdlos ljifo, sl/o/ sfplG;ln┬к\u ;]G6/ k|fln, @)&^
pbo /fgf, ;fjhlgs Joj:yfkg, k/jL k|sfzg, @)&%
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkf tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ lgodfjnL, @)^%
ljleGg P]g, sfg"g, j]e ;fO8, kqklqsfx? .
n]vs s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g, clen]v, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf j=;=├╖ldl/;'ef kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
38
e|i6frf/ / o;sf] k|efj
/lj lg/fnfOтАУd]nM [email protected]
e|i6frf/ / o;sf] k|efj
e|i6frf/nfO ;fdflhs ljs[lt Pad ;fdflhs /f]usf] ?kdf lnOG5 . e|i6frf/n] s'g klg ;+u7g jf If]qnfO ljs[t t'NofpFgsf ;fy vf]qmf] agfpFg klg plts e'ldsf v]n]s]f x'G5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f laZjsf] k|d'v ;d:of / rf;f]sf] laifo aGb uPsf] 5 t/ klg o;nfO lgoGq0f ug ;lsPsf] 5g . o;n] /fhglts If]qnfO klg plts k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . sltko /fi6┬лsf] ;/sf/ aGg] / lug] e"ldsf e|i6frf/n] lgjfx u/]sf] ;'lgG5 . lasl;t b]zsf] t'ngfdf ljsfl;n b]zx? e|i6frf/sf] ;+:yfut hfnf]df h]lnb uPsf] kfOG5 . 6┬лfG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] ;fjhlgs kbflwsf/Lx?n] cfkm';Fu ePsf] ;fjhlgs clwsf/sf] unt k|of]u u/]/ cfkm' jf cf╦Жgf] glhssfx?nfO clgoldt tj/n] nfeflGjt u/fpg] k|lqmofsf] ?kdf e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .
;fdfGotof AolQmut kmfObfsf nflu ;fjhlgs kbsf] b'?kof]u ug], ug kg] sfo gu/L jf gugтАШ kg] sfo ug] jf cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u ug'nfO e|i6frf/ elgG5 . laZj a+s tyf Pl;ofnL a+sn] klg lglh nfesf lgldQ ;fjhlgs kbsf] b'?kof]unfO e|i6frf/ elg cYofPsf xg\ .
Gerald E caiden n] lgDgfg';f/sf lqmofsnfkx?nfO e|i6frf/ dfg]sf 5g M
!= 3';vf]/L
@= >]:tfsf] tf]8df]8
#= s/sfkdf kfl/ kmfObf lng'
$= rf]/L
%= hfn;fhL
^= sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u
&= d:of6 ug]
*= zlQmsf] unt k|of]u
(= gftfjfb, s[kfjfb
!)= 5nsk6,wf]sfjfhL
!!= ;fjhlgs ;Dklt AolQmut nfedf k|of]u
!@= Gofosf] ckAofVof
!#= /fhb|f]x, laWj;+
!$= u/sfg'gL n]gb]g
!%= lgjfrg wfwnL
!^= ;u+l7t ck/fw;Fu ;f7uf7
!&= sfofnosf] 5fk,sfuhkq,cfjf; / cGo ;'lawfsf] b'?kof]u
!*= s/5nL , vl/b ljlqm, 7]Ssf / C0fsf] cfkm' cg's'n k|of]u cflb .
e|i6frf/nfO :ki6 kfg] qmddf sf]lkm cGgfgn] ;g\ @))# df ;dfhsf] Aofks bfo/fdf c;/ kfg] eo+s/ ;+qmfds /f]u xf], o;n] nf]stGq / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] cjd'Nog ub5, dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg ub5, ahf/nfO unt lbzfdf pGd'v agfpFb5 hLjg :t/nfO c:tAo:t u/fFp5 / ;u+l7t ck/fw, cft+sjfb, dfgj ;'/Iff / vt/fnfO lgDt\ofpg] jftfa/0f tof/ kfb5 eg]sf 5g .
39
Nofl6g zAb corruptus af6 c+u|]hLdf corruption zJbn] g]kfnLdf e|i6frf/nfO hgfpFb5 h;sf] cy tf]8\g, pNn+3g ugтАШ eGg] x'G5 .
e|i6frf/sf sf/0fx?M
e|i6frf/ Ps jf ax'klIfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf x'g] ub5 . ;fdflhs /f]usf ?kdf /x]sf] e|i6frf/sf] d'Vo sf/0f cfkm"nfO kmfObf x'g / c?sf] clxt ug] nufot lgDg sf/0fx?n] e|i6frf/ x'g] ub5 M
s_ 7]Ssf ;Demftf / /fhZj ;+sng M
;fjhlgs lgsfon] ;rf+ng ug] ljleGg 7]Ssf ;Demftfx?sf] zt leqsf sdhf]/Ldf b'j kIf nfeflGjt eO ;fjhlgs xflg gf]S;fgL ug] ul/G5 . To:t ;/sf/n] k|fKt ug'kg] /fhZj, s/, z'Ns, dx;'nx?df sdL ul/ e|i6frf/hGo sfo ;Dkflbt x'g] ub5 .
v_ lz3| sfo ;DkGg ug M
;/sf/L sfofnoaf6 ;DkGg x'g] sfo k|lqmofut hl6ntfsf sf/0f s]lx ;do nfUg] x'G5 . To;sf/0f pQm ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm kfpg jf lz3| / ;/n?kdf sfo ;DkGg ug] ljsNksf ?kdf e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkn] k|>o kfO/x]sf] 5 .
u_ cflys nfesf] vflt/f M
s'g klg sfo ;DkGg ug s'g laz]if of]Uotfsf sf/0f laz]if clwsf/ k|fKt AolQmx?nfO s]lx /sd lbbf sfo ;dod ;DkGg x'g] sf/0fn] klg e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
3_ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/M
sfofnon] ;Dkfbg ug] x/]s sfodf clwsf/ k|fKt kbflwsf/LnfO sfg'gn] g cfaZostf cg'?k lg0fo ubf :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 To;s hudf 6]s]/ pQm kbflwsf/Ln] cfkm\\gf] kmfObfsf nflu :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u ul/ JolQmut nfesf nflu lg0fo ul/lbg] ub5g\ .
┬к_ hjfkmb]lxtf M
s'g klg sfo k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtfn] ;fdfGotof e|i6frf/sf] u'Ghfo; /xg lbbg . t/ ;fjhlgs If]qdf w]/ h;f] tyf lglh If]qdf klg sfo k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf lgjfx gug] pk/ sf/jfxL gx'g] kl/l:yltsf sf/0f e|i6frf/n] v]Ng] dfsf kfPsf] 5 .
r_ e|i6frf/ cg's'n jftfj/0f M
;dfhdf e|i6frf/L ;fdflhs ?kdf alx:s[t x'g'sf] ;f6f] p;n] cfhg u/]sf] ;Dkltsf] >f]t gvf]hL To;nfO p;sf] Ifdtf / k|lti7f;Fu hf]l8bf ;dfhdf e|i6frf/ cg's'n jftfj/0f lj:tfl/t eO/x]sf]] 5 .
5_ /fhgLlts sf/0f M
/fhlglt d'No dfGotf, cfbz / gLltaf6 ljrlnt x'Fb gftfjfb, s[kfjfb ;Dklt / zlQmsf] k]l/km]l/df 3'Dg yfn]sfn]] e|i6frf/sf] cfsf/ km+lnb 5 .
h_ Goflos lg0fo gx'g] M
kIfnfO Gofo k/] gk/]sf] ljrf/ gu/L Goflos d'No dfGotfnfO bfpdf /flv unt lg0fo x'g] kl/kf6Ln] e|i6frf/n] k|>o kfO/x]sf] 5 .
em_ sdrf/Lsf] Go'g a]tg M
sltko cj:yfdf sfofnon] sdrf/LnfO ;fwf/0f lhjgofkg ug klg gk'Ug] tnjdf sfo u/fpg] cj:yfn] clGtd lasNksf ?kdf e|i6frf/nfO ;dfpg k'Ub5 .
e|i6frf/sf lsl;dx?M
!= 7'nf] / ;fgf] :t/sf] e|i6frf/ M
;/sf/L cfo, /fhZj / ;fjhlgs If]qdf b]lvg] cflys ckrng nufot ;jq k|efj kg] k|s[ltsf e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfknfO 7"nf] :t/sf e|i6frf/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 eg] cGo ;fgf ltgf e|i6frf/sf lqmofsnfkx?nfO ;fgf] e|i6frf/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
@= k|0ffnLut / AolQmut e|i6frf/ M
;┬кu7g leq k'/ kmlnPsf] ;fy Aoal:yt ;+hfnsf] ?kdf rln/x]sf] e|i6frf/nfO k|0ffnLut / slxn] sfxL l56km'6 ?kdf AolQm :jod ;+nUg eO ul/g] e|i6frf/ AolQmut e|i6frf/ xf] . AolQmut ?kdf ul/g] e|i6frf/n] sd c;/ u5 eg] of] lgoldt ?kdf gx'g klg ;S5 t/ k|0ffnLut ?kdf x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoldt ?kdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 / c;/ klg 7'nf] x'G5 .
#= glts, sfg'gL Pj+ stJo ljd'v e|i6frf/ M
lgoldt ?kdf sfo ;Dkfbg ubf laZjf;, d'No, dfGotf u'dfO unt sfodf ;+nUg x'Fbf glts ?kdf
40
e|i6frf/ x'g k'Ub5 . sfg'gn] g e|i6frf/ elg alht u/]sf sfo sfg'gL e|i6frf/ xf] o;sf] ;hfo klg sfg'gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd g x'G5 . glts e|i6frf/sf] ;hfo ;dfhn] lgwf/0f u/]sf] l;dfgf leq x'G5 .
$= gLltut / sfout e|i6frf/ M
/fHosf lglt lgdf0fsf] qmddf s'g kIf / lglt lgdftfnfO kmfObf k'Ug] ul/ gLlt thтАШdf ul/ sfofGjog ul/G5 eg] Tof] lgltut e|i6frf/ xf] . ;fy sfo;Dkfbgsf] qmddf AolQmut kmfObf lnO k|lqmofnfO tf]8df]8 ul/ sfo ;DkGg ug] sfout e|i6frf/ xf] .
%= dflb|s / u/dflb|s e|i6frf/ M
sdrf/Ln] sfd ul/lbP jfkt /sd jf lhG;L ;fdfg lnO kmfObf lng' dflb|s e|i6frf/ xf] eg] sfo ;Dkfbg ul/lbP jf gul/lbP jfkt s'g a:t' jf cGo s'g ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug u/ dflb|s e|i6frf/ xf] .
g]kfndf e|i6frf/M6┬лfG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] ;g\ @)@) df k|sfzg u/]sf] corruption perception index df g]kfn #$ c+ssf ;fy !!# cfF :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 ;g\ @)!* df #! cs+sf ;fydf !@$ cf :yfgdf lyof] . e|i6frf/n] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs If]qnfO klg k|efljt ul//x]sf] 5 . h;sf] k|efj / Joj:yfsf af/]df b]xfodf rrf
ul/Psf] M
k|efj M
!= ljleGg cb[io Pjd e'ldut sf/f]jf/ eO/x]df To;n] clgoldt ?kdf t:s/L, nfu' cfifwL nufotsf] u|xsfg"gL sf/f]jf/nfO k|>o ldNb5 .
@= >f]t ;fwgsf] ljt/0f df c;dfgtf cfp5 . /fHo ;o+Gq;Fu glhs ePsfx?n] /fHosf] cflys bf]xg ub5g / h'g tKsf jusf nflu hfg' kg] xf] plgx? ;w d'sbzs aGg afWo /xG5g . Psflwsf/jfbL gLlt canDjg ul/ cToflws kmfObf lng] x'G5g .
#= ;Lldt JolQmsf] xftdf k|z:t ;Dklt x'g] t/ clwsf+z hg;Vof ul/jLdf ?dlNng' kg] x'Fbf wlg au / ul/ljsf] sf/0f ;dfh b'O efudf laeflht x'G5 . o:tf] a]d]nn] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf vnn kg'sf ;fy /fHosf] ;dfg'kflts afF8kmfF8df ;d]t uDeL/ c;/ ub5 .
$= /fHon] k|bfg ug] ;]jfx? e|i6frf/sf] sf/0f 3'; glbO sfo ug g;lsg] x'bf ;]jf lng dWodflux?sf] k|of]u x'g] ub5 . e|i6frf/ ljgf sfo ;DkGg gx'g] ca:yf x'G5 . To;kl5 nufgLstfx? cfkm\gf] nufgL /sd cGoq nufgL dqL ca:yf ePsf :yfgdf :yfGt/0f ub5g .
%= sfg'gL k|lqmofsf] Aofks tf]8df]8 x'G5 . gLlt lgdf0fsf] a]nf nlIft aunfO g k|fyldstfdf /flvbg . Gofofno g k|efljt x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] sfg'gL zf;g k|efjlxg x'g hfG5 . Aoa;foLx?sf] nfut d'No a9\g k'Ub5 . ahf/df k|lt:kwf x'bg, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ x'G5 . r'gfjL vr a9\5, r'gfjL aBtf dfyL k|Zg lrGx v8f x'G5 . glts kIf cToGt sdhf]/ x'G5, lg/fzfhgs l:ylt b]vf kb5 . k|zf;g tx;gx; x'G5 . cflys lx;fan] d'No a[lb x'g], d'b|f :kmLlt lgoGq0f eGbf aflx/ k'Ug] ub5 .e|i6frf/n] k|bzg ug] k|j[ltdf j[l4 x'G5 .
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DjGwL Joj:yf Mg]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] l/;jt lng] lbg]nfO, lagf d'No jf sd d'Nodf a:t' jf ;]jf lng] /fi6┬л;]jsnfO, bfg, bftAo pkxf/ jf rGbf lng]nfO, u/sfg'gL nfe jf xflg k'Kofpg] ablgotn] sfd ug] nfO, unt lnvt tof/ ug] nfO, ;/sf/L sfuhft ;Rofpg]nfO, ;/sf/L jf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfjf/] sfuhft gf]S;fgL ug]nfO ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf P]gn] g u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ;:yf+ut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
тАв clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u /fli6┬лo ;tstf s]Gb|
тАв ljleGg txsf cbfntx? / laz]if cbfnt
тАв /fhZj cg';Gwfg laefu
тАв s]lGb|o cg';Gwfg Ao'/f]
тАв dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfofno
тАв ;Dklt z'lbs/0f cg';Gwfg laefu
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu lgoGq0ffTds / lg/f]wfTds pkfo canDag ug] qmddf pNn]lvt ;:yf+ut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . e|i6frf/ ;DalGw ;'rgf ;s+ng ug] / lgoGq0fsf nflu whistle blower nfO k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;o'Qm /fi6┬л ;┬к3Lo dxf;lGwdf g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/L To;nfO cg'df]bg ;d]t ul/;s]sf] 5 .
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e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfox? M
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu lglt lgdf0f b]lv sfofGjogsf] r/0f;Dd k'u]/ x]g' kg] x'G5 . gLltut e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu gLlt lgdftfx? g :jR5, OdfGbf/, gltsjfg / e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL rfl/lqs 5lj ePsf] x'g h?/L 5 . sfofGjog r/0fdf x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu s8f lgod / sfg'gsf] k"0f sfofGjog x'g h?/L 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf cGo pkfox?nfO a'Fbfut ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!= g]t[Tjn] OdfGbfl/tf, ;Rrl/qtf gltstf k|bzg ub gd'gf aGg] . pRr kb:y / g]t[Tj OdfGbf/ x'Fbf dftxtsf kbflwsf/Lx? ;d]tnfO OdfGbf/ aGg kg] kl/l:ylt aGb5 .
@= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug /fHo cToGt s8f ?kdf k|:t't ePsf] Jojxf/df b]lvg'kb5 . e|i6frf/df ;+nUg hf] sf]xL pRr /fhgLlt┬бf, 7'nf 3/fgfsf Aofkf/Lx?, pBf]ukltx?, pRr kb:y sdrf/Lx?nfO xb;Ddsf] sf/jfxL ug] .
#= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug] lgsfox? jLr k/:k/ ;dGjo u/L e|i6frf/ lgd"n ug pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjfx ug] .
$= e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;ts u/fpg] ;+:yfx? / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f lgsfox?sf jLr ;dGjosf] cfwf/df e|i6frf/ la?2 sfoqmd ;~rfng ug] .
%= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+nUg lgsfo / hgzlQmsf] sfoIfdtf clej[l4 ug]
^= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/g] cfjZos sfo k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f ug] .
&= ;fjhlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/L, sdrf/L ;jn] ;fjhlgs hjfkmb]lxtf / pt/bfloTj lnO sfo;Dkfbg ug] u/fpg] .
*= ;'zf;g / kf/blztf sfod ug] .
( ;fjhlgs If]qsf kbflwsf/L sdrf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;do ;fk]If lgoldt ?kdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug] .
e|i6frf/ k'0f?kdf vQd ug t g;lsPnf t/ ;Rrf ;+sNk lnP/ x/]s If]q / tKsfsf JolQmx? nfUg] xf] eg] w]/ xb;Dd lgoGq0fdf Nofpg ;lsG5 . e|i6frf/n] x/]s /fi6┬л / ;dfhsf] ;Gt'ng Pj+ cflys Joj:yf Wj:t agfpFb uPsf] 5 . o;y dfyL pNn]lvt e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfox? cjnDjg ul/ s8fOsf ;fy ;f] sf] sfofGjog ePdf ;dfh / /fi6┬лn] g e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug pNn]v ;kmntf k|fKt ug] ck]Iff ug ;lsG5 .
n]vs ufzfnf ljt/0f s]Gb||, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf l;=ld=l/= kbdf sfo/t x'g'x'G5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] lgoldt ┬┐kdf k|sfzg ug] cwjflifs klqsf ├жljB't├Ж jif #@ c+s !, ldlt @)&* ;fn ebfdf k|sflzt ul/g] ePsfn] OR5's n]vs dxfg'efjaf6 :t/Lo n]v /rgf ;fdfGotof @ xhf/b]lv # xhf/ zAbdf g36fO├╖ga9fO sDKo'6/ 6fOlk├Л -n]v g]kfnL efiffdf eP lk|lt kmG6df_ u/L k]g8┬лfOe jf Od]n dfkmt\ @)&* ;fn c;f/ d;fGtleq g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, ;fdfGo ;]jf ljefu, hg;Dks tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg zfvfdf cfOk'Ug] u/L pknAw u/fO lbg' x'g cg'/f]w 5 . ;fydf n]vssf] kf;kf]6 ;fOhsf] tl:a/ klg pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fhg;Dks tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg zfvf
b/af/dfu sf7df8f+, kmf]g= $!%#)@!, cfGtl/s M @))@, @))#, km\ofS; M $!%#)@@Od]n M [email protected]
;"rgf !
42
Grout Curtain in Abutments of UTK's Headworks
Rajabhai SilpakarE-mail: [email protected]
UTK's Headworks was founded in the alluvial deposit of about 122m formed by natural dam at 3km D/S. So, HW is designed as floating on alluvial deposit with various seepage control measures like Sheet piles, JGC along Dam-Intake axis, Grout Curtains in abutments. Further Left Abutment is at a big boulder/rock massive (which is detached from left bank's rock cliff) with alluvial/colluviums deposit behind expanding up to U/S cliff. For prevention of big seepage/erosion problem in future through/behind this boulder, an additional Left Bank Protection systems (comprising of JGC, Concrete Blanket and heavy consolidation grouting in LA) works were implemented. Grouting in Right Abutment was in 2D along intake axis with grout intake of 131.7ton while consolidation grouting in LA was done in 3D around left boulder with grout intake of 216.8ton. This paper focuses on the grout curtain/consolidation grouting in Abutments, especially in Left Abutment.
1. Introduction
Background
Upper Tamakoshi (UTK) is high-head PROR hydroelectric project of Nepal with installed capacity of 456MW. It is situated in a high Himalayan Zone at Lamabagar on north of Dolakha District. This project is mainly characterized with 822m gross head and design discharge of 66m3/s in upper head of Tamakoshi River with average run off of 68.0m3/s and sedimentation about 1450 ppm.
Figure 1: UTK's Headworks
The overall layout of Headworks(HW) is as shown in Figure 1 comprising Abutments, Intake, Dam and Left Bank Protection (LBP) works.
The HW are founded in alluvial deposit of about 122m (SRCL report ) formed by natural dam of 300m height created before thousands of years. The Dam has 22 m height, 60m length and the Intake has 27m height and 45m length with 10m wide Abutments. Due to more than 100m deep alluvial deposit, HW is designed as floating type. Furthermore, there is big boulder massive rock at left bank with alluvial/colluviums deposit behind this boulder expanding up to upstream side, with prone of big seepage/erosion problem in future. So, HW was designed such as to minimize seepage beneath foundation and to stop seepage from banks.
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Geology
HW is located in a wide valley, formed as a result of a natural dam at elevation 1970 m (Figure 2). Dam was constructed at the narrowest location (at 3km upstream of the natural dam) with suitable geological conditions and outcropping rock at both riverbanks (Figure 3).
The width of the river at dam site is about 100-120 m with steep, sub-vertical slopes at both banks. The rock exposure at both banks extends both upstream and downstream of the axis of the dam. The size of the outcrop at the left riverbank was not established in detail before HW's construction.
Figure 2: L-Section of Natural Dam, Dam1
Figure 3: X-section at Dam-Intake Axis (D/S View)2
1JVNL _Report _Differential Displacement at Dam-Site 19 June JVNL, page 142Memo regarding Investigations for the Headworks Left Bank Exploration (by NoberZiedler, Page 10)
The alluvium deposit on river plain consists of granular soil ranging from fine sand to boulder in size, which is predominantly light gray in colour and non-cemented. The core drilling results show that the top 10 m to 15 m of the floor consists of coarse-grained granular soil mainly of gravel, cobble and boulder with small presence of sand. Below this layer the sand content increases down to 46 m depth, which is the maximum depth investigated at the dam site. The sediment type is same at both the riverbanks. The bedrock is predominantly banded gneiss with occasional micaceous schist. The rock is slightly to moderately weathered, medium strong to strong, blocky to columnar to locally fractured in nature. The jointing pattern varies from massive to highly joint. The x-section along the dam-intake axis is shown in Figure 3.
Seepage Control Measures
The following seepage control measures (Figure 4) were implemented in UTK's-HW:
Figure 4: Section along the Dam and Intake axis
v Increase flow path (U/S to D/S =105m)
v Sheet Pile 7m (1967-1960m asl)
v Jet Grouting Curtain(JGC) Wall (in Dam-In-take Axis, 1965-1950m asl)
v Jet Grouting Curtain Wall (JGC) in left bank (Dam-axis to Left bank towards u/s, 1976-1950m asl)
v Grout Curtain: Right Abutment (RA) in In-take-Axis (upto 27m inside rock)
v Consolidation Grouting : Left Abutment (LA) in 3D plane around left boulder depth 3~8m
v Contact Grouting: At interface of concrete and abutment (left and right)
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v Left Bank Protection (LBP) System: Guide walls, seepage control concrete blanket.
v Filter Layer beneath the foundation for smooth flow of underground water.
v Contraction/Expansion Joint in RA-Intake, In-take-Dam, Dam-LA
2. Grout Curtain: At Abutments A. Theory of Grouting3
I. Consolidation grouting
Consolidation grouting is a general term for grouting that is carried out within a rock mass with the intent of filling rock mass discontinuities. The process involves injecting a grout material to fill the discontinuities, which are the pathways through which fluids or gases migrate in most rocks. With grout filling the rock discontinuities, the hydraulic gradient is reduced as the liquids or gases move through the grout, ultimately reducing or stopping migration. The following grouting operations often employ consolidation grouting: i) Pre-excavation Grouting, ii) Grout Curtain, iii)Foundation Grouting& iv)Water Cut-Off Grouting. Successful implementation of a consolidation grouting program is contingent on development of an appropriate drilling program along with choosing a grout that is amenable to the rock mass discontinuities.
II. Curtain Grouting/Grout CurtainCurtain grouting is carried out to make the rock mass less permeable at a given line (or two/three parallel rows). Depth of grout curtain holes vary from a few meters to more than 150 m. Grout curtains are thin, vertical, grout walls installed in the ground. They are constructed by pressure-injecting grout directly into the soil/rock at closely spaced intervals. The spacing is selected so that each тАЬpillarтАЭ of grout intersects the next, thus forming a continuous wall or curtain. Typical grouting materials include hydraulic cements, clays, bentonite, and silicates. However, these materials may crack or may not be durable or chemically compatible.
3GEC Drilling & Grouting, Inc. (http://www.drill-grout.com)
Polymer grouts are used for barrier applications because they are impermeable to gases and liquids and resist radiation, as well as acidic and alkaline environments. Grout curtains are similar to slurry walls although they do not require as extensive trenching. Grout is injected with grouting jets, which use a high-pressure fluid stream (i.e., slurry or water) to erode a cavity in the soil. Consolidation grouting aims to i)improve rock mass (foundation) strength, ii)reduce permeability and iii)reduce its deformability and executed in an area rather than a line. Usually, grout holes for consolidation grouting are less than 15 m deep.Polymer grouts are used for barrier applications because they are impermeable to gases and liquids and resist radiation, as well as acidic and alkaline environments. Grout curtains are similar to slurry walls although they do not require as extensive trenching. Grout is injected with grouting jets, which use a high-pressure fluid stream (i.e., slurry or water) to erode a cavity in the soil.Consolidation grouting aims to i)improve rock mass (foundation) strength, ii)reduce permeability and iii)reduce its deformability and executed in an area rather than a line. Usually, grout holes for consolidation grouting are less than 15 m deep.
III. Depth of the Grout Curtain4
The choice of the depth is a crucial point and some guidelines exist to help engineers and designers. The main purpose of a grout curtain is to lengthen the seepage path and to limit the flow in the foundations. The easiest way to reduce it is to find a low permeability layer. Then, it may be possible to extend the grout curtain in it to take advantage of the underground. If itтАЩs not possible, the curtain should be drilled in a layer of lower permeability.
TThe depth of the grout curtain depends upon the type and conditions of the rock mass with respect to its permeability. The following empirical criteria may be used as a guide, which is based on going practice: (D = depth of grout curtain in m; H = height of reservoir water in m.)4Ground modification by grouting by MabinDahal (in Aca-demia: [email protected])
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Methodology
D = 2/3 H + 8 (Indian Standard IS 11293: 1993)
D = 1/3 H + C, where C = 8 to 25m (USBR, most documented design method)
D = 3/4 H (ATLAS COPCO (1999) US Grouting Equipment Sales Company)
D = H (Ewert (2003), European Practice)
A grout curtain depth equal to height of the head of water is too deep for a very high dam. Similarly a grout curtain can be deeper than height of a low dam by using these guidelines.
B. METHODOLOGY TO MAKE GROUT CURTAIN
Depending upon the material to be grouted (i.e., whether it is rock or natural soil or fill) its quality (i.e., in terms of fissures, cracks, discontinuities, or density) and the purpose of grouting (i.e., seepage control, temporary support, or strength or stabilization), a well-planned methodology has to be adopted to attain the desired result. A complete pre-grouting site investigation has to be planned and undertaken in order to decide several factors such as grout type, equipment, grouting technique, etc. Based on the nature of work and number of drill holes, depth and pattern have to be designed and proper methodology for appropriate injection has to be followed.
Among the various tests, a field permeability test is a must for proper estimation of the design pumping pressures, grouting pattern, and type of grout. Permeability is the capacity of water to flow through the folds and fractures.It is important parameter for checking the efficiency of the grouting done. During permeability tests right position and inclination of exploration of drill holes is to be chosen which can be done by using geological mapping and aerial photography.
3. Grout Curtain at Right Abutment (RA) I. Design Pattern/Methodology:
There were 2D fans of consolidation grouting each one in LA (initially) and RA along the axis of Intake (Figures 4). The depth of curtain/consolidation grouting is corresponding to the water head at each elevation. Figure 5 shows details of Methodology of Curtain Grout, Grouting pattern & final grout-intake in RA.
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Pattern Final Consumption
Figure 5: Curtain Grouting Left Abutment
II. Determination of Parameters
To determine the permeability and rock strength, two test holes were drilled and the permeability test was performed. The details of holes and testing Values were shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Testing holes with details
Hole No. Easting Northing Elevation Depth (m) Inclination to Horizontal Drilling Date
1 422787.391 3089777 1966.238 20.0 15┬░ 26-28 Dec 2012
2 422784.534 3089773 1965.094 29.1 70┬░ 05-08 Jan 2013
Water Pressure Test Test Date
Hole No. 1Depth (m) 3.4-4.7 6-7.7 9-10.7 15.7-20
29-30 Dec 2012Lu 0 0 57 55
Hole No. 2 Depth (m) 14-4.7 5.8-9.1 10-8-14.1 15.8-19 20.8-24.1 25.8-29.111 Jan 2013
Lu 0.23 0 28.25 0 4.08 26.06
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With above test values, the parameter for the Grout Curtain at RA was established as follows:
1) Grout : Cement slurry with W/C ratio 0.8:1 (with fly-ash for too high grout-intake)
2) Pressure: 5 Bar
3) Grout Intake: 1000kg Cement (i.e. re-grouting process @1ton consumption till to meet pressure criteria)
III.Establishment of the Grout Curtain
There are all together 32 grout holes with 8 PrThere are all together 32 grout holes with 8 Primary, 6 secondary, 11 Tertiary, 5 forth level and 1 fifth level. The total drilling length of these 32 grout wholes was 631.9m (including re-drilling for subsequent grouting stages) of which only 583.7m length was grouted with cement slurry (in 322m length cement slurry with fly-ash). Fly-ash was added while grouting up to primary hole R1-3 up to the elevation of 1968.5m where grout intake was too high.
Grouting at RA started on 02 Jan 2012 with the primary hole named RI-2. Its location is at elevation 1965.0m with depth of 27m. As this hole is directed to the beneath of the foundation i.e. in alluvium deposits, grout intake was much and every time need to be stopped with grout intake criteria (3) above. Hence, in succession of grouting, fly-ash was mixed with the Cement Slurry during the grouting of with such high intake. Grouting in this hole RI-2 was completed in 51working days (from 02 Jan to 21 Feb 2020) with total intake of 11250kg cement &100kg fly-ash.
The grout intake in 10 holes at elevation 1965.0m alone was 63% cement+83% fly-ash while in 5 holes between elevation band 1965.0m to 1970m was 25% cement+17% fly-ash. The maximum times the grouting operation need to be repeated was 6times in primary holes (at elv1965.0m) and in secondary holes (from elv1965.0m to 1970.0m). Maximum period/days of grouting operation was 51days in RI-2.
Table 2: Summary of Grout Curtain at RA
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Curtain Grouting at RA was established in period of 225 days (from 02 Jan 2012 on hole RI-2 to 15 April 2014 by hole RIII-12). Summary of the grout intake with different categories are shown in Table 2.Photo 1 (left) shows the position of test holes for the permeability test/core-drilling and the consolidation grouting photo 1 (Right) shows the grout curtain in primary hole RI-2 at elevation 1965.0m
Photo1: Grout Curtain: 1) Test Hole
2) Grouting in the primary hole RI-2(@elv 1965m)
4. Consolidation Grouting at Left Abutments (LA)
Previously it was designed to establish grout curtain in the alignment of Dam Axis in the LA (Figure 6, left)similar as in the RA.
Based on the visual inspection of the highly fractured big rock boulder at left bank (Photo 2 left) and the first results of water pressure tests showing high permeability figures (by December 2014) and
a lot of fountains at rock face spewing water during test, it was decided to undertake following two steps immediately to avoid any seepage in regard to the left bank rock bolder: i) initially extension of JGC wall in north joining the previous JGC in dam axis & ii) the revision of consolidation grouting in the boulder).
Photo2: Exposed rock surface & preliminary consolidation grouting holes
After the excavation up to foundation level (Photo 2, right) below (& then by core drilling in Jan 2017 behind this boulder from elevation 2000m (SRCL Report )), it was proved that the LA was the boulder/massive rocks with fragile, disintegrated & highly weathered with high permeability. And this boulder is detached from the parent rock of the bank. As a result, it was decided & designed to do consolidation grouting in the 3D (Figure 6, right) instead of establishing grout curtain in the 2D plane of dam axis (Photo 6, left). The pattern of the grouting holes with maximum depth of 8m is shown in Figure 6, right.
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The Grouting was extended from Upstream Guide wall to LA where this boulder is in contact with the concrete structures. There were 6 types (D, F, M, N, U and W) of holes with two sequences in each series. Each hole type denotes as i)D for holes at D/S, ii)F for holes in foundation, iii)M for holes in wall in between D/S & wall of Left abutment, iv)N for New holes in wall of U/S guide wall, v)U for holes at U/S edge of guide wall and vi)W for holes at Wall of Left Abutment/boulder. D1 to W1 etc. indicated first series holes while D2 to W2 etc. denoted the second series holes. First Series means holes at Lower Level grouted first i.e. (104 holes) and Second Series means holes (94nos) at upper level than First Series grouted later than First Series holes.
The consolidation grouting performed was as tabulated in Tables3&4 and as shown in Figure 6, right. Altogether, consolidation grouting was done through 196 holes in total with different series & sequences (Table 3). The holes started from elv. 1964m at foundation to 1986.8 (while HRWL is1987.0m) at top. Consolidation grouting work with drilling holes is shown in the Photo 3.
Table 3: Performed Consolidation Grouting Hole series with sequences in the Left Abutment
The consolidation grouting was started on 28 Nov 2017 with the hole "D1-2" at D/S at elevation 1964.0m and finished on 7 Apr 2019 with the hole "W2-51" in wall at elevation of 1986.8m. The maximum cement consumption was 30,550kg in the hole M1-25 grouting in 12stages/times. Similarly minimum cement consumption was 10kg in the holeN1-6, W1-3 and W2-1and W2-2. Altogether 216,800kg cement was grouted for consolidation grouting in the Left boulder from U/S guide wall to D/S abutment wall i.e. from the elevation 1964.0m at bottom to 1987.0m at top. The details of consolidation grouting in LA/boulder was shown in the Table 4.
Photo3: Consolidation grouting in LA at D/S
Figure 6: Initial & Final Pattern of Consolidation Grouting in LA
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Table 4: Statistical Table of Consolidation grouting in LA/Boulder
5. Grout Curtain in Left Bank Protection (LBP) Works
Under LBP work (comprising of JGC wall, and Concrete Blanket (CB)), additional Grout Curtain was established at edges of the protection layer "CB" (in U/S side at Cliff and D/S side at boulder). Details of grouting in LBP works are shown in the Table 5.
There were 14 holes in total with 7 holes each in U/S and D/S side of CB. Grouting at LBP was started on 12 Mar 2019 on the hole N1-25 at D/S and finished in 7 Apr 2019 by the hole N1-27 at same D/S. The lowest hole was at elevation of 1977.0m at both sides and top holes were at the % of 1988.7 at U/S side and at the % of 1989.5 at D/S side. Total Cement consumption was 37300kg at U/S and 2250kg at D/S side with maximum intake as 9450kg in hole N1-23 at U/S (by 4 stages) and 1000kg in hole N1-27 (by 2 stages).
Table 5: Details of Grout Curtain in LBP Works
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The author is Manager at Tanahu Hydropower Project, NEA
6. Conclusion:
The UTK's HW is founded in alluvial deposit and left abutment rests on Boulder. After core drilling and other testing done during construction and after 2015-Earthquake, it was confirmed that bed rock is at 122m beneath HW and left boulder is a massive rock i.e. detached from left bank's parent rock with alluvial/colluviums deposit behind this boulder expanding up to upstream side. As a result, additional huge LBP-works and heavy consolidation grouting in 3D had to be implemented in LA for appropriate control of seepage.
7. References:
v Final Report on Subsurface Investigation works in Headworks of UTKHEP, Soil Rock Concrete Labo-ratory (SRCL), Letter_ 2074-75-289_23_Jan_2018
v JVNL _Report _Differential Displacement at Dam-Site 19 June JVNL, page 14
v Memo regarding Investigations for the Headworks Left Bank Exploration (by NoberZiedler, Page 10)
v GEC Drilling & Grouting, Inc. (http://www.drill-grout.com)
v Ground modification by grouting by MabinDahal (in Academia: [email protected])
v Site Instruction HW-068, dated 20_Dec_2014v Left Bank Exploration_033_Memo_30Apr2014
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Power Trading Through Power
Exchange Markets
Ranju PandeyE-mail: [email protected]
Introduction:
Longterm contracts usually fail to meet the full requirements of the market participants as electricity cannot be stored. Hourly consumption in the long term without forecasting errors is difficult to predict. Long term contracts particularly for peak load are economically inefficient. Hence, development of short тАУterm trading market is necessary to complement the long-term markets. The short term trading is mainly done through Power Exchange Market and Over the Counter (OTC) markets. All contracts up to a period of 1 year come under Short term contract. Therefore, to compliment and supplement the needs of the wholesale power markets in a transparent and efficient manner, power exchanges have evolved rapidly in the developed countries and also in developing countries. Fluctuations in demand are mainly met through short-term arrangements varying from intra-day up to one year contracts.
Moreover, to enhance the competition, there are perquisites of the common platform where sellers, buyers and traders come together for the trade of electricity.
тАЬPower ExchangeтАЭ market means an electronic platform for the purpose of facilitating transactions in delivery based electricity contracts or transactions in any other contracts as permitted by the Regulatory
Commission.1For trading of power there are many options. Each of these options are called Products. The manner in which power is traded is different in case of each product.
The buyer and seller informs the exchange about the quantum of power, rate of sale or buy and the time period for which it wished to buy or sell. This information together is called a bid. Some other conditions may also be mentioned which will be a part of the bid.
