Network Troubleshooting

by Othmar Kyas

An Agilent Technologies Publication

NetworkTroubleshooting

Agilent Technologies

IndexK

Index K10 Mbit/s Ethernet Networks 173100Base-T Full-Duplex Connections 177100Base-T Switch Links 179100Base-T Uplinks 17910Base-T 1742B1Q (two binary, one quaternary) 972B1Q coding 4412B1Q lines 4424B3T lines 4424B5B encoding 12355555555 197802.2 LLC XID Test Packet 1918B6T encoding 123

AA/C Error (Isolating) 247AAAAAAAA 197AAL Type 0 347AAL Type 1 347AAL Type 2 349AAL Type 3/4 353AAL Type 5 353AAL2 error messages 351Abort error (isolating) 247Abstract Test Suite (ATS) 118, 119Acceptance testing 37Accounting management 46Active Line State (ALS) 267Active Monitor Present (AMP) 235Active optical stars 199Address recognized error 255Address table (forwarding table) 207Adjusted Ring Length (ARL) 240ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 97Aging 118Aging algorithm 207Aging of materials 49Air gap 163Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) 316Alexander Graham Bell 102Alignment errors 189Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) 442Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) codes 93Alternate Space Inversion (ASI) 440Analog and digital data communications 85Analog data communications 87Analyzing physical layer OAM information flows 397Annual Failure Rate (AFR) 30Application classes for structured cabling 146Application looping 622Application slow 623Asymmetrical load distribution 426Asynchronous data communication 101

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 297, 301Asynchronous transmission 277ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 346ATM addressing 367ATM and DXI interfaces 323ATM cell 328ATM cell streams at 25.6 Mbit/s 323ATM cell streams over FDDI infrastructures (TAXI) 322ATM cell streams over V.35, EIA/TIA 449/530, HSSI, 322ATM cell types 335ATM data rates 307ATM forum signaling: UNI 3.0 372ATM forum signaling: UNI 4.0 373ATM forum UNI signaling: UNI 3.0, 3.1, 4.0 369ATM in heterogeneous LAN environments 299ATM in homogeneous private networks 298ATM in PDH networks 307ATM in public wide-area networks 301ATM in SDH and SONET networks 314ATM interface cards 417ATM interworking 375ATM layer 328ATM layer model 303ATM layer OAM functions 341ATM over 100 Ohm copper cable 320, 321ATM over 150 Ohm Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) 321ATM over 6.312 Mbit/s and 97.728 Mbit/s 311ATM over 75 Ohm coaxial cable 319ATM over DS3: 44.736 Mbit/s 309ATM over E1: 2.048 Mbit/s 308ATM over E3 34.368 Mbit/s 308ATM over E4: 139.264 Mbit/s 311ATM over multimode fiber 318ATM over Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) 318ATM over single-mode fiber 316ATM performance parameters 401ATM physical layer 305ATM routing label field (VPI-VCI) 329ATM signaling 359ATM: symptoms and causes 418Attachment Universal Interface (AUI) 173Attenuation 99, 136Attenuation budget 164Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) 136AU AIS 527AU alarm indication signal 527AU LOP 527AU NDF 527AU pointer–New data flag 527Automatic error reaction systems 37Availability 32Availability levels and downtime 36Available time 110

INDEX988 KSECTION V APPENDIX

BB-channel 440B-ISUP signaling 373B1 526B2 526B3 527Backup browse servers 621Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) 470Baseband principle 86Basic rate access 435Baud rate 86Bayonet Neil-Concelman (BNC) 443Beacon (BCN) 235Beacon error (Token-Ring Protocol) 247Beacon frame 236Beacon process 278Bias distortion 112BIP 2/B3 527Bipolar codes 93Bipolar with Eight-Zero Substitution (B8ZS) 442Bit rate 86Bit rates in the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 487Bit-error-rate measurement 107Bit-error-rate test setup 112Bit-error-rate testers 70Bit-oriented control 102Block-error rate 108BNC connectors 148BPDU transmission delay 202Bridge filters 203Bridge latency 202Bridge loops 429Bridge problems 204Bridges 200Bridging amplifier 104Bridging protocol 201British Naval Connector (BNC) 443Broadband principle 85Broadband signal level meters 72Broadband systems 87Broadcast addresses 561Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS) 377Broadcast principle 124Broadcast storms 430Burst error (isolating) 247Burst errors 255Business processes 21

