Native City Sadr Bazar Civil Lines Military Cantonment

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Native CitySadr Bazar

Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

Nazir's Court

Judge'sResidence

Engineers College

Burial Ground (Old)

From Kirkee

Tope Khana

Rail Road from Bombay

To Kirk

ee

ShaniwarWada

Temple

Native Bund

BHAMBOORDA

Temple

Pagoda

Temple

Brick Kilns

Valentine LodgeTemples

Wellesley Bridge

Judges Court

Hotel

Gov't Photozincographic

FINANCE OFFICE

Dharmsala

Eagles Nest

SASSOON HOSPITAL

Quarries

Collector'sHouse

RAILWAY STATION

Cypress Lodge

Fountain

Synagogue

Tank

St. Paul's Church

Post OfficeOffice

POONA HOTEL

MahommedanBurial Ground

Roman CatholicBurial Ground

SachaPir

Ruby Hall

Royal Family

Vernon Cottage

Ashley House

Police Station

Quarry

Shadawal

MUTHA MULA RIVER

Road from Kirkee

St Xavier'sSchool

Old Burial

Ground

MalcolmTank

St. XaviersChapel

Convent andSchool

BazarGarden

CommissariatStores

Gov't BakeryTank

Reservoir

Commissariat Cattle Lines

Dooly Bearers' Lines

BaptistChapel

R.C.Chapel

Cemetery

Barrack Store

N.I. Hospital

N.I. Hospital

Reservoir

Ex' Eng's Office

Napier Hotel

ARSENAL

Magazine

Gd Room

Gym

khan

a

Garden

Fitz

gera

ld B

ridge

Bund

Cot

tage

Dustoor Villa

Flora V

illa

Boat House

BUND GARDEN

Jem

setje

e Bu

nd

Butt

Reservoir

MilitaryPrison

Hospital

Practice Butt

Butt

Butt

Butts

Council Hall

Quarry

Staff Hospital

EDWARDE'SGARDEN

Qr Mr General's Office

SappersField

Works

Mission House

Widows' Home

Well

Ghaseeram's Tank

St Mary's College

St. Mary's Church

Boys' School

Book Depository

Western India Club

N.I. Cells

Native Infantry Hospital

Soldiers' Institute

Girls' School

Reservoir

St. Andrew's Church

Gymnasium

Masonic Lodge

Bandstand

Engineers' Store

Pleasant Point

Plunge BathEngine Shed

Quarry

Qtr Guard

Garden

Race Stand

RegimentalBazar

Garden

School

Reservoir

School

Regimental Bazar

School

Qtr Guard

Qtr Guard

Cells

Bazar

Jews Old Burial Ground

Warders'Quarters

HospitalCells

GuardRoom

Hospital

School

WANOWRI BARRACKS

Reservoir

Magazine

School

Canteen

Library

Serj' Mess

Quarter Guard

Gun Shed

Yard

Cattle

Scindia's Palace(Ruins)

Tannery

Servants'Quarters

Sheep

Sheep

Cattle

Mutton Slaughter Yard (Bazar)

Commissariat Slaughter Houses

Beef Slaughter Yard(Bazar)

Chow

dree

s Aq

uedu

ct

GH

OR

EPU

RI B

ARR

ACKS

Quarter Guard

Cells

Quarry

HOSPITAL

Canteen

Serj' Mess

Magazine

Ghorpuri Bazar

Mar

ried

Men

's Q

uarte

rs

Soldiers' Chapel

ChristianBurial

Ground

Jews Burial Ground

Ball Court

WANOWRI

Horse Lines

Sick HorseStables

Wanowri Bazar

Garden

Race Course

General Parade G

round

Soldiers Garden

Band Stand

St. Patrick's Chapel

Bhyroba's Temple

Garden

Bund

Hay Stack Compound

Temple

Todia/LukriasGarden

Temple

Mahommedan BurialGround

Wells

Sindia's Wari

Hospital

Garden

GHOREPURI

Dhar Wara

Garden

French Tombs

Plunge Bath

Soldiers Garden

Garden

Rear Guard

School

Tennis Court

NAT

IVE

CAV

ALR

Y LI

NES

Armourer's Shop

Hut

Bazar

Followers' Lines

HutKiln

Magazine

Quarter Guard

Cells

Vetal

Raviwar

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Shukrawar

Narayan

Sadashiv

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Ganesh

Ganj

Nana

Ghorpade

Bhavani

Figure 9.1: The Complete 1876-79 GIS Model of Poona

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Gymnasium

Bhai

roba

Roa

d

Bishop's House

Bhairoba's Temple

St. Patrick's Cathedral

N

Scale0km 1km

SlaughterYard

SlaughterYard

Supply and Transport Bdgs

Tannery

CattleYards

Slaughter Yard

Octroi Post

Canning Road

Quarry

Rifle R

ange

Rifle R

ange

Miniature Rifle Range

Rifle Range

Reservoir

Reservoir

Office

Military Prison

Kondwa Road

No. 2 Section Hospital

Rifle Range

Rifle R

ange

Ruins

WanowriBazar

Plague Hospital

Mdn Burial Ground

Hay Stack

Prince of Wales Drive

LatrineLatrine

OfficeStation Hospital

Napier RoadArmy Veterinary

School

Fam

ily H

ospi

tal R

oad

Female Hospital

Latrines

LiquorBar

Reservoir

Armourers' Shop

Latrines

Neutral Lines

Mounted Infantry School

Appr

oach

Roa

d

Fives Court

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

riveMounted Infantry School

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Wanowri Road

Wanowri BritishInfantry Lines

Theatre

QuarterGuard

Cells

School

Old Burial Ground

School

Rifle Range

Tran

spor

t Line

s

Burial Ground

Madrasi Burial Ground

Kharakwasla Canal

New Modikhana Road

Shanker Seth Road

DhobiGhat

Masjid

Mid

dle

Roa

d

Warrant Officers' Quarters

Qr Ms StoreSgt's MessNapier Road

Telegraph Office

Officers' Mess

Napier Road Ferg

uson

Roa

d

Middle

Road

Army Signalling School

D. Supply Office

Prayer Room

N. Free Church

Wanowri RoadWidow's Home

Sholapur Road

Phay

re R

oad

H. Cross Road

Satar

a Roa

d

Lawrence Road

Night Soil Road

Quarry

Stavely Road

Fergus

on R

oad

S.N.I Hospital

St. Mary's Church

St. Mary'sHigh School

Bishop's High School

Exhibition Road

Pattin

son

Road

School

Girls' School

Ghasi Ram's TankC. SupplyDepot Office

Bakery

Kharakwasla Canal

Stavely Road

Elph

insto

ne R

oad

R.C. Church

Tank

Exhibition Road

Nor

th P

etty

Sta

ff Li

nes

Mai

n St

reet

Connaught Institute

Water Supply Pumping Station

Kharakwasla Canal

Masonic Lodge

Reservoir

St. Andrew's Church

Sholapur Road

Sachapir Street

Manik Nala

Manik Nala

Convent Street

Khan

Roa

d

Lloyd Road

Exhibition Road

Lloyd Road

Sadar Bazar

Gaf

fer B

eg S

treet

Cen

tre S

treet

Stav

ely

Roa

d

Elphinstone RoadLloyd Road

Mai

n St

reet

Gut

ta S

treet

Tabu

t Stre

et

East

Stre

et

W.I. Club

Sachapir Street

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Solly Flood Road

Pattin

son R

oad

Jubi

lee

Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e

South N.I. Lines General Parade Ground

Solly Flood RoadBurn

ett R

oad

Bund

Gar

den

Road

Arsenal Road

Butti Street

Gutta Street

Syna

gogu

e St

reet

QrGuard

Khan

Roa

d

Centre N.I. Lines

Masjid

Latrines

Latrines

Ross Road

Quarter Guard

Rifle Range

HorseStalls

Reservoir

C.R.E'sOffice

C.N.IHospital

Office of I.Gof Ordnance

School

Gymkhana(Parsi's)

North N.I. Lines

Lothian Road

May

o Ro

ad

Elph

inst

one

Road

Victoria Road

Race Course

Mansfie

ld Roa

d

Prince of Wales' Drive

Alexan

dra Roa

d

Ross Road

Latrines

Parade Ground

Patti

nson

Roa

d

Parade Ground Road

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

BarrackMr's Store

Burial Ground

Tomb

Temple

Quarry

Khan

Roa

d

Moreod

ha N

ala

Parade Ground Road

Volunteer Hd Qtrs

N.I.Hospital

Old SappersLines

Follower'sHospital

Follo

wer's

Hos

pital

Road

P.M.O's Office

Officers' Mess

Bhairoba Nala

Empress Garden

PlungeBath

Spencer Road

Quarter Guard

Gho

rpur

i Lin

esPrince of W

ales Drive

Vict

oria

Roa

d

Spencer Road

Alex

andr

a R

oad

OrderlyRoom

Tombs

Staff Office

WesternCommand Offices

Council Hall

Potti

nger

Roa

dAnderson Road

Asst C.R.E's Office

Polo Ground

Sapper's Field

Work

Staunton Road

Koregaon Road

Quarry No. 1 SectionHospital

MiniatureRifle

Range

Ghorpuri Road

C.E's OfficePo

tting

er R

oad

Que

en's

Gar

den

Roa

d

Chu

rch

Roa

d

Rest Camp

Ghorpuri Church

Married Mens'Quarters

Res

t Cam

p R

oad

Ghorpuri Bazar

S.M. Railway

Ghorpuri Ry Station

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es R

oad

Prayer Room

Ghorpuri Road

GIP Railway

S.M. Railway

Quarry

Moreod

ha N

ala

Ghorpuri Village

Ghorpuri Road

Bhairoba Nala

GIP Railway

Dherwara

Hospital

Masjid

Bazar

Vict

oria

Roa

d

School

Native C

avalry Lines

Veterinary Hospital

Syce's Lines

Hay Stack

SikhTemple

Bhairoba Nala

MainBurial

Ground

Figure 9.2: The Complete 1905 GIS Model of Poona

Ganeshkhind

Salisbury Park

Yeravda

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Gymnasium

Bhai

roba

Roa

d

Bishop's House

Bhairoba's Temple



Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani


SlaughterYard

SlaughterYard

Tannery

CattleYards

Slaughter Yard

Canning Road

Octroi Post

Rifle Range

Kondwa Road


Rifle Range

Rifle Range

Rifle Range

Rifle R

ange

Phay

re R

oad

Latrine

WanowriBazar

Plague Hospital

Mdn Burial Ground

Ruins

Hay Stack

Latrine


Military PrisonFemale Hospital

Station Hospital

Shanker Seth Road

Old Burial Ground

Burial Ground


Kharakwasla Canal

DhobiGhat

Middle

Road

Ferg

uson

Roa

d

Napier Road

H. Cross Road

Fam

ily H

ospi

tal R

oad

Napier RoadArmy

VeterinarySchool


Napier Road

Bakery

Kharakwasla Canal

Mai

n St

reet

Tran

spor

t Line

s

New Modikhana Road

Masjid

Stavely Road

Mid

dle

Roa

d

Fergu

son R

oad

Satar

a Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Lawrence Road

Sholapur Road

Neutral Lines

Appr

oach

Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Nor

th P

etty

Sta

ff Li

nes

Stavely Road

Ghasi Ram's Tank

Exhibition Road

Elph

insto

ne R

oad

Sholapur Road

Connaught Institute

Kharakwasla Canal

St. Andrew's Church

Masonic Lodge

Night Soil Road

Pattin

son

Road

St. Mary's Church

Exhibition Road


Convent Street

Manik Nala

Sachapir Street

Gaf

fer B

eg S

treet

Cen

tre S

treet

Manik Nala

Gut

ta S

treet

Exhibition Road

Lloyd RoadLloyd Road

Khan

Roa

d

Lloyd Road

Elphinstone Road

Sachapir Street

W.I. Club

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Sadar Bazar

Khan

Roa

d

East

Stre

et

Mai

n St

reet

Stav

ely

Roa

d

South N.I. Lines


ett Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e

Centre N.I. Lines

General Parade Ground

Solly Flood Road

Patti

nson

Roa

d

Pattin

son R

oad

Jubi

lee

Roa

d

Butti Street

Arsenal Road

Bund

Gar

den

Road

Gutta Street

Syna

gogu

e St

reet

Tabu

t Stre

et

Lothian Road

Khan

Roa

d

Elph

inst

one

Road

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Ross Road

Race Course

Ross Road

Mansfie

ld Roa

dRac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Alexan

dra Roa

d

Parade Ground Road

Moreod

ha N

ala

Parade Ground Road

North N.I. Lines

Follo

wer's

Hos

pital

Road

May

o Ro

ad

Victoria Road Bhairoba Nala

Vict

oria

Roa

d


Spencer Road

Staunton Road

Potti

nger

Roa

dCouncil Hall

Koregaon Road

Gho

rpur

i Lin

es

Chu

rch

Roa

d

Ghorpuri Road

Spencer Road


S.M. Railway

Moreod

ha N

ala

Res

t Cam

p R

oad Ghorpuri Ry Station

S.M. Railway

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es R

oad

Ghorpuri Road

Alex

andr

a R

oad

Que

en's

Gar

den

Roa

d

Anderson Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

GIP Railway

Bhairoba Nala

Ghorpuri Road

GIP Railway

Vict

oria

Roa

d

School

Hospital

Native C

avalry Lines

Veterinary Hospital

Syce's Lines

Hay Stack

SikhTemple

Masjid

Bhairoba Nala

MainBurial

Ground

Bazar

Figure 9.3: The Complete 1924 Model of Poona

Salisbury Park

��

Gymnasium

Bhai

roba

Roa

d

Bishop's House

Bhairoba's Temple



Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

Tannery

CattleYards

Rifle R

ange

Kondwa Road


Rifle Range

Rifle RangeRifle R

ange

Rifle R

ange

Phay

re R

oad

Latrine

WanowriBazar

Plague Hospital

Mdn Burial Ground

Ruins

Hay Stack

Latrine



Station Hospital

Shanker Seth Road

Old Burial Ground

Burial Ground


Kharakwasla Canal

DhobiGhat

Middle

Road

Ferg

uson

Roa

d

Napier Road

H. Cross Road

Fam

ily H

ospi

tal R

oad


School


Napier Road

Bakery

Kharakwasla Canal

Mai

n St

reet

Tran

spor

t Line

s

New Modikhana Road

Masjid

Stavely Road

Mid

dle

Roa

d

Fergus

on R

oad

Satar

a Roa

d Wanowri Road

Lawrence Road

Sholapur Road

Neutral Lines

Appr

oach

Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Nor

th P

etty

Sta

ff Li

nes

Stavely Road

Ghasi Ram's Tank

Exhibition Road

Elph

insto

ne R

oad

Sholapur Road

Connaught Institute

Kharakwasla Canal

St. Andrew's Church

Masonic Lodge

Night Soil Road

Pattin

son

Road

St. Mary's Church

Exhibition Road


Convent Street

Manik Nala

Sachapir Street

Gaf

fer B

eg S

treet

Cen

tre S

treet

Manik Nala

Gut

ta S

treet

Exhibition Road

Lloyd Road

Lloyd Road

Khan

Roa

d

Lloyd Road

Elphinstone Road

Sachapir Street

W.I. Club

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Sadar Bazar

Khan

Roa

d

East

Stre

etMai

n St

reet

Stav

ely

Roa

d

South N.I. Lines

Solly Flood Road

Burnett

Road

Rac

e C

ours

e

Centre N.I. Lines


Solly Flood Road

Patti

nson

Roa

d

Pattin

son R

oad

Jubi

lee

Roa

d

Butti Street

Arsenal Road

Bund

Gar

den

Road

Gutta Street

Syna

gogu

e St

reet

Tabu

t Stre

et

Lothian Road

Khan

Roa

d

Elph

inst

one

Road

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Ross Road

Race Course

Ross Road

Mansfie

ld Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Alexan

dra Roa

d

Parade Ground Road

Moreod

ha N

ala

School

Parade Ground Road

North N.I. Lines

Follo

wer's

Hos

pital

Road

May

o Ro

ad


Vict

oria

Roa

d


Spencer Road

Staunton Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

Council Hall

Koregaon Road

Gho

rpur

i Lin

es

Chu

rch

Roa

d

Ghorpuri Road

Spencer Road


S.M. Railway

Moreod

ha N

ala

Res

t Cam

p R

oad

Ghorpuri Ry StationS.M. Railway

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es R

oad

Ghorpuri Road

Alex

andr

a R

oad

Que

en's

Gar

den

Roa

d

Anderson Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

GIP Railway

Bhairoba Nala

Ghorpuri Road

GIP Railway

Vict

oria

Roa

d

School

Hospital

Native C

avalry Lines

Veterinary Hospital

Syce's Lines

Hay Stack

SikhTemple

Masjid

Bhairoba Nala

MainBurial

Ground

Bazar

British Residents of Poona, 1924British (637)

Figure 9.4

Ganeshkhind

Ganeshkhind

Salisbury Park

Gymnasium

Bhai

roba

Roa

d

Bishop's House

Bhairoba's Temple



Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

Rifle Range

Kondwa Road


Rifle Range

Rifle Range

Rifle Range

Rifle R

ange

Phay

re R

oad

Latrine

WanowriBazar

Plague Hospital

Mdn Burial Ground

Hay Stack

Latrine


Station Hospital

Shanker Seth Road

Old Burial Ground

Burial Ground


Kharakwasla Canal

DhobiGhat

Middle

Road

Ferg

uson

Roa

d

Napier Road

H. Cross Road

Fam

ily H

ospi

tal R

oad

Napier Road

Army Veterinary

School


Napier Road

Bakery

Kharakwasla Canal

Mai

n St

reet

Tran

spor

t Line

s

New Modikhana Road

Masjid

Stavely Road

Mid

dle

Roa

d

Fergu

son R

oad

Satar

a Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Lawrence Road

Sholapur Road

Neutral Lines

Appr

oach

Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Nor

th P

etty

Sta

ff Li

nes

Stavely Road

Ghasi Ram's Tank

Exhibition Road

Elph

insto

ne R

oad

Sholapur Road

Connaught Institute

Kharakwasla Canal

St. Andrew's Church

Masonic Lodge

Night Soil Road

Pattin

son

Road

St. Mary's Church

Exhibition Road


Convent Street

Manik Nala

Sachapir Street

Gaf

fer B

eg S

treet

Cen

tre S

treet

Manik Nala

Gut

ta S

treet

Exhibition Road

Lloyd Road

Lloyd Road

Khan

Roa

d

Lloyd Road

Elphinstone Road

Sachapir Street

W.I. Club

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Sadar Bazar

Khan

Roa

d

East

Stre

et

Mai

n St

reet

Stav

ely

Roa

d

South N.I. Lines

Solly Flood Road

Burnett

Road

Rac

e C

ours

e

Centre N.I. Lines


Solly Flood Road

Patti

nson

Roa

d

Pattin

son R

oad

Jubi

lee

Roa

d

Butti Street

Arsenal Road

Bund

Gar

den

Road

Gutta Street

Syna

gogu

e St

reet

Tabu

t Stre

et

Lothian Road

Khan

Roa

d

Elph

inst

one

Road

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Ross Road

Race Course

Ross Road

Mansfie

ld Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Alexan

dra Roa

d

Parade Ground Road

Moreod

ha N

ala

School

Parade Ground Road

North N.I. Lines

Follo

wer's

Hos

pital

Road

May

o Ro

ad


Vict

oria

Roa

d


Spencer Road

Staunton Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

Council Hall

Koregaon Road

Gho

rpur

i Lin

es

Chu

rch

Roa

d

Ghorpuri Road

Spencer Road


S.M. Railway

Moreod

ha N

ala

Res

t Cam

p R

oad


Prin

ce o

f Wal

es R

oad

Ghorpuri Road

Alex

andr

a R

oad

Que

en's

Gar

den

Roa

d

Anderson Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

GIP Railway

Bhairoba Nala

Ghorpuri Road

GIP Railway

Vict

oria

Roa

d

School

Hospital

Native C

avalry Lines

Veterinary Hospital

Syce's Lines

Hay Stack

SikhTemple

Masjid

Bhairoba Nala

MainBurial

Ground

Bazar

Indian Households in Poona, 1924Indian (453)

Figure 9.5

Sadr Bazar

Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

British and Indians, 1905British (330)Indian (409)

Figure 9.6

N

Ethnicity of Barracks British (49)Indian (151)

Figure 9.7

Nat

ive

Infa

ntry

Lin

es

Wanowri Lines

Ghorepuri Lines

Nat

ive

Cav

alry

Lin

es

Wanowri Bazar

Ghorepuri Village

Figure 9.8: Ghorepuri Village and Wanowri Bazar

Sadr Bazar

Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

British and Indian household heads and institutions, 1876-79British (459)Indian (307)

Figure 9.9

Ganeshkhind

Gymnasium

Bhai

roba

Roa

d

Bishop's House

Bhairoba's Temple



Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

Shanker Seth Road

Old Burial Ground

Burial Ground

DhobiGhat

Middle

Road

RoadH. Cross Road


Bakery

Kharakwasla Canal

Mai

n St

reet

Tran

spor

t Line

s

New Modikhana Road

Masjid

Stavely Road

Mid

dle

Roa

d

Fergus

on R

oad

Satar

a Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Lawrence Road

Sholapur Road

Neutral Lines

Appr

oach

Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Nor

th P

etty

Sta

ff Li

nes

Stavely Road

Ghasi Ram's Tank

Exhibition Road

Elph

insto

ne R

oad

Sholapur Road

Connaught Institute

Kharakwasla Canal

St. Andrew's Church

Masonic Lodge

Night Soil Road

Pattin

son

Road

St. Mary's Church

Exhibition Road


Convent Street

Manik Nala

Sachapir Street

Gaf

fer B

eg S

treet

Cen

tre S

treet

Manik Nala

Gut

ta S

treet

Exhibition Road

Lloyd Road

Lloyd Road

Khan

Roa

d

Lloyd Road

Elphinstone Road

Sachapir Street

W.I. Club

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Sadar Bazar

Khan

Roa

d

East

Stre

etMai

n St

reet

Stav

ely

Roa

d

South N.I. Lines

Solly Flood Road

Burnett

Road

Rac

e C

ours

e

Centre N.I. Lines


Solly Flood Road

Patti

nson

Roa

d

Pattin

son R

oad

Jubi

lee

Roa

d

Butti Street

Arsenal Road

Bund

Gar

den

Road

Gutta Street

Syna

gogu

e St

reet

Tabu

t Stre

et

Lothian Road

Khan

Roa

d

Elph

inst

one

Road

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Ross Road

Race Course

Ross Road

Mansfie

ld Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad Alex

andra

Road

Parade Ground Road

Moreod

ha N

ala School

Parade Ground Road

North N.I. Lines

Follo

wer's

Hos

pital

Road

May

o Ro

ad


Vict

oria

Roa

d


Spencer Road

Staunton Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

Council Hall

Koregaon Road

Gho

rpur

i Lin

es

Chu

rch

Roa

d

Ghorpuri Road

Spencer Road


S.M. Railway

Moreod

ha N

ala

Res

t Cam

p R

oad


Prin

ce o

f Wal

es R

oad

Ghorpuri Road

Alex

andr

a R

oad

Que

en's

Gar

den

Roa

d

Anderson Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

GIP Railway

Bhairoba Nala

Ghorpuri Road

GIP Railway

Vict

oria

Roa

d

School

Hospital

Native C

avalry Lines

Veterinary Hospital

Syce's Lines

Hay Stack

SikhTemple

Masjid

Bhairoba Nala

MainBurial

Ground

Bazar

Distribution of Parsis resident in Poona, 1924 Parsi (159)

Figure 9.10

Sadr Bazar

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Figure 9.11

Sadr Bazar

Figure 9.12: Parsi household heads and institutions recorded in 1876


Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

wayne

Figure 9.13: Europeans (non-British) in Poona, 1924


Gymnasium

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

Kondwa Road


Rifle

Rifl

Phay

re R

oad

Station Hospital

Shanker Seth Road

Old Burial Ground

Burial Ground


Kharakwasla Canal

DhobiGhat

Middle

Road

Ferg

uson

Roa

d

Napier Road

H. Cross Road

Fam

ily H

ospi

tal R

oad


School


Napier Road

Bakery

Kharakwasla Canal

Mai

n St

reet

Tran

spor

t Line

s

New Modikhana Road

Masjid

Stavely Road

Mid

dle

Roa

d

Fergus

on R

oad

Satar

a Roa

d Wanowri Road

Lawrence Road

Sholapur Road

Neutral Lines

Appr

oach

Roa

d

Wanowri Road

Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

esD

Nor

th P

etty

Sta

ff Li

nes

Stavely Road

Ghasi Ram's Tank

Exhibition Road

Elph

insto

ne R

oad

Sholapur Road

Connaught Institute

Kharakwasla Canal

St. Andrew's Church

Masonic Lodge

Night Soil Road

Patti

nson

Roa

d

St. Mary's Church

Exhibition Road


Convent Street

Manik Nala

Sachapir Street

Gaf

fer B

eg S

treet

Cen

tre S

treet

Manik Nala

Gut

ta S

treet

Exhibition Road

Lloyd Road

Lloyd Road

Khan

Roa

d

Lloyd Road

Elphinstone Road

Sachapir Street

W.I. Club

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Sadar Bazar

Khan

Roa

d

East

Stre

etMai

n St

reet

Stav

ely

Roa

d

South N.I. Lines

Solly Flood Road

Burnett

Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e

Centre N.I. Lines


Solly Flood Road

Patti

nson

Roa

d

Pattin

son

Road

Jubi

lee

Roa

d

Butti Street

Arsenal Road

Bund

Gar

den

Roa

d

Gutta Street

Syna

gogu

e St

reet

Tabu

t Stre

et

Lothian Road

Khan

Roa

d

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Ross Road

Race Course

Ross Road

Mansfi

eld R

oad

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Alexan

dra R

oad

Parade Ground Road

Moreo

dha N

ala

School

Parade Ground Road

North N.I. Lines

Follo

wer's

Hos

pita

l Roa

d

May

o Ro

ad

Victoria Road


Staunton Road

Potti

nger

Roa

d

Council Hall

Koregaon Road

Gho

rpur

i Lin

es

Chu

rch

Roa

d

Ghorpuri Road

Spencer Road


Moreod

ha N

ala

Res

t Cam

p R

oad

S

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es R

oad

Ghorpuri Road

Figure 9.14: Female Household Heads 1924

wayne

Military Cantonment

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Kondwa Road


Rifle Range

Rifle Range

Phay

re R

oad

Latrine

WanBa

Latrine


Station Hospital

Middle

Road

Ferg

uson

Roa

d

Napier Road

H. Cross Road

Fam

ily H

ospi

tal R

oad


School


Napier Road

Appr

oach

Roa

d

Wanowri Road

(Structures depicted derive from 1905)

wayne

Figure 9.15: Female Household Heads and Hospitals, 1924

Ganeshkhind

Salisbury Park


Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

wayne

Figure 9.16: 'Military' Occupational Category

Ganeshkhind

Salisbury Park


Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

wayne

Figure 9.17: 'Official' Occupational Category, 1924

Ganeshkhind

Salisbury Park


Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

wayne

Figure 9.18: 'Civilian' Occupational Category, 1924

Sadr Bazar

Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Figure 9.19: 'Military' Occupational Category, 1905

wayne

Sadr Bazar

Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km

Figure 9.20: 'Official' Occupational Category, 1905

(No Data)

Sadr Bazar

Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

Figure 9.21: 'Civilian' Occupational Category, 1905

(No Data)

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ative CitySadr Bazar

Civil Lines

Military

Queen's Gardens(Suburb)

wayne

Figure 9.22: Colonels and Generals, 1879

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Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

Lieutenants

Colonels and Generals

Officer Distribution1879

Figure 9.23

SadrBazar Military

Cantonment

Military Land in 1879 (General Land Use) Military (344)