Essentials for developing platform
For developing the platform, Statute / Policy / Regulations for the Power Exchange market is very much essential. Open access to the transmission and distribution network and its wheeling capacity are crucial for developing the mentioned platform. Moreover, ownership structure of the platform should be well defined. For example, it may be the 100% government entities or may be consortium of varied stakeholders, i.e, Generators, Discoms, traders and financial institutions. Further, it should predefine the nature of the participants. They may be generators, Discoms, all traders or only selected traders based on volume criteria, open access consumers, Load benchmark, dedicated feeders vs. mixed feeders. However, the various products are equally essential to be traded in
1DRAFT-PMR-2020-18.07.2020 (Draft Power Market Reg-ulation of India)
53
this platform. Few examples of the products are Day Ahead, Intraday, longer tenure Real time market, etc. Furthermore, it should be clear that the trading should be done by single or multiple country (ies) .
In addition, the power exchange market shall provide freedom to sell and buy at short notice through a single window and it provides no cap at sellerтАЩs bids. As a result the power can be purchased at reasonable cost by the buyers . Similarly, it assures the delivery of the power from the generator and buying of power from the offtaker with the assurance of timely payments.
Key Benefits of Power Exchange Market
v Through power exchange in the electricity mar-ket, scarce resources are allocated as per demands. This trading values the commodity most and op-timize the resources.
v There will be fairness and transparency in the discovery of price and with a uniform Market Clearing price true price of the commodity will be discovered.
v Enormous cost savings for industries and DIS-COMs, as competition increases that promotes efficiency and as a result prices decrease.
v Sets reference price for other transactions; bilater-al prices also decrease after Exchange operation as it sets the reference for price negotiation and fair market competition will developed.
v Physical delivery is done with the algorithm result which is not susceptible to manipulation.
v Power Exchange is the market where there is low transaction cost, low overheads cost with stan-dardized contracts that decrease ambiguity relat-ed to Payment Security.
Market Models in Different Developed Countries
Many countries adopted/ designed independent market models for power market. Some are mandatory markets, whereas others are voluntary markets. For example, Australia (NEMMCO) and USA (PJM) are mandatory power markets, while NZEM (New Zealand), Norad Pool, BETTA (UK) and IEX (India) are some voluntary markets. Few examples of the market models are mentioned below:
Nord Pool, Europe Nord Pool has been operated jointly by two Transmission System Operators (TSO)-Statnett in Norway and SavenskaKraftaunt in Sweden. In this voluntary market, trading arrangements are mostly bilateral. Mostly wholesale trade are done on Over- the тАУCounter (OTC) markets, often supplemented with day- ahead auction trade. It also operates a spot market called Nord Pool Spot.
PJM, USAThis is a common market for Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland (PJM) and was the first wholesale market designed in USA. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) was the one that identified the PJM market. It serves about 51 million people. It covers 14 states. PJM operates a day- ahead market, a real- time energy market, a daily capacity market, monthly and multi- monthly capacity market, a regulation market and a monthly Financial and Transmission Rights (FTR) auction market. Day- ahead market calculates market clearing price and volume for each hour taking into account all generation offers, load bids, bilateral transitions, incremental and detrimental bids and virtual bids. The balancing market is real тАУ time energy market in which hourly clearing prices are determined based on actual bid, least cost, security constrained unit commitment dispatch
National Electric Market, AustraliaNational Electricity Market Management Company Limited (NEMMCO) was established in 1996. It is mainly established to manage the market and improve efficiency. Members of this Company are Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. The Australian electricity market is completely competitive as any participant are able to purchasepower from any other. Participants in the NEM can take part in any combinations of two levels:
v Spot trading with energy trading through a pool and spot price set every half an hour by the last generator selected to run. All wholesale electrici-ty is accounted for through the pool.
v Short- term forward market trading in which purchasers lock in energy prices through hedging contracts.
54
Comparison of the Nord Pool, PJM and Memmco electricity markets
A comparison of the different electricity market structures are systematically presented in the table below :
Item Nord Pool PJM MEMMCO
Participation Voluntary for day- ahead market
Compulsory for day- a head market
Compulsory for day a head market
Market offering Day тАУ a head spot, Hour тАУ ahead, Forward
Day тАУ a head spot, Real-time balancing , Capacity credits
Day тАУ a head spot, and Short time forwards
Bidding type Double sided Double sided Double sided
Adjustment market Elbas, intra- day auction market
Bid quality can be changed till the gate closure
Real- time/ Balancing Market
Counter trade for real- time Participants are given MCP
Deviations are traded in real time
Through purchase of ancillary services, reserve capacity, buying
Pricing Rule Zonal pricing Nodal pricing Zonal pricing
Congestion Management Area splitting Security constrained economic dispatch
Locational transmission for transmission tariff
Transmission Loss Included in Zonal price Included in real- time LMP
To be purchased by generators
Time blocks Hourly block Hourly block Half- hourly block
Introduction to Power Market of India
Before Electricity Act 2003, there was monopoly power all over India. State Electricity Board (SEB) was only the responsible entity to decide the tariff as well as commercial unit for billing purpose. Consumers were dependent only with SEB; they didnтАЩt have any options for choosing the seller for the power purchase.
After Electricity Act 2003 , CERC introduced Open Access Regulations and as the main criterion the deal should be more than 1 MW with the proper license.
v The Power Exchange as well as Bilateral Trans-actions involved for STOA and MTOA, LTOA respectively for Intra and Inter State transmis-sion.
v Consecutively, there is a Real Time Market concept which has already been introduced by CERC so that the failures will be minimized as before Electricity Act 2003.
India Electricity Exchange market is similar to Nord Pool model.
Philosophy behind Power Exchange in India
As Power Exchange is essential to a market- driven economy where prices are decided by the forces of demand and supply. These two forces are contradictory and opposite,e.g the seller wants high prices while the buyer wants low prices. These conflicting forces determine the correct price of a commodity at a given time in a market driven economy where market decided the Price. Price Calculation algorithm has been shown in the mentioned picture.
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Statutory provisions
Market Development is responsibility of the Electricity Regulators [Section 66 and 178 of the Electricity Act 2003 (EA 2003)] of India. The Electricity acts section 174 of EA 2003 overrides all other statues except: The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Railways Act, 1989. The act envisages transmission as open access for a competitive electricity market structure in India.
Similarly preventing market domination is also the responsibility of the Regulators as mentioned in section 60 of Electricity Act 2003. In addition mandated for developing a Power Exchange was given to CERC in the National Electricity Policy, 2005. Therefore, to enhanced the competition there is the perquisites of the common platform where seller, buyers and traders come together for the trade of electricity.
Therefore, power exchanges have evolved rapidly to compliment and supplement the needs of the wholesale power markets in a transparent and efficient manner.
Trading on exchanges has matured despite of initial low volumes and high prices. After many years of operation starting from 2008, markets are now more efficient, liquid and promote investment as well as better utilization of natural resources. At present Indian Energy Exchange has been exchanging power with maximum volume and large numbers of participation. As a result it has played a vital role in expediting the objective of the Electricity Act 2003 by enhancing the competition in the power market, implementing open access and realization of the impact of de-licensing of generation.
Success of Power exchange in the Indian market
The effectiveness and liquidly of the Power Exchange (PX) has improved since their commencement in 2008.
v It introduced the open access provision to end up the monopolies that have been adopted by vari-ous state electricity boards
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v Led to the exchange тАУbased electricity market being restructured. An ultimate goal is to meet a more extensive scope of destinations
v It accelerated private speculation, advanced li-quidity and productivity.
v It also lead to the improvement as well as the de-ployment of non-fossil fuel resources of energy and expanding adaptability in framework oper-ation
Some terminology related to Power Exchange
Some basics definitions related to Electricity Market
MarketтАЭ means a platform where buyers and sellers, either directly or through Trading Licensees, or through Power Exchanges, buy or sell electricity or Renewable Energy Certificates or Energy Savings Certificates or any other product as may be decided by the Regulatory Commission.
тАЬMarket CouplingтАЭ means the process whereby collected bids from all the Power Exchanges are matched, after taking into account all bid types, to discover the uniform market clearing price for the Day Ahead Market or Real-time Market or any other market as notified by the Regulatory Commission, subject to market splitting;
тАЬMarket ParticipantsтАЭ shall include: (1) grid connected entities; (2) Power Exchanges; (3) Members of Power Exchanges; (4) Trading Licensees; (5) Market Coupling Operator; (6) OTC Platform; (7) Any other entity as notified by the Commission.
тАЬMarket SplittingтАЭ means the mechanism adopted by the Power Exchange or Market Coupling Operator, as the case may be, for discovering price of electricity in various bidding areas or zones facing congestion in transmission corridor, whereby these bidding areas or zones are split into independent markets and the flow of electricity between these independent markets is permitted to the extent of available transmission corridor under safe grid operating conditions;
Over the Counter (OTC) Market is a market where OTC contracts are transacted between the sellers and the buyers directly or through a Trading Licensee. Over the Counter (OTC) contracts means the contracts
transacted outside the Power Exchanges. OTC platform is an electronic platform for exchange of information amongst the buyers and sellers of electricity.
A transaction for exchange of energy between specified buyer & seller directly or through a trading licensee or discovered at a power exchange through anonymous bidding, from a specified point of injection to a specified point of drawl for a fixed or varying quantum of power for any time period during a month.
"Over the Counter (OTC) ContractsтАЭ means the contracts transacted outside the Power Exchanges. тАЬOver the Counter (OTC) MarketтАЭ is a market where OTC Contracts are transacted between the sellers and the buyers directly or through a Trading Licensee. Similarly, тАЬOver the Counter (OTC) PlatformтАЭ is an electronic platform for exchange of information amongst the buyers and sellers of electricity market. Multiple products are available under Short Term Market.
Gate Closure- In reference to a power exchange, it refers to the time after which the bids submitted to the Power Exchange cannot be modified for a specified delivery period. It will be different for different products
(All the definition were cited from (Draft Power Market Regulation of India)
Dispatch Period
It is a minimum period of time for bidding can be done. In Indian Exchanges it is 15 mins,. There are 24*4=96 dispatch periods in a day. The first dispatch is from 0000hrs to 0015hrs and so on. One can bid for a single dispatch period or for multiple dispatch periods but not for a part of any dispatch period
Congestion Management тАУ If there are any transmission constraints restricting the free flow of power, itтАЩs called Congestion and itтАЩs managed by Market Splitting.
Market Splitting тАУ The market is split into two or more parts, each of which is called an area. The transmission constraint is managed by restricting the flow of power between the areas so the flow is only as per the available transmission capacity.
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Area Clearing Price (ACP)- Once the market is split, the whole area is split into different areas within which there is no transmission constraints. The price discovered for each of these areas will be different and is called the ACP.
Different products available in a power exchange
A) Day Ahead Market (DAM)-
ItтАЩs a product where the bidding takes place on a day (T) for delivery on Day (T+1). A specified time is earmarked for bidding on day (T). All buyers will bid the price, quantity and time (PQT) of the power they wish to buy. Similarly all sellers will bid the price, quantity and time (PQT) of the power they wish to buy. There are certain conditions which may be imposed by the bidder if the exchange allows for the same. One example is Master тАУ Slave bid. These are two bids, one master and the other slave. The slave bid is considered only if the master bid is cleared. There may be other such conditions. The bids need not be for all 24 hrs of a day. It can be for one or more dispatch period but bid canтАЩt be for partial dispatch period.
The bids is submitted from remote and the bidding is done using a User ID and password. The bids are accepted by the exchange. There is no physical presence of buyers and sellers at the exchange. The bids can be submitted till the gate closure timeтАЩ. The price discovery is by a closed, double sided auction. The market clearing price and volume is discovered by running the matching engine mentioned below. This is called the unconstrained market clearing price and volume. The trades cleared are then sent to the POSOCO for checking the availability of transmission system for the bids cleared. In case of transmission constraints the trades are curtailed and the final auction resulted are arrived at. These trades are then scheduled for the next day
B) Intraday Market тАУ
The bidding takes places on a day (T) for delivery on Day (T). This product is useful in case the buyer or the seller faces a change in the scenario after bidding in the Day A Head Market. It is a bilateral contract. For example a buyer may have bid for 50
MW in certain dispatch period in the Day Ahead Market at some price say P. LetтАЩs assume that only 40 MW was cleared in the Day Ahead Market on day (T-1) for deliver on day T. In this case he can try and purchase additional 10MW on day (T) in the intraday market for those dispatch period. The price discovered in the Intraday market may not be P and the buyer or seller is also free to bid at any price greater or less than P. The gate closure time is Three hours. It means that the buyer and seller can place bids up to three hours before the start of the dispatch period.
C) Day тАУ ahead Contingency Contracts:
means the contract where the transactions occurs on a day (T) after the closure of the Day Ahead Market window and the delivery of the power on the next day (T+1). Here the bidding is on hourly basis.
D) Weekly contracts:
These contract are for various calendar weeks starting on Monday and ending on Sunday. One session will be made available to the members for bidding. The weekly bids need not be for all 24 hrs for all 7 days. It can be RTC (24hrs) Night off- peak , Day Contract or Day peak Contract.
E) Daily Contracts:
In this case everyday seven daily contracts of the following week. Here also bids need not be for all 24 hrs for all 7 days. It can be RTC (24hrs) Night off-peak, Day Contract or Day Peak Contract but the bids are valid for that particular day. Trading sessions are open for some particular hours
F) Real Time Market:
It is a new market segment which started on 1st June тАЩ20.The operation of the real time market, as given in the example. LetтАЩs see the process if trade is for the period 0000 to 0030 hrs on day (T+1) . The auction started at 22.45 hrs and ended at 23.00 hrs on day T.The auction period is open only for 15 minutes. The RTM clearing interval is also of 15 mins from 23.00 Hrs to 23.15 Hrs. The schedule is communicated to the LDCs over the next 15 mins. The final schedule is prepared over the next 15 mins,
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i.e the schedule is ready by 23.45Hrs of the day (T-1) After 15 mins time is available for dispatched from 23.45 hrs to 24.00.The delivery period is from 0000Hrs to 0030 Hrs.
The window for trade in real time market for day (T) shall open only for 15 mins from 22.45 hrs to 23.00hrs of (T-1) for the delivery of power for the first two time blocks (30 mins) of 1st hour of day (T) i.e 00.00 hrs to 00.30 hrs.
The same procedure will be repeated every half an hour. For example for power delvery between 0900 and 0930Hrs, bidding will be done between 07.45 hr to 8.00Hrs. Hence it is a continuous process happening all over the day. The bidding mechanism for the real тАУtime market is a double тАУside closed bid auction.
The Nodal Agency indicates the power Exchanges the available margin on each of the transmission corridors before the gate closure. The power exchanges clear the real- time market based on the available transmission corridor and the buy and sell bids for the real time market (RTM) for the specified duration. The schedule is communicated to the LDCs over the next 15 mins.
(4) Renewable Energy Certificates:
The transactions in Renewable Energy Certificates shall be in accordance with the procedure issued by the Central Agency in pursuance to the REC Regulations.
(5) Energy Savings Certificates:
The transactions in Energy Savings Certificates shall be in accordance with the procedure issued by the Administrator in pursuance to the Energy Savings Certificates Regulations.
Power exchange in electricity market is a completely automated electronic market where electric power is sold or bought at a competitive price discovered by algorithm depending on the quantum of power and the state of the transmission network congestion. Hence, it is a platform where trading, i.e. buy and sell of power or electricity takes place.
References
Rao( 2017), Trading on a Power Exchange тАЬ Indian Energy Exchange pdf
USAID( 2019): тАЬPower Exchange in India ppt
Bhattacharya (2017), тАЬPower Market in India and its PotentialтАЭ pdf
USAID (2020) тАЬTraining program on the Design, Management, and Operation of a Power Trading Entity, Introduction to Power MarketтАЭ ppt
USAID (2020) тАЬTraining program on the Design, Management, and Operation of a Power Trading Entity, Power Market BackgroundтАЭ ppt
DRAFT-PMR-2020-18.07.2020 (Draft Power Market Regulation of India).pdf
Hunt(2002),тАЭMaking Competition work in Electricity тАЬpdf
The author is Manager at Power Trade Department, NEA
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Prioritization of Storage Hydropower Projects under
Study in Nepal
Surendra KainiE-mail : [email protected]
Summary
Nepal is rich in water resources. Nepal has huge potential to generate energy but the country is still suffering from energy crisis till date. The major crisis is during the dry season. This energy stricken scenario can be reduced by accelerating development of storage hydropower projects. Due to the lack of political stability and managerial expertise on hydropower sectors, any hydropower projects are hardly completed on time in Nepal. This research aims to find out the factors hindering the storage hydropower projects and prioritize the storage hydropower projects of Nepal.
The study has covered six major storage hydropower projects, at different parts of Nepal that are under study. Uttarganga Storage Hydroelectric Project and Budigandaki Storage Hydroelectric Project are located in Gandaki Province. Dudhkoshi Storage Hydroelectric Project and Tamor Storage Hydroelectric Project lie in Province 1 while Nalsaugad Storage Hydroelectric Project lies in Karnali Province. These all projects are in the stage of feasibility study.
The methodology of research followed Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Literature review was done with AHP application in different sector including hydropower. Besides this, reviews were done on aspects like energy crisis, present energy status and future demand. Likewise pair wise comparison was done in
different multiple criteria. Additionally, response from client and expertise opinion were conducted.
Technical, financial, environmental, policy and political uncertainties and responses from the project personnel were the major criteria that can affect the priority of the storage hydropower projects. Among the factors, Technical Factor was given the highest importance to be considered for the development of storage hydropower project. The findings of the research revealed that Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project to be the best on the basis of the multi criteria considered. The sensitivity analysis with respect to factors was done, which shows no significant difference in the ranking of projects at base case and at the case of change in weight of factors. This research is expected to assist by project managers, project directors, and concerned government authorities in prioritizing the storage projects of Nepal.
Key words
Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP), Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS), Run-of-River (ROR),
Introduction/ Background
Nepal has a lot of potential in generating electricity due to its numerous rivers and streams, the total installed capacity of the hydropower has been only 1332.858MW (NEA, 2020). An Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS) should have electrical energy generating plants
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for base load and peak load (e.g., hydropower plants) so that they can work in coordination in such a way that the demand is met at all the time. In Nepal, the INPS is a hydro-dominated system with many Run-of-River (ROR) hydropower plants so the base and intermediate power demands are covered primarily by Run-of-River hydropower plants and the peak demand by daily peaking ROR plants, seasonal storage and few diesel power plants of low capacity. Any INPS should have sufficient storage and forced storage power plants to improve the systemтАЩs reliability.
The power plants in Nepal are used to fulfill the base-load and so are not always able to fulfill the demand at peak periods. The INPS is dominated by Run-of-River (ROR) hydropower plants. Electricity from such conventional power plants has to be used just when it is generated; this power cannot be stored. This is why grid control and electricity dispatching systems are important; they have to balance the demand for electricity with supply. When electricity supply and demand fall out of balance, problems occur. Therefore, it is important to store energy through reserves like storage projects to maintain a balance between system demand and supply.
Nepal has decided that it should go for the optimization of the system by developing all sorts of projects including ROR, peaking ROR, storage and solar (NEA 2020). Among other energy projects, hydro storage is the most system friendly because it is flexible and more efficient; as well, it is less costly and starts up quickly when power is needed (NHA, 2006).
The annual peak demand of Nepal is 1408 Megawatts (MW) for year 2019/20 whereas total supply in the system is 7894.47 GWhr (NEA, 2020). Nepal still deficits of power. Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) own generation contributed 39.02 % whereas those imported from India and local IPPs accounted for 22.33 % and 38.64 % respectively (NEA, 2020). The total energy import from India for the year 2019/20 was 1720.6 GWhr (NEA, 2020).We still have the industrial load shedding in dry season. So it is necessary to conduct the research on requirement, appropriate storage hydropower project that can reduce the power import in Nepal. Hence, it is imperative to develop storage power projects to fulfill the countryтАЩs need for peak load demand and to balance its system of electricity
generation. There is great potential for storage in Nepal. Almost half of NepalтАЩs technical capacity of hydropower 20,498 MW falls under storage type projects (Sah et al., 2014)nuclear and thermal plants.
Among the large numbers of storage hydropower projects, there are sixty-four identified and existing storage hydropower project under government of Nepal. Among them the study of Adhikhola, Dudhkoshi, Uttarganga and Tamour Storage Hydropower Project is being carried out by Nepal Electricity Authority. The study of Nalsaugad is being carried out by Generation Company whereas the study of Budigandaki Storage Hydropower Project is being carried by Ministry of Energy Water Resource and Irrigation itself. Other storage hydropower projects such as Sunkoshi-2, Sunkoshi-3, Mugu Karnali Jagdulla, and other storage hydropower projects are still at the stage of preliminary study.
Statement of the Problem
The total energy generated from hydropower is only 1278.098 MW (NEA, 2020), although Nepal has got lot of potential in generating electricity due to its numerous rivers and streams. Most of the power plants are of ROR type in Nepal. So high production during monsoon season and deficit during dry season is one of the issues in Nepalese power system planning. Storage projects are needed to solve this problem. The eight storage hydropower projects being studied by various agencies of government of Nepal. The cost of building each of these projects is very large. So it is not possible to start the construction of all storage hydropower projects at once. In this situation, establishment of priorities of these hydropower projects with due consideration of various actors in the decision making process and taking care of their conflicting multiple criteria becomes very important to minimize the conflicts regarding the development of hydropower projects in Nepal and to ultimately address the existing energy crisis.
The project proponent from each project explains Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation that the project allocated to them as a project manager is the best among other storage hydropower project which are at the stage of study in Nepal. The concerned authority is also unknown that which project is better than other projects and by how much. Prioritization of storage
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hydropower projects avoids confusion for comparing the storage hydropower projects of Nepal.
The situation of country and the world do not remain as usual. The Pandemic outbreaks affects country. In that situation if the concerned authority is compelled to delay the study of some storage hydropower project by some years then the concerned authority will be in confusion, which project to delay for some years. In that situation prioritization of storage hydropower projects will be fruitful to avoid confusion.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this study is Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) considering multiple criteria affecting the storage hydropower projects. The software used in the study was super decision analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result of multi criteria analysis on super decision analysis software depicts that Nalsaugad storage hydropower project is most appropriate for development among other study hydropower projects under study.
Figure1: Prioritization of Storage Hydropower Projects.
Description of the Factors, Sub-factors and Co-factors
Following below are the factors, sub-factors and co-factors that affect the storage hydropower projects of Nepal. All this factors, sub-factors and co-factors are taken from literature review. The reason for selecting this criteria is, all this criteria evaluates the risk and favorable aspects of storage hydropower projects.
1. Technical
HYDROLOGICAL CONDITION
I. Reliability of flow data
Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower Project have most number of flow data measured and gauge data at dam axis for more than 50 yrs. Uttarganga Storage Hydropower project have least number of directly measured flow data. Whereas Budigandaki Storage Hydropower project have gauge data record of only three years.
II. Sedimentation
Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower project have taken the sediment data for more than five years whereas Tamor Storage Hydropower project have not taken any sediment sample yet. The sediment yield in Tamor Storage Hydropower project is the estimation obtained by correlation.
III.Risk of GLOF
Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower project have potential risk of GLOF from Imja, Khumbu and Ngozumpa GLOF. Tamor Storage Hydropower project have potential risk of GLOF from Nagma Pokhari and Unnamed GLOF. The other storage hydropower projects under the study of researcher do not have potential of risk of GLOF .No GLOF are noticed in their catchment area.
Lead Time
Lead time is the amount of time that passes from the start of a process until its conclusion.
I. Length of Access Road /Transmission Line
Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower project have the highest length of access road of 142 km to reach to the site from khalanga, the district headquarter of Jajarkot. Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project have to construct only 1.58 km length of road from existing Siddhartha highway to reach to the site which is the least length of access road among studied projects by the researcher.
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The generated energy of Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project will be evacuated to the INPS through 8.5 km long 220 kV double circuit transmission line near KG-A powerhouse at tower no. AP-47 of Kusma -New Butwal Transmission line whereas other projects under the study by the researcher have longer length of transmission length. Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower project have highest length of transmission line of 142 km.
II. Difficulty level of funding
Budigandaki Storage hydropower project have highest cost of 2500 million united states dollar (MUS$). Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project have least cost of 500 MUS$. Larger the capacity of the project, more the cost
III. Reliability of Development Plan
In general, the more advanced study level a project has, the higher the reliability of the project. Budigandaki Storage Hydropower Project have completed its detail project report (DPR).Nalsaugad and Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower Projects are ongoing DPR. Tamour and Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project have completed feasibility study whereas Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project is still ongoing its feasibility study.
Geological Condition
Nepal is a country with a diverse geographic structure, consisting of the Himalayan mountain region and flat-terrain regions. Without proper geological investigation construction of underground structures of storage hydropower projects is in high risk.
I. Seismicity
The тАЬSeismic hazard mapтАЭ was prepared in Nepal as a reference for evaluation of seismic activities. The Himalayas are the place for the collision of Indian subcontinent and Eurasia continent. Most of the earthquakes have occurred in Lesser Himalaya, the area between MCT and MBT, and many in western Nepal. It may be better to differentiate the impact of MCT, MBT, and HFT in terms of each seismic risk.
II. Distance to Large Tectonic Thrust
Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower project lies 41.85 km from the large tectonic thrust whereas Tamor Storage Hydropower project is located near the MCT Zone of Taplejung Window. Adhikhola storage hydropower project also lies only 5 km far from the Badi Gad fault.
III. Geological Condition of Site
Bed rock is found at larger depth in Budigandaki Storage Hydropower project, whereas Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project still do not have completed its geological investigation. Geological investigation was conducted in previous location of dam axis, but now dam axis of the project is shifted to 2 km upstream due to technical reason.
Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower project have highest rock quality designation (RQD) value of 50 along the alignment of headrace tunnel whereas no geological investigation is being carried out in Adhikhola Storage Hydropower due to change in its layout.
2. Financial Condition
I. Unit Generation Cost
Budigandaki Storage Hydropower project have highest per unit generation cost of 17.6 Cent/KWhr. Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project also have higher per unit generation cost of 14.3 Cent/KWhr. Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower is best in per unit generation cost which have cost of only 2.95 Cent/KWhr.
II. Installed Capacity
Budigandaki Storage Hydropower project of 1200 MW is the largest project in installed capacity whereas Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project of 180 MW is the smallest project in installed capacity in comparison with other projects under study.
III. Annual Energy Production
Annual energy production also indicates a project scale. Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower
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Project can produce 3443 GWhr of annual energy which is the highest energy production and Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project can produce 674.5 GWhr of annual energy which is the lowest energy production among other projects under study.
IV. Donor Interest
Storage hydropower projects requires huge amount of money for the development. To manage investment only by Nepal government is not possible for the development of storage hydropower projects. So the storage hydropower project having donor will be advantageous for the development. Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower Project is the only project among study project where Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is interested to donate on the project.
V. Financial Indicator
The financial parameters such internal rate of return, B/C ratio etc., indicates whether the project is financially beneficial or not. The financial internal rate of return of Dudhkoshi, Tamour, Budigandaki and Nalsinghaud Storage Hydropower projects are 10.1, 6.19, 8.8, 8.92 respectively. Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project and Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project have negative return on financial investment.
VI. Energy Production in Dry Season
Nepal has energy deficit especially during dry season. So the storage project having higher amount of energy in dry season have more value in evaluation.
3. Environmental Impacts A. Impact on Natural Environment
I. Impact on Forest Area
Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project have highest impact on forest affecting 13878.28 ha (77.10 ha/MW) of land whereas Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project have least impact
on forest. Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Projects affects only 1331.5 ha (0.0707 ha/MW) of forest land.
II. Impact on Protected Area
Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project which is protected area. No any project under study other than Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project lies on protected area.
III.Impact on Fishes
Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project has highest noтАЩs of impact on fish species. Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project impacts 34 noтАЩs of species of fishes. EIA of Tamor Storage Hydropower project is remaining to conduct so data for impact on noтАЩs of fish species by Tamor Storage Hydropower project is not known.
IV. Impact on Conservation Species
Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project impact on larger noтАЩs of conservation species. This project impacts 34 conservation species. The data of Tamor Storage Hydropower project for the impact on conservation species is unavailable due to the reason that Tamor Storage Hydropower Project do not conducted the EIA study of its project.
B. Impact on Social Environment
I. Impact on HouseholdFive thousand one hundred twenty one household will be affected by Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project .The noтАЩs of household inunded by Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower project will be only one hundred sixty four.
II. Impact on AgricultureImpact on the total area of agriculture land by Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project is 22869.689 hac whereas Uttarganga Storage Hydropower project impacts only 666.16 hac of agriculture land. Impact on agriculture land by Adhikhola Storage Hydropower project is highest and Impact on agriculture land by
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Uttarganga storage hydropower project is the lowest among other projects under study.
III. Impact on Ethnic MinoritiesBudigandaki Storage Hydropower project impacts 14 noтАЩs of ethnic minoritiesтАЩ .The noтАЩs of ethnic minorities impacted by Tamor Storage Hydropower Project is not known.
IV. Reliability of Resettlement PolicyThe Project having Resettlement action plan to resettle the inundation household are evaluated with more importance. Dudhkoshi, Nalsaugad and Budigandaki Storage Hydropower Projects are the project having resettlement action plan among the study project.
4. Policy and Political Storage hydropower projects are one of the political
dispute between the various political parties. The change in policy by the government also effects the development of storage hydropower projects. There are four policy and political sub factors considered.
I. Changes in PoliciesFrequently changes in the policies will affect the hydropower project. This sub factor has to be minimized. The project with holding generation license was given higher value of importance than the project with holding only survey license. The project having no license at all was given no marks. Tamour Storage Hydropower Project do not have licensee yet however all other projects under this study have survey license.
II. CorruptionThe project having news about corruption on newspaper are less importantly noticed. News about corruption of Budigandaki Storage Hydropower Project was published on The Himalayan Times on August 30, 2019.
III. Political InstabilityUttarganga Storage Hydropower Project is the only project among study project which lies in Gandaki province and Province No 5.
IV. Lack of Monitoring AuthorityIn the case of Nepal, monitoring authority is not active. Concerned authority has to be active and monitor all the project and accelerate the way out to reduce the energy crises. These activities has to be minimized by establishing a government monitoring unit. The projects which are donor funded and are under subsidiary company are given better importance. Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project is the only project among study project which is funded by JICA and is also the project under subsidiary company.
5. Uncertainties With all types of technologies, the market can notice
the risks and uncertainties, such as those posed by natural disasters, technical failures, conflict & controversial, political instability / riots. There are four uncertainties sub factors considered.
I. Natural HazardThe projects having presence of active landslides are given relatively low weightage. Adhikhola, Budigandaki and Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project have presence of active landslide in their dam site area.
II. InundationThe projects which inundates other small projects are given less importance. Tamour Storage Hydropower Project inundates Lower Hewa Hydroelectric Project and Kabeli-A Hydroelectric Project whereas Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project inundates the 9 MW Adhikhola Hydropower Project.
III.Unforeseen Site ConditionAny conditions such cannot be estimated and occurs suddenly which is not in control of human beings will also affect the hydro project. This results the time and cost overrun of the project. These activities has to be minimized by taking precaution. This criteria is not quantized by the researcher.
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IV. Unpredictable WeatherWeather cannot be easily forecasted which is not in control of human beings will also affect the construction project. This results the time and cost overrun of the project. This criteria is not quantized by the researcher.
Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity analysis is a model that determines how target variables are affected based on changes in other variables known as input variables. The sensitivity analysis is carried out with the technical condition, financial condition, impact on environment, policy and political, uncertainties and respondent factors variables. AHP has the dynamic nature. Due to this nature ranking of the study project can change in future.
With Respective to Technical:
The sensitivity analysis with respective to technical factor, Dudhkoshi shows the highest important whereas Adhikhola shows the least important at base case.
Figure 2: Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Technical
Here, Dudhkoshi was highly sensitive with respect with the technical factors whereas Budigandaki was neutral. In future if the ranking of technical got changed then ranking of the projects is also changed. Dudhkoshi is highly sensitive due to the reason that it has best importance on technical criteria. Among the different technical criteria if only one of them get changed the ranking of Dudhkoshi on technical criteria will be changed.
With Respective to Financial Condition
The sensitivity analysis with respective to financial condition, Nalsaugad shows that it is highest important whereas Tamour shows the least important at base case and the ranking can be changed if the percentage of weight is changed.
Figure 3: Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Financial
Here, Dudhkoshi. Tamour, Uttarganga, Nalsaugad was sensitive with respect to financial condition whereas Adhikhola and Budigandaki was moderately neutral. These projects are sensitive in financial condition due to the reason that these projects are not strong in all aspects of financial condition. Nalsaugad is highly important in unit generation cost, whereas moderately strong on other factors. So in future if the ranking of this factor got changed then ranking of the projects is also changed. Budigandaki and Adhikhola are moderately neutral in sensitivity analysis of financial condition.
With Respective to Impact on Environment
The sensitivity analysis with respective to Impact on Environment shows that Dudhkoshi is highest important whereas Tamor shows the least important one at base case and the ranking can be changed if the percentage of weight is changed.
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Figure 4: Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Impact on Environment
Here, Dudhkoshi was highly sensitive with respect to Impact on Environment where as other projects under study were moderately neutral. Dudhkoshi is highly sensitive due to the reason that it has best importance on environmental criteria at base case. In future if the ranking of this factor got changed then ranking of the projects is also changed.
With Respective to Policy and PoliticalThe sensitivity analysis with respective to Policy and Political shows that Nalsaugad with highest important whereas Tamor shows the least important one at base case and the ranking can be changed if the percentage of weight is changed.
Figure 5: Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Policy and Political
With Respective to Uncertainties
The sensitivity analysis with respective to Uncertainties factor, Nalsaugad shows it is highest important whereas Adhikhola shows the least important one at base case and the ranking can be changed if the percentage of weight is changed.
Figure 6: Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Uncertainty
Here, Uttarganga and Nalsaugad were sensitive with respect to uncertainties factor whereas Adhikhola, Budigandaki, Dudhkoshi and Tamor were neutral. In future if the ranking of this factor got changed then ranking of the projects is also changed.
CONCLUSION
Present Scenario of Storage Hydropower Projects which are under Study in Nepal.
The present scenario of storage hydropower projects under our research is that all the projects are under study. The projects under the research do not have construction license. Budigandaki Storage Hydropower Project is the only project which have completed its Detail Project Report (DPR). Dudhkoshi and Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project are ongoing DPR till date. Uttarganga and Tamour Storage Hydropower Projects have completed feasibility study and Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project is still ongoing feasibility study. Tamour Storage Hydropower Project is the only project among the study project which have completed its feasibility study without issuing license. None of the project under our study have found investor except Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project. This present
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scenario of all these Storage Hydropower Project indicates that we still have to wait more than a decade to have them in operation mode.
Prioritization of Storage Hydropower Projects under Study in Nepal
The factors and sub-factors and Co-factors considered in the study model deserves its full value in the decision making process. In accordance to the result of the study, the first priority is gained by the Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project, second by Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower Project, thirdly by Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project and Fourth by Tamor Storage Hydropower Project, fifth by Budigandaki Storage Hydropower Project and sixth by Adhikhola Storage Hydropower Project.
Similarly, if technical factor, financial factor, impact on environment, policy and political, uncertainties and respondents are taken into consideration alone Dudhkoshi stands first on technical and impact on environmental factor whereas Nalsaugad stands first on financial factor, policy and political factor, uncertainties and respondents factor. The ranking of the project can be changed in future which is shown by sensitivity analysis of the projects with respect to factors.
Prioritization of Storage Hydropower Projects under Study with the change in Weight of Factors
At base case with respective to technical condition Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower Project stands in first rank. If the weightage of technical condition changes by 50 % or by 100% then the Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project stands first with respective to technical condition.
At base case with respective to financial condition and at 50% change in the weightage of financial condition Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Projects stands at first rank. If the weightage of financial condition changes by 100 % then Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower Project stands first with respect to financial condition.
At base case with respect to impact on environment Dudhkoshi Storage Hydropower Project stands first but when the weightage of impact on environment
changes by 50% or by 100% then Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project stands first with respect to impact on environment factor.
At base case with respect to policy and political and at 50% change in weightage of policy and political Nalsaugad Storage Hydropower Project stands at first rank. If the weightage of policy and political changes by 100 % then Uttarganga Storage Hydropower Project stands first with respective to policy and political.
REFERENCES
Bhattarai, S. (1997) тАШAppropriate Scale of Hydropower Development for Nepal: An Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach, A multidisciplinary stakeholders analysis for Hydropower Development in NepalтАЩ, (October). doi: AIT Thesis No IP-02-97
Ghimire Prasad, L. (2016) тАШAnalysis on Barriers of Renewable Energy Development -Context of Nepal : An Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach Laxman Prasad GhimireтАЩ. Available at http://sspace.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/122605/1/ 000000132491.pdf.
Hajkowicz, S. and Higgins, A. (2008) тАШA comparison of multiple criteria analysis techniques for water resource managementтАЩ, European Journal of Operational Research, 184(1), pp. 255тАУ265. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.10.045.
IPPN (2015) тАШHydropower in Nepal Status of Power Generation and Transmission Network in Nepal, IPPN, pp. 1тАУ5. Available at: www.ippan.org.np/HPinNepal.html. , [Accessed on 5 May 2020].
L.Saaty (1991) тАШA note on saatyтАЩs random indexesтАЩ, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, pp. 135тАУ137. doi: 10.1016/0895-7177(91)90098-R.
NHA (2006) тАШNational Hydropower AssociationтАЩ. Available at: http://www.hydro.org/ hydro facts/factsheets .php. [Accessed on 16 June 2020].