CCable audits in Local-Area Networks 50Cable audits in Wide-Area Networks 50Cable documentation 45Cable length 137Cable testers 62Cable testing 135Calculating the costs of network downtime 35Call reference 451Campus backbone 145CAP (Carrierless Amplitude/Phase) 97CAP-64 encoding 123Capacity of data lines 86

Carrier sense failures 191Carrierless Amplitude Modulation (CAM) 320Catastrophe theory 25Category 7 cabling 155Cause-effect diagram 57Causes of network failure 27Causes of system failures 29

Cell Delay Variation (CDV) 405

Cell Error Ratio (CER) 402

Cell Loss Priority (CLP) 331, 340

Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) 404

Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR) 405

Cell switching 127

Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) 405

Cell-based physical layer 305, 321Change management 54Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) 491Character-oriented control systems 102Cheapernet 147Checklist for cable testers 65Checklist for hardware-based protocol analyzers 75Checklist for oscilloscopes 68Checklist for portable OTDRs 65CIFS (Common Internet File System) 616CIR (Committed Information Rate) 483Claim initiator identification 288Claim token (Token-Ring protocol) 247Claim token (FDDI protocol) 278Clamp-on probe 104Class 1 repeaters 179Class 2 repeaters 179Classical IP and ARP over ATM (RFC 2225) 376Clock synchronization 102

Clustering 37Coaxial cable 147Codeset extensions (message sets) 453

Cold backups 47

Collision domains 196

Collisions 187

Color coding 159

Committed Burst Size (BC) 471

Committed Information Rate (CIR) 471

Committed Rate Measurement Interval (TC) 471

Common Channel Signaling (CCS) 491

Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) 48

Computer hardware problems 29

Concatenation of VC-4 containers 508

Configuration Element Management (CEM) 280

Configuration management 46

Conformance testing 118

Congested frame relay 483

Connecting LAN protocol analyzer systems 133

Connecting test instruments 105Connection rules for SAS and DAS nodes 283Connectionless Network Access Protocol (CLNAP) 301Connectionless Network Interface Protocol (CLNIP) 301Consequential costs 34Continuity Checks (CC) 343Control connection 606Corporate guidelines for data processing systems 41


Corrected header ratio 398Correlation diagram 58Costs incurred due to network failures 32Costs of availability 36Costs of network failure 22Critical cable lengths for X.21 541Crossed wires (in BRI) 464Crosstalk 116Crosstalk and Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) 136CSMA/CD 125, 169Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 29Cusp graph 25Cut-through 423

DD channel 443Data Communication Equipment (DCE) 531Data communications by modem 88Data Encryption Standard (DES) 599Data field scrambling 332Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) 469Data link layer audit 52Data storage management 47Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 531Data transmission technologies 24dBm 103Dead zone 165Decibel 102Default gateway 213Defective concentrators 252Demux error ratio 399Design guidelines for FDDI networks 283Design guidelines for ISDN 456Design guidelines for switched LANs 425Design rules for ATM networks 385Diagnostic tools 48, 61Differential manchester encoding 123, 225Digital data communications (baseband systems) 90Discard Eligibility (DE) 470Discarded cell ratio 399Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation 97Diskless stations unable to boot 586Distance limitations for IEEE 802.3z gigabit ethernet 180Distributed Feed Back (DFB) laser 101Distributed Sample Scrambling (DSS) 332Distribution of data network problems 31DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone modulation) 97Documentation of network problems 59DS1 (Digital Signal level 1) 487DS3 frame format 496DS3 signal 495DSL technology 97Dual homing 264Dual port measurements 76Dual-Attachment Stations (DAS) 264DUP (Data User Part) 439Duplicate Address Test (DAT) 234Duplicate FDDI address 292Duplicate TEI assignment 464Duplicate Token-Ring address 251, 254Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) 574

