Me fui a volver. Narrativas, autorías y lecturas teorizadas de las migraciones ecuatorianas...

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Me fui a volver Narrativas, autorías y lecturas teorizadas de las migraciones ecuatorianas

Transcript of Me fui a volver. Narrativas, autorías y lecturas teorizadas de las migraciones ecuatorianas...

Me fui a volverNarrativas, autorías y lecturas teorizadas

de las migraciones ecuatorianas

LA BI BLIO TE CA DE CIEN CIAS SO CIA LES

En un es fuer zo por im pul sar el de sa rro llo de las in ves ti ga cio nes so cia les en Ecua dor y di fun dir sus re sul ta dos, la Cor po ra ción Edi to ra Na cio nal es ta ble ció en 1984 es ta Bi blio te ca de Cien cias So cia les, des ti na da a re-co ger tra ba jos re le van tes pro du ci dos por ins ti tu cio nes aca dé mi cas o por in ves ti ga do res par ti cu la res.

Los tex tos que se pre sen tan pa ra pu bli ca ción en es ta Bi blio te ca de Cien-cias So cia les son re vi sa dos por un con jun to de ex per tos en di ver sas áreas de la in ves ti ga ción. De es ta ma ne ra se ga ran ti za la ca li dad, aper tu-ra, plu ra lis mo y com pro mi so que la Cor po ra ción ha ve ni do man te nien do des de su fun da ción. Es po lí ti ca de es te pro gra ma edi to rial rea li zar coe-GL�FLR�QHV�FRQ�FHQ�WURV�DFD�Gp�PL�FRV��LQV�WL�WX�FLR�QHV�RÀ�FLD�OHV�\�SUL�YD�GDV�GHO�país y del ex te rior.

Lue go de más de dos dé ca das de pu bli ca ción, la Bi blio te ca de Cien cias So cia les se ha trans for ma do en la se rie edi to rial más ex ten sa y de ma yor im pac to en el me dio aca dé mi co del país. Ha lo gra do tam bién cons ti tuir-se en un vín cu lo de re la ción y dis cu sión de los edi to res na cio na les con los tra ba ja do res de las Cien cias So cia les den tro y fue ra del Ecua dor.

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BIBLIOTECA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALESVolumen 77

Me fui a volverNarrativas, autorías y texturas teorizadas

de las migraciones ecuatorianas

Diego Falconí Trávezeditor

2014

Pri me ra edi ciónISBN: Cor po ra ción Edi to ra Na cio nal: 978-9978-84-672-8 Uni ver si dad An di na Si món Bo lí var, Se de Ecua dor: 978-9978-19-584-0'H�UH�FKRV�GH�DX�WRU�����������'H�Sy�VL�WR�OH�JDO��������Im pre so en Ecua dor, julio de 2013

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Contenido

Estudio introductorio, Diego Falconí Trávez 9

35,0(5$�3$57(Me mi(g)ro en varios espejos: (des)encuentros

académicos del yo con la alteridad

1. 9LYLU in-between�� María Fernanda Ampuero 27

2. 6RPRV�OR�TXH�QDGLH�WH�FRQWy�� Gilda Orellana Rodríguez [[

��� (QVD\R�SDUD�HO�VHQWLGR�GH�XQ�YLDMH Gabriela Ponce Padilla [[

��� 0RUIRORJtDV�GHO�GHVSOD]DGR��KDFLD�XQD�LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ�� GH�OD�PLJUDFLyQ�\�VX�QDUUDWLYD�SDUWLFXODU Esteban Mayorga [[

��� )iUUDJRV�¿QDOPHQWH��OD�YLGD�DIXHUD Daniela Alcívar Bellolio [[

6(*81'$�3$57(Yo no migré porque quebraron los bancos: legados corporales

de lucha de las migraciones previas a la dolarización

6. 3UHVRV�GH�OD�OLEHUWDG��HO�WHVWLPRQLR�� GH�XQD�SDUHMD�ELQDFLRQDO�JD\ Michael D. Hill / César E. Rivadeneira [[

7. (O�NLSKX�GHFtD��³QL�DUULED��QL�DEDMR��QL�OHMRV��QL�FHUFD´�� Amaru Cholango [[

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8. <R��KLMR�GHO�VRO��iJXLOD�GH�YXHOR�OLEUH��JXHUULOOHUR�GH�OD�SD]� Oscar Paredes [[

7(5&(5$�3$57(Pongo a mi escritura como testigo: crónicas, intervenciones

y desgarros desde el trabajo comunitario diaspórico

9. TransJUHGLHQGR�IURQWHUDV�LQWHUQDV�\�H[WHUQDV� Alex Aguirre [[[

���� 3DUD demostrar HO�FXHUSR�HFXDWRULDQR�HQ�(VSDxD��� GH�FyPR�ODV�KLVWRULDV�GHO�FLQH�HFXDWRULDQR�FRQWDURQ�PL�KLVWRULD Diego Falconí Trávez� � � [[[

���� /RFDOL]DQGR�HO�UHWRUQR��QRVWDOJLD��FLXGDGDQtD�\�IURQWHUDV María Amelia Viteri [[[

���� ,QVFULWR�HQ�PL�SLHO��OH\��PLJUDFLyQ�\�FRORQLDOLGDG�GH�JpQHUR Antonia Carcelén-Estrada [[[

13. Brutti, sporchi e cattivi�� Rosa Jijón� � � [[[

���� +RJDU�GXOFH�KRJDU��,PDJLQDFLRQHV�GH�XQD�WUDYHVtD�PLJUDWRULD Daniela Pacheco Posso [[[

&8$57$�3$57(Mi creación es mi particular autorretrato: dispositivos,

archivos y bitácoras artísticas para repensar la migración

���� 0XMHU�GH�SHOR�HQ�WHWD Elsye Suquilanda [[[

���� 5HLQYHQWDQGR�HO�³\R´�� Darío Aguirre [[[

���� )UDJPHQWRV�GH�XQ�GLDULR�GH�YLDMH� Paulina León Crespo� � � [[[

���� 1RWDV�VREUH�HO�GHVSOD]DPLHQWR� Paúl Rosero Contreras [[[

19. Sin título (ecuatorianos), Santiago Reyes [[[

1RWDV�ELRJUi¿FDV� � � [[[

Estudio introductorio

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26

PRIMERA PARTE

Me mi(g)ro en varios espejos: (des)encuentros académicos del yo

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María Fernanda Ampuero

Not so much “where are you from?” but “where are you between?”1

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Y es claro, de lo que está oscuro y es inescrutable, de que se sepa olvidar y se sepa recordar en el momento oportuno.

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groseros, y sus apariencias y rostros desagradables. Su forma de pensar también chocaba con

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***Tú eres el tronco invulnerable y nosotros las ramas,

por eso es que este hachazo nos sacude. Nunca frente a tu muerte nos paramos a pensar en la muerte,

ni te hemos visto nunca sino como la fuerza y la alegría.

No lo sabemos bien, pero de pronto llega un incesante aviso,

una escapada espada de la boca de Dios que cae y cae y cae lentamente.

Y he aquí que temblamos de miedo, que nos ahoga el llanto contenido,

que nos aprieta la garganta el miedo. -DLPH�6DELQHV��Algo sobre la muerte del mayor Sabines

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Enlaces

la quinta pata���������Jornadas Interculturales Antirumor,�KWWS���ZZZ�MRUQDGDVLQWHUFXOWX-UDOHV�FRP�

hemeroteca digital de la vanguardia, KWWS���ZZZ�ODYDQJXDUGLD�FRP�KHPHURWHFD�LQGH[�KWPO

Wikipedia���������Idiomas en España, KWWSV���HV�ZLNLSHGLD�RUJ�ZLNL�,GLRPDVBGHB(VSD�&��%�D

3. Ensayo para el sentido de un viaje

Gabriela Ponce Padilla

Para l.a.b.(Trazado del Acontecimiento en tres partes)

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4. Morfologías del desplazado: hacia una interpretación de la migración

y su narrativa particular

Esteban Mayorga

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5. Fárragos finalmente: la vida afuera

Daniela Alcívar Bellolio

A Sebastián, en este arduo camino

Y el poeta se retrasa mirando las piedras y preguntándose: ¿acaso existe entre estas líneas despedazadas, estas crestas, estos picos, estas puntas convexas, cóncavas?;

¿existe el movimiento del rostro, la silueta de la ternura de aquellos que extrañamente se fueron borrando de nuestras vidas, de aquellos que se quedaron,

FRPR�VRPEUDV�GH�RODV�\�SHQVDPLHQWRV�HQ�OD�LQ¿QLWXG�GHO�PDU"<RUJRV�6HIHULV� El rey de Asiné

“La manera por la que el pasado recibe la impresión de una actualidad más reciente está dada por la imagen en la cual se halla comprendido.