Panthi, K. (2004) тАШSci-Hub _ Contingency Estimation for Construction Projects Through Risk AnalysisтАЩ. Asian Institute of Technology
Saaty, R. W. (1987) тАШThe analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is usedтАЩ, Mathematical Modelling, 9(3тАУ5), pp. 161тАУ176. doi: 10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8.
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Sharma, S. (2016) тАШMaster тАЩ s thesis Prioritizing Under Construction Hydropower Projects for Addressing Energy Crises at Earliest in Nepal Susheel Sharma Nepal Engineering College Changunarayan , Bhaktapur Pokhara University Nepal December , 2016тАЩ.
Shrestha, R. S. (2010) тАШCategory (ROR = run of river) source/ Plant Availability 2тАЩ, (6), pp. 7тАУ17. [Accessed on 18 June 2020].
Singh, R. P. and Nachtnebel, H. P. (2015) тАШPrioritizing Hydropower Development Using Analytical Hierarchy
The author is Assistant Manager at Uttar Ganga Power Company Ltd., NEA
Process (Ahp) тАУ a Case Study of NepalтАЩ, International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 7(2). doi: 10.13033/ijahp.v7i2.253.
Tripathi, P. and Shrestha, S. K. (2018) тАШRisk Assessment of Boot Hydropower Projects in Nepal Using Fuzzy Logic ApproachтАЩ, Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, 3, p. 115. doi: 10.3126/jacem.v3i0.18965.
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Design Options for Grid-Connected Solar
Irrigation ProjectsSagar Gyawali
E-mail : [email protected]
I. Introduction
Farmers have always played a significant role in our society as they provide the worldтАЩs population with food. However, one may forget that, not only do they provide food but they also provide energy, which nowadays, is of paramount importance, especially as in light of renewable energies. Indeed, farmers can produce energy from the wind, the sun or the biomass and they can use it for their own farm, or, if they have a surplus, sell it to companies.
Solar energy might be one of the easiest ways for farmers to produce energy. Indeed, farmers usually have several large buildings, unused land etc. directly under the sun, without being hindered by the shadows of the trees, turning them into an ideal place to settle a photovoltaic system. Therefore, the use of solar energy in agriculture is becoming increasingly popular and the energy produced from this renewable source can be used either on the farm or in the local power grid, providing the farmers with an additional income.
One of the areas in agriculture that benefits the most from solar energy is irrigation, especially in off-grid regions. The main reason is that using the sun for irrigation represents a virtuous circle: when the sun shines, it feeds the irrigation system, well, we know that crops need more water when the sun shines a lot. Therefore, a large quantity of energy is available
when it is actually needed. The surplus electricity generated from this solar panel in these irrigation systems can be supplied to nearby electricity grid. Since, the water irrigation system does not need to operate every hours of a day in a year. During these hours, the energy generated by this system can be synchronizing in national grid (SMG, 2020).
Grid-connected systems are connected to the grid and are designed to operate in parallel with the grid. In this type of system, an inverter is used to convert the DC output produced by the P-V array into AC so that it matches the grid requirements, in terms of voltage, power and frequency. Whenever there is a shortage of power, the system operates by borrowing from the grid and when there is a surplus of electrical power generation it supplies the extra power to the grid (Salam, 2016).
Newly developed smart grid tie solar system is providing larger opportunities to farmers in grid areas too. In fact, Grid-Connected Solar Irrigation Pumps (SIPs)(please refer Figure 1 for a schematic diagram) are being reliable, economical alternative approach to solar water pumping programs worldwide. The grid connected solar pumps has following basic features. v All generated power fed to grid by grid-tie in-
verter
v Pump operated at variable speed to consume only a part of the generated power
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v Net Metering to pay for exported power
Figure 1: A schematic of grid-connected solar water pumping (GWE, 2015)
Among a number of advantages of the grid-connected P-V system, firstly it reduces the need for fossil fuel, which reduces the emission of greenhouse gases, thus reducing pollution. Furthermore, they are convenient to install and can be installed on any scale from running a simple household to operating a large scale business. Also, they can be fitted anywhere, even on rooftops. Moreover, the grid-connected P-V system is the least expensive of all other systems and requires the least maintenance, mainly because they consist of no batteries.
The scheme for Off-Grid Solar Applications are implemented by the Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) in Nepal, under which the installation of solar energy-based pumps for drinking water and irrigation purposes is supported. Till now, nearly 1,400 solar pumps have been installed across various provinces of Nepal (AEPC, 2020). While implementing the scheme, it has been seen that only about 50% of the solar energy being produced is actually used for the pumping purpose. The rest of the energy could be utilized for injection into the Grid if such pumps are Grid connected. This will not only provide additional source of income to the farmers but also help Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) to energize agricultural
feeder, reducing average technical and commercial loss (AT&C) losses, and saving capital costs on new irrigation connections. Further such Grid-connected solar pumps would also incentivize farmers to pump water optimally, conserve ground water and help in energizing agricultural feeders and habitations.(Venkatarao, 2017)
Currently, millions of agricultural pumps are installed in Nepal, of which nearly 1 million pumps are diesel-based and remaining are connected to electricity and/or solar. However, due to unreliable grid supply and increasing diesel prices, solar water pumping system offers immense opportunities to replace conventional pumps. At present, solar water pumping system market in Nepal is subsidy-driven. Non-subsidized pumps accounts for marginal share in the market. High capital cost is the major hurdle in the growth of solar water pumping system market. Regardless of subsidies provided by the government, solar pumps are still unaffordable for small farmers due to their high upfront cost in comparison to diesel and electric pumps. With this background, a programme canbe developed to provide a reliable source of supply to agricultural pump sets which are currently being operated by diesel generators or through grid supply by way of solar mini grids. By developing
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such renewable energy based grids, farmers will be able to receive considerable revenue on monthly basis by selling the power to the grid for a period of 25 years. The benefits of the programme to the farmers include social emancipation as well as contribution to the society by means of water conservation. (Venkatarao, 2017)
This study report aims to answer following two questions;
v What are potential design options for grid-con-nection of SIPs?
v What are characteristics, advantages, disadvan-tages and suitability of each of the options?
2. Methodology/Approach Following approach was followed to answer the
aforementioned questions;
v Identifying various design options that are in practice тАУ based on literature review as well as practice in Nepal, and experience of the Author
v Characterization of various aspects of each de-sign options тАУ various aspects/indicators to be considered for characterizing design options were
o Name of the design options (if any) and ge-neric description on design principle and how it works
o Technical parameters тАУkey technical as-pects and parameters for the particular model
o Advantages of each model/optiono Limitations/challenges of each model/op-
tiono Suitability of each model тАУ discuss con-
text/circumstances in which each of the model/option are suitable.
v Recommend suitable design options in the con-text of Terai region of Nepal.
3. Various Design Options for Grid-Con-nections
Four types of design options for grid-connections are evident from practice and documented in literatures. They are briefly described hereunder and key aspects are summarized in Table 1.
3.1 Direct net metering of solar pump system
Direct Net Metering Solar-Pump System is simply the net metering of Solar-Pump through the grid tie inverter (Figure 2). The water pump can get electricity input from both Solar Gird Inverter and Power Grid Network. In the absence of solar energy, the pump can be operating by grid electricity. If the grid voltage is poor in day time, the grid inverter increases the voltage suitable to operate the pump. But, in the absence of solar energy (especially in night), it is difficult to operate pump by grid electricity. Every single unit of excess electricity could be sold to grid via net meter.
The beauty of this system is that we can adopt system for minimum size pump too starting from 1 HP single phase solar pump. We can use numbers of AC pumps from the single inverter in parallel scheme.
The challenge to adopt this system is availability of grid type inverter of the required size. One of the major disadvantages of this system is that it could not operate in тАЬisland modeтАЭ, i.e. if grid is not available, the pump could not run even the solar generates electricity. The decentralize solar pumps with low and medium size capacity is better placed to adopt this system.
This type of technology is already implemented by NEA as the prototype project. The project completion report is provided in Annex-1.
Figure 2: A schematic of direct net metering of solar pump system
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3.2 On-grid solar water pump inverter
The on-grid solar water pump inverter (OGSPI) is the recently developed innovative inverter technology that will provide energy for pumping using the solar panel energy as a source(HBL, 2020).When the pumps are not required, the energy is exported to the grid, monetizing the investment in the pumping and power generation infrastructure. This offers the added benefit of contributing in ground water conservation, optimum utilization of clean energy and enhancing the well-being of the farmers by generating profits from energy with zero carbon.
The OGSPI is equipped with a reliable and smart control mechanism that combines the functionality of the solar water pump inverter and on-grid inverter for export of any excess solar power onto the grid simultaneously while meeting the water pump load requirements. When grid is unavailable, the system will automatically switch over to Off-Grid mode and drives the pump during the
sunny hours. This features really makes the water pumping more reliable both in grid mode and off grid mode (HBL, 2020). The beauty of OGSPI is it can operate in Island Mode to operate the pump in unavailability of grid electricity. But energy could not be sell in grid in absence of grid electricity.
3.3 Solar Micro-Grid (MG) system
The micro-grid (MG) technology is simply a localized group of electricity sources and loads that normally operates connected to and synchronous with the traditional wide area synchronous grid (macro-grid). It can also disconnect to тАЬisland modeтАЭ. A schematic of the micro-grid system with connection to national grid, pumps, and end-user is shown inFigure 3. It is connected to solar farm, national grid (through net meter), local feeder, and several pumps and end uses. When there is excess solar power, it supplies to the national grid. The micro-grid system is programmed in a way that it keeps accounting of all energy generated and supplied. Entire database can be accessed remotely through server if we install a 3G simcard in it.
Figure3: A schematic illustration of a micro-grid system. M.G. is micro-grid
There are various benefits of this type of system. Cost for solar agriculture can be reduced and sustained/reliable power can be supplied using micro-grid technology. This technology helps to provide stable power in the system so that cases of pump damage due to voltage fluctuations can be reduced drastically. Furthermore, it facilitates to use solar energy optimally by selling it out to national grid or other end-users at the time of no use for pumping. It uses cluster approach to enhance productivity from farm. With the use of such technology, we no more need solar-pump and normal AC pumps can be used with the micro-grid system, thus, saves pump cost drastically. Despite several advantages, there is no such system installed in Nepal so far, primarily because the technology itself is new and people
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need to see it before believing. In the unavailability of the grid, the micro grid can provide electricity to the pumps. If the grid voltage is lower than required, micro grid can provide the optimum voltage to the pumps too.
The major drawback of this type of system is its size. The cost of similar size micro grid is comparatively higher than OGSPI system. So, it should be designed for a minimum 10 kW system for better economic benefits.Since micro grid is achieved by a power electronic converter, the inrush starting currents of the pumps should be curtailed. Starters might have to be installed for this purpose.
This type of system is good for medium size water pumps for centralize farmers. Even if the grid voltage is poor, the MG system can provide quality electricity to its pumps and other end uses.
3.4 Solar-powered agriculture feeders
The concept of this system is to create a tail-end grid-connected solar PV plants (1-2 MW) dedicated to agricultural loads (Figure 4) in areas with feeder separation and inter-connection at sub-station. In case of low load (cumulative demand by the pumps) in agriculture feeders power will flow back to distribution grid but if load is higher than solar supply; differential provided by grid. (Shantanu Dixit, 2019). The dedicated Feeder needs to be kept live/load shedding free from 8 am тАУ 5 pm for Power purchased by local electricity distribution company. Accordingly, the system could not operate in insolation mode. The 1-2 MW solar plant can be separated 500 kW each in various places of the feeders according to the land availability (GAMBHIR, 2020).
Figure 4: A schematic of solar-powered agriculture feeder
This type of model is being popular in India. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), has issued Guidelines for Implementation of Feeder Level Solarisation under Component-C of PM-KUSUM Scheme. The Scheme consists of three components. Component-A includes installation of Decentralized Ground Mounted Grid Connected Renewable Power Plants, Component-B includes installation of standalone Solar Powered Agriculture Pumps and Component-C includes Solarisation of Grid-connected Agriculture Pumps. (Saur Energy , 2020 ).
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Solar-powered agriculture feeders have a great economic value especially in agricultures lands in Tarai- region of Nepal. A single feeder can provide good quality electricity to the hundreds of pumps at a time. This type of system is the mass scale irrigation concept.
4. Suitable Design Option in Solar ProjectтАЩs Context
In the context of Nepal, all four types of grid connection options are relevant according to economy of scale, geography, quality of grid electricity, government plans and programs etc.
Direct Net Metering of Solar Pump System is suitable for small and medium size pumps. Hundreds of solar pumps in Tarai area installed by AEPC and other organization are operating in very near to the national grid. In most of the days of the year, the pump does not need to operate. The energy that could be sold to national grid is not harnessing. Similarly, existing AC pumps under low voltage in grid electrified area can also be solarized easily so that farmer will get proper quality electricity supply which could increase the motor life greatly. The experience in Chitwan, Nepal by NEA has a great success story (Annex-1).
On-Grid Connected Solar Pump Inverter (OGSPI) is advance technology on direct net metering of solar pumps system. It can operate
in isolated mode. That is, in the case of grid unavailability, it can run the pump. The system is little bit costlier than direct Net metering.
Solar Micro-Grid System has also a great impact in community based irrigation system. The small land owner farmers can also get benefit from this idea. Actually, it is one of the best economic solutions for the farmers within 1-2 km territory. They can share the Solar Micro grid not only for water pumping from numbers of solar pumps in their own field but also can share the electricity for other end use purpose like hauling, milling, cold storage and other purpose. As usual, the excess energy can be sold in national grid.
Solar Powered Agriculture Feeders is a bigger concept. The cost associated with this scheme is high. The sub-station should provide a dedicated 11 KV feeder as the agriculture feeder. Nos. of solar farm can be connected in the feeder (Up to 2 MW cumulative). Dozens of solar pumps can be connected in the system through nos. of dedicated transformers. Nepalese farmers could get great benefits with the scheme.
Appropriate type of grid-connection, however, will be governed by field conditions. Therefore, all these options could be explored during field study and appropriate one with technical details can be recommended.
Table 1: Various design options for grid-connection of SIPs and their key characteristics
Design option Technical aspects Advantages Limitations Suitability
Direct net metering of solar pump sys-tem
Simple net meter-ing technology with grid-tie solar invert-er.
тАвSimple Net Meter-ing
тАвSmall size pumps can also be syn-chronized.
тАвCost friendly тАвEasy
тАвCanтАЩt run in grid unavailability
тАвDecentralize farm-ers with small solar-pump system can also be connected
тАвSimple and Reliable
On-Grid Connected Solar Pump Inverter (OGSPI)
Advance net me-tering with in-built Variable Drive Fre-quency to operate the pump in grid unavailability
тАвCan operate in grid unavailability too
тАвSimple and easy to install
тАвMore Energy Sav-ing Option
тАвCostly than Sim-ple Net Metering System
тАвDecentralize farm-ers with small solar-pump system can also be connected
тАвSimple and Reliable
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Solar micro-grid system
Advance Net Me-tering with inputs from various ener-gy source like Solar, Wind, Diesel, Grid etc. The Output can be distributed for nos. of electricity end use options.
тАвDozens of Solar Pumps and other end users can be connected in the grid.
тАвIf the grid voltage is poor, MG sys-tem can provide required quality
тАвGroup of Farmers have to be come in single group to share the MG sys-tem.
тАвThe cost of the MG system is comparatively ex-pensive for small size system.
тАвBetter for communi-ty involved irrigation system with decen-tralize pumps within 1-2 km vicinity.
Solar-powered agri-culture feeders
Bigger and orga-nized concept in mass scale solar powered irrigation system
тАвHundreds of irri-gation pumps can be fitted. Dozens of transformers can be installed in the feeder.
тАвMass scale irriga-tion facility can be provided for a whole territory
тАвBig budget and well planned pro-gram is needed.
тАвThe substation should be avail-able nearby.
тАвAt least program should be designed from state govern-ment level.
тАвIrrigation facilities can be provided for bigger territory at a time.
5. Conclusions All the four technical options of Solar-Pump Net
metering (Direct net metering of solar pump system, On-Grid Connected Solar Pump Inverter (OGSPI), Solar Micro-Grid System, Solar-Powered Agriculture Feeders) have their own challenges and opportunity in Solar Pump Net metering scheme. For the small size pump with decentralized location, Direct Net Metering and OGSPI is better to adopt. For the group farmers with definite territory within 1-2 km, Solar Micro gird is better option. Solar Power Agriculture Feeder is a bigger and well planned concept to provide irrigation facilities large area.
OGSPI is better technology to solarized 5-10 nos. of pumps in centralized location. Solar-Micro Gird is better option to solarized 10-20 nos. of pumps in centralized location.
6. References
GMBHIR, A. (2020). Powering agriculture via solar feeders. Retrieved from The Hindustan times: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/powering-agriculture-via-solar-feeders/article25791629.ece#
GWE. (2015). Ground Water Engineering. Retrieved from Ground Water Engieering Ltd : https://www.groundwatereng.com/blog/2014/03/introduction-to-solar-water-pumping
HBL. (2020). GRID TIE INVERTERS. Retrieved from http://hblelectronics.com/: http://hblelectronics.com / Grid-Tie-Inverters.html
Salam, M. S. (2016). An Investigation of a Grid-Connected Solar Powered. Dhaka, Bangaladesh: Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Saur Energy . (2020 ). Feeder Level . Retrieved 2020, from Saur Energy : https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/mnre-issues-guidelines-for-pm-kusum-scheme-at-feeder-level
Shantanu Dixit, A. G. (2019). Solar powered agriculture feeders:. Pune: Prayas (Energy Group).
SMG. (2020). Can grid connected solar irrigation pumps be the future of irrigation in Nepal? Retrieved from www.linkedin.com.
Venkatarao, C. V. (2017). Scheme of Grid-connected Solar Water Pumping System as a. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 22-25.
The author is Assistant Manager at Loss Reduction Dept., NEA
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Optimum Routing of Transmission Line using
Geographical Information System (GIS) Intelligence
Prajwal KhadkaE-mail : [email protected]
In general practice for selection of the energy transmission line(ETL) routing, the following basic route selection criteria are adopted.
v Minimize forest sector as far as possible.v Avoid conservation areas and national park areas.v Avoid settlement areas.v Minimize river and road crossing.v Minimum number of angle point towers.v Shortest possible route alignment.v Easily accessible road track.
Based on the manual method of ETL routing three alternative transmission line corridors are identified using recent topographical maps, satellite images on google earth, land use maps and other digital maps of sample study area. In manual method some mistakes occur during planning and applications of ETL routing. Getting the "optimum " route is like hitting the jackpot.
ETL routing optimization is one of the most complex problems in engineering. In an attempt to come up with a better and efficient method of transmission line routing GIS based tools of the spatial science were already developed and tested. GIS is therefore the most powerful tools to overcome the engineering problems. Application of GIS can be determining the optimum, shortest and most economic path for transmission lines. Once the rules are quantified, computers could uniformly and accurately apply the rules avoiding the bias that can occur in human based analysis. With this
study mistakes by manual methods will decrease in ETL routing. The GIS approach using ground parameters and raster network analysis provide to locate a suitable Least Cost Path (LCP) between source and destination points. GIS concept of routing, which not only eliminates the biasedness during routing but also helps to maintain the balance between conservation and development Therefore, use of Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and GIS tools for ETL routing could be better alternative to the traditional manual method.
GIS based method:
The GIS based computer program was implemented in Python using open source geo-processing libraries. In this, a fast and accurate method is presented for finding LCP routes of ETL by selecting categorizing and weighting the criteria and sub criteria. ETL routing using GIS tools of spatial sciences involves identification of factors affecting transmission line route such as land-use data, settlements, road, slope etc. and preparation of several parameters sets by specifying different weight/cost index values to each of these factors and their subcategories, based on different priority for different factors.
According to the criteria, digital maps of the sample study area are edited, weighted, converted to raster based format. The raster is converted to a graph so that conventional LCP solutions from graph theory may be used. After all the raster based maps are prepared the
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raster were summed up to come up with a single raster consisting of composite weight values. In this raster, the cells with least value represented most preferred route whereas cells with highest value represented the least preferred. By selecting different start (source) and end points ( destination) in the sample study areas, it is tried to access the accuracy and performance of the best routes according to the LCP algorithm. Modified Dijkstra's algorithm called A*algorithm using a weighted distance to the destination point as the heuristic function is the most preferred algorithm in raster based maps for finding the best route.
Fig.1: Summed up Raster
Advantages over manual routing :
v Objective process with mathematical formula-tion.
v Identification of тАЬLeast CostтАЭ i.e., OPTIMAL route.
v Useful in avoiding crucial issues such as crossover with other lines, settlements etc. in an economic manner through parameter set optimization.
v Help to maintain balance between Development and Conservation needs.
v Scalable Tool: same level of objectiveness and rig-or can be applied on other Transmission Line.
Case Study:Trishuli 3B-Ratamate 220 KV Double Circuit Transmission Line.
A case study based on the implementation of GIS concept of routing 220KV Transmission Line of over 25km has been presented. The 220KV transmission line connects under construction Trishuli 3B Hub substation to proposed substation at Ratmate(Galchi) of Nuwakot district. Transmission line Route alignment study for all the alternatives were based on optimum routing using GIS Intelligence. By selecting different start and end points in the sample areas it is tried to access the accuracy and performance of the best routes according to the LCP algorithm by selecting ,categorizing and weighting the criteria and sub criteria.
How the algorithm works :
(i) Begin at source and make it the "current" cell.
(ii) Admissible neighbors of the current cell are found and total cost to reach them is calculated and updated.
(iii) Neighbors of the current cell within the predefined angular and distance limits are added to the list of calculated cells.
(iv) From the list of calculated cells, the minimum cell is found and promoted to the current cell. The previous cell is then added to the " completed" list keeping tally of the "parent" cell.
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(v) Repeat (ii) to (iv) until the destination cell is the minimum cell.
(vi) Back-track from the destination to the source following the parent cell.
Table 1: Weight values for Transmission line.
Category Subcategory Weights
Forest Sparse Forest 120
Moderately Dense Forest
130
Dense Forest 150
Agriculture 130
Distance From Buildings
0 to 10m 500
10m to 20m 400
20m to 30m 200
30m to 40m 150
More than 40m 100
Distance From Roads
Less than 500m 100
500m to 1km 110
1km to 2km 120
More than 2km 130
Slope 0┬░ to 10┬░ 100
10┬░ to 20┬░ 110
20┬░ to 30┬░ 120
30┬░ to 40┬░ 140
40┬░ to 50┬░ 160
More than 50┬░ 180
Table 2: Comparison of all routes
S.N. DescriptionRoutes
1 2 3 GIS Route
1 Length (km) 25.8 25.1 23 22.5
2 No. of angle points 29 24 24 24
3 Highest point alongthe route (m) 884 945 1,400 1,380
4 Lowest point along the route(m) 485 442 440 440
5 Number of major river crossing 4 6 3 3
6 Total number of towers 71 63 58 50
Fig 2: ETL routing on sample study area
Limitations:
The spatial resolution of parameters such as elevation data that impact the design considerations of transmission line, if improved, could have delivered a better result. Also, if the inputs used are of better quality and additional features including sag calculation can be incorporated into the algorithm, the approach used here can become an indispensable tool for a transmission line designer.
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Results and Conclusion:
The main objective of the study was to determine the suitable less affected an optimized ETL route alignment between under-construction 132/220KV Trishuli 3B Hub substation and proposed 132/220/400KV Ratmate substation. The current study has tried to utilize concepts from AHP and classical path optimization to produce ETL route that is optimal with respect to several different criteria for route selection. The final GIS based ETL route alignment (22.5km) developed (Table 2) by combining alternative route segments for a preferred route was shorter by 2.5 km and mostly passes through the hilly region of Nuwakot district away from the settlement areas. The final result obtained from this study showed that GIS based method was not only much more effective and efficient in comparison to conventional method of routing but also helps to maintain the trade-off between development and environmental conservational aspect.
The result of this study will provide guideline for construction of transmission line, followed by detailed survey assist to prepare necessary documents for acquiring construction license and environmental studies. Therefore, the implementation of GIS based Transmission Line Routing is recommended to get the optimal result.
The author is Assistant Manager at NEA Engineering Company Ltd., NEA
References:
[1] J.K. Korir, M.M. Ngigi, тАЬThe Use of GIS in High Voltage Transmission Line Routing in Kenya: A Case Study of 132 kV Kilimambogo-Thika-Kiganjo LineтАЭ, African Journal of Geography and Regional Planning ISSN 3627-8945 Vol 2-1, pp. 208-217, May, 2015.
[2] Ramandeep Singh Gill, тАЬElectrical Transmission Line Routing Using a Decision Landscape Based MethodologyтАЭ, MS thesis submitted to College of Engineering and the Faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science.
[3] Claudio Monteiro, Ignacio J. Ramirez-Rosado, Pedro J. Zoranto-Santamaria, Eduardo Garcia-Garrido, L. Alfredo Fernandez-Jimenez, тАЬGIS Spatial Analysis Applied to Electric Line Routing OptimizationтАЭ, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 20, No. 2, April 2005.
[4] Andrew J. Schmidt, тАЬImplementing a GIS Methodology for Siting High Voltage Electric Transmission LinesтАЭ, Papers in Resource Analysis, Saint MaryтАЩs University of Minnesota University Central Services Press, 2009.
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BlockchainTechnology: Application and Future
Projection
Hariom DhunganaE-mail : [email protected]
Abstract
Blockchains can be defined as a new type of network infrastructure that build & trust in networks by introducing distributed verifiability, consensus, and auditability. Blockchains create trust by acting as a shared database, distributed across vast peer-to-peer networks that have no single point of failure and no single source of truth, implying that no individual entity can own a blockchain network, and no single entity can modify the data stored on it unilaterally without the consensus of its peers. While blockchain is still an emerging technology that has seen acceptance at a limited scale, its strategic value in the short term towards streamlining processes, reducing inefficiency, cost optimization etc. cannot be canceled.
Introduction
Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize interactions between governments, businesses and citizens in a manner that was unfathomable just a decade ago. Though very often grouped with technologies such as Internet of things or artificial intelligence, the technology is unique in its foundational nature. Nothing like other technologies, which have the potential to deliver completely new services to peoples and other stakeholderтАЩs alike blockchain that has the potential to
refurbish currently existing processes to unlock new sources of efficiency and significance? BlockchainтАЩ has emerged to become a potentially transformative force in multiple aspects of private sector as well as government operations. Its prospective has been acknowledged globally, with a variety of international organizations and technology companies highlighting the benefits of its applicationin improving efficiencies and in reducing costs of operation and compliance.
A blockchain is a kind of collection of information that is stored electronically on a computer system. The blockchain store data in blocks that are then chained together, that differs from a classic database in the way it stores data. As latest data comes in it is entered into a new block. Once the block is filled with data it is chained onto the prior block, which makes the data chained collectively in chronological order. New data can be added to a blockchain only through agreement among the various nodes of the network, a method known as distributed consensus. Every node of the network keeps its own copy of blockchainтАЩs data and keeps the other nodes honest тАУ if one node changes its local copy, the other nodes reject it.
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A distributed
Copies of the entire database are stored on multiple computers on a network, syncing within minutes / seconds;Decentralized in natureDoesnтАЩt require a party establish trust (entity less trust)
electronicdatabase
Digital or electronic in use, and easily accessibleA list of records / transactions, like a ledger, that keeps growing as more entries are added;
which is highly Secure, Malicious actors (hackers) can no longer just attack one computer and change any records;
adjustably transparent Records stored in the database may be made visible to relevant stakeholders without risk of alteration;
and immutable. The mathematical algorithms make it impossible to change / delete any data once recorded and accepted.
Decentralisation:
The distributed nature of the network requires mistrusted participants to make a consensus. In a blockchain technology, consensus can be based on the history of transactions or on rules. The decentralized consensus on transactions regulates the update of the ledger by shifting the responsibilities to local nodes which independently verify the transactions and add them to the most cumulative computation throughput. There is no central authority required to set rules and approvetransactions.
Trust:
By programming the rules of the game and by allowing diverse entities with differing interests to collaborate on an immutable ledger, Bock chaindirect to a system that seamlessly adheres to the rule and fulfils the promise of not allowing transactions that did not fulfill to the approved conditions. This aspect of blockchain technology is the indication of its true promise тАУ seamless transactions that encourage ease of doing business as well as ease of living for society via disintermediation and the reduction of ad-hoc bureaucracy.
Transparency:
In blockchain everyone with an Internet connection to the network holds equal rights and ability to access the ledger and records are auditable by a predefined
set of participants. The records are thus traceable and transparent. Furthermore, network participants can exercise their individual rights to bring up to date the ledger.
Security:
Blockchain are tamper-proof, shared, replicated ledgers where records are irreversible and cannot be copiedbecause of one-way cryptographic hash functions. Though security is a relative concept, it can be said that Blockchain are relatively secure because users can transfer data only if they introduces a private key. Private keys are used to generate a signature for each blockchain transaction a user sends out. This signature is used to confirm that the transaction has come from the authentic user, and also to prevent the transaction from being altered by anyone once it has been issued.
Immutability:
Blockchain function under the principle of the irreversibility of records and non-repudiation. Blockchain are unalterable because once data has been entered in the ledger, it cannot be secretly altered ex-post without letting the network know it. In the blockchain background immutability is preserved because of use of hashes function which turns any type of input data into a fingerprint of fixed size data called hash.
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Types
Based on the privilege of control, the blockchain technology is categorized on three groups called private, public and consortium blockchain. Private Blockchain is hosted on private computing networks, with controlled access and editing rights, i.e., there are still central authorities with admin rights.While private blockchain can handle more volume than public blockchain, the limitations of processing time still remain. The majority of viable use cases for blockchain will be private ones, not public blockchain. тАЬPublic blockchain, like Bitcoin, have no central authority and are regarded as enablers of total disruptive disintermediation. Consortium Blockchain is the one that operates under the leadership of a group of companies or representative individuals come together and make decisions for the benefit of the network. Consortium Blockchain are mostly used in the banking sector and the consensus process is controlled by these pre-selected set of nodes. Here each institution operates a node, so majority of nodes must sign every block in order for the block to be valid.
Figure 1. Classification of Blockchain with respect to authenticity, genesis and consensus algorithm
Beside the authorization the blockchain are classified in terms of generation. These are categorized into three generation called Blockchain 1.0, Blockchain 2.0 and Blockchain 3.0. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies were introduced in the first generation phase and they are destined to improve the traditional monetary system and enhanced transactional experience. Most of the blockchain were written in C++ and used to employ Proof-of-Work consensus model. Blockchain 2.0 started considering the concept of Smart Contracts to make agreements more automated, effective, and secure. Therefore the second generation blockchain is not merely considered as cryptocurrency, but also a platform to deliver a scalable experience and build decentralized applications. Blockchain 3.0, is believed to be the generation showcasing the most efficient Blockchain-based solutions and currently existing in various business and economic sector. It is capable to process cross chain transactions and contains the advantage of going with different consensus mechanisms besides Proof-of-Work. The technology continued to enjoy wider adoption across the globe, in this context, currency of the internet such as IOTA and COTI answered the evolution of blockchain.
Application
Presently, hundreds of blockchain real world uses cases around the world are implemented in various sectors from various institutions. Numerous governments have articulated an interest in blockchain technology to store public records on a decentralized data management framework. Blockchain will enable citizens throughout nation to access records related to education, voting, public records etc. The World Economic Forum foresees that 10% of global gross domestic product will be stored on the blockchain by 2025. This means the global executives are preparing for this seismic shift, and are ready to entirely back its implementation. The impact of distributed ledger technology could be as grand as the internet revolution itself.
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Figure2. As per a report by McKinsey, potential value created would differ from sector to sector, with the public sector perhaps best positioned to take advantage from the perspective of potential impact and feasibility to application.
From current use case perspective, blockchain solutions are both appropriately suited for addressing several challenges and will also benefit from the infrastructure created already. Benefits of blockchain used in public enterprise would include greater accountability & quality control across supply chains, better contract management and procurement, and decentralization of authority in decision making. A McKinsey study of more than 90 blockchain use cases seven suggests that the preliminary impact will be achieved through operational efficiencies. Cost can be restructured for existing processes by reducing administrative or the intermediaryтАЩs effort of record keeping and transaction reconciliation. Revenue generation and capital release are second order benefits, and thus developing new business models and revenue streams will eventually follow, but not in immediate term. The six major multipurpose reasons boost the innovative implementation of real world application.
v Cost reduction through the elimination of mid-dlemen and wholesalers
v Straightforward financing of investments with crypto tokens
v Easy and efficient process automation across company boundaries
v Invoicing of services and inter-company pay-ments
v Fair data sharing, e.g. for classification, optimiza-tion, benchmarking and prediction
v Audit-proof data storage in consortium
Future projection
Blockchain is a frontier technology that continues to evolve, it is important to understand the opportunities it presents, steps to leverage its full potential and such necessary steps that are required to help develop the requisite ecosystem. The evolution years of blockchain technology can be compared to that of the World Wide Web. Blockchain in 2019 is what World Wide Web was in 1995, although rapid technology advancement has ensured that several underlying technological humps have been scaled. Any transformative technology, in its initial stages of development, as it moves out of
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research/development phase to first few applications to large scale deployment, faces several challenges. Part of the problem is that such technologies are at first intended to solve a specific set of problems. Bitcoin led to the popularity of decentralized trust systems and has powered the blockchain revolution, was intended to develop a peer-to-peer electronic cash system which could solve for double spending problem without
being dependent on trusted intermediaries viz. banks. As Bitcoin started gaining prominence, the potential of underlying blockchain technology started getting attraction. However, some of the early design features that made Bitcoin popular, primarily limited supply and pseudonymity, have become potential challenges in wide scale implementation of blockchain.
Figure 4. The Gartner Blockchain spectrum depicted based on timeline and expected to reach maturity by 2025 with five elements Distribution, Encryption, Immutability, Tokenization and Decentralization.
While the technical underpinnings of the technology can be intimidating to a large section of policy and decision makers тАУ simply and functionally, blockchain can enable ease of collaboration for enterprises and the ease of living for our citizens by bringing in transparency across government and private sector interfaces.Despite the fact that the technology is still at a nascent stage of its development and adoption as it continues to evolve, it is important for stakeholders such as policy makers, regulators, industry and citizens to understand the functional definition of the entire suite of blockchain or distributed ledger technologies along with legal and regulatory issues and other implementation prerequisites. Blockchain technology may not be universally more efficient until specific use cases need to be identified where it adds value.
References:1. Bitcoin Developer Guides https://developer.bitcoin.
org/devguide/
2. Blockchain: The India Strategy https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-01/Blockchain_The_India_Strategy_Part_I.pdf
3. Distributed ledger technology IOTA https://www.iota.org/
4. Fintech platform COTI https://coti.io/
5. Gartner тАШLeading research and advisory companyтАЩ, https ://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/insights/blockchain
6. McKinsey & Company тАШAn American worldwide management consulting firmтАЩhttps://www.mckinsey.com/
7. Nakamoto, S., 2019. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Manubot.
8. Tasca, P. and Tessone, C.J., 2017. Taxonomy of blockchain technologies. Principles of identification and classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.04872.
The author is Senior Engineer at Nepal Telecom
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Power Trading Between Nepal and India
Suresh Kumar TimalsinaE-mail : [email protected]
1. Historical Background
As a part of Koshi agreement signed between Nepal and India on April 25, 1954 (which was later revised in December 1966), Nepal was entitled to use up to 10 MW (50 percent) of the hydro-electric power generated at the 20 MW Koshi Power house at Kataiya on payment of mutually agreed tariff rate. NepalтАЩs 50 percent power entitlement materialized in October 1971 after commissioning of Koshi power house, triggering power exchanges between several Indo-Nepal border towns. This is first Indo-Nepal power exchange.
Gandak Power House with an installed capacity of 15 MW was constructed by India in the Nepal territory as a part of 1959Gandak Agreement. Though the power house was commissioned in April 1979, the ownership and management of the Power House was transferred to Nepal in 1981.
As a part of 1996 Mahakali Treaty, Nepal has been receiving 70 million units of electricity on a continuous basis annually, free of cost, from the Tanakpur Power Station.
2. Power Trade Agreement
Though Electricity Act 1992 opened NepalтАЩs hydropower potential for private investment to
generate electricity for domestic use as well as export purpose, it could not be strategic to embark Indian government/private sector investments in NepalтАЩs hydropower and hence the Indian market remained inaccessible.Nepal and India, on 21 October, 2014 signed the Power Trade Agreement (PTA) тАЬElectrical Power Trade, Cross-Border Transmission Inter-connection and Grid Connectivity Agreement.тАЭProvisions of the PTA will give non-discriminatory open access to cross border interconnections for all authorized/licensed participants in the common electricity market. The pertinent issue in relation to the implementation of the PTA is the legal and regulatory framework for effective operation of transmission systems and Power trading mechanism between the two countries.
3. Power Generation Potential
Nepal is endowed with substantial amount of hydro potential, estimated at 42 GW. Nepal also has solar energy resources, with estimated potential of 2100 MW. Wind potential in Nepal may range from 489 MW to 3,000 MW as per Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA).
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4. Indo Nepal Existing Links
S.N. Voltage Level Interconnection Trading Modality and Tariff /Kwh
1 400 kV Dhalkebar-Muzaffarpur Power Trading with NVVN, 4.18
2
132 kV
Kusaha-Kataiya
Power Exchange at INR 6.183 Parwanipur-Raxaul
4 Gandak-Ramnagar
4 Mahendranagar-Tanakpur Power Trading with PTC(in dry season months)
5
33 kV
Inarwa-Kataiya
Power Exchange at INR 6.68
(Katiya - Rajbiraj Power Rate INR. 4.34)
6 Rajbiraj-Kataiya
7 Siraha-Jayanagar
8 Jaleshwer-Sitamarhi
9 Birgunj-Raxaul
10 Nepalgunj-Nanpara
11 Gaddachowki-Lohiyahead
12
11 kV
Baitadi-Pithoragarh
Power Exchange at INR 7.1113 Jaulijibi-Dharchula
14 Dharchula-Pipli
As per India-Nepal Transmission master Plan, 11 high voltage cross border transmission lines have been proposed between Nepal and India for different time frames.