EE-Mail 591E1 interface 490E3 interface 492E4 interface 497Echo Frame (ECF) 282EIA/TIA 568A 145Elasticity buffer 268Electromagnetic interference (EMI) 139, 158Employment patterns 22Emulated LANs (ELANs) 299EN 50173 145Encryption in IPv6 570

Entity Coordination Management (ECM) 279

Error management 39, 46

Error symptoms in Ethernet 187

Error symptoms in FDDI 288

Error symptoms in IP Networks 580

Error symptoms in ISDN 461Error symptoms in PDH 520Error symptoms in SDH/SONET 528Errored Second (ES) 109Errored Second Ratio (ESR) 109Ethernet 169Ethernet Configuration Test Packets (CTPs) 191Ethernet frame format 170Ethernet interface cards 190Ethernet network topologies 172Ethernet standards 181Ethernet v2.0 AUI cabling 193Excessive TCP retransmissions 586Exchange Termination (ET) 436Executable Test Suite (ETS) 119Expert systems 76

Extended Service Frame (ESF) 283

Extended Superframe (ESF) 307

FF4 and F5 OAM cell format 342Failed insertion 256Failure of a segment 152Far End Receive Failure (FERF) 316Far-End Crosstalk (FECT) 116

Fault tolerance 35

Fault tolerance in FDDI 263

Faulty MAUs 192

Faulty subnet masks 213FCS errors 189FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 263FDDI data format 269FDDI frame 270FDDI frames with the error bit set 294FDDI interface cards 291FDDI MAC layer 269FDDI protocol 265FDDI Station Management Specification (SMT) 279FDDI token 270FECT (Far-End Crosstalk) 116Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 263Fiber-optic cable 163


Fiber-optic cabling and connectors 164Fiber-Optic, Inter-Repeater Links (FOIRLs) 173Fiber-optic media and light sources 100File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 606Fishbone diagram 58Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) 470Forward zone 565Forwarding table 200Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) 490Frame copied error 256Frame copy error (non-isolating) 248Frame Relay 467Frame Relay forum 476Frame Relay multiprotocol encapsulation 474Frame Relay SVC connection setup 472Frame switching 127Frequency error 256Frequency error (non-isolating) 248Frequency shifts 117Frequent ring re-initialization 293FTP/Telnet connection timeouts 623Full-duplex connections 129Functional tests 119Fundamental frequency 92

GG.832 E3 frame format 495G.832 E4 frame format 311Gateway connections 611Generic Flow Control Field (GFC) 329Grounding twisted-pair cable 157

HH

0 channel 443

H11 channel 443Halt Line State (HLS) 267Hardware-based analyzers 74Harmonic frequency 92Hash function 570HDSL (High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line) 97Header Error Control (HEC) 331HEC cell synchronization algorithm 331High availability 35High Cell Delay Variation (CDV) 419High Cell Error Rate (CER) 418High Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) 418High Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR) 419High Density Bipolar 3 (HDB3) 443High Mean Cell Transfer Delay (MCTD) 419High-availability infrastructure 36High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) 437Higher-order path alarms 527Higher-Order Path Overhead (HO POH) 503, 512Higher-order Path Payload Label Mismatch (HP PLM) 527Higher-order Virtual Containers (HVC) 503Horizontal cabling 145Host command 564Hot backups 47HP BIP (Higher-order Path Bit-Interleaved Parity) error 527HP PLM (Higher-order Path Payload Label Mismatch) 527HP RDI (Higher-order Path Remote Defect Indication) 527

HP REI (Higher-order Path Remote Error Indication) 527HP TIM (Higher-order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) 527HP UNEQ (Higher-order Path Unequipped) 527HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 610HTTP messages 614HUNT state 332