Figure 9.24

Sadr Bazar

Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

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Gymnasium

Bhai

roba

Roa

d

Bishop's House

Bhairoba's Temple


N

Scale0km 1km

SlaughterYard

SlaughterYard


Tannery

CattleYards

Octroi Post

Canning Road

Quarry

Rifle R

ange

Rifle R

ange

Miniature Rifle Range

Rifle Range

Reservoir

Reservoir

Office

Military Prison

Kondwa Road


Rifle Range

Rifle R

ange

Ruins

WanowriBazar

Plague Hospital

Mdn Burial Ground

Hay Stack


LatrineLatrine

OfficeStation Hospital


School

Fam

ily H

ospi

tal R

oad

Female Hospital

Latrines

LiquorBar

Reservoir

Armourers' Shop

Latrines

Neutral Lines


Appr

oach

Roa

d

Fives Court

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive


Wanowri Road

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es D

rive

Wanowri Road


Theatre

QuarterGuard

Cells

School

Old Burial Ground

School

Rifle Range

Tran

spor

t Line

s

Burial Ground


Kharakwasla Canal

New Modikhana Road

Shanker Seth Road

DhobiGhat

Masjid

Mid

dle

Roa

d

Warrant Officers' Quarters

Qr Ms StoreSgt's MessNapier Road

Telegraph Office

Officers' Mess

Napier Road

Ferg

uson

Roa

d

Middle

Road

Army Signalling School

D. Supply Office

Prayer Room

N. Free Church

Wanowri RoadWidow's Home

Sholapur Road

Phay

re R

oad

H. Cross Road

Satar

a Roa

d

Lawrence Road

Night Soil Road

Quarry

Stavely Road

Fergus

on R

oad

S.N.I Hospital

St. Mary's Church

St. Mary'sHigh School


Exhibition Road

Pattin

son

Road

School

Girls' School

Ghasi Ram's TankC. SupplyDepot Office

Bakery

Kharakwasla Canal

Stavely Road

Elph

insto

ne R

oad

R.C. Church

Tank

Exhibition Road

Nor

th P

etty

Sta

ff Li

nes

Mai

n St

reet

Connaught Institute

Water Supply Pumping Station

Kharakwasla Canal

Masonic Lodge

Reservoir

St. Andrew's Church

Sholapur Road

Sachapir Street

Manik Nala

Manik Nala

Convent Street

Khan

Roa

d

Lloyd Road

Exhibition Road

Lloyd Road

Sadar Bazar

Gaf

fer B

eg S

treet

Cen

tre S

treet

Stav

ely

Roa

d

Elphinstone Road

Lloyd Road

Mai

n St

reet

Gut

ta S

treet

Tabu

t Stre

et

East

Stre

et

W.I. Club

Sachapir Street

Elph

inst

one

Roa

d

Solly Flood Road

Pattin

son

Road

Jubi

lee

Roa

d

Rac

e C

ours

e

South N.I. Lines



ett R

oad

Bund

Gar

den

Road

Arsenal Road

Butti Street

Gutta Street

Syna

gogu

e St

reet

QrGuard

Khan

Roa

d

Centre N.I. Lines

Masjid

Latrines

Latrines

Ross Road

Quarter Guard

Rifle Range

HorseStalls

Reservoir

C.R.E'sOffice

C.N.IHospital

Office of I.Gof Ordnance

School

Gymkhana(Parsi's)

North N.I. Lines

Lothian Road

May

o Ro

ad

Elph

inst

one

Road

Victoria Road

Race Course

Mansfie

ld Roa

d


Alexan

dra Roa

d

Ross Road

Latrines

Parade Ground

Patti

nson

Roa

d

Parade Ground Road

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

Rac

e C

ours

e R

oad

BarrackMr's Store

Burial Ground

Tomb

Temple

Quarry

Khan

Roa

d

Moreod

ha N

ala

Parade Ground Road

Volunteer Hd Qtrs

N.I.Hospital

Old SappersLines

Follower'sHospital

Follo

wer's

Hos

pital

Road

P.M.O's Office

Officers' Mess

Bhairoba Nala

Empress Garden

PlungeBath

Spencer Road

Quarter Guard

Gho

rpur

i Lin

es


Vict

oria

Roa

d

Spencer Road

Alex

andr

a R

oad

OrderlyRoom

Tombs

Staff Office

WesternCommand Offices

Council Hall

Potti

nger

Roa

d

Anderson Road

Asst C.R.E's Office

Polo Ground

Sapper's Field

Work

Staunton Road

Koregaon Road

Quarry No. 1 SectionHospital

MiniatureRifle

Range

Ghorpuri Road

C.E's Office

Potti

nger

Roa

d

Que

en's

Gar

den

Roa

d

Chu

rch

Roa

d

Rest Camp

Ghorpuri Church

Married Mens'Quarters

Res

t Cam

p R

oad

Ghorpuri Bazar

S.M. Railway

Ghorpuri Ry Station

Prin

ce o

f Wal

es R

oad

Prayer Room

Ghorpuri Road

GIP Railway

S.M. Railway

Quarry

Moreod

ha N

ala

Ghorpuri Village

Ghorpuri Road

Bhairoba Nala

GIP Railway

Dherwara

Hospital

Masjid

Bazar

Vict

oria

Roa

d

School

Native C

avalry Lines

Veterinary Hospital

Syce's Lines

Hay Stack

SikhTemple

Bhairoba Nala

Military General Land Use, 1879 Military (344)

Military General Land Use, 1905 Military (493)

Figure 9.25


Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGaneshRaviwar

wayne

Military Cantonment

wayne

Civil Lines

wayne

Figure 9.26: Administrative Structures, 1924


Civil Lines

MilitaryCantonment

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv

Ghorpade

Bhavani

Commercial and 'Mixed' Land Uses, 1924 Commercial (179) Mixed (149)

Figure 9.27

Native CitySadr

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

NanaGanesh

Vetal

Raviwar

Shukrawar

Ganj

Sadashiv Bhavani

Retail and Artisanal Land Use, 1924 Artisanal (118) Retail (141)

Figure 9.28

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ative CitySadr Bazar

MilitaryCantonment

N

Scale0km 1km

Figure 9.29: Industrial Land 1905

N

Scale0km 1km

Height above sea level (feet) of structures, 19051,900 to 2,000 (328)1,870 to 1,900 (370)1,855 to 1,870 (366)1,830 to 1,855 (343)

0 to 1,830 (402)

Figure 9.30

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Official Reports 322

Bibliography: Published Official Reports Act II 1902, ‘An Act to Make Better Provision for Securing House Accommodation for Military Officers in Cantonments’, Government Printing Press, Calcutta, 1902. Aitchison, C.U., A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, Vol. VII, Pt. i, Government of India, Calcutta, 1931. Barrack Buildings and Plans, Vol., XLIII, folio, 137ff, 1890. Caird, James, Report of the Condition of India, Vol. LIII, Westminster, 1880, folio131ff. Choksey, R.D., Twilight of the Maratha Raj, 1818: Queries of Mountstuart Elphinstone...to the Collectors in the Deccan, Choksey, R.D, Poona, 1976. Clark, F., The East India Register and Army List, Wm H. Allen and Co., London, 1851. Contagious Diseases and Cantonment Act, Vol. LXXVI, 1888, folio 185ff. Contagious Diseases and the Prevalence of Venereal Disease, Vol. LXIII, 1897, folio 569ff. Contagious Diseases and the Treatment of Venereal Disease, Vol. LXIV, Pt. I, 1893-4, folio 1ff. Despatch Concerning Contagious Diseases and Cantonments Act 1888, Vol. LXXVI, Secretary of State, 1888, folio 283ff. Discontent among the local and European troops in India, Vol. LI, Pt. i-ii, 1860, folio 317ff. Dissent of Council of India Re: Despatch 1888 LXXVII [158] 283ff, Vol:LXXVI, Secretary of State to Government, 1888, folio 295ff. Ducat, Maj., The Sewerage of the City and Cantonment of Poona, Vaibhav Press, Poona, 1881. Government of India, Acts passed by the Government of India 1835-1917, Government of India, 1917. Government of India, Cantonments Act 1889, Vol. LIV, 1890, folio 41ff.


Government of India, Contagious Diseases Act Repeal, Vol. L, folio 533ff.1883 Government of India, District Gazetteers, Government of India Press, Calcutta, 1885-1920. Government of India, Report of the Central Committee on Cantonments, Government of India Press, New Delhi, 1952. Government of India, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909. Government of India Defense Department, Manual of Military Law, Government of India Press, New Delhi, 1937. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Administration Report of Military Works of the PWD 1885-6-99, Government Central Press, Bombay, 1886-1900. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Administration Report of Military Works of the PWD 1900-01-11-12, Government Central Press, Bombay, 1901-1912. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Army Medical Reports, Vol. XLVII, Bombay, 1874, folio, 295ff. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Census of the Bombay Presidency, Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay, 1872. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Presidency Gazetteer, Vol. III, Government of the Bombay Presidency, 1885, (IOL/R RR D.G. BOM 67). Government of the Bombay Presidency, Gazetteer, Bombay Presidency, Vol. XVIII, Pt. ii, Government Central Press, Bombay, 1885. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Medical and Sanitary Report of the Native Army of Bombay, Government of the Bombay Presidency, Government Press, Bombay, 1878-80. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Papers Relating to the Colonisation of Mander Deo and making it a Sanitary Station, Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay, 1864. Government of the Bombay Presidency, Public Works Department Conference held at Poona, Government Central Press, Bombay, 1865.


Government of the Madras Presidency, Rules for the Management of Regimental Messes in Native Regiments of the Madras Army, Asylum Press, Madras 1866. Hart, Phillip, ‘Report on a Project for the Supply of Water for Poona’, Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government. New series. no. 47, Bombay Presidency, 1858. Herbert, Sidney, (British Parliamentary Papers, XIX, 1863), Report of Commissioners inquiring into the Sanitary State of the Army in India, Vol. XIX, Pt 1, House of Commons, London, 1863. Herbert, Sidney, (British Parliamentary Papers, XIX, 1863), Report of Commissioners inquiring into the Sanitary State of the Army in India, Vol. XIX, Pt 2, House of Commons, London, 1863. Hewlett, T.G, Report on Military Cantonments...inspected, Indian Medical Department, 1875-76. Hunter, W.W., Director General of Statistics, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XI, HMSO, London, 1886. Indian Medical Department, Sketch of the Medical History of the Native Army of Bombay, Indian Medical Department, Government Press, Bombay, 1870-76. Leith, A.H., Remarks of the Barrack and Hospital Improvement Commission, Vol. XXXVI, Bombay Presidency, 1865, Folio 467ff. Leith, A.H, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Bombay Army, IMD, Bombay, 1864. Leith, A.H., ‘Report on the Sanitary State of the City of Poona…with Rough notes by Maj. T. Martin’, Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, New series. no. 79, Bombay, 1864. Martin, Sir J.R., Notes on the Medical Topography of Calcutta, Departments of State and Public Institutions, Calcutta, 1837. Papers Relating to European and Native Troops in India- Strength, Composition, Distribution, Description, 1867 Public Works Department (India), Conference on the State of Public Works, PWD, 1866. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1878-79, Vol. LIII, Westminster, 1880, folio 179ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1880-81, Vol. XLIX, Westminster, 1882, folio 245ff.


Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1881-82, Vol. LII, Westminster, 1883, folio: 87ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1882-83, Westminster, Vol. LIX, 1884, folio 533ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1883-84, Westminster, Vol. LX, 1884-85, folio 543ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1884-85, Vol. L, Westminster, 1886, folio 1ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1885-86, Vol. LXIII, Westminster, 1887, folio:1ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1886-87, Vol. LXXVI, Westminster, 1888, folio 525ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India 1887-88, Vol. LVIII, Westminster, 1889, folio 689ff. Report on Sanitary Measures in India1879-80, Vol. LXIX, Westminster, 1881, folio: 351ff. Reports of Commissioners and Papers respecting Public Works in Bengal, Madras and Bombay, 1853-4. Reports of the Sanitary Commissioner for 1865, Vol. LIII, 1866, Pt. folio 215ff. Reports of the Sanitary Commissioner for 1866, Vol. LI, 1867-8, folio 49ff. Resolution of House of Commons on Despatch 1888 LXVII [158] 283ff, Vol. LXVII, Secretary of State to Government, 1888, folio 303ff. Return of Contagious Diseases: Act of 1866-8, Vol. LXII, 1887, folio 903ff. Secretary of State for India in Council, The India List, Civil and Military, July 1879, Wm H, Allen and Co., London, 1879. Selections from the Military Department, 1857-8, London, 1893. Sardesai, G.S., (ed.), English Records of Maratha History, Poona Residency Correspondence, Vol. 13 [Poona Affairs (Elphinstone’s Embassy)(Part II, 1816-1818)], Government Central Press, Bombay, 1958. Sinha, R.M., and Avasthi, A., (eds.), Elphinstone Correspondence 1804-8, The Nagpur


University Historical Society, Nagpur, 1961. Thacker, Spink and Co., Thacker’s Indian Directory, Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta, 1905. Thacker, Spink and Co., Thacker’s Indian Directory, Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta, 1891. The Times of India, The Times of India Calendar and Directory for 1924, The Times of India, Bombay, 1924. Treacher and Coy, Guide to Poona and Kirkee for the Season 1876, Treacher and Company Ltd., Poona, 1876.

Manuscript Catalogue 327

Manuscript Catalogue

‘2nd European Regiment Cookroom Erection’, British Library, India Office Records, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXV, fol. 934, 1840-2, E/4/1070. ‘Additional Accommodation for European Troops, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIV, fol. 545-56, 1840-2, E/4/1069. ‘Alterations to barracks’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol: LXXIV, fol. 585, 1840-2, E/4/1069. ‘Alterations to Kirkee Barracks’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIV, fol. 585, 1840-2, E/4/1069. Anne, ‘Indenture Tripartite between Queen Anne and the two EIC’s, uniting both’, British Library, IOR, Charters, Deeds Statutes, 1702, A/1/59. ‘Buildings Repaired for European Troops’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIV, fol.1119, 1840-2, E/4/1069. Charles II, ‘Letters patent granting the Island of Bombay to the East India Company’, British Library, IOR, Charters, Deeds Statutes, 1668, A/1/26. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIII, fol. 1409-10, 1840-2, E/4/1068. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXVI, fol. 740, 1840-2, E/4/1071. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXVI, fol. 731-38, 1840-2, E/4/1071. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXVI, fol. 726, 1840-2, E/4/1071. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXV, fol. 815, 1840-2, E/4/1070.


‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXV, fol. 521, 1840-2, E/4/1070. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXV, fol. 484-86, 1840-2, E/4/1070. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol., LXXVI, fol. 751-2, 1840-2, E/4/1071. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIII, fol. 1431, 1840-2, E/4/1068. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIII, fol. 1369, 1840-2, E/4/1068. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIII, fol. 1397 pp. 1840-2, E/4/1068. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIII, fol. 1361, 1840-2, E/4/1068 ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXII, fol. 205-6, 1840-2, E/4/1067. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXII, fol. 202-3, 1840-2, E/4/1067. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’ British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXII, fol. 182-85, 1840-2, E/4/1067. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXII, fol. 175-77, 1840-2, E/4/1067. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXV, fol. 480, 1840-2, E/4/1070. ‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIII, fol. 1360, 1840-2, E/4/1068.


‘Construction and Repairs, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXVI, fol. 755-8, pp. 1840-2, E/4/1071. ‘Construction of additional Barrack for one wing of European Regiment’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXV, fol. 916-19, 1840-2, E/4/1070. Elizabeth I ‘Queen Elizabeth's Charter’, British Library, IOR, Charters, Deeds Statutes, 1600, A/1/1-2. ‘Erection of additional pendalls’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXII, fol. 624, 1840-2, E/4/1067. ‘Hutting Money for European Troops’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXIV, fol. 532, 1840-2, E/4/1069. ‘Improvement in Ghorepadi Barracks Poona’, British Library, IOR, Military Records, Vol. 236/103, L/MIL/7/10086. McPherson, Col. ‘Route to Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 167, 18thC, Additional 29210. Malet, C.W., ‘Itinerary of Journey to/from Bombay’, British Library, MSS, 1786, Additional 29216. ‘New cantonments Delhi (British Infantry)’, British Library, IOR, Military Records, Vol. 236/58, L/MIL/7/10050. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 193, 1779-82, Additional 29147. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 51, 1779-82, Additional 29149. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 20, 1779-82, Additional 29149. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 9, 1779-82, Additional 29149. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 286 1779-82, Additional 29148. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 282, 1779-82, Additional 29148.


‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 58, 1779-82, Additional 29148. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 55, 1779-82, Additional 29149. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 209, 1779-82, Additional 29148. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 206, 1779-82, Additional 29149. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 297, 1779-82, Additional 29149. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 133 1779-82, Additional 29150. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 247, 1779-82, Additional 29150. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 39, 1779-82, Additional 29153. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 270, 1779-82, Additional 29199. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 461, 1779-82, Additional 29199. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 513, 1779-82, Additional 29199. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 515, 1779-82, Additional 29199. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 54, 1779-82, Additional 29200. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 240, 1779-82, Additional 29200. ‘News from Poona’, British Library, MSS, fol. 59, 1779-82, Additional 29200 ‘Partition Treaty of Poona with the Peshwa, 14th May 1804’, British Library, IOR, Home Miscellaneous, Vol. 636(21), pp. 205-12, 1804, H636/21. ‘Partition Treaty of Poona with the Peshwa, 14th May 1804’, British Library, IOR, Home Miscellaneous, Vol. 637(41), 1804, H637/41. ‘Peshwa’s Native Troops and contingents, Poona’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. XXIV, pp. 600, E/4/1019.


‘Provision of Quarters for the Superintendent of Ammunition Factory Kirkee’, British Library, IOR, Military Records, Vol. 236/56, L/MIL/7/10038. ‘Repair and furnishing of travellers bungalow, Poona’ British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. LXXII, fol. 203, 1840-2, E/4/1067. ‘Territory ceded to the government by the Peshwa’, British Library,IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. XXV, pp. 686-85, E/4/1020. ‘Treaties and Engagements with Native Princes and States in India’, British Library, IOR, Charters, Deeds Statutes, 1799-1824, A/2/28. ‘Treaties and Engagements with Native Pinces and States in India’, British Library, IOR, Charters, Deeds Statutes, 1817-18, A/2/28. ‘Treaty between the late Peshwa and Sir Charles Warre Malet’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. XX, pp.114, E/4/1015. ‘Treaty with the Peshwa’, British Library, IOR, Bombay Despatches, Vol. XXIV, pp. 600-01, E/4/1019. ‘Type plans of barracks for British and Indian troops’ British Library, IOR, Military Records, Vol. 236/47, L/MIL/7/10029. Upton, Col. ‘Journal of Col. Upton’s route from Kalpee’, British Library, MSS, 1775-6, Additional 29213. ‘Wesleyan chapel in New Delhi Cantonment’, British Library, IOR, Military Records, Vol. 236/51, L/MIL/7/10033. Wonnacott, William, ‘Correspondence William Wonnacott 1/8th Kings Regiment: Army Life in India 1865-78’, British Library, OIOC European, European Manuscripts, 1865-78, MSS EUR C 376.

Further Documentary Sources 332

Further Documentary Resources Poona in Art Ainslie, Henry Francis, Landscape Showing the Church, Poona, Watercolour, 1849-50, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 2069. Boyd, George, A.Grafton’s House [Poona], Ink and Pencil, 1822-31, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 247 f.55? Boyd, George, House and ground at Poona in the Dukhun belonging to Major Augustus Grafton, Ink and Pencil, 1822-31, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 247 f.54v? Boyd, George, Purbuttee from Kirkee, Poona, Ink and Pencil, 1822-31, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 247 f.15. Daniell, Thomas, Delivery of Treaty by Charles Warre Malet, (1790), Oil, 1807, The British Library, Kings Library, 115 50-1. Johnson, John, Pagoda at Poona, Watercolour, 1795-1801, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 1055 f.5. Johnson, John, Poona with Hill of Parvati, Watercolour, 1795-1801, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 1055 f.20. Note: Boat with an Indian Sepoy in the background. Postans, Thomas, View of the Sungum, Punah, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 485 f.4v. Rowley, Lt. G., View of Poona (Bombay) from the Bank of the River opposite, Watercolour, 1813-14, British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings,(Drawings) 675 (1). Note: Depicts the Hill and Temple of Parvati in the background. Salt, Henry, View of Poona with Residency in the foreground, Watercolour Wash, October 1804, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 1306. Strachey, Sir Richard, Houses and Palm Trees, (Poona), 1837-56, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 2331 p.13b.


Strachey, Sir Richard, Parbutee Tank, Poonah, 1837-56, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 2331 p.13c. Strachey, Sir Richard, Poonah from the Racecourse March 1838, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 2331 p.13a. Strachey, Sir Richard, The Sungum or Union of the Moota and Moola Rivers near Poona, site of old Residency, April 1838, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, (Drawings) 2331 p.15. Turner, C., after Lawrence, The Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone, Governor of Bombay, Mezzotint Engraving, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, Print Drawer A16 Portraits (C-G). Walker, E., after Fairlie, Drill Order, Kirkee, 1854, Print, Rudolph Ackermann, London, 1855, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, Print Box 16 (military). Walker, E., After Fairlie, The Tent in India, Kirkee, 1854, Print, Rudolph Ackermann, London, 1855, The British Library, OIOC Prints and Drawings, Print Box 16 (military). Poona in Photographs 'H' Coy Bridging with 3rd Sappers and Miners, Poona, 1907, The British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 91. Bund Gardens, Poona, 1870, The British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer, Album 2, Pt 10, Print 9 Bungalow/Colony?? Indo-British structures, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 16. Bungalow/Colony?? Indo-British structures, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 15. Courthouse, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 23. Fitzgerald Bridge, Poona, 1870s, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B16432, Album 2, Pt 9, Print 16a. Fitzgerald Bridge, Poona, 1870s, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B16433, Album 2, Pt 9, Print 166. Ganeshkhind, Government House, Poona, 1937,


British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B19644, Album, 91, Print 14. General Sir Archibald Hunter's Ball, Poona, 1904, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B375, Album 1, Pt 1, Print A(53). General Sir Archibald Hunter's Ball, Poona, 1904, British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 72. Government House, Ganeshkhind, Poona, 1870, British Library IOL/R,Print Drawer: Negative Number Album 2, Pt 10, Print 15b. Government House, Ganeshkhind, Poona, 1870, British Library IOL/R,Print Drawer: Negative Number Album 2, Pt 10, Print 15a. Note: Shows the house at completion. ?Holkar's Tomb, Poona, 1860, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B15451 (pol), Album 254, Pt 3, Print 20a. Jamsetji Bund, Poona, 1860s, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B14418, Album 394, Print 108. Jamsetji Bund, Poona, 1860, British Library, IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B15452 (pol), Album 254, Pt 3 , Print 20b. Marching Past, Lord Lamington, Poona, 1907, British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 90. Panoramic Cantonment View, Poona, British Library IOL/R, Album 148, Pt, Print 82. Parbati, Poona, 1870, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B7243 (pol), Album 2, Pt 10, Print 11a. Parbati Hill, Poona, 1870, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B7238 (pol), Album 2, Pt 10, Print 14. Parbati Hill, Poona, 1870, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B7245 (pol), Album 2, Pt 10, Print 10a. Parbati Temple, Poona, 1860s, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B14422, Album 394, Print 109. Poona, Poona, 1860s, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B14378, Album 394, Print 107.


Note: View over the entire city from the high ground. Cantonment may be in the right background. Poona Regatta, Poona, 1908, British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 99. Senior Polo Tournament, Poona, 1907, British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 79. Shanwar Wada's Palace and Fruit market, Poona,1860s, British Library IOL/R,Print Drawer: Negative Number B14403, Album 394, Print 110. Slum Areas, Poona 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 19. Slum Areas, Poona 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 20. Slum Areas, Poona 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 18. Slum Improvement, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 21. Slum Improvement, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 22. The Connaught Rangers, Poona, Poona, 1907, British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 61. The Drums, Poona, 1907, British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 62. The Officers 2nd Battalion. The Connaught Rangers, Poona, Poona, 1907, British Library IOL/R, Album 1, Pt 11, Print 55. The Sungum (1850s), Kirkee, 1850, British Library IOL/R, Album 254, Pt 3, Print 36. The Sungum (1850s), Kirkee, 1850, British Library IOL/R, Album 254, Pt 3, Print 37. View of old city, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 3. View of old city, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 5.


View of old city, Poona, 1930s, British Library IOL/R, Album 66, Pt 6, Print 4. Dayal, Din, Government House, Poona, Ganeshkhind, 1895, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B3266, Album 15, Pt 3, Print 34. Howgego, Sergt R.M., What I Saw in India, 1916-1919, British Library IOL/R, MSS EUR C 340. Ross, Col. Harry, Poona (various), Poona, British Library OIOC, MSS EUR B 235/3, Print 3. Scaddan, T.W., Bund Gardens, Poona, 1875-76, British Library IOL/R, Print Drawer: Negative Number B11840, Album 475, Print 18. Seagrim, Capt. G.N., Camp Military Life (various), 1936-47, British Library OIOC, MSS EUR E 415/c. Snelling, Capt. Cyril, Poona (various), 1896-1929, British Library OIOC, MSS EUR G 115/15, Print 15. Maps and Plans Poonah, Poona city and surrounding countryside, No date, pre 1822.

Scale: Unknown

Size:A1x1 sheet

Colour: Yes

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OIOC Map Collection, X2790.

Records: Major structures, wells.

British Infantry Half Company Barrack, Plan.

Scale: 1in=10ft?

Size: A2x1sheet

Colour: No

Details: Maharashtra State Archives, Maps 3158.

City of Poona, Poona (native) city.

Scale: Unknown


Size: A2x1 sheet

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OIOC Map Collection, (uncatalogued).

Kirkee Cantonment, Kirkee Cantonment and surrounding countryside, QMG Department,

1851?.

Scale: 8in=1mile

Size: c.A2x1sheet

Colour: Yes

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OIOC Map Collection, X/2612/3.

Records: Compound Boundaries, Structures, Major landmarks named.

(Hogg, A.G.F.), Deputy QMG of the Army, Map of Cantonment of Poona, Poona

Cantonment, 23rd Dec 1876.

Authority: QMG Office, Poona,

Scale: 6in=1mile

Size: c.A4x2 sheets

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library OPSS, published in ISBO 5.

Records: Major Roads named, Compound Boundaries, Landmarks named.

Ferns, H.G. (Head Draughtsman), Map of the Bombay Presidency. showing disposition of

the Bombay Army and routes, Bombay Presidency.

Authority: QMG Office, Poona

Surveyed: 1883, Released: May 1884

Scale: 1in=32miles

Size: 38x25 3/4 in

Colour: Yes

Grid: NONE


Details: Public Records Office (London), War Office 78, WO 78.

Records: Military stations and transport corridors.

Coates, Thomas , Map of the Environs of Poona, Poona city and surrounding countryside,

1814.

Scale: 1in=1mile

Size: c.1xA1sheet

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Married Men’s Barrack.

Scale: 1in=10ft

Size:c.A4

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: Maharashtra State Archives, MAPS 3157.

Records: Designed for a Battery of Royal Horse or Light Field Artillery.

Natives Clerks Quarters, Dharwar

Authority: Southern Maratha Railway

Scale: 1in=4ft

Size: c.A4

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Plan of Sepoys and Non Commissioned Officers’ Quarters, Various (Poona), 1877.

Authority: Indian Medical Department

Size: c.A4

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Details: British Library, OPSS, published in British Library ISBO61/7 Pt 1.

Records: Commissioned Officers Pendalls.

Plan of Ghorepooree Hospital, Ghorepooree Hospital, 1877.

Scale: 1unit=10

Size: A3

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OPSS, published in British Library ISBO61/7.

Plan of Ghorepooree Soldiers Quarters (new)?, Ghorepooree Barracks, 1877.

Scale: 1unit=10

Size: c.A3

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OPSS, published in British Library, ISBO61/7.

Plan of Ghorepooree Soldiers Quarters (old)?Ghorepooree Barracks, 1877.

Scale: 1unit=10

Size: A3

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Plan of Native Commissioned Officers’ Quarters, Various (Poona), 1877.


Scale: Unknown

Size: c.A4

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OPSS, published in British Library ISBO61/7.

Records: Commissioned Officers Pendalls.


Plan of Poona Military Cantonment, Cantonment and Civil Lines, 1905.

Scale: 16in-1mile

Size: A1x14

Colour: Yes

Grid: LAT/LONG Conical Orthomorphic

Details: British Library, OIOC Map Collection, (uncatalogued) D11:34.

Plan of Poona Station with Sketch of adjoining country, to an extent of 10 miles, Poona

Cantonment and surrounding countryside, 1851?

Authority: QMG Department

Scale: 1mile=1inch

Size: A2x1sheet

Colour: Yes

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OIOC Map Collection, X2612/3.

Records: Forts villages and rivers in schematic form.

Plan of Queens Road Bungalow, Poona, 8 Queens Road, Poona, 1905?

Authority: Sub-Overseer, Executive Engineer Poona

Scale: 1in=20ft

Size: Unknown

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Newnam-Smith, Maj. E.D., Plan of the Cantonment and Part of the Suburban Limits,

Poona Cantonment and Municipality, 1891.

Authority: Poona Cantonment Committee

Scale: Unknown

Size: A2x2sheets

Colour: No


Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, Map Library, 52555(2)

Records: Major Structures, Major Roads, Bungalow numbers, New Jhansi, Civil Lines.

Dyson, H B, Plan of the Cantonment of Poona, Poona Military Cantonment, June 1904.

Authority: Executive Engineer Poona

Scale: 200ft=1in

Size: A1x1sheet

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Plan of the Cantonments of Poona and Kirkee, Poona and Kirkee, 1879.

Produced by: Governmentt Photozincographic Office

Scale: 1:12672

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: Bodleian Library, Map Collection, 1879:D10:4

Records: Tracks, Roads, Buildings.

Emran, Sheik, (Head Guide), Plan of the City and Cantonment of Poona, Native City and

Cantonment, 1879.