The second Indo-Nepal 400 kV New Butwal-Gorakhpur cross border transmission line is at the stage of implementation.
Nepal receives power from India through the following three modes; v River Treaty: Koshi Treaty, Gandak Treaty and
Mahakali Treaty;
v Border town exchange program;
v Commercial power trading with traders in India (PTC, NVVN) .
Power up to around 600 MW is imported from India through the power exchange and other trading mechanisms.
5. Summary
v Analysts believe that, with over 5304 MW of hydropower projects under construction and in different stages a surplus energy scenario will emerge in the coming years.
v Bilateral Indo-Nepal Electric Power Trade, Cross-Border Transmission and Grid Connectivity Agreement signed on October 21, 2014provided Nepal access to Indian electricity market.
v The SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity) signed by the eight SAARC member countries in Kathmandu on November 27, 2014 is the other prevailing instrument to electricity trading.
v Nepal is totally India-locked on the east, west and south and is separated from energy hungry Bangladesh in the south-east by a mere 18 km stretch of Indian Territory known as chicken-neck. Bangladesh has shown interest in the development of suitable hydropower projects in Nepal.
v This access to electricity trade with Bangladesh would have provided Nepal the opportunity to sell itsтАЩ surplus energy to Bangladesh. Nepal, Bangladesh and India
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should sit down together and discuss on how to power transactions can take place between Nepal and Bangladesh.
v Nepal cannot generate without a market to sell to, but should be able to negotiate a strong enough deal to make it worthwhile. The revenue generated from a first few schemes exporting power to India could then help to stimulate other markets which in the longer term might provide the domestic demands Nepal needs for further investment in hydropower.
v If Power Trade Agreement is implemented in good faith and trust, it could have far reaching implications in improving the quality of life of the people in this region.
v Electricity trade between Nepal and India can
The author is Engineer at Nepalgunj Distribution Centre, NEA
benefit both the countries. Nepal can gain by developing its major resource, hydropower potential, for which it will have a market and export earnings can boost its economy and human well-being. India, on the other hand, can promote renewable sources like solar and wind power whose intermittency can be balanced by import from NepalтАЩs flexible hydropower.
v Instead of just focusing on export of electricity, NepalтАЩs national and economic strategy must revolve around increasing the domestic electricity consumption through optimum utilization of energy resources.
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DYWIDAG DCP- Rock Bolt System in Powerhouse of
Tanahu Hydropower Project.Shyam Krishna Karki
E-mail: [email protected]
Rock Bolt:
Rock bolts have been used for many years, to support and stabilize the unstable rock strata in mining and tunnel excavations. They transfer load from the unstable rock exterior to the more stable rock interior.A typical rock bolt consists of a plain or threaded steel rod with a mechanical or chemical anchor at one end and a faceplate & nut on the other. The threads are usually rolled and not cut, to avoid damages during handling and installation. The rock bolt is tensioned after affixing, by tightening the nut on the faceplate. The anchor may be further strengthened using a chemical or cement grout.The rock bolts work by knitting the weak or unstable rock strata sufficiently together before they can move enough to loosen and cause failure. The bolting system is somewhat similar to clamping several thin weak layers to one strong layer forming a composite beam. The binding effect is achieved through frictional forces created by the physical interlocking
along with the anchor and rock interface. The Double Corrosion Protection (DCP) consisting of corrugated plastic sheathing and cement grout.The type of bolting system depends on the type of rock strata, whether it is hard rock, medium, or soft rock, and the surrounding environment. Typically, a mechanically anchored rock bolt would tend to loosen in soft rock and in the event of mechanical disturbances such as blasting. The rock bolts can be broadly classified into the following categories,
Slot & wedge type; Standard anchor; Expansion shell type; Resin grout; Cement grout; Combination type; Swellex bolts the other special types are Roof truss & Cable sling.
Rock bolts are presently used extensively throughout the world in mining, slope stabilization, underground tunnels & hydroelectric power projects.
DYWIDAG DCP-Rock Bolt System:
DYWIDAG-Systems is a globally leading system supplier of innovative technologies for construction. The companyтАЩs long tradition reaches back as far as 1865 - the founding year of the German construction firm, Dyckerhoff&Widmann AG (DYWIDAG). DYWIDAG-Systems International was founded to market DYWIDAG Systems and technical know-how around the world and to develop innovative systems resulting from its own R&D activities.
In more than 90 countries and at 28 regional manufacturing sites, DYWIDAG-Systems International develops, produces and supplies high-quality systems such as DYWIDAG Post-Tensioning Systems, Geotechnical Systems and тАЬConcrete AccessoriesтАЬ for the Construction industry.The company claims that DYWIDAG isthe pioneer in the development of rock and soil anchor systems and technology.
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Fig1: Typical section of DCP-Rock bolt
DYWIDAG DCP-Rock bolting in Under-ground Powerhouse of THL:
Package 2 of Tanahu Hydropower Limited (THL) consists of Waterway, Powerhouse, and related equipment and are being constructed from Sinohydro. Underground powerhouse (89mx22mx39m) of THL has weak geology containing most of IV & V rock type so that anchoring with suitable protection techniques are required for the purpose of safeguarding the infrastructure for a long life of the structure. A DCP Rock Bolts, which is capable of transmitting an applied tensile load to a load bearing stratum, for the specified duration of the structure in which it is required to withstand the design load. A careful chosen has been made to install 25mm/32mm/47mm Double Corrosion Protection (DCP) Dywidag anchor bolts at the powerhouse of THL, for stability.
Fig2: Sectional configuration of DCP anchors in Powerhouse Cavern
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The construction process of DCP Dywidag anchoring can be performed in two phases namely;a) Preparation Phase &b) Installation Phase
Preparation and Installation of anchor bolts may differ as per bar length used. Here, we have discussed the construction process of DCP anchor bolts for 6m or less length which is adopted in THL.
a) Preparation Phase:
DCP anchor needs some pre-installation work before the installation consists of covering with SWG (Single Wall Corrugated) and groutings. The length of the anchoring is divided into two segments i.e. Bond length segment (Sum up the length of the bar used at exterior surface and bar used to fixed in soil strata) and Free length segment (Length of the bar in between bond length segment).
v 5m long bar of 47mmdiais taken and kept in a horizontal platform in the fabrication yard.Wrapped with PE (Polyethylene Cord) on the bond length around the bar at a pitch of ap-proximately 0.50m. Fixing the PE cord using PE tape at end of the DCP Anchor Bolts. The SWC (Single Wall Corrugate) duct sheathing around the bar having a thickness of 2 mm.
Fig4: DCP anchor bolt preparation work at fabrication yard
v Fixing of screw able injection cap at end of the DCP rock bolt bar and tighten it over the bar.Inserting the corrugated sheathing over the bar.Wrap the PE tape to fix the corrugated sheath-ing on screw able injection cap.
v Take another screw-able injection cap and cut its closed-end Insert the open-ended screw-able injection cap from the end of the DCP Anchor Bolts and fit it into the corrugated sheathing.Wrap the PE tape to fix the screw able injection cap inside the corrugated sheathing and also it's head.
v Remove the cap provided to grout inlet of screw able injection cap.Take 0.2m long grouting tube and fix one end inside the grout inlet of screw able injection cap and on the other end fix the slide valve.
Fig5: Putting DCP anchor bolt on the inclined platform at fabrication yard
v Keep the bar with accessories on the inclined platform in the fabrication yard.
v Open the slide valve at both ends connect the grout injection gun to the grouting tube at the end and start to inject the grout continu-ously till the grout starts to come out from the grouting tube at the other end. Wait till the air bubbles come out and grout starts to flow ho-mogeneously & continuously. Shut off the valve at another end first then the slide valve at the grouting end. Finally, disconnect the grout in-jection pump. As recommended by the man-ufacturer the compressive strength of a grout to be used for injection inside the corrugated sheathing is 35 MPa (After 28 days) and it will be tested whenever grouting operations are car-ried out, as per relevant standards.
v After grouting do not disturb this DCP Anchor Bolts Bond length segment till the grout sets for 24 hrs. After setting of grout, cut the grout inlet
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and threaded part of screw able injection cap which is fitted over the bar very carefully usinga hacksaw blade. Remove the sharp edges using flat-file, wrap the PE tape to cover the cut por-tion of screw able injection cap.
v Now, DCP Anchor Bolts bond length segment is ready to shiftfor the next procedure. Shift this DCP rock bolt bond length segment from inclined platform to stacking area on wooden sleepers placed at 2.0m c/c. Then the centraliz-ing spacers of the bond length must be mount-ed on the sheathing. The first spacer shall be mounted some 0.5 to 0.75 m away from the anchor foot, further spacers are mounted with interspaces of 1.0 to 1.5 m. The spacer shall be firmly wired in place with the wire passing through the corrugations of the sheathing to ensure it remains in place during installation.
Fabrication of Free Length Segment:
Take a DCP Rock bolt long bar after pre-grout of bond length and keep it on a horizontal platform in a fabrication yard.Install the Smooth sheathing over the free length segment of threaded Bar after completion of bond length of DCP rock bolt.
Two sealing rings must be mounted on the top section of the anchor. These sealing rings must be located between the grout cap and the end of the smooth sheathing.
Fig6: Construction Process of Dywidag DCP Anchor
Fig7: DCP-Rock bolt ready for installation
b) Installation Phase:
The drill hole which is sealed is opened when the fabrication of the bolt has been completed and ready to install. The hole once again shall be flushed around the walls and the bottom such that any deleterious material accumulated would be cleared of such that helps in easy installation as well as proper grout infringement with the anchor.
Grouting of DCP Anchor Bolts:
Grouting of bolts shall commence within 3 days of cleaning of the hole The drilledboreholes will be thoroughly flushed for grouting of Bolts.
The grout mix will be prepared as per the design mix for required strength.Drilled holes shall be grouted to its full length with cementations, free-flowing, andnon-shrink grout.The grouting of the borehole will be carried out using grout pumps. The pipe will beinstalled and operated under control pressure (20 bar) such that the flow reaches the end.
The Bolt driven borehole was grouted with pressure as instructed until the borehole overflows out to ensure that the grit and weak groutmaterial (mix of grit and grout).
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Fig8: Installation of DCP anchor
After proper grouting, the faceplate & nut will be fixed at the head of the bolt for taking the load.
Pull-Out Test/Proving Test
A pull-out (or simply pull) test measures the characteristics and the performance ofthe load transfer mechanism of the installed Drill Solid Bar System. Pull tests canbe conducted on actual lengths or short encapsulated samples.
At the excess length of the installed Solid bar, a tensile load is applied by using a hydraulic tension jack with a load measurement system.
A hydraulic hollow-core cylinder and a press chair as bearing on the soil or rocksurface are connected to the Solid bar (DCP Rock Bolt) with a pull adapter andfixing nut. Tensile loading is applied over the extension of the hollow core cylinder.During pull-out tests, force and displacement of the Solid bar must be measuredand recorded.
Pull out test is conducted for two percentage of rock bolt installed, applying a test loadof 80% of the yield load of the steel bar.
It can be concluded that Dywidag DCP anchor system is the latest technology in the field of underground soil mass stabilization work. It is a matter of pride that the Tanahu Hydropower Project of Nepal has adopted the Dywidag anchoring system owing to the familiarization of the latest technology to the Nepalese engineers who are working in underground construction work.
References:
v https://www.dywidag-systems.com
v BS 8081 : 1989. British Standard Code of practice for Ground anchorages
v Sinohydro Corporation Ltd., 2020, Method state-ment of the underground powerhouse, Tanahy Hydropower Limited, PKG 2
v DYWIDAG-Systems International, 2020. Tech-nical proposal of Dywidag permanent DCP an-chors (draft), Tanahy Hydropower Limited, PKG 2
The author is Engineer at Tanahu Hydropower Project, NEA
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General overview of Butterfly valve used
in UT3A HPPIndra Bahadur Biswokarma
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
There are different types of valves to control the fluid flow through the conduits; Butterfly valve is one of them. It consists of stem, body, seat, disk and actuator. It has two half circles around the vertical shaft, resembles like wings, so it is called a butterfly valve. It is used for flow control in high flow and low pressure water flow conduit. It is used in most of the hydropower stations for flow control at main inlet. Upper Trisuli 3A hydropower project (UT3A HPP) has used the CSV series turbine inlet counter weight type hydraulic butterfly valve as main inlet valve. This article is prepared to give a brief description of Butterfly valve and its components used in UT3A HPP.
Introduction
Butterfly valves are used for flow control in closed conduit. They are used in hydropower stations for water stop during turbine maintenance, long time unit shutdown and emergency stop at accident. Butterfly valve may be divided into two types based on locking method: heavy hammer type and non heavy hammer type. In UT3A HPP, heavy hammer type is used. It contains reliable fully locked ingot, which facilitates the safe operation during maintenance. The simple representation of butterfly valve may be shown in figure 1 below. Figure 2 shows the butterfly valve used in UT3A HPP.
Figure 1: Butterfly valve (Source: [1])
Figure 2: Butterfly valve in UT3A HPP
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Butterfly valves are used as main inlet valves in most of hydropower project, because it is easier and quicker to operate, as only 90 degree of rotation of shaft could fully open or closed the valve. Another reason, in case of large valve, it has less weight, uses less space and cost is also low. The maintenance cost of the valve is low because, it has less moving parts and no air pockets to trap fluid. In this article, for the description of butterfly valve, it is divided into two sections: Mechanical sections and electrical sections. The butterfly valve used in UT3A HPP is taken as reference for the description in this article.
Mechanical Section
The mechanical section of butterfly valve mainly includes Hydraulic station, Bypass lining, Air valve, Servomotor, Valve body, Expansion joints, Upstream and Downstream pipes etc. Below are the brief descriptions of various parts:
Figure 3: hydraulic line diagram of butterfly valve (Source: [2])
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The name of different components can be listed as below:
Part No. Part Name Part No. Part Name
1.1&1.2 Oil pump 16.1&16.2 Accumulator
2.1&2.2 3 phase motor 17.1&17.2 Shut off valve
3.1&3.2 Relief valve 18 Return oil filter
4.1&4.2 Check valve 19 Liquid level transmitter
5 Hand pump 20 Oil filter at filling
6.1&6.2 Strainer filter 21 Check valve
7 Flow adjusted valve 22 3 position 4 port solenoid reversing valve
8 Two way cartridge valve 23.2 PRV
9 Cartridge valve cover 24 Double throttle check valve
10 Solenoid ball valve 25 Pressure transmitter
11 Shut off valve 26 Bypass valve cylinder
12 servomotor 27 PRV
13 Pressure gauge 28 Pilot control check valve
14.1-14.4 Shut off valve 29 Liquid level transmitter
15.1&15.2 Pressure relay and cable
Hydraulic station receives the signals from control panel. It operates the pump to build the pressure which operates the servomotor for opening and closing butterfly valve. This pressure can be restored using accumulator. While opening the butterfly valve, first the bypass valve needs opens and fills the downstream side. Meanwhile, the Guide vanes should be fully closed. When the pressure of both sides of valve becomes equal, the butterfly valve starts to open (by manually or by automatic operations). While, filling the spiral case, the air inside will be released through air valve. The expansion joint allows little flexibility of pipes in axial direction, which is helpful to overcome water hammer effect and also for installation. The heavy hammer helps for self closing of butterfly valve.
The different components as per above hydraulic principle diagram can be shown as below:
Figure 4: hydraulic station different components
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Figure 5: bypass line of butterfly valve
Working: The lower portion of the hydraulic station is oil tank. It contains a liquid level indicator and a liquid level transmitter. The transmitter sends the signal to control box. When the motor receives the signal from control box, it drives the pump. Pump sucks the oil via filter and supply to mainline. From each pump to mainline, there are pressure relief valve and one way valve. One way valve stops the oil flow back to pump while pressure relief valve protect the mainline from over pressure. When both pumps do not work, there is hand pump to build the pressure in mainline. The mainline from the pump is divided into three lines: one towards the bypass line, another towards the servomotor and third towards pressure switch, pressure gauges and accumulators.
In First branch of mainline, there is 3 position 4 port solenoid reversing valve followed by double throttle check valve, pilot control check valve and bypass valve cylinder. In solenoid reversing valve, when the YV1 solenoid is activated, the bypass valve will start to open, and when YV2 is activated bypass valve closes. The pressure oil from the solenoid valve is divided into two sub branch, one towards rod cavity of bypass valve cylinder and another towards rod less cavity. The pilot control check valve and double throttle check valve controls the flow to bypass valve cylinder, if one side forward then another side allows backward and vice versa.
The second branch is little complex. It has many components. This branch is mainly involved in opening and closing of butterfly valve with the help of servomotor. There is a pilot control check valve at the entrance of
this branch. When the open signal is given from control box, it energizes the YV3 solenoid of Pressure reducing solenoid valve (PRV). The PRV reduces the oil pressure and send low pressure oil to open the pilot control check valve. After this check valve, there is another check valve and flow adjusted valve. This check valve stops the oil flow towards the pump, and flow adjusted valve allows to control the flow rate in oil line. This oil goes to servomotor and opens the butterfly valve. There are two conditions of closing the butterfly valve, one at operation requirement and another at over speed of main shaft that is at emergency condition. For closing the butterfly valve, the pressured oil at servomotor should return to the reservoir. For first case, when the close signal is sent from control box, the solenoid YV4 gets energized and operates the solenoid ball valve. This valve sends the low pressure oil to two way cartridge valve, which opens the oil path from servomotor toward the reservoir and the butterfly valve gets close. This low pressure oil is obtained from another pressure reducing control valve. In another condition, the high speed sensor sends high pressure signal to governor and to pressure reducing valve. The governor sends signal to central control room and central control room sends signal to YV4 solenoid of solenoid ball valve. This opens the path of oil in two way cartridge and butterfly valve gets closed. The returning oil passes through filter to reservoir. The operator can manually close the butterfly valve using the shut off valve too.
In third line of mainline, pressure gauge and pressure transmitter are placed, pressure transmitter sends the signal to control box. Two pressure switch and two
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accumulators are also placed in this mainline. Accumulator contains nitrogen gas filled rubber bladder, which retain the pressure in the mainline, even if the pump do not operate for one to two servomotor movements. If pressure is less than 13.5Mpa, both pumps start. If less than 14.5Mpa one pump starts and if greater than 16Mpa, both pump stops. This action is performed due to pressure switch. There is a provision for access drain to reservoir.
Electrical section
This section includes the power supply to operate the pumps and control system to control the operation of butterfly vale and bypass line. The Program Logic Controller (PLC) is the main component of the control system. It receives the signal from different pressure switch, push button and transmitter and processes it and sends signals to indicators, alarms, solenoid valves and pump operator contractors. The line diagram and components image can be listed as below:
Figure6: Component images of local control unit
In the above control box, first the 3-phase AC power comes to two RCCB (2). From RCCB, this power is tapped to two lines: AC Contactor (5) and to AC/DC converter (3). From AC contactor to AC motor for pumps operations. AC/DC convertor converts the 3phase 380/220V AC to 24V DC. This 24V DC further goes to DC/DC converter card (6) that converts 24V DC to 5V DC. This 24V DC is given input to PLC, which controls the different actions in the system and 5V is used for generating signal to operate relays. The division of 24 volt for operations of indicators, valves etc can be seen in figure 8 below. This 24v can be manually close and open by DC Circuit breaker (4). The box humidity should be below 85%, if it becomes high, the humidity
controller (15) sense and send signal to heater (16) to start.
In the below figure showing electrical schematic diagram for motor operation, for pump #1, it is clear that the three phase AC comes from AC380/220V power source as A1, B1, C1, N1. A1, B1, C1 goes to RCCB (Q1, 2). From Q1 (2), it goes to AC contactor (KM1, 5). From KM1 (5), it goes to motor for operation. The contactor KM1 closes the circuit to operate the motor, when it receives signal from PLC via relays. There are three MCB (1). The first MCB (Q3), taps the phase current C1 after RCCB and supply to indicator HG9 (1# pump running), HG10 (AC power on for 1) and relay K15. Here, SA2 is the option for Auto/Manual selection of pump1.
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Figure 7: Electrical schematic diagram for motor operation (Source: [2])
When SA2 is selected for AUTO, K1 relay will be connected and K1 operates as per the signal of PLC that is auto. When SA2 is selected as manual, K1 disconnected, and circuit completed through simply KM1. Contactor KM1 can be closed manually for pump operation. Here line 42 connects K1 line and HG9 indicator line, so at both case the HG9 indicator works. If Q1 RCCB disappears, the K15 relay de-energized and send signal to PLC. Similar is the case in 2# pump. In 2# pump one extra MCB (Q5) is connected, this controls the current to humidity controller (RH) and heater (R).
In below PLC connection diagram, it receives the 24V plus and minus dc current from AC/DC convertor. SA1 is the selector switch in control box, when it is selected to auto, the line through local will be disconnected and the PLC can be operated from central control room. In case of local, the push buttons in control box SO1, SS1, SC1 (Open/stop/close MIV) and SO2, SS2, SC2 (Open/stop/close Bypass valve) when pushed, sends signal to PLC. PLC receive it and process it and
send signal to relays K1, K2 (1# &2# pump running), K3, K4 (open/close bypass valve), K5, K6 (open/close MIV) for corresponding action in hydraulic station solenoid valves. Through the relays K9, K10 (MIV full open/close) and K11, K12 (MIV full open/close), the corresponding signal can be send to PLC. Through pressure difference transmitter, the signal can be send to PLC via relay K8. The selector SA2 and SA3 allows the operations of pump#1 and #2 manually or from PLC. K13 relay actives when it receive the emergency signal from governor and send message to PLC for closing MIV. The indicators HG3 to HG8 show MIV, bypass valve, manual lock conditions and fault signal. DS send filter jam signal and Sp1 and Sp2 send oil pressure and oil level signal to PLC. If pressure is low, PLC send signal to k7 relay to operate low pressure alarm. In the PLC extension (7.1), the limit switch SQ3 and SQ4 send MIV full close and open signal to PLC and PLC perform corresponding actions. The relays K15 and K16 show the pump1# and pump 2# faults.
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Figure 8: PLC connections schematic diagram (Source: [2])
In the above PLC description, the action performed by PLC is fully dependent on program inserted to PLC by the programmer.
Conclusion
The butterfly valve has mainly two sections: mechanical sections for operating the valves and electrical sections for controlling the operations of mechanical components. The Butterfly valve as main inlet valve is one of the major components for the operation of hydropower station. It not only provides the control flow to the turbine but also protects the powerhouse from flood during emergency. Thus the brief understanding of butterfly valve is very important for all engineers working in hydropower stations.
References
[1]. h t t p s : / / w w w . s l i d e s h a r e . n e t / a k s _shriv/valves-8662201, 2019
[2]. Installation drawing provided by CGGC
[3]. Instruction manual provided by CGGC and different material from website and blogs
The author is Engineer at Upper Trishuli 3A Hydropower Station, NEA
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Online Consumer Self Meter Reading System
Ganesh Ram SuwalE-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Billing system is one of the crucial parts of the NEA Revenue System. Meter reading is the first and very important phase of the billing system and it is the primary source of data collection for the billing purpose. Due to the varying geographical structure of the country and due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the real time, exact and accurate meter reading data (on date and time of electricity meter reading of the consumer) is the most challenging job.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic, pushing the threats beyond the global health emergency it had announced in January 2020. Nepal government also had started first phase lockdown in the whole country from 11thChaitra 2076 to 6thShrawan 2077. And the second phase of lockdown began from 3rd of Bhadra to 23rd of Bhadra. During the lockdown time period, meter reading while being physically present at the consumerтАЩs premises was the greatest challenge and almost impossible. So, Computerized Billing and Network Division (CBND) in collaboration with the IT Department launched тАЬOnline Consumer Self Meter Reading Software SystemтАЭ for the real time exact and accurate reading of electricity meters from consumers on Baishak 2077.
Online Consumer Self Meter Reading Software System is a system through which consumers can enter their meter reading from their own homes using mobile and online platforms or by calling NEA hotline number 1150. Consumers can access this system via the website https:\\www.consumer.nea.org.np or via the NEA android application that can be downloaded from the Google play store. If the consumers belong to a remote area and have no access to the internet then they can contact NEA hotline users for their meter reading in such cases.
This system is applicable for all types of NEA consumers. NEA has categorized all NEA consumers into three categories.
1. Whole Current тАУ Domestic Consumers (approved load = 5AMPS, 15AMPS, 30AMPS, 60AMPS)
2. Three Phase Demand Meter Consumers
3. rs (approved load < 25KVA)
4. Time of Day тАУ TOD Consumers (approved load >= 25KVA)
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WORKING BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 1: block diagram of self meter reading system
The Block diagram modality of the Self meter reading system is shown in figure 1. There are mainly three sections in the self meter reading system.
v DCS or Sub-DCS Sectionv Online Server Sectionv Consumer Section
NEA has implemented, at the DCS or Sub-DCS level a separate decentralized billing system all over the country. Each DCS or Sub-DCS has a separate local server that runs the billing system. The billing system runs through Local Area Network (LAN). Each computer (Counter Computers and other computers which need billing information) in LAN are connected with the server through a network switch and routers (Fortinet Router).
Online Server is located in the data center of NEA. The online server is powered in such a way that it runs 24 hours a day and seven days a week. This server is live and accessible from all over the world via the internet. The IP address and the domain name of this server are тАЬ202.70.73.5тАЭ and тАЬhttps:\\www.consumer.nea.org.npтАЭ.
All the DCS or Sub-DCS need to upload the related billing data regularly into the online server (at least once a week). If the DCS or Sub-DCS donтАЩt upload the
necessary data to an online server then the consumer of that particular area will not be able to access the self-meter reading facility. Similarly, the DCS or Sub-DCS must check the readings made by consumers regularly each and every day. If any readings are made by the consumers, then the DCS or Sub-DCS has to download the meter reading data and make a posting in the real NEA billing system.The Consumer section is the third and most important section of the self-meter reading system. The NEA hotline users and the NEA consumers usually access the system through this section. The consumer can use the web-based system or Android based system or hotline-based system to access the online server. The consumers have to make user id by registering and adding the related consumersтАЩ information. Using this system, the consumers can make a reading of their electricity meter. The procedures about how the consumers can use the self-meter reading system is shown below.
PROCEDURESThree different ways consumer can use self-meter reading system
1. Web Page Based System2. Android Based System3. Hotline Based System
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1. Procedures for web-based users
v Firstly, open any web browser like Mozilla Fire-fox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer or any other available web browser.
v Enter the URL: https:\\www.consumer.nea.org.np
v Users have to create their account for using this system. For creating users click the register menu at the top or register button located at the right inside the login pallet.
v Consumer name, Mobile number and pass-word are mandatory fields for creating users whereas email address is an optional field. Here Consumer name may be different from the consumer name of real NEA billing system.
v Make a LOGIN, mobile number as username and with password.
o If users forget their password or users have tried more than three times with the wrong password then their user account will be blocked.
o For reactivating or unblocking the user account, users can click the forget button for creating new passwords.
o Mobile number, DCS/Sub-DCS name, Consumer Id, Consumer Number (SCNO) and new password with proper format is compulsory for creating user new password.
v After successfully LOGIN to the system user has to add the consumer or consumers by click-ing Add Consumer button. Users are allowed to add one or more consumers that may belong to the same or different DCS or Sub-DCS of NEA.
v DCS name or Sub-DCS name, Consumer Id and Consumer Numbers (SCNO) are manda-tory fields for adding consumers
v Adding Consumers, the list of added consum-ers will be displayed. For entering the meter reading, the user has to click the CLICK but-ton of the corresponding consumer. If the user has to remove the consumer from their user
panel, they are allowed to delete the consumer by clicking the DELETE button located on the right side of corresponding consumers.
v After clicking the CLICK button for entering the reading, various conditions are checked.
o For example, if the consumer number (SCNO) is 011.13.023. (011 is area code, 13 is route or meter reading date of month and the last one 023 is sub consumer number), the rebate, no rebate no penalty and penalty of 5%, 10% and 25% are calculated on the basis of day 13.
o Before the day13 date of a month, for the abovementioned consumer number (SCNO), users are not allowed to enter meter reading. The system displays the message Sorry!! New reading date has not been reached!! Users are allowed to enter meter reading only from the 13th day of a month.
v If all the conditions are ok, Users are allowed to enter the electricity meter readings. One should be very careful and follow the instructions given in the web page system while entering the me-ter readings. On the basis of entered units the consumed units are calculated and according to the tariff defined by NEA, the bill amounts of consumed units are displayed.
v For domestic consumers the user just entering the meter units is sufficient,
v But for demand consumer the user has to enter meter units along with consumed demands for that month, and
v For TOD (Time of Day) consumers the user has to enter Peak units, Normal units and Off-Peak units along with corresponding demands (KVA).
v After calculating the consumed units, it is com-pared with the average consumed units of pre-vious three months for that consumer.
o If the currently consumed unit is 20% or more less than the previous average units, or if the current consumed unit is 40% or
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more than the previous average units then the user has to upload the meter image for verification.
o While uploading the verification image, Image file format (.jpeg, .jpg, .gif, .png) are acceptable and the memory size of an image must not be more than 1 MB.
v Once the user has inserted the reading for a con-sumer for a month then they can only view the consumed units and bill amount of that month and users are not allowed to change the read-ing. If the consumer has to change the reading then they have to contact the concerned DCS of Sub-DCS.
2. Procedure for android-based user
v For android-based usersfollow the sameproce-dure mentioned above like in web-based sys-tems, different is just a platform.
v In this case use the NEA android application, which can be downloaded from playstore.
3. Procedure for hotline-based user
v Hotline service for self-meter reading systems is specially focused for the rural area consum-ers, who do not have direct access to the inter-net.
v This service is also focused for those consumers who are unable to use the internet and technol-ogy.
v In this case consumers have to call NEA hotline number 1150.
v After calling NEA hotline users, consumers have to tell his or her mobile number, DCS or Sub-DCS they belong, Consumer Number (SCNO) and Present Meter Reading.
v On the basis of data given by the caller, the NEA hotline User staffenters the data in the system and the data is checked by the system.
After reading the data inputted by the consumer it is stored in NEA online server. All the DCS and Sub-DCS have to check whether reading of corresponding DCS or Sub-DCS is present or not, if readings are present in the server, they must have to download the reading and upload to the concerned billing system. After that the NEA consumer will be able to pay their bill amount either through NEA Counter or they can pay through online payment system like (eSewa, PAY point, CFS Remits, City Express, Prabhu Bank, Mahalaxmi Bikash Bank, Nepal Investment Bank, Himalayan Bank etc.).
Figure 2: Web Page of Self reading System
ADVANTAGES OF SELF METER READ-ING SYSTEM
1. Simple, Very easy to use the system
2. The consumer confidential data is made very secure.
3. Consumers themselves can read their electricity meter readings.
4. Real and effective reading data collection
5. Consumers can pay the electricity bill on time.
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STATISTICS
From the beginning of the system launch, consumers are very curious and interested about the system. This system is officially launched in May 2020 and till December 2020 more than 122875 unique visitors has visited the system, 73362 users are created, 52799 consumers are added and 50219 meter reading has been made by consumers.
Figure 3: User Created and Consumer added Statistics
Figure 4: Meter Reading Statistics
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Figure 5: Meter Reading Statistics of Kathmandu Valley
Figure 6: Top Twenty DCS that has high self meter readings
The author is Engineer at Computerized Billing and Network Division, NEA
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Multipoint Borehole Extensometer (MPBX)
Deepak ThagunnaE-mail: [email protected]
(A case study at Tanahu Hydropower Project)
An Extensometer is a geotechnical monitoring instrument which is designed to help civil engineers and geologists in the measurement of the deformation of the rock mass and adjancent or surrounding soil. It is used to measure changes in the length of an object. It is useful for stress-strain measurements and tensile tests. Its name comes from "extension-meter". It was invented by Charles Huston who described it in an article in the Journal of the Franklin Institute in 1879. Contact and non-contact are the types of it.
Fig: MPBX Model EDS-70V
There are different types of Extensometers namely:
v Model EDS-63U-Dv Model EDS-64U-Dv Model EDS-70Vv Model EDS-71Vv Model EDS-91v Model EDS-92v Model EMA-11
Model EDS-63-U-D Mechanical Borehole Extensometer system is ideally suited for upward, downward or inclined boreholes. It measures the extension (displacement) which takes place with time in a borehole or in several boring of holes in a rock mass.
Model EDS-64U-D Mechanical Borehole Extensometer system is suitable for 50 mm upward, downward or inclined boreholes. It is essential equipment for investigation and monitoring of foundations, slopes and embankments and for studying the behavior of rock around underground cavities, tunnels and mines.
Model EDS-70V Electrical Borehole Extensometer system is designed to predict potential roof or wall fall before it actually occurs. Roof or wall fall in an underground cavity is almost invariably preceded by measurable sag as the strata opens up and the movement usually occurs at an increasing rate as of fall conditions.
Model EDS-91 Magnetic Extensometer system is designed to measure settlement or heave of the soft ground under the influence of loading or unloading due to construction of embankments, fills, buildings or structures.
The Model EDS-92 Soil Extensometer is used for monitoring the displacement between two surfaces that may shift with respect to each other with time. The soil extensometer finds its major application in the measurement of lateral strains and settlement in or beneath the earth, rockfill embankments, and in dams.
Model EMA-11 Measuring Anchor/Rock Bolt
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Extensometer consists of a steel hollow anchor/rock bolt with a precise 4-point extensometer integrated into it. The measuring bars inside the hollow bolt have anchor points at each quarter of the total length so that the extension of the rock bolt and the corresponding forces can be determined.
There are altogether 23 nos. of MPBX to be installed at powerhouse in Tanahu hydropower project with 6 nos. at the crown section and remaining at the side walls and end wall section respectively. The location of the MPBX at the crown section are at Ch. 0-038.5, 0-016.1, 0-004, 0+013.3, 0+022, 0+032.4 m respectively.
Installation procedure of MPBX:
Fig: Assembly of MPBXFirst of all the hole is prepared for inserting the MPBX. A hole of depth 25.5m & 130mm diameter is required. After assembling the MPBX, it is inserted into the hole. There are 4 cables of varying depths depending upon the core loss analysis. In Tanahu Hydropower project, the length of cable A,B,C, D are 24m, 13m,5m & 2m respectively in the hole at Ch. 0-038.5m. The hole is properly sealed after inserting the instrument and then the grouting is done after 12 hours of proper sealing.
Fig: Grouting of MPBX
Grouting procedure includes the passing of grout through the grouting pipe having certain pressure and the grout coming out of ventilation pipe is checked. If the grout from ventilation pipe comes out to be same as inlet grouting pipe then the grouting is stopped. After certain time of settling an additional pressure is given for proper grouting of all the anchors. After the completion of grouting the installation is done and the reading is taken out. First of all the mechanical verneir reading is done.
For the purpose of reading the following colour code is used.
S.No Cable Colour Code
Deformation(mm)
Temperature(oC)
1. A White/Blue,White/Green
2. B White/Yellow3. C White/Black4. D White/Red,
White/Grey
The advantages and impeccable features of borehole extensometers are:
v Installation and handling of extensometer is easy
v The extensometers are high in precision and per-formance as well
v They are robust and ideal for rugged uses.
v Extensometers are easy for reading purposes.
References:v EDS-70V-BHE-manual_R02
v https://www.encardio.com/geotechnical-instru-ments/extensometers/
v https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensometer
v https://www.encardio.com/blog/extensome-ter-types-how-it-works-applications/
v https://www.sisgeo.com/uploads/schede/schede/D222_EN_09_MPBX_multipoint_borehole_extensometers_3.pdf
The author is Engineer at Tanahu Hydropower Project, NEA
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Future of DCS: Smart Distribution System
Beni Nepali E-mail: [email protected]
The world has gone on different phase change of innovation and technology since development of human civilization. At starting phase, People got amazed by the operation and result of technology because it was kind of magic to them and later on, there was a competition among different innovation resulting same outputs so it had arose the confusion on which one to use. For example, war between alternating current and direct current. It was the biggest rivalry around 1890 and both company tried to lower one another. Eventually people found out the advantages and disadvantages of both current and categorized them by application. After that, technology and innovation started to grow rapidly and discovered lots of gadgets, equipment that we are using now. It can be considered now that peopleтАЩs requirement has reached to saturation so they do not want new technology but for sure, they want existing technology be more reliable, more smart and more friendly and same goes with distribution system.
Distribution and Consumer Service directorate (DCS) is one of the directorate of Nepal Electricity Authority that deals with the distributing electricity to consumerтАЩs home. Few years back, load shedding was the biggest problem for consumers but after its mitigation, reliability is the biggest present threat to DCS. There exists lots of technical difficulties, geographical barrier,
frequent maintenance that need to be solved in order to increase reliability and to increase and to maintain the reliability, distribution system should be smart.
Smart Distribution System is self-operated, self-healing system that analyzes the data obtained from different sources and acts accordingly. For example if some faults
occur in area A, then it analyzes the fault data and disconnects the line as fast as possible and as near as possible to the fault location so the rest of the system operates without any interruption. Smart Distribution System can also be incorporated with artificial neural networking which uses the data of past years and form an empirical formula that can be used to find out the possibility of occurrence of fault in future so pre-protection of system can be done. Due to continuous flow of data to system, it keeps all system in check which increases the reliability.