IICP (Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol) 313ICP cell format 312Idle cells 305, 335Idle Line State (ILS) 267IEC 874-1 165IEEE 802.2 LLC test packet 191IMA (Inverse Multiplexing for ATM) Control Protocol 313IMA Control Protocol cells 336Immediate costs 33Impedance 137In-channel signaling 470In-service testing 104Incorrect input of Multiple Subscriber Number (MSN) 464Incorrect ring speed 251Indirect HTTP connections 612Individual distortion 112INFO 1, INFO 2, INFO 3, INFO 4 440Information elements (Q.931) 452Insertion loss 163Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 435Intentional error 28Inter-frame gap 198Inter-Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) 211Inter-packet shrinkage per segment in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175Interface tester 50Interface testers (break-out boxes) 69Interference measurements 116Intermodulation noise 116Internal error (Isolating) 248Internet 23Internet addresses 559Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 560Internet Domain Name System (DNS) 564Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP-4) 592Internet news 602Internet Protocol (IP) 550Internet protocol family 549Interoperability testing 140Interoperability tests 119Interruptions 117Intranets 23Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) 313Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol (ICP) 313Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol cells 336IP address space 560IPng 560IPv6 560, 566IPv6 address formats 568ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 435ISDN basic rate U-interface 442ISDN BRI 441ISDN connection setup 454ISDN information elements 453


ISDN Layer 1 439ISDN Layer 2: LAP-D 445ISDN Layer 3: DSS1 448ISDN line blocked 464ISDN primary rate interface 444ISDN protocol 437ISDN S0 bus 457ISDN S

0/T interface 456

ISDN telephony numbering plan (E.164) 368ISDN wall jacks 456ISO NSAP addressing (ISO 8348/AD2) 368ISO/IEC IS 11801 145ISUP (ISDN User Part) 439ITU-T X series recommendations 94

JJabbers 189Jitter 137

KKeep-alive frames 462Kinks 152

LLAN Emulation (LANE) 377LAN Emulation Client (LE Client or LEC) 377LAN Emulation Configuration Server 377LAN Emulation Server (LE Server or LES) 377LAN switching 128LANE 299LAP-F transmission frame 468LAP-D frame format 445Late collisions 188Latency for valid signals on repeater ports 196Length errors 189Likelihood of collisions 169Line alarms 526Line attenuation 115Line encoding 92Line error (isolating) 248Line Termination (LT) 436Line testers 72Line testing 114Link Access Procedure D (LAP-D) 437Link Integrity Verification (LIV) 470LLC encapsulation (RFC 1483) 375Load balancing 203Load tests 120, 140Local bridges 201Local Management Interface (LMI) 470Localhost 565LOF (Loss of frame alignment) 526Logic analyzers 72Long packets 189Long response times 625Loopback address 127 562Loopback cells 344LOS (Loss of Signal) 526Loss at connectors 118Loss at splices 118Loss of ATM connections 420

Loss of AU pointer 527Loss of cell delineation rate 399Loss of connection 152Loss of Continuity (LOC) 343Loss of employee productivity 34Loss of Frame alignment (LOF) 526Loss of Signal (LOS) 526Loss of TU pointer 527Lost frame (non-isolating) 248Lost frame error 256Low TCP/IP performance 586Lower-order path alarms 527Lower-order Path Overhead (LO POH) 503, 513LP (Lower-order Path) BIP error 527LP PLM (Lower order Path Payload Label Mismatch) 527LP RDI (Lower order Path Remote Defect Indication) 527LP REI (Lower order Path Remote Error Indication) 527LP RFI (Lower order Path Remote Failure Indication) 527LP TIM (Lower order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) 527LP UNEQ (Lower order Path Unequipped) 527LSDV 176

MMAC layer Token-Ring frames 233MAC switching bridges 203Mail Transfer Protocol (MTP) 592Mail User Agent (MUA) 591Mapping tables 212Mapping test 525MARS (Multicast Address Resolution Protocol) 382Mass storage problems 28Master browse server 621Master Line State (MLS) 267Mated connections 163MAU jabber lockup 197Maximum data rate in bit/s 87Maximum Segment Size (MSS) 553MD (Message Digest) 570Mean loss of delineation duration 399Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 28Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) 30, 58Measuring cable lengths 152Measuring electromagnetic interference 151Measuring resistance in coaxial cable 149Measuring the Voltage in Network Cabling 149Media Access Units (MAUs) 173, 192Message Digest (MD) 570Message Transfer Agent (MTA) 591Microsoft browsing protocol 621MIL-C-17G 147Mini-network for Token-Ring simulation 251Mini-networks for 10Base2 and 10Base5 193Mission-critical systems 38Modal dispersion 101Modified Alternate Mark Inversion (MAMI) 440MS AIS (Multiplexer Section Alarm Indication Signal) 526MS RDI (Multiplexer Section Remote Defect Indication) 526MS REI (Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication) 527Multi-Level Transition–Three-Level Technique (MLT-3) 265Multi-Station Access Unit (MSAU) 226Multi-Longitudinal Mode (MLM) lasers 316