Authority: QMG Office

Scale: 200yds=1in

Size: A2x2sheets

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OIOC Map Collection, (uncatalogued).

Stainforth, Lt, Plan of the City of Poona, Poona Cantonment and Municipality.

Authority: The Engineers

Surveyed: 1851, Released: 1852


Scale: Unknown

Size: A1x1sheet

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Records: Statistics of the 1851 Census.

Plan of Wanowree Barracks, Wanowree Barracks, 24th Nov 1876.

Authority: QMG Office, Poona

Scale: 1in=400ft

Size: A3x2sheets

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OPSS, published in British Library, ISBO61/7 Pt1pp2-3.

Plan of Wanowree Hospital, Wanowree Hospital, 1877.

Scale: 1:10

Size: A3

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Plan of Wanowree Soldiers’ Qtrs (Upper Storied), Wanowree Barracks, Upper and Lower

Levels, 1877.

Scale: 1:10

Size: c.A3x2

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OPSS, published in British Library ISBO61/7 Pt1.

Plan Showing the Arrangement of the New Lines, Various (Poona), 1877.



Scale: Unknown

Size: c.A4

Colour: No

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OPSS, published in British Library ISBO61/7 Pt1.

Records: Schematic plans of the Native Commissioned Officers Houses and Lines.

Poona City Survey, Poona (native) city, 1876.

Authority: Government of the Bombay Presidency

Scale: 1in=50ft

Size: A1x45sheets

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Note: Contour lines, unscaled.

Poonah Cantonment, Poona Cantonment and Surrounding Countryside, 1851?

Authority: QMG Department

Scale: 8in=1mile

Size:A2x1 sheet

Colour: Yes

Grid: NONE

Details: British Library, OIOC Map Collection, X/2612/2.

Records: Compound Boundaries, Structures, Major landmarks named.

Lindsay?, Single Clerks Quarters, for Europeans and Eurasians, Dharwar.

Authority: Southern Maratha Railway

Scale: 1in-4ft

Size: c.A4

Colour: No

Grid: NONE



Yule, Capt. H, Standard Regimental Plan, 1857.

Authority: PWD

Scale: 1in=400ft

Size: Unknown

Colour: No

Grid: NONE


Ducat, Maj. W.M., The Sewerage of the City and Cantonment of Poona, Poona

Cantonment and City.

Authority: QMG Office, Surveyed: 1879, Released: 1881, Published in: Ducat, The

Sewerage of Poona.

Scale: 200yds=1in

Size: c.A2

Colour: Yes

Grid: NONE

Details British Library, North Library, CT401.

Records: Old city peths

Newspapers

The Times of India Mahratta, 1884-1950, Poona. Poona Sarvajnik Sabha, 1878-1920, Poona. Poona Observer

Deccan Queen

Volume 2Appendices

A Spatial Analysis of Poonain the Nineteenth and EarlyTwentieth Centuries

University of Sydney2001

Wayne Mullen

Thesis submitted for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy

Appendix 1 1

Appendix 1. The Database Structure and Definitions

The database designed to store the demographic-data component of the GIS models of

historic Poona was primarily designed to record information derived from the nineteenth and

early twentieth century address directories that were compiled for use by residents of civil and

military stations throughout India. The database’s constituent variables were however

developed within an earlier project, the aim of which was to analyse the demography of

nineteenth century Rocks and Millers Point in Sydney. In order to facilitate the comparison of

nineteenth century urban demographics in different parts of the British Empire the database

designed for use in this dissertation remains largely compatible with that of the earlier project.

All text fields accept the following abbreviations;

NA: Not Applicable

UN: Unknown

Field Definitions

ID: The record number accorded to each individual database record.

[Counter]

Source: A bibliographical abbreviation referring to the source historical document of the

database record.

[Title],[Author],[folio],[pp],[table number]

Datayear: The year or year range for which the data recorded is valid for.

[Year]

Appendix 1 2

Datamonth: The month of the ‘datayear’ for which the data contained in the record is valid

for.

[Calendar month, three letter abbreviation]

Notes: An unlimited text field in which can be recorded any comments or data not accepted

by the database as a whole.

Cantonment: The city-site subdivision within which the structure or group under

consideration is located.

Examples: Civil Lines

Poona Cantonment

Kirkee

East Kirkee

Native City

Complex Name: The Complex Name accorded to the building grouping to which the

building under consideration belongs, or which the group under consideration utilises.

Examples: Ghorepuri Barracks

Wanowri Barracks

Deccan College

Kirkee Lines

Sappers and Miners Lines

Ordnance Lines

[Full list unnecessary]

Number of Type: The number of structures for which the record is valid. This is normally

utilised for barracks which were normally constructed in identical series of four or more.

Building Type: A simple indicator of the use of a structure. This field is utilised as an interim

classification until a set land use under the fields ‘General Land Use’, or ‘Specific Land Use’

Appendix 1 3

is provided.

Examples: Private Residence

Catholic Church

Transient Residence

Mess

Garden

[Full listing unnecessary]

Accomodate: The military or civil sub-grouping housed within the structure/s under

consideration. Where the structure is not accommodated by a distinct group, but by an

individual household or business, this field was not be filled.

Example: HQ Wing 2/15th Regiment.

Household Head Name: The name (surname first) of the household head of the household

being surveyed. In the case where the property in question is non-residential, business or

institution name is recorded within this field.

[[Surname], [Title][Firstname]]

Household Head Gender: The gender of the household head.

UN: Unknown

F: Female

M: Male

NA: Not Applicable- This is utilised where it is not appropriate to record

household head gender. Gender is not recorded for purely commercial

institutions, or any other instance where a household is not present. Gender

may be accorded where land use is ‘MIXED’ or where an institution was

utilised by primarily one gender for instance in the case of a girls’ school.

Appendix 1 4

Building Number: The number assigned to each building by the authorities. ‘Building

Number’ includes both street numbers and the bureaucratic numbers accorded by the military

to individual structures.

Address or Block Location: The street address of the household, business, or institution

being surveyed. Street Name alone is provided, street numbers are recorded under the

[Building Number] field. In the case where street numbers are absent, the side of the street,

(north, south, east, or west), is at times indicated. Full block references, as provided by some

Directories are recorded under the field ‘Notes.’

[Streetname][and direction]]

Other Householder: Any householders co-resident with the household head, (not including

servants), and listed in directory records. More than one person may be recorded within this

field.

[[Surname[,]] [Title] [Firstname or Initial[.]] end or [,][repeat format] or [‘and

Family’]]

Household Head Occupation: The occupation of the household head as recorded in the

historical source of the household head in question. In the case of non-residential properties

the nature of the business, institution or geographic feature is recorded here if not immediately

differentiable from ‘Household Head’ or ‘Institution Name’.

Status

There are a number of difficulties in utilising the scaling system originally designed

for nineteenth century Australia within an Indian historical context. The major problems are

represented by the co-existence of several distinct ethnic, religious, or functional cultures or

subcultures, (Indian, British, Civil and Military), each of which accorded status in a different

manner. An Indian and Briton of an equal military rank in the armed forces would be granted

differing socio-economic status due to ethnicity.

Appendix 1 5

It was hoped that by utilising the Warrant of Precedence, (the list enacted by the

Imperial Parliament and extended by Vice-regal regulation that set the relative status of all

jobs in India) a scaling system could be developed for Indian and ‘Anglo-Indian’ occupations.

The Warrants of Precedence accord status however by seniority linked to job position, and

seniority is not a variable readily discernible in the address directory data.

A range of problems therefore exist when attempting to scale occupational description

into a socio-economic scale. Two classifications have therefore been designed in order to

derive a flexible socio-economic status scaling system from the available data.

Category: A field which divides the directory population into several functional categories.

All households are allocated a category, institutions or businesses may be accorded a category

if appropriate. Otherwise businesses and institutions are accorded the ‘NA’ default

Unknown: UN

Military: Household Heads with a direct rank in the armed

forces.

Civilian Household Heads not in the employ of either the

government or the military.

Official: Household Heads in the direct employ of the State.

Not Applicable: NA

Category Status: Each of the ‘Military’, ‘Civilian’, and ‘Official’ categories relate to an

appropriate status scale (below) based upon the occupation of the household head. Only actual

households are accorded a Category Status.

Military Category Status

0: Unknown

1: Ranking

2: Generals All Grades

3: Colonels All Grades

4: Majors

Appendix 1 6

5: Captains

6: Lieutenants All Grades

7: Non-Commissioned Officers

8: Privates and Sepoys

9: Not Applicable

Note that this system is designed for British or Indian Army Officers and that ranks of

officers in the Navy must be adjusted to fit this scale.

Civilian Category Status

0: Unknown

1: Ranking

2: Professional/ High White Collar

3: Proprietary/Low White Collar

4: Skilled/Trade

5: Service/Semi-Skilled

6: Unskilled

7: Unclassifiable

8: No Occupation

9: Not Applicable

See Appendix 2 for scaled occupation lists.

Official Category Status

0: Unknown

1: Ranking

2: Executive Management/Civil Service

3: Middle Management/Civil Service

4: Skilled Clerks/Trade

5: Semi-Skilled

Appendix 1 7

6: Unskilled

7: Unclassifiable

9: Not Applicable

Ethnicity: For the purposes of this dissertation surnames have been used as an indicator of

the broad ethnic affiliation of household heads. Given that a major aim of the GIS models of

Poona is to map the ‘two’1 (British and Indian) populations of the station and their spatial

distribution over time, sufficient differences are displayed in the naming conventions of the

two widely defined communities to securely classify most household heads as of European or

Indian derivation. Although surnames are not sensitive enough to delineate ethnic

communities to any great degree of accuracy they can be used to isolate individual households

amongst the Jewish, Luso-Indian and Parsi populations where naming conventions are

sufficiently distinctive. As a confirmation of the assignation of ethnic affiliation of household

heads all surnames were compared with address directory ethnically categorised resident lists

published for large cities. In this case the The Times of India Calendar and Directory for

1924 was utilised.2

One major problem with this system of classification is that it tends to obscure Anglo-

Indians in the historical record, this ethnic grouping tending to utilise names indistinguishable

from the British. It may be possible to classify a grouping of ‘Eurasians’ or ‘Anglo-Indians’

through reference to job type; (Anglo-Indians being given preferential employment in the

areas of Post and Telegraph or Railways) although for in this study any householders resident

within the civil lines or cantonment areas and with a British surname are considered by

default as British.

There is no secure method of identifying British ethnic sub groups represented by the

English, Scottish, Irish, or Welsh by surname information alone.

1 Based upon surnames and for the purposes of this study the enormously complex demography of India can be reduced to two broad demographic groupings; ‘Europeans’ and the ‘Indians’, each group dividing into various sub-groups. 2 The Times of India, The Times of India Calendar and Directory for 1924, The Times of India, Bombay, 1924.

Appendix 1 8

UN: Unknown

European: Where the household head is European but it cannot be definitively

stated that the household head is British.

British: This classification was included for those individuals for whom it was

unable to determine origin from the constituent parts of the United

Kingdom. Does not include British subjects from other than the United

Kingdom.

Indian: Any member of the indigenous population. ‘Domiciled Europeans’ or

settlers are accorded a ‘British’ ethnicity.

Parsi: A member of the Parsi population. (Parsi names are distinct from

Hindu and Muslim naming conventions).

The demographic data held within the nineteenth century directories only allows

ethnic differentiation at this broad level. The variables below are also sometimes utilised, but

only where secure information other than listed surname is available.

English

Scottish

Irish

Welsh

Dutch

German Does not include individuals from German dependencies.

French Does not include those from French dependencies except for

those from Corsica.

Italian Does not include individuals from Italian dependencies.

OT: Other

Indian regional groups, (such Gujeratis or Bengalis) have not been defined by surname.

Religion: The religious affiliation of the listed household head. In rare cases some

institutions are also accorded a ‘Religion’ field value; usually religious schools and churches

that cater to a specific religious sector of the population.

Appendix 1 9

The primary religious divisions that have been utilised are listed below. As with

ethnicity, religious affiliation has been primarily derived from the surnames of household

heads drawn from historical street directories. Christian, Jewish, Parsi, Muslim, and Hindu

naming conventions all remain distinct allowing the broad assignment of household religious

affiliation to be made to an acceptable degree of accuracy.

UN: Unknown

Christian

Hindu

Parsi

Jewish

Muslim

NA: Not Applicable

In general the additional religious communities listed below have not been recorded

unless data other than surname alone is available.

Supplementary data concerning Christian denominations could be gained by cross-

referencing address directories with parish baptismal records. Unfortunately for a site specific

study such as this the ‘Anglo-Indian’ church or parish records are difficult to use; records

have been compiled into central registers listed by year and removed from the original parish

registers degrading geographic and familial information.

UN: Unknown

Roman Catholic:

Church of England: Includes those few members of the Free Church of

England

Methodist: All those nominally adherent to Methodism, including

Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists et. al.

Presbyterian: All those adherent to the various forms of

Presbyterianism, including the Free Presbyterian

Church, the Church of Scotland and others.

Congregationalist

Appendix 1 10

Jewish

Lutheran

Other

General Land Use: This variable deals broadly with the land-use of the area where a

household, business, institution is resident. This category does not correlate exactly with the

land use for individual structures since more than a single land use may be possible for a

multi-use building.

The General and Specific land-use categories were originally derived from a land use

scale designed for use by government in the cities of Perth and Melbourne. The system was

then adapted for nineteenth century historical records and applied in a 1993 GIS survey

undertaken (by this author) in Sydney’s Rocks and Millers Point areas. In the interest of

compatibility with this study the system has been retained. The system as of course been

modified to include land uses in India not apparent in twentieth century Perth or Melbourne or

nineteenth century Sydney.

The various categories, their database abbreviations and descriptions are as follows.

UN: Unknown

Residential: Land utilised for residential purposes; place of work for household

members is completely separate from this residence. The household

head is therefore not involved in production for profit at the residential

site, nor is business of any sort carried out on site.

Commercial: An area that is purely commercial whether in terms of production,

resale or administration, and does not include persons living on site.

Mixed: Mixed Residential/Commercial- For the household head there is a

confluence of residence and place of work.

Civic: Any structure operated by the government or other institution

providing civic service to the public. This classification therefore

includes government offices as well as schools of any description.

Churches and Temples are given a separate classification.

Military: Military structures of any variety including barracks, arsenals or

Appendix 1 11

offices used for the purpose of administration. The residences of

military officers are categorised as ‘Residential’ rather than ‘Military’.

Service: Service- Records space utilised for utilities. Public water pumps are an

example of a service land use.

Religious: Religious Structures - Records an area utilised for worship or for

activities undertaken by a religious group. Presbyteries, convents and

monasteries are included as religious structures.

Entertainment: Any area utilised for the purposes of entertainment or other leisure.

This excludes pubs and restaurants which are usually classed as

commercial, and parks which are classed as public open space.

Vacant Allotments: Land that is not built upon and does not come under the

classification of a park or other recreational space of this type.

Vacant Building: Any structure that is designated unoccupied. Illegal tenancies

tend not to be recorded in the historical documents being utilised.

Under Construction: Building under Construction.

Public Open Space: Includes open areas utilised by the public, most notably parks,

but includes rivers and open water.

Other

Specific Land Use: This variable is utilised in conjunction with ‘General Land Use’ variable,

enabling the recorder to identify with more precision the type of activities being conducted

within a certain area. Each block of ‘Specific Land Use’ variables tends to be linked,

(although not exclusively) with a particular ‘General Land Use’ category.

Linked with the majority of GENERAL LAND USE categories

UN: Unknown

NA: Not Applicable

Linked with the ‘Residential’ General Land Use category

Owner Occupied

Appendix 1 12

Rental: Rental Property

Provided Residence: Official Residence provided by the state or other organisation.

Home: An institution that houses a specific population grouping such

as the elderly or orphans.

Hutment: A temporary or impermanent residential structure. This

category comprises shanty-town and slum dwellings.

Transient: Transient Residence - Any residence that has a high turnover

in occupation. Boarding Houses and Residential Hotels are

thus classed as transient.

Other Residential

Linked with the ‘Commercial’ and ‘Mixed’ General Land Use categories

Other Commercial

Retail: Any Commercial/Mixed area dealing with the sale of or some

services to the public.

Business Office: Any Commercial/Mixed area dealing with office work,

administration, the administration of a business or the practice

of a profession. The premises to not store goods or materials

intended for manufacture or sale.3

Wholesale Storage: Includes wholesalers such as importers, and some dealers as

well as the storage structures utilised to store merchandise and

commodities. The premises are utilised for the storage of

goods, whether commercial transactions involving the sale of

these goods is carried out or not.4

Artisanal: Artisanal- Any area involved in a small scale production

capacity. Artisans, crafts manufacturers, and workshops such

as smithies are placed under this classification.

3John Paterson Urban Systems, Project 33:Melbourne Central Business District, Australian Institute of Urban Studies, Melbourne, 1971, p.11. 4 John Paterson Urban Systems, Project 33:Melbourne Central Business District, Australian Institute of (Continued Overleaf)

Appendix 1 13

Rural: Includes farmland and market gardens.

Industrial: Any area or premise involved in an industrial or large scale

manufacturing process.

Linked with ‘Civic’ General Land Use category

Other Civic: Other Civic Structure

SchoolAI: Anglo-Indian School

SchoolRC: Roman Catholic School

SchoolCE: Church of England School

SchoolMethodist: Methodist School

SchoolParsi: Parsi School

SchoolGovernment: Government School

SchoolMilitary: Military School

SchoolIndian

SchoolChristian

Library

University: Any tertiary institution

Other Educational

Police Station: Police Station

Gaol: Prison- Includes military prisons

Fire Station: Fire Station

Government Administration: Includes all buildings utilised by the Government

bureaucracy, (including those military structures used for

bureaucratic purposes).

Post Office: Post or Telegraph Office

Judicial: Courthouse

Urban Studies, Melbourne, 1971, p.13.

Appendix 1 14

Hospital Medical: Includes clinics and doctor’s surgeries in addition to hospitals,

regimental hospitals, lock hospitals, and field hospitals.

Transport: Public Transport Infrastructure - Deals with areas utilised in

the support of public transport, such as tram sheds and

stations. Tram tracks are not given a classification, whilst rail

corridors are.

Charity Society: Charitable Institution or society.

Linked with Military GENERAL LAND USE variable

Barrack: Military Barrack

Mess: Officers’ or Non Commissioned Officers’ Mess

Cookhouse

Privy: Classification for detached privies

Washroom: Classification for detached washrooms

Stable

Guardroom: A guardhouse or sentry box

Linked with Service GENERAL LAND USE variable

Other Service

Aqueduct

Tank: Public urban water storage reservoir

Well or Water Pump: A facility for the (public) provision of water.

Linked with the Religious Structures GENERAL LAND USE variable

Other Religious: Other Religious Structures

Church Roman Catholic: Catholic Religious Structures including convents and

monasteries.

Church Church of England: Church of England Religious Structure

Church Methodist: Methodist Religious Structure

Appendix 1 15

Church Presbyterian: Presbyterian Religious Structure

Church Congregational: Congregational Religious Structure

Church Lutheran: Lutheran Religious Structure

Synagogue: Jewish or Bene Israel religious structure

Parsi Fire Temple: Parsi Religious Structure

Hindu Temple: Hindu Religious Structure

Buddhist: Buddhist Religious Structure

Mosque: Muslim Religious Structure

Mission: Christian Mission House

Lodge: Masonic Lodge

Salvation Army: Salvation Army Hall

Note: All denominational definitions are as listed above under the RELIGION

variable.

Linked with the Entertainment GENERAL LAND USE variable

Theatre: Includes Cinemas

Dance Hall

Club: Social Club

Sports: A Gymkhana or other sportsground

Linked with the Public Open Space GENERAL LAND USE variable

Other Public Open Space

Park Square: Includes recreational reserves, sports fields, town

squares, and national parks. Does not include vacant

allotments or unalienated crown land.

Stream or River: All natural watercourses including nullahs.

Canal: All artificially constructed watercourses such as

canals, with public access.

Refuse Dump: A designated area for the disposal of refuse. Vacant

Appendix 1 16

allotments upon which garbage disposal occurs

illegally are not designated as dumps.

The General and Specific land-use variables are an adaptation of the simplified Land Use

coding system utilised by Melbourne City Council in 1961-2. The more developed coding

system utilised in 1966-67 was considered too complex for the quality of data retrievable

from historical documents. The system has been significantly altered both to accept historical

and Indian land usages.

Appendix 2 17

Appendix 2 Socioeconomic Status and Ranking

List of Military Ranks with associated Socioeconomic Scale

Socioeconomic Scale

0: Unknown

1: Ranking

2: Generals All Grades

3: Colonels All Grades

4: Majors

5: Captains

6: Lieutenants All Grades

7: Non-Commissioned Officers

8: Privates and Sepoys

9: Not Applicable

Note that this system is designed for British or Indian Army Officers and that the

ranks of Naval Officers must be adjusted to fit this scale.

Appendix 2 18

Consolidated Alphabetical List of Civilian Occupations with Associated

Socioeconomic Rankings

Socioeconomic Scale

0: Unknown

1: Ranking

2: Professional/ High White Collar

3: Proprietary/Low White Collar

4: Skilled/Trade

5: Service/Semi-Skilled

6: Unskilled

7: Unclassifiable

8: No Occupation

9: Not Applicable

Alphabetical List of Civilian Occupations 0ccupation Scale

A Accountant 2 Agent 3 Agricultural Labourer 5 Annuitant 3 Architect 2 Armourer 4 Army Officer 2 Artist 3 Assistant(to linen draper) 4 Attorney 2 Auctioneer 3

Appendix 2 19

B Baker 4 Ballastman ? Barrister 2 Bookkeeper 3 Bootmaker 4 Basketmaker 4 Beer Retailer 4 Blacksmith 4 Blockmaker 4 Boarding House Keeper 4 Boilermaker 4 Bookbinder 4 Bookseller 4 Bonnet Maker 4 Boot Closer 4 Brass Finisher 4 Brass Fitter 4 Brazier 5 (Not precious metals) Brewer 5 Bricklayer 4 Brickmaker 5 Broker 3 Brush Maker 4 Builder 3 (Builder and Contractor) Butcher 4

C Captain 2 Carpenter 4 Carter (or Carrier /Horse Drawn Conveyance) 5 Coal Agent 4 Commercial Teacher 3 Cabman 4 (Taxi-cab: but Horse-drawn: 5) Calico Weaver 4 (Weaver, Textile) Cattle Dealer 4 (Retail and Wholesale Dealers: Hawkers and Street Sellers 6)

Appendix 2 20

Car/Carriage Painter 4 Chair Maker 4 Charwoman 6 Chemist 4 (Salesman, Assistant, but Pharmacist: 3) Clerk (Unspecified) 4 Clockmaker 4 Cloth Dresser 5 Coach Builder 4 Coach-Lace Weaver 4 Coachman 4 (Motor: but Horsedrawn: 5) Coach Trimmer 4 (Coach Finisher) Coachsmith 4 Coach-Wheel Maker 4 Coal Dealer 4 (Coal merchant, retail; but Coalman, Coal Hawker 5) Cobbler 4 Compositor 4 Comb-Maker 4 (Celluloid Combmaker: 5) Confectioner 4 Cook 4 Cooper 4 Coppersmith 4 Cordwainer 4 Cork Cutter 5 Corn/Flour Dealer 4 Costermonger 6 Cow Keeper 5 Currier 4 Cutler 4

D Damask Weaver 4 Dealer 4 Dentist 2 Dentist Assistant 3 Doctor 2 Draper 4 Dressmaker 4 Drover 5

Appendix 2 21

E Eating House Keeper 4 Editor of Newspaper 2 Engine Cleaner 5 Engine Driver 4 Engineer 4 (Insufficiently defined-but most such workers come under this class.) Engine Fitter 4 Engine Spring Maker 4 Engraver 4 (Most Engravers, but Artists: 3) Errand Boy 6

F Factor (unspecified) 3 Farrier 4 File Cutter (Maker) 4 Fireman Variously 4-6 (36 types distinguished) Fisherman 4 Fishmonger 4 Flax Dresser 5 Florist 4 French Kid Stainer 4 (Leather Stainer) Fringe Weaver 4 Fruiterer 4

G Gardener 5 Gas Fitter 4 General Servant 5 Gentleman's Servant 5 Gilder 4 Girth Weaver 4 (Girth Maker) Glass Blower 4 Glass Maker 4 Glass Stainer 4 Glover 4

Appendix 2 22

Goldsmith 4 Goods Delivery (Railway) 5 Government Servant 6 Greengrocer 4 Grocer 4 Groom 5 Gun Maker (Gunsmith) 4 Gutta-percha Merchant (Broker) 3

H Hairdresser 4 Hatter 4 (Journeyman ) Hawker 6 Hay and Straw Dealer 4 (All dealers excluding Hawkers, Street Sellers) Herdsman 5 Horsebreaker 5 Horsekeeper 5 Hosier 4 Hotel Porter 5 Housekeeper 5 Housemaid 5 Housepainter 4 House Proprietor 2

I Independent Means 2 Independent Minister 2 Inland Revenue(Tax) (Collector) 3 Innkeeper (Publican) 4 Ironmonger 4 Iron-Moulder 4 Iron Turner 4

J Jeweller 4 Joiner 4

Appendix 2 23

L Labourer 6 Land Agent 3 Language Professor 3 Laundress 5 Lawyer 2 Law Stationer 4 Leather Dresser 4 Lighterman 4 Linen Spinner 4 (Flax Spinner) Limeburner 5 Living off Interest 2 Lodging-House Keeper 4 Lumper 5

M Manager 3 Manufacturer ? (Not sufficiently defined) Manure Dealer 4 (As for hay and Straw Dealer) Marble Mason 4 (Not employer) Mast Maker 4 Master Grinder 4 (Metal Grinder) Master Mariner 4 (Petty Officer, Seaman etc: but Master of Ship and Navigation Officer 3) Merchant 4 (Generally, dependent upon assets) Messenger 6 Miller (Flour and Grain) 4 Millwright 4 Minister 2 Missionary 3 Muffin Maker 4 Museum Curator 2 Musician 4 Music Seller 4 (Music Shop Keeper) Music Teacher 3

Appendix 2 24

N Nail Maker 4 (Forged, but Stamped: 5) Nautical Instrument Maker 4 Naval Officer 2 News Vendor 6 Nurse 4 (Nursing Assistant: but Qualified Nurse: 3, and Nurse Maid: 5)

O Office Keeper 5 Ordnance Surveyor 2 Omnibus Driver 4 (Motor: Horse 5) Optician 3 Ostler 5

P Pauper 6 Pavior 5 Pawnbroker 3 Pedlar 6 Perfumer 4 (Compounder, but Maker: 5) Photographer 3 Picture Dealer 4 (As for Hay and Straw Dealer) Picture Frame Maker 4 Pipe Maker (Tobacco) 4 Plane Maker 4 Plasterer 4 Plumber 4 Police Chief Constable 3 Police Constable 4 Porter 6 (Not specified, but some 5) Postmaster 3

Appendix 2 25

Pot Dealer 4 (As for Hay and Straw Dealer) Pot Maker (Potter) 4 Poulterer 3 (But Assistant: 4) Priest 2 Printer 4 Professor of Music 3 Proprietor of Ladies Seminary 3 Providore ? Publican 4 Publisher 3

Q Quarryman 5

R Rag and Paper Collector 6 (Rag and Waste Collector) Rail Porter 6 Rail Stoker 5 Railway Audit Clerk 3 Railway Clerk 4 Railway Fitter 4 Railway Guard 4 Railway Inspector 3 Railway Pointsman 4 Railway Policeman 4 Railway Ticket Collector 5 Rector 2 Relieving Officer 3 Reporter 2 Road Labourer 6 Rope Maker 5

S Saddler 4 Saddle Tree Maker 4 Sailmaker 4

Appendix 2 26

Sailor 4 Sawyer 4 (Wood and Stone: but Metal: 6) Scavenger 6 Schoolmaster/ Schoolmistress 3 Sculptor 3 Seamstress 4 Seedsman 4 Sharebroker 2 Shipbuilder (Insufficient description: but Shipwright etc 4) Ship's Carpenter 4 Shipowner 2 Shoemaker 4 Shopman 4 Silversmith 4 (Not a Dealer) Silver Turner 4 (Silver Chaser) Slater 4 Slaughterman 4 Soldier 4 Solicitor 2 Stationer 4 Station Master 3 Staymaker 4 (Corset Maker) Stevedore 5 Steward (Club) 5Stoker 5 Stonemason 4 Stone Sawer 4 Storekeeper 4 Storeman 4 Surgeon or Physician 2 Surveyor 2

T Tailor 4 Tea Dealer 4 (As for Hay and Straw Dealer: Tea Grocer) Telegraph Clerk 4 Tide Waiter 4 Tobacconist 4 Translator (Languages) 3 Traveller, (Commercial) 4

Appendix 2 27

U Upholsterer 4

V Veterinary Surgeon 3 Vicar 2 Victualler 3 (Provision Agent)

W Waiter 4 Warehouseman 4 Washerwoman 5 Watchmaker 4 Waterman (Boatman) 5 Weaver (Textile) 4 Wharfinger 2 Wheelwright 4 Whitesmith 4 Wine and Spirits Dealer 4 Wire Worker 4 (Wire Goods Worker) Wood Carver 4 Woodsman 4 Woodturner 4 Wool Presser 5 Writer 4 (Clerk)

X.Y.Z. -

Individual Considerations

Appendix 2 28

The modifications below should be made upon assessment of individual cases.