In order to be smart distribution system and to be self-healing against power outage, fault occurrence, devices such as Remote Controlled Switch (RCS) and Smart meter has to be used. These devices introduce the automation in system and this automation is changing the traditional distribution system into smart distribution system. The availability of data and
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remote control capability in Smart Distribution System provides the distribution operators with an opportunity to optimize system operation and control. It is many yearsтАЩ work and lots of technology is associated with it but Nepal should start making plans for future sake
Below are the topics that are related to Smart Distribution System.
1. Smart Metering Technology
In order to obtain Smart Distribution System, Smart meter plays vital role in it. It is the two way communicated electronics meter that can automatically transmit the energy consumption, voltage and current value, active and reactive value to the system as well as operation information to the distribution operating center. Due to large amount of data are being transmitted, distribution operating center can keep the real time monitoring of distribution system. It also helps distribution system in collecting revenue. In one month time, energy consumption can directly be calculated without going each and every household which decreases the time consumption and with smart metering technology, the post of the meter reader is no longer required hence the money that goes to meter readerтАЩs salary can be saved but lots of staff is going to lose their job which is the disadvantage. NEA is also focusing in connecting smart meter instead of traditional energy meter. New three phase smart meter are already been started to connect in whole country and single phase smart meters are just starting to connect in Kathmandu valley area.
2. Remote Controlled Capability
Remote Controlled Capacity in Smart Distribution system is very much crucial part because with the use of remote controlled switch, system restoration can be done more efficiently and quicker. Remote Controlled Switches are the two way communications which can be enabled by distribution operator to operate these device remotely. In Nepal Distribution system use isolator, drop out fuse to isolate the faulty area which is not operated remotely and operator has to be there in
order to isolate it so it is a time consuming. Although it has great effect on rapid system restoration, it is very much expensive.
3. Load Forecast and Demand supply man-agement
The load curve is continuously changing throughout the day. There exist large load consumption difference and generation difference on winter and summer season. There is low generation during winter season so generated power would not suffice to load demand so Distribution System always has to calculate the demand of future so power could be made available at that time which requires the distribution system to be smart.
4. Artificial Neural Networking Artificial Neural Networking (ANN) is a
computing method which operates the way human brain analyzes and process information. It has self-learning capability which enable it to produce better result. It usually revolves around the available data so more the data, more accurate and better is the result. In order to be smart, Distribution System should analyze the data and predict the outcome so incorporating Artificial Neural Networking in Distribution System would be a smart move.
ANN has capability to generate an empirical formula which can produce the output with given data. For example, if the data of outage of substation is given to ANN, then it can predict empirical time at which outage is likely to occur. It may not be sure but it is best to preplan for that outage.
5. Interconnected Distribution System Normally in distribution system, line reaches up
to the consumer side through single feeder and if by some reason that feeder gets disturbed, whole consumer in that feeder are disturbed which can be amended using interconnected distribution system. All the feeders in one system are made in such a way that they can be connected with each other at time of requirement which decreases the power outage and increases the reliability of Distribution system.
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Conclusion
Reliability and Power Quality are the new target of Distribution system of Nepal. Consumer expects continuous supply with rated voltage electricity from Distribution and Consumer Service system. Traditional method of mitigating the problem will not suffice in the future because they consume large amount of time and they are unreliable, so approaching towards smart distribution system is DCSтАЩs ultimate future and in order to go smart, it should start from now. Smart Distribution system is two way communication system that obtains parameters from consumer side and processes accordingly and applies the required function.
The author is Supervisor at Tanahu District Center, NEA
References
1. Grainger, J.J, Power System Analysis, McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi,
2. Gupta, B.R., Power System Analysis and Design, S. Chand and Company Private Limited, New Delhi, 1998.
3. NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY, A Year in Review 2018/2019.
4. Yun, S.-Y.; Chu, C.-M.; Kwon, S.-C.; Song, I.-K.; Choi, J.-H. The Development and Empirical Evaluation of the Korean Smart Distribution Management System. Energies
5. h t t p s : / / w w w . i n v e s t o p e d i a .com/terms/a/artificial-neural-networks-ann.asp#:~:text=An%20artificial%20neural%20network%20(ANN)%20is%20the%20piece%20of%20a,by%20human%20or%20statistical%20standards.
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Protection system used in Power Transformer:
Case of UT3AAbhisek Chauhan
E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractPower transformers are used in High Voltage (HV) / Extra High Voltage (EHV) / Ultra High Voltage (UHV) systems as they transfer a huge amount of power from one voltage level to other and the volume of vulnerability and damage is also huge and destructive. Therefore, in order to avoid such destruction and loss, protective devices are used with different protection schemes to provide safe and secure power to the customers. These devices protect the equipment and human life and enhance system stability.
Introduction
The transformers in HV networks are always protected by one main protection device and at least one back-up protection device. Main Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) uses all the protection functions, and the back-up IED has at least an (overcurrent) OC low stage with Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) curves, an
OC high stage and an Earth Fault (EF) protection. In EHV we use two identical main protection devices in a redundant protection system. In the field of power systems, the role of a power transformer is well known. It is thus called backbone of the power transmission systems. High reliability of the transformer is therefore essential to avoid disturbances in transmission of power.
Transformer protection
When a fault occurs in a transformer, the damage is proportional to the dissipated fault energy which relates to the fault time. The transformer should therefore be disconnected from the network as soon as possible. Fast reliable protective relays are therefore used for detection of faults. Monitors can also detect faults and sense abnormal conditions which may develop into a fault. The size of the transformer and the voltage level has an influence on the extent and choice of protective equipment. Monitors prevent faults and protective relays limit the damage in case of a fault. The cost for the protective equipment is marginal compared to the total cost. To operate a power transmission system without a transformer is difficult to imagine. The impact of a transformer fault is often more serious than a transmission line outage. To prevent faults and to minimize the damage in case of a fault, transformers are equipped with both protective relays and monitors. The choice of protective equipment varies depending on transformer size, voltage level etc.
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Various Protection system configurations used in UT3A:
a. Main transformer differential protection
Differential protection is a unit type protection for a specified zone or piece of equipment. It is based on the fact that it is only in the case of faults internal to the zone that has high differential current (difference between input and output currents)
b. Main transformer composite voltage over current protection
These two kinds of protection are mostly used for backup protection of transformer, mainly to prevent overcurrent caused by external faults. It is made up of two parts of voltage relay and overcurrent relay. When two components are active at the same time, they can start tripping. Overcurrent relay is adjusted according to the possible maximum load current.
c. Main transformer ventilation protection
Temperature rise depends not only on the load and the overcurrents which may be detected by the protection devices, but also on environmental factors (inefficiency of the cooling system, faults on the forced ventilation and increase of the room temperature) which influence the dispersal of heat produced by the transformers. For this reason electronic measuring devices are normally provided. These are necessary to give the alarm or to trigger the transformer protection.
d. Main transformer over-excitation protec-tion
Over-excitation of transformer means that the magnetic flux in the core is increased above the normal design level. This will cause an increase in magnetizing current and the transformer can be damaged if this situation is not taken care of. The over excitation is not an internal transformer fault, although can lead to one.
e. Main transformer LV side earthling pro-tection:
It also protects the power system by reducing the stress of the voltage under a fault condition.. Under
fault conditions, the impedance of the earthling transformer is very low. In order to limit the fault current, a resistor is connected in series with the neutral earthing point.
f. Main transformer ZeroSequence current protection
Under normal circumstances, the sum of three-phase current is 0, the sum of three-phase voltage is zero. When a fault occurs, the sum of the three phases is not equal to zero. There will be zero sequence current or zero sequence voltage. When the zero-sequence occurs, it is very likely that there is a fault on the line. Therefore, in many cases, zero-sequence is used as one of the conditions for determining whether there is a fault. This introduces zero-sequence protection.
g. Zero-sequence component characteristics
The larger the distance from the fault point, the greater the zero-sequence voltage, the farther away from the fault point, the smaller the zero-sequence voltage. The voltage is closer to the point of failure, the smaller the value, and the negative sequence voltage is the opposite. For zero-sequence current, it is related to the number of grounding points distributed in the transformer, regardless of how much power is present in the system, the angle is leading the zero-sequence voltage, and the zero-sequence power direction is the line pointing bus.
Measurement of zero sequence current and zero sequence voltage
Zero-phase current transformer is generally used to measure, For the zero-sequence voltage more open triangular voltage form is preferred. Usually, 3I0 and 3U0 refer to the zero sequence current and zero sequence voltage.
h. Zero sequence current in microcomputer protection
Under normal circumstances, zero-sequence current protection is a common protection. Relative to the average current protection, the sensitivity is far improved, but also has fast speed, free from system shocks and loads, and zero-voltage
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transformer dead zone installation area. These are the advantages of zero-sequence current protection, but they also have drawbacks. For example, the zero-sequence current is related to the number of transformer grounding points. It is very difficult to achieve zero-sequence protection in large systems with frequent changes and changes in operating modes. And, during system reclosing process, it is easy to cause the current imbalance, resulting to malfunction.
i. Main transformer heavy gas protection
The transformer gas relay is a protective device installed on the top of oil-filled transformers. It performs two functions. It detects the slow accumulation of gases, providing an alarm after a given amount of gas has been collected. Also, it responds to a sudden pressure change that accompanies a high rate of gas production (from a major internal fault), promptly initiating disconnection of the transformer. An incipient fault or developing fault, usually causes slow formation of gas.
j. Main transformer pressure release pro-tection
Transformer pressure relief device valve for liquid-immersed transformers open in case of an internal fault and guarantee that the occurred overpressure is properly released. Pressure relief device valves for transformers close with decreasing pressure and come back to completely close and leaktight position. Pressure relief device valves for transformers can be installed in any position or inclination on the cover or the wall of a transformer. Upon request a transformer can be equipped with several pressure relief valves. The pressure relief valves are tested for operating pressure.
k. Main transformer cooler full stop protec-tion
The different logic and time delay cooler All-stop protection can beprovided as required by users. The logic circuit for the cooler All-stop protection as shown in Fig.isrecommended.
Fig. Logic diagram for the cooler All-stop protection
Where, K1 ----Transformer cooler all-stop contact.
LP----Switching-in plate for the cooler all-stop protection (will be switched on as the switches at allthe sides of the transformer are closed)
K 2 ----Transformer temperature delay contact
As the transformer is put into operation, (has been loaded), it is up to operate the switch on the plate LP. If
the cooler All-stop fault occurs, the signal тАХCooler all-stopтАХ will be sent out at once, theprotection will operate after a time delay t2 to signal and output.
l. Main transformer oil temperature trip-ping protection
The Buchholz protection is a mechanical fault detector for electrical faults in oil-immersed transformers. The Buchholz (gas) relay is placed
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in the piping between the transformer main tank and the oil conservator. The conservator pipe must be inclined slightly for reliable operation. The Buchholz protection is a fast and sensitive fault detector. It works independent of the numbers of transformers windings, tap changer position and instrument transformers. If the tap changer is of the on-tank (container) type, having its own oil enclosure with oil conservator, there is a separate dedicated Buchholz relay for the tap changer.
m. Main transformer winding temperature tripping protection
The WTI means winding temperature indicator and OTI means Oil Temperature Indicator which indicates the winding temperature and oil temperature of the transformer and operates the alarm, trip, and cooler control contacts. This instrument operates on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not a direct measurement.
n. Main transformer oil temperature alarm protection:
The oil temperature indicator (OTI) measures the top oil temperature. This is a specific measurement location at the top of the transformer. Its temperature is used for the transformer control and protection.
o. Main transformer winding temperature alarm protection:
This protection scheme includes temperature relay to protect transformers against excess temperature and subsequently controls cooler fans. The temperature in the windings are monitored with
three Pt100 sensors. The core temperature can be monitored with a fourth sensor
The 4 alarms/output relays are used to control the cooler fans, to signal an advance warning and to switch-off the transformer. Various programs facilitate the alarm and other applications. Depending on the program, usually an extra relay is available for the fault message or for triggering switching exceeding the maximum core temperature.
p. Main transformer light gas protection:
The transformer gas relay is a protective device installed on the top of oil-filled transformers. It performs two functions. It detects the slow accumulation of gases, providing an alarm after a given amount of gas has been collected on top of oil tank.
It responds to a sudden pressure change that accompanies a high rate of gas production (from a major internal fault), promptly initiating disconnection of the transformer. An incipient fault or developing fault, usually causes slow formation of gas.
q. Bus differential inter-tripping protection
The term тАЬinter trippingтАЩ may be defined as a method in which operation of a protection equipment at one end of a circuit causes a signal to be transmitted to trip a circuit breaker at the remote end of the circuit. Inter tripping is an unconditional-tripping system and must not be confused with тАШProtection signalingтАЩ the latter being a conditional tripping system concerned with тАШdistance protectionтАЩ blocking or acceleration scheme. As a result of being an unconditional trip, inter tripping equipment is usually designed with greater security safeguards than protection signaling, to minimize the risk of incorrect tripping.
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Equipment model: model DGT801E generator-transformer block protection equipment
Manufacturer: Guodian Nanjing Automation Co., Ltd.
Rated electrical parametersDC power supply: 220V; permitted deviation: -20%тАХ+10%
AC current: 1A; frequency: 50Hz
AC voltage: 220V; permitted deviation: -15%тАХ+10%; frequency: 50Hz
Printer aux. AC power supply: 220V; permitted deviation: -15%тАХ+10%; frequency: 50Hz; permitted deviation: ┬▒0.5Hz
Power consumptionAC current circuit: <0.5VA/phase
AC voltage circuit: <0.25VA/phase (at U=Un)
DC power supply circuit: <50W (normal); <80W (upon operation of protection)
Overload capacityAC current circuit: 2InтАФтАФlong-term operation allowed
30InтАФтАФoperation for 10S allowed
50InтАФтАФoperation for 1S allowed
AC voltage circuit: 1.5UnтАФтАФcontinuous operation allowed
DC power supply circuit: (80%тАХ115%) UnтАФтАФcontinuous operation allowed
Insulation performanceInsulation resistance: not less than 0.5M╬й under standard testing conditions between each circuit and housing and between circuits without electrical connection
Conclusion
This article explains the basic information and provides an overview on different types and schemes of transformer protection. The protection schemes so far designed can successfully protect the transformer and mitigate the risk of enormous destruction that can be caused by transformer explosion; protecting major and expensive power system equipment and human life. The engineers and researchers are still working on utilizing the new technologies for protecting transformers more successfully and more cost effectively.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Mechanical Engineer Mr. Indra Kumar Bishwokarma for inspiring and encouraging me during preparation of this article. I would also like to thank Engineer Mr. Prabin Shrestha for his continuous support and Engineer Ukesh Shrestha for helping me to understand the CGGC Manuals.
References
Power Systems by JV Gupta
Electrical Technology by VK Mehta and Rohit Mehta
CGGC Operation Manual of UT 3A.& various Google sites.
The author is Foreman at Upper Trishuli 3A Hyropower Station, NEA
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NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITYPOWER TRADE DEPARTMENT
IPPs' Hydro Power Projects (Operation) as of Poush 29, 2077
S.N. Developer Projects LocationInstalled Capacity
(kW) PPA Date
Commercial Operation
Date
1 Himal Power Ltd. Khimti Khola Dolakha 60000 2052.10.01 2057.03.272 Bhotekoshi Power
Company Ltd.Upper Bhotekoshi Khola
Sindhupalchowk 45000 2053.04.06 2057.10.11
3 Syange Electricity Company Limited
Syange Khola Lamjung 183 2058.10.03 2058.10.10
4 National Hydro Power Company Ltd.
Indrawati - III Sindhupalchowk 7500 2054.09.15 2059.06.21
5 Chilime Hydro Power Company Ltd.
Chilime Rasuwa 22100 2054.03.11 2060.05.08
6 Butwal Power Company Ltd.
Jhimruk Khola Pyuthan 12000 2058.03.29 1994
7 Butwal Power Company Ltd.
Andhi Khola Syangza 9400 2058.03.29 2071.12.22
8 Arun Valley Hydropower Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Piluwa Khola Small
Sankhuwasabha 3000 2056.10.09 2060.06.01
9 Rairang Hydro Power Development Co. (P) Ltd.
Rairang Khola Dhading 500 2059.08.27 2061.08.01
10 Sanima Hydropower (Pvt.) Ltd.
Sunkoshi Small Sindhupalchowk 2500 2058.07.28 2061.12.11
11 Alliance Power Nepal Pvt.Ltd.
Chaku Khola Sindhupalchowk 3000 2056.11.03 2062.03.01
12 Khudi Hydropower Ltd. Khudi Khola Lamjung 4000 2058.03.04 2063.09.1513 Unique Hydel Co. Pvt.Ltd. Baramchi
KholaSindhupalchowk 4200 2058.12.14 2063.09.27
117
14 Thoppal Khola Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Thoppal Khola Dhading 1650 2059.11.23 2064.07.13
15 Gautam Buddha Hydropower (Pvt.) Ltd.
Sisne Khola Small Palpa 750 2061.04.29 2064.06.01
16 Kathmandu Small Hydropower Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Sali Nadi Kathmandu 250 2062.04.24 2064.08.01
17 Khoranga Khola Hydropower Dev. Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Pheme Khola Panchthar 995 2057.12.31 2064.08.05
18 Unified Hydropower (P.) Ltd.
Pati Khola Small Parbat 996 2062.10.28 2065.10.27
19 Task Hydropower Company (P.) Ltd.
Seti-II Kaski 979 2063.06.08 2065.11.14
20 Ridi Hydropower Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Ridi Khola Gulmi 2400 2063.05.08 2066.07.10
21 Centre for Power Dev. And Services (P.) Ltd.
Upper Hadi Khola
Sindhupalchowk 991 2064.04.07 2066.07.22
22 Gandaki Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Mardi Khola Kaski 4800 2060.07.07 2066.10.08
23 Himal Dolkha Hydropower Company Ltd.
Mai Khola Ilam 4500 2063.11.19 2067.10.14
24 Baneswor Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Piluwa Small
Sankhuwasabha 990 2064.07.21 2068.04.01
25 Barun Hydropower Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Hewa Khola Sankhuwasabha 4455 2061.04.02 2068.04.17
26 Bhagawati Hydropower Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Bijayapur-1 Kaski 4410 2066.03.30 2069.05.04
27 Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani bewasthapan Board
Solar Lalitpur 680.4 2069.06.12 2069.07.15
28 Nyadi Group (P.) Ltd. Siuri Khola Lamjung 4950 2064.04.17 2069.07.3029 United Modi Hydropwer
Pvt. Ltd.Lower Modi 1 Parbat 10000 2065.10.20 2069.08.10
30 Synergy Power Development (P.) Ltd.
Sipring Khola Dolakha 9658 2065.10.20 2069.10.03
31 Laughing Buddha Power Nepal (P.) Ltd.
Middle Chaku Sindhupalchowk 1800 2066.11.03 2069.11.15
32 Aadishakti Power Dev. Company (P.) Ltd.
Tadi Khola (Thaprek)
Nuwakot 5000 2061.12.15 2069.12.14
33 Ankhu Khola Jal Bidhyut Co. (P.) Ltd.
Ankhu Khola - 1
Dhading 8400 2066.02.22 2070.05.05
34 Nepal Hydro Developer Pvt. Ltd.
Charanawati Khola
Dolakha 3520 2067.01.13 2070.02.24
118
35 Laughing Buddha Power Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Chaku Khola
Sindhupalchowk 1800 2063.07.02 2070.04.24
36 Bhairabkunda Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Bhairab Kunda Sindhupalchowk 3000 2065.08.02 2071.02.22
37 Radhi Bidyut Company Ltd.
Radhi Khola Lamjung 4400 2066.10.18 2071.02.31
38 Pashupati Environmental Eng. Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Chhote Khola Gorkha 993 2067.11.09 2071.03.09
39 Mailung Khola Hydro Power Company (P.) Ltd.
Mailung Khola Rasuwa 5000 2058.04.09 2071.03.19
40 Joshi Hydropower Development Company Limited
Upper Puwa -1 Illam 3000 2066.01.23 2071.10.01
41 Sanima Mai Hydropower Limited
Mai Khola Ilam 22000 2067.01.08 2071.10.14
42 Bojini Company Private Limited
Jiri Khola Small
Dolakha 2200 2065.10.23 2071.11.01
43 Ruru Hydropower Project (P) Ltd.
Upper Hugdi Khola
Gulmi 5000 2066.04.04 2071.12.09
44 Prime Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Belkhu Dhading 518 2064.04.04 2071.12.30
45 Api Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Naugadh gad Khola
Darchula 8500 2067.01.19 2072.05.02
46 Kutheli Bukhari Small Hydropower (P).Ltd
Suspa Bukhari Dolakha 998 2069.04.32 2072.06.03
47 Sanima Mai Hydropower Ltd.
Mai Cascade Ilam 7000 2069.10.12 2072.10.29
48 Chhyangdi Hydropower Limited
Chhandi Lamjung 2000 2068.12.23 2072.12.13
49 Panchakanya Mai Hydropower Ltd. (Previously Mai Valley and prior to that East Nepal)
Upper Mai Khola
Ilam 9980 2061.12.19 2073.03.09
50 Sayapatri Hydropower Private Limited
Daram Khola A
Baglung 2500 2068.12.19 2073.03.12
51 Electro-com and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd.
Jhyadi Khola Sindhupalchowk 2000 2067.01.30 2073.05.31
52 Khani Khola Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Tungun-Thosne
Lalitpur 4360 2069.04.05 2073.07.09
53 Daraudi Kalika Hydro Pvt. Ltd.
Daraudi Khola A
Gorkha 6000 2068.05.19 2073.08.13
54 Khani Khola Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Khani Khola Lalitpur 2000 2069.04.05 2073.08.20
55 Sapsu Kalika Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Miya Khola Khotang 996 2069.08.10 2073.09.03
119
56 Sinohydro-Sagarmatha Power Company (P) Ltd.
Upper Marsyangdi "A"
Lamjung 50000 2067.09.14 2073.09.17
57 Madi Power Pvt. Ltd. Upper Madi Kaski 25000 2066.05.21 2073.09.2558 Panchthar Power Company
Pvt. Ltd.Hewa Khola A Panchthar 14900 2068.05.30 2073.10.22
59 Sanvi Energy pvt. Ltd. Jogmai Ilam 7600 2069.08.07 2074.01.1860 Bhugol Energy Dev
Compay (P). LtdDwari Khola Dailekh 3750 2069.12.30 2074.01.23
61 Mai Valley Hydropower Private Limited
Upper Mai C Ilam 5100 2068.12.23 2074.04.09
62 Dronanchal Hydropower Co.Pvt.Ltd
Dhunge-Jiri Dolakha 600 2068.09.25 2074.06.01
63 Dibyaswari Hydropower Limited
Sabha Khola Sankhuwasabha 4000 2068.11.17 2074.06.02
64 Puwa Khola-1 Hydropower P. Ltd.
Puwa Khola -1 Ilam 4000 2070.10.09 2074.06.23
65 Shibani Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Phawa Khola Taplejung 4950 2063.12.01 2074.07.14
66 Mount Kailash Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Thapa Khola Myagdi 13600 2067.10.11 2074.08.22
67 Mandakini Hydropower Limited
Sardi Khola Kaski 4000 2068.11.11 2074.08.23
68 Garjang Upatyaka Hydropower (P.) Ltd.
Chake Khola Ramechhap 2830 2065.11.06 2074.08.28
69 Union Hydropower Pvt Ltd.
Midim Karapu Lamjung 3000 2069.10.28 2074.10.15
70 Syauri Bhumey Microhydro Project
Syauri Bhumey Nuwakot 23 2072.11.16 2074.10.18
71 Molung Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Molung Khola Okhaldhunga 7000 2069.11.21 2074.12.12
72 Sikles Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Madkyu Khola Kaski 13000 2066.08.03 2072.12.10
2074.12.19
73 Himal Dolkha Hydropower Company Ltd.
Mai sana Cascade
Ilam 8000 2069.11.14 2074.12.26
74 Barahi Hydropower Pvt.ltd Theule Khola Baglung 1500 2066.12.16 2075.03.2475 Leguwa Khola Laghu
Jalbidhyut Sahakari Sastha Ltd.
Leguwa Khola Dhankuta 40 2072.11.21 2075.03.28
76 Super Mai Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Super Mai Illam 7800 2073.12.06 2075.07.11
77 Chimal Gramin Bidhyut Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.
Sobuwa Khola-2 MHP
Taplejung 90 2074.11.15 2075.07.14
120
78 Surya Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Bishnu Priya Solar Farm Project
Nawalparasi 960 2074.04.08 2075.08.13
79 Deurali Bahuudesiya Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.
Midim Khola Lamjung 100 2070.02.20 2075.09.04
80 Bindhyabasini Hydropower Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Rudi Khola A Lamjung and Kaski
8800 2069.10.28 2073.02.13
2075.12.04
81 Mandu Hydropower Ltd. Bagmati Khola Small
Makawanpur/Lalitpur
22000 2069.10.07 2075.12.19
82 Salmanidevi Hydropower (P). Ltd
Kapadi Gad Doti 3330 2069.12.11 2076.02.25
83 Eastern Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Pikhuwa Khola Bhojpur 5000 2066.07.24 2076.02.27
84 Mountain Hydro Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Tallo Hewa Khola
Panchthar 22100 2071.04.09 2075.10.16
2076.04.21
85 Pashupati Environmental Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Chhote Khola
Gorkha 997 2072.08.04 2076.05.20
86 United Idi Mardi and R.B. Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Mardi Kaski 7000 2073.02.25 2076.06.20
87 Rairang Hydropower Development Company Ltd.
Iwa Khola Taplejung 9900 2070.01.29 2076.06.20
88 Api Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Naugad Gad
Darchula 8000 2073.07.12 2076.07.13
89 Arun Kabeli Power Ltd. Kabeli B-1 Taplejung, Panchthar
25000 2069.03.29 2076.07.23
90 Rangoon Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Jeuligad Bajhang 996 2071.10.20 2076.08.27
91 Dolti Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Padam Khola Dailekh 4800 2074.08.01 2076.09.08
92 Bindhyabasini Hydropower Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Rudi Khola B Lamjung and Kaski
6600 2071.4.20 2076.11.05
93 Ghalemdi Hydro Limited (Previously, Cemat Power Dev Company (P). Ltd.)
Ghalemdi Khola
Myagdi 5000 2069.12.30 2076.11.05
94 Terhathum Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Khorunga
Terhathum 7500 2073.07.29 2076.11.17
95 Upper Solu Hydroelectric Company Pvt. Ltd
Solu Khola Solukhumbu 23500 2070.07.24 2076.12.10 (Transactional
Operation Date-TOD)
121
IPPs' Hydropower Projects (Under Construction) as of Poush 29, 2077(Financial Closure concluded projects)
S.N. Developer Projects LocationInstalled Capacity
(kW) PPA Date
RequiredCommercial Operation
Date
1 Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Ltd.
Upper Tamakoshi
Dolkha 456000 2067.09.14 2072.9.10 - 4 Units,
2073.3.30 - 2 Units
2 Nama Buddha Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Tinau Khola Small
Palpa 1665 2065.03.31 2066.11.1 (990kw)
2077.09.15 (675kw)
3 Jumdi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Jumdi Khola Gulmi 1750 2066.10.21 2069.10.11
4 Hira Ratna Hydropower P.ltd
Tadi Khola Nuwakot 5000 2067.01.09 2075.10.01
5 Energy Engineering Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Mailung A
Rasuwa 6420 2067.03.25 2075.10.01
6 Shiva Shree Hydropower (P.) Ltd.
Upper Chaku A
Sindhupalchowk 22200 2067.05.22 2073.01.25
7 Greenlife Energy Pvt. Ltd. Khani khola-1 Dolakha 40000 2067.06.24 2074.02.21 (upgraded
25MW)
2074.12.17 (25MW)
2076.09.03 (15MW)
8 Himalaya Urja Bikas Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Khimti Ramechhap 12000 2067.10.09 2075.3.32
9 Green Ventures Pvt. Ltd. Likhu-IV Ramechhap 52400 2067.10.19 2077.06.3010 Robust Energy Ltd. Mistri Khola Myagdi 42000 2067.10.20 2076.05.1411 Manang Trade Link Pvt.
Ltd.Lower Modi Parbat 20000 2068.05.20 2074.3.31
12 Mathillo Mailung Khola Jalbidhyut Ltd. (Prv. Molnia Power Ltd.)
Upper Mailun Rasuwa 14300 2068.05.23 2075.10.01
13 Sanjen Hydropower Co.Limited
Upper Sanjen Rasuwa 14800 2068.06.23 2076.09.15
14 Middle Bhotekoshi Jalbidhyut Company Ltd.
Middle Bhotekoshi
Sindhupalchowk 102000 2068.07.28 2074.03.01 2076.12.28
15 Chilime Hydro Power Company Ltd.
Rasuwagadhi Rasuwa 111000 2068.07.28 2076.09.15
16 Water and Energy Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Badi Gad Baglung 6600 2068.08.13 2072.2.14
122
17 Sanjen Hydropower Company Limited
Sanjen Rasuwa 42500 2068.08.19 2076.09.15
18 Gelun Hydropower Co.Pvt.Ltd
Gelun Sindhupalchowk 3200 2068.09.25 2074.06.14
19 Dariyal Small Hydropower Pvt.Ltd
Upper Belkhu Dhading 750 2068.11.28 2071.7.16
20 Suryakunda Hydroelectric Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Tadi Nuwakot 11000 2068.12.03 2075.10.01
21 Himalayan Power Partner Pvt. Ltd.
Dordi Khola Lamjung 27000 2069.03.01 2076.05.14
22 Sasha Engingeering Hydropower (P). Ltd
Khani Khola (Dolakha)
Dolakha 30000 2069.03.25 2074.12.17
23 Rising Hydropower Compnay Ltd.
Selang Khola Sindhupalchowk 990 2069.03.31 2071.6.15
24 Liberty Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Dordi A Lamjung 25000 2069.06.02 2076.05.14
25 Hydro Innovation Pvt. Ltd. Tinekhu Khola Dolakha 990 2069.06.08 2074.12.3026 Salankhu Khola
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.Salankhu Khola
Nuwakot 2500 2069.06.14 2071.11.30
27 Moonlight Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Balephi A Sindhupalchowk 22140 2069.07.14 2076.12.28
28 Middle Modi Hydropower Ltd.
Middle Modi Parbat 15100 2069.08.21 2077.03.31
29 Reliable Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Khorunga Khola
Terhathum 4800 2069.08.26 2077.08.16
30 Rara Hydropower Development Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Parajuli Khola
Dailekh 2150 2069.08.28 2071.12.17
31 Lohore Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Lohore Khola Dailekh 4200 2069.09.08 2073.06.20
32 Beni Hydropower Project Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Solu Solukhumbu 18000 2069.09.16 2073.07.25
(PPA Revived)
2074.10.01
33 Dudhkoshi Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Rawa Khola Khotang 6500 2069.09.26 2073.05.31
34 Universal Power Company Ltd.
Lower Khare Dolakha 11000 2069.10.22 2074.9.16 (8.26MW) 2076.04.03 (2.74MW)
35 Madhya Midim Jalbidhyut Company P. Ltd.
Middle Midim Lamjung 3100 2069.10.23 2072.5.1
36 Volcano Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Teliya Khola Dhankuta 996 2069.10.25 2071.7.24
37 Betrawoti Hydropower Company (P).Ltd
Phalankhu Khola
Rasuwa 13700 2069.12.06 2075.10.01
123
38 Himalaya Urja Bikas Co. Ltd.
Upper Khimti II
Ramechhap 7000 2069.12.09 2075.12.01
39 Dovan Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Junbesi Khola Solukhumbu 5200 2069.12.29 2076.08.30
40 Tallo Midim Jalbidhut Company Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Midim Lamjung 996 2070.01.19 2071.8.1
41 Tangchhar Hydro Pvt. Ltd Tangchhahara Mustang 2200 2070.02.20 2073.7.142 Abiral Hydropower Co.
Pvt. Ltd.Upper Khadam Morang 990 2070.02.21 2071.08.01
43 Essel-Clean Solu Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Solu Solukhumbu 82000 2070.07.15 2076.8.30
44 Consortium Power Developers Pvt. Ltd.
Khare Khola Dolakha 24100 2070.07.15 2075.08.15
45 Singati Hydro Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Singati Khola Dolakha 25000 2070.07.27 2075.05.31 (16MW)
2077.04.01 (9MW)
46 Maya Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Maya Khola Sankhuwasabha 14900 2070.08.30 2076.9.1
47 Idi Hydropower Co. P. Ltd. Idi Khola Kaski 975 2070.09.01 2074.09.1648 Buddha Bhumi Nepal
Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.Lower Tadi Nuwakot 4993 2070.12.10 2075.10.01
49 Dordi Khola Jal Bidyut Company Ltd.
Dordi-1 Khola Lamjung 12000 2071.07.19 (10.3 MW)
2073.04.19 2075.11.21 (1.7 MW)
2076.08.16 (10.3 MW) 2077.04.02 (1.7 MW)
50 River Falls Hydropower Development Pvt. Ltd.
Down Piluwa Sankhuwasabha 9500 2071.10.18 2076.09.01
51 Peoples' Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Super Dordi 'Kha'
Lamjung 54000 2071.11.13 2075.11.15
2077.03.29
52 Hydro Venture Private Limited
Solu Khola (Dudhkoshi)
Solukhumbu 86000 2071.11.13 2077.06.10
53 Global Hydropower Associate Pvt. Ltd.
Likhu-2 Solukhumbu/Ramechap
33400 2071.11.19 2077.04.01
54 Paan Himalaya Energy Private Limited
Likhu-1 Solukhumbu/Ramechap
51400 2071.11.19 2077.04.01
55 Numbur Himalaya Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Likhu Khola A Solukhumbu/Ramechap
24200 2071.11.22 2077.04.01
56 Dipsabha Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Sabha Khola A Sankhuwasabha 9990 2071.12.02 2076.07.15
57 Research and Development Group Pvt. Ltd.
Rupse Khola Myagdi 4000 2071.12.17 2076.08.02
58 Hydro Empire Pvt. Ltd. Upper Myagdi Myagdi 20000 2071.12.17 2077.05.30
124
59 Chandeshwori Mahadev Khola MH. Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Chulepu Khola Ramechhap 8520 2071.12.23 2075.04.15
60 Nyadi Hydropower Limited
Nyadi Lamjung 30000 2072.02.12 2077.01.06
61 Suri Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Suri Khola Dolakha 6400 2072.02.20 2074.12.30
62 Bungal Hydro Pvt. Ltd. (Previously Sanigad Hydro Pvt. Ltd.)
Upper Sanigad Bajhang 10700 2072.03.15 2076.05.29
63 Kalanga Hydro Pvt. Ltd. Kalangagad Bajhang 15330 2072.03.15 2076.05.2964 Sanigad Hydro Pvt. Ltd. Upper
KalangagadBajhang 38460 2072.03.15 2077.04.15
65 Dhaulagiri Kalika Hydro Pvt. Ltd.
Darbang-Myagdi
Myagdi 25000 2072.04.28 2075.12.25
66 Menchhiyam Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Piluwa Khola 2
Sankhuwasabha 4720 2072.05.11 2076.04.01
67 Kabeli Energy Limited Kabeli-A Panchthar and Taplejung
37600 2072.06.07 2076.11.03
68 Upper Syange Hydropower P. Ltd.
Upper Syange Khola
Lamjung 2400 2072.06.14 2075.10.01
69 Peoples Energy Ltd. (Previously Peoples Hydro Co-operative Ltd.)
Khimti-2 Dolakha and Ramechhap
48800 2072.06.14 2078.04.01
70 Chauri Hydropower (P.) Ltd.
Chauri Khola Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Sindhupalchowk, Dolakha
6000 2072.06.14 (5 MW)
2076.01.06 (1 MW)
2075.12.30 (5 MW)
2078.08.03 (1 MW)
71 Huaning Development Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Balephi A
Sindhupalchowk 36000 2072.08.29 2075.10.06
72 Upper Hewa Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Hewa Khola Small
Sankhuwasabha 8500 2072.09.23 2076.03.17
73 Multi Energy Development Pvt. Ltd.
Langtang Khola
Rasuwa 20000 2072.09.29 2076.12.30 (for
10MW) 2078.04.03
(for upgraded 10MW)
74 Ankhu Hydropower (P.) Ltd.
Ankhu Khola Dhading 34000 2073.01.30 2076.12.30
75 Myagdi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Ghar Khola Myagdi 14000 2073.02.11 2076.08.30 (8.3 MW) 2078.10.17 (5.7 MW)
76 Richet Jalbidhyut Company Pvt. Ltd.
Richet Khola Gorkha 4980 2073.02.23 2075.07.30
125
77 Rapti Hydro and General Construction Pvt. Ltd.
Rukumgad Rukum 5000 2073.03.07 2076.09.01
78 Siddhi Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Siddhi Khola Illam 10000 2074.05.29 2077.03.31
79 Nilgiri Khola Hydropower Co. Ltd.
Nilgiri Khola Myagdi 38000 2073.11.30 2080.08.30
80 Siuri Nyadi Power Pvt. Ltd. Super Nyadi Lamjung 40270 2074.02.19 2079.04.0181 Swet-Ganga Hydropower
and Construction Ltd.Lower Likhu Ramechhap 28100 2073.09.14 2078.08.15
82 Nilgiri Khola Hydropower Co. Ltd.
Nilgiri Khola-2 Myagdi 62000 2074.03.05 2081.08.30
83 Sano Milti Khola Hydropower Ltd.
Sano Milti Ramechhap and Dolakha
3000 2073.01.13 2075.08.01
84 Diamond Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Daraudi-1
Gorkha 10000 2072.08.14 2075.09.17
85 Chhyangdi Hydropower Limited
Upper Chhyangdi Khola
Lamjung 4000 2074.03.22 2078.4.05
86 Taksar-Pikhuwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Taksar Pikhuwa
Bhojpur 8000 2073.09.01 2076.10.23
87 Rasuwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd
Phalanku Khola
Rasuwa 5000 2071.08.24 2076.8.01
88 Civil Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Bijayapur 2 Khola Small
Kaski 4500 2072.09.12 2075.03.32
89 Makari Gad Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Makarigad Darchula 10000 2072.08.29 2076.02.32
90 Super Madi Hydropower Ltd. (Previously Himal Hydro and General Construction Ltd.)
Super Madi Kaski 44000 2073.10.27 2078.02.28
91 Mount Nilgiri Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Rurubanchu-1 Kalikot 13500 2074.05.08 2077.11.03
92 Trishuli Jal Vidhyut Company Ltd.
Upper Trishuli 3B
Rasuwa 37000 2074.05.06 2078.11.17
93 Sindhujwala Hydropower Ltd.
Upper Nyasem Sindhupalchowk 41400 2073.07.24 2077.03.30
94 Samling Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Mai Beni Illam 9510 2073.07.26 2078.08.02
95 Energy Venture Pvt. Ltd. Upper Lapche Dolakha 52000 2073.04.20 2078.12.3096 Orbit Energy Pvt. Ltd.
(Previously Pokhari Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.)