Multimeters 62Multimode cables 101Multiplexer Section Alarm Indication Signal (MS AIS) 526Multiplexer Section BIP error 526Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH) 510Multiplexer Section Remote Defect Indication (MS RDI) 526Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication (MS REI) 527Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) 299, 382Multiprotocol PC 76Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 591, 596

NN-type connectors 148Neighbor Information Frame (NIF) 281Neighbor notification 238Neighbor notification error 259NetBEUI 572NetBIOS 571Network audit 49Network downtime 32Network layer audit 53Network Layer Protocol ID field (NLPID) 475Network Management Systems (NMS) 46, 84Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) 603Network performance 625Network planning 44Network problems 31Network simulation tools 54Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) 606News readers 602NEXT 116Next Active Upstream Neighbor (NAUN) 235Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 385Nibble-aligned 309NNI header 334NNI signaling 373No connection over a PVC 418No connection over Emulated LAN (ELAN) 419No connection over PNNI network 420No connection over SVC (UNI signaling problems) 418No connection to FTP, Telnet server 623Noise 116Noise errors 189Noise Line State (NLS) 268Non-Browse Servers 621Non-Linear Distortion 117Not Frame Alignment Signal (NFAS) 490NRZ encoding 123NSAP (Network Service Access Point) 567NT-1, NT-2 437Nyquist 86

OO.191 test cells 402OAM cell format 341OAM F1-F3 for cell-based physical layer 326OAM F1-F3 for PDH-based ATM systems 326OAM F1-F3 for SDH/SONET-based ATM systems 325OAM fault management (AIS/RDI) 343OAM performance management 344OAM-F1 cell fields 327

OAM-F3 cell fields 327OC-1 interface 500One-point cell delay variation 405OOF (Out of Frame) 526Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 211Operational MTBF 28Operator error 28Optical components in Ethernet networks 199Optical data communications 99Optical power problems 199Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) 64Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) 476Oscilloscopes 66OSPF routing problems 587OTDR measurements 165Out of Frame (OOF) 526Out-of-service testing 107

PPairs in Metal Foil (PIMF) 155Parameter Management Frame (PMF) 283Passive stars 199Path delay components in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175Path overhead bytes 512Payload Type field (PT) 330PCM-30 system 490PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) alarms 521PDV (Path Delay Value) 176Peak distortion 112Performance management 46Permanent Frame Relay Connections (PVCs) 471Phantom addresses 197Phase jitter 117Phase jumps 117Physical Connection Management (PCM) 279Physical layer audit 49Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) 309Physical Layer OAM cells 335Physical Layer Operation and Maintenance (PL-OAM) 306Physical Layer Operation and Maintenance (OAM F1-F3) 325Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer 304Pin layout of Media Access Units (MAUs) 194Pipelining 615Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 94, 487PNNI (Private Network to Network Interface) Signaling 415Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 556Pointers in SDH/SONET 513Polar codes 92Potential browse servers 621Power measurements in decibels 103Power splitter 104PPP encapsulation 557PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) 558PPP network control protocol for IP 558Practice drills 37Preamble 171PRESYNC state 332Primary rate access 435, 442Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 443Principles of ATM 302Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) 599


Private hosts 560Proactive error management 48Problem documentation form 60Procedure for problem solving 56Product life cycles 24Propagation delay in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175Propagation delay in 100 Mbit/s Ethernet 176Protected mode 207Protocol analysis 106, 132Protocol analyzer systems in switched LANs 134Protocol analyzers 73Protocol discriminator 449Protocol Identifier (PID) 476Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) 119Protocol Implementation