A. All employers of 25 or more persons should be placed in Class 2.

B. All those whose initial classification was 4 or 5 should be upgraded to 3 if they employ one

or more persons, not including immediate members of family. Similar adjustment is made to

publicans, innkeepers, eating house and lodging house keepers etc., (upgrade from 4-3), if

they employ at least one domestic servant other than members of the immediate family.

C. Retired persons should be classified by their previous occupation.

D. Students should be classified by their field of training, and if this is not known they should

be consigned to the residual Class 1.

Appendix 2 29

The ‘Official’ Socioeconomic Scale

Socioeconomic Scale

0: Unknown

1: Ranking

2: Executive Management/Civil Service

3: Middle Management/Civil Service

4: Skilled Clerks/Trade

5: Semi-Skilled

6: Unskilled

7: Unclassifiable

9: Not Applicable

Appendix 3 30

Appendix 3 Glossaries The following is a list of ‘Anglo-Indian’ words used within this thesis, and includes indigenous words referring to architecture and the urban environment. Definitions in this glossary have been drawn from: Allen, C. (ed.), Plain Tales from the Raj, Futura Publications Ltd, London, 1979. Nihalani, P., Tongue, R.K., Hosali, P., Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1979. Pott, Janet, Old Bungalows in Bangalore, Janet Pott, London, 1977. Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp, Delhi, 1985. Yule, H. et. al., Hobson Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words, John Murray, London, 1903. Abdar: Head servant at the ‘club’

Admi: Chap, Man

AFI: Auxiliary Forces, India; The European or Anglo-Indian civilian ‘Home Guard’

Amah: Wet Nurse

Anna: One 16th of a Rupee

Ayah: Child's nurse, a lady’s maid

Baba: Baby

Babu: A native clerk, literally means father

Bearer: House Valet

Bandook: Gun (BOR)

Bheestie: A water carrier

Bibbi Khana: woman's quarters

Bibby: Native Woman (BOR) Originally Bibi- A high class woman, see bibbi khana

Bobajee: Cook

Bobajee-khana: cookhouse from Biwarchi

Bombay milk cart: waste disposal cart

BOR: British Other Ranks; NCOs and other Men

Boy: Servant, call for servant. from Bhai: younger brother

Bullumteer: volunteer for the army

Appendix 3 31

Bund: raised embankment

Bungy: Sweeper, also Mehta

Burra: great/big

Burra khana: big dinner

Burra memsahib: senior lady

Burra peg: double of spirits

Bus: Enough

Bustee: Native Quarter BOR

Cages: Bombay red light district

Cha/Chai: Tea, char wallah- the tea boy

Chabutra: 1.A raised platform round the base of a Moghul tomb

2.A raised platform constructed in a Bungalow-Compound garden where

guests could sit in the evening cool.

Chaprassi: A liveried servant: functions as a doorman, messenger and personal attendant.

From Chapras- a brass buckle worn on belt

Chee-chee: derogatory word for Anglo-Indians, from the sing-song accent

Chibberow: Be Quiet- BOR from ‘Chup rao’

Chit: Letter, note, from chitti

Chobdar: A ceremonial mace bearer

Chokidar: Caretaker/ Nightwatchman

Chota: Small

Chota Hazri: Early morning tea

Chummery: Shared household of bachelors

Chunam: A stucco made of burnt sea shells, polished to a high sheen.

Civil List: The Warrant of Precedence, also known as the Blue Book

Class regiment: A regiment drawn from one racial or caste group

Coolie: A native porter

Corporal Forbes: Cholera Morbus

Crore: equal to 100 lakhs; 10 000 000

Appendix 3 32

Dacoit: Robber

Dak: Post

Dandy: A litter

Dastur: Bribe or perk

Derzi: Tailor

Dewan: Gatekeeper

Dhobi: Washerman

Dhol: Drum

Dhooly: A box on poles carried by men on their shoulders

Dhoti: Cotton loin cloth

D.O. District Officer, head of an administrative district

Dome: Untouchable Sweeper

Dudh Wallah: Milk vendor

Dufta: Office (from Daftar)

Durbar: Court

Ekka: Two wheel pony cart

Feringi: European or foreigner

FFI: Free from infection: Army, refers to STD.

Firman: A decree or edict

Ghat: A step leading down to a river.

GIP: Great India Peninsula Railway

Godown: Storeroom or warehouse

Gora Wallah: Horse Groom

Goonda: Bad character

Gussal-khana: Bathroom

Hazur: Honorific, (Sir)

Heaven-born: Honourific for the Indian Civil Service

Howdah: Palanquin upon an elephant

Appendix 3 33

ICS: Indian Civil Service

IMS: Indian Medical Service

IP: Indian Police

IPS: Indian Political Service

Jemadar: An upper servant also junior viceroy's commissioned officers, (Indian)

John Company: The British East India Company

Jungli: Wild

Khana: Meal

Khansama: Cook

Khas Khas Tattie: Wetted grass screens hung over doors and windows to keep a room

cool

Khitmagar: Servant with the functions of a footman.

Kutcha: (cutcha): temporary.

Lakh: One Hundred Thousand

Lines: The area of troop accommodation

Maidan: An open space or plain adjoining a city.

Mahout: Elephant driver

Mali: A gardener

Mehtar: Sweeper

Memsahib: Madam Sahib, Lady.

Mistri: Master mason/ artisan

Mofussil: The country, inland.

Mohalla: Locality or ‘Neighbourhood’

Mohur: A gold coin worth about 15 Rupees.

Moucharabya: Carved and moulded lattice work.

Munshi: A teacher [of languages]

Mussaul: Lamp Lighter

Appendix 3 34

Nadge: Poona red light district

Nautch: Performance by dancing girls.

Nazar: A token offered at a durbar.

Palka Ghari: Covered carriage for women in purdah

Pani: Water

Pi dog: (Pariah dog): Mongrel

Pith Helmet: Light solar topi

Puggaree: Turban

Punkah: A fan pulled by a cord hanging from the ceiling.

Raj: Rule: Kingdom

Risaldar: Indian cavalry equivalent of subadar

Rum-johnie: Prostitute: from ramjani-dancing girl

Sahib: Sir, Honorific

Salaam: Greeting

Sepoy: An indigenous private

Shamiana: A large tent or Marquee

Shikar: Large game shooting

Sircar: The government

Sirdar: A noble

Solar Topi: A heavy pith helmet

Spine-pad: Felt pads worn by British troops to protect the spine from the sun.

Subadar: A Senior non-commissioned Officer in the army.

Swaraj: Self-rule

Sweeper: Latrine cleaner

Syce: Groom

Tank: Reservoir

Tiffin: Lunch

Appendix 3 35

Tikka-ghari: Four wheeled carriage

Tonga: Two wheeled horse drawn carriage, seats facing back.

Topi: Cork helmet

Tykhana: An underground room in a house in Upper India ulilised during the hot season.

VCO: Viceroy's Commissioned Officer

Zemindar: Landowner

Zenana: Women's quarters within an Indian house.

Appendix 3 36

Military Glossary

Army: A land force: a body of troops armed for war, and organised in divisions and regiments

under officers, and a commander-in-chief or general. [1557]

Artillery: That branch of an army which manages the cannons in war.

Battalion: A body of infantry or engineers composed of several companies and forming part

of a Regiment. The number of battalions per regiment varies greatly. (1708)

Battery: (Of Artillery, until the late Victorian Age there were no formations of artillery larger

than the battery, usually of 6 guns: three batteries then formed a Brigade under a Lt-Col. In

Royal Regiments of Artillery some batteries were numbered others letters.

Bombers: When grenade throwing returned to battles in the First World War there was

resistance to terming them Grenadiers, therefore they were called Bombers.

Brevet: An official document granting certain privileges in the Army, conferring nominal

rank on an officer, but giving no right to extra pay. [1689]

To rise to a certain rank by brevet. [1839]

Brigade: (of Artillery) Commanded by a Lt-Col a Brigade was formed by three artillery

batteries of six guns.

Brown Bess: Old musket used in the British Army prior to the Introduction of the Enfield

rifle.

Captain: The officer who commands a company or troop. Ranks between major and

lieutenant. [1567]

Cavalry: That part of a military force which consists of mounted troops.

Colonel: The superior officer of a regiment. He ranks above a lieutenant-colonel, and below

the general officer, who is attached to no one regiment. [1548]

Colour-Sergeant: 1813 for distinguished service. Abolished, 1914.

Commission: The warrant by which an officer in the army or navy is appointed to the rank

and command he holds. [1643]

An office conferred by such a warrant. [1708]

Commissioned officer: An officer holding a commission from the monarch.

Company: A subdivision of an infantry regiment commanded by a Captain, (1590)

Appendix 3 37

By custom the letter "J" was not used in the designations of Infantry Companies, (the

American system follows this eg. as well)

Cornet: The standard of a troop of cavalry. [1838]

A troop of such a cavalry, so called from carrying such a standard. [1838]

The fifth commissioned officer in a troop of cavalry, who carried the colours. (not now in use)

[1579]

Corporal: A non-commissioned military officer ranking under sergeant. [1579]

Division: A portion of an army or fleet under one commanding officer. [1597]

Drummer:

Enfield Rifle: The rifle issued to the British East India Company forces in 1852

Ensign: A naval or military flag.

A company, troop serving under one banner. [1650]

The soldier who carries the ensign.

A commissioned officer of the lowest rank in the infantry. Now a sub-lieutenant. [1513]

Facings: The cuffs, lapels or collars, and the turnback of a coat. The regiments colours were

the same as its facings.

Field Marshal: The title of an military officer of the highest rank in the army. [1st conferred

British Army 1736]

Field Officer: An officer above the rank of captain, and under that of general. [1656]

Flank: The extreme left or right side of an army or body of men in military formation; a

wing. [1548]

Flank Companies: One consisted of the tallest men and was termed the Grenadier Company,

the other of short, nimble men, and this was called the light company, used as skirmishers.

Fusil: A light musket or firelock. [1680] A light flintlock pistol.

Fusilier: Originally a soldier armed with a fusil. The designation "Fusiliers" is still retained

by certain regiments in the British Army, which are distinguished from other regiments of the

line only be some small peculiarities of costume. [1680]

Fusiliers were used to guard artillery.

Appendix 3 38

General: A general office, originally the commander of the whole army, subsequently also

any divisional commander. The rank below that of a field marshal; un-technically extended to

those of lieutenant general and major general. [1576]

Grenadiers: Were soldiers who originally threw grenades and therefore tended to have long

arms and be tall. The recruitment policy was maintained after the throwing of grenades

became obsolete.

Harriet Lane: The 1870s nickname of the boiled meat served in the army, this being the

name of a woman hacked to death by the murderer Henry Wainwright.

Infantry: The body of foot-soldiers; foot soldiers collectively; that part of an army which

consists of men who march and manoeuvre on foot and carry small arms. [1579]

Infantryman: A soldier of an infantry regiment. [1883]

Jock: the generic term for Scottish soldiers in the British Army.

Lancer: A cavalry soldier armed with a lance; no only one of those soldiers part of a regiment

specifically termed ‘lancer’.

Last Post: Sounded 10pm at night generally through the army.

Lieutenant: The officer next in rank below captain. [1578]

Lieutenant-captain: The officer who commands the company under the captain or in his

absence.

Lieutenant-colonel: An army rank next below that of colonel, having actual command of a

regiment.

Lieutenant-general: The officer next below in rank to a general, and next above a major

general.

Light Company: One of the Flank Companies; used as skirmishers.

Major: An officer next below the rank of lieutenant-colonel and above that of captain. Short

for sergeant-major. [1643]

Major-General: An officer of the lowest grade of general officers, ranking below a

Appendix 3 39

lieutenant-general. The full form of sergeant major-general is an early usage. [1642]

Mick: or Paddy, the generic term for Irish soldiers in the British Army.

Non-commissioned officer: Officers in the army not holding commissions.

Officer: One holding a commission in the army. [1565]

Paddy: or Mick, the generic term for Irish soldiers in the British Army.

Pigtails: Disappeared from the army, 1808.

Private: A private soldier. [1781]

Ranker: An officer in the ranks. [1890]

An officer who has risen from the ranks. [1878]

Regiment: A considerable body of troops, more or less permanently organised under the

command of a superior officer, and forming a definite unit of an army or military force; since

the 17th century the specific name of the largest permanent unit of the cavalry, infantry, and

foot guards of the British Army. [1579]

Rifle Regiments: Regiments that were armed with rifles when the majority of the soldiery

were armed with muskets.

Sappers and Miners: A soldier employed in working at saps, the building and repairing of

fortifications. Former name of non-commissioned officers and privates of the Engineers.

Sepoy: A native of India employed as a soldier, particularly under British discipline. [1717]

Sergeant: A non-commissioned officer above the grade of corporal.

Sergeant-Major:

Subaltern: An officer of junior rank in the army, below that of captain. [1688]

Sub-lieutenant: An army officer ranking next below a lieutenant. Formerly corresponding to

ensign in some regiments.

Tommy: Term for English soldiers. Short for Thomas Atkins.

Troop: A subdivision of a cavalry regiment commanded by a captain, corresponding to a

Appendix 3 40

company of foot and a battery of artillery.

Wing: Either of the two divisions on each side of the main body of an army.

Each of the two divisions of a regiment.

Volume 2 (Catalogue) 41

Appendix 4: Table of Contents

Palaces and Government Houses

II.1 Shaniwar Wada after British Occupation

II.2 Dapuri [Dapodi] II.3 Ganeshkhind

II.4 The Aga Khan Palace

II.5 Other Palaces and Government Houses Briefly Described

*Scindia’s Palace

*Other Wadas

Administrative Buildings

II.6 The Residency

II.7 Council Hall

II.8 Courthouses

II.9 Prisons

II.10 Peshwa Daftar

II.11 Post Office

II.12 Other Administrative Structures Briefly Described

*Poona Railway Station

*The Collector’s Bungalow

*Poona Observatory

Clubs and Recreation

II.13 Club of Western India II.14 The Poona Club

II.15 The Turf Club and Race Course

II.16 The Assembly Rooms and Connaught Institute

II.17 Masonic Lodge

II.18 The Albert Edward Institute

II.19 Hotels


*The Connaught Hotel

*The Napier Hotel

*Other Hotels

II.20 Other Clubs and Recreational Facilities Briefly Described

*Boat Club

*The Polo Ground

*Gymnasiums

*The Soldiers’ Home

*The United Service Library

Places of Worship

Church of England

II.21 St Mary’s Church

II.22 St. Paul’s Church

II.23 Other Church of England Places of Worship Described Briefly

Roman Catholic

II.24 St.Xavier’s Church

II.25 St. Anne’s Church

II.26 St. Patrick’s Church

II.27 Other Roman Catholic Placed of Worship Briefly Described

*Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception

Other Christian Places of Worship

II.28 Church Missionary Society

II.29 St Andrew’s Church

II.30 Other Christian Places of Worship Briefly Described

*The Free Mission Church

*Methodist Church

*Baptist Chapel

Hindu

II.31 Parbuttee Hill

*Note concerning other Hindu Temples


Jewish

II.32 Ohel David Synagogue

‘Bungalows’

II.33 Parsi

II.34 Stavely Road Bungalow

Educational Institutions

II.35 The Bishops School and St. Mary’s School for Girls

II.36 Deccan College

II.37 Other Educational Facilities Noted

Medical Facilities

II.38 Sassoon Hospital

II.39 Other Hospitals and Asylums Briefly Described

*Lock Hospital

*Female Hospital

*Plague Hospital

*Lunatic Asylum

Bazaars

II.40 Sadr Bazar

II.41 Sholapur Bazar

II.42 Reay (Phule) Markets

II.43 Connaught Market

Military

II.44 The Arsenal II.45 Native Lines

II.46 Wanowri (Vanavdi) Lines

II.47 Ghorepooree [Ghorpuri] Lines

II.48 Other Lines Briefly Described


II.49 Theatres

II.50 Prostitution

Burial grounds

British Cemeteries

II.51 Sungum Cemetery

II.52 Garpir Cemetery

II.53 St. Sepulchre Cemetery

II.54 Shankerseth Road Cemetery

II.55 Sappers’ Cemetery, Kirkee

II.56 War Cemetery

II.57 Other Christian Cemeteries Described Briefly

*French Tombs *Old Catholic Cemetery

*Ghorepuri Lines Cemetery *Plague Hospital Cemetery

Muslim

II.58 Muslim Burial Grounds

Parsi

II.59 Parsi Towers of Silence

Jewish

II.60 Jewish Burial Grounds

Parks and Public Open Space

II.61 Empress Gardens

II.62 The Maidan

II.63 The Bandstand

II.64 The Bund and the Bund Gardens

II.65 Other Public Open Spaces Briefly Described

*Shaniwar Wada

*The Bazar Gardens

*The J.J. Gardens


*Edwardes Gardens

*Queens Gardens

Bridges

II.66 Sungum Bridge

II.67 Fitzgerald Bridge

II.68 Other Bridges Briefly Noted

Tanks

II.69 Ghasi Ram’s Tank

II.70 Other Tanks Briefly Described

*Parvati Tank

*Malcolm Tank


Appendix 4

Catalogue of Major Structures in Poona Station

This volume is designed to be used in association with the main body of the thesis. It

represents a catalogue of descriptions and images of the major Indo-British structures in the

Civil Lines and Military Cantonment of Poona, as well as several of the major structures in

the ‘Native City’ and on the periphery of the settlement.

A catalogue of this nature serves several functions. It represents a resource in its own

right and also acts as an adjunct to the thesis text, the historical maps, and the GIS model of

Poona, providing more extensive descriptions of individual structures within the study area

than would otherwise be available.

Obviously there are severe restrictions on the size of this catalogue since it was

impossible to describe each individual British-era structure within the Civil Lines and

Cantonment of a city-site the size of Poona. An attempt has been made to describe each

structure within the catalogue as completely as the historical and contemporary sources

available allow, therefore the brevity of a catalogue entry may not represent the small

importance of a structure, but rather the restricted range of historical or contemporary sources

available.

This catalogue is arranged into building categories, with an alphabetical index at the

end to assist in locating specific buildings.


Palaces and Government Houses

II.1 Shaniwar Wada after British Occupation

The appearance of the Shaniwar Palace is extensively described in Volume 1, Chapter

5 although additional comments concerning its history and function are made below.

Even though Shaniwar Wada was incontestably part of the ‘Native City’ the British

considered it a symbolically important structure, and although they were wary about the

Indian sector of the city, often visited its ruin. The building’s post 1818 chequered history

reflects the concern of the British to colonise the structure, denying it a function as a focal

point for rebellion against their rule.

Various governmental offices (mostly concerned with the maintenance of state power)

were stationed inside the walls and the Wada was variously used as an office for the Deccan

Commissioner, as a civil jail, a hospital and as a lunatic asylum.1 In 1827 however a fire

destroyed the upper stories of the structure, conveniently limiting its practical utility as a

residence or office. By the mid nineteenth century part of the complex had been converted for

use by the Police Lines2, and by 1902 part of the site was used as the Poona Small Cause

Court, The Lavad, or Arbitration Court, and the Subordinate Judges Court, as well as several

smaller offices.3

Despite the fire the rampart walls and bastions of the Wada survived to evoke the era

of Peshwa rule and a visit to these ruins were considered an essential part of any tour of the

city by the British;

‘[Wed January 20] We rode...to an old native fort in the middle of the old city of

Poona. The gateway is painted in a kind of Moorish pattern in fresco and you enter

through a door spiked with tremendous nails, meant to be a defence against elephants.

Inside is a wide court and a little garden and tank, by the side of which stand two

miserable little mortars, to take care of which our artillery find a guard of four men.

They are to be fired in case of alarm, when the odds in favour of 140 000 natives

would be rather overwhelming.’4

1 Treacher and Coy’ Ltd., Guide to Poona and Kirkee for the Season 1876, Treacher and Company Ltd., Poona, 1876, p.3. 2 Martin, Maj., ‘Rough Notes on the City of Poona’, in Leith, A.H., Report on the State of the City of Poona, Education Society Press, Bombay, 1864, p.31. 3 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902. 4 Paget, Mrs. Leopold, Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, (Continued Overleaf)


The extant walls of Shaniwar Wada are composed of monumental ashlar hewn from

the local trap. Brick is also utilised, especially as the interior facing of walls. Where present

the bond style varies, but the most common is composed of alternate courses of headers and

stretchers, (a style called English Bond by the British). Brick walls usually rest upon regular

coursed ashlar or rubble foundations. (Figure II.1a).

The rampart walk and the parapet are still used, and various architectural elements

survive in association with the ramparts. The only substantial structural survival is in the area

of the entrance. The main gate (Figure II.1b) still forms the entrance via which Shaniwar

Wada is entered. Above the gate is a balcony that overlooks the square in front of the Wada

that used to be the market place.

The area inside the walls that had once been occupied by the palace proper was

transformed into a park. The ‘park’ incorporates the exposed foundations of the destroyed

structure. (Figure II.1c).

Images

II.1a Shaniwar Wada interior wall showing details of construction

II.1b Shaniwar Wada main entrance

II.1c Shaniwar Wada interior courtyard

II.2 Dapuri [Dapodi]

The first government house in Poona was located quite a long distance from the

‘Native City’ and was even several miles outside Kirkee Cantonment (the cantonment directly

to the north of Poona). The house had been constructed by Major Ford, a British soldier from

the Madras Army who commanded a regiment in the Peshwa’s army that he had raised and

trained in 1813. He constructed his residence at Dapuri where his troops were stationed, on

the banks of the Pauna River, (a tributary of the Mula River). The house was bought upon his

death in 1829, along with the surrounding 7 1/2 acres of land for the government in by Sir

John Malcolm then Governor of Bombay.5

Major Ford’s House was successively enlarged by the governors and a series of

bungalows eventually existed on the site. The public rooms of Government House were

p.106.


located within the original house, and new bungalows were constructed as residential

apartments. The structure was sold by the Government of the Bombay Presidency after the

completion of Ganeshkhind and became part of a brewery. Its ruins were still extant in the

1930s.6

II.3 Ganeshkhind

A replacement Government House for Dapuri was commissioned by Sir Bartle Frere,

during the Indian cotton boom precipitated by the American Civil War. A site was chosen

three miles away from the city of Poona, south-west of Kirkee and located in a pass between

hills named after the god Ganesha, and where there was a temple dedicated to the worship of

this god.7 The name was of the pass transferred to the house. The residence was designed by

the architect Trubshawe8, and constructed by Howard, the government engineer.9

Stylistically Ganeshkhind is an eclectic mixture of Indo-Saracenic, Italianate and

Romanesque elements. The structure itself is built of coursed ashlar hewn out of the local

grey trap, rises to two stories, is over 300 feet in length and surmounted by a six storey, 100

foot high Italianate tower. The ground storey is fronted by an arcade. The arches on the west

are open and lead onto a high verandah. The others are mostly closed or blind, with long

rectangular casement windows that are equipped with louvres and decorated with a simple

stone architrave set within the masonry. The open arches (or those that house recessed doors)

are supported by square pillars with individually ornamented capitals with oriental motifs.

The arches that have inset windows are supported by pilasters whose capitals are formed by a

heavy string course set at the level of the arch imposts, and each arch is marked by a smooth

archivolt with a projecting upper edge. Medallions are set in the spandrels of the arches, each

bearing the coat of arms of a Governor. Another string course or cornice terminates the

ground storey except upon the eastern side where the upper storey is set-back forming a

balcony protected by a balustrade.

The decorative treatment of the upper storey is similar, although the arches are

5 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p.84. 6 Gupta, Pratul Chandra, Baji Rao II and the East India Company 1796-1818, Allied Publishers Private Limited, Bombay, 1961, p.84. 7 ‘Khind’ = Pass. 8 Trubshawe also headed the Ramparts Removal Committee in Bombay. 9 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p.85.


smaller, and only house windows. The sills are formed by a continuous string course that is

heavier than those utilised to mark the arch imposts on both this and the ground storey. The

windows are casements, with window heads occupied by fanlights.

The eastern facade of the residence is treated differently. Where the upper storey

balcony occupies the roof space of the larger ground-storey, french windows, each leaf glazed

with double vertical rows of square panes, allow access into the building. This part of the

upper storey facade is decorated at the corners of projecting bays by pilasters that rise to the

cornice. The cornice is decorated with ornamental waterspouts and stylised modillions and is

surmounted by high balustrade that hides a tiled and hipped roof.

Indianising elements in the ornamentation include animal motifs carved upon column

capitals. (Figures II.3a, II.3a(i) and II.3b) Waterspouts set upon the ground or first storey

cornices were carved in the form of Indian animals, just as were the terminating stones in the

corbels that attach the porte cocheres to the main structure.

The most unusual element of the design is a high tower that seems to be an

unsuccessful Victorian translation of an Italian campanile. This is formed in two parts, a four

storey, larger rectangular portion that abuts a gracile, five storey extension.

On the tower heavy string courses separate storeys, whilst a lighter string course is

places at the level of the imposts of the window arches. Windows at the fourth floor are fitted

with balconettes. The rectangular, lower portion of the tower is surmounted by a balustrade

whilst the fifth storey of the square portion is occupied by a mock-belfry formed by open

double arches on each side and is topped by an ogee dome upon which sits a flagpole.

In plan Ganeshkhind naturally divides into two parts, the southern portion comprised

the public rooms which included the Durbar Room or ballroom (lit by a clerestorey) which

rose to the full height of the building and which was 80 x 30 feet in dimension. A formal

dining room was also included and between these two chambers was the conservatory or

‘flower gallery’, where the occupants of the house could walk during the monsoon.10 In the

northern wing were the private apartments of the governor and his guests, which comprised

about nine rooms in total, a space regarded as inadequate for entertainment. Guest bungalows

were consequently constructed within the park to provide extra space.

Two porte cocheres (Figure II.3c) were provided to protect arriving guests from the

10 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p.86.


rain. On the western, frontage a formal terraced garden was established (Figure II.3d), and

deep arcaded verandahs in the Romanesque style opened onto this space.

In addition to the main residence outhouses were built to house the Governor’s

establishment and these included lines for the Governor’s bodyguard, stables, coachhouses

and European barracks for the band.11 (Figure II.3e) These were designed utilising the

‘barrack prototype’. Most outhouses are long, single storied, rectangular structures composed

of a high central room lit by a clerestorey and provided with a pitched roof, the walls

protected by lower lean-to roofed enclosed verandahs. Since these structures are part of the

grounds of an elaborate gubernatorial residence their decorative treatment is a little more

elaborate. Gables with carved bargeboards protect doors and the roofs are provided with

wooded finials.

The end of the American Civil War (which had produced an economic ‘boom’ for the

economy of Bombay since the world purchased cotton from the Indian market in the absence

of cotton from producers in the South of the United States) led to a shortage of funds in the

latter part of Ganeshkhind’s construction and a reduction in the grandiose plans. Supporters of

the project however claimed;

‘...we believe that expense will not be spared to render it a residence suitable to

Royalty itself.’

and that Ganeshkhind was;

‘...a work which will mark and era in architecture in the Deccan...’12

There also seems to have been some ill-founded speculation that Poona was to

become capital of the Indian Empire or at least that Ganeshkhind was to occupied by the

Viceroy;

‘It is well known to both the Government of Bombay and the Supreme Government

that Ganesh Khind (sic) must become the residence of the Viceroy of India before five

years pass away, and in all official quarters it has been declared that the residence

must be completed in a style worth of the representative of Majesty in this country...’13

Construction of the residence spanned the years 1864-1871 whilst the grounds were

transformed into an extensive European park of 512 acres in size laid out by a Captain

11 These still survive as part of the University, Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985. 12 Both quotes: Bombay Builder, Vol. III, No 3, Thursday, September 5, 1867, p.86.


Meliss.14 To the north of the grounds lay the old botanical gardens. The Government House

and its grounds presently form a campus of the University of Poona.

Both the Government House at Dapuri and Ganeshkhind formed (despite their

distance from Poona and Kirkee) the centre of British social life within the Presidency during

the monsoon when the Governor and the Government moved from Bombay to escape the

torrential rains.