Sabha Khola B Sankhuwasabha 15100 2074.03.26 2078.2.31
97 Eco Power Development Company Pvt. Ltd
Mithila Solar PV Electric Project
Dhanusha 10000 2075.09.16 2076.01.17
126
98 Daram Khola Hydro Energy Ltd.
Daram Khola Baglung and Gulmi
9600 2073.10.09 2076.09.08
99 Sagarmatha Energy and Construction Pvt. Ltd.
Dhalkebar Solar Project
Dhanusha 3000 2075.06.24 2076.12.23
100 Gorkha Congenial Energy and Investment Pvt. Ltd.
Lamahi Solar Project
Dang 3000 2075.06.24 2076.12.23
101 Global Energy and Construction Pvt. Ltd.
Duhabi Solar Project
Sunsari 8000 2075.06.25 2076.12.24
102 Him River Power Pvt. Ltd. Liping Khola Sindhupalchowk 16260 2073.02.28 2077.01.22103 Madhya Tara Khola
Hydropower P. Ltd. (Prv. Pahadi Hydro Power Company (P.) Ltd.)
Madhya Tara Khola Small
Baglung 1700 2073.10.26 2075.08.29
104 Nepal Water and Energy Development Company Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Trishuli - 1
Rasuwa 216000 2074.10.14 2080.12.18
105 Mewa Developers Pvt. Ltd. Middle Mewa Taplejung 49000 2075.05.04 2080.06.06106 Solar Farm Pvt. Ltd. Belchautara
Solar ProjectTanahun 5000 2075.04.23 2076.04.03
107 Him Star Urja Co. Pvt. Ltd. Buku Kapati Okhaldhunga and Solukhumbu
5000 2074.10.11 2077.04.15
108 Aashutosh Energy Pvt. Ltd. Chepe Khola Small
Lamjung 8630 2075.02.15 2078.11.09
109 Everest Sugar and Chemical Industries Ltd.
Everest Sugar and Chemical Industries Ltd.
Mahottari 3000 2075.06.17 2076.12.30
110 Indushankar Chini Udhyog Ltd.
Indushankar Chini Udhyog Ltd.
Sarlahi 3000 2075.06.10 2076.12.09
111 Sanvi Energy Pvt. Ltd. Jogmai Cascade
Illam 6000 2075.05.07 2078.04.07
112 Jhyamolongma Hydropower Development Company Pvt. Ltd.
Karuwa Seti Kaski 32000 2074.04.20 2079.01.12
113 Nasa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Lapche Khola Dolakha 99400 2074.07.29 2079.04.14114 Asian Hydropower Pvt.
Ltd.Lower Jogmai Illam 6200 2074.12.07 2078.04.01
115 Sanima Middle Tamor Hydropower Ltd. (Prv. Tamor Sanima Energy Pvt. Ltd.)
Middle Tamor Taplejung 73000 2073.09.26 2078.05.28
116 Vision Energy and Power Pvt. Ltd.
Nupche Likhu Ramechhap 57500 2074.11.28 2080.05.02
117 People's Power Limited Puwa - 2 Illam 4960 2074.05.05 2078.06.11
127
118 Tundi Power Pvt.Ltd Rahughat Mangale
Myagdi 35500 2075.03.29 2079.08.29
119 Him Consult Pvt. Ltd. Rele Khola Myagdi 6000 2074.01.28 2077.02.19120 Parbat Paiyun Khola
Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Seti Khola Parbat 3500 2074.02.22 2076.12.30
121 Chirkhwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Chirkhwa
Bhojpur 4700 2073.03.01 2077.04.01
122 Yambling Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Yambling Khola
Sindhupalchowk 7270 2072.09.29 2077.03.17
123 Gaurishankar Power Development Pvt. Ltd.
Middle Hyongu Khola B
Solukhumbu 22900 2074.12.08 2079.04.01
124 Upper Lohore Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Lohore Dailekh 4000 2074.12.08 2077.04.11
125 Unitech Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Phawa Taplejung 5800 2074.11.11 2078.04.16
126 Omega Energy Developer Pvt. Ltd.
Sunigad Bajhang 11050 2074.11.30 2080.02.07
127 Arun Valley Hydropower Development Company Ltd.
Kabeli B-1 Cascade
Panchthar 9940 2075.08.09 2078.06.01
128 Gorakshya Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Super Ankhu Khola
Dhading 23500 2074.03.15 2080.09.15
129 Api Power Company Ltd. Upper Chameliya
Darchula 40000 2075.11.15 2079.11.13
130 Vision Lumbini Ltd. Seti Nadi Kaski 25000 2075.08.06 2079.04.05131 Kasuwa Khola Hydropower
Ltd.Kasuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 45000 2075.08.13 2082.04.06
132 Lower Irkhuwa Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Irkhuwa Bhojpur 13040 2075.02.16 2079.04.03
Total 3,295,835
IPPs' Hydropower Projects in Different Stages of Development as of Poush 29, 2077 (Without Financial Closure)
S.N. Developer Projects LocationInstalled Capacity
(kW) PPA Date
RequiredCommercial Operation
Date
1 Balephi Jalbidhyut Co. Ltd. Balephi Sindhupalchowk 23520 2067.09.08 2071.09.16 2077.06.30
2 Ingwa Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd
Upper Ingwa khola
Taplejung 9700 2068.03.10 2073.04.01
3 United Modi Hydropwer Ltd.
Lower Modi 2 Parbat 10500 2072.11.14 2076.03.17
128
4 Salasungi Power Limited Sanjen Khola Rasuwa 78000 2072.12.02 2077.03.085 Sisa Hydro Electric
Company Pvt. Ltd.Sisa Khola A Solukhumbu 2800 2073.10.28 2077.12.12
6 Chirkhwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Chirkhwa
Bhojpur 4060 2074.01.20 2078.04.01
7 Himali Rural Electric Co-operative Ltd.
Leguwa Khola Small
Dhankuta 640 2074.02.08 2075.12.28
8 Sabha Pokhari Hydro Power (P.) Ltd.
Lankhuwa Khola
Sankhuwasabha 5000 2074.02.21 2077.09.14
9 United Mewa Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Mewa Khola Taplejung 50000 2074.02.21 2078.04.01
10 Sewa Hydro Ltd. Lower Selang Sindhupalchowk 1500 2074.02.22 2075.12.3011 Nyam Nyam Hydropower
Company Pvt. Ltd.Nyam Nyam Khola
Rasuwa 6000 2074.03.27 2077.12.31
12 Saptang Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd.
Saptang Khola Nuwakot 2500 2074.04.08 2076.04.12
13 Bhujung Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Midim Lamjung 7500 2074.05.29 2078.04.01
14 Himalayan Water Resources and Energy Development Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Chauri Kavrepalanchowk 6000 2074.07.27 2078.04.04
15 IDS Energy Pvt. Ltd. Lower Khorunga
Terhathum 5400 2074.08.24 2078.04.01
16 Langtang Bhotekoshi Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Rasuwa Bhotekoshi
Rasuwa 120000 2074.09.07 2078.09.07
17 Upper Richet Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Richet Gorkha 2000 2074.09.20 2077.04.01
18 Khechereswor Jal Vidhyut Pvt. Ltd.
Jadari Gad Small
Bajhang 1000 2074.10.12 2077.07.30
19 Khechereswor Jal Vidhyut Pvt. Ltd.
Salubyani Gad Small
Bajhang 233 2074.10.12 2077.09.29
20 Gaughar Ujjyalo Sana Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Ghatte Khola Small
Sindhupalchowk 970 2074.11.11 2077.03.01
21 Seti Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Seti Khola Kaski 22000 2074.11.11 2079.04.15
22 Super Hewa Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Super Hewa Sankhuwasabha 5000 2074.12.27 2078.04.01
23 Baraha Multipower Pvt. Ltd.
Irkhuwa Khola B
Bhojpur 15524 2075.02.14 2079.04.15
24 Sungava Foundation Pvt. Ltd.
Thulo Khola Myagdi 21300 2075.02.17 2079.04.15
25 Jhilimili Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Gulangdi Khola
Gulmi 980 2075.02.24 2078.01.14
129
26 North Summit Hydro Pvt. Ltd.
Nyadi Phidi Lamjung 21400 2075.02.24 2079.12.15
27 Himali Hydro Fund Pvt. Ltd.
Sona Khola Taplejung 9000 2075.03.14 2080.07.30
28 Tanahun Hydropower Ltd. Tanahun Tanahun 140000 2075.03.15 2080.12.3029 Sailung Power Company
Pvt. Ltd.Bhotekoshi-1 Sindhupalchowk 40000 2075.03.15 2079.07.01
30 Jalshakti Hydro Company Pvt. Ltd.
Ilep (Tatopani) Dhading 23675 2075.03.25 2081.08.25
31 Three Star Hydropower Company Ltd.
Sapsup Khola Khotang 6600 2075.03.25 2078.06.31
32 Tundi Power Pvt.Ltd Upper Rahughat
Myagdi 48500 2075.03.29 2080.08.29
33 Arati Power Company Ltd. Upper Irkhuwa Bhojpur 14500 2075.04.01 2079.08.0134 Mount Everest Power
Development Pvt. Ltd.Dudhkunda Khola
Solukhumbu 12000 2075.04.01 2079.06.30
35 Shaileshwari Power Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Gaddigad
Doti 1550 2075.04.06 2077.12.19
36 Palun Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Palun Khola Taplejung 21000 2075.04.06 2080.06.21
37 Makar Jitumaya Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Suri Dolakha 7000 2075.04.10 2079.12.30
38 Him Parbat Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Sagu Khola-1 Dolakha 5500 2075.04.10 2079.12.30
39 Him Parbat Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Sagu Khola Dolakha 20000 2075.04.10 2079.12.30
40 Annapurna Bidhyut Bikas Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Landruk Modi Kaski 86590 2075.04.13 2081.09.15
41 Madame Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Madame Khola Kaski 24000 2075.04.15 2080.12.30
42 Mid Solu Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Mid Solu Khola
Solukhumbu 9500 2075.04.21 2079.05.14
43 Apolo Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Buku Khola Solukhumbu 6000 2070.02.02 2075.04.22 (Revived)
2074.04.01
44 Thulo Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper thulo Khola-A
Myagdi 15000 2075.04.24 2080.06.30
45 Kalika Energy Ltd. Bhotekoshi-5 Sindhupalchowk 62000 2075.04.25 2080.09.1546 Api Power Company Ltd. Chandranigahpur
Solar ProjectRautahat 4000 2075.04.27 2076.02.26
47 Api Power Company Ltd. Parwanipur Solar Project
Parsa 8000 2075.04.27 2076.02.26
48 Api Power Company Ltd. Dhalkebar Solar Project
Dhanusha 1000 2075.05.03 2076.03.02
130
49 Api Power Company Ltd. Simara Solar Project
Bara 1000 2075.05.03 2076.03.02
50 Super Ghalemdi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Super Ghalemdi
Myagdi 9140 2075.05.05 2080.12.12
51 Dibyajyoti Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Marsyangdi Besi
Lamjung 50000 2075.05.10 2079.06.06
52 Amar Jyoti Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd.
Istul Khola Gorkha 1506 2075.05.13 2079.10.25
53 Apex Makalu Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd.
Middle Hongu Khola A
Solukhumbu 22000 2075.05.14 2079.04.01
54 Ichowk Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Gohare Khola Sindhupalchowk 950 2075.05.25 2076.07.29
55 Pike Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Likhu Khola Ramechhap and Okhaldhunga
30000 2075.05.26 2082.02.17
56 Sita Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Nyasim Khola Sindhupalchowk 35000 2075.05.26 2080.03.15
57 Sushmit Energy Pvt. Ltd. Kunaban Khola Myagdi 20000 2075.05.29 2080.11.0358 Masina Paryatan Sahakari
Sanstha Ltd.Masina Kaski and
Tanahu891 2075.06.02 2076.10.29
59 Hydro Village Pvt. Ltd. Myagdi Khola Myagdi 57300 2075.06.04 2080.05.2960 Shikhar Power
Development Pvt. Ltd.Bhim Khola Baglung 4960 2075.06.10 2078.06.05
61 Dhading Ankhu Khola Hydro Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Ankhu Dhading 38000 2075.06.14 2079.09.15
62 Phedi Khola Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Phedi Khola (Thumlung)
Bhojpur 3520 2075.06.21 2079.12.01
63 Dolakha Nirman Company Pvt. Ltd.
Isuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 97200 2075.06.26 2080.04.01
64 Bikash Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Machha Khola Small
Gorkha 4550 2075.07.11 2080.03.30
65 Sita Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Dudh Khola Manang 65000 2075.07.11 2080.03.15
66 Blue Energy Pvt. Ltd. Super Trishuli Gorkha and Chitwan
70000 2075.07.11 2080.11.17
67 Kalinchowk Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Sangu (Sorun) Dolakha 5000 2075.08.09 2079.12.30
68 Ruru Hydroelectric Company Pvt. Ltd.
Rurubanchu Khola-2
Kalikot 12000 2075.08.20 2079.05.25
69 Gumu Khola Bhyakure Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Gumu Khola Dolakha 950 2075.08.21 2078.05.30
70 Alliance Energy Solutions Pvt.Ltd.
Upper Sit Khola
Argakhanchi 905 2075.08.23 2077.05.04
71 Ekikrit Byapar Company Pvt. Ltd.
Brahamayani Sindhupalchowk 35470 2075.08.24 2080.04.13
131
72 Integrated Hydro Fund Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Brahamayani
Sindhupalchowk 15150 2075.08.24 2080.04.13
73 Perfect Energy Development Pvt. Ltd
Middle Trishuli Ganga
Nuwakot 19410 2075.09.03 2080.02.17
74 Kabeli Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd.
Kabeli-3 Taplejung 21930 2075.10.03 2079.09.01
75 Union Mewa Hydro Ltd. Mewa Khola Taplejung 23000 2075.10.04 2080.09.1576 North Summit Hydro Pvt.
Ltd.Hidi Khola Lamjung 6820 2075.10.04 2080.05.15
77 Sajha Power Development Pvt. Ltd.
Lower Balephi Sindhupalchowk 20000 2075.10.06 2080.07.18
78 Sindhujwala Hydropower Ltd.
Upper Nyasem Khola A
Sindhupalchowk 21000 2075.10.06 2079.03.30
79 Mount Rasuwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Midim 1 Khola Lamjung 13424 2075.10.07 2080.04.04
80 Habitat Power Company Pvt. Ltd
Hewa Khola тАЬAтАЭ
Panchthar 5000 2075.10.07 2078.04.01
81 Ruby Valley Hydropower Company Ltd
Menchet Khola Dhading 7000 2075.10.15 2080.02.13
82 Dudhpokhari Chepe Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Dudhpokhari Chepe
Gorkha 8800 2075.10.15 2080.01.28
83 Maa Shakti Engineering & hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Luja Khola Solukhumbu 23550 2075.10.16 2080.11.14
84 Sankhuwasabha Power Development Pvt. Ltd.
Super Sabha Khola
Sankhuwasabha 4100 2075.10.23 2080.06.03
85 Hilton Hydro Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Super Kabeli Taplejung 12000 2075.11.02 2079.10.04
86 Snow Rivers Pvt. Ltd. Super Kabeli A Taplejung 13500 2075.11.02 2080.01.0187 Jal Urja Pvt. Ltd. Nuagad Darchula 1000 2075.11.03 2078.10.2288 Champawati Hydropower
Pvt. Ltd Chepe khola A Lamjung 7000 2075.11.07 2079.04.04
89 Barpak Daruadi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Middle Super Daraudi
Gorkha 10000 2075.11.23 2080.03.01
90 Helambu Construction Pvt. Ltd
Ksumti khola Sindhupalchowk 683 2075.11.29 2078.03.04
91 River Side Hydro Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Tamor Khola-5 Taplejung 37520 2075.12.04 2080.04.10
92 Hydro Connection Pvt. Ltd.
Rauje Khola Solukhumbu 17712 2075.12.04 2080.10.15
93 Milke Jaljale Hydropower Pvt.Ltd.
Upper Piluwa Hills
Sankhuwasabha 4990 2075.12.04 2081.04.04
94 Ambe Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Bhurundi
Parbat 3750 2075.12.10 2079.04.16
95 Orbit Energy Pvt. Ltd. Sabha Khola C Sankhuwasabha 4196 2075.12.10 2079.04.02
132
96 Mabilung Energy (P.) Ltd Upper Piluwa Khola -3
Sankhuwasabha 4950 2075.12.12 2078.11.16
97 Raghuganga Hydropower Ltd.
Rahughat Myagdi 40000 2075.12.18 2079.10.17
98 Ridge Line Energy Pvt. Ltd. Super Chepe Gorkha Lamjung
9050 2075.12.19 2079.05.20
99 Dhaulagiri Civil Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Pvt. Ltd.
Madhya Daram Khola A
Baglung 3000 2075.12.26 2077.12.31
100 Dhaulagiri Civil Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Pvt. Ltd.
Madhya Daram Khola B
Baglung 4500 2075.12.26 2078.02.31
101 Bhalaudi Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Bhalaudi Khola Kaski 2645 2076.01.06 2080.04.16
102 Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Daraudi B
Gorkha 8300 2076.01.09 2080.09.15
103 Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Daraudi C
Gorkha 9820 2076.01.09 2080.09.15
104 Super Khudi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Khudi Lamjung 21210 2076.01.11 2080.10.09
105 National Solar Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Grid Connected Solar PV Project (VGF)
Nawalparasi 5000 2076.11.23 2077.08.22
106 Nepal Solar Farm Pvt. Ltd. Som Radha Krishna Solar Farm Project (VGF)
Kaski 4000 2076.11.23 2077.03.16
107 Saidi Power Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. Saiti Khola Kaski 999 2077.06.13 2078.02.20108 Isuwa Energy Pvt. Ltd. Lower Isuwa
CascadeSankhuwasabha 37700 2077.09.27 2080.12.30
Total 2,006,993
IPPs' Hydropower Projects (Terminated)
S.N. Developer Projects LocationInstalled Capacity
(kW) PPA Date
Termination Date
1 Khimti Gramin Bidhyut Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.
Jhankre Khola Small
Dolakha 600 2075.02.04 2077.03.18
TOTAL 600
133
s]lGb|o sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]v
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfdy/ cjsf; ldlt
cjsf;sf] lsl;d
sfo/t sfofno
clgjfo cjsfz k|fKt sdrf/Lsf] ljj/0f-ldlt @)&&├╖)$├╖)! b]lv ldlt @)&&├╖)(├╖@( ;Dd_
clgjfo cjsfz k|fKt sdrf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnLрд╕рд┐ рди= s=;=g++ рддрд╣ рдкрдж рдирд╛рдо рдерд░ рдЕрд╡рдХрд╛рд┐ рд╕рдорддреА рдЕрд╡рдХрд╛рд┐рдХреЛ рд╕рдХрд╕рд┐рдо рдХрд╛рд░рдпрд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдпрд▓рд░1 %hem`^& 11426 12 pk sfosf/L lgb]zs a|h e'if)f rfw/L 2077.07.08 clgjfo k|zf/)f lgb]zgfno2 %hem`^11558 11 lgb]zs /ljGb| /fh >]i& 2077.06.12 clgjfo k|)ffnL of]hgf ljefu3 %hem`^ 11591 11 lgb]zs /d]z dfg >]i& 2077.08.11 clgjfo pTkfbg ljsfz ljefu4 %hem`^ 11635 11 lgb]zs cho s"df/ bfxfn 2077.09.19 clgjfo demfnf pTkfbg ;+rfng tyf ;+ef/ ljefu5 %hem` 11649 10 k|jGws /fh]z s"df/ kf)*]o 2077.04.06 clgjfo d:of├йbL hn ljB"t s]Gb|6 %hem` 11626 10 k|aGws gj/fh ;"j]bL 2077.05.19 clgjfo k|b]z g+=5, k|fb]lzs sfofno a"^jn7 %hem` 11829 10 k|aGws ljh"gGb ah|frfo 2077.06.16 clgjfo ;e] dxfzfvf8 %hem` 11623 10 k|aGws c~hgL s"df/ ld> 2077.09.25 clgjfo pTkfbg lgb]zgfno9 #┬кkkmae 3270 9 pk-lgb]zs zDe" d"s"^ v/]n 2077.09.29 clgjfo cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg lgb]zgfno10 gr%h 7545 8 ;xfos k|jGws efujt cdfTo 2077.05.02 clgjfo phf bIftf tyf r"xfj^ lgoGq)f ljefu
11 gr%h 7989 8 ;xfos k|aGws lg/Ghg k|;fb kGt 2077.05.20 clgjfoljt/)f k|)ffnL ;"b[l(s/)f tyf lj:tf/ cfof]hgf
12 gr%h 7640 8 ;xfos k|aGws ^+sgfy ;fksf]^f 2077.08.06 clgjfo k/f;L ljt/)f s]Gb|13 gr% 7994 7 OlGhlgo/ ljgf]b s"df/ kf)*]o 2077.05.19 clgjfo l;/xf ljt/)f s]Gb|14 ┬кkkm 8824 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t u)f]z s"df/ s]=;L= 2077.05.30 clgjfo dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|15 #┬кkkm 3259 7 n]vf clws[t k')f s[i)f xn"jfO 2077.06.25 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf)f ljefu16 gr% 7979 7 OlGhlgo/ zflGt yfkf 2077.08.12 clgjfo cfof]hgf ljsf; ljefu17 gr% 7972 7 OlGhlgo/ lzj k|;fb kf)*]o 2077.08.13 clgjfo uduf* ljt/)f s]Gb|18 ┬кkkm 8819 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t u)f]z axfb"/ yfkf 2077.08.16 clgjfo afudtL k|fb]lzs sfofno, sf&df)*F19 gr% 7977 7 OlGhlgo/ rGrnf hf]zL 2077.08.25 clgjfo pTkfbg lgb]zgfno20 #┬кkkm 3287 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t s]bf/ sfsL 2077.09.05 clgjfo cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg lgb]zgfno21 #┬кk 3513 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t u)f]z axfb"/ sfkm\n] 2077.04.15 clgjfo w"nfaf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|22 #┬кk 3713 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t k|sfz s"df/ >Ljf:tj 2077.04.17 clgjfo e/xjf ljt/)f s]Gb|23 #┬кk 3428 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t a"$/fh /]UdL 2077.05.04 clgjfo dx]Gb| gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|24 wgr 7152 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ lbks >]i& 2077.05.20 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|25 uwgr 2418 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ dfwj k|;fb nfld%fg] 2077.05.25 clgjfo x]^f+*f lu|* dxfzfvf26 uwgr 2840 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ g/]Gb| s"df/ >]i& 2077.06.10 clgjfo j'^jn lu|* dxfzfvf27 wgr 7086 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ lji)f" k|;fb lqkf&L 2077.06.22 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|28 #┬кk 3430 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t ;"/klt k/fh"nL 2077.06.22 clgjfo dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB"t cfof]hgf29 #┬кk 3567 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t ldlyn]z s"df/ emf 2077.06.25 clgjfo l;/xf ljt/)f s]Gb|30 #┬кk 3508 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t /ldtf k|wfgf├й 2077.08.14 clgjfo k|zf/)f lgb]zgfno31 wgr 7234 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ ljho s"df/ b]jsf]^f 2077.08.16 clgjfo l;Gw"nL ljt/)f s]Gb|32 #┬кk 3727 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t dof >]i& 2077.08.16 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|33 uwgr 2759 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ wg uf]ljGb dxhg 2077.08.21 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|34 #┬кk 3468 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t ;"/]z s[i)f >]i& 2077.08.30 clgjfo sLltk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|35 #┬кk 3601 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t s[i)f axfb"/ yfkf If]qL 2077.09.13 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt)f/ s]Gb|36 wgr 7059 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ /d]z s]=;L= 2077.09.16 clgjfo s+lqm^ kf]n KnfG^
37 wgr 7233 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ df]xg d)*n 2077.09.16 clgjfog]kfn ef/t ljB"t k|zf/)f tyf Jofkf/cfof]hgf
38 wgr 7313 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ l;l$gfy vltj*f 2077.09.19 clgjfo x]^F+*f lu|* dxfzfvf39 wgr 7225 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ lty /fh bfxfn 2077.09.19 clgjfo sf&df)*F u|L* dxfzfvf40 b#┬к 5971 5 n]vfkfn ;fg" dof ah|rfo 2077.04.05 clgjfo e/tk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|41 vuwg 2018 5 ;"k/efOh/ s[i)f k|;fb zdf 2077.04.16 clgjfo :of┬к\hf ljt/)f s]Gb|42 b#┬к 6305 5 j=;=├╖ld=l/=;"=ef= lzj/fd s]=;L= 2077.04.16 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|43 bw┬к 6265 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ /fd gf/fo)f rfw/L 2077.05.07 clgjfo lj/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|44 wg 7385 5 l;=x]=O=c= w|"j k|;fb nfld%fg] 2077.05.11 clgjfo tflnd s]Gb| ljefu45 b#┬к 6176 5 j=;=├╖ld=l/=;"=ef= ;"sb]j g]kfn 2077.05.13 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|46 b#┬к 6067 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ xl/ axfb"/ sfsL 2077.05.14 clgjfo sfjf;f]tL ljt/)f s]Gb|47 vuwg 1869 5 ;"k/efOh/ g/ axfb"/ P]/ 2077.05.14 clgjfo wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|48 vuwg 1709 5 ;"k/efOh/ d"d axfb"/ s]=;L= 2077.05.15 clgjfo #f]/fxL ljt/)f s]Gb|49 uwg 2407 5 ;"k/efOh/ /fh]Gb| ly├й tfdf├й 2077.05.15 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|50 uwg 3062 5 ;"k/efOh/ gf/fo)f k|;fb a/fn 2077.05.16 clgjfo ;]tLkm]jf hnljB"t s]Gb|51 b#┬к 6065 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ k"iknfn /fhj+zL 2077.05.19 clgjfo cgf/dgL ljt/)f s]Gb|52 b#┬к 5987 5 n]vfkfn e/t cfn] du/ 2077.05.29 clgjfo /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|53 b#┬к 6210 5 j=;=├╖ld=l/=;"=ef= xl/ z/)f clwsf/L 2077.06.11 clgjfo s"n]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|54 b#┬к 6101 5 n]vfkfn b]j/fh (sfn 2077.06.15 clgjfo O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|
55 uwg 3121 5 l;=x]=O=c= ch"g atfnf 2077.06.25 clgjfox]^f+*f-e/tk"/-ab#f^ 220 s]=le= k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf
56 uwg 2642 5 ;"k/efOh/ dx]Gb| k|wfg 2077.07.09 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|57 b#┬к 6327 5 sDKo'^/ ck/]^/ /fwf kf]v/]n 2077.08.07 clgjfo tgx" ljt/)f s]Gb|58 vuwg 1777 5 ;"k/efOh/ jL/ axfb"/ rGb 2077.08.13 clgjfo dx]Gb| gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
134
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfdy/ cjsf; ldlt
cjsf;sf] lsl;d
sfo/t sfofno
29 #┬кk 3567 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t ldlyn]z s"df/ emf 2077.06.25 clgjfo l;/xf ljt/)f s]Gb|30 #┬кk 3508 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t /ldtf k|wfgf├й 2077.08.14 clgjfo k|zf/)f lgb]zgfno31 wgr 7234 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ ljho s"df/ b]jsf]^f 2077.08.16 clgjfo l;Gw"nL ljt/)f s]Gb|32 #┬кk 3727 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t dof >]i& 2077.08.16 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|33 uwgr 2759 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ wg uf]ljGb dxhg 2077.08.21 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|34 #┬кk 3468 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t ;"/]z s[i)f >]i& 2077.08.30 clgjfo sLltk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|35 #┬кk 3601 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t s[i)f axfb"/ yfkf If]qL 2077.09.13 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt)f/ s]Gb|36 wgr 7059 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ /d]z s]=;L= 2077.09.16 clgjfo s+lqm^ kf]n KnfG^
37 wgr 7233 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ df]xg d)*n 2077.09.16 clgjfog]kfn ef/t ljB"t k|zf/)f tyf Jofkf/cfof]hgf
38 wgr 7313 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ l;l$gfy vltj*f 2077.09.19 clgjfo x]^F+*f lu|* dxfzfvf39 wgr 7225 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ lty /fh bfxfn 2077.09.19 clgjfo sf&df)*F u|L* dxfzfvf40 b#┬к 5971 5 n]vfkfn ;fg" dof ah|rfo 2077.04.05 clgjfo e/tk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|41 vuwg 2018 5 ;"k/efOh/ s[i)f k|;fb zdf 2077.04.16 clgjfo :of┬к\hf ljt/)f s]Gb|42 b#┬к 6305 5 j=;=├╖ld=l/=;"=ef= lzj/fd s]=;L= 2077.04.16 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|43 bw┬к 6265 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ /fd gf/fo)f rfw/L 2077.05.07 clgjfo lj/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|44 wg 7385 5 l;=x]=O=c= w|"j k|;fb nfld%fg] 2077.05.11 clgjfo tflnd s]Gb| ljefu45 b#┬к 6176 5 j=;=├╖ld=l/=;"=ef= ;"sb]j g]kfn 2077.05.13 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|46 b#┬к 6067 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ xl/ axfb"/ sfsL 2077.05.14 clgjfo sfjf;f]tL ljt/)f s]Gb|47 vuwg 1869 5 ;"k/efOh/ g/ axfb"/ P]/ 2077.05.14 clgjfo wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|48 vuwg 1709 5 ;"k/efOh/ d"d axfb"/ s]=;L= 2077.05.15 clgjfo #f]/fxL ljt/)f s]Gb|49 uwg 2407 5 ;"k/efOh/ /fh]Gb| ly├й tfdf├й 2077.05.15 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|50 uwg 3062 5 ;"k/efOh/ gf/fo)f k|;fb a/fn 2077.05.16 clgjfo ;]tLkm]jf hnljB"t s]Gb|51 b#┬к 6065 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ k"iknfn /fhj+zL 2077.05.19 clgjfo cgf/dgL ljt/)f s]Gb|52 b#┬к 5987 5 n]vfkfn e/t cfn] du/ 2077.05.29 clgjfo /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|53 b#┬к 6210 5 j=;=├╖ld=l/=;"=ef= xl/ z/)f clwsf/L 2077.06.11 clgjfo s"n]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|54 b#┬к 6101 5 n]vfkfn b]j/fh (sfn 2077.06.15 clgjfo O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|
55 uwg 3121 5 l;=x]=O=c= ch"g atfnf 2077.06.25 clgjfox]^f+*f-e/tk"/-ab#f^ 220 s]=le= k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf
56 uwg 2642 5 ;"k/efOh/ dx]Gb| k|wfg 2077.07.09 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|57 b#┬к 6327 5 sDKo'^/ ck/]^/ /fwf kf]v/]n 2077.08.07 clgjfo tgx" ljt/)f s]Gb|58 vuwg 1777 5 ;"k/efOh/ jL/ axfb"/ rGb 2077.08.13 clgjfo dx]Gb| gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
90 tyb 4819 3 ld^/ l/*/ *)* k|;fb cfrfo 2077.04.08 clgjfo k|b]z g+=1, k|fb]lzs sfofno lj/f^gu/91 svu 821 3 On]lS^┬лl;og Zofd axfb"/ yfkf du/ 2077.04.27 clgjfo hf]/kf^L ljt/)f s]Gb|92 svu 892 3 On]lS^┬лl;og lnnf axfb"/ sfsL 2077.04.29 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|93 svu 1533 3 On]lS^┬лl;og /fh" e)*f/L 2077.05.06 clgjfo sf&df)*F lu|* zfvf94 svu 1175 3 On]lS^┬лl;og n]v axfb"/ af]u^L 2077.05.17 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|95 tyb 4732 3 ld^/ l/*/ s[i)f axfb"/ vqL 2077.05.19 clgjfo d:of├йbL hn ljB"t s]Gb|96 svu 1289 3 On]lS^┬лl;og ld&f/fd ahufO 2077.05.19 clgjfo sfe]| ljt/)f s]Gb|97 svu 357 3 On]lS^┬лl;og s[i)f axfb"/ k"nfdL du/ 2077.05.20 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|98 svu 365 3 On]lS^┬лl;og z"qm axfb"/ yf]s/ 2077.05.20 clgjfo s"n]vfgL bf]>f] hn ljB"t s]Gb|99 svu 723 3 On]lS^┬лl;og lqh"uL s"dL 2077.06.01 clgjfo tflnxjf ljt/)f s]Gb|100 svu 606 3 On]lS^┬лl;og e]if axfb"/ kf*]n 2077.06.01 clgjfo x^f+*f lu|* dxfzfvf101 u 3731 3 *┬лfOe/ bn axfb"/ yfkf 2077.06.06 clgjfo sflnu)*sL P hnljB"t s]Gb|102 svu 1196 3 On]lS^┬лl;og bn axfb"/ /fgf 2077.06.10 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|103 svu 903 3 On]lS^┬лl;og vb]? k|;fb e/ 2077.06.10 clgjfo k/f;L ljt/)f s]Gb|104 tyb 5102 3 ld^/ l/*/ k|]d axfb"/ e)*f/L 2077.06.14 clgjfo t]x|y"d ljt/)f s]Gb|105 svu 1532 3 On]lS^┬лl;og led axfb"/ u"?├й 2077.06.15 clgjfo sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|106 tyb 4861 3 ld^/ l/*/ hofgGb e┬з 2077.06.17 clgjfo cQl/of lu|* zfvf107 tyb 5189 3 ld^/ l/*/ uf]kfn l;+x rfw/L 2077.06.23 clgjfo nxfg ljt/)f s]Gb|108 svu 1147 3 On]lS^┬лl;og /fh s"df/ /fO 2077.08.02 clgjfo a]njf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|109 svu 1240 3 On]lS^┬лl;og gf]of s[i)f j:tfsf]^L 2077.08.05 clgjfo ^f*L ljt/)f s]Gb|110 tyb 5075 3 ld^/ l/*/ rGb]Zj/ kl)*t 2077.08.05 clgjfo k|b]z g+=2, k|fb]lzs sfofno, hgsk"/111 svu 804 3 On]lS^┬лl;og ljZjf]ldq (sfn 2077.08.13 clgjfo dWo d:of├йbL hn ljB"t s]Gb|112 svu 969 3 On]lS^┬лl;og an/fd s"dfn 2077.08.15 clgjfo w"Gr] ljt/)f s]Gb|113 svu 1099 3 On]lS^┬лl;og l;tf/fd &fs"/ 2077.09.01 clgjfo lj/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|114 tyb 4445 3 ld^/ l/*/ kmi^ axfb"/ af]u^L 2077.09.12 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|115 svu 866 3 On]lS^┬лl;og dfg axfb"/ e"h]n 2077.09.13 clgjfo w"nfaf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|116 vu 2206 3 On]lS^┬лl;og /fd s"df/ rfw/L 2077.09.13 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|117 tyb 5299 3 ld^/ l/*/ OGb| s"df/ clwsf/L 2077.09.22 clgjfo w"nfaf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|118 tyvu 4612 3 On]lS^┬лl;og x/L uf]ljGb dxhg 2077.09.29 clgjfo sfosf/L lgb]zssf] ;lrjfno119 ty 5397 2 sfofno ;xof]uL b]j /fh e┬з/fO 2077.04.08 clgjfo w/fg ljt/)f s]Gb|120 ty 4987 2 sfofno ;xof]uL kf;f┬к bf]h] tfdf┬к 2077.04.29 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|
59 b#┬к 5613 5 n]vfkfn e/t k|;fb Gofkfg] 2077.08.24 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vf kl/If)f ljefu60 b#┬к 6314 5 jl/i& ;xfos cldtf uftd 2077.09.01 clgjfo nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|61 vuwg 1654 5 ;"k/efOh/ l;tf/fd yfkfIf]qL 2077.09.03 clgjfo kf]v/f lu|* zfvf62 b#┬к 5937 5 n]vfkfn z+s/ axfb"/ :jf/ 2077.09.04 clgjfo wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|63 uwg 3013 5 ;"k/efOh/ t]h s"df/ >]i& 2077.09.09 clgjfo eb|k"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|64 vuwg 1913 5 ;"k/efOh/ lagf]b s"df/ dxhg 2077.09.09 clgjfo sf&df)*F pkTosf :df^ ld^l/├й cfof]hgf65 b#┬к 6146 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ afa"/fd k|;fb /]UdL 2077.09.10 clgjfo sfjf;f]tL ljt/)f s]Gb|66 uwg 3064 5 ;"k/efOh/ df]tL k|;fb (sfn 2077.09.12 clgjfo s)ffnL k|fb]lzs sfofno, ;"v]t67 uwg 2995 5 ;"k/efOh/ kbd /fh e┬з 2077.09.17 clgjfo **]Nw"/f ljt/)f s]Gb|68 uwg 2793 5 ;"k/efOh/ wg]Zj/ ofbj 2077.09.26 clgjfo nfxfg ljt/)f s]Gb|69 b#┬к 6222 5 n]vfkfn├╖:^f]/lsk/ rGb|snf hf]zL 2077.09.29 clgjfo a"^jn ljt/)f s]Gb|70 vuw 1969 4 kmf]/d]g #gZofd g]jf/ 2077.04.12 clgjfo sf]xnk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|71 vuw 2029 4 kmf]/d]g x]d axfb"/ nfjtL 2077.04.13 clgjfo cgf/dgL ljt/)f s]Gb|72 vuw 1039 4 kmf]/d]g On] xf]d jxfb'/ yfkf 2077.04.16 clgjfo x]^F+*f lu|* dxfzfvf73 uw 3112 4 kmf]/d]g *┬лfOe/ v*\u axfb"/ sfsL 2077.04.31 clgjfo x]^f+*f If]qLo sfofno74 b# 5964 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn ;"lgtf >]i& 2077.05.05 clgjfo k|b]z g+=1, k|fb]lzs sfofno lj/f^gu/75 vuw 1523 4 kmf]/d]g ;fg"sfG%f s"j/ 2077.06.22 clgjfo sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|76 vuw 2173 4 kmf]/d]g Zofd lszf]/ ld> 2077.07.05 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|77 vuw 1526 4 kmf]/d]g led;]g ly├й 2077.07.14 clgjfo x]^f+*f ljt/)f s]Gb|78 vuw 2164 4 kmf]/d]g Zofd s"df/ l;+x 2077.07.24 clgjfo ufzfnf ljt/)f s]Gb|79 vuw 1870 4 kmf]/d]g z+s/ bQ e┬з 2077.08.02 clgjfo wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|80 uw 3631 4 kmf]/d]g ltn axfb"/ kl)*t 2077.08.06 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|81 vuw 1679 4 kmf]/d]g kbd axfb"/ bhL 2077.08.07 clgjfo /+u]nL ljt/)F s]Gb|82 vuw 1500 4 kmf]/d]g /fd axfb"/ e"h]n 2077.08.10 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|83 vuw 1019 4 kmf]/d]g uf]kfn axfb"/ yfkf 2077.08.15 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|84 vuw 1652 4 kmf]/d]g lszf]/ s"df/ /+lhtsf/ 2077.08.29 clgjfo sf&df)*f lu|* dxfzfvf85 svuw153 4 kmf]/d]g hut axfb"/ cfn]du/ 2077.09.04 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|86 vuw 1962 4 kmf]/d]g Zofd ;"Gb/ e)*f/L 2077.09.05 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|87 vuw 1794 4 kmf]/d]g /fh axfb"/ rfw/L 2077.09.06 clgjfo t"n;Lk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|88 vuw 1890 4 kmf]/d]g sdn k|;fb a*" 2077.09.25 clgjfo dx]Gb|gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|89 svu 1404 3 On]lS^┬лl;og dbg kl)*t s"dfn] 2077.04.01 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
135
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfdy/ cjsf; ldlt
cjsf;sf] lsl;d
sfo/t sfofno