Extra Information for Testing (PIXIT) 119Proxy connections 611Pulse interference 117Purge (PRG) 237Purge (Token-Ring protocol) 248

QQ.2931 message format 360Q.931 437Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters 339Quantizing noise 116Quiet Line State (QLS) 267

RRADSL (Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line) 97Receive ready frames 462Receiver congested 260Receiver congestion error (non-isolating) 248Redundant components 37Reflections (return loss) 137Refraction index 101Regenerator section 526Regenerator section BIP (Bit-Interleaved Parity) error 526Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) 512Regenerator Section Trace Identifier Mismatch (RS TIM) 526Remote and local collisions 188Remote bridges 203

Remote Defect Indicator (RDI) 316

Repeat filter 269

Repeater grounding problems 198

Repeater problems 196Replicated databases 37Report neighbor notification incomplete 259Request Denied Frame (RDF) 282Request station removed 261Reserved header bytes and VPI/VCI values 333Resistance 137Resource Allocation Frame (RAF) 283Response time measurements 625Response times over ISDN 464Retrieval of news articles 605Reverse localhost 565Reverse zone 565RG-6, RG-11 147RG-62 coaxial cable 147

Ring delay 269Ring lengths 225Ring Management (RMT) 280Ring poll 235Ring purges 260Ring resetting 260RIP problems 587RMON (Remote Monitoring) systems 79RMON 1, RMON 2 80RMON probes 79Robbed bit signaling 488Route selection in MPOA networks 383Router problems 212, 213Routers 209Routing Internet Protocol (RIP) 210Routing tables 212RS TIM (Regenerator Section Trace Identifier Mismatch) 526RS-232C 532RS-422A 536RS-423A 536RS-449 536RSA 599Runts 189

SS-bus 440S/MIME (Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail)Extensions 599S/T reference point 439S2M interface 437SAAL connection setup 358SABME command

(Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended) 447Sampling rate 67Screened STP (S/STP) 155SDH/SONET bit rates 506SDH/SONET interface tests 527SDH/SONET network 499SDH/SONET overhead tests 526SDH/SONET pointer tests 525SDH/SONET transport tests 524SDSL (Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) 97Search for defects in coaxial cable 151Section alarms 526Section overhead bytes 510Security management 46Segment switching 128Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR) 349Selected Multicast Server (SMS) 377Selection of a RMON probe system 81Selective discarding of cells 340Selective signal level meters 72

Self-Synchronizing Scrambling (SSS) 309, 314, 332

Sendmail 595

Sequence numbers 552

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) 555Server Message Block (SMB) protocol 616Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI) 446Service classes and AAL types 347Service level agreements 43


Service management 39Severely Errored Second (SES) 109Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR) 109Shannon 87Shared bandwidth 126Shared medium 126Shielded twisted pair (STP) 155Short circuit 152Short inter-frame gap 198Short packets 188Shortest Path First (SPF) routing 210Signal condition measurements 106, 132Signal distortion 112Signal distortion measurement 112Signal level meters 72Signal Quality Error (SQE) 190Signal Quality Error problems 193Signal reflection 115Signal shapes 92Signal shapes in digital data transmission 91Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 87, 137Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) 355Signaling in ISDN 438Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) 439Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 592Simple manchester encoding 123Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 48Single Longitudinal Mode (SLM) laser 316Single-Attachment Stations (SAS) 264Single-MAC switches 424Single-mode cables 101SLA monitoring system 83Slot time 169Slow network 625Slow server 625SMB commands 617SMB error codes 617SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Services) 301Smoothing 268SMT agents 281SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 592SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 48SNMP and Management Information Bases (MIBs) 77Software agents 83Software problems 30Software-based analyzers 73Solid wire 162Source-routing bridges 252Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) 201Spectrum analyzers 69SPID values 462SSCOP error messages 358SSCOP timers 357Staff training 59Standby Monitor Present (SMP) 235Start-stop distortion 112Statistical multiplexing 468Status Information Frame (SIF) 281Status Report Frame (SRF) 282Store-and-forward 423Stranded wire 162Strategic diagnostic tools 48