Figures

II.3a Lion corbel

II.3a(i) Lion corbel detail

II.3b Owl capital

II.3c Ganeshkhind from the main drive

II.3d Ganeshkhind from the garden terrace

II.3e Barrack style outhouse in the Ganeshkhind compound

II.4 The Aga Khan Palace

This residence at Yeroada was used by the Aga Khan when he resided in Poona

(usually during that period when the Bombay Presidency administration relocated to the

Poona civil lines during the monsoon). The palace could be described as built in the ‘barrack’

style of construction since although it is an impressive residence, it actually represents an

accretion of simple barrack or barn-like spaces. There are few corridors or internal doorways,

and access to each of the large chambers is most easily gained via the verandahs. The exterior

of the palace is impressively decorated with Victorian and Islamic motifs (figure II.4a),

common to the Indo-Saracenic style, but the rooms’ interior spaces are quite spartan and

utilitarian, excluding the decorative iron arches and cantilevers that support the roof of the

main interior chambers. (Figure II.4b).

The plan of the palace divides into two parts. The northern portion of the structure is

dominated by an entrance hall and porte cochere (Figure II.4c). The hall itself is constructed

of coursed ashlar although the walls of the hall are mostly obscured by a large arcaded

verandah and porte cochere. The hall has a pitched roof and the most dominant feature is the

13 Bombay Builder, Vol. III, No 3, Thursday, September 5, 1867, p.86.


enormous balustrade, the white bargeboards and the finials that crown each gable.

The barrack like nature of the internal spaces is most readily apparent in the internal

treatment of the entrance hall. Here a cavernous, rectangular space is entered via a door

centrally placed in the long northern wall. The ground level of the entrance hall is dominated

by doors to other rooms. A cornice runs above the door lintels, broken by decorative corbels

upon which rest the decorative iron arches and cantilevers that support the pitched roof.

Above the cornice runs a large clerestorey of round arched windows on the short ends

of the room, and segmental arched windows on the long walls. The heads of the round-headed

windows are decorated with gothic tracery, the roof is pitched but not hipped and the gables

of the short walls are pierced by small rose windows. The arrangement is not radically

different to a barrack excepting the more lavish decorative treatment more appropriate for a

‘palace’.

A porte cochere is centrally located in the long wall of the entrance hall. The northern

side of the porte cochere is divided into three bays, each of which is opened by a round

headed arch supported by columns with ornamented capitals. The upper edge of the archivolt

is marked by a heavy moulding whilst the voussoirs are plastered and smooth; the general

archetype for arches utilised throughout the palace. Above the crowns of each of these arches

is a decorative medallion with the initials ‘H.H.A.K.’, (His Highness the Aga Khan). Vehicles

can enter from the north and south via wide four-centred arches the heads of which are

decorated with gothic tracery. Once within the porte cochere visitors climb up to the height of

the plinth on a low staircase, through three multifoil arches that are indo-saracenic in

decoration.

The wide verandah that surrounds the entrance hall is arcaded with the same style of

arch as the northern side of the porte cochere. The four corners of the verandah were designed

as pavilions, each of which has a small, tiled and hipped roof surmounted by a finial. The

remainder of the verandah has a balustrade that unites the pavilion roofs.

The body of the structure is three stories in height, built upon a low plinth of the local

trap. The walls of the superstructure are composed of stuccoed brick. The corps de logis is

arranged perpendicular to the entrance hall with the main walls facing east and west. Each

floor has an arcaded verandah with the arcades divided up into bays of two or three arches.



The treatment of the arches is identical, and each pair has a circular opening between common

spandrels. The arcade on the ground storey is open, and has columns of black stone and low

pedestals whereas those of the upper two stories have white columns and balustrades running

between the dadoes of the high pedestals of the columns. (Figure II.4d).

Each bay is delineated by pilasters that do not have capitals or bases, and the division

between storeys is marked by a cornice. The roof is pitched and obscured by a large

balustrade. Like the entrance hall the gable crowns are decorated with finials. The treatment

of the archivolts, the keystones, capitals, the coping of the buttresses that support the porte

cochere and the elaborate balustrade that surmounts it all suggest an Islamic and Indian

influence although otherwise the structure is primarily colonial-British.

The layout of the large park within which the palace is set mimics the arrangement of

the British bungalow compound. The garden is formal and in the nineteenth century

European style with a large fountain. The compound is walled, with access provided by a gate

from which a driveway leads to the porte cochere of the palace. Away from the sight of

visitors entering the gates were placed the outhouses to accommodate servants and the stables.

As in the case of Ganeshkhind the outhouses are in the ‘barrack’ style they are more

elaborately decorated, with ornamental bargeboards.

The residence is well known as the site of Gandhi’s imprisonment in 1942, and

currently is used as a Gandhi museum by the Government, the palace having been ceded to

the people by the Aga Khan in the 1960s.

Figures

II.4a The Aga Khan Palace

II.4b Interior of the entry hall, The Aga Khan Palace

II.4c Interior of the porte cochere

II.4d Rear of the Palace

II.5 Other Palaces and Government Houses Briefly Described

*Scindia’s Palace

One palace in the vicinity of Poona was that of Scindia (figure II.5a) located to the

southeast of the Cantonment near the Wanowrie Lines. The ruins of the palace are

associated with Scindia’s Wari on the eastern bank of Bhairoba’s Nala and a temple of the


western bank. A Muslim burial ground is also in the vicinity.

‘...I walked to the ruins of Scindia’s Palace, which, like most native houses was only

built of stucco, but must have been handsomely painted and ornamented. It was built

round an open court and was enclosed in a large walled outer courtyard. It was two

stories high and had little belvideres (sic) on the roof; in one of the upper rooms there

are remains of fresco paintings on the walls...In point of art they are much on a par

with the Ninevah pictures, but it is remarkable that the complexions of all the people

are fair...they do not allow themselves to be a black race. Some figures in green

jackets and red trousers were apparently meant to be British soldiers, defeated by the

superior armies of the Mahrattas.’15

Figures

II.5a Scindia’s Chattri

*Other Wadas

Minor residences of the Peshwa and his sardars were scattered throughout the city and

its environs. The most notable wada (other than Shaniwar Wada) was Parvati Palace located

upon Parvati Hill. This residence was utilised as a summer residence by the Peshwa, until its

destruction in the British conquest of the city. Another important subsidary residence was

Budwar Wada a structure apparently designed by an Englishman for Baji Rao II in 1809 to

house part of his administration. Other important wadas included the small residence that

predated the Bhat Peshwas called the Ambarkhana or Lalmahal Palace where Shivaji

reputedly spent part of his childhood and the ‘Topkhana’ in Shukrawar Peth which was

utilised to garrison the Maratha artillery forces. The construction of large residences for the

Maratha elite also led to an investment by the Peshwa or the sardars into public open space.

By the late eighteenth century Maratha censuses listed Poona as possessing 13 major, and

over 37 minor gardens or parks.

Under the Company Raj some of the old palaces or mansions, were occupied by the

British and utilised to house symbols of imperial disciplinary force such as prisons or police

and troop garrisons (as was the case of Shaniwar Wada). The bulk of the Maratha

15 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865.


administrative structures were allowed to fall into decay, the Company relocating the majority

of administrative functions into the British controlled civil lines.

Administrative Buildings

II.6 The Residency

Located at the confluence of the Mutha and Mula Rivers, ‘the Residency’ was a

complex of structures occupied by the ‘Resident’, the official representative of the British to

the Court of Poona, and his staff and guard.

Charles Warre Malet, the first British Resident16 arrived in Poona in March 1786

accompanied by a large retinue consisting of;

6 European Officers of whom 3 were entitled to be carried in Palanquins

35 Horses

200 Guards

100 Followers

50 Hamals and Kamathis

75 Dooly Bearers

425 Coolies

2 Elephants, and

1 Large Griffin Bird, 17

This large party was met at Ganeshkhind, and taken to the Gaekwad’s mansion in Poona

which had been set aside for the accommodation of the Resident. The mansion was however

not large enough to accommodate more than a few of Malet’s party, and the remainder were

encamped at a garden near Parvati. Malet later moved from his mansion into a tent in order to

be with his party.

The Resident thought this state of affairs inadequate and duly requested land outside

the city where he could construct a bungalow and compound for his retinue. The Peshwa

consequently granted him land at the Sungum for this purpose. Malet developed this allotment

into a park and constructed a large bungalow for his residence.

16 Malet was the representative of the supreme government in Calcutta, replacing prior ambassadors from the Bombay Government to the Poona durbar, Mr. Mostyn and Colonel Upton. Parasnis, D.B., Poona in Bygone Days, The Times Press, Bombay, 1921, p.50. 17 This was an ostrich brought as a gift for the Peshwa, it died but its corpse was kept. Parasnis, D.B., Poona in Bygone Days, The Times Press, Bombay, 1921, p.48.


‘...he was permitted to build habitations on this spot which...had no buildings of any

kind, save an old, neglected pagoda in ruins...a contrast to the neatness of the

buildings erected at great expense by him...The Sungum is a little town, quite

detached from the city...and inhabited entirely by gentlemen, their attendants and two

company’s of Sepoys, stationed here as the Resident’s honourary guard. Sir Charles’

garden is watered by both rivers by means of aqueducts. It produces all the fruits and

vegetables of this country, here is an excellent vineyard, apple and peach trees thrive

well...Stately cyprus and other ornamental trees contribute to make this a charming

retreat, and we readily declare that with the advantages of society and situation the

Sungum is the most enviable residence we ever saw in India. Sir Charles’ stud is

elegant, consisting of 40 or 50 noble animals from Arabia, Persia &c. Several

elephants on state visits form part of the revenue...’18

Viscount Valentia also visited the Residency during his travels and commented that;

‘...[The] gardens are on the banks of the Moola River. It is a charming spot adorned

with cypress and fruit trees. At the point a very handsome bungalow is erected where

breakfast and dinner were served; at one end is a billiard table for idlers.’19

The Residency was destroyed in the Battle of Kirkee in 1817, and a new bungalow

was built upon the site to house the ‘Agent of the Sirdars of the Deccan’20 and Sessions

Judge, a structure which still stands today. A replacement Residency was constructed near the

site of the future St. Paul’s Church in 1819 although this structure burnt down in 1863.21

II.7 Council Hall

A distinctive building on the present Bund Garden Road, Council Hall was the

meeting place for the Bombay Presidency’s Executive and Legislative Councils during the

months when the administration was resident in Poona.

The original structure on the site was a residence owned by General Phayre and this

was bought by the government and substantially enlarged. The enlargement program was

undertaken by Major Meliss (the Executive Engineer of the station) and was completed in

18 Capt. Moor, 1791, quoted in Parasnis, D.B., Poona in Bygone Days, The Times Press, Bombay, 1921, p.51. 19 Valentia, Viscount George, Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, The Red Sea Abyssinia and Egypt, William Miller, 1809, p.115. 20 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.10. 21 Hunter, W.W., The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Gov’t of India, London, 1886, Vol. XI, p.212.


1870.22

Rather than being built entirely of the local trap usually used for the cantonment-civil

lines public buildings, Council Hall rises to two stories,23 and is built of brick laid in

polychromatic patterns. In style the building is loosely ‘Venetian Gothic.’ The ground floor

facade is composed of an arcade of round-head red-brick arches, the spandrels and the area

above which are plastered and whitewashed. Between the arches colossal pilasters rise to the

first storey cornice and balustrade. The verandah enclosed by the lower arcade protects the

walls of the ground floor from the sun (figure II.7a).24

The first storey is comprises another arcade of Venetian arches that correspond in

diameter and position to those in the lower storey and above these a series of machicolations

are surmounted by a simple cornice and balustrade that partially obscures the pitched and

tiled roof.

The structure is dominated by a square tower projecting centrally from the main

facade that rises to 76 feet or three storeys in height. The ground storey of the tower is

supported by open arches whereas the first incorporates an impressive Venetian arch, the

voussoirs of which are laid in alternating red, white, and black.

In plan Council Hall is rectangular with main interior room being the Council

Chamber which rises to the full height of the building with the remainder of the structure

comprising offices for the Governor, his staff and the members of the Council.

The Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava, leaves this description of Poona Council

Chamber, which she visited as Vicereine in 1886:

‘It is a very handsome room, and a very light and cheerful one, so it looked very

pretty with all the different-coloured turbans arranged in rows, and with a dais at the

top of it, on which were some white satin and gold chairs.’25

Currently the building is used as the office of the Commissioner.

Images

II.7a Council Hall Exterior

22 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p.90. 23 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p.90. 24 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p.90. 25 Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava, Our Viceregal Life in India: Selections from my Journal 1884-1888, Vol. 2., John Murray, London, 1889, p.69.


II.8 Courthouses

An early courthouse (or Audalat) is listed upon map X2612 (see map catalogue) in

the area east of Main Street that would later become East Street. The principal judicial district

did not however develop in this area but rather in association with the Judge’s residence

which was constructed upon the ruins of the Sungum Residency a little outside the British

enclaves proper.

In the later nineteenth century the Judge’s court was constructed upon a compound to

the south of Wellesley Bridge, the southern boundary of its boundary eventually defined by

the railway viaduct. South of the railway division was the Nazir’s Court, whilst to the west of

these compounds the District Court was eventually built, on the Ganeshkhind Road which led

to the Viceregal Lodge and the Observatory.

Other courts were scattered throughout the ‘Native City’ (where the City Magistrates’

Court was based), the Civil Lines (where the Collector’s Court was situated opposite the

Sassoon Hospital) and the Cantonment (where a Cantonment Magistrate’s Court was located).

Part of Shaniwar Wada was also once used as a court complex, (see Shaniwar Wada II.1).

The Bombay Builder was a publication particularly disparaging about the talent of the

architects of the Public Works Department, and the designs for the law courts drew

particularly scathing criticism.

‘It is a very singular fact indeed...that the engineers of the P.W.D. have gone clean

crazed over extremely pointed windows and gables. To them it seems that Gothic

architecture means pointed arches in stones of alternate colours, bands and gables

with finials. The public we should think, are...quite sick at the sight or even mention

of lancet arches.

...We earnestly hope that this design will not be perpetrated on a hitherto

victimised public; but in condemning it as we have done on its architectural merits, we

desire to remove from the mind of its designer any idea of personality. We have

always held that Engineers, (Military or Civil) are not architects in the sense at least

that a pretentious building of this kind requires and we have found no reason as yet for


altering our opinion.’26

II.9 Prisons

One early British-era prison was situated on land east of Main Street, in the vicinity of

what would later be East Street. This jail was on the site of the later Albert Edward Institute

and the old jail walls survived to form the compound wall of the Institute. During this period

executions were carried out near the current site of St. Vincent’s School near Malcolm Tank

(see below).

A Military Prison was located to the south of Napier Road and the Wanowrie Lines,

on a high ridge of land it shared with the station hospital. The main or ‘Central’ prison was

perhaps the most interesting of Poona’s jails. Mountstuart Elphinstone, during his

appointment as Deccan Commissioner from 1818 proposed that a panopticon be built in

Poona, and although he left to become Governor of Bombay before his plan came to fruition,

he instructed his successor, William Chaplin to complete a panopticon according to his

plans.27 Constructed at Yeroada, (east of East Kirkee or New Jhansi), this large prison was

referred to as ‘The Panopticon Gaol of Poona’28 This structure was replaced in the late

nineteenth century by the more modern prison that is still in use.

II.10 Peshwa Daftar

The Peshwa Daftar29 (one of Poona’s most unusual public buildings) was expressly

designed to house the archival collection of surviving records from the government of the

Peshwa, and to store the Poona records of the Presidency Government.

The structure rises to two storeys, and is built of regular coursed ashlar masonry hewn

from the local trap. Details, including finials, voussoirs and coping are all carved in a white

stone. In style the Peshwa Daftar is quite different from the Presidency norm, since its

designer eschewed the popular gothic and instead designed the archive in a style that borders

upon the Mannerist or Baroque styles.

The main facade is composed of three projecting ‘dutch’ gables, the main elements of

which are elaborately carved pediments and oeil de boeuf windows. The remainder of the

26 Bombay Builder, Vol. IV, No. 3, Sat. 5th Sept., 1867, p.85-86. 27 Kaplan, M., ‘Panopticon in Poona’, Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 10, No. 1., p.89. 28 Poona Observer, June 19 1852, Vol. 1, No. 6, p.22 col.4.


windows in the archive are round-arched, with voussoirs and sills of white stone, and all are

similarly glazed with small, square quarries of glass. The facade of the first floor is enlivened

by the placement of tuscan pilasters that are half fluted, the capitals of which are in white and

project forward from and form part of the cornice that divides the first storey from the gable,

just as the white plinths of the pilasters project from the moulding that divides the ground

from the first storey. The main entrance of the building is via a porte cochere (figure II.10a

and II. 10b).

Resembling a small panopticon, in plan the archive is a square with a central

courtyard and freestanding square tower and rises to three stories. Machicolations unite the

larger uppermost storey to the body of the tower. The projecting upper space contained a

water tank, and each side is decorated by a basket arch below which is positioned a panel

carved of white stone. The tower is covered by a pyramidal rood surmounted by an iron finial.

Offices, the reading room and shelving are all accessed via the verandahs and galleries

that line the courtyard. The panoptic plan of the structure was not utilised for surveillance but

was designed as a fire prevention measure. Wherever possible non-flammable materials were

used in the construction of the archive and the water tower was connected to hoses in the

galleries which could be used to douse any flames.

The Peshwa Daftar is currently occupied by the Poona branch of the Maharashtra

State Archives.

Images

II.10a Peshwa Daftar exterior

II.10b Peshwa Daftar from distance

II.11 Post Office

The (Civil Lines) post office on Connaught Road is a single storey structure built in

regular ashlar masonry of the local grey trap. In style the post office is classical rather than

gothic and consists of a corps de logis flanked by two wings that project prominently. The

structure is constructed upon a low plinth and three staircases rise from ground-level to the

height of the verandah. The verandah is flat-roofed, is supported by pairs of Tuscan order

29 Daftar = Office


columns, and provided with a substantial stone balustrade. Windows are arched, and the

window heads project above the level of the flat verandah roof providing a clerestorey that

illuminates the main postal chamber.

The main entrance is centrally located on the main facade and is surmounted by a

pediment. A porte cochere roofed with a low dome protects this entrance from the elements,

although the height of the dome partially obscures the view of the pediment from below. At

the meeting of the pitched roofs of the corps de logis and the pediment a small octagonal and

domed turret with a high finial is located, each side of which is provided with a round-arched,

glazed window, so that it acts as a light well. (Figure II.11a).

The decorative treatment of the wings is more elaborate. The wings are constructed

with channel-jointed ashlar quoins and each round arched window, unobstructed by the

inclusion of a verandah is provided with elaborate voussoirs.

The classical lines of the building are spoilt by the overwhelming size of the porte

cochere which projects further than the flanking wings and obscures any clear view of the

pediment. Furthermore the fact that the flat-roofed verandah divides the windows into two

parts reduces the impact of the facade.

Figures

II.11a Poona Post Office

II.12 Other Administrative Structures Briefly Described

*Poona Railway Station

The main Poona Railway on the GIP line is located north of the Sassoon Hospital.

Another railway station was also constructed at Ghorepuri although this was situated on the

Southern Maratha Line.

*The Collector’s Bungalow

The old Collector’s bungalow occupies a large compound on Bund Garden Road

where it meets Sassoon Road. The bungalow survives in original condition although the

compound garden has not been maintained.

The residence remains a residence for the Collector.


*Poona Observatory

Poona Observatory is located upon the Ganeshkhind Road on the way to the

Viceregal Lodge and past the courts complex. The institution was originally endowed by the

Maharajah of Bhownugur.

The structure is massive and blocky, is composed of the local grey stone, with details

in white masonry. Classical in style, the main body of the office is three storeys in height, its

elevation dominated by a large, square clock tower. The lower two storeys are generally

identical in treatment and each is comprised of a row of round-headed windows. In contrast

main facade of the uppermost storey is fronted by a verandah. The upper two storeys are

united by white ‘colossal’ piers.

The entrance is centrally placed on the street facade in the slightly projecting footing

of the clocktower. A pediment and pilasters in white stone decorate the entryway.

The structure is currently utilised by the Institute of Tropical Meteorology.

Clubs and Recreation

II.13 Club of Western India

The Club of Western India, located directly south of the Poona Arsenal, (see below),

was founded in 1866. The club-house was originally a bungalow, a European residence rented

from an Indian owner; Mr Padanji Pestanji.30 This original structure (long known amongst the

British as the ‘Sholapur Thatch Bungalow’ was subsequently converted for use as a clubhouse

that provided a range of facilities for members.

The central chamber of the club was an octagonal chamber that was utilised as a

newspaper room. The main entry which was accessed via a wide porch that opened onto a

large drawing room, within which there were two arched alcoves that were used as a card

room and a magazine room. A large proportion of the remainder of the main club building

was devoted to dining. A dining and coffee room were provided along with a roofed dining

‘gallery’ used in the hot weather.

A detached billiard room was connected to the main bungalow via a covered

walkway, and a covered racquet court was provided in another detached structure. Additional

outhouses, in the compound housed residential accommodation and the usual complement of

30 Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Presidency Gazetteer, Vol. III, Government of the Bombay (Continued Overleaf)


servants’ quarters and stables.31

II.14 The Poona Club

The Poona Club (once called the New Gymkhana Club) faced the Council Hall on

Bund Garden Road. The main building was built in 1885 and was designed by Colonel

Wilkins of the Royal Engineers. The clubhouse was constructed of the local grey trap and was

double storied. Its main ground floor chamber (80 x 40 feet) was designed for use as a

ballroom or auditorium and this major room was flanked on each side by arcaded verandahs.

The southern was 23 feet wide whereas the northern was curved and fifteen feet wide and

overlooked the sports ground. Other rooms on the ground storey were designated for use as

card rooms or even as ‘green rooms’ when the chamber was used as a theatre. The upper

storey of the building was occupied by the United Service Library.32

The open ground to the north of the Gymkhana house was used as a sports ground and

was provided with a stone pavilion (which survives) to view sports. (Figure II.14a). Tennis

courts and a covered badminton court were also provided.

The original Gymkhana was located between Khan Road and Moreodha Nala to the

east of the Arsenal. After the relocation of the Gymkhana to the Poona Club site the Old

Gymkhana is listed as the ‘Parsi’s Gymkhana’ and Volunteers’ Headquarters on the 1905

Cantonment map.

‘The Gymkhana-the inauguration of this institution was effectuated on Wednesday

last. Dinner was given at Godfrey’s Hotel, Civil Lines for 22 gentlemen presided over

by Captain Hunt...Sports commence at the Gymkhana on the 1st next month...’33

Figures

II.14a The Poona Club Cricket Pavilion

II.15 The Turf Club and Race Course

The original Poona race course was located to the north of the Civil Lines and south

of the Mutha Mula River. In 1870 this course was relocated to the east of the Cantonment

Presidency, 1885, p.363. (IOL/R RR D.G. BOM 67). 31 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p.108. 32 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.45.


(figure II.15a), to an allotment of land granted for this purpose by a Major General Burnett.

The Western India Turf Club (figure II.15b) was founded in the same year.

The race track is approximately one and a half miles in length and circles the General

Parade Ground of the Cantonment. Stands were constructed on the western side of the track

(figure 11.15c), although these have since been replaced.

The surviving Turf Clubhouse was once the Willingdon Soldiers’ Club and institution

which had been founded in 1918. The Club house once provided residential accommodation

of 21 rooms as well as a billiard room, a card room and a ballroom.34

Figures

II.15a The General Parade Ground and Racecourse

II.15b The Turf Club

II.15c The Racecourse Grandstand

II.16 The Assembly Rooms and Connaught Institute

Directly adjacent to the Masonic Lodge, and opposite the Native Infantry Lines were

the Cantonment’s Assembly Rooms (figure II.16a) which provided halls that could be rented

for balls, dinners, recitals or similar functions by members of the European community of the

city.

In later years the building became the Soldiers’ or Connaught Institute, which had

been founded by the Government for the benefit of British Soldiers and housed a theatre, a

billiard room, a refreshment room and a reading room.

In style the structure resembles a large bungalow or barrack, is of indeterminate style

and is constructed of stuccoed brick set upon a rubble foundation. Inside two assembly halls

were originally available, the larger 89 x 63 feet in dimension, the smaller 70 x 25 feet

(interior spaces seem to have been subsequently subdivided).35 The roof is a derivative of the

mansard style, and is covered in corrugated iron and tile. A notable element of the roof is a

line of triangular, louvred dormer ventilators designed to admit light into the hall and improve

33 Poona Observer, June 25 1853, Vol. II, No. 26, p.101, col. 4. 34 Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953, Poona and Kirkee Cantonments’ Citizens’ Association, Poona, 1953, p.100. 35 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.35.


the circulation of air (figure II.16b). Originally there seems to have been a verandah along the

two long sides of the hall, one of which has since been enclosed. The original form and style

of the building have largely been obscured by a number of unsympathetic additions and

skillings.

The building is currently used as a hostel by the Young Mens’ Christian Association.

Images

II.16a The Assembly Rooms

II.16b Assembly Rooms Clerestorey

II.17 Masonic Lodge

Located opposite the Native Lines the Masonic Lodge (still an active institution in

post-colonial Pune) dates to 1823 and represents one of the earliest extant (British) structures

in the Military Cantonment.

In form the Lodge resembles a large bungalow. The main building is built upon a high

plinth with the entrance accessed via a porch with stairs that rise to the height of the large

verandah that dominates the main facade. This is currently enclosed with trellis work and

covered by a tiled lean-to roof. (Figure II.17a).

The walls of the Lodge are constructed of plastered and stuccoed brick. It is only upon

the sides of the building that the wall stucco treatment is completely visible as resembling

channel cut ashlar masonry. On the main facade, and above the verandah roof is a clerestorey

formed of three elliptical windows, above which sits a low, hipped roof of corrugated iron

with slightly projecting eaves and no guttering. (Figure II.17b).

The windows on the side and to the rear of the building are not protected by a

verandah and are therefore provided with awnings. The main range of the Lodge has been

extended by the addition of outbuildings attached to the rear of the building. (Figure II.17c).

The morning and evening gun was once fired from the south-eastern corner of the

Masonic Lodge compound.

Figures

II.17a Masonic Lodge, Facade

II.17b Masonic Lodge, Side view


II.17c Masonic Lodge, additions to the rear

II.18 The Albert Edward Institute

The Albert Edward Institute on East Street (figure II.18a) was constructed with funds

raised by public subscription to commemorate the visit to Poona by the Prince of Wales. The

Institute opened in 1880, and provided a library and reading room36 (that were often criticised

for being too small and dark).37

The Institute building is composed of regular coursed masonry with dressed quoins,

and decorative elements carved of white stone. The central area of the main facade is recessed

and the full width of the ground storey portion of this recess is utilised as an entrance. In form

this is an arched double door flanked by two narrower and lower doors. The piers and

voussoirs of the entrance are carved in white, whilst the hood mouldings and capitals are

cream. The upper part of this central recess is occupied by a balcony, with the verandah joists

being level with a fillet moulding that marks the transition from the ground to first stories

The two narrow, flanking wings sit flush with the upper verandah. There is a single

window centrally placed on each storey of each wing. The windows are narrow, round-

headed casements, glazed with quarries of glass. Window heads in the upper storey are glazed

with fanlights, whilst those in the lower are screens carved with Indian motifs. Each of the

windows is similarly treated with a cream, arched hood moulding that intersects with string

courses at the arch imposts.

Surmounting each wing is a gable facing the street. These gables were once decorated

with decorative bargeboards and a wooden finial although these are now in decay. The roof of

the central portion of the building is more complex, although it too has a smaller centrally

placed gable that surmounts and frames a circular ventilator decorated with a moucharabya

screen.

Figures

II.18a The Albert Edward Institute Building

II.19 Hotels

36 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.48.


The Civil Lines and Cantonment were well serviced by a number of hotels in the

vicintiy of the railway station. Hotels were often run by Parsi proprietors, vying for the British

market, and the location and number of these businesses often changed. The Assembly

Rooms associated with hotels were often utilised by the local British residents to host dinners,

balls and other functions.

*The Connaught Hotel

The Connaught Hotel was situated near the railway station in a building originally

constructed to house the children of the Duke and Duchess of Connaught during their visit to

Poona. The hotel was restricted to Europeans.(Figures II.19 a and II.19 b)

Constructed upon a low plinth the structure rises to two stories with the main facade

dominated by a large porte cochere designed to protect arriving guests from the elements.

Each storey is identical in elevation, with an arcaded verandah running along the full length of

each floor. In each instance the arcade is surmounted by a decorative cornice decorated with

dentils (in the ionic style) followed by a balustrade. The arcades are somewhat Venetian in

styling and are therefore similar in execution to those of the Council Hall (although the

Connaught Hotel lacks the polychromatic brickwork of the legislative chamber and is instead

stuccoed). Each arch in the arcade abuts the next; a simple hood moulding marks the outer

edge of the extrados, whilst an identical moulding at the springing line marks the arch

imposts. The archivolts are undecorated. The arches are supported by a row of paired,

unfluted columns with carved capitals. Circular medallions decorate the common arch-

spandrels. The balustrade that surmounts the ground storey served as a barrier protecting

guests in first storey rooms using the arcade.