Y esta penetración dialéctica, esta capacidad de hacer presentes las correlaciones SDVDGDV��HV�OD�SUXHED�GH�YHUGDG�GH�OD�DFFLyQ�SUHVHQWH��(VR�VLJQL¿FD�TXH�HOOD�HQFLHQGH�OD�

mecha del explosivo que mora en lo que ha sido”.:DOWHU�%HQMDPLQ��París, Capital del siglo XIX. El libro de los pasajes

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SEGUNDA PARTE

Yo no migré porque quebraron los bancos: legados corporales de lucha

de las migraciones previas a la dolarización

6. Presos de la libertad: el testimoniode una pareja binacional gay*

Michael D. Hill y César E. Rivadeneira

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Michael: Siempre me ha dolido ver a César culparse a sí mismo por su falta de estatus legal, porque él, nosotros, hicimos todo lo que pudimos, y su situación era el resultado de una violencia estructural, no de una falta de esfuerzo personal. Supongo que él internalizó demasiado bien el “sueño americano”, con su indivi-dualismo meritocrático y negación de la estructura social como determinante de nuestras vidas. Siempre he sido un activista que ha luchado por transformar es-tructuras sociales injustas, y puedo ver cómo ciertos acontecimientos de mi vida me prepararon para lo que iba a pasar con nuestro estatus de pareja gay binacional. Fui el presidente de la organización estudiantil gay y lésbica de mi universidad, y como un joven “gayby”,10 hice peregrinaciones políticas para asistir a la Marcha por la Igualdad de Derechos de Lesbianas, Gays y Bisexuales en Washington, D.C.,

10.� 7pUPLQR�UHVXOWDQWH�GH�OD�FRPELQDFLyQ�GH�µgay’�\�µbaby’.

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en 1993, y al 25º aniversario de los disturbios de Stonewall en Nueva York, en 1994. Así que fue una gran sorpresa para todos cuando en 1995 decidí casarme con una PXMHU�JXDWHPDOWHFD�TXH�KDEtD�VLGR�PL�QRYLD�GH�OD�LQIDQFLD�H�LGHQWL¿FDUPH�FRPR�bisexual durante los dos años de nuestro matrimonio. Mucha gente pensó que ha-bíamos simulado nuestro matrimonio para que ella obtuviera sus papeles, pero no fue así. Fui testigo de primera mano de que aunque el proceso de inmigración para solicitar familiares demandaba tiempo y dinero, este trámite era bastante sencillo si uno formaba parte de una unión heterosexual, como también lo fue luego la le-galización de nuestro divorcio.

Nunca olvidaré aquellos primeros días de romance en 1998, luego de co-nocer a César en Atlanta, y cómo solíamos encontrarnos en las “noches latinas” de un bar gay local, que atraían a muchos de los inmigrantes latinos gay de At-ODQWD��DVt�FRPR�D�XQRV�FXDQWRV�JULQJRV�³ODWLQy¿ORV´�FRPR�\R��(Q�HVH�HQWRQFHV��yo estudiaba en la escuela de posgrado en Antropología y había decidido viajar pronto a Cusco, Perú, para hacer mi trabajo de campo, así que mi primer VKRFN con César fue cuando me enteré de su situación de indocumentado y me di cuenta de que durante mi período de trabajo de campo no había posibilidad alguna de que él me visitara en Perú y pudiera compartir conmigo esa experiencia, a pesar de que, irónicamente, él era originario de la región andina que yo estudiaba. Esto se convertiría luego en un patrón en nuestra relación: el dolor de la separación cuando yo tenía que viajar a hacer trabajo de campo o asistir a conferencias aca-démicas internacionales y dejarlo solo, haciendo todo lo que podía para llamarlo o escribirle para compartir indirectamente mis experiencias. Esto me producía tanto dolor que le prometí que no viajaría al extranjero por placer sin él, solo para viajes necesarios relacionados con mi trabajo. Al mismo tiempo, me hallaba marginado, porque era pareja de un inmigrante indocumentado, y, sin embargo, también privilegiado, porque contaba con el preciado pasaporte de los Estados Unidos y su movilidad transnacional asociada. César nunca sintió amargura o ce-los por la inequidad que esto ocasionaba en nuestra relación, y siempre quiso que yo lo pasara muy bien en mis viajes, pero yo nunca pude dejar de sentirme culpa-ble y triste por volar por todo el mundo mientras él se quedaba en casa. Creo que a veces yo también olvidaba que esta situación no era mi culpa, sino el producto de una violencia estructural. Y lo admiraba mucho por su tenacidad –no podía imaginarme lo que sería estar separado permanentemente de mi familia, limitado a comunicarme con ellos solo a través de cartas, fotos, videos, y los sueños que él tenía con ellos casi todas las noches–.

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106 107

Fuimos a ver a dos de los mejores abogados de inmigración en la ciudad de Atlanta. Yo tenía la esperanza de que hubiera alguna solución. Pero ambos nos dijeron lo mismo: no hay ninguna opción para ustedes, así que, por desgracia, César debe tratar de pasar desapercibido y esperar algún cambio político que re-suelva su situación. Nos dijeron que había pocas esperanzas de lograr presentar un caso de asilo basado en la orientación sexual para César, ya que Ecuador había despenalizado la homosexualidad en 1997. Recuerdo haber deseado egoístamente que Ecuador no lo hubiera hecho aún, de modo que pudiéramos tener una opción. Qué absurdo pero qué revelador, que los sistemas de poder nos dividan y conquis-ten, enfrentándonos a unos contra otros en situaciones en las que consideramos que nuestra única oportunidad de justicia exige la negación de la justicia a otros, incluso a quienes son como nosotros. Uno de los abogados nos dijo que si alguna vez César contraía vih/sida y se enfermaba, debíamos volver de inmediato a verlos, porque podía haber alguna oportunidad de asilo basado en una condición de salud estigmatizada y por la que él no pudiera recibir un tratamiento adecuado en su país de origen.11 En otras palabras, en este escenario, nuestra justicia solo llegaría al precio de una enfermedad estigmatizante o potencialmente mortal. También nos dijeron que aun si los matrimonios homosexuales eran legalizados por el gobierno IHGHUDO��HVWR�QR�QHFHVDULDPHQWH�VLJQL¿FDUtD�XQ�FDPELR�UiSLGR�HQ�ODV�SROtWLFDV�GH�inmigración, ya que el sistema de inmigración de los Estados Unidos tiene sus propios tribunales y no está obligado a seguir exactamente, o de inmediato, las políticas federales.

El 11 de septiembre de 2001, César y yo, al igual que gran parte del planeta, vimos la cobertura televisiva de los ataques terroristas en silencio sepulcral, y en los meses y años siguientes, vimos cómo los discursos sobre terrorismo y seguridad QDFLRQDO�VH�XVDEDQ�FRPR�MXVWL¿FDFLyQ�SDUD�SROtWLFDV�GH�LQPLJUDFLyQ�FDGD�YH]�PiV�draconianas y para una la fusión de la inmigración con la ilegalidad y la actividad criminal, una estrategia que el académico del Derecho Juliet Stumpf ha denomi-nado “crimigración” [Crimmigration] (2006). Las cosas se volvieron particular-mente opresivas para nosotros después de que nos mudamos en 2004 a una región conservadora en el Estado de Missouri donde yo había conseguido un puesto como catedrático, un condado que tenía un 94% de blancos y republicanos en su gran mayoría. A César le resultó más difícil encontrar trabajo, y se dio cuenta de que en los espacios públicos, las mujeres eran más propensas a sujetar nerviosamente sus carteras cuando él pasaba a su lado. Se proponían leyes que me habrían penaliza-

11.� 'LGLHU�)DVVLQ�KD�HVFULWR�DFHUFD�GH�FyPR�ODV�SROtWLFDV�GH�LQPLJUDFLyQ�HQ�)UDQFLD�VH�KDQ�YXHOWR�FDGD�YH]�PiV�UHSUHVLYDV�FXDQGR�VH�WUDWD�GHO�DVLOR�R�GH�ORV�GHUHFKRV�SROtWLFRV��UHHPSOD]DQGR�OD�MXVWLFLD�FRQ�SROtWLFDV�GH�³FRPSDVLyQ´�TXH� IDYRUHFHQ�D� ORV� LQPLJUDQWHV�FRQ�HQIHUPHGDGHV�JUDYHV��9pDVH�)DVVLQ��'LGLHU���������³&RPSDVVLRQ�DQG�5HSUHVVLRQ��7KH�0RUDO�(FRQRP\�RI�,PPLJUDWLRQ�3ROLFLHV�LQ�)UDQFH´��HQ��-RQDWKDQ�,QGD�\�5HQDWR�5RVDOGR��HGV����The Anthropology of Globalization��2[IRUG��%ODFNZHOO�3XEOLVKLQJ��

GR�SRU�³DOEHUJDU´�D�XQ�LQPLJUDQWH�LOHJDO�HQ�PL�FDVD�R�SRU�³WUi¿FR´�GH�LOHJDOHV�VL�César se encontraba en el auto conmigo. En una ocasión, al volver de un viaje in-ternacional, fui detenido por autoridades de inmigración en Miami y llevado a una sala de interrogatorios con mi pasaporte y formularios de aduanas temporalmente FRQ¿VFDGRV��0H�SXVH�SDUDQRLFR��VXGDED�PLHQWUDV�VHQWtD�TXH�HO�FRUD]yQ�VH�PH�VDOtD�del pecho, temiendo que las autoridades de algún modo supieran que César era ile-gal y que vivía conmigo; pero repentinamente me liberaron y nunca me dijeron por qué me habían detenido. Más adelante, en otro viaje, un funcionario de inmigración notó algo extraño en mi registro, pero luego me explicó que me habían confundido con un criminal buscado que tenía mi mismo nombre.