Strategic test systems 76Streaming 256Stress tests 52STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal 1) 500STS-3 structure 503STS-3c/STM-1 frame 503Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) 476Subnetwork address mask 562Switched LANs 423Switched Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS) 301Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) 467Switching delay measurements 106Switching systems 125Symbol encoding in FDDI 266Symbol synchronization 102Symmetrical load distribution 426Synchronous communication 101Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 96, 485Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) 485Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) 305, 314, 501Synchronous transmission 277Synchronous Transport Module (STM-1) 502Systematic troubleshooting 186

TT1 interface 487T3 interface 495Tactical test systems 62TCP port numbers 555TCP ports 554TCP window size drops 587TCP window size too large 587TCP window size too small 587TE1, TE2 437Telemetry exchange systems 101Teletype machines 101Telnet 609Terminal Endpoint Identifier (TEI) 446Test ports 104Testing coaxial LAN cables 138Testing fiber-optic lines 139Testing methods in LAN switching environments 428Testing the terminating resistor 150Testing twisted-pair cables 135Theoretical MTBF 28Thermal noise 116Thick Ethernet 147Thin Ethernet 147Thom 1975 25Throughput capacity of bridges 205Throughput measurements 628Throughput rates for Ethernet 629Time to Live (TTL) 551Timer Active Monitor (TAM) 238Timer Holding Token (THT) 237Timer No Token (TNT) 238Timer Queue PDU (TQP) 237Timer Return to Repeat (TRR) 237Timer Standby Monitor (TSM) 233, 238Timer Valid Transmission (TVX) 237, 275Timers for UNI signaling processes 370


Timers in Token Ring 237Token 228Token direction change 261Token error 261Token error (non-isolating) 248Token Holding Timer (THT) 275Token Ring 223Token Rotation Timer (TRT) 275Token-passing principle 223Token-Ring bridges 252Token-Ring design 240Token-Ring interface cards 250Tolerances for bit-error rates 109TRACERT 627Traffic shaping 340Translation bridging 204Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 552Transmission Convergence (TC) sublayer 304Transmission delays 626Transmission frequencies and sampling rates 68Transparent bridging 200Transport Overhead (TOH) 501Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) 119Tributary Unit (TU) 504Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 608Troubleshooting ATM 394Troubleshooting coaxial cable 149Troubleshooting E-Mail 600Troubleshooting fiber-optic cable 164Troubleshooting FTP 608Troubleshooting News 605Troubleshooting SMB 621Troubleshooting Telnet 610Troubleshooting the ATM layer 399Troubleshooting twisted-pair cable 158Troubleshooting X and V series interfaces 539Trunk Coupling Unit (TCU) 226TSB 67 Level I, TSB 67 Level II 64TU AIS (TU Alarm Indication Signal) 527TU LOM (TU Loss of Multiframe alignment) 527TU LOP (TU Loss of Pointer) 527TU NDF (TU pointer–New Data Flag) 527TU pointer adjustment 515TU pointer–New data flag (TU NDF) 527Tunneling connections 611TUP (Telephone User Part) 439Twisted-pair cable 155Two-point cell delay variation 406

UU reference point 436, 441Unassigned cells 305, 335Unavailable time 110UNI cell header 329UNI signaling 410Unipolar codes 92Unmated connections 163Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) 155User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 555

VV.10, V.11 536V.24 532V.35, V.36, V.37 534V.90 90Vampire tap 152VDSL (Very High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line) 97Vector distance (Bellman-Ford) routing 210Verifying ATM cell transmission 397Vertical backbone 145Violation frames 295Virtual Channel Connections (VCCs) 328, 337Virtual Path Connections (VPCs) 328, 338Void frames 290VP-OAM and VC-OAM cells 336VP/VC cells 336VP/VC-RM cells 336

WWAN bridges 201Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 99Wedged interface 295Window size 552Wiring errors 159Workgroup switches 424

XX.20, X.21 537X.25 539X.70 Network - Network interface 531X.71 Network - Network interface 531X.75 Network - Network interface 531xDSL technologies 97

YY adapter 104Yellow cable 147

ZZone databases 565

Network Troubleshooting

Documents

Transcript of Network Troubleshooting