The building survives and is currently occupied by governmental offices.

Images

II.19a The Connaught Hotel

II.19b The Connaught Hotel, 1902

*The Napier Hotel

The Napier Hotel occupied a large compound between Arsenal and Lothian Roads.



One building provided a dining and drawing room while residential room were provided in

detached two storied blocks.

*Other Hotels

There were of course many other hotels within nineteenth century Poona, (there is no

scope to describe them all in detail). Advertisements in the nineteenth century Poona

Observer relates the opening of various transient establishments;

‘British Hotel open, opposite the Collector’s Office, Civil Lines, Bomonji Pestonjee,

proprietor’38.

Many of the hotels in Poona attempted to attract a prestigious British clientele or sought to

serve different ethnic or social communities. There were, therefore, separate hotels for

Hindus, Muslims, or for the British.

II.20 Other Clubs and Recreational Facilities Briefly Described

*Boat Club

The Boat Club (once the Royal Connaught Boat Club) is located near the Bund

Gardens in an old bungalow called ‘Rosherville’. The clubhouse was once set within

extensive gardens that ran down to the rivers edge. It was this club that gave ‘Boat Club

Road’ its name.

*The Polo Ground

The station Polo Ground was located on Staunton Road, directly to the east of the

Council Hall. This sporting-ground possesses a small pavilion to house spectators.

*Gymnasiums

A Central Gymnasium for the use of the soldiers was situated within a barrack like

structure abutting to the north of the St. Andrew’s Church compound. This structure is still

utilised by the Cantonment authorities for the training of soldiers.

*The Soldiers’ Home

38Poona Observer, Saturday November 5 1853, Vol. II, No. 45, p. 177, col. 1.


One institution involved in protecting the welfare of European soldiers was the

Soldiers’ Home. This was originally situated in Main Street but moved in 1896 at the

instigation of the Rev. Reed, to a new building purchased in East Street. The Home provided

a billiard table and a refreshment room. Temperance was encouraged.39

*The United Service Library

The United Service Library was listed near St. Mary’s Church in 1876, although it

relocated to the upper floor of the New Gymkhana Club buildings in 1885 (see above).

Places of Worship

Church of England

II.21 St Mary’s Church

The garrison church of St Mary’s is the oldest church within the Cantonment limits.

(Figure II.21a). Its foundations were laid in 1821, apparently upon the site of a temple

dedicated to Mahadev.40 The church was designed by a Lieutenant Nash loosely in the style of

Gibb’s St. Martin in the Fields in London. The attempt was not considered particularly

successful, Bishop Heber who visited Poona and consecrated the church in 1825, considered;

‘The Church...spacious and convenient, but in bad architectural taste, and made still

uglier, by being covered with dingy blue wash picked out with white.’41

Despite its aesthetic drawbacks, the church was considered pleasant by its

congregation;

‘It was a great pleasure again to find ourselves within the walls of a church, which,

though the morning service was at 11 was much cooler than an English one, as all the

doors and windows were open or closed only by jalousies. The seats are all elbow

chairs, placed in rows with desks before them...The evening church was at half past

five and...the church was lighted by quantities of tumblers containing a wick burning

in cocoa-nut oil which is the common light used for passages and bedrooms’

[December 13 1857]42

39 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.35. 40 Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953, Poona and Kirkee Cantonments’ Citizens’ Association, Poona, 1953, p.61. 41 Laird, M.A., (ed.), Bishop Heber in Northern India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1971, p.209. 42 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, p.85.


St. Mary’s is constructed of brick that has been plastered and painted. (Figure II.21b).

The main entrance is via a porch in the western facade supported by Tuscan columns. The

walls are broken into bays by Tuscan pilasters with one large rectangular window (or door) is

provided per bay. Windows are set low in the walls, and although glazed with plain glass are

also provided with louvred shutters.

Each window is surmounted by a large rectangular ‘ventilator’ each of which is

protected by a large hood or jhilmil, that emphasises the size of the window, and together the

ventilators serve as a clerestorey. Both windows and the ventilators/jhilmils are individually

surrounded by a simple moulding (figure II.21c). A cornice sits atop the pilasters and

although the church has a pitched roof, a high balustrade, made of terracotta elements,

conceals this from view.

Two very wide porte cocheres were constructed on the north and south sides of the

church, attached to the stubby transepts. These structures are constructed in two parts, the first

closer to the church that serves as a porch, the second, a narrower section that vehicles could

drive through. The porte cocheres (figure II.21e) are supported by Tuscan columns, and their

width impart a low, spreading appearance to the Church. The dominant vertical element is the

steeple, which is rather squat, and does not counteract the generally horizontal emphasis of

the structure. The top level of the tower is octagonal and supports a similarly octagonal spire.

The extant steeple is a recent addition, made of concrete, and replaced the original spire.

The internal organisation of the church is based upon a latin cross although the short

transepts, wide aisles the same height as the nave and the placement of the columns imparts

an almost barn-like feel to the interior. The nave is supported by two rows of widely spaced

tuscan columns stationed upon high pedestals and finished in polished chunam. The altar is at

the eastern end of the church, whereas the western entrance is flanked by rooms used as a

vestry and a lamp room. This area is also surmounted by a gallery.43

Figures

II.21a St. Mary’s Church, Southern Facade

II.21b Bricks construction of porte cochere columns

II.21c Jhilmil/ventilators



II.21d Louvred Door

II.21e Southern Porte Cochere

II.21f Memorial plaque in the church interior


Constructed at the same time as Christchurch Kirkee (in 1865-66) St. Paul’s church

was designed by a clergyman, Rev. Mr. Gell in the gothic revival style.

‘St. Paul’s is not very ambitious, although we heard somebody say it was copied from

Sainte Chapelle at Paris. It must have been a brilliant imagination that started the idea

of any similarity between the two buildings. Both have apsidal ends, and there the

resemblance begins and ends. It is well built and accommodates about 200

people...The little fleche or spirelet is hardly satisfactory, indeed the whole design is

meagre and poor.’44

The only similarity between Sainte Chapelle and St Paul’s seems to be that neither church

possesses aisles or a transept.

The structure itself is composed of the local grey trap. The walls are fashioned of

random rubble and supported by staged setback buttresses with ashlar quoins. The low plinth

upon which the church is built is also composed of regular ashlar masonry.

Each bay is fenestrated with a lancet window of two lights and plate tracery, with a

single quatrefoil in the window head, whilst each light is glazed with quarries of plain glass.

Above the windows a simple cornice divides the main wall from a parapet that partially

obscures the pitched roof. The parapet is decorated with ornamental gargoyles, with one

stationed above the pointed arch of each window. Below each window a simple moulding

separates the lower and upper portions of the wall.

The dark colour, buttresses, and lack of an aisle give the structure a heavy appearance.

The eastern end of the church terminates in an apse (figure II.22a), and on the northwest side

is a square baptistry from which projects a small octagonal fleche surmounted by a low

octagonal spire which houses the bells (figure II.22b).

Fire destroyed the original roof in 1900. Since there had been many complaints about

the unsuitability of the church for the Indian climate, the alterations that the fire necessitated

44 ‘Architecture in Poona and Kirkee,’ Bombay Builder, Vol. IV, p.88.


were used to improve the ventilation. Dormer lights were added to the new roof, and since the

main door was often left open to ventilate the church during services, a porch was added to

protect the congregation from the rain (figure II.22c).45

The iron work upon the structure was designed by Mr. M.J. Higgins, (Bombay School

of Art), who also designed the iron work for Sassoon Hospital. The eventual cost of the

project was 93 544 Rupees. A high school for girls, the Victoria High School is located in the

churchyard.

Figures

II.22a St. Pauls Church apse

II.22b St. Pauls Church fleche

II.22c St. Paul’s Church 1902

II.23 Other Church of England Places of Worship Described Briefly

*Regimental Chapels

Each of the regimental lines constructed for the use of European troops was provided

with a chapel for worship.

Roman Catholic

The Roman Catholic Churches listed were built upon marginal sites, away from the

high status or central areas of the British enclaves of Poona.

II.24 St.Xavier’s Church

A Roman Catholic church designed by its (Jesuit) priest, the Reverend Dr. Andrew

Schmidt, in the gothic revival style was constructed in 1865 opposite the Cantonment market.

(Figure II.24a). In plan the church was rectangular, and originally possessed a wide nave with

no aisles, which was lit by gothic windows glazed with some coloured glass. The square

eastern end, (where the altar was originally positioned) was illuminated by a stained glass

window, and the sanctuary was divided from the nave by a large chancel arch.



Due to its inadequate size St. Xavier’s was significantly altered and enlarged by the

addition of large transepts, and a widening of the chancel arch. The altar was relocated

beneath the crossing, a vestry added and an tower and spire placed atop the western facade.

The church is built in coursed rusticated masonry carved from the local grey trap. The

walls are supported by staged setback buttresses composed of regular, coursed, ashlar

masonry and coping. There is one lancet window to each bay as defined by the buttresses. The

window surrounds are of dressed stone although the transoms and mullions and plate tracery

for each of the two lights are of metal (figure II.24b). A tiled and pitched roof with slightly

projecting eaves and no guttering sits directly atop the walls.

The main or western facade is dominated by the steeply pitched lines of the roof. The

entrance is centrally placed and access to the interior of the church is via a square porch with a

gothic door. The steeple surmounts the porch, and both are treated in the same manner as the

body of the structure with coursed rubble masonry and dressed quoins and coping. Above the

crown of the door arch is a dressed string course above which sits a centrally placed single

light lancet window.

On a similar level upon the main body of the facade are two further lancet windows,

flanking the tower. This section of the tower terminated with a cornice above which sits the

octagonal belfry, which is opened on the four cardinal points by unglazed lancet arches. The

spire is similarly octagonal and its small eaves slightly overlap the walls of the belfry. The

spire is surmounted by a ball and cross.

St. Xavier’s is associated with a gothic convent accommodating the Sisters of Jesus

and Mary since 1863 who teach at the nearby girls’ school. The boys were under the charge

of Jesuits teachers at St. Vincent’s School.

Figures

II.24a St. Xavier’s Church

II.24b St. Xavier’s window design


St. Anne’s church was designed as a simple gothic chapel designed to cater for the

needs of the Catholic ‘Native Christian’ community in the region of Sholapur Bazar. The

chapel is constructed of coursed, rusticated ashlar masonry carved from the local grey trap.


The external walls are plain unsupported by buttresses and protected by open verandahs. The

church is constructed upon a very low plinth and staircases rise to the level of the verandah.

The heads of the windows project above the nave verandah as a clerestorey. Once the church

had European style arched windows but these have been altered from simple gothic pointed

arches to crude multifoil arches (figure II.25a). The area once occupied by glazing or tracery

has been mostly plastered over in the replacement window heads, although a small clerestorey

of rectangular openings sits directly above the verandah. The roof is pitched and composed of

corrugated iron. The eaves project slightly and there is no guttering.

The church is absolutely simple. No ornamentation is apparent, there being no

decorative use of stone or any mouldings. Although the structure remains in use as a church

considerable alterations have been undertaken to ‘Indianise’ it away from its European Gothic

origins (figure II.25b). The original entrance of the church has been altered. A large but

simple rectangular narthex has been added. This is entered via a porch which on each of its

three sides is pierced by a large multifoil arch. Sitting atop the porch a high ‘steeple’

surmounted by a cross has been constructed in a Hindu style.

Figures

II.25a St. Anne’s Window Alterations

II.25b St. Anne’s Steeple


Located on the outskirts of Poona Military Cantonment and overlooking the

racecourse the original St. Patrick’s Church was constructed as a small and plain Roman

Catholic chapel consecrated for worship in 1850. Additions to this chapel were completed in

1852;

‘We are certain all the residents of Poona must have seen and seeing, admired this

really beautiful and chaste structure, which has recently been much improved by the

addition of an entirely new Gothic front...’46

The structure was again altered, being substantially rebuilt in 1871, this time with a high nave

and lower aisles.

46Poona Observer, Sept. 11, 1852, No. 18, p. 70, col. 3.


St. Patrick’s is constructed of brick that has been stuccoed and then painted to

resemble regular coursed ashlar. The walls are supported by octagonal setback buttresses set

on pedestals and topped with high pinnacles, the buttress itself stuccoed to resemble channel-

jointed ashlar (figure II.26a). Each bay created by the buttresses is penetrated by a strangely

classical round-arched window. Each window head is a fanlight whereas the lower portion

represents a casement window divided into two parts, the lower louvred, the upper glazed. A

low plinth and a simple cornice complete the treatment of each bay (figure II.26b). The

original roof of the structure collapsed and has been replaced with a concrete barrel vault lit

by rose windows.

A steeple was planned as part of the 1871 extensions, and although the facade was

strengthened to support this addition it was never built, giving the church a squat

appearance.47 The facade is divided into three vertical sections, the larger central segment

corresponding to the nave, and the two smaller to the aisles. The entrance is centrally placed

on the facade. The deeply set door is round arched and surmounted by a fanlight. The

architrave of the door consists of twin fluted pilasters supporting an elongated pediment the

base of which is broken by the arch that frames the door fanlight. On either side of the

architrave two simple pilasters of a semicircular profile, that are not fluted or provided with

capitals or pedestals further enliven the facade and terminate near the apex of the door

pediment. Above the entrance is a diminutive rose window set in a deep niche, and the gable

of this segment is crenellated and flanked by twin high pinnacles.

The flanking aisle portions of the facade each consists in the lower portion of a door

smaller than the main entrance, but identical in appearance and treatment, although on the

aisle segments the unfluted pilasters are absent. A deep niche surmounts each door and the

aisle gables are surmounted by small bellcotes. On the northern and southern corners of the

facade octagonal clasping buttresses are surmounted by octagonal pinnacles. String courses

are used to break the facade into four or five horizontal bands. The string courses are not

continuous across the entire facade and are simple mouldings.

An old presbytery associated with the original church has been incorporated into the

extended building and now forms part of the northern transept. The incorporation of the two

buildings into a single structure produces a slightly incongruous effect. The presbytery,



although it is also built of stuccoed brick is more diminutive and possesses a different stylistic

treatment. It has a lower ‘basement’48 with windows at ground level absent in the main

structure. Furthermore the presbytery is provided with gothic lancet windows with hood

moulds and crenellated cornice all of which do not appear on the main structure.

In contrast with the other gothic churches and public buildings in Poona which are

plain masonry or stone, the walls of St. Patrick’s has been plastered, and the white facade with

its crenellated gable and large pinnacles emphasises the difference between the local Anglican

and Catholic congregations of the city.

St Patrick’s was created the Cathedral church of the newly created Diocese of Poona

in March 1885, and the Bishop’s Residence is located in the southern portion of the

compound.49

Images

II.26a St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Western Facade

II.26b St. Patrick’s window bay

II.27 Other Roman Catholic Placed of Worship Briefly Described

*Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception

The Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception is located on the edge of the

‘Native City’ in Nana Peth and situated near the ‘buffer zone’ which divided it from the Sadr

Bazar Founded in 1794 the original structure was replaced in 1852. In the nineteenth and

early twentieth century the church was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa. On

map X2612, (See Map Catalogue), it is listed as a ‘Romish Chapel’.

Other Christian Places of Worship

II.28 Church Missionary Society

The Church Missionary Society Church on Arsenal Road (Figure II.28a) lies opposite

to the Ohel David Synagogue. This was constructed by the Society in 1893 along with a

Divinity school established to train preachers. A simple place of Christian worship

48 Probably the level of the surrounding land has risen with time to lend the appearance of a basement to the lower level of the presbytery. 49 Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953, Poona and Kirkee Cantonments’ Citizens’ (Continued Overleaf)


constructed in nondescript style the church is composed of coursed rusticated masonry

carved of the local grey trap. The design of this church is more reminiscent of a nineteenth

century barrack than the gothic places of worship built elsewhere in Poona, although it has

certain neo-classical elements, notably the round-arched windows. (Figure II.28b).

Verandahs protect the north and south sides of the nave, and the walls internal to these

are pierced by glazed doors surmounted by the fanlights commonly seen in European

barracks.

The C.M.S. Church is now St. Matthew’s Tamil Church.

Figures

II.28a Church Missionary Society Church

II.28b CMS Church door with fanlight

II.29 St Andrew’s Church

St. Andrew’s Church was built in 1861 for the local Presbyterian soldiers of the

Cantonment, accommodated at Vanavadi, (Wanowri), on Sholapur Road, quite close to St.

Mary’s Church. The chapel was considered too small for the number of worshippers, and

when the Scots Regiment was stationed in Poona the original structure was demolished in

1895.

The current structure is a simple gothic revival chapel. (Figure II.29a). The walls are

coursed rusticated ashlar carved from the local grey trap and are unsupported by buttresses.

The windows and doors are gothic arched and closed with louvred jalousies. (Figure II.29b).

Quoins and voussoirs are larger than the stones that form the courses, are also rusticated and

project slightly from the surface of the wall. The walls have no decorative treatment and the

corrugated iron roof with slightly projecting eaves and no guttering rests simply atop the

walls.

In plan the church is a simple rectangle, and does not possess transepts. The main

facade is equally simple with a central section that projects slightly and supports a simple

bellcote surmounted by a St. Andrew’s cross. The main entrance is centrally placed within

this projecting section and above it is a circular louvred opening. The entrance is protected by

Association, Poona, 1953, p.61.


a porch opened on three sides by gothic arches. The corners of the porch have angle buttresses

and above the crown of the porch arches a simple cornice is surmounted by a low parapet.

The Church is currently used by the ‘Hindustan Church’.

Figures

II.29a St. Andrews

II.29b Louvred Door

II.30 Other Christian Places of Worship Briefly Described

*The Free Mission Church

A Free Mission Church is listed on the 1905 cantonment map. This Protestant Church

was housed in a two storey gothic building built in 1870, opposite St. Mary’s Church.

*Methodist Church

A Methodist Church was constructed on the North Petty Staff Lines extension of East

Street. This place of worship remains in use.

*Baptist Chapel

A Baptist Chapel (located directly to the south of St. Anne’s Catholic Church in

Sholapur Bazar) was built in Poona entirely at the expense of General Havelock.50

Hindu

Since the Cantonment and Civil Lines were regarded as the British culture area, only

Christian places of worship or those of communities allied to the British were encouraged to

be built there. Those religious sites and structures that were within the Cantonment limits and

that belonged to Indian religions tended to be those that pre-dated the British settlement.

Temples were provided within each of the lines constructed the accommodation of the

Sepoys. There was also a temple at the ghat adjacent to the Sungum Bridge, one, ‘Bhairoba’s

Temple’ south of the St. Patrick’s Cathedral compound, and another on Bhairoba’s Nala

where it intersected the Cantonment boundary.



In New Jhansi (the sub-cantonment located between the Poona and Kirkee) and at the

south end of Holkar’s Bridge lies the tomb of Vithoji Holkar and his wife, (who committed

Sati), a site also known as Mahavdeo’s Temple. Facing the southern entrance of the

Ganeshkhind Viceregal Lodge was the Chattrasinghi hill temple.51


Although Parbuttee (a British corruption of Parvati) Hill lies to the south of the city

and not within the Cantonment limits the site plated an important role in the history of Poona

(Figure II.31a). It was from this vantage point that the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II viewed the

defeat of his troops during the Battle of Kirkee.

The British often visited the temples. As one visitor wrote they;

‘...rode to the foot of the hill of Parbudee, about three miles. We dismounted and

climbed up an easy flight of steps to the top of the hill, on which the temples stand.

There are three principal ones crowned with handsome domes, carved and gilt...There

is a magnificent view, from a kind of rampart round the court of the principal temple;

for the hill is high and isolated.’ [December 21 1857]52

Figures

II.31a Parvati Hill

II.31b Inner Pavilion

II.31c Tomb of the Nana Sahib

II.31d Parvati Hill Bastion Wall Construction

*Note concerning other Hindu Temples

There are of course many Hindu temples and shrines within the ‘Native City’ of

Poona although it is beyond the scope of this catalogue to describe these.

Jewish


51 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.12. and 30. 52 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, p.96-97.


The Ohel David Synagogue on Arsenal Road was constructed by the large Jewish

community of the city (figure II.32a). Many of the Jews in Poona were ‘Baghdad Jews’

descended from the those taken into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar and who elected to stay in

the city after the release of the other Israelites. One of the wealthiest members of this

community was David Sassoon, a millionaire who founded his fortune upon cotton and opium

and who provided much of the funding for the construction of the Synagogue.

Other than the Council Hall, the Ohel David Synagogue is the only other major public

structure in the cantonment or civil lines to be constructed of exposed brick. In form the

Synagogue resembles a Gothic church, and in size the structure is more imposing than any of

the Christian churches within the British areas of the city.

The Synagogue was designed by Lt. Col. Wilkins of the Royal Engineers who was

also architect of Deccan College. It was constructed in the Gothic Style, (although Jewish

elements, such as the Star of David were incorporated into the decorative scheme), of red

brick with grey stone detailing.

The entrance to the Synagogue is in the eastern (main) facade which is dominated by

the tall steeple/clock-tower. The tower belfry is opened on each side by a large arch with grey

stone mullions and plate tracery. An octagonal spire surrounded by a parapet surmounts the

belfry. The western end of the Synagogue terminates in a double rounded apse the width of

the nave. The northern wall faces Arsenal Road, and unlike most gothic churches is not

broken by a shorter aisle wall but only by a diminutive porch that abuts the steeple. The nave

therefore rises to the full height of the building and is not flanked by aisles, an arrangement

that gives the structure the appearance of great height. There are additional and larger porches

on the southern and eastern walls. Each of these is supported by an arcade of gothic arches.

Both the supporting columns and the arch voussoirs are carved of grey stone, and the capitals

of the columns are richly and individually ornamented. Each porch is surmounted by a

parapet.

The gothic windows on the north, south and west are of double height, set back from

the wall, and each is composed of twin lights.53 The plate tracery and mullions are carved

from a grey stone, and the transom that divides the upper from the lower portion of each

window is decorated with a Star of David. The windows are placed close together and are not



divided by buttresses. A continuous hood mould unites them all.

Above the window heads are machicolations that blend into a simplified Ionic

cornice. Above the cornice a balustrade protects a pitched roof. Sassoon’s tomb was

constructed in front of the eastern facade of the Synagogue. (Figure II.32b). Some maps refer

to an old Jewish burial ground in the vicinity of the Civil Lines although this has not been

located by the author.

The Synagogue is still utilised by the local Jewish community although emigration to

Israel has reduced the size of the local Jewish population considerably. The structure is

colloquially called ‘Lal Deul’, referring to its red colour.

Figures

II.32a The Ohel David Synagogue

II.32b The Tomb of David Sassoon

‘Bungalows’

II.33 Parsi

A number of Parsi households resided within the boundaries of the Poona Civil

Lines. Although the Parsi’s resided in bungalows of similar design to the British, the design of

their housing could sometimes differ from the British norm.

The bungalow of Sir Byramjee Jeejeebhoy is an example of the style of residence.

Notable differences to ostensibly British bungalows are the proximity of the bungalow to the

street (in contrast to British residences which were centrally located within the garden-

compound) and the inclusion of solar-disks as decorations on the outer walls that mark the

house as Parsi.


With its simple classical styling and huge overbearing roof, the St. Margaret’s

bungalow on Stavely Road, is instantly recognisable as being of a very early date. Its

proximity to St Mary’s Church (constructed in 1821) and the old colonial buildings in its

vicinity, and the fact that the structure appears on a number of early nineteenth century maps


of Poona suggests that this particular bungalow dates to the same general period as the

church.

Not many of these old residences remain extant due to the high maintenance costs

incurred in repairing such ‘cutcha’ residences after damage from the seasonal monsoon, or

from age. The materials and skills necessary for repairs; the procurement of ‘country tiles’ or

thatch for the roof, or craftsmen to apply and polish chunam are also becoming scarce.

This particular bungalow survived (until 1996) due to its use by the St. Margaret’s

school for girls, an institution since closed. The Bishop’s School (located on the opposite side

of Stavely Road) acquired the site and has subsequently demolished the venerable structure.

There are however several extant bungalows constructed in the same style in the streets

surrounding Bishops School although doubtless these too will soon be redeveloped.

Although there is nothing particularly important about this bungalow it is perhaps

prudent to examine it closely as an example of the architectural styles and construction

techniques used in the early colonial period in Poona. (Figure II.34a).

St. Margaret’s was a large residence, in proportion a massive 119 by 80 feet in size,

and despite its dilapidated state, the house still possessed many of its original features. It was

part of a row of substantial although more modern, mid to late nineteenth century bungalows,

most of which survive and are still associated with the church. The bungalow compound was

located directly adjacent to a large pre-British tank (water reservoir), which has since been

drained.

This entire section of the Cantonment sits above the pre-British system that provided

water to the old city of Poona, and local lore holds that the Duke of Wellington, or Arthur

Wellesley as he was then, watered his horses nearby during the second Anglo-Maratha War.

St. Margaret’s bungalow was ‘cutcha’ delineating that it was (ironically) not

constructed for permanence. The superstructure was fashioned of sun-dried brick, wood and

bamboo. The most immediately noticeable element of the bungalow from the street was its

over-size pyramidical roof, that appeared particularly large since its overhanging eaves

formed part of the peripheral verandah that surrounded the residence. This is an absolutely

typical feature of a bungalow of this era. The function of such huge roofs was to provide a

large volume of air, or thermal mass, that would keep the living spaces of the bungalow cool

in the hot season.

Traditionally the roofs of cutcha bungalows were thatched although tiles became more


common as the nineteenth century progressed, particularly after 1857. During the Mutiny

Sepoys had found that thatch made British residences particularly flammable, and so after the

peace the British declared that tiles be mandatory on their residences in military stations.

Where tiles were adopted they were generally of the ‘country’ variety. St. Margaret’s

bungalow had a country tile roof although it may have originally been thatched. Mass

production of western tile types has rendered this variety of tile a rarely seen sight in the

Poona of today. On a wheel a tilemaker would fashion a vase-shaped vessel, open on both the

top and the bottom which was then split in half to form two tiles that were then fired. The clay

was not usually of very good quality nor were the tiles fired at a very high temperature, and

therefore country tiles were prone to cracking or to penetration of the tile body by rain-water.

The tiles were supported on a network of bamboo struts and rattan matting attached to

the rafters. The first tile layer was laid cup-up with another layer of tiles covering the joins

between tiles in the first layer. To protect against the monsoon rains you can see some roofs in

Poona that are up to eight tile-layers in thickness. Another technique to protect against heavy

rain-falls was to fill the gaps between the tiles with mud or mortar. Runoff from the roof was

collected in stone gutters placed on the ground beneath the drip line.

Despite the thickness of such roofs, they still tended to leak and the tiles rafters and

support elements needed to undergo yearly maintenance or face collapse. When the Bishop’s

school ceased this maintenance the roof collapsed after the first monsoon. (Figure II.34b)

The roof being so large and immensely heavy, its rafters and other structural

members were strong beams made out of Burmese Teak. Teak was especially sought after

because of its resistance to insects. Since there was a tendency for local wildlife to take up

residence in the attic space, or for insects to eat away at the rafters, early bungalows were only

rarely provided with plaster false ceilings. Instead a cornice was tacked up at ceiling height

and a cloth stretched across to mimic a more solid ceiling. The cloth was tarred and then

whitewashed, and regularly replaced. This system allowed the roof space to be easily

inspected. Of course the ceiling cloths had a tendency to collapse under the weight of dirt or

animal droppings, with unpleasant consequences.

The walls of the bungalow were constructed of sun dried bricks. These bricks were in

the Mughal rather than the British pattern, six by eight inches and one and a half inches thick.

Because of the fragility of the bricks and the heaviness of the roof, the walls were on average

between two and three feet thick with a rubble core. Wall thickness also insulated the interior


to a degree from the heat of the hot season. The only other interesting feature in the wall

design was that above each door opening a relieving arch with brick voussoirs was

constructed. (Figure II.34c).

Walls were surfaced with a mud plaster, sometimes with a temper of cow hair, and

then whitewashed inside and out. The white surface of the exterior further helped to reflect

the light and heat. The only ornamentation within the rooms was the light cornice tacked

beneath the ceiling cloths, and a simple moulding around each door, giving the impression of

utter simplicity.

Very little stone was utilised in the bungalow superstructure except for the small

rooms at the north and south corners of the front verandah. These rooms were constructed

with stone walls. Since enclosed verandah corners in Indian bungalows were usually utilised

as bathrooms this was probably to prevent water damaging cutcha sun-brick walls.

Ten original rooms, (if you include two small bathrooms), survived in the centre and

northern areas of the bungalow when the house was originally viewed. The southern third of

the house was dominated by a late nineteenth century two storey annexe (figure II.34d) that

had significantly altered the original room layout in that section of the house.

The main block was surrounded by a verandah seven and a half feet in width that ran

along the three intact sides of the bungalow. This opened out into a porte cochere near the

main entrance so that guests could step out of their carriages and remain dry during the

monsoon. (Figure II.34e). Presumably there was once a driveway from the compound-gate to

the porch although this had long since disappeared.