Es difícil describir la experiencia diaria de vivir con una nube cada vez más oscura sobre nuestras cabezas, el temor de que alguien pudiera descubrir el esta-tus de César y denunciarnos a las autoridades, o que las autoridades pudieran un día presentarse en nuestra casa, llamar a la puerta y encarcelarlo y deportarlo. Vivíamos en silencio. Tuvimos que guardarnos todo dentro durante años, aterrados GH�FRQ¿DU�LQFOXVR�HQ�DOJXQRV�GH�QXHVWURV�DPLJRV�PiV�FHUFDQRV�\�IDPLOLDUHV��0H�encontré desplazando mis frustraciones hacia el salón de clases, donde asignaba lecturas sobre inmigración y hacía que los estudiantes debatieran los temas. Esto a menudo solo empeoraba las cosas, pues me obligaba a escuchar a los alumnos repetir los discursos sobre ilegalidad y criminalidad, mientras yo quería gritarles que la persona de la que estaban hablando era mi amada pareja, mi familia. En cierta ocasión en que critiqué las políticas estadounidenses de inmigración, me enteré luego de que los alumnos habían estado hablando a mis espaldas, diciendo: “Si odia tanto los Estados Unidos y ama tanto América Latina, debería irse de este país y mudarse para allá”. Cada vez más, no era solo a César a quien hacían sentir incómodo o excluido. Yo también empecé a sentirme no querido e indeseado, y que ya no pertenecía a mi propio país.

Y, así, esperamos por un cambio político. Y esperamos. Estuvimos esperan-zados cuando Obama fue elegido en 2008 y cuando pudimos casarnos legalmente en el vecino Estado de Iowa en 2009, pero nada de esto cambió nuestro dilema migratorio fundamental. Luego, en 2010, la licencia de conducir de César expiró, y no pudo renovarla porque las nuevas leyes post-11S exigen contar con una ciuda-danía o documento de residencia. Este fue el hecho que superó nuestra capacidad de aguante. Debido al escaso transporte público, dependíamos de compartir nues-tro auto, y esta nueva realidad a menudo me dejaba preocupado de que si César utilizaba el auto para ir a la tienda mientras yo estaba en el trabajo y era detenido por la policía, ello podía desencadenar una serie de acontecimientos que llevaran a su detención y deportación. Y sin ningún documento que presentar para poder tomar un vuelo, ni siquiera podíamos ya viajar juntos en avión. Siempre habíamos estado limitados a tomar vacaciones juntos solo dentro de los Estados Unidos, pero ahora estaríamos limitados solo a viajes por carretera. Nuestras vidas se estaban

108 109

YROYLHQGR�FDGD�YH]�PiV�OLPLWDGDV��SRU�OR�TXH�¿QDOPHQWH�GHFLGLPRV�GHMDU�HO�SDtV�\�mudarnos a Ecuador.

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El día que salimos de los Estados Unidos hacia Ecuador, antes de abordar nuestro vuelo en el aeropuerto de Houston, los agentes de la puerta de embarque anunciaron que funcionarios del Servicio de Inmigración y Control de Aduanas de los Estados Unidos estarían haciendo una revisión aleatoria de los documentos de todos los pasajeros en la rampa. Fue nuestra mala suerte, aunque quizás ello ter-PLQy�SRU�FRQ¿UPDU�QXHVWUD�GHFLVLyQ��(VWDEDQ�DOOt�MXQWR�D�QRVRWURV�YDULRV�R¿FLDOHV�y un perro. Sabía que estábamos jodidos, y nos sentamos a esperar el abordaje y a planear una estrategia de lo que íbamos a decir, mientras intentábamos lucir “normales” frente a cualquier cámara de seguridad o autoridad que pudiera estar ya observándonos. César estaba mucho más tranquilo que yo. “No te preocupes, Michael, ¿qué pueden hacer? Aun si me detienen o me llevan a la cárcel, ya sabes TXH�DO�¿QDO�PH�YDQ�D�GHSRUWDU�\�YR\�D�OOHJDU�D�4XLWR��DVt�TXH�W~�VROR�YH��QR�LPSRUWD�lo que suceda, porque mi familia nos espera esta noche en el aeropuerto”. Sabía-mos que no nos íbamos a arriesgar a mentirles a los funcionarios, que seríamos totalmente honestos.

Yo pasé primero por la inspección, y luego esperé a ver qué sucedía con Cé-sar. Él aún tenía su tarjeta de ingreso I-94 de 1987 y la presentó junto con el nuevo pasaporte ecuatoriano que había obtenido recientemente a través del consulado, y cuando la funcionaria le preguntó dónde estaba su visado válido, él le explicó: “Vine aquí en 1987, y estos son todos los documentos que tengo”. “Así que excedió el plazo de su visa y es un ilegal”, le dijo ella. En ese momento, no pude contenerme e intervine: “Señorita, hemos sido pareja durante once años y estamos legalmente casados en el Estado de Iowa, y habríamos podido resolver su situación hace mu-cho tiempo, pero su ley federal de inmigración no reconoce nuestro matrimonio”. Sabía que al decirles esto no iba a alterar el resultado, pero tercamente quería que conocieran nuestra situación y tal vez incluso simpatizaran con ella. Pero la funcio-naria contestó con frialdad: “Señor, nada de eso importa, lo que importa es que él no tiene una visa válida para estar en los Estados Unidos”. Y me di cuenta de que así son las cosas, que ella podía simplemente desechar nuestro amor, nuestras vidas y nuestra humanidad, así de fácil: “Nada de eso importa”. Aparentemente, ella no podía creer que César hubiera estado en el país, pasando desapercibido, durante tanto tiempo, durante veintitres años, y le preguntó por qué nunca había postulado a una amnistía. Una vez más, intervine: “Señorita, la última amnistía general en este país fue en 1986, y usted ya ha visto en su tarjeta I-94 que él llegó en 1987, por lo que nunca tuvo una oportunidad. Hemos acudido a abogados de inmigración y nos dijeron que él no tenía opciones, así que tomamos la decisión de marcharnos, y ahora los Estados Unidos lo pierden a él y también me pierden a mí”. Me enfure-FLy�TXH�DXQTXH�HOOD�HVWDED�DOOt�SDUD�KDFHU�FXPSOLU�OD�OH\�GH�LQPLJUDFLyQ�\�GH¿QLU�el rumbo de nuestras vidas, era tan ignorante que no sabía cuándo había sido la última amnistía. Pero esos son los funcionarios que hacen cumplir las políticas de inmigración de los Estados Unidos.

En ese momento, trasladaron a César a un área anexa para que continuara allí su detención, y me dijeron que tenía que subir al avión. “Pero estamos viajando juntos”, protesté. “¿Podrá subir al avión y llegar a Quito esta noche?”. “No lo sabemos, señor, depende del procedimiento, pero usted debe abordar el avión de in-mediato”. No podía creer que nos estuvieran separando, pero César me sonrió sua-vemente y me dijo que prosiguiera, que nos veríamos pronto, así que subí al avión y esperé en mi asiento, con un nudo en el estómago y la garganta y lágrimas en los ojos, para ver si lograría abordar. Y así lo hizo, fue el último en subir al avión. Me dijo que lo habían revisado, y todas sus pertenencias, y le habían informado que estaba prohibido de ingresar a los Estados Unidos durante 5 años (habrían sido 10 si no fuera porque se estaba marchando de manera voluntaria, aunque, en nuestra RSLQLyQ��HV�SUREDEOH�TXH�HVWD�PDQFKD�HQ�VX�UHJLVWUR�VLJQL¿TXH�TXH�QXQFD�SRGUi�volver a ingresar a los Estados Unidos). Durante el proceso, uno de los funciona-rios le preguntó: “Después de todo lo que este país ha hecho por usted, ¿por qué nunca se unió a las fuerzas armadas? Hay programas para ayudar a las personas