90 tyb 4819 3 ld^/ l/*/ *)* k|;fb cfrfo 2077.04.08 clgjfo k|b]z g+=1, k|fb]lzs sfofno lj/f^gu/91 svu 821 3 On]lS^┬лl;og Zofd axfb"/ yfkf du/ 2077.04.27 clgjfo hf]/kf^L ljt/)f s]Gb|92 svu 892 3 On]lS^┬лl;og lnnf axfb"/ sfsL 2077.04.29 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|93 svu 1533 3 On]lS^┬лl;og /fh" e)*f/L 2077.05.06 clgjfo sf&df)*F lu|* zfvf94 svu 1175 3 On]lS^┬лl;og n]v axfb"/ af]u^L 2077.05.17 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|95 tyb 4732 3 ld^/ l/*/ s[i)f axfb"/ vqL 2077.05.19 clgjfo d:of├йbL hn ljB"t s]Gb|96 svu 1289 3 On]lS^┬лl;og ld&f/fd ahufO 2077.05.19 clgjfo sfe]| ljt/)f s]Gb|97 svu 357 3 On]lS^┬лl;og s[i)f axfb"/ k"nfdL du/ 2077.05.20 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|98 svu 365 3 On]lS^┬лl;og z"qm axfb"/ yf]s/ 2077.05.20 clgjfo s"n]vfgL bf]>f] hn ljB"t s]Gb|99 svu 723 3 On]lS^┬лl;og lqh"uL s"dL 2077.06.01 clgjfo tflnxjf ljt/)f s]Gb|100 svu 606 3 On]lS^┬лl;og e]if axfb"/ kf*]n 2077.06.01 clgjfo x^f+*f lu|* dxfzfvf101 u 3731 3 *┬лfOe/ bn axfb"/ yfkf 2077.06.06 clgjfo sflnu)*sL P hnljB"t s]Gb|102 svu 1196 3 On]lS^┬лl;og bn axfb"/ /fgf 2077.06.10 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|103 svu 903 3 On]lS^┬лl;og vb]? k|;fb e/ 2077.06.10 clgjfo k/f;L ljt/)f s]Gb|104 tyb 5102 3 ld^/ l/*/ k|]d axfb"/ e)*f/L 2077.06.14 clgjfo t]x|y"d ljt/)f s]Gb|105 svu 1532 3 On]lS^┬лl;og led axfb"/ u"?├й 2077.06.15 clgjfo sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|106 tyb 4861 3 ld^/ l/*/ hofgGb e┬з 2077.06.17 clgjfo cQl/of lu|* zfvf107 tyb 5189 3 ld^/ l/*/ uf]kfn l;+x rfw/L 2077.06.23 clgjfo nxfg ljt/)f s]Gb|108 svu 1147 3 On]lS^┬лl;og /fh s"df/ /fO 2077.08.02 clgjfo a]njf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|109 svu 1240 3 On]lS^┬лl;og gf]of s[i)f j:tfsf]^L 2077.08.05 clgjfo ^f*L ljt/)f s]Gb|110 tyb 5075 3 ld^/ l/*/ rGb]Zj/ kl)*t 2077.08.05 clgjfo k|b]z g+=2, k|fb]lzs sfofno, hgsk"/111 svu 804 3 On]lS^┬лl;og ljZjf]ldq (sfn 2077.08.13 clgjfo dWo d:of├йbL hn ljB"t s]Gb|112 svu 969 3 On]lS^┬лl;og an/fd s"dfn 2077.08.15 clgjfo w"Gr] ljt/)f s]Gb|113 svu 1099 3 On]lS^┬лl;og l;tf/fd &fs"/ 2077.09.01 clgjfo lj/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|114 tyb 4445 3 ld^/ l/*/ kmi^ axfb"/ af]u^L 2077.09.12 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|115 svu 866 3 On]lS^┬лl;og dfg axfb"/ e"h]n 2077.09.13 clgjfo w"nfaf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|116 vu 2206 3 On]lS^┬лl;og /fd s"df/ rfw/L 2077.09.13 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|117 tyb 5299 3 ld^/ l/*/ OGb| s"df/ clwsf/L 2077.09.22 clgjfo w"nfaf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|118 tyvu 4612 3 On]lS^┬лl;og x/L uf]ljGb dxhg 2077.09.29 clgjfo sfosf/L lgb]zssf] ;lrjfno119 ty 5397 2 sfofno ;xof]uL b]j /fh e┬з/fO 2077.04.08 clgjfo w/fg ljt/)f s]Gb|120 ty 4987 2 sfofno ;xof]uL kf;f┬к bf]h] tfdf┬к 2077.04.29 clgjfo l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|121 sv 1119 2 x]Nk/ lzjsf ;xgL 2077.05.01 clgjfo /+u]nL ljt/)f s]Gb|122 sv 110020 2 x]Nk/ b]pdfof clwsf/L 2077.05.09 clgjfo Onfd ljt/)f s]Gb|123 sv 1076 2 x]Nk/ hLt axfb"/ yfkfdu/ 2077.05.14 clgjfo kfn"┬к ljt/)f s]Gb|124 v 120180 2 x]Nk/ /fd g/]z zdf 2077.05.15 clgjfo ;+v"jf ljt/)f s]Gb|125 sv 711 2 x]Nk/ /fd k|;fb rfnfufO 2077.06.21 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|126 ty 310045 2 sfofno ;xof]uL ef]hgfy yklnof 2077.07.10 clgjfo eQmk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|127 sv 1691 2 x]Nk/ g/ axfb"/ yfkf 2077.07.18 clgjfo ;"v]t ljt/)f s]Gb|128 ty 5130 2 sfofno ;xof]uL hgs nfn *+uf]n 2077.07.22 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|129 sv 110460 2 x]Nk/ eQm axfb"/ vgfn 2077.07.25 clgjfo uf]/vf ljt/)f s]Gb|130 sv 1679 2 x]Nk/ /fduf]kfn >]i& 2077.08.07 clgjfo l;d/f ljt/)f s]Gb|131 ty 4798 2 sfofno ;xof]uL ldgf d]xQ/ 2077.08.07 clgjfo l;/xf ljt/)f s]Gb|132 y 320005 2 sfofno ;xof]uL s[i)f /d)f jfUn] 2077.08.15 clgjfo sf&df)*F u|L* dxfzfvf133 ty 310028 2 sfofno ;xof]uL ;Gt dfof kf]*] 2077.08.20 clgjfo d:of├йbL hn ljB"t s]Gb|134 sv 1913 2 sfofno ;xof]uL lx/f axfb"/ aufn] 2077.09.14 clgjfo kfNkf ljt/)f s]Gb|135 ty 5249 2 sfofno ;xof]uL lhtg ;bf 2077.09.14 clgjfo /fhlj/fh ljt/)f s]Gb|136 sv 110290 2 x]Nk/ eQm axfb"/ >]i& 2077.09.15 clgjfo tgx" ljt/)f s]Gb|137 t 310158 1 sfofno ;xof]uL b]j axfb"/ sfsL 2077.06.16 clgjfo e/xjf ljt/)f s]Gb|138 s 110034 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ /fd cflzif /fpt s"dL 2077.08.10 clgjfo kf]v/Lof ljt/)f s]Gb|
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfdy/ cjsf; ldlt
cjsf;sf] lsl;d
sfo/t sfofno
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfdy/ cjsf; ldlt
cjsf;sf] lsl;d
sfo/t sfofno
:j]lR5s cjsfz k|fKt sdrf/Lsf] gfdfjnL-ldlt @)&&├╖)$├╖)! b]lv ldlt @)&&├╖)(├╖@( ;Dd_
/fhLgfdf lbPsf sdrf/Lsf] gfdfjnL-ldlt @)&&├╖)$├╖)! b]lv ldlt @)&&├╖)(├╖@( ;Dd_
:j]lR5s cjsfz k|fKt sdrf/Lsf] gfdfjnL
1 ┬кkkm 8806 7 n]vf clws[t k"?iff]Qd k|;fb e)*f/L 2077.05.02 :j]lR%s s]Gb|Lo n]vf dxfzfvf2 #┬кkkm 3087 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t /fds[i)f kf&s 2077.07.06 :j]lR%s d:of├йbL hn ljB"t s]Gb|3 #┬кk 3603 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t cd/ nfn >]i& 2077.05.02 :j]lR%s cflys n]vf kl/If)f dxfzfvf4 wgr 7083 6 ;xfos k|fljlws clws[t /fh" k|;fb nfld%fg] 2077.07.26 :j]lR%s n]vf ljefu5 uwg 2791 5 ;"k/efOh/ -On]_ ;"j)f clwsf/L 2077.04.06 :j]lR%s x]^F+*f lu|* dxfzfvf6 b#┬к 6333 5 sDKo'^/ ck/]^/ ljgf]b s"df/ e)*f/L 2077.04.26 :j]lR%s x]^f*f ljt/)f s]Gb|7 uwg 2603 5 l;=x]=O=c= uf]s"n vqL 2077.06.26 :j]lR%s ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf8 b#┬к 6151 5 n]vfkfn /fd k|;fb yklnof 2077.07.16 :j]lR%s g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|9 b#┬к 6137 5 n]vfkfn /fh]Gb| dxhg 2077.07.26 :j]lR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|
10 uwg 2998 5 ;"k/efOh/ df]xg s"df/ >]i& 2077.07.27 :j]lR%sdflyNnf] lqz"nL 3 P hn ljB"t s]Gb|
11 b#┬к 6195 5 n]vfkfn ;gd s"df/ :yflkt 2077.08.16 :j]lR%s sLltk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|12 vuwg 1319 5 ;"k/efOh/ s"df/ yfkf du/ 2077.08.16 :j]lR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|13 b#┬к6193 5 n]vfkfn ;[hgf pns 2077.09.01 :j]lR%s sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|14 b#┬к 6175 5 n]vfkfn nj k|;fb ("├йfgf 2077.09.01 :j]lR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|15 b#┬к 5996 5 n]vfkfn cf]d k|;fb ("├йfgf 2077.09.01 :j]lR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|16 b#┬к 6194 5 n]vfkfn /fdkl/If)f rfw/L 2077.09.07 :j]lR%s n]vgfy ljt/)f s]Gb|17 vuwg 2941 5 ;"k/efOh/ ef]h axfb"/ :jf/ 2077.09.22 :j]lR%s wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|18 svuw 738 4 kmf]/d]g s]zjnfn e┬з/fO 2077.04.01 :j]lR%s ;]tLkm]jf hnljB"t s]Gb|19 vuw 1653 4 kmf]/d]g /fh s"df/ yfkf du/ 2077.07.16 :j]lR%s k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|20 svu 1194 3 On]lS^┬лl;og /fdrGb| cofn 2077.07.16 :j]lR%s nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|
рд╕рд┐ рди= s=;=g++ рддрд╣ рдкрдж рдирд╛рдо рдерд░ рдЕрд╡рдХрд╛рд┐ рд╕рдорддреАрдЕрд╡рдХрд╛рд┐рдХреЛрд╕рдХрд╕рд┐рдо рдХрд╛рд░рдпрд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдпрд▓рд░
1 uw 2918 4 kmf]/d]g -d]=sf=_ /fd k|j]z kf)*] 2077.04.31 /flhgfdf uf/ ljt/)f s]Gb|2 b 330240 3 ld^/ l/*/ zf/bf e";fn 2077.04.30 /flhgfdf afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|3 vu 1532 3 h"lgo/ ld:qL tf/f ;"j]bL 2077.07.25 /flhgfdf s"n]vfgL k|yd hn ljB"t s]Gb|
136
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfdy/ cjsf; ldlt
cjsf;sf] lsl;d
sfo/t sfofno
d[To'af6 cjsfz k|fKt sdrf/Lsf] ljj/0f-ldlt @)&&├╖)$├╖)! b]lv ldlt @)&&├╖)(├╖@( ;Dd_
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsdrf/L sNof0f dxfzfvf
)&& ;fpg ! b]lv )&& k'if d;fGt;Dd sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'36gfdf kl/ pkrf/ u/fpg] sdrf/Lx?
yk cflys ;xfotf
)&& ;fpg ! b]lv )&& k'if d;fGt;Dd sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'36gfdf kl/ d[To' ePsf sdrf/Lx?
рд╕рд┐ рди= s=;=g++ рддрд╣ рдкрдж рдирд╛рдо рдерд░ рдЕрд╡рдХрд╛рд┐ рд╕рдорддреАрдЕрд╡рдХрд╛рд┐рдХреЛ рд╕рдХрд╕рд┐рдо рдХрд╛рд░рдпрд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдпрд▓рд░1 uwg 3182 5 ;"k/efOh/ s[i)f k|;fb kf*]n 2077.06.07 d[To" tflnxjf ljt/)f s]Gb|
2 b#┬к6084 5 n]vfkfn OZj/L /fh k|;fO 2077.06.17 d[To"sf&df)*F pkTosf k|zf/)f Ifdtf ;"b[l(s/)f cfof]hgf
3 wg 7328 5 ;"k/efOh/ g/]z emf 2077.07.25 d[To" hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|4 bwg 3181 5 ;"k/efOh/ ;"hg (sfn 2077.08.02 d[To" cgf/dgL ljt/)f s]Gb|5 uwg 2673 5 ;"k/efOh/ xf]d k|;fb s*/Lof 2077.08.05 d[To" s"n]vfgL bf]>f] hn ljB"t s]Gb|6 uw 3635 4 kmf]/d]g lx/fnfn k'/L 2077.04.21 d[To" s"n]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
7 b# 6648 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn v]d k|;fb av|]n 2077.05.03 d[To"lvDtL (Ns]j/ 220 s]=le= k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf
8 svu 734 3 On]lS ┬лl;og l;tf/fd bfxfn 2077.04.28 d[To" lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|9 svu 887 3 On]lS ┬лl;og nId)f ;+h]n 2077.05.24 d[To" afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|10 vu 2274 3 On]lS ┬лl;og ef]nf/fd zdf 2077.05.29 d[To" kjt ljt/)f s]Gb|11 svu 831 3 On]lS ┬лl;og ;fu/ yfkf du/ 2077.07.24 d[To" sLltk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|12 b 330249 3 ld^/ l/*/ dg axfb"/ ;f]tL 2077.08.07 d[To" n"lDjgL k|fb]lzs sfofno13 ty 310078 2 sfofno ;xof]uL OGb|nfn nfld%fg] 2077.05.27 d[To" ;"v]t ljt/)f s]Gb|14 ty 5322 2 sfofno ;xof]uL dfntL b]jL d]:t/ 2077.07.06 d[To" lj/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|15 s 110367 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ dfwj kf)*]o 2077.06.07 d[To" tflnxjf ljt/)f s]Gb|16 s110424 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ k";jf /fhj+;L 2077.06.07 d[To" b"xjL ljt/)f s]Gb|17 s 110148 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ +s k|;fb s*]n 2077.07.11 d[To" nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|
l;=g+ s=;=g= kb├╖tx gfd y/ sfofno ldlt slkmot
! O=l;=├╖# >L rlGb|sf rfO gofF ldn ljt/0f s]Gb| @)&&.)$.!!
l;=g+ s=;=g= kb├╖tx gfd y/ sfofno ldlt slkmot
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@ uwg #!*@ ;'=ef=/# >L s[i0f k|;fb kf8]n tflnxjf ljt/0f s]Gb| .@@)&&.)^.)&
# s !!)#^& h'=x]=/# >L dfwj k|;fb kf08]o tflnxjf ljt/0f s]Gb| .@@)&&.)^.)&
$ b##)@$( ld=l/=/# >L dg axfb'/ ;f]tL a'6jn ljt/0f s]Gb| .@@)&&.)*.)&
137
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l;=g+ ljj/0f lsl;d ;+Vof /sd hDdf ?
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@ cfifwL pkrf/ ljdf b'36gf # &)),)))=)) @,!)),)))=))
cfifwLkf]rf/ #@! !$,)$(,^^%^=*)
# ;fjlws ljdf ljdf sDkgL af6 k|fKt !#,$!!,%&%=*(
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рез. рд╕рдЪрдд рдЧрд░рд╛рдПрдХреЛрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрдд
рез рджрдШ ремремрейрен рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рек рд░рдирдЬрдирд╛ рд╢рд╛рдХрдп 2077-06-15 рдмрд╛рдирд╢рд╡рд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рдмрд╛рдирд╢рд╡рд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдХреЛ рдордордорддреирежренрен/режрен/резрем рдЪ.рди.рейрежрен рдХреЛ рдкрддрд░рд╛рдирд╕рд╛рд░рдордордордд реирежренрем/режрел/режрез рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режреи/рейреи рд╕рдордо рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реАреиремрео рдлрджрди рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреА рдЧрд░реА рдЕрд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рд░рд╡рд┐рджрд╛рдорд╛ рдордорд▓рд╛рди рдЧрд░рдХреЛ ред
реи. рдордирд▓рдорд┐рдирдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдд рейрезрежрежреорей рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧреА рез рдирдирдж рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд┐рдпрд╛рд▓ 2077-03-21 2077-04-05 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реи рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреоремреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рд░рд░рддрд╖ рдЧрдкрддрд╛ 2077-04-24 2077-05-15 рдврд▓рдХрд┐рд░ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рдердк рдордирд▓рдорд┐рди рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛рдХреЛ рд▓рд╛рдордЧ рд┐рд╛рдпрд▓рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбреА рдмрдврдХреЛ рдЫ ред
рей рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреорежреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рдИрд╢рд╡рд░реАрдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдЬрд╕рд┐рд╛рд▓ реирежренрен/режрен/реиреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режреп/резреп рд╕рдордо 2077-08-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛-рднрд░рддрдкрд░-рд┐рджрдгрдШрд╛рдЯ реиреиреж
рдХ.рднреА.рдкрд░.рд▓рд╛.рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛
рек рдзрди ренрелрекрей рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рдЬреАрд┐рди рд╕рд┐рджреА реирежренрен/режрен/резреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрео/режрек рд╕рдордо 2077-08-18 рдЕрддрддрд░рд░рдпрд╛ рдорд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рел рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреорежреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рдИрд╢рд╡рд░реАрдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдЬрд╕рд┐рд╛рд▓реирежренрен/режрен/резреж рджрдЦрдЦрдорджрджрд╛рдХреЛ рдЕрдЦрдирддрдордлрдХрдирд╛рд░рд╛ рдирд▓рд╛рдЧрд╕рдордо
2077-09-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛-рднрд░рддрдкрд░-рд┐рджрдгрдШрд╛рдЯ реиреирежрдХ.рднреА.рдкрд░.рд▓рд╛.рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛
рем рдз резрекрежреиренреж рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдХрд╖рд░ рдЖрд▓ реирежренрен/режреп/режреп рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/резрез/реиреи рд╕рдордо 2077-09-09 рддрдирд╣ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рен рдЧ резрейрежрезренрей рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдордиреЛрдЬ рдХрдорд╛рд░ рдкрд╛рдгрдб реирежренрен/режрео/реирек рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/резрез/реирей рд╕рдордо 2077-09-17 рдмрд░рд╣рдерд┐рд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рео рдХрдЦ резренреореп рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдЙрдлрджрд╢ рд╕рд╣рдиреАреирежренрен/режрео/реиреи рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режреп/резрен рд╕рдордореирем рдлрджрди
2077-09-29 рдзрдирд╖рд╛рдзрд╛рдо рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рей. рдордирд▓рдорд┐рди рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдордирд▓рдорд┐рди рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрдд
рез рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреоремреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рд░рд░рддрд╢ рдЧрдкрддрд╛ 2077-06-05 2077-06-09 рдврд▓рдХрд┐рд░ рдорд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрек/реирек рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрем/режрек рд╕рдордордХреЛ рдордирд▓рдорд┐рдирдпрдерд╛рд┐рдд рд░рд╛рдЦреА рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛ рдЧрд░рдХреЛ
реи рдХрдЦ реореирез рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рд╢рдпрд╛рдо рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛рдордЧрд░ реирежренрел/режреп/резреи рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрел/резреж/резрек рд╕рдордо 2077-06-13 рдЬреЛрд░рдкрд╛рдЯреА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рей рдЦрдЧ резреирежрежрелреп рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рд╢рдпрд╛рдордлрдХрд╢реЛрд░ рднрдЧрдд реирежренрел/режрей/резреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрем/резреж/реирей рд╕рдордо 2077-07-26 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рен.рд╕рд┐рдЦрдЫрдЫрдХ рдЕрд┐рдХрд╛рд╢рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдХрдЦрдЧрдз ренрейрео рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдХрд╢рд┐рд▓рд╛рд▓ рднрдЯрдЯрд░рд╛рдИ 2077-04-01 2077-04-22 рд╕рддреА рд┐рд┐рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд┐рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░реи рдЦрдЧрдз резреорезрем рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдкрд░рд╢рд░рд╛рдо рднрдЯрдЯ 2076-12-01 2077-04-22 рдмрддрдбреА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рей рдЩрдкрд┐ реореорежрем рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рен рдкрд░рд╖реЛрддрддрдо рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА 2077-05-02 2077-04-26 рдХрдирд░реАрдп рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рек рдШрдЩрдк рейремрежрей рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рем рдЕрдорд░рд▓рд╛рд▓ рд╢рд░рд╖рда 2077-05-02 2077-04-32 рдЖрдордердгрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдкрд░рд░рдХрд╖рд░
рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рел рдЧрдзрди реиренрепрез рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рд╕рд┐рд░рдг рдЕрдордзрдХрд╛рд░реА 2077-04-06 2077-06-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рем рджрдШрдЩ ремрейрейрей рдХрдордпрдЯрд░ рдЕрдкрд░рдЯрд░ рел рд╡рд┐рдиреЛрдж рдХрдорд╛рд░ рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА 2077-04-26 2077-06-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рен рджрдШрдЩ ремрежрекрез рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рдмрдЦ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдХрдбрд░рд░рдпрд╛ 2077-03-26 2077-06-18 рднреЛрдЬрдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рео рдЧрдзрди реиремрежрей рдорд╕.рд╣.рдИ.рдЕ. рел рдЧреЛрдХрд▓ рдЦрддрд░реА 2077-06-26 2077-07-04 рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдирдп рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рди рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
реп рдШрдЩрдкрд┐ рейрежреорен рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рдХреАрдп рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рен рд░рд╛рдордХрд╖рд░ рдкрд╛рдардХ 2077-07-06 2077-06-23 рдорд╕рдпрд╛рдгрдЩрдЧрджреА рдЬрд▓рд╡рд┐рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░
резреж рдЧрдзрдирдЪ реирепрепрек рд╕.рдИрдЦрдирдЬрдордирдпрд░ рем рдореЛрдорд╕рд┐ рдорд╕рд░ 2077-03-30 2077-06-16 рдХрд▓рдЦрд╛рдиреА рдкрд░рдердо рдЬрд▓рд╡рд┐рджрдпрддрдХрдирд░
резрез рдзрдирдЪ ренрежреорей рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдкрд░рд╛рд╡рд┐рдордзрдХ рдЕрдордзрдХрддрем рд░рд╛рдЬ рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд▓рд╛рдордордЫрд╛рди 2077-07-26 2077-06-22 рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдирдп рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рди рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛резреи рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрепрел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд╕рдирдо рдХрдорд╛рд░ рд╕рдерд╛рд╡рдкрдд 2077-08-16 2077-08-05 рдХреАрдорддрдгрдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрей рдХрдЦрдЧ резрезрепрек рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рд░рд╛рдордЪрдирд░ рдЕрдпрд╛рдгрд▓ 2077-07-16 2077-08-05 рд▓рдЧрдирдЦрд▓ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрек рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрейрен рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд░рд╛рдЬрдирд░ рдорд╣рдЬрдгрди 2077-07-26 2077-08-09 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрел рдЦрдЧрдз резремрелрей рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрдорд╛рд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛рдордЧрд░ 2077-07-16 2077-08-22 рдкрд▓рдЪреЛрдХ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрем рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрелрез рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд░рд╛рдордкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдердкрдорд▓рдпрд╛ 2077-07-16 2077-08-22 рдирд┐рд╛рдХреЛрдЯ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрен рдЦрдЧрдзрди резрейрезреп рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рдХрдорд╛рд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛рдордЧрд░ 2077-08-16 2077-08-30 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрео рдЧрдзрди реирепрепрео рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рдореЛрд╣рди рдХрдорд╛рд░ рд╢рд░рд╖рда 2077-07-27 2077-08-30 рдорд╛рдордерд▓рд▓реЛ рд╡рддрд░рд╢рд▓реА рейрдП
рдЬ.рд╡рд┐.рдХрдирд░резреп рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрепрей рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд╕рдЬрдирд╛ рдЙрд▓рдХ 2077-09-01 2077-08-30 рдХрд╛рднрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реиреж рдЦрдЧрдзрди реирепрекрез рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рднреЛрдЬ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рд╕рд┐рд╛рд░ 2077-09-22 2077-09-07 рдзрдирдЧрдвреА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирез рджрдШрдЩ ремреиремрей рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рдзрдордгрдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд╕рд╛рдкрдХреЛрдЯрд╛ 2077-10-05 2077-09-13 рдзрд░рд╛рди рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реиреи рджрдШрдЩ релрепрепрем рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рдУрдордкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдврдЩрдЧрд╛рдирд╛ 2077-09-01 2077-09-13 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирей рджрдШрдЩ ремрезренрел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд▓рд┐рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдврдЩрдЧрд╛рдирд╛ 2077-09-01 2077-09-13 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирек рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрепрек рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд░рд╛рдордкрд░реАрдХрд╖рд░ рдЪреМрдзрд░реА 2077-09-07 2077-09-13 рд▓рдЦрдирд╛рде рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирел рдЦрдЧрдз резремрекрел рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдЕрдордирдХ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛ 2077-09-30 2077-10-05 рдлрдардореА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рдирдкрд╛рд▓ рд╡рд┐рджрдпрдд рдкрд░рд╛рдордзрдХрд░рд░рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреАрдп рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рд╛рд╣реА рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
реирежренрен рд╢рд░рд╛рд┐рд░ рез рдЧрдд рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен рдорд╛рдШ рео рдЧрдд рд╕рдордордХреЛрд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреАрдп рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рд╛рд╣реА рднрдПрдХрд╛ рдХрдордгрдЪрд╛рд░реАрд╣рд░рдХреЛ рдирд╛рдорд╛рд┐рд▓реА
ljefuLo sf/jfxL zfvf@)&& >fj0f ! b]lv @)&& k'if d;fGt ;Ddsf]
ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f
138
рез. рд╕рдЪрдд рдЧрд░рд╛рдПрдХреЛрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрдд
рез рджрдШ ремремрейрен рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рек рд░рдирдЬрдирд╛ рд╢рд╛рдХрдп 2077-06-15 рдмрд╛рдирд╢рд╡рд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рдмрд╛рдирд╢рд╡рд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдХреЛ рдордордорддреирежренрен/режрен/резрем рдЪ.рди.рейрежрен рдХреЛ рдкрддрд░рд╛рдирд╕рд╛рд░рдордордордд реирежренрем/режрел/режрез рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режреи/рейреи рд╕рдордо рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реАреиремрео рдлрджрди рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреА рдЧрд░реА рдЕрд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рд░рд╡рд┐рджрд╛рдорд╛ рдордорд▓рд╛рди рдЧрд░рдХреЛ ред
реи. рдордирд▓рдорд┐рдирдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдд рейрезрежрежреорей рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧреА рез рдирдирдж рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд┐рдпрд╛рд▓ 2077-03-21 2077-04-05 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реи рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреоремреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рд░рд░рддрд╖ рдЧрдкрддрд╛ 2077-04-24 2077-05-15 рдврд▓рдХрд┐рд░ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рдердк рдордирд▓рдорд┐рди рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛рдХреЛ рд▓рд╛рдордЧ рд┐рд╛рдпрд▓рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбреА рдмрдврдХреЛ рдЫ ред
рей рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреорежреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рдИрд╢рд╡рд░реАрдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдЬрд╕рд┐рд╛рд▓ реирежренрен/режрен/реиреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режреп/резреп рд╕рдордо 2077-08-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛-рднрд░рддрдкрд░-рд┐рджрдгрдШрд╛рдЯ реиреиреж
рдХ.рднреА.рдкрд░.рд▓рд╛.рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛
рек рдзрди ренрелрекрей рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рдЬреАрд┐рди рд╕рд┐рджреА реирежренрен/режрен/резреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрео/режрек рд╕рдордо 2077-08-18 рдЕрддрддрд░рд░рдпрд╛ рдорд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рел рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреорежреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рдИрд╢рд╡рд░реАрдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдЬрд╕рд┐рд╛рд▓реирежренрен/режрен/резреж рджрдЦрдЦрдорджрджрд╛рдХреЛ рдЕрдЦрдирддрдордлрдХрдирд╛рд░рд╛ рдирд▓рд╛рдЧрд╕рдордо
2077-09-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛-рднрд░рддрдкрд░-рд┐рджрдгрдШрд╛рдЯ реиреирежрдХ.рднреА.рдкрд░.рд▓рд╛.рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛
рем рдз резрекрежреиренреж рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдХрд╖рд░ рдЖрд▓ реирежренрен/режреп/режреп рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/резрез/реиреи рд╕рдордо 2077-09-09 рддрдирд╣ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рен рдЧ резрейрежрезренрей рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдордиреЛрдЬ рдХрдорд╛рд░ рдкрд╛рдгрдб реирежренрен/режрео/реирек рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/резрез/реирей рд╕рдордо 2077-09-17 рдмрд░рд╣рдерд┐рд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рео рдХрдЦ резренреореп рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдЙрдлрджрд╢ рд╕рд╣рдиреАреирежренрен/режрео/реиреи рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режреп/резрен рд╕рдордореирем рдлрджрди
2077-09-29 рдзрдирд╖рд╛рдзрд╛рдо рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рей. рдордирд▓рдорд┐рди рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдордирд▓рдорд┐рди рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрдд
рез рдЫрдЬрдЭ резрезреоремреж рдЙрдк-рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ реп рд░рд░рддрд╢ рдЧрдкрддрд╛ 2077-06-05 2077-06-09 рдврд▓рдХрд┐рд░ рдорд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрек/реирек рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрем/режрек рд╕рдордордХреЛ рдордирд▓рдорд┐рдирдпрдерд╛рд┐рдд рд░рд╛рдЦреА рд┐рдХрд┐рд╛ рдЧрд░рдХреЛ
реи рдХрдЦ реореирез рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рд╢рдпрд╛рдо рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛рдордЧрд░ реирежренрел/режреп/резреи рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрел/резреж/резрек рд╕рдордо 2077-06-13 рдЬреЛрд░рдкрд╛рдЯреА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рей рдЦрдЧ резреирежрежрелреп рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рд╢рдпрд╛рдордлрдХрд╢реЛрд░ рднрдЧрдд реирежренрел/режрей/резреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрем/резреж/реирей рд╕рдордо 2077-07-26 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рен.рд╕рд┐рдЦрдЫрдЫрдХ рдЕрд┐рдХрд╛рд╢рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдХрдЦрдЧрдз ренрейрео рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдХрд╢рд┐рд▓рд╛рд▓ рднрдЯрдЯрд░рд╛рдИ 2077-04-01 2077-04-22 рд╕рддреА рд┐рд┐рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд┐рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░реи рдЦрдЧрдз резреорезрем рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдкрд░рд╢рд░рд╛рдо рднрдЯрдЯ 2076-12-01 2077-04-22 рдмрддрдбреА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рей рдЩрдкрд┐ реореорежрем рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рен рдкрд░рд╖реЛрддрддрдо рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА 2077-05-02 2077-04-26 рдХрдирд░реАрдп рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рек рдШрдЩрдк рейремрежрей рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рем рдЕрдорд░рд▓рд╛рд▓ рд╢рд░рд╖рда 2077-05-02 2077-04-32 рдЖрдордердгрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛ рдкрд░рд░рдХрд╖рд░
рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рел рдЧрдзрди реиренрепрез рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рд╕рд┐рд░рдг рдЕрдордзрдХрд╛рд░реА 2077-04-06 2077-06-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рем рджрдШрдЩ ремрейрейрей рдХрдордпрдЯрд░ рдЕрдкрд░рдЯрд░ рел рд╡рд┐рдиреЛрдж рдХрдорд╛рд░ рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА 2077-04-26 2077-06-07 рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рен рджрдШрдЩ ремрежрекрез рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рдмрдЦ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдХрдбрд░рд░рдпрд╛ 2077-03-26 2077-06-18 рднреЛрдЬрдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рео рдЧрдзрди реиремрежрей рдорд╕.рд╣.рдИ.рдЕ. рел рдЧреЛрдХрд▓ рдЦрддрд░реА 2077-06-26 2077-07-04 рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдирдп рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рди рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
реп рдШрдЩрдкрд┐ рейрежреорен рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рдХреАрдп рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рен рд░рд╛рдордХрд╖рд░ рдкрд╛рдардХ 2077-07-06 2077-06-23 рдорд╕рдпрд╛рдгрдЩрдЧрджреА рдЬрд▓рд╡рд┐рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░
резреж рдЧрдзрдирдЪ реирепрепрек рд╕.рдИрдЦрдирдЬрдордирдпрд░ рем рдореЛрдорд╕рд┐ рдорд╕рд░ 2077-03-30 2077-06-16 рдХрд▓рдЦрд╛рдиреА рдкрд░рдердо рдЬрд▓рд╡рд┐рджрдпрддрдХрдирд░
резрез рдзрдирдЪ ренрежреорей рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдкрд░рд╛рд╡рд┐рдордзрдХ рдЕрдордзрдХрддрем рд░рд╛рдЬ рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд▓рд╛рдордордЫрд╛рди 2077-07-26 2077-06-22 рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдирдп рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рди рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛резреи рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрепрел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд╕рдирдо рдХрдорд╛рд░ рд╕рдерд╛рд╡рдкрдд 2077-08-16 2077-08-05 рдХреАрдорддрдгрдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрей рдХрдЦрдЧ резрезрепрек рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рд░рд╛рдордЪрдирд░ рдЕрдпрд╛рдгрд▓ 2077-07-16 2077-08-05 рд▓рдЧрдирдЦрд▓ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрек рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрейрен рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд░рд╛рдЬрдирд░ рдорд╣рдЬрдгрди 2077-07-26 2077-08-09 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрел рдЦрдЧрдз резремрелрей рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рд░рд╛рдЬрдХрдорд╛рд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛рдордЧрд░ 2077-07-16 2077-08-22 рдкрд▓рдЪреЛрдХ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрем рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрелрез рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд░рд╛рдордкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдердкрдорд▓рдпрд╛ 2077-07-16 2077-08-22 рдирд┐рд╛рдХреЛрдЯ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрен рдЦрдЧрдзрди резрейрезреп рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рдХрдорд╛рд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛рдордЧрд░ 2077-08-16 2077-08-30 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░резрео рдЧрдзрди реирепрепрео рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рдореЛрд╣рди рдХрдорд╛рд░ рд╢рд░рд╖рда 2077-07-27 2077-08-30 рдорд╛рдордерд▓рд▓реЛ рд╡рддрд░рд╢рд▓реА рейрдП
рдЬ.рд╡рд┐.рдХрдирд░резреп рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрепрей рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд╕рдЬрдирд╛ рдЙрд▓рдХ 2077-09-01 2077-08-30 рдХрд╛рднрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реиреж рдЦрдЧрдзрди реирепрекрез рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рднреЛрдЬ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рд╕рд┐рд╛рд░ 2077-09-22 2077-09-07 рдзрдирдЧрдвреА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирез рджрдШрдЩ ремреиремрей рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рдзрдордгрдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд╕рд╛рдкрдХреЛрдЯрд╛ 2077-10-05 2077-09-13 рдзрд░рд╛рди рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реиреи рджрдШрдЩ релрепрепрем рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рдУрдордкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдврдЩрдЧрд╛рдирд╛ 2077-09-01 2077-09-13 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирей рджрдШрдЩ ремрезренрел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд▓рд┐рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдврдЩрдЧрд╛рдирд╛ 2077-09-01 2077-09-13 рд░рддрдирдкрд╛рдХрдг рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирек рджрдШрдЩ ремрезрепрек рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рел рд░рд╛рдордкрд░реАрдХрд╖рд░ рдЪреМрдзрд░реА 2077-09-07 2077-09-13 рд▓рдЦрдирд╛рде рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реирел рдЦрдЧрдз резремрекрел рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдЕрдордирдХ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛ 2077-09-30 2077-10-05 рдлрдардореА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рдирдкрд╛рд▓ рд╡рд┐рджрдпрдд рдкрд░рд╛рдордзрдХрд░рд░рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреАрдп рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рд╛рд╣реА рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
реирежренрен рд╢рд░рд╛рд┐рд░ рез рдЧрдд рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен рдорд╛рдШ рео рдЧрдд рд╕рдордордХреЛрд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреАрдп рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рд╛рд╣реА рднрдПрдХрд╛ рдХрдордгрдЪрд╛рд░реАрд╣рд░рдХреЛ рдирд╛рдорд╛рд┐рд▓реА
реирем рддрдердж релрежрежрек рдордордЯрд░ рд░рд░рдбрд░ рей рд╡рд┐рд╖рд░ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рд░рд╛рдпрдорд╛рдЭреА 2077-09-05 2077-10-04 рдмрд╛рдЧрдорддреА рдкрд░рджрд╢, рдкрд░рджрд╢рдлрдбрдорднрдЬрди рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛
реирен рджрдШрдЩрдк релренрейрен рд╕.рдкрд░.рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рем рд░рд╛рдзрд╛рдХрд╖рд░ рдХрд╛рдХреА 2077-10-07 2077-10-07 рдЙрддрдкрд╛рджрди рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ
рек. рд╕рд┐рд╛рдмрд╛рдЯ рд┐рдЦрд╛рдгрд╕рдд рдЧрд░рд░рдПрдХреЛрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдХрдЦрдЧ ренреореп рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдХрд╖рд░рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд╢рдорд╛рдг 2075-06-14 2077-08-28 рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬрдЧрдЬ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реи рдЧ резрейрежрежренреж рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рднреЛрд▓рд╛рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдЕрдордзрдХрд╛рд░реА 2075-04-28 2077-09-07 рдкрд▓рдЪреЛрдХ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рел. рд╕рд┐рд╛рдмрд╛рдЯ рд╣рдЯрд╛рдИрдПрдХреЛрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдЧрдзрди реиренрелрем рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рд╕рдорди рд╢рд░рд╖рда 2073-10-08 2077-04-13 рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдгрдбреМ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛реи рдЧ рейремрезрем рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рднрдкрджрд┐ рдХрдЯрд┐рд╛рд▓ 2076-10-07 2077-07-28 рдЗрд▓рд╛рдо рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рей рдирдЪ реорезрепрем рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдИрдЦрдирдЬрдордирдпрд░ рем рдлрд┐рд░реЛрдЬ рдЕрдирд╕рд╛рд░реА 2076-11-12 2077-09-09 рд▓рд╛рд╣рд╛рди рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рем. рдордирдмрд╡рддрддрднрд░рд░ рд░реЛрдХрдХрд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдЦрдЧрдз резремрейрем рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдЯрд╣рд▓ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдХрд╛рдХреА 2077-03-16 2077-04-13 рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдгрдбреМ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ рдЪ.рди.рейреи рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрек/резремреи рддрдЧрдз рекреоренрен рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдХрд╖рд░рдХрдорд╛рд░ рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА 2072-11-11 2077-08-14 рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдгрдбреМ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ рдЪ.рди.резремреж рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрео/резреп
рен. рдЕрд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рд░ рд╡рд┐рджрд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдкрддрд░рдХреЛ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рджрдШ ремремрейрен рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рек рд░рдирдЬрдирд╛ рд╢рд╛рдХрдп 2077-06-19 2077-06-15 рдмрд╛рдирд╢рд╡рд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/режрел/режрез рджрдЦрдЦ
реирежренрен/режреи/рейреи рд╕рдордо реиремрео рдлрджрди
реи рдж ремремрейрем рдХрд▓рдХрдг рей рд╡рдмрдорд▓рд╛ рдХрдорд╛рд░реА(рджрд╛рд╣рд╛рд▓)рдЕрдордзрдХрд╛рд░реА 2077-07-03 2077-06-29 рдЙрджрдпрдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рдордордордд реирежренрек/режрен/резрен рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрем/режрем/реирей рдорднрддрд░ рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реАрейрежрен рдлрджрди
рей рдЫрдЬ резренрежрежрелрез рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ рео рд╕рдирддреЛрд╖ рдорд╣рдЬрдгрди 2077-09-03 2077-08-24 рдЕрдкрд░ рдЕрд░рд░ рд╣рд╛рдИрдбрд░реЛ рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдХ рдорд▓. рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрен/резрек рджрдЦрдЦ рем рдордлрд╣рдирд╛
рек рдХрдЦ резренремреж рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдзрди рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдЧрд╛рд╣рд╛ 2077-10-05 2077-09-29 рдмрдЯрд┐рд▓ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрем/резреп рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрео/режрео рд╕рдордо релреж рдлрджрди
рео. рдердк рд╡рд┐рд░рд╛рдореА рд╡рд┐рджрд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдкрддрд░рдХреЛ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдХрдЦ резреорейреж рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдлрдЯрдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдо рдорддрдордордЦрд▓рд╕рдирд╛ 2077-06-18 2077-06-14 рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/резреи/режреп рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен/режрей/рейреж
рд╕рдордо резрезрел рдлрджрдиреи рдз резрекрежрейрежрем рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдкрджрдо рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛ 2077-06-30 2077-06-29 рдЧрд▓рдореА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/резрез/резреи рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резрез/реирез
рд╕рдордо резреж рдлрджрдирей рдЧ резрейрежрейрекрез рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдЧреЛрд╡рд┐рдирдж рд░рд░рдЬрд╛рд▓ 2077-06-30 2077-06-29 рдЧрд▓рдореА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/резрез/резреи рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резреи/резреж
рд╕рдордо реиреп рдлрджрдирек рдХрдЦрдЧ резрелрепрек рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдЪрдЦрдирд░рдХрд╛ рдЪрд╛рдИ 2077-08-29 2077-08-22 рдирдпрд╛рдордорд▓ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрек/резреи рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен/резреж/резрез
рд╕рдордо рем рдордлрд╣рдирд╛
рел рдХрдЦ резреорейреж рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдлрдЯрдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдо рдорддрдордордЦрд▓рд╕рдирд╛ 2077-09-22 2077-09-17 рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрей/рейреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрел/режрем рд╕рдордо рекреж рдлрджрди рд░ рдордордорддреирежренрен/режрел/реирек рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен/режрем/режренрд╕рдордо резрел рдлрджрди рдЧрд░реА рдЬрдордорд╛ релрел рдлрджрди ред
реп. рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреАрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдкрддрд░ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрдд
рез рдЧ рейремрезрем рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рднрдкрджрд┐ рдХрдЯрд┐рд╛рд▓ 2077-08-03 2077-07-28 рдЗрд▓рд╛рдо рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдордордордд реирежренрек/резреи/режреп рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резреж/режрекрд╕рдордордорд╛ рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реА рдЬрдордорд╛ релремрео
рдлрджрди рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреА ред
реи рдирдЪ реорезрепрем рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдИрдЦрдирдЬрдордирдпрд░ рем рдлрд┐рд░реЛрдЬ рдЕрдирд╕рд╛рд░реА 2077-09-12 2077-09-09 рд▓рд╛рд╣рд╛рди рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдордордордд реирежренрем/режрем/режрео рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резреж/режрекрд╕рдордордорд╛ рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реА рдЬрдордорд╛ резрезрел
рдлрджрди рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреА ред
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реирем рддрдердж релрежрежрек рдордордЯрд░ рд░рд░рдбрд░ рей рд╡рд┐рд╖рд░ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рд░рд╛рдпрдорд╛рдЭреА 2077-09-05 2077-10-04 рдмрд╛рдЧрдорддреА рдкрд░рджрд╢, рдкрд░рджрд╢рдлрдбрдорднрдЬрди рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛
реирен рджрдШрдЩрдк релренрейрен рд╕.рдкрд░.рдЕрдордзрдХрдд рем рд░рд╛рдзрд╛рдХрд╖рд░ рдХрд╛рдХреА 2077-10-07 2077-10-07 рдЙрддрдкрд╛рджрди рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ
рек. рд╕рд┐рд╛рдмрд╛рдЯ рд┐рдЦрд╛рдгрд╕рдд рдЧрд░рд░рдПрдХреЛрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдХрдЦрдЧ ренреореп рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдХрд╖рд░рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рд╢рдорд╛рдг 2075-06-14 2077-08-28 рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬрдЧрдЬ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░реи рдЧ резрейрежрежренреж рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рднреЛрд▓рд╛рдкрд░рд╕рд╛рдж рдЕрдордзрдХрд╛рд░реА 2075-04-28 2077-09-07 рдкрд▓рдЪреЛрдХ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рел. рд╕рд┐рд╛рдмрд╛рдЯ рд╣рдЯрд╛рдИрдПрдХреЛрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╣рди рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдЧрдзрди реиренрелрем рд╕рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ рел рд╕рдорди рд╢рд░рд╖рда 2073-10-08 2077-04-13 рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдгрдбреМ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛реи рдЧ рейремрезрем рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рднрдкрджрд┐ рдХрдЯрд┐рд╛рд▓ 2076-10-07 2077-07-28 рдЗрд▓рд╛рдо рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рей рдирдЪ реорезрепрем рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдИрдЦрдирдЬрдордирдпрд░ рем рдлрд┐рд░реЛрдЬ рдЕрдирд╕рд╛рд░реА 2076-11-12 2077-09-09 рд▓рд╛рд╣рд╛рди рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рем. рдордирдмрд╡рддрддрднрд░рд░ рд░реЛрдХрдХрд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдЦрдЧрдз резремрейрем рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдЯрд╣рд▓ рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдХрд╛рдХреА 2077-03-16 2077-04-13 рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдгрдбреМ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ рдЪ.рди.рейреи рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрек/резремреи рддрдЧрдз рекреоренрен рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдХрд╖рд░рдХрдорд╛рд░ рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА 2072-11-11 2077-08-14 рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдгрдбреМ рдорд┐рдб рдорд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ рдЪ.рди.резремреж рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрео/резреп
рен. рдЕрд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рд░ рд╡рд┐рджрд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдкрддрд░рдХреЛ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рджрдШ ремремрейрен рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рек рд░рдирдЬрдирд╛ рд╢рд╛рдХрдп 2077-06-19 2077-06-15 рдмрд╛рдирд╢рд╡рд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/режрел/режрез рджрдЦрдЦ
реирежренрен/режреи/рейреи рд╕рдордо реиремрео рдлрджрди
реи рдж ремремрейрем рдХрд▓рдХрдг рей рд╡рдмрдорд▓рд╛ рдХрдорд╛рд░реА(рджрд╛рд╣рд╛рд▓)рдЕрдордзрдХрд╛рд░реА 2077-07-03 2077-06-29 рдЙрджрдпрдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░
рдордордордд реирежренрек/режрен/резрен рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрем/режрем/реирей рдорднрддрд░ рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реАрейрежрен рдлрджрди
рей рдЫрдЬ резренрежрежрелрез рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ рео рд╕рдирддреЛрд╖ рдорд╣рдЬрдгрди 2077-09-03 2077-08-24 рдЕрдкрд░ рдЕрд░рд░ рд╣рд╛рдИрдбрд░реЛ рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдХ рдорд▓. рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрен/резрек рджрдЦрдЦ рем рдордлрд╣рдирд╛
рек рдХрдЦ резренремреж рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдзрди рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдЧрд╛рд╣рд╛ 2077-10-05 2077-09-29 рдмрдЯрд┐рд▓ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрем/резреп рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрео/режрео рд╕рдордо релреж рдлрджрди
рео. рдердк рд╡рд┐рд░рд╛рдореА рд╡рд┐рджрд╛рдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдкрддрд░рдХреЛ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрддрез рдХрдЦ резреорейреж рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдлрдЯрдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдо рдорддрдордордЦрд▓рд╕рдирд╛ 2077-06-18 2077-06-14 рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/резреи/режреп рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен/режрей/рейреж
рд╕рдордо резрезрел рдлрджрдиреи рдз резрекрежрейрежрем рд┐реЛрд░рдорди рек рдкрджрдо рд┐рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдерд╛рдкрд╛ 2077-06-30 2077-06-29 рдЧрд▓рдореА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/резрез/резреи рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резрез/реирез
рд╕рдордо резреж рдлрджрдирей рдЧ резрейрежрейрекрез рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдЧреЛрд╡рд┐рдирдж рд░рд░рдЬрд╛рд▓ 2077-06-30 2077-06-29 рдЧрд▓рдореА рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрем/резрез/резреи рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резреи/резреж
рд╕рдордо реиреп рдлрджрдирек рдХрдЦрдЧ резрелрепрек рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рдЪрдЦрдирд░рдХрд╛ рдЪрд╛рдИ 2077-08-29 2077-08-22 рдирдпрд╛рдордорд▓ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░ рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрек/резреи рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен/резреж/резрез
рд╕рдордо рем рдордлрд╣рдирд╛
рел рдХрдЦ резреорейреж рд╣рд▓рдкрд░ реи рдлрдЯрдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдо рдорддрдордордЦрд▓рд╕рдирд╛ 2077-09-22 2077-09-17 рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдордордордд реирежренрен/режрей/рейреж рджрдЦрдЦреирежренрен/режрел/режрем рд╕рдордо рекреж рдлрджрди рд░ рдордордорддреирежренрен/режрел/реирек рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрен/режрем/режренрд╕рдордо резрел рдлрджрди рдЧрд░реА рдЬрдордорд╛ релрел рдлрджрди ред
реп. рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреАрдХрд░.рд╕. рдХ.рд╕.рди. рдкрдж рддрд╣ рдирд╛рдо/рдерд░ рдкрддрд░ рдордордордд рдордирд░рдгрдп рдордордордд рдХрд╛рдпрд╛рдгрд▓рдп рдХрдлрд┐рдпрдд
рез рдЧ рейремрезрем рдИрд▓рдЦрдХрд┐рдорд╕рдпрди рей рднрдкрджрд┐ рдХрдЯрд┐рд╛рд▓ 2077-08-03 2077-07-28 рдЗрд▓рд╛рдо рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдордордордд реирежренрек/резреи/режреп рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резреж/режрекрд╕рдордордорд╛ рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реА рдЬрдордорд╛ релремрео
рдлрджрди рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреА ред
реи рдирдЪ реорезрепрем рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рдИрдЦрдирдЬрдордирдпрд░ рем рдлрд┐рд░реЛрдЬ рдЕрдирд╕рд╛рд░реА 2077-09-12 2077-09-09 рд▓рд╛рд╣рд╛рди рд╡рд┐рддрд░рд░ рдХрдирд░рдордордордд реирежренрем/режрем/режрео рджрдЦрдЦ реирежренрем/резреж/режрекрд╕рдордордорд╛ рдкрдЯрдХ/рдкрдЯрдХ рдЧрд░реА рдЬрдордорд╛ резрезрел
рдлрджрди рдЧрдпрд▓ рдХрдЯрдЯреА ред
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DofbL├╖s/f/├╖Hofnfbf/Ldf
sfo/t sdrf/L ;+Vof
hDdf
sfosf/L lgb]zs 1 0 1 0 0 0
pk sfosf/L lgb]zs -k|fljlws├╖k|zf;g_ 9 0 9 8 0 8
k|fljlws 1252 113 1365 1110 0 1110
k|zf;g 585 23 608 545 9 554
hDdf 1837 136 1973 1655 9 1664
k|fljlws 5915 0 5915 4303 61 4364
k|zf;g 3290 0 3290 2501 41 2542
hDdf 9205 0 9205 6804 102 6906
s"n hDdf 11051 136 11188 8467 111 8578
clws[t :t/ -tx 6 b]vL 11 ;Dd_
;xfos :t/ -tx 1 b]vL 5 ;Dd_
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dfh"bf sdrf/L
g]kfn ljB"t k|flws/)fk|zf;g lgb]zgfnohg;fwg ljefu
s]Gb|Lo sdrf/L k|zf;g zfvf
реирежренрен рдкреМрд╖ рдорд╕рд╛рдд
kb
:jLs[t b/aGbL
140
рд╕рд┐.рди рддрд╣ / рдкрдж рдХрд░рдордЪрд╛рд░реА рд┐рдХрдд рди. рдирд╛рд░ рдерд░ рдХрд╛рд░рдорд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░ рд╕рд┐.рди. рдЙрддрдХ рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░рез рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫрдЬ резрезреоремрей рд╢рд░реА рд┐рд░рди рд╢рд░рд╖рдЯ рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рдЙрдкрддрд░рдХрд╛ рдкрд░рдо рддрдерд╛ рджрдХрд╖рд┐рдг рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдкрд░рдгрд╛рд▓реА
рд┐рджрдвреАрдХрд░рдг рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рез рд╢рд░реА рдкрд░реА рд╕рдЪрддрд░рди резрейреи/рейрей рдХ. рднреА. рд┐рдмрд╕рдЯрд╢рди рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛реи рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ (рдИрд▓.) рдЬ резреорежрежрежрек рд╢рд░реА рднрд░рдд рдкрд░рдзрд╛рди рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдмрд░рд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ реи рд╢рд░реА рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рд╕рд┐рдб рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рей рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рд╕рдирджрд╢рдХ (рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд┐рди) рджрдШрдлрдм ремрекрепреп рд╢рд░реА рд╕рд▓рд▓рд╛ рдХрд░рд╛рд░реА рдЕрд░рд╛рдорд▓ рдЬрдирд┐рдордкрдХрдо рддрдерд╛ рдЧрдирд╛рд┐реЛ рдмрд░рд░рд╕рдерд╛рдкрди рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ (рдкрд░рд░рдЦ) рей рд╢рд░реА рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╕рд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рек рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежреиренрей рд╢рд░реА рд┐рджрдзрд╛рд░ рдмрд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╕рд░рд╛рдЯрдо рд╕рд┐рдб рддрдерд╛ рд╕рд░рд╛рдЯрдо рд╕рд░рдЯрд░рд░рдЩ рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛, рд╡рдм.рд┐рд╛.рд┐.рд╕рди. рек рд╢рд░реА рдХрдорд░рдЯрд░рд╛рдИрдЬрдб рд╡рдмрд╕рд▓рдЩ рддрдерд╛ рдирдЯрд░рдХрдо рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рел рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежрейрепрел рд╢рд░реА рд▓рд╛рд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдмрдврд╛ рдХрдгрд╛рдорд▓реА рдкрд░рджрд╢ рдкрд░рд╛рджрд╕рд╢рдХ рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░┬╕ рд┐рдЦрдд рел рд╢рд░реА рдкрд╛рд╛рдЪрдЦрд╛рд▓ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░рем рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдирдЪрдЫ реореирежрем рд╢рд░реА рд╢рддрд░рдзрди рд░рд╛рджрд░ рдХреЛрд╢реА рдХреЛрд░рд░рдбреЛрд░ реиреиреж рдХ.рднреА рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд░рдг рд▓рд╛рд░рдорди рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рем рд╢рд░реА рд╡рдмрд░рдЧрдЮ рдЬ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░рен рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежрезрезреп рд╢рд░реА рд┐реЛрдирд╛рд▓реА рдХрдгрдо рд┐рд╕рдерд╛рдЧрдд рд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ рен рд╢рд░реА рд▓рдЦрд╛ рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ рддрдерд╛ рд┐рдЪрдирд╛ рдкрд░рд╡рдмрд╕рдз рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓рд╛рдИ рд┐рд░рдХрддрео рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рди резрелрежреиренреп (рд╡рд░рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░) рд╢рд░реА рдЕрд╕рд░рдд рдХрд░рд╛рд░ рд░рд╛рджрд░ рд╡рд░рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ рео рдЖрд╕рдердордХ рд╡рдмрд╢ рд▓рд╖рдг рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧреп рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рдзрди ренремреирек рд╢рд░реА рд╕рд▓рд▓рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬ рдкреМрдбрд▓ рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ реп рдХрд▓рдЦрд╛рдиреА рддрд╕рд░реЛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛резреж рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рди резрелрежреирелреж (рдЕрддрддрд░реАрд░рд╛) рд╢рд░реА рд▓реЛрдХ рд░рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдЪрдирдж рдЪрд░рд╕рд▓рд░рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ резреж рдХрд╛рд▓реА рдЧрдгрдбрдХреА рдП рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░резрез рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рдЧрдзрди рейрекренрез рд╢рд░реА рдзрдирдирдЬрд░ рддрд╛рд░рд╛рдЩрдЧ рджрд░реАрдШрд╛рдЯ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░ резрез рдкрд░рд╛рдЦреЛрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░резреи рддрд╣ рел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рдШрдЩ рейрекрежрезрейрез рд╢рд░реА рдЕрд╕рдирддрд╛ рд╢рд░реАрд┐ рдЪрдиреМрд▓реА рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ резреи рдкрджрдкрд╕рддрдо рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧрезрей рддрд╣ рел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рдШрдЩ рейреорепрем рд╢рд░реА рд╡рд░рд╢рд╡рдорднрд░ рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА рдХрдирд░реАрд░ рднрдХрддрд╛рдиреА рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ резрей рдХрдирд░реАрд░ рд░рдХрдо рд╢рдк рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛резрек рддрд╣ рек рдлреЛрд░рд░рди рдбрд░рд╛рдИрднрд░ рдХрдЧрдз резрелрекреи рд╢рд░реА рдЪрдирд░рд░рд╛рди рд░рд╣рдЬрдорди рдХрд╛рд░рдордХрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдирджрд╢рдХрдХреЛ рд┐рд╕рдЪрд░рд╛рд▓рд░ резрек рдХрд╛рд▓реАрдЧрдгрдбрдХреА рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд░рдг рдХреЛрд░реАрдбреЛрд░ рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛резрел рддрд╣ рей рд░рд▓рдХрд╖рд░рд┐рд╕рд┐рд░рди рдЦрдЧ резреирежрежреирео рд╢рд░реА рдлрдкрд╛рдорд┐рдЧ рд▓рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рд╕рд┐рдб рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рд╕рд┐.рди рд╕рд░рддрдирддрд░ рдЙрдЬрд╛рдо рдЙрддрдкрд╛рджрди рдХрдордкрдиреАрез рдЕрд╡рдк рдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдХрдордкрдиреА рд╕рд▓. реи рдбреЛрд▓рдЯреА рдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдХрдордкрдиреА рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.рей рд┐рдЧрд░рд░рд╛рдерд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдордкрдиреА рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.рек рд░рд╛рдИ рдЦреЛрд▓рд╛ рд╣рд╛рдИрдбрд░реЛрдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.
рд╕рд┐.рди рддрд╣ / рдкрдж рдХрд░рдордЪрд╛рд░реА рд┐рдХрдд рди. рдирд╛рд░ рдерд░ рдХрд╛рд░рдорд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░ рд╕рд┐.рди. рдЙрддрдХ рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░рез рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫрдЬ резрезреоремрей рд╢рд░реА рд┐рд░рди рд╢рд░рд╖рдЯ рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рдЙрдкрддрд░рдХрд╛ рдкрд░рдо рддрдерд╛ рджрдХрд╖рд┐рдг рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдкрд░рдгрд╛рд▓реА
рд┐рджрдвреАрдХрд░рдг рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рез рд╢рд░реА рдкрд░реА рд╕рдЪрддрд░рди резрейреи/рейрей рдХ. рднреА. рд┐рдмрд╕рдЯрд╢рди рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛реи рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ (рдИрд▓.) рдЬ резреорежрежрежрек рд╢рд░реА рднрд░рдд рдкрд░рдзрд╛рди рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдмрд░рд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ реи рд╢рд░реА рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рд╕рд┐рдб рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рей рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рд╕рдирджрд╢рдХ (рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд┐рди) рджрдШрдлрдм ремрекрепреп рд╢рд░реА рд╕рд▓рд▓рд╛ рдХрд░рд╛рд░реА рдЕрд░рд╛рдорд▓ рдЬрдирд┐рдордкрдХрдо рддрдерд╛ рдЧрдирд╛рд┐реЛ рдмрд░рд░рд╕рдерд╛рдкрди рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ (рдкрд░рд░рдЦ) рей рд╢рд░реА рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╕рд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рек рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежреиренрей рд╢рд░реА рд┐рджрдзрд╛рд░ рдмрд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╕рд░рд╛рдЯрдо рд╕рд┐рдб рддрдерд╛ рд╕рд░рд╛рдЯрдо рд╕рд░рдЯрд░рд░рдЩ рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛, рд╡рдм.рд┐рд╛.рд┐.рд╕рди. рек рд╢рд░реА рдХрдорд░рдЯрд░рд╛рдИрдЬрдб рд╡рдмрд╕рд▓рдЩ рддрдерд╛ рдирдЯрд░рдХрдо рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рел рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежрейрепрел рд╢рд░реА рд▓рд╛рд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдмрдврд╛ рдХрдгрд╛рдорд▓реА рдкрд░рджрд╢ рдкрд░рд╛рджрд╕рд╢рдХ рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░┬╕ рд┐рдЦрдд рел рд╢рд░реА рдкрд╛рд╛рдЪрдЦрд╛рд▓ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░рем рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдирдЪрдЫ реореирежрем рд╢рд░реА рд╢рддрд░рдзрди рд░рд╛рджрд░ рдХреЛрд╢реА рдХреЛрд░рд░рдбреЛрд░ реиреиреж рдХ.рднреА рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд░рдг рд▓рд╛рд░рдорди рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рем рд╢рд░реА рд╡рдмрд░рдЧрдЮ рдЬ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░рен рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежрезрезреп рд╢рд░реА рд┐реЛрдирд╛рд▓реА рдХрдгрдо рд┐рд╕рдерд╛рдЧрдд рд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ рен рд╢рд░реА рд▓рдЦрд╛ рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ рддрдерд╛ рд┐рдЪрдирд╛ рдкрд░рд╡рдмрд╕рдз рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓рд╛рдИ рд┐рд░рдХрддрео рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рди резрелрежреиренреп (рд╡рд░рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░) рд╢рд░реА рдЕрд╕рд░рдд рдХрд░рд╛рд░ рд░рд╛рджрд░ рд╡рд░рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ рео рдЖрд╕рдердордХ рд╡рдмрд╢ рд▓рд╖рдг рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧреп рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рдзрди ренремреирек рд╢рд░реА рд╕рд▓рд▓рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬ рдкреМрдбрд▓ рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ реп рдХрд▓рдЦрд╛рдиреА рддрд╕рд░реЛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛резреж рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рди резрелрежреирелреж (рдЕрддрддрд░реАрд░рд╛) рд╢рд░реА рд▓реЛрдХ рд░рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдЪрдирдж рдЪрд░рд╕рд▓рд░рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ резреж рдХрд╛рд▓реА рдЧрдгрдбрдХреА рдП рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░резрез рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рдЧрдзрди рейрекренрез рд╢рд░реА рдзрдирдирдЬрд░ рддрд╛рд░рд╛рдЩрдЧ рджрд░реАрдШрд╛рдЯ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░ резрез рдкрд░рд╛рдЦреЛрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░резреи рддрд╣ рел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рдШрдЩ рейрекрежрезрейрез рд╢рд░реА рдЕрд╕рдирддрд╛ рд╢рд░реАрд┐ рдЪрдиреМрд▓реА рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ резреи рдкрджрдкрд╕рддрдо рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧрезрей рддрд╣ рел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рдШрдЩ рейреорепрем рд╢рд░реА рд╡рд░рд╢рд╡рдорднрд░ рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА рдХрдирд░реАрд░ рднрдХрддрд╛рдиреА рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ резрей рдХрдирд░реАрд░ рд░рдХрдо рд╢рдк рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛резрек рддрд╣ рек рдлреЛрд░рд░рди рдбрд░рд╛рдИрднрд░ рдХрдЧрдз резрелрекреи рд╢рд░реА рдЪрдирд░рд░рд╛рди рд░рд╣рдЬрдорди рдХрд╛рд░рдордХрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдирджрд╢рдХрдХреЛ рд┐рд╕рдЪрд░рд╛рд▓рд░ резрек рдХрд╛рд▓реАрдЧрдгрдбрдХреА рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд░рдг рдХреЛрд░реАрдбреЛрд░ рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛резрел рддрд╣ рей рд░рд▓рдХрд╖рд░рд┐рд╕рд┐рд░рди рдЦрдЧ резреирежрежреирео рд╢рд░реА рдлрдкрд╛рдорд┐рдЧ рд▓рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рд╕рд┐рдб рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рд╕рд┐.рди рд╕рд░рддрдирддрд░ рдЙрдЬрд╛рдо рдЙрддрдкрд╛рджрди рдХрдордкрдиреАрез рдЕрд╡рдк рдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдХрдордкрдиреА рд╕рд▓. реи рдбреЛрд▓рдЯреА рдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдХрдордкрдиреА рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.рей рд┐рдЧрд░рд░рд╛рдерд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдордкрдиреА рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.рек рд░рд╛рдИ рдЦреЛрд▓рд╛ рд╣рд╛рдИрдбрд░реЛрдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.
рд╕рд┐.рди рддрд╣ / рдкрдж рдХрд░рдордЪрд╛рд░реА рд┐рдХрдд рди. рдирд╛рд░ рдерд░ рдХрд╛рд░рдорд░рдд рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░ рд╕рд┐.рди. рдЙрддрдХ рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░рез рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫрдЬ резрезреоремрей рд╢рд░реА рд┐рд░рди рд╢рд░рд╖рдЯ рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рдЙрдкрддрд░рдХрд╛ рдкрд░рдо рддрдерд╛ рджрдХрд╖рд┐рдг рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдкрд░рдгрд╛рд▓реА
рд┐рджрдвреАрдХрд░рдг рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рез рд╢рд░реА рдкрд░реА рд╕рдЪрддрд░рди резрейреи/рейрей рдХ. рднреА. рд┐рдмрд╕рдЯрд╢рди рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛реи рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рдкрд░рдмрдирдзрдХ (рдИрд▓.) рдЬ резреорежрежрежрек рд╢рд░реА рднрд░рдд рдкрд░рдзрд╛рди рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдмрд░рд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ реи рд╢рд░реА рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рд╕рд┐рдб рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рей рддрд╣ рео рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░рдХ рд╕рдирджрд╢рдХ (рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд┐рди) рджрдШрдлрдм ремрекрепреп рд╢рд░реА рд╕рд▓рд▓рд╛ рдХрд░рд╛рд░реА рдЕрд░рд╛рдорд▓ рдЬрдирд┐рдордкрдХрдо рддрдерд╛ рдЧрдирд╛рд┐реЛ рдмрд░рд░рд╕рдерд╛рдкрди рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ (рдкрд░рд░рдЦ) рей рд╢рд░реА рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╕рд┐рдб рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рек рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежреиренрей рд╢рд░реА рд┐рджрдзрд╛рд░ рдмрд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╕рд░рд╛рдЯрдо рд╕рд┐рдб рддрдерд╛ рд╕рд░рд╛рдЯрдо рд╕рд░рдЯрд░рд░рдЩ рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛, рд╡рдм.рд┐рд╛.рд┐.рд╕рди. рек рд╢рд░реА рдХрдорд░рдЯрд░рд╛рдИрдЬрдб рд╡рдмрд╕рд▓рдЩ рддрдерд╛ рдирдЯрд░рдХрдо рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рел рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежрейрепрел рд╢рд░реА рд▓рд╛рд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдмрдврд╛ рдХрдгрд╛рдорд▓реА рдкрд░рджрд╢ рдкрд░рд╛рджрд╕рд╢рдХ рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рдорд▓рд░┬╕ рд┐рдЦрдд рел рд╢рд░реА рдкрд╛рд╛рдЪрдЦрд╛рд▓ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░рем рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдирдЪрдЫ реореирежрем рд╢рд░реА рд╢рддрд░рдзрди рд░рд╛рджрд░ рдХреЛрд╢реА рдХреЛрд░рд░рдбреЛрд░ реиреиреж рдХ.рднреА рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд░рдг рд▓рд╛рд░рдорди рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рем рд╢рд░реА рд╡рдмрд░рдЧрдЮ рдЬ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░рен рддрд╣ рен рдИрдХрд╖рдирдЬрд╕рдирд░рд░ (рдИрд▓.) рдЫ резренрежрезрезреп рд╢рд░реА рд┐реЛрдирд╛рд▓реА рдХрдгрдо рд┐рд╕рдерд╛рдЧрдд рд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ рен рд╢рд░реА рд▓рдЦрд╛ рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ рддрдерд╛ рд┐рдЪрдирд╛ рдкрд░рд╡рдмрд╕рдз рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧ рд▓рд╛рдИ рд┐рд░рдХрддрео рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рди резрелрежреиренреп (рд╡рд░рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░) рд╢рд░реА рдЕрд╕рд░рдд рдХрд░рд╛рд░ рд░рд╛рджрд░ рд╡рд░рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ рео рдЖрд╕рдердордХ рд╡рдмрд╢ рд▓рд╖рдг рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧреп рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рдзрди ренремреирек рд╢рд░реА рд╕рд▓рд▓рд╛рд░рд╛рдЬ рдкреМрдбрд▓ рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ реп рдХрд▓рдЦрд╛рдиреА рддрд╕рд░реЛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛резреж рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рди резрелрежреирелреж (рдЕрддрддрд░реАрд░рд╛) рд╢рд░реА рд▓реЛрдХ рд░рд╣рд╛рджрд░ рдЪрдирдж рдЪрд░рд╕рд▓рд░рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛ резреж рдХрд╛рд▓реА рдЧрдгрдбрдХреА рдП рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░резрез рддрд╣ рел рд┐рдкрд░рднрд╛рдИрдЬрд░ (рд░рд▓.) рдЧрдзрди рейрекренрез рд╢рд░реА рдзрдирдирдЬрд░ рддрд╛рд░рд╛рдЩрдЧ рджрд░реАрдШрд╛рдЯ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░ резрез рдкрд░рд╛рдЦреЛрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдирд░резреи рддрд╣ рел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рдШрдЩ рейрекрежрезрейрез рд╢рд░реА рдЕрд╕рдирддрд╛ рд╢рд░реАрд┐ рдЪрдиреМрд▓реА рд╡рд░рддрд░рдг рдХрдирд░ резреи рдкрджрдкрд╕рддрдо рд╡рд░рднрд╛рдЧрезрей рддрд╣ рел рд▓рдЦрд╛рдкрд╛рд▓ рдШрдЩ рейреорепрем рд╢рд░реА рд╡рд░рд╢рд╡рдорднрд░ рднрдгрдбрд╛рд░реА рдХрдирд░реАрд░ рднрдХрддрд╛рдиреА рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛ резрей рдХрдирд░реАрд░ рд░рдХрдо рд╢рдк рд╣рдЯреМрдбрд╛резрек рддрд╣ рек рдлреЛрд░рд░рди рдбрд░рд╛рдИрднрд░ рдХрдЧрдз резрелрекреи рд╢рд░реА рдЪрдирд░рд░рд╛рди рд░рд╣рдЬрдорди рдХрд╛рд░рдордХрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдирджрд╢рдХрдХреЛ рд┐рд╕рдЪрд░рд╛рд▓рд░ резрек рдХрд╛рд▓реАрдЧрдгрдбрдХреА рдкрд░рд╢рд╛рд░рдг рдХреЛрд░реАрдбреЛрд░ рдЖрд░реЛрдЬрдирд╛резрел рддрд╣ рей рд░рд▓рдХрд╖рд░рд┐рд╕рд┐рд░рди рдЦрдЧ резреирежрежреирео рд╢рд░реА рдлрдкрд╛рдорд┐рдЧ рд▓рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╛рдард░рд╛рдбреМ рд╕рд┐рдб рд░рд╣рд╛рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛
рд╕рд┐.рди рд╕рд░рддрдирддрд░ рдЙрдЬрд╛рдо рдЙрддрдкрд╛рджрди рдХрдордкрдиреАрез рдЕрд╡рдк рдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдХрдордкрдиреА рд╕рд▓. реи рдбреЛрд▓рдЯреА рдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдХрдордкрдиреА рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.рей рд┐рдЧрд░рд░рд╛рдерд╛ рдЬрд▓рд╡рд░рджрдпрдд рдХрдордкрдиреА рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.рек рд░рд╛рдИ рдЦреЛрд▓рд╛ рд╣рд╛рдИрдбрд░реЛрдкрд╛рд░рд░ рдкрд░рд╛. рд╕рд▓.
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