As has already been noted the verandah was formed under the large overhanging

eaves of the roof and was supported by simple wooden posts spaced about three feet apart.

Because the plinth was so low at the front of the house there was no balustrade in this area,

but where the plinth was high a protective wooden lattice was attached to the support-posts.

The verandah on an Indian bungalow served a couple of purposes. The first was to

keep the sun and rain off the walls of the bungalow. The verandah on this bungalow certainly

kept the sun away since the height from the plinth pavement to the tops of the verandah

support posts was barely six feet in places. During the most uncomfortable part of the hot

season even this small gap would have been closed with grass mats called khus khus tatties

that would have been kept wet by servants to cool the interior of the house. The other purpose

of the verandah was more social in nature since the space provided a protected outdoor area


where you could relax, eat or sleep. The derzi and the punkah wallah did their work on the

verandah, and guests or trades-people were often greeted there.

The most noticeable aspect of the bungalow plan was the huge number of doors. A

superfluous number of doors was a common feature of the Indo-British bungalow, a system

designed to maximise the airflow throughout the house. In the larger rooms of St, Margaret’s

the average number of doors per room was eight, and in one room there were ten doors.

Conversely there were virtually no windows. The doors were placed opposite one another in

order to further maximise airflow. Whilst this system worked to catch any passing breeze, it

did not provide privacy for occupants. In many bungalows there were not even physical doors

blocking the door openings, only matting or split bamboo blinds.

The St. Margaret’s bungalow was constructed with physical doors, the range, size and

type of door designs was excessive. There were at least eight door variations, including lattice

doors, wide panelled doors, narrow panelled door, and glazed doors.

Another notable feature of the bungalow plan was that there were no passageways

within the house. Each room had direct access to adjoining rooms, and similarly each major

room directly accessed the verandah. This was a necessity given the shape of the bungalow. A

verandah might have kept the walls of the house cool, but it reduced the amount of sunlight

that reached the interior of the residence. The best arrangement was for every room to have

access to an external wall and consequently windows or doors that could admit natural light.

Even with this arrangement large bungalow-rooms tended to be gloomy, and unlit internal

passageways would have been excessively dark. In St. Margaret’s bungalow a clerestorey had

cut into the roofline of the dark northern rooms (which had no access to the verandah).

All the rooms in the main residential block had been converted for use as classrooms

during the use of the bungalow as a school. This made it a little difficult to discern the

function of individual rooms. The largest central room opened directly onto the front porch

and was probably the drawing room. The room directly behind this, that opened onto the rear

of the bungalow could have been the dining room, or of course the order might have been

reversed, since in some bungalows the largest room was used as the dining space.

It appeared that two bedrooms had survived. Each would have originally possessed an

attached dressing room and bathroom, as was traditional in an Indian bungalow, although the

roof had unfortunately collapsed over these areas. The original plan would have probably had

another two and perhaps three bedrooms on the southern side, and another couple of public


rooms.

The substructure of the bungalow was substantial. It had rested upon a low plinth that

rose to 5 feet at the rear of the bungalow, but that was at ground level at the front. The internal

and verandah floors were surfaced with stone flags. In India this was considered to be safer

than having a wooden floor that would be susceptible to termites. The walls of the rubble

filled plinth and the foundation consisted of large stones.

The plinth served a number of functions. It raised the house above any disease causing

miasmas (bad air) that were thought to pool close to the ground. The rubble core of the plinth

and the stone floors would stay cool in the hot weather. The plinth on bungalows also served a

status function. The verandah was usually a semi-public, semi-private space where you could

greet guests.

The St. Margaret’s bungalow was set in an extensive compound of approximately 420

by 420 feet. Presumably there was once a large garden, although this had been totally

removed or had died.

Other structures within the bungalow compound and associated with the bungalow

were the surviving servants’ quarters, to the rear and north-west of the bungalow proper.

Several other outhouses had existed, although these were demolished prior to the main house.

The outhouse complement probably a godown or storeroom and the old cookroom. There was

no evidence of a stable, although there must have originally been one.

The bungalow was destroyed in early 1996, although nothing of the old structure was

wasted. The substantial Burmese teak beams in the roof were salvaged and sold. Roof tiles

were used as land-fill to level the compound in its transformation into a football field. Bricks

were used in drainage sinks to absorb groundwater, the stone flags on the floor were recycled

in school buildings. The large stones that comprised the plinth were reused in the foundations

of the new building, whilst the foundations of the bungalow itself were buried beneath the

new sports field.

Figures

II.34a Stavely Road Bungalow, street facade

II.34b Roof collapse showing roof support structures

II.34c Relieving arch above doorway showing brickwork

II.34d Rear, Stavely Road Bungalow


II.34e Porte Cochere

Educational Institutions

II.35 The Bishop’s School and St. Mary’s School for Girls

The Bishop’s School was founded in 1864 by Sir William Mansfield, Commander in

Chief of the Bombay Army and John Harding, Bishop of Bombay, for the education of the

children of local soldiers and the local Anglo-Indian, (Eurasian) population. The school is

wedged between the North and South Petty Staff Lines and the original classrooms were in

fact housed within barracks. The replacement classroom blocks also owe much to barrack

design.

The Principal’s Bungalow is a major structure built on the site. It is reputed by the

local inhabitants that the bungalow was used by the Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of

Wellington) when he was in Poona, and that the horses of his cavalry were watered nearby.

Certainly part of the Peshwa-era water system passes nearby and there were numerous wells

in the vicinity.

Excavations for the foundations of a new school block revealed part of the original

Peshwa-era sewers.54


Deccan College was originally named the Poona College, an educational institution

founded exclusively for Brahmins that was founded in 1821. The new College buildings were

designed by Colonel Wilkins of the Royal Engineers, and were in part funded by a donation

from Sir Jamsetji Jeejeebhoy of one lakh of Rupees.

The College was ready for occupation in 1868 and the buildings included teaching

areas for between 120-150 students, a principal’s bungalow, residential quarters and a boat

club.55 The complex is set within grounds of fifty acres.

II.37 Other Educational Facilities Noted

Poona was always considered a major educational town, and thus there are numerous

schools and colleges located within its environs. Each of the major Christian churches in the

54 Personal Communication, Principal Bishop’s School, 1996.


area is (or was) associated with a school, and thus there are important Roman Catholic

schools associated with St. Xavier’s, (St. Vincent’s School for boys and St. Anne’s School for

Girls), and St. Patrick’s. There was another school associated with St. Paul’s Church, The

Victoria School.

There were also schools provided for every regimental lines to provide a general

education for the troops, and other schools for military purposes such as the Army Signalling

School on Stavely Road, the Mounted Infantry School located to the east of the Wanowrie

Lines, and the Army Veterinary School to the south of the Wanowrie Lines.

The most important College other than Deccan College in the vicinity of the

Cantonment and Civil Lines remains the Engineering College. A third of the cost of

construction for this institution was donated by Sir Jehangir Readymoney.

There are numerous other old colleges on the outskirts of the city that date to the

British era, including Fergusson College and the Agricultural College, both to the west of the

Mutha River.

Medical Facilities


Sassoon Hospital was constructed between 1863-1867 at a cost of three lakhs, Two

lakhs which were provided by the Jewish merchant David Sassoon. A medical school, named

after Byramjee Jejeebhoy was attached to this complex along with the halls of residence for

the students.

The hospital was designed by Colonel Wilkins of the Royal Engineers, and is built of

the local trap in a Gothic Style. The structure is dominated by a large tower on the southwest

corner of the building rising to 120 feet which housed the water tower.

The main building rises to two stories in proportions is 227 feet by 50 feet. The wards

that occupy both stories open onto the verandah-arcades. The two ‘native female’ wards were

on the north of the ground floor, and were in size 47.5x23.5 and 71.5x23.5 respectively. On

the southern side were the two ‘native male’ wards. European wards were located on the first

floor.

55 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902.


Images

II.38a The Sassoon Hospital

II.39 Other Hospitals and Asylums Briefly Described

*Lock Hospital

A lock hospital for the enforced isolation and treatment of female prostitutes was

located in the area of land that would later become East Street, east of Main Street.

*Female Hospital

A ‘female hospital’ was constructed southeast of the station hospital and slightly

lower on the same ridge.

*Plague Hospital

A Plague Hospital was constructed to the south east of the Wanowrie Lines on the

Cantonment boundary at Prince of Wales Drive.

*Lunatic Asylum

A lunatic Asylum was built at Yeroada on the high land associated with the Central

Jail.

Bazaars

Prior to the construction of specific market facilities within the old city of Poona

traders gathered in the open space outside of Shaniwar Wada. This area continued to be

utilised as a market during the British era;

‘The eastern side is for fruit and vegetables, and the northern side is set apart for

brokers and wholesale dealers. The two southern portions are allotted to petty stall

holders. Wednesdays and Sundays are the chief days when carts laden with fruit and

vegetable wend their way to the great Poona mundai. The spaces between the bastions

is allotted to basket makers, potters and dealers in old iron and brass. On the west side

is the grass market and the strip of land to the north of the centre is held by the dealers


in fire wood and cow dung cakes.’56

II.40 Sadr Bazar

The Sadr Bazar (figures II.40a to II.40c) was the area dedicated to ‘European Style’

shops, the main retail establishments being located on Main and East Streets.

‘...in the evening we drove through the Sudder Bazaar, (or shops for Europeans), a

picturesque street [Main Street now Mahatma Gandhi Road] of low houses planted

with rows of trees like a boulevarde...’[Thursday December 10, 1857]57

The Sadr Bazar remains a major retail area for the city if Pune.

Images

II.40a Main Street (Mahatma Gandhi Marg) from Arsenal Road

II.40b Maratha style architecture in Main Street (Mahatma Gandhi Marg)

II.40c Early 20th Century photograph of a Main Street Store


The Sholapur Bazar area is located a short distance to the south-east of the Sadr

Bazar. This was founded in 1818 as the bazar for the Madras Pioneers whose lines were

located in the area of the later Transport Lines.58


The markets for the ‘Native City’ of Poona were constructed by the municipality

between the years 1884-86, and the market building is an elegant solution to the problems of

providing a covered market (figure II.42a).

The market is designed in the gothic style, and composed of rusticated coursed

masonry carved from the local grey trap. Quoins are smooth ashlar and other details such as

coping, voussoirs, string courses, cornices and finials are carved from a white stone.

56 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902. 57 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, pp.84-85. 58 Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Presidency Gazetteer, Vol. III, Government of the Bombay Presidency, 1885, p.357. (IOL/R RR D.G. BOM 67).


The structure is dominated by a central, squat, octagonal tower 80 feet tall. Each side

of the octagonal drum of the tower is pieced by a lancet window of two lights and plate

tracery and each window is surmounted by a hood mould that meets a narrower string course

that runs around the circumference of the tower at the level of the imposts of the gothic

window arches.

Above the crown of each hood mould is a small white medallion. The crown also

breaks the Ionic-style white cornice of the tower. Every window is provided with a gable

formed by the continuance of the upper fillet of the Ionic cornice as the raking cornice of the

gable. The crown of each gable is decorated with a finial. The roof is pitched, tiled, and also

octagonal, its uppermost portion illuminated by dormer lights, one for each segment, each

decorated with bargeboards and a finial.

The tower is surrounded by a verandah with a tiled lean-to roof. This covers the

ground and first storeys, with the floor of the first storey verandah being supported by iron

rafters and iron pillars with diminutive Corinthian capitals. Four market wings housing the

majority of the stalls radiate out from the ground floor verandah, their pitched roofs

obscuring part of the upper verandah.

Each wing comprises a ‘nave’ and ‘aisles’ and is supported by cast iron columns and

the tiled roofs rest upon teak rafters. The wings are also provided with a narrow clerestorey

that casts light into the interior space and to provides ventilation. The market is entered via

twin, open, gothic arches located at the squared terminating ends of each of the wings. The

voussoirs of the arches are alternately carved with white and black stone. There is a string

course in white at the level of the arch imposts and the arches are supported by columns with

individually ornamented capitals. A small rosette is placed low in the central spandrel, above

which is a circular opening filled with moucharabya work. Above this is an entablature with a

white cornice and the gable resembles a pediment, the tympanum of which is pierced by

another white, round opening filled with moucharabya work. Each flanking ‘aisle’ portion of

the facade is provided with a casement window with a basket arch. The string course again

meets the imposts of the arch, the voussoirs of which are also in white and black. Above the

window a steeply raking cornice follows the line of the roof. The ‘nave’ portion of the facade

and the corners of the ‘aisles’ are supported by buttresses. Each buttress and the crown of the

pediment are decorated with finials

The Reay Markets, renamed the Phule Markets remain the major central market


buildings in Pune.59

Figures

II.42a Reay Market


Connaught Market was constructed on the site of Stafford Square to provide goods to

the population of the Military Cantonment, Civil Lines and Sadr Bazar.60 The market building

itself is a low, single-storied structure, rectangular in plan and gothic in style, composed of

rusticated masonry carved from the local grey trap (figure II.43a).

In essence the structure is an agglomeration of long, barrack-style buildings, the walls

of which are fenestrated with regularly spaces gothic windows. The roof of each component

shed is pitched, with the central ridge portion raised to form a ventilating clerestorey.

The main facade of the market is composed of two sheds, arranged with their long

walls facing the street. Several other sheds are arranged, perpendicular to the two main market

halls to complete the street frontage. The short projecting ends of these intersecting sheds are

treated as gables, and each is decorated with either large gothic windows entrances that

enliven a facade that would otherwise be an uninteresting wall. Decorative treatment of the

structure is simple White stone picks out several gothic arches, whist the major entrances are

decorated with coping that has been carved into simple mouldings and pinnacles that enhance

the gothic appearance of the market.

Currently named for the Maratha leader Shivaji, the Connaught markets continue to

sell produce to the Cantonment, Civil Lines and Sadr Bazar communities.

Figures

II.43a Connaught [Shivaji] Markets

Military

II.44 The Arsenal

59 Gupta, Samita, Architecture and the Raj, BR Publishing Corp., Delhi, 1985, p. 106. 60 Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953, Poona and Kirkee Cantonments’ Citizens’ Association, Poona, 1953, p.52.


The Poona Arsenal, originally constructed in 1822 with later additions (notably in

1882), was situated at the conjunction of Arsenal and Elphinstone Roads, and was

surrounded by a high masonry wall. Within the walled compound was situated a gun carriage

works and ordnance depot. The guardhouse of the Arsenal was situated on the Arsenal Road

side of the Structure.61 The Arsenal was notable for its masonry tower.62

II.45 Native Lines

The Native Lines were an area set aside for the accommodation of Sepoys. In Poona

the Native Lines comprised the North and South Native Infantry Lines that were located

directly to the west of the race course, and the Native Cavalry Lines which were to the far

north of the cantonment and separated from the body of it by the G.I.P Rail line

Originally no formal barracks were constructed for the accommodation of the Sepoys,

and each soldier was provided a ‘hutting allowance’ to build a hut within which he and his

family resided. In the later years of the Raj, the government constructed residences for the

Sepoys although the area of space allocated each native soldier was small compared to the

standards set for the European soldiery (figure II.45a).

‘...street after street of neat homes provided by the Indian government for the Native

Soldiers. Each man lives with his wife in a bright little home of his own, with his

children growing up around him.’63

Each Native Lines complex was also provided with places of worship, usually Hindu,

Muslim and Sikh, (depending upon the religious composition of the regiment), as well as

latrines, a school, a quarter guard and cells, and a basic hospital. The Native Cavalry Lines

included a veterinary hospital and a Hay Stack for the horses.

A parade ground was also provided for each complex. The North and South Native

Infantry Lines was serviced by a ground directly to the north of the North Native Infantry

Lines, bounded in the south by Parade Ground Road, in the west by Moreodha Nala and to the

East by Race Course Road. The Native Cavalry Parade Ground was southeast of the Lines

themselves, to the far east of the cantonment and was bounded by the G.I.P Railway to its

61 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.33. 62 Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Presidency Gazetteer, Vol. III, Government of the Bombay Presidency, 1885, p.360. (IOL/R RR D.G. BOM 67). 63 Maurice Gregory in The Sentinel [undated], quoted in Ballhatchet, K., Race Sex and Class, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p.66.


north.

A ‘native’ hospital was provided for each of the left and right flanks of the infantry

lines. Each ward in the hospitals housed thirty sick. The hospital structures themselves were

composed of mud pointed with mortar, were thatched, possessed clay floors, and had

verandahs, unlike the European hospitals.

Figures

II.45a The Native Lines

II.46 Wanowri (Vanavdi) Lines

The area that now comprises Wanowri Lines was occupied in 1825 by a brigade of

artillery that was permanently encamped near the village of Wanowri. The lines that

eventually developed in the area were also known as the Right Flank Barracks since they are

situated to the south, on the ‘right flank’ of the Cantonment. They are built on elevated land,

and protect the line of communication to Sholapur and Satara. (Figure II.46a).

In the mid-nineteenth century a set of six brick and lime, plastered, double storied

barracks was constructed in 1859-60. Each of the barrack rooms inside measured 109x25x18

feet and was designed for 96 men. Quarters for a sergeant were also situated within the

barracks. Closed verandahs eleven feet wide ran on each storey down both the longer sides of

each barrack.

Ventilation was provided via a clerestorey in the roof for the upper barrack rooms

whilst the lower had square ventilator holes at the level of the upper storey floor. Windows

were hinged, and placed opposite one another to increase ventilation. The roofs were double

tiled, and supported upon a superstructure made of teak (to prevent insect damage) whilst the

floors were paved and raised at least three feet above ground level.

Six further barrack blocks constructed of stone were completed in 1872. (Figure

II.46b). In a similar arrangement each barrack had a verandah on each storey, sergeants

quarters and two barrack rooms per block. Accommodation was also constructed at this time

for 80 married men and eight staff sergeants.64

Lavatories were supplied in the enclosed corners of the verandahs that were paved and



that had tubs within. A range of outbuildings was associated with these barracks and included

a simple rectangular cookroom, privies, a guard room for fifteen men, and a number of prison

cells.

A regimental bazar was established in 1825 on the site of the original artillery

encampment,65 east of the lines on Prince of Wales Drive. A chapel was also provided for the

worship of soldiers that was located to the south of the lines on the site of the later military

prison, and also a hospital for their health. (Figure II.46c).

Wanowri village itself survived but was officially designated as outside of the

Cantonment limits and separated from the Cantonment by Bhairoba’s Nala.

Figures

II.46a Map of Wanowri Lines, 1876

II.46b Plan of the Wanowri Barracks

II.46c Wanowri Lines Hospital

II.47 Ghorepuri [Ghorepooree] Lines

Ghorepuri Lines were a military lines complex constructed for the use of European

regiments stationed in Poona Military Cantonment. The lines lie in the north of the

Cantonment enclave, protecting the road to Ahmednagar and the later strategic railway line.

The large number of extant, single-storey barracks were constructed in three main phases.

In the first phase twelve single-storey barracks (figure II.47a) and four patcherries

were constructed in 1842, each structure housing a barrack room 97x24x12 feet in size that

was designed to house forty men. Every barrack was provided with open verandahs seven feet

wide running down both long sides of the building and a quarters for a sergeant.66

In 1849 another set of twelve barracks was constructed (figure II.47a), also with

verandahs on both long sides, (these were in this case 10 feet wide rather than seven), and

sergeants quarters, although the new barrack rooms were larger, at 112x24x18 feet in size and

designed to house 26 men each. Another six barrack blocks were constructed in 1880.67

65 Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Presidency Gazetteer, Vol. III, Government of the Bombay Presidency, 1885, p.357. (IOL/R RR D.G. BOM 67). 66 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.32. 67 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.33.


Ventilation for these barracks was originally provided by cowled ventilators, although

the newer barracks had 26 hinged windows that were placed opposite one another to assist in

the circulation of air. Some of barracks were also provided with jalousies.

The barrack roofs were double tiled, and supported upon a superstructure made of

teak, whilst the floors were paved and raised at least three feet above ground level.

Cookrooms, privies, lavatories, guardrooms and prison rooms were provided as outhouses

that generally conformed to those described for Wanowri Barracks, (see above).

In 1902 the lines accommodated 700 rank and file with the officers residing within

bungalows in the vicinity. The Lines were been separated from the village of Ghorepuri itself

after construction of Southern Maratha Railway. The Lines were provided with a railway

station along this stretch of track.

Ghorepuri Bazar lay to the east of the lines and was divided from the body of the

Cantonment by the S.M. Railway. This bazar was originally founded in 1844 and was located

on the site of the later Ghorepuri hospital.68 The Ghorepuri chapel, provided for the worship of

the troops was located on church road to the west of the lines on Church Road.

The other major component of the lines was Ghorepuri Hospital (figure II.47b). This

was built on 1842 and was originally composed of several wards, each designed to house 100

sick. Two additional wards were completed in 1849. The hospital structure itself was

composed of brick and mortar, and sat upon a plinth that was three feet high at its lowest. The

roofs and the walls of the structure were ‘single’ and the hospital possessed no verandahs.69

Figures

II.47a The Ghorepuri Barracks (Plan)

II.47b Ghorepooree Lines Hospital

II.48 Other Lines Briefly Described

Although the two major military lines of the city have been described above the

British also constructed numerous other lines for certain sectors of the colonial populace.

Other important military lines included The Horse Artillery Lines and the Native Cavalry

68 Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Presidency Gazetteer, Vol. III, Government of the Bombay Presidency, 1885, p.357. (IOL/R RR D.G. BOM 67). 69 Description based upon; Herbert, Sidney, Report of Commissioners inquiring into the Sanitary State of the (Continued Overleaf)


Lines and other lines included the, the ‘Neutral Lines’, and the ‘Transport Lines’. The ‘North

and South Petty Staff Lines’ and the ‘Ordnance Lines’ were primarily occupied by European

pensioners and government servants.70

II.49 Theatres

Theatres were built in association with the military lines where officers and troops

could stage amateur theatricals. These were at Ghorepuri, Wanowri, located on Wanowri

Road and within the Wanowri lines, and at the Sappers’ Lines at East Kirkee (New Jhansi).

In the twentieth century a number of cinemas were constructed, several in the Civil

Lines screening only English-language, British and American films. A large number of

cinemas in the ‘Native City’ catered for the Indian population.

II.50 Prostitution

The huts of prostitutes were scattered throughout the city-site, although due to public

health reforms a regulated ‘lal bazar’ was established for the use of the European soldiery.

‘The Social evil as it exists in the city is an open violation of all that is decent. All the

bamboo gypsy-looking sheds should be removed forthwith. I saw as many as 16 of

these sheds in one place. On inquiry I was informed that three females occupied each

shed. I am convinced that as many as five live in each and I should say that the 16 I

refer to accommodated about 50 women...’71

Burial grounds

British Cemeteries

A large number of Christian and British cemeteries still exist within Poona, although

the majority of which have fallen into disuse. Some areas within the old burial grounds

remain utilised by the local Christian community.


Army in India, House of Commons Parliamentary Paper XIX, Vol. 1, London, 1863, pp. 731-745. 70 Government of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay Presidency Gazetteer, Vol. III, Government of the Bombay Presidency, 1885, p.357. (IOL/R RR D.G. BOM 67). 71 Martin, Maj., ‘Rough Notes on the City of Poona’, in Leith, A.H., Report on the State of the City of Poona, Education Society Press, Bombay, 1864, p.35.


One of the oldest British cemeteries in the area was constructed in association with the

original Sungum Residency and probably contains bodies of those Europeans killed in the

Battle of Kirkee. This burial ground is now associated with the Judge’s bungalow.72


An old cemetery (figure II.52 a to II.52d) is located near St. Paul’s Church and off

Arsenal Road. This cemetery significantly predates the 1863 church and is in fact a remnant

of the old Garpir Cantonment occupied by the British Subsidiary Force based in Poona during

the last years of the Peshwa’s rule. This small graveyard is open to the road and walled on the

three remaining sides where new residences have encroached.

The compound is currently overgrown and used as a car-park, however a number of

tombs and graves survive. These were mostly composed of brick and plaster, although the

plaster surfaces have degraded to the extent that the original decorative surfaces and

mouldings have mostly been lost. No inscriptions survive to date the monuments.

Figures

II.52a Garpir Cemetery

II.52b Brick Tomb

II.52c Brick Tomb

II.52d Rotunda


St. Sepulchre Cemetery is composed of two compounds located on the Sholapur

Road. The western compound remains open and maintained by the local Christian community

as a burial ground for Roman Catholics, Methodists and Anglicans. The currently active and

cleared area contains graves from the 1920s to the present. Although there is a caretaker in

residence, the cemetery is in an overgrown and dilapidated state. (Figure II.53a).

The older, eastern compound has been leased as a commercial rose-garden (figure

II.53b). Many of the graves (or at least the gravestones) have been removed to increase the

available area for horticulture.

72 Hunter, W.W., The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XI, HMSO, London, 1886.p.211.


Across the road lies the ‘Indian Christian Cemetery’, which is still used and comprises

a number of simple graves. Burials continue to take place, although outside the compound

boundaries.

During British rule the area allocated for a grave was 6 1/2 by 2 1/2 feet, with a

distance of 2 1/2 feet between graves. Grave depth was 6 feet with burial being compulsory

within twelve hours of death.

This cemetery was described as ‘...a little offensive in the hot weather, but not

sufficiently so to become a nuisance.’73

Figures

II.53a St. Sepulchre Cemetery

II.53b Reuse of Cemetery as Rose Garden


Marked as the ‘old cemetery’ on the 1905 cantonment map this graveyard is built

within a walled compound on Shankersheth Road adjacent to the Right Bank Canal.

As with the other European burial grounds in Poona this burial ground is divided into

three individual compounds. The western is the oldest section and is distinct from the newer,

eastern area. There is another, southern compound listed as a ‘Madrassi Burial Ground’ on the

1905 cantonment map. Separate areas were provided for Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Another distinct area was set aside for the small graves of unbaptised children.

The X2612 map, (See Map Catalogue), divides the cemetery into two compounds, a

northern listed as the ‘Scotch’ cemetery and the Southern listed as ‘Catholic’. The Dhobi

Ghats that are depicted to the north of the cemetery on the 1905 cantonment map are still

extant and function outside the gates of the burial ground. Although the ‘old cemetery’ is in

decay and certainly no longer in use the area adjacent to the canal has since been set aside as a

burning ghat for Hindu dead.

II.55 Sappers’ Cemetery, Kirkee

This old cemetery is located on the north side of Holkar Bridge and on the far side of

73 Herbert, Sidney, Report of Commissioners inquiring into the Sanitary State of the Army in India, House of (Continued Overleaf)


the Mula River near Deccan College and the Lines of the Bombay Sappers. Technically this is

a burial ground associated with Kirkee cantonment, however due to its age and position

between the two cantonments it is worth mention.

The cemetery is located upon a small eminence and is bounded by a road and the

Mula River. Although many of the graves date from the early to mid-nineteenth century, the

burial ground is in a dilapidated state and many of the gravestones and tombs have either been

removed or have decayed. This is not a closed ground and burials still occur. (Figures II.55 a

to II.55d).

North of the Sappers’ cemetery, flanking Caldecutt Road are two additional old

cemeteries associated with the Kirkee Cantonment.

Figures

II.55a The Sappers’ Cemetery

II.55b The Sappers’ Cemetery

II.55c Sappers’ Cemetery Gravestones

II.55d Sappers’ Cemetery Gravestones

II.56 War Cemetery

The cemetery reserved for soldiers killed in the Second World War remains the best

maintained European style cemetery in the vicinity of Poona. There are terraced ranks of

graves, set in a manicured lawn, arranged in rows and marked by small and simple, white,

tablet-shaped grave markers. The central grave-terrace faces an altar (figure II.56a) that is

built upon a stepped plinth and behind these graves an apsidal screen is located composed of

rectangular members. In the centre of the ‘apse’ and on a central axis with the altar is a large

cross. All elements are composed of the same white stone as the graves.

The two flanking terraces of graves are arranged in rows perpendicular to the rows of

graves in the central rank. Each flank is bisected by a colonnaded trellis. (Figure II.56b).

Figures

II.56a War Cemetery Altar

Commons, London, Parliamentary Paper XIX, Vol. 2, London, 1863, p.745.


II.56b Poona War Cemetery

II.57 Other Christian Cemeteries Described Briefly

*French Tombs

An early European burial area is located on Bhairoba’s Nala in the north-east of the

military cantonment that houses the graves of the French Officers who died during the second

Anglo Maratha War;

‘The tombs of the French Officers who fell in Sindia’s service and were of the old

Battalions of De Boigne are still to be seen a little distance to the east of the road that

runs past St. Patrick’s Chapel towards the Ghorepurray Barracks near the Officers’

Mess House, and were repaired some years ago by the Officers of the Bombay

Fusiliers and we have been told this soldierly trait of brotherly feeling has been

gratefully acknowledged by the French nation.’74

*Old Catholic Cemetery

An old Catholic cemetery was probably associated with the Church of the Immaculate

Conception located in the open ground between the Civil Lines and the Sadr Bazar. The

cemetery was divided into two sections, the northern described as a Roman Catholic and the

southern as a Muslim cemetery.