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que se enlistan a obtener su ‘green card’”. César respondió: “Porque no creo en los militares”, y luego decidió no decir nada más por temor a represalias. Esta par-te fue la que más me exasperó. Después de todo, él no habría podido enlistarse en el ejército de los Estados Unidos como una persona abiertamente gay, así que, en este caso, el precio de un camino a la legalización podría haber sido arriesgar su vida en las guerras de Iraq o Afganistán y, al mismo tiempo, tener que silenciar su iden-tidad gay bajo la política de “Don’t ask, don’t tell” (Prohibido preguntar, prohibido decir) que estuvo en vigor en el ejército de los Estados Unidos hasta septiembre de 2011. Y la lógica de la pregunta del funcionario era tan deshumanizadora y de menosprecio. “Después de todo lo que este país ha hecho por usted”. Yo solo podía pensar en todo lo que César había hecho por el país y lo poco que el país había hecho por él. César había trabajado duro durante años como un miembro produc-tivo de la economía de los Estados Unidos y siempre había pagado sus impuestos y VHJXULGDG�VRFLDO�D�SHVDU�GH�TXH�QR�VH�OH�KDEUtD�SHUPLWLGR�REWHQHU�QLQJ~Q�EHQH¿FLR�del gobierno. Había trabajado en un hotel de cinco estrellas como botones, cargan-do el equipaje de los huéspedes a sus habitaciones y de regreso. Había trabajado en una de las mayores compañías de catering en los Estados Unidos, sirviendo comida \�EHELGDV�HQ�¿HVWDV�SDUD�ORV�ULFRV�\�HQ�HYHQWRV�GHO�PLVPR�3DUWLGR�5HSXEOLFDQR�TXH�seguía negando sus derechos de inmigrante gay latino. Había usado su talento ar-tístico para organizar hermosas bodas heterosexuales, aun cuando su propia unión no era reconocida. De hecho, trabajó tan duro en empleos de este tipo, que sufrió un deterioro en sus vértebras inferiores, y, sin embargo, este funcionario tenía el descaro de hablar como si el país lo hubiera hecho todo por él y él, nada por el país. Probablemente haya sido lo mejor que me hicieran subir al avión. Estaba ciego de ira. Después de todo lo que habíamos pasado, sentía que la forma en que mi país se despedía de mí era con un “fuck you!”. César tiene mucho menos que decir acerca de lo que pasó ese día. Supongo que todo no fue tan chocante para él como lo fue para mí; él se había acostumbrado más a la amenaza de recibir ese tipo de trato.

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Aún me siento triste y enojado cuando pienso que César se encuentra en un estado de doble exclusión. Él es tan bicultural como es posible serlo, después de haber pasado casi la mitad de su vida en Ecuador y la otra mitad en los Estados Unidos, pero nunca ha podido ir y venir entre estos dos hogares. Le daban pasajes solo de ida, no de ida y vuelta.

Pero la mañana después de nuestra llegada a Ecuador, me desperté al lado de &pVDU�\�VRQUHt�FRQ�OD�DOHJUtD�GH�YHUOR�HQ�XQ�OXJDU�GRQGH�¿QDOPHQWH�HUD�OHJDO��$KR-ra yo era el inmigrante, aunque ciertamente con los privilegios de un estadouni-dense en Ecuador, que él no había disfrutado como ecuatoriano en los Estados Unidos. Mientras hacíamos los trámites para conseguir mi residencia permanente

112

en Ecuador, soñábamos con hacer aquí lo que no podíamos hacer en los Estados Unidos, ya que desde 2008 Ecuador ha reconocido las uniones de hecho del mis-mo sexo y también las reconoce como base para el amparo familiar en casos de inmigración. Desafortunadamente, aunque esto era posible, nos aconsejaron que no lo intentáramos cuando consultamos a una famosa abogada especialista en de-rechos humanos en Quito, que trabaja con la comunidad lgtbiq. Nos dijeron que la Dirección General de Extranjería aún mostraba una marcada preferencia por el matrimonio tradicional, y que en los casos en que esto se había intentado hasta ahora, se habían aprobado solo el 50% de las uniones civiles entre personas del mismo sexo, frente a un 60% para las uniones civiles heterosexuales. Dado que yo tenía un doctorado, era mucho más seguro para mí intentar con el programa de vi-sas para profesionales de Ecuador o con una visa de inversión. Así que en Ecuador también hay un camino por recorrer, pero, aún así, es bueno estar en un país en el TXH�DO�PHQRV�KD\�XQD�SRVLELOLGDG��7DPELpQ�HV�XQ�JUDQ�DOLYLR�¿QDOPHQWH�VHQWLUQRV�cómodos al compartir nuestra historia y brindar nuestro testimonio, en el proyecto actual y en otros contextos. Podemos respirar mejor y no tenemos que vivir con secretos, paranoia y la nube negra de la “ilegalidad”.

,0$*(1����Quito de mis ensueños �IRWRJUDItD��&pVDU�5LYDGHQHLUD��������

¨

114 115

Pude obtener mi visa de residencia permanente, conseguí un buen trabajo en una prestigiosa universidad y he disfrutado de mi vida en Ecuador durante los últimos dos años. César y yo, por desgracia, nos hemos separado recientemente y ahora enfrentamos una serie de nuevos desafíos con un posible divorcio. Aunque casarnos en Iowa no requirió que residiéramos allí, para obtener un divorcio hay un requisito de residencia de un año, algo prácticamente imposible para nosotros, ya que no queda claro si César podría volver, dada su prohibición de cinco años, y yo planeo permanecer en Ecuador, así que no podemos escapar de las desigual-dades para parejas del mismo sexo, ni siquiera en el divorcio. Quizás nunca nos divorciemos legalmente, aunque sabemos que siempre seremos los mejores amigos. Entre otras cosas, hemos compartido la increíble lucha que hemos narrado en este artículo. Todo lo que queríamos eran los mismos derechos y reconocimiento que cualquier pareja y familia debería tener, el derecho a amar, el derecho a formar un hogar, incluso el derecho a terminar en igualdad de condiciones. Ya no estoy tan enojado como antes y tengo esperanzas por el reciente cambio de políticas en los Estados Unidos, pero debemos seguir contando nuestras historias y luchando por ese cambio. Puede que nuestra historia sea dramática, pero de ninguna manera es la única. Sabemos que no estamos solos, y dedicamos nuestra historia a las muchas otras parejas, exparejas y familias que han tenido que luchar para amar y encon-trar un hogar donde puedan estar juntos sin ser perseguidos.

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7. El khipu decía: “ni arriba, ni abajo, ni lejos ni cerca”

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TERCERA PARTE

Pongo a mi escritura como testigo: crónicas, intervenciones y desgarros

desde el trabajo comunitario dispórico

9. Transgrediendo fronteras internas y externas

Alex Aguirre

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10. Para demostrar el cuerpo ecuatoriano en España: de cómo las historias del cine

ecuatoriano contaron mi historia

Diego Falconí Trávez

A la Teresita Trávez, al Eddie y a La Quinta Pata

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11. Localizando el retorno: nostalgia, ciudadanía, fronteras

María Amelia Viteri

Te casaste con un gringo! Y qué de mal nos viste a los hombres ecuatorianos.

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referencias bibliográficas

anzaldúa, *ORULD���������³%ULGJH��'UDZEULGJH��6DQGEDU�RU�,VODQG��/HVELDQV�RI�&RORU�+D-FLHQGR�$OLDQ]DV´��(Q�0��%ODVLXV�\�6��3KHODQ �HGV��� We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook in Gay and Lesbian Politics��1XHYD�<RUN��5RXWOHGJH��SS����������

±±±±±���������Bordelands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza��6DQ�)UDQFLVFR��$XQW�/XWH�%RRNV��bartra, 5RJHU���������The Cage of Melancholy: Identity and Metamorphoses in the Mexican

Character��1HZ�%UXQVZLFN��5XWJHUV�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV��SS��������������carcelén-estrada, $QWRQLD���������³5HZULWLQJ�0HPRU\��$�3RVWFRORQLDO�7UDQVODWLRQ�RI�Don

Quixote LQWR�.LFKZD´��(Q�Translation ���SS��������garcía canclini��1pVWRU���������La globalización imaginada��%DUFHORQD��3DLGyV�lorde, $XGUH���������Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches��%HUNHOH\��7KH�&URVVLQJ�3UHVV��lugones��0DUtD���������³+DFLD�XQ�IHPLQLVPR�GHFRORQLDO´��(Q�Hypatia��YRO������Q������2WRxR��

�������7UDGXFLGR�SRU�*DEULHOD�&DVWHOODQRV�martí, -RVp���������³1XHVWUD�$PpULFD´��&RQVXODGR�HQ�PD\R�GH�������'LVSRQLEOH�HQ�KWWS���

ZZZ�FLXGDGVHYD�FRP�WH[WRV�RWURV�QXHVWUDBDPHULFD�KWPmignolo��:DOWHU���������Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowled-

ges, and Border Thinking. 3ULQFHWRQ��3ULQFHWRQ�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV�paredes, -XOLHWD���������+LODQGR�¿QR�GHVGH�HO�IHPLQLVPR�FRPXQLWDULR��/D�3D]��&HGHF��paz��2FWDYLR���������El laberinto de la soledad��0p[LFR��&XDGHUQRV�$PHULFDQRV��quijano��$QtEDO���������³&RORQLDOLGDG�GHO�SRGHU��HXURFHQWULVPR�\�$PpULFD�/DWLQD´��(Q�Ne-

pantla: Views from the South ������������SS���������.rodó, -RVp�(QULTXH���������Ariel��9DOHQFLD��(GLWRULDO�&HUYDQWHV��silverblatt, ,UHQH���������³7KH�%ODFN�/HJHQG�DQG�*OREDO�&RQVSLUDFLHV��6SDLQ��WKH�,QTXLVL-

WLRQ��DQG�WKH�(PHUJLQJ�0RGHUQ�:RUOG´��(Q�0DUJDUHW�*UHHU��0DXUHHQ�4XLOOLJDQ�\�:DO-WHU�0LJQROR� Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Di-fference in the Renaissance Empires��&KLFDJR��8QLYHUVLW\�&KLFDJR�3UHVV��SS���������

smith��$QGUHD���������Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide��&DPEULG-JH��6RXWK�(QG�3UHVV�

±±±±±���������³+HWHURSDWULDUFK\�DQG�WKH�7KUHH�3LOODUV�RI�:KLWH�6XSUHPDF\��5HWKLQNLQJ�:R-PHQ�RI�&RORU�2UJDQL]LQJ´��(Q Color of Violence: The Incite! Anthology��&DPEULGJH��6RXWK�(QG�3UHVV��SS���������

vasconcelos, -RVp� ��������La raza cósmica: misión de la raza iberoamericana��0DGULG��$JHQFLD�0XQGLDO�GH�/LEUHUtD��&RQVXOWDGR�HQ�PD\R�������'LVSRQLEOH�HQ�KWWS���ZZZ�¿ORVR¿D�RUJ�DXW�����UD]DFRV�KWP

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14. Hogar dulce hogar.Imaginaciones de una travesía migratoria

M. Daniela Pacheco Posso

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CUARTA PARTE

Mi creación es mi particular autorretrato: dispositivos, archivos y bitácoras artíscticas

para pensar la migración

15. Mujer de pelo en teta

Elsye Suquilanda

Los ecuatorianos son seres raros, que duermen tranquilos en medio de volcanes crujientes,

son pobres en un país tan rico y se ponen alegres con música triste.

&RPR�FUHR�TXH�GLMR�Alexander Von Humboldt

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La pareja de Elsye Suquilanda curó su adicción. Encontró un buen trabajo en Milán.

Elsye también encontró su camino, sin tener que retornar a Ecuador. Y se quedó en Berlín intentando salir sola por sus propios medios, pero también con el apoyo de gente que la respetaba, no solo artísticamente, sino en lo personal porque OR�TXH�PiV�FXHQWD�DO�¿QDO�HV�OD�SDUWH�KXPDQD�

Ella sigue en sus nubes suaves, con los cantos de los perros en los días tristes, transportándose así con sus aventuras a mundos mágicos.

16. Reinventando el “yo”

Darío Aguirre

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Desde que salí del Ecuador para vivir en Alemania siento que mi vida empezó desde cero, aprendí a hablar de nuevo, a quitarme los zapatos antes de entrar a una casa y empecé a utilizar una agenda. Me comunicaba cada vez menos con el Ecua-dor y dejé de escuchar música latina. Luego de diez años me siento adaptado pero

260 261

al mismo tiempo no perteneciente. Ahora tengo treinta años y todavía no sé quién soy. Es una inseguridad mía o un problema de nuestros tiempos.

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El miedo cuando tengo que extender mi visa en Alemania nunca me ha aban-GRQDGR�� VLHPSUH� WHQJR� OD� VHQVDFLyQ� GH� FDPLQDU� VREUH� OD� FXHUGD� ÀRMD� HQWUH� GRV�mundos. Es como si hubiesen muchos Daríos en distintas combinaciones. ¿Pero cuál de ellos debo cultivar?

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Este viaje empezó en el internet. Puse mi nombre en Google y me di cuenta que no soy el único Darío Aguirre. Hay cientos de personas con mi nombre. Decidí escribirles e-mails y cartas a los otros Darío Aguirres. Cinco me contestaron y me invitaron a pasar unos días con ellos y sus familias. Acepté la invitación, quería ver qué me hace diferente a los otros.

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El vacío de este hotel a las afueras de Buenos Aires me recuerda la primera vez que visité a mi familia en Ecuador, luego de dos años de vivir en Alemania. Casi no podía soportar que todo se sentía desconocido. Ya no estaba seguro si podía elegir dynde quisiera vivir.

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Seguramente todo lo que aprendí con los Daríos me servirá en algún momen-to. Pero adaptarme tanto a las costumbres ajenas hizo que me olvide de las costum-bres que llevaba conmigo. La reconstrucción de mi pasado es como la reconcilia-ción con que he vivido y que quería olvidar. Ahora sé, que quien soy, es aceptar mi historia, las distintas etapas mi vida.

17. Fragmentos de un diario de viaje

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18. Notas sobre el desplazamiento

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19. Sin título (ecuatorianos)

Santiago Reyes

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1. Extractos de la conversación entre Yesenia, Rafael Barriga,

$OH[LV�0RUHDQR��$QGUpV�%DUULJD��-XOLR�5XHGD��(OtDV��(VWHIDQtD�3HxD¿HO��Pili Gavilanes y Santiago Reyes durante el performance Sin título (ecuatorianos), París, realizado en el 2002 durante la inauguración

de la exposición L’ami de mon ami, en Cergy, París

yesenia:� ¢7RGRV�VRPRV�HFXDWRULDQRV�QR"rafael�� 6t�santiago��� 7RGRV�VRPRV�HFXDWRULDQRV�yesenia��� 3XUD�6DQJUH�alexis��� 'HSHQGH«�\D�YDPRV�D�YHU�(risas).andrés:� (Q�HO�SDVDSRUWH�GLFH�TXH�VRPRV�HFXDWRULDQRV�julio�� 'HSHQGH�TXp�TXLHUHV�GHFLU�FRQ�HFXDWRULDQRV�yesenia��� (FXDWRULDQRV��HFXDWRULDQRV�rafael��� ,QFOXVLYH�pVWD�SXHGH�VHU�OD�SRUWDGD�(enseña un pasaporte) HO�SXQWR�HQ�

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santiago��� 3HUR��SRU�HMHPSOR��FRQ�UHVSHFWR�D�OD�LGHD�GH�TXH�\R�SLHQVR�GHEH�H[LVWLU�GH�DOJXQD�X�RWUD�PDQHUD«

julio�� <R�FUHR�TXH�H[LVWH�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG��W~�OOHJDV�D�FRQRFHU�HO�(FXDGRU�HK��6DEHV�TXH�HV�PX\�GLYHUVR��TXH�WHQHPRV�XQD�PHJD�GLYHUVLGDG��PXFKDV�HWQLDV��PXFKDV�FXOWXUDV�\�HVR�HV�OR�TXH�KDFH�ULFR�DO�(FXDGRU�

elías�� 3HUR��¢TXp�HV�HO�(FXDGRU�HQWRQFHV"yesenia�� <R�WHQJR�XQ�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD��\R�SLHQVR�TXH�HFXDWRULDQLGDG�SDUD�Pt�HV�

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alexis��� /R�TXH�PH�GHVFRQFLHUWD�GHO�GLVFXUVR�HV�TXH�VHJXLPRV�KDEODGR�GH�³QXHV-WUD´��+DEODPRV�GH�³QXHVWUD´�FRPR�DFWR�GH�SRVHVLyQ��GH�DOJR��GH�XQ�REMH-WR����¢6L�\R�GLJR�PL�FXOWXUD"�¢&XiO�HV�QXHVWUR�LGLRPD"�¢1XHVWUR"�¢(VWDPRV�KDEODQGR�HVSDxRO�DKRULWD��HV�XQR�GH�ORV�LGLRPDV�FRPXQHV�TXH�WHQHPRV��DKRUD�VL�HVWXYLpUDPRV�HQ�(FXDGRU��YH�W~�D�VDEHU�FXiQWRV�HVSDxROHV��FXiQ-WRV�FDVWHOODQRV�WLHQHV�HQ�VXV�YDULDQWHV«�<R�FUHR�TXH�GH�4XLWR�D�*XD\DTXLO�WLHQHV�WDQWDV�YDULDQWHV�GH�HVSDxRO�FRPR�GH�4XLWR�D�OD�+DEDQD�R�GH�4XLWR�D�7LHUUD�GH�)XHJR��R�VHD�TXH�HO�HVSDxRO�YDULD�WDQWR�HQ�HO�(FXDGRU�FRPR�HQ�FXDOTXLHUD�GH�ORV�H[WUHPRV��SRU�KDEODU�GH�LGLRPD��SHUR�HV�MXVWDPHQWH�SRUTXH�QR�HV�³QXHVWUR´�LGLRPD��HV�HO�PtR��<R�SXHGR�KDEODU�SHUIHFWDPHQWH�ELHQ�SRU�Pt��KDEODU�SRU�Pt�\�QR�SXHGR�KDEODU�SRU�QLQJ~Q�RWUR�

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pili��� <R�FUHR�TXH�HV�XQ�SRGHU�TXH�UHSURGXFH�WDPELpQ�OD�JHQWH��7DPELpQ�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�FODVHV�VRFLDOHV��3HUR�SRQWH��\R�Vp�TXH�HQ�1XHYD�<RUN�ORV�HFXDWRULDQRV�VH�YHQ�HQWUH�HOORV��\�KDFHQ�HO�PHUFDGLWR�GHO�GRPLQJR��FR-PHQ�KRUQDGR�\�KDFHQ�WRUWLOODV�GH�SDSD�\�WRGR�HVR«

rafael��� 3HUR�HV�XQD�PLQRUtD��LJXDO�XQD�PLQRUtD�elías:�� £4Xp�YD��<R�HVWXYH�HQ�1XHYD�<RUN�\�QR�HV�XQD�PLQRUtD�SDUD�QDGD��pili��� 1R�HV�XQD�PLQRUtD�SHUR�SLHQVR�TXH�HV�JHQWH�TXH�YLHQH�GH�FLHUWD�FODVH�

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santiago��� 3HUR�\R�PH�VLHQWR�HFXDWRULDQR�EDLODQGR�VDOVD�FXEDQD��PH�VLHQWR�WRWDO-PHQWH�HFXDWRULDQR��QR�FXEDQR��¢3RU�TXp"�3RUTXH�OR�DSUHQGt�HQ�HO�(FXD-GRU��SUREDEOHPHQWH�

julio�� ([DFWDPHQWH��\�\R�QR�WHQJR�SUREOHPD�GH�LGHQWLGDG�andrés��� 1R��SHUR�MXVWDPHQWH�\R�FUHR�TXH�HV�YHUGDG�TXH�HO�FRQÀLFWR�TXH�VH�HVWi�KD-

EODQGR�HV�XQ�FRQÀLFWR�GH�SRGHUHV��HV�XQ�FRQÀLFWR�GH�EODQFRV��(O�SUREOH-PD�LGHQWLWDULR�HV�GH�ODV�pOLWHV��SHUR�QR�PH�LGHQWL¿FR�FRQ�QDGD�HQ�SDUWLFX-ODU��2WUD�FRVD�HV�OD�PHPRULD�TXH�WHQJR��OD�QRVWDOJLD�TXH�SXHGR�WHQHU��SHUR�HVR�QR�WLHQH�QDGD�TXH�YHU��HVR�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�PL�SDVDGR�LQGLYLGXDO�

estefanía���5HFXHUGRV�elías��� 3HUR�DKt�VH�PH]FOD�WX�LGHQWLGDG�LJXDO�

326 327

santiago��� /D�SUHJXQWD�HUD��¢TXp�HV�OR�TXH�TXLHUH�GHFLU�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG"�<�HVR�QR�WLHQH�TXH�HVWDU�WDQ�ELHQ����2�VHD�HV�LQWHUHVDQWH�SRUTXH�WRGR�HO�PXQGR�HVWi�FRQ�HVWR�GH�OD�LGHQWLGDG��GH�OD�E~VTXHGD�GH�VX�LGHQWLGDG��3HUR�W~�GHFtDV�XQD�FRVD�PX\�LQWHUHVDQWH��HV�TXH�OD�LGHQWLGDG�QR�KD\�TXH�EXVFDUOD��KD\�TXH�DFHSWDUOD�\�SXQWR��/D� LGHQWLGDG� OD� WHQHPRV�SRUTXH�HVWDPRV�DTXt��QRV�WRFDPRV��QRV�VHQWLPRV��QRV�GDPRV�SODFHU��FRPHPRV��

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alexis�� (O�SUREOHPD�HV�TXH�OD�SUHJXQWD�LED�D�OOHJDU�QHFHVDULDPHQWH�D�HVWR��(Q-WRQFHV�GHQWUR�GHO�PLWR�GH�FRQVWUXFFLyQ�GH�HFXDWRULDQLGDG��QR�HQFXHQWUR�QDGD�HQ�OR�TXH�PH�UHFRQR]FD��SHUR�JUDFLRVDPHQWH�Vt�PH�SXHGR�HQFRQ-WUDU�HQ�OD�¿FFLyQ��QR�SRU�HFXDWRULDQR��VLQR�FRPR�ODWLQRDPHULFDQR��/RV�ODWLQRDPHULFDQRV��ORV�DIULFDQRV��WHQHPRV�WHQGHQFLD�D�OD�IiEXOD�SDUD�H[-SOLFDU�HO�PXQGR��VRPRV�XQ�SRFR�PiV�SRpWLFRV��IDEXODPRV��VH�XVD�PXFKD�PHWiIRUD��(QWRQFHV�PH�SXHGR�UHFRQRFHU�HQ�DOJXQDV�FRVDV�GH�OD�IiEXOD��GH�OD�¿FFLyQ�HVWD�TXH�VH�OODPD�HO�(FXDGRU��<�pVD�SXGLHUD�OODPDUOH�HFXD-WRULDQLGDG��$�Pt�KDFH�PXFKRV�DxRV�GHFtDPRV��FRVD�FRQ� OD�TXH�\D�QR�HVWR\�GH�DFXHUGR��TXH�OD�SDWULD�PH�HQWUD�SRU�OD�ERFD��ODV�FRPLGDV��ORV�VDERUHV�� FLHUWR� SDLVDMH�� KD\� XQD� YLVXDOLGDG� TXH� GLJR� HFXDWRULDQR�� (Q�OD�TXH�SXHGR�GHFLU�TXH�pVD�HV� OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG��3XGLHUD�GHFLU�TXH�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG��R�VHD�DOJR�PX\�HFXDWRULDQR�HV�OD�GLVFXVLyQ�HQ�WRUQR�D�OD�LGHQWLGDG��R�VHD�HVDV�GLVFXVLRQHV�DQRGLQDV�TXH�QXQFD�WLHQHQ�¿Q��HV�XQD�GH�ODV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�GH�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG��HQ�OD�TXH�QR�PH�UHFRQR]-FR��3HUR�UHFRQR]FR�TXH�HV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFD�GH�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG��(QWRQFHV�XELFDQGR�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV��FUHR�TXH�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG�Vt�H[LVWH��(O�(FXD-GRU�QR�H[LVWH��HO�(FXDGRU�HV�PiV�YLUWXDO�TXH�ORV�PRYLPLHQWRV�GH�SODWD�HQ�OD�EROVD��(V�XQ�SDSHO��³SULQWHG´�LQ�7DLZiQ�

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� �6H�EDMDQ�GH�OD�WDULPD��¿QDO�GH�OD�FLQWD�GH�YLGHR��

2. Extractos de la conversación entre Pablo Ospina, Karina Pais,

Marisol Cárdenas, Amanda Llivichuzhca, Juan Benavidez, Mónica Noriega,

Jossette Herrera, Pedro Navarrete y Santiago Reyes durante el performance

Sin título (ecuatorianos), México, realizado en el 2004 en la plaza del Zócalo

en México D.F. en el cuadro de la residencia y exposición Localismos

santiago�� /D�SUHJXQWD�YD�D�VHU«�(V��¢TXp�HV�OR�TXLHUH�GHFLU�³ORV�HFXDWRULDQRV´"�¢4Xp�HV�OR�TXH�TXLHUH�GHFLU�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG"

pablo:�� <�GHVSXpV�GH�WDQWRV�DxRV��¢WH�VLHQWHV�HFXDWRULDQR"karina��� ¢7RGDYtD�WH�VLHQWHV�HFXDWRULDQD"marisol:�� 6t�pablo:�� ¢3RU�TXp"marisol:�� 6t��WRWDOPHQWH��3RUTXH�\R�FUHR�TXH�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG�HV�DOJR�TXH�XQR�FR-

PLHQ]D�D�DSUHQGHU�FRPR�HV�XQD�FXOWXUD�>fragmento inaudible@��HQWRQFHV�HV�XQD�IRUPD�GH�YHU��XQD�IRUPD�GH�VHQWLU��GH�VHQWLU�ORV�RORUHV��GH�VHQWLU�ORV�VDERUHV�GH�QXHVWUD� WLHUUD�� ORV� UHFXHUGRV�� ORV�FXHQWRV�GH�PL�DEXHOD�QXQFD�VH�PH�KDQ�ROYLGDGR��¢(VWXGLR�OR�4XLFKXD�DXWRGLGiFWLFDPHQWH�QR"�3RU�HMHPSOR��PH�JXVWD�WRGR�HVH�WLSR�GH�SDUWHV�TXH�IRUPDQ�SDUWH�GH�PL�FXOWXUD�DQGLQD��$GHPiV�TXH�YHQJR�GH�XQD�IDPLOLD�HQ�OD�FXDO�ODV�WUDGLFLR-QHV�VLHPSUH�VH�KDQ�FRQVHUYDGR�

karina��� 2�VHD«�¢+D\�FRVDV�TXH�W~�KDFHV�GH�ODV�WUDGLFLRQHV�TXH�WHQtDV�HQ�(FXD-GRU"

marisol:�� /D�FRPLGD�karina��� ¢/D�FRPLGD"amanda��� &XDQGR�\R�FRFLQR�DTXt��FRFLQR�DO�HVWLOR�HFXDWRULDQR�karina��� ¢6LJXHV�FRPLHQGR�DO�HVWLOR�HFXDWRULDQR"amanda��� &XDQGR�YR\�DOOi�WUDLJR�DFKLRWH��£7UDLJR�WRGR�santiago��� 3HUR�DTXt�VH�HQFXHQWUD�DFKLRWH�WDPELpQ�karina��� ¢<�DQWHV�OR�KDFtDV�LJXDO�WDPELpQ"marisol:�� ¢$K"karina��� ¢3HUR�DQWHV�\D�OR�FRFLQDEDV�R�DTXt�OR�HPSH]DVWH�D�KDFHU"marisol:�� $TXt��<R�DOOi�QR�FRFLQDED��\R�DOOi�QR�DSUHQGt�D�FRFLQDU��DSUHQGt�D�FRFL-