An additional Christian cemetery originally lay at the southern extremity of Main

Street, on the eastern side of the road.

*Ghorepuri Lines Cemetery

A European cemetery is associated with the Ghorepuri Lines that is located to the

north of the lines and south of the Southern Maratha Railway Line.

*Plague Hospital Cemetery

A graveyard associated with plague deaths is located to the south of the Poona Plague

Hospital on Prince of Wales Drive.

74 Poona Observer, Dec.17,1853,Vol.II, No. 51, p.203, col. 4.


Muslim

II.58 Muslim Burial Grounds

‘...we passed a Muhammaden burial ground, the smell proceeding from which was

pestilential, and we were horrified at seeing, protruding from the ground and lying

about in a ploughed field near, blade bones, shin bones and various other portions of

the human frame. It appears that the followers of Islam only put a few inches of earth

over the bodies of their defunct friends, leaving a scalp lock exposed above ground,

by which they think that Mahomet will lift them up to heaven in the Resurrection.’

[Wednesday December 20th, 1858].75

A Muslim burial ground is located opposite the St. Sepulchre’s Christian cemetery,

(see above). This cemetery occupies a smaller compound and the graves within it are less

substantial, the newer being small raised tombs of concrete that have been tiled. On the 1936

cantonment map this is listed as a ‘Persian’ cemetery.

Others are listed, one as the southern compound as part of the cemetery associated

with the old Catholic Church of the Immaculate Conception and a second in the vicinity of

Scindia’s Palace.

Parsi


The Parsi Towers of Silence are located on Parvati Vilas Road to the south and at a

distance from the city of Poona. These low structures, built upon the summit of a hill, are

basically composed of a retaining wall that encloses area open to the sky within which the

dead are placed to be dismembered by scavenging birds. The vicinity of the hill and tower are

planted with trees in contrast with the on bare hills.

‘There is a hill at the back of the Cantonment called the Hill of Silence surmounted by

a Tower, on the top of which the Parsees lay their dead’76

Although the Tower of Silence is still utilised by the Parsi community resident in

Poona, it is no longer isolated from the city, since suburbs have expanded into nearby lands.

75 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, p.117-118. 76 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, p.88. (Continued Overleaf)


Jewish

II.60 Jewish Burial Grounds

An ‘old’ Jewish burial ground exists on the western bank of Moreodha Nala,

northwest of the Native Infantry Lines and west of the parade ground. Another graveyard

located similarly along Moreodha Nala, north of the old cemetery and on the eastern bank

north of the rail line and northwest of the Ghorepuri cemetery.

Parks and Public Open Space


The area to the east of the race course and near St. Patrick’s Cathedral currently

occupied by the Empress Gardens was acquired by the government in 1838 from the original

owner Sardar Vithalrao Puranhare. Sir Charles Napier resided within the compound in 1845.

When the gardens were originally founded it was thought that the area should be

cultivated by soldiers, and thus they were popularly called the ‘Soldiers’ Gardens’. This plan

proved unsatisfactory and the Cantonment Committee instead let the area out to be cropped.

The gardens were relaid in a formal design in 1878 by Sir Richard Temple and were placed

under the care of the Executive Engineer of the Public Works Department. In 1884 the garden

was amalgamated with the botanical gardens at Ganeshkhind.77 The park of course gained its

current name after Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India.

In the early twentieth century ;

‘...the pretty covered bandstand is occupied twice a week by the European Regimental

bands, the attendance on band evening being very large.’78

Today the gardens are neglected and overgrown with little remaining of the original

plantings or paths (figures II.61a and II.61b).

Figures

II.61a Empress Gardens

II.61b Empress Garden Pathway

Dec 14, 1857. 77 Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953, Poona and Kirkee Cantonments’ Citizens’ Association, Poona, 1953, p.74.


II.62 The Maidan

‘Military bands play several times in the week at bandstands on the Maidan, where

lamps are lighted, and here all the fashion of Poona assemble...’ [Monday December

14 1857]79

In Poona there is currently no large open area (nor is any area on available historical

maps) or ‘field of fire’ identifiable as the Maidan, A vestigial area of open space, known as

Golibar Maidan survives on Satara road in association with the current Cantonment offices.

In 1876 a Guide80 states that;

‘...the European Troops are quartered at Ghorepuri, to the left of an extensive maidan

used as a parade ground...’,

This ‘maidan’ is the Native Cavalry Parade ground listed on the 1905 cantonment map.

II.63 The Bandstand

‘The band-stands are the places of fashionable resort of an evening; and to a new

comer, the scene is just like one in a theatre. A long procession of children, attended

by Ayahs and bearers walk round and round the music, officers in uniform gallop up

on tattoos with flowing manes and tails, like circus horses, to talk to ladies in light-

coloured habits; or others in bullock carts and foreign looking equipages; while each

horse, whether ridden or driven is attended by his ghorawalla, who, by the exquisites

of society is dressed in a kind of livery of bright colour with a turban and sash in

strong contrast while the more humble content themselves with a livery of white robe

and a red turban and sash. As darkness comes on lamps are lighted about the band

stand, and on the carriages; and when ‘God Save the Queen’ proclaims the finale of

the music, people grope their way home in the dark as best they may.’ [December 21

1857]81

Although this passage refers to the ‘Bandstand’ there were in fact several in Poona, at

the Empress Gardens and the Bund Gardens. Another isolated bandstand was constructed at

the southwestern corner of the race course near St. Andrew’s Church. This latter structure no

78 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.47. 79 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, p.89. 80 Treacher and Coy’ Ltd., Guide to Poona and Kirkee for the Season 1876, Treacher and Company Ltd., Poona, 1876, p.4. 81 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, p.97.


longer survives.

II.64 The Bund and the Bund Gardens

‘Had a beautiful drive...to a piece of water called the Bund, a favourite resort of an

evening...’ [Thursday December 10, 1857].82

The Bund, (a small dam), was designed as part of the water supply system that

provisioned Poona. In the early nineteenth century the City, Civil Lines and Cantonment were

perennially short of water since the Mula Mutha River only flows during the rains, and during

the hot season what little water that remained in the riverbed became stagnant and

contaminated with sewage. Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (a wealthy Parsi baronet) provided the

funding in 1844 to construct a dam on the river at Yeroada, to improve the situation.

The pool of water behind the bund stretched from the dam itself to near the Sungum,

however when the river itself ceased to flow there were complaints that water in the reservoir

became stagnant.83 Generally between 5:30am and 8:00am every morning, as well as in the

evening large groups of city inhabitants would gather at the bund to wash themselves and

their clothes at the ghats. The professional dhobis would also gather, but on the opposite bank

where the washing of the entire European Community, the hospitals, the lines and the

cantonment were all done.84 The dhobis continue to gather on the northern bank to the present.

The bund gave way during a strong monsoon in 1846, was rebuilt within a year, but

again collapsed in the monsoon of 1847. The bund was rebuilt and reinforced again and was

ready for use in 1850 (figure II.64d).85

As part of the beautification project linked with the construction of the bund a small

park was laid out nearby that was popular with local European community. The park was laid

out in 1860 by Colonel Sellon of the Royal Engineers.

Unlike Empress Gardens the Bund garden has been well-maintained in post-colonial

Poona, and remains a popular public open space (Figures II.64a to II.64d).

82 Paget, Mrs. L., Camp and Cantonment, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1865, pp. 84-85. 83 Martin, Maj., ‘Rough Notes on the City of Poona’, in Leith, A.H., Report on the State of the City of Poona, Education Society Press, Bombay, 1864, p. 30. 84 Martin, Maj., ‘Rough Notes on the City of Poona’, in Leith, A.H., Report on the State of the City of Poona, Education Society Press, Bombay, 1864, p.28. 85 Wadia, J.H., The Life of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, Sir J.J. Parsee Benevolent Institution, Bombay, 1950, p.66-67.


Figures

II.64a Bund Gardens

II.64b Lion Sculpture in Bund Gardens based on the design from Fitzgerald Bridge

II.64c The Bund Gardens 1902

II.64d The Bund

II.65 Other Public Open Spaces Briefly Described

*Shaniwar Wada

This small park within the surviving walls of Shaniwar Wada incorporate the extant

foundations of the Wada. This park is described in the Shaniwar Wada (entry II.1).

*The Bazar Gardens

The Bazar Gardens on East Street are a small area of public open space established for

the use of the residents of the Sadr Bazar. They are currently named Laxmi Gardens.

*The J.J. Gardens

The J.J. Gardens exist at the juncture of Centre Street and Bootee Road and were

named for Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy. The small park is associated with the Parsi Fire Temple

in the area. This park was laid out at the same time as the Bund Gardens and houses a large

fountain that pumped water from the Bund as a public water supply.86

*Edwardes Gardens

Edwardes Gardens once existed to the south of the Council Hall. It was upon this site

that the Poona Club or New Gymkhana was later constructed.

*Queens Gardens

Queens Gardens were laid out on Queen’s Garden Road which lies to the east of the

Council Hall and West of the Ghorepuri Lines. These gardens served as a botanical garden

86 Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953, Poona and Kirkee Cantonments’ Citizens’ Association, Poona, 1953, p.73.


and as an ‘agri-horticultural’ farm.87

Bridges

II.66 Sungum Bridge

The first bridge at the Sungum (figure II.66a) was constructed in 1829 and was named

Wellesley Bridge by Sir John Malcolm. The current bridge, constructed in 1875, replaced the

obsolete Wellesley Bridge (figure II.66b).

In form the crossing is composed of rock faced rusticated masonry carved from the

local grey trap. The roadway is supported by a series of segmental arches resting upon

monumental piers built across the riverbed. Decoration is simple with medallions placed in

the spandrel of the intersection of two arches, each carved with a simple ‘trefoil’ motif. There

is also a balustrade protecting the traffic carved of a white stone beneath which is a simple

moulding.

A Hindu temple is adjacent and below the bridge built on the ghat at the confluence of

the rivers (figure II.66c).

Figures

II.66a The Sungum

II.66b Sungum Bridge88

II.66c Temple adjacent to the Sungum Bridge


Completed on the 21st of May 1867 under the supervision of Captain Sellon of the

Royal Engineers, the Fitzgerald Bridge (figure II.67a) is constructed of 13, 60 foot span,

elliptical arches situated a small way past the Bund. The bridge cost a total of 2 lakhs of

Rupees.89

In appearance, the Fitzgerald Bridge does not significantly differ from the design

utilised for the crossing at the Sungum, although in ornament the trefoil medallions are absent.

87 Times of India, Guide to Poona, June, 1902, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.13. 88 Hunter, W.W., The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XI, Gov’t of India, H.M.S.O., London, 1886, p.212. 89 Bombay Builder, Vol. III, No. 2, Monday, August 5, 1867.


The bridge has been decorated with statues of lions, placed upon pedestals that flank the

roadway at the beginning and the end of the bridge (figure II.67b).

Images

II.67b The Fitzgerald Bridge

II.67a The Fitzgerald Bridge Lion Sculpture

II.68 Other Bridges Briefly Noted

The other British-era bridges crossing the Mutha the Mula and Mutha Mula Rivers in

Poona are similar to those described above. All are constructed of the local grey trap and are

arched vault crossings. Other bridges constructed by the British include the railway viaduct

and bridge associated with it, just to the south of the Sungum Bridge and Lloyd Bridge which

crosses the Mutha River to the west of the ‘Native City’.

Tanks


Within the boundaries of the Military Cantonment, opposite St. Mary’s Church and

directly next door to the St. Margaret’s (school) bungalow on Stavely Road are located the

remains of a large tank;

‘...called Gasheeram’s Tank after a kotwall or police superintendent so named, of the

Peshwa Baji Rao’s line. Many stories of wickedness are told of this kotwall, who

seems to have used the power which was vested in him by committing robberies and

murders of an atrocious kind for several years without being detected.’90

Although the tank’s retaining walls survive it has been drained in recent times and a

public works department depot is now housed within its confines. When still used for water

storage there were complaints from residents of near by bungalows since when the tank was

low in water, ‘...the mud emits a bad smell.’91

II.70 Other Tanks Briefly Described

90 Treacher and Coy’ Ltd., Guide to Poona and Kirkee for the Season 1876, Treacher and Company Ltd., Poona, 1876, p.14. 91 Hewlett, T.G., [IMD], Reports; Military Cantonments and Civil Stations in the Presidency of Bombay, (Continued Overleaf)


*Parvati Tank

Parvati Tank (or Lake) was associated with the temple complex upon Parvati Hill and

a palace of the Peshwa. The Deccan Club was constructed by the British by the waters’ edge.

*Malcolm Tank

Gallows were sometimes erected in the vicinity of Malcolm Tank, (directly to the

south of St. Xavier’s Church) and used for the execution of criminals.

1875-76, p.8.


Index

II.4 Aga Khan Palace

II.37 Agricultural School

II.37 Army Signalling School

II.37 Army Veterinary School

II.44 [The] Arsenal

II.10 Archives See Peshwa Daftar

II.16 Assembly Rooms See The Assembly Rooms and

Connaught Institute

II.16 [The] Assembly Rooms and Connaught Institute

II.63 [The] Bandstand

II.65 Bazar Gardens

II.35 Bishop’s School

II.20 Boat Club

II.5 Budwar Wada

II.64 [The] Bund

II.64 Bund Gardens

II.33 Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Bungalow

II.8 Cantonment Magistrate’s Court

II.43 Cantonment Market

II.9 Central Prison

II.49 Cinemas

II.22 Christchurch Kirkee

II.28 Church Missionary Society Church

II.13 [The] Club of Western India

II.12 Collector’s Bungalow

II.19 Connaught Hotel

II.16 Connaught Institute See Assembly Rooms


and Connaught Institute


II.24 Convent

II.7 Council Hall

II.8 Courthouses

II.2 Dapodi

II.2 Dapuri

II.70 Deccan Club


II.54 Dhobi Ghats

II.18 District Court

II.18 District and Sessions Court Bungalow

II.9 II.49 East Kirkee

II.65 Edwardes Gardens


II.37 Engineering School

Europe Shops See Sadr Bazar

II.39 Female Hospital

II.37 Fergusson College


II.57 French Tombs

II.3 Ganeshkhind

II.4 Gandhi Museum See Aga Khan Palace


II.11 General Post Office See Post Office


II.47 Ghorepooree [Ghorpuri] Lines

II.47 Ghorepuri Barracks


II.60 Ghorepuri Cemetery

II.47 Ghorepuri Lines

II.47 Ghorepuri Railway Station

II.62 Golibar Maidan

II.3 Government House

II.2 Government House (Dapuri)

II.14 The Gymkhana

II.55 Holkar’s Bridge

II.48 Horse Artillery Lines

II.12 Institute of Tropical Meteorology

II.32 II.60 Jewish Burial Ground

II.65 J.J. Gardens

II.32 Lal Deul See Ohel David Synagogue

II.65 Laxmi Gardens

II.68 Lloyd Bridge

II.39 Lock Hospital

II.39 Lunatic Asylum

II.62 The Maidan

II.8 Magistrate’s Court

II.2 Major Ford’s Bungalow

II.70 Malcolm Tank

II.17 Masonic Lodge

II.30 Methodist Church

II.9 II.46 Military Prison

II.37 Mounted Infantry School

II.5 II.58 Muslim Burial Grounds


II.19 Napier Hotel

II.45 II.62 Native Cavalry Parade Grounds

II.45 Native Infantry Hospital

II.45 Native Infantry Lines

II.45 The Native Lines

II.8 Nazir’s Court

II.48 Neutral Lines

II.45 North Native Infantry Lines

II.12 Observatory

II.1 Office of the Deccan Commissioner


II.57 Old Catholic Cemetery

II.14 Old Gymkhana Club

II.48 Ordnance Lines

II.27 Our Lady of Immaculate Conception

II.57 Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Cemetery

II.9 Panopticon Prison


II.33 Parsi Bungalows

II. 14 Parsis’ Gymkhana


II.31 Parvati Hill See Parbuttee Hill

II.70 Parvati Tank

II.5 Parvati Palace

II.10 Peshwa Daftar

II.30 II.35 II.48 Petty Staff Lines

II.42 Phule Markets See Reay (Phule) Market

II.39 Plague Hospital

II.57 Plague Hospital Cemetery

II.1 Police Lines


II.10 Poona Archives See Peshwa Daftar

II.14 Poona Club

II.12 Poona Observatory

II.12 Poona Railway Station

II.6 Poona Residency

II.11 Post Office

II.29 Presbyterian Church See St. Andrew’s Church

II.9 Prisons

II.50 Prostitution

II.65 Queens Gardens

II.15 Race Course

II.12 Railway Station

II.8 II.68 Railway Viaduct


II.6 [The] Residency

II.51 Residency Cemetery

II.46 Right Flank Barracks

II.46 Right Flank Lines

II.20 Rosherville

II.20 Royal Connaught Boat Club

II.40 Sadar Bazar See Sadr Bazar

II.40 Sadr Bazar

II.29 St. Andrew’s Church


II.34 St. Margaret’s Bungalow See Stavely Road Bungalow

II.21 St. Mary’s Church

II.35 St. Mary’s School for Girls

II.28 St. Matthew’s Church See Church Missionary Society Church

II.28 St. Matthew’s Tamil Church See Church Missionary Society Church


II.26 St. Patrick’s Cathedral See St. Patrick’s Church




II.9 II.24 II.37 St. Vincent’s School

II.24 St. Xavier’s Church

II.55 Sappers Cemetery


II.5 Scindia’s Chattri

II.5 Scindia’s Palace

II.1 Shaniwar Bazar

II.1 Shaniwar Wada



II.61 Soldiers’ Gardens

II.20 Soldiers’ Home

II.16 Soldiers’ Institute

II.45 South Native Infantry Lines

II.43 Stafford Square See Connaught Market


II.40 Sudder Bazar See Sadr Bazar

II.8 II.6 II.51 II.64 II.66 II.67 II.68 Sungum

II.66 Sungum Bridge


II.6 Sungum Residency

II.32 Synagogue See Ohel David Synagogue

II.49 Theatres

II.5 Topkhana

II.59 Towers of Silence See Parsi Towers of Silence

II.41 II.48 Transport Lines

II.15 Turf Club


II.20 United Service Library

II.46 Vanavdi Barracks See Wanowrie Barracks

II.37 Victoria School

II.56 War Cemetery

II.46 Wanowrie Barracks

II.13 Western India Club See Club of Western India

II.15 Western India Turf Club

II.15 Willingdon Soldiers’ Club See Western India Turf Club

II.16 Young Mens Christian Association

Figure II.1b: Shaniwar Wada main entrance

Figure II.1c: Shaniwar Wada interior courtyard

Figure II.1aShaniwar Wada

interior wallshowingdetails of

construction

Figure II.3a: Lion corbel Figure II.3a(i): Lion corbel detail

Figure II.3bOwl capital

Figure II.3cGaneshkhind from the main drive

Figure II.3dGaneshkhind from the garden terrace

Figure II.3eBarrack style outhouse in the Ganeshkhind compound

Figure II.4aThe Aga Khan Palace

Figure II.4bInterior of the entry hall, The Aga Khan Palace

Figure II.4cInterior of the porte cochere

Figure II.4dRear of the Palace

Figure II.5aScindia’s Chattri

from: Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953,Poona and Kirkee Cantonments Citizens’ Assoc., Poona, 1953, cover.

Figure II.7aCouncil Hall

Figure II.10aPeshwa Daftar

Figure II.10bPeshwa Daftar

Figure II.11aPoona Post Office

Figure II.14aThe Poona Club Cricket Pavilion

Figure II.15aThe General Parade Ground and Race Course

Figure II.15bThe Turf Club

from: Moledina, M.H., History of Poona Cantonment 1818-1953,Poona and Kirkee Cantonments Citizens’ Assoc., Poona, 1953, p.101.

Figure II.15cThe Racecourse Grandstand

From the personal collection of Jim Masselos, University of Sydney

Figure II.16aThe Assembly Rooms

Figure II.16bAssembly Rooms Clerestorey

Figure II.17aMasonic Lodge, Facade

Figure II.17bMasonic Lodge, Side view

Figure II.17cMasonic Lodge, Rear Additions

Figure II.18aThe Albert Edward Institute Building

Figure II.19bThe Connaught Hotel 1902

from: The Times of India, Guide to Poona, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.60.

Figure II.19aThe Connaught Hotel

Figure II.21aSt Mary’s Church, Southern Facade

Figure II.21bBrick construction of porte cochere

columns

Figure II.21cJhilmil/Ventilators

Figure II.21dLouvred door

Figure II.21eSouthern Porte Cochere

Figure II.21fMemorial plaque in the church interior

Figure II.22aSt Paul’s Church apse

Figure II.22bSt Paul’s Church fleche

Figure II.22cSt Paul’s Church 1902

from: The Times of India, Guide to Poona, Times of India Press, Bombay, 1902, p.37.Bombay, 1902, p.37.

Figure II.24aSt Xavier’s Church

Figure II.24bSt Xavier’s, Window design

Figure II.25bSt. Anne’s Steeple

Figure II.25aSt. Anne’s Window Alterations

Figure II.26aSt Patrick’s Cathedral, western facade

Figure II.26bSt Patrick’s window bay

Figure II.28aThe Church Missionary Society (CMS) Church

Figure II.28bCMS Church door with fanlight

Figure II.29aSt. Andrew’s Church

Figure II.29bLouvred Door

Figure II.31aParvati Hill

Figure II.31bInner Pavilion

Figure II.31cThe Tomb of the Nana Sahib

Figure II.31dParvati Hill Bastion Wall Construction

Figure II.32aThe Ohel David Synagogue

Figure II.32bThe Tomb of David Sassoon

Figure II.34aStavely Road Bungalow, street facade

Figure II.34bRoof collapse showing roof support structures

Figure II.34cRelieving arch above doorway

showing brickwork

Figure II.34ePorte Cochere

Figure II.34dRear, Stavely Road Bungalow

Figure II.38aThe Sassoon Hospital

from: The Times of India, Guide to Poona, Times of India Press,Bombay, 1902, p.14.

Figure II.40aMain Street from Aresnal Road

Figure II.40bMaratha Style architecture in Main Street (Mahatma Gandhi Marg)

Figure II.40cEarly 20th Century photograph of a Main Street store

From the personal collection of Jim Masselos,University of Sydney

Figure II.42aReay Markets

Figure II.43aThe Connaught Markets

Figure II.45a The Native Lines

Figure II.46aMap of Wanowri Lines, 1876

from: Hewlett, T.G., Reports on Military Cantonments and Civil Stations in the Presidency of Bombay inspected by the Sanitary Commissioner 1875-76,

Indian Medical Department, Bombay, 1877.

Figure II.46bPlan of the Wanowri Barracks

from: Hewlett, T.G., Report on Military Cantonments inspected,Indian Medical Department, 1875-76.

Figure II.46cWanowri Lines Hospital

from: Hewlett, T.G., Report on Military Cantonments inspected,Indian Medical Department, 1875-76.

Figure II.47aThe Ghorepuri Barracks (plan)

from: Hewlett, T.G., Reports on Military Cantonments and Civil Stations in the Presidency of Bombay inspected by the Sanitary Commissioner 1875-76 ,


Figure II.47bGhorepuri Lines Hospital

from: Hewlett, T.G., Reports on Military Cantonments and Civil Stations in the Presidency of Bombay inspected by the Sanitary Commissioner 1875-76 ,


Figure II.52a: Garpir Cemetery

Figure II.52b: Brick Tomb

Figure II.52c: Brick Tomb

Figure II.52d: Rotunda

Figure II.53aSt Sepulchre Cemetery

Figure II.53bReuse of Cemetery as Rose Garden

Figure II.55 bThe Sappers’ Cemetery

Figure II.55aThe Sappers’ Cemetery

Figure II.55dSappers’ Cemetery Gravestones

Figure II.55cSappers’ Cemetery Gravestones

Figure II.56aWar Cemetery Altar

Figure II.56bPoona War Cemetery

Figure II.61aEmpress Gardens

Figure II.61bEmpress Gardens Pathway

Figure II.64aBund Gardens

Figure II.64bLion Sculpture in Bund Gardens based on the design from Fitzgerald Bridge

Figure II.64dThe Bund

Figure II.64cThe Bund Gardens 1902

from: The Times of India, Guide to Poona, Times of India Press, Bombay,1902, facing p.29.

Figure II.66b: The Sungum Bridge

Figure II.66c: Temple adjacent to the Sungum Bridge

Figure II.66a: The Sungum

Figure II.67bThe Fitzgerald Bridge Lion Sculpture

Figure II.67aThe Fitzgerald Bridge

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Nazir's Court

Judge'sResidence

Engineers College

Burial Ground (Old)

From Kirkee

Tope Khana

Rail Road from Bombay

To Kirk

ee

ShaniwarWada

Temple

Native Bund

BHAMBOORDA

Temple

Pagoda

Temple

Brick Kilns

Valentine LodgeTemples

Wellesley Bridge

Judges Court

Hotel

Gov't Photozincographic

FINANCE OFFICE

Dharmsala

Eagles Nest

SASSOON HOSPITAL

Quarries

Collector'sHouse

RAILWAY STATION

Cypress Lodge

Synagogue

Tank

St. Paul's Church

Post OfficeOffice

MahommedanBurial Ground

Roman CatholicBurial Ground

SachaPir

Royal Family

Vernon Cottage

MUTHA MULA R

Convent andSchool

Raviwar

Kasba

Budhwar

Shanwar

Narayan

Mangalwar

Somwar

Nihal Rasta

Ganesh Nana

1879 Reference Map of Poona

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Fountain

POONA HOTEL

Ruby Hall

Ashley House

Police Station

Quarry

Shadawal

RIVER

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Barrack Store

N.I. Hospital

N.I. Hospital

Reservoir

Ex' Eng's Office

Napier Hotel

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Gd Room

Gym

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Fitz

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ridge

Bund

Cot

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Dustoor Villa

Flora V

illa

Boat House

BUND GARDEN

Jem

setje

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Council Hall

Quarry

Staff Hospital

EDWARDE'SGARDEN

Qr Mr General's Office

SappersField

Works

Western India Club

N.I. Cells

Garden

School

Regimental Bazar

School

Qtr Guard

Qtr Guard

Cells

Bazar

Jews Old Burial Ground

GH

OR

EPU

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ARR

ACKS

Quarter Guard

Cells

Quarry

HOSPITAL

Canteen

Serj' Mess

Magazine

Ghorpuri Bazar

Mar

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Men

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uarte

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Soldiers' Chapel

ChristianBurial

Ground

Jews Burial Ground

Hospital

Garden

GHOREPURI

Dhar Wara

Garden

French Tombs

Plunge Bath

Soldiers Garden

Garden

Rear Guard

School

Tennis Court

NAT

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CAV

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Armourer's Shop

Hut

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Followers' Lines

HutKiln

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Quarter Guard

Cells

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MalcolmTank

St. XaviersChapel

Commissariat Cattle Lines

Dooly Bearers' Lines

Cemetery

Vetal

Shukrawar

Sadashiv

Ganj

Ghorpade

Bhavani

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N

Scale0km 1km

Old Burial

Ground

BazarGarden

CommissariatStores

Gov't BakeryTank

Reservoir

s

BaptistChapel

R.C.Chapel

Butt

Reservoir

MilitaryPrison

Hospital

Practice Butt

ButtButt

Butts

Mission House

Widows' Home

Well

Ghaseeram's Tank

St Mary's College

St. Mary's Church

Boys' School

Book Depository

Native Infantry Hospital

Soldiers' Institute

Girls' School

Reservoir

St. Andrew's Church

Gymnasium

Masonic Lodge

Bandstand

Engineers' Store

Pleasant Point

Plunge BathEngine Shed

Quarry

Qtr Guard

Race Stand

RegimentalBazar

Garden

School

Reservoir

Warders'Quarters

HospitalCells

GuardRoom

Hospital

School

WANOWRI BARRACKS

ReservoirMagazine

School

Canteen

Library

Serj' Mess

Quarter Guard

Gun Shed

Yard

Cattle

Scindia's Palace(Ruins)

Tannery

Servants'Quarters

Sheep

Sheep

Cattle

Mutton Slaughter Yard (Bazar)

Commissariat Slaughter Houses

Beef Slaughter Yard(Bazar)

ct

Ball Court

WANOWRI

Horse Lines

Sick HorseStables

Wanowri Bazar

Garden

Race Course

General Parade G

round

Soldiers Garden

Band Stand

St. Patrick's Chapel

Bhyroba's Temple

Garden

Bund

Hay Stack Compound

Temple

Todia/LukriasGarden

Temple

Mahommedan BurialGround

Wells

Sindia's Wari

Native City Sadr Bazar Civil Lines Military Cantonment

Documents

Transcript of Native City Sadr Bazar Civil Lines Military Cantonment