QDU�DIXHUD�karina��� 3HUR�HQWRQFHV�IXH�FRPR�XQ�IHQyPHQR�TXH�WH�KL]R�VHQWLU�HVD�VHQVDFLyQ�

GH�DUUDLJR��XQ�YtQFXOR�FRQ�HVD�WUDGLFLyQ��IXH�HO�HPSH]DU�D�FRFLQDU�SRU�HMHPSOR��¢QR"

marisol:�� ([DFWR�karina�� $� KDFHU� FRPLGD� HFXDWRULDQD��<R� QR� KDFtD� QDGD�� XVWHGHV� VDEHQ� QL� ODV�

HPSDQDGDV�GH�YHUGH��\R�QXQFD�KLFH�HPSDQDGDV�GH�YHUGH�HQ�PL�YLGD�\�YHQJR�DFi�D�KDFHU�HPSDQDGDV�GH�YHUGH�

pablo:�� (V�PiV��QXQFD�FRFLQDVWH��MDPiV�(risas).

328 329

karina�� 1XQFD�FRFLQp�FRPLGD�HFXDWRULDQD�HQ�(FXDGRU�\�YLQH�DTXt�D�KDFHUOD��2�sea de pronto.

juan��� ¢2�VHD�KDFtDV�FRPLGD�PH[LFDQD"karina��� 0H[LFDQD��Vt��3HUR�PH�DJDUUy�HVD�RQGD�GH�FXULRVLGDG��¢QR"�'H�TXp�HUD�

OD�FRPLGD�HFXDWRULDQD�santiago��� 6REUH�WRGR�SRUTXH�WH�SUHJXQWDQ�karina��� ¢7H�SUHJXQWDQ"santiago��� ¢/RV�PH[LFDQRV�WH�SUHJXQWDQ"karina��� &ODUR�santiago��� ¢4Xp�HV�OR�TXH�HV�OD�FRPLGD�HFXDWRULDQD"�<�D�Pt�PH�SUHJXQWDQ�HQ�)UDQ-

FLD�R�HQ�FXDOTXLHU�VLWLR�PH�SUHJXQWDQ�\«�£'HVFUtEHOHV�GH�TXp�VH�WUDWD�karina��� &ODUR�santiago��� ¢&XiO�HV�OD�LGHQWLGDG�GH�OD�FRPLGD�HFXDWRULDQD"karina��� 3HUR�WDPELpQ�HVWi�HO�FRQWUDVWH�SRUTXH�YDV�DO�PHUFDGR��YDV�D�ODV�FRPLGDV�

\�D�ODV�UHXQLRQHV�\�QR�KD\��¢QR"�(VD�FRVD�TXH�W~�GLFHV��¢GyQGH�VH�TXHGy"�¢1R"�(VH�VDERUFLWR��HVD�FRPLGD��HVRV�LQJUHGLHQWHV�TXH�DTXt�QR�ORV�YHV�QXQFD��¢QR"�<�HQWRQFHV�\D�WH�DJDUUD�OD�QRVWDOJLD�GH�HVH�VDERU��HO�UHFXHU-GR�GH�HVH�VDERU�TXH�TXLHUHV�UHFUHDU�DFi��(QWRQFHV�HPSLH]D�OD�E~VTXHGD��¢QR"�'H�WRGRV�ORV�LQJUHGLHQWHV�\�GH�WRGD�OD«�1R�Vp��ORV�SURGXFWRV�TXH�VH�XWLOL]DQ�HQ�(FXDGRU�SDUD�KDFHUORV�DFi�

santiago��� <�HV�TXH� HVR� HV� UHDOPHQWH� OD� HFXDWRULDQLGDG��'H� DOJXQD�PDQHUD� HVWi�EDVDGR�HQ�HVDV�FRVDV�

karina��� 'H�DOJXQD�PDQHUD�WUDWDU�GH�UHFUHDUOR�mónica��� <R�PH� VLHQWR� V~SHU� GLIHUHQWH� SRUTXH�QL� FRFLQR� HFXDWRULDQR�� QL� FRPR�

HFXDWRULDQR��QL�UHFUHR�ODV�WUDGLFLRQHV�GH�ODV�IHFKDV�SRU�HMHPSOR��SDWULDV�R�DOJR�FRPR�W~�GLMLVWH�HO�GtD�GH�PXHUWRV��<R�VLHQWR�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG�HQ�HO�VHQWLPLHQWR�\�HV�DKt�GRQGH�\R�PH�LGHQWL¿FR�FRPR�HFXDWRULDQD��(VD�HVSHFLH�GH�OX]�\�PDJLD��GH�QR�Vp�QR�Vp�GH�ODV�PRQWDxDV��HO�WHPD�GH�OD�PLWDG�GHO�PXQGR��&XDQGR�\R�SLHQVR�HQ�HO�(FXDGRU��FXDQGR�SLHQVR�HQ�4XLWR��SRU�HMHPSOR��SLHQVR�HQ�HVD�OX]�SHUSHQGLFXODU��HV�HVD�OX]�TXH�HV�~QLFD��&XDQGR�SLHQVR�HQ�HO�(FXDGRU��FXDQGR�SLHQVR�DVt�HQ�HO�SDtV��UH-FXHUGR��SRU�HMHPSOR��HO�FLHOR�\�ODV�FRQVWHODFLRQHV�GH�OD�QRFKH��ODV�FRQV-WHODFLRQHV�TXH�W~�SXHGHV�YHU�GHO�KHPLVIHULR�QRUWH�\�GHO�KHPLVIHULR�VXU��(V�DKt�HQ�GRQGH�\R�PH�LGHQWL¿FR�PiV�FRQ�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG��0H�JXVWD�OD�TXLQXD�\�HVR�SHUR��YLHQGR�PL�SDtV�GHVGH�OHMRV��HV�HO�VHQWLPLHQWR�

amanda��� 2�VHD�FXDQGR�WUDWR�GH�UDFLRQDOL]DU�¢4Xp�HV�OR�TXH�PH�KDFH�VHU�HFXDWR-ULDQD"�1R�OR�HQFXHQWUR��QR�HQFXHQWUR�DOJR�FODUR��(V�QDGD�PiV�XQ�VHQWL-GR��XQ�VHQWLPLHQWR�TXH�WHQJR�DTXt��2�VHD��XQ�VHQWLPLHQWR�FRPR�TXH�HVWi�PX\�DUUDLJDGR�\�TXH�PH�JXVWDUtD�DOJXQD�YH]�UHJUHVDU�D�YLYLU�DOOi�

mónica��� 1R«�<�OD�JHQWH�PH�GLFH�R�VHD��HUHV�HFXDWRULDQD�\�VH�YH�HQ�FyPR� WH�H[SUHVDV��FyPR�VLHQWHV��FyPR�WH�UHODFLRQHV�FRQ�OD�JHQWH��<R�SLHQVR�TXH�WRGDYtD�OD�JHQWH�HQ�HO�(FXDGRU��\�QR�Vp�VL�WDPELpQ�HVR�VHD�SDUWH�GH�OD�

QRVWDOJLD��SHUR�WRGDYtD�VRPRV�FRPR�naive��FRPR�TXH�OD�WHUQXUD��FRPR�TXH�HVD�PLUDGD�GH�ORV�RMRV�

amanda��� 1R��QRVRWURV�QR�VRPRV�WLHUQRV�0yQLFD��<R�FUHR�TXH�OD� WHUQXUD�OD�HQ-FXHQWUDV�PiV�HQ�0p[LFR�TXH�DOOi�

santiago��� ([DFWDPHQWH�HV�XQD�FRVD«�<R�OD�SULPHUD�YH]�TXH�YLQH�D�0p[LFR«mónica��� <R�Vt�VLHQWR�amanda��� 1R��HQ�&XHQFD�VRPRV�V~SHU��2�VHD�FRPR�TXH�QDGLH�PH�DEUDFH«�2�VHD�

KROD�\�DGLyV�karina��� 6t�VRPRV�PiV�UHFDWDGRV�SHUR�GHSHQGH�WDPELpQ�GH�OD�UHJLyQ�jossette��� 3DUD�Pt�HV�DO�UHYpV��amanda��� 6RPRV�PX\«�1R�HV�XQ�VHQWLGR�GH�DIHFWR��R�VHD�jossette��� <R� QR� Vp��<R� QR� VLHQWR� XQD� LGHQWLGDG� HFXDWRULDQD��2� VHD�� D\� Vt� YLYD�

(FXDGRU��<R�FUHR�TXH�OD�LGHQWLGDG�YD�FDPELDQGR��ORV�SDUiPHWURV�GH�OD�LGHQWLGDG�YDQ�FDPELDQGR�SRUTXH�OD�VRFLHGDG�YD�FDPELDQGR��XQR�FRPR�SHUVRQD�YD�FDPELDQGR�\�QR�HV�TXH�HUHV�HO�PLVPR�GH�KDFH�FLQFR�DxRV�R�GH�KDFH�GRV�GtD�LQFOXVR��¢QR"�+D\�XQD�PDUFD�SXHV�GHO�RULJHQ�GH�XQR�\�FUHR�TXH�HV�FODUR�SRUTXH�KD\�XQD�KLVWRULD�HQ�FRP~Q�¢HK"�3XHV�VL�VH�PH�KDFH�LQWHUHVDQWH�HVR�GH�TXH�HVWDPRV�SXURV�VHUUDQRV��¢QR"�3RUTXH�(FXD-GRU�HV�JHQWH�GHO�2ULHQWH�\�GH�OD�&RVWD��GH�*DOiSDJRV�

santiago��� (VR�HV�OR�TXH�SDVD��HV�TXH��¢TXp�HV�HO�(FXDGRU�¿QDOPHQWH"jossette��� ([DFWR��HQWRQFHV«santiago��� 1RVRWURV�QL�VLTXLHUD�FRQRFHPRV�OD�IRUPD�GH�SHQVDU�GH�WDQWD�JHQWH�TXH�

QR�HVWi�DTXt�DKRUD�\�TXH�VRQ�HFXDWRULDQRV�jossette��� 6t�HQ�HVH�VHQWLGR�XQR�GLUtD��¢4Xp�HV�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG"�¢4Xp�HV�HO�(FXD-

GRU"�4Xp�VR\�\R�FRPR�HFXDWRULDQD��WH�SXHGR�GHFLU��SHUR�QR��¢4Xp�HV�OD�HFXDWRULDQLGDG"�3RUTXH�HV�PX\�GLYHUVR��QL�VLTXLHUD�HQ�VHQWLGRV�SROtWL-FRV�\� UHOLJLRVRV�SRUTXH�(FXDGRU�SXHGH�VHU�FDWyOLFR��\R�QR�PH�VLHQWR�FDWyOLFD�SRU�HMHPSOR�

pablo:�� 7DPELpQ�HV�FLHUWR�TXH�FXDQGR�VDOH�GHO�(FXDGRU��FXDQGR�YLYH�HO�FRQWUDV-WH�FRQ�RWURV��HV�FXDQGR�VH�GD�FXHQWD�PiV�R�PHQRV�GH�DTXHOODV�FRVDV�TXH�DQWHV�YLYtD�FRPR�VL�IXHUDQ�QDWXUDOHV�\�HQWRQFHV�HQ�HO�PRPHQWR�HQ�TXH�KD\�HO�FRQWUDVWH��XQR�VH�GD�FXHQWD�TXH�QR�WDQ�QDWXUDOHV��

mónica��� ¢&yPR�TXp"�pablo:�� 3RU�HMHPSOR��OR�TXH�PiV�PH�KD�OODPDGR�OD�DWHQFLyQ�GH�0p[LFR��GH�HVWD�

H[SHULHQFLD�GH�GRV�DxRV�GH�YLYLU�HQ�0p[LFR��HV�OR�SDUHFLGR�TXH�HV�0p-[LFR�DO�(FXDGRU��(V�XQD�FLXGDG�� OD�&LXGDG�GH�0p[LFR��HV�XQD�FLXGDG�LQPHQVD��HV�GLH]�YHFHV�PiV�JUDQGH�TXH�4XLWR��GH�KHFKR�WRGR�0p[LFR�HV�GLH]�YHFHV�PiV�JUDQGH�TXH�HO�(FXDGRU�\� VLQ�HPEDUJR�HO�PRGR�GH�WUDWDUVH�HV�PX\�SDUHFLGR��KD\�TXH�WUDWDU�FRQ�GLPLQXWLYRV��KD\�TXH�VHU�PX\� FXLGDGRVRV�� QR� VH� SXHGHQ� GHFLU� ODV� FRVDV� GLUHFWDPHQWH� KD\� TXH�GiUVHODV�GLH]�YXHOWDV��(Q�HO�(FXDGRU�QR�KD\�FDPLQRV�GLUHFWRV�VLQR�WRGRV�

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336

Notas biográficas

Alex Aguirre��4XLWR��������SRVHH�XQ�WtWXOR�SURSLR�FRQ�HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ�HQ�0LJUDFLyQ�\�'H-VDUUROOR�SRU�OD�8QLYHUVLGDG�5H\�-XDQ�&DUORV�GH�0DGULG��(V�LQJHQLHU[�GH�HPSUHVDV�DVt�FRPR�IDFLOLWDG[U�HQ�WDOOHUHV�GH�GHVDUUROOR�SHUVRQDO�\�GH�JUXSRV��)XH�XQ[�GH�ORV�IXQGD-GRU[V�GH�OD�)XQGDFLyQ�&DXVDQD�HQ�(FXDGRU��TXH�WUDEDMD�SRU�ORV�GHUHFKRV�GH�ODV�SHUVR-nas ltgb��$FWXDOPHQWH�LPSXOVD�OD�LQLFLDWLYD�GHO�FROHFWLYR�ltgb�0LJUDQWHV�7UDQVJUHVRU-[V�HQ�0DGULG��(V�DFWLYLVWD�GHO�FROHFWLYR�3DQGLBOOD�7UDQV�TXH�HV�SDUWH�GH�OD�&DPSDxD�SRU�OD�GHVSDWRORJL]DFLyQ�GH�ODV�LGHQWLGDGHV�WUDQV��+D�WUDEDMDGR�WHPDV�UHODFLRQDGRV�FRQ�OD�PLJUDFLyQ��DFFHVR�GH�GHUHFKRV��LGHQWLGDGHV�GH�JpQHUR�\�RULHQWDFLyQ�VH[XDO��&RQIRUPy�SDUWH�GHO�HTXLSR�GH�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ�XQLYHUVLWDULD�TXH�SXEOLFy�HO�WH[WR��La situación social de la población migrante ltgb en España, desde un enfoque de género y derechos hu-manos���������3URSRQH�TXH�PLJUDU�LPSOLFD�YROYHU�D�PLUDU�FRQ�RWURV�RMRV��UHDMXVWDUVH�D�XQD�QXHYD�FXOWXUD�VXMHWD�D�XQ�FUXFH�GH�DVSHFWRV�

Darío Aguirre��*XD\DTXLO������� HVWXGLy�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�YLVXDO�HQ�OD�8QLYHUVLGDG�GH�%HOODV�$UWHV�GH�+DPEXUJR��$OHPDQLD��6XV�GRV�DxRV�GH�SRVWJUDGR�HQ�FLQH�ORV�UHDOL]y�HQ�OD�PLV-PD�LQVWLWXFLyQ��6XV�SHOtFXODV�WLHQHQ�VLHPSUH�XQD�UHIHUHQFLD�DXWRELRJUi¿FD�\�WHPDWL]DQ�ORV�SURFHVRV�GHO�VHU�\�FRQYHUWLUVH�HQ�GHVFRQRFLGR��XQLGR�D�YLYHQFLDV� IRFDOL]DGDV�HQ�UXSWXUDV�SHUVRQDOHV��(QWUH�VXV�SHOtFXODV�PiV�GHVWDFDGDV�HVWiQ�ORV�GRFXPHQWDOHV Cesars Grill ������� Five ways to Darío �������\ Connected by drums �������FRGLUHFFLyQ�� 3DUD�VX�GRFXPHQWDO�0L�XOWLPR�GtD�FRPR�KRPEUH�¿FWLFLR��������REWXYR�HO�SUHPLR�unica RWRUJDGR�SRU�OD�unesco. 9LYH�\�WUDEDMD�FRPR�DXWRU��GLUHFWRU��FDPDUyJUDIR�\�HGLWRU�HQ�+DPEXUJR��$OHPDQLD��$¿UPD�TXH�PLJUDU�HV�ODQ]DUVH�DO�YDFtR�VRQULHQGR��FRQ�HO�FRQ-YHQFLPLHQWR�GH�TXH�DO�IRQGR�KDEUi�XQD�FDPD�HOiVWLFD�TXH�FDWDSXOWDUi�D�OD�SHUVRQD�KDVWD�OD�SUy[LPD�HVWDFLyQ��

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