Paper prepared for a

Seminar on: Education,

Employment and Equiry

lJniversify of Indonesia

March 6, 1975

Jakarta

SOME THOUGHTS ON HIGHER EDUCATION

by

Soedjatmoko

111 lBapp lPA /III /1975 .

sg.rE Tl.l0uqHps_ 9I{ HLGHts rnucAtlolr

fn the last few years we have wl.taressed. sig:ri-ficent efforts toad.jr:st the u:dvgrsity systera,to the reqrrireneats of national develop-

ne3tt, Urriversttles have stafbed to p]-ay an active role 1n regior"l-

d.evelolment pla::nlugl in the colleetion and. eva}:ation of date need.ed

in tlre plannipg process, wkile eone of their research has drawn attenr

tiou to both negleeted. and, usr problens, Ihrough the various consoriie,

the uriversities are stilL *gaged. in curricuhmrefo::r. w'ith a rrisv to

ulxlate thea as well as to relate then mcre closely to the l:rd'oaegig n

situation. A begin&iJ3g has also beea nade vrith tbe institution of

str-rdy-se:srice ( ff:i ) at cll universities, Sr.rrtheruore it can be

e:,1pected that r:niversity d.evelopmeat wilJ. be quided by the parttcular

need.s of the reglon 1n wbieh each rmivTity is located. Recent sta-

tements by both the lti::ister of Educatioi and the Director General of-\

Higher Educatton, eur;aciatir:g a flve polnt proSj'an i a* tbe state-

nent by the kesidea of the Repubiic of Indonesia on the occasion of,

the 25 th an:dvexsarlr of tbe Ualversity of Ind.onesia, uake it clear

that this process of ad.Justment to developnentneeds will be contiauedr

. The irleas and. suggestiorrs ccntained rn th-is paper are neant as a

mod.est contributioa by a relatiye outsider to the reth:inkiq; of the

rsle of the university, its stru.cture and. its content, rvhich insritablyaeeomtrlqni es the developmint process'. In crder' .to facllitate focussing

on somgyhat lor:ger raxge problens aid to free the nind fron a nunber

of present eonsttsixts, this paper assunes that un:iVersity salaries

have been adjr:sted to realistic IeveIs, th'.:s removirrg the need foracadentc se6nlighting and the i:rCiscaim'iilate chasing of resbare?r

money. it also assufrres an intelJ.ectual cJ-i-nate conducive to vlgororx

acad.enic life.

+) tAis prograg aimsr at streng:thenirg capabilities in 5 basic areas :

f') tire unlversityt s' Lnno'yative capacity rv'ith regard to noderaisatlonand d.grelopnent,

2) research and the cor.,muaity and nati-onal se:rrlce tro1e of the tr:inerdity-\Ij uperad.ing errd developmeat of teachi-r.rg staff4) mental attit Aes of teaeh,ing staff ar:d. students with regard to the

reallsation of Pancasila5) ;ird;;-goid"""" w"j.th regard. to aspects ef persorral developnent

and rlniyersltylije as an ed.ueationa] and ssj.entific cormu:rity.

{

'2*

i'b rap' th.erefore 1:e :r*efi.} r"o i'.ra# i{pr in i} :Iu'l'::*r p}:CIri$-Lfi:-*c}

!?&)'q a chec-kL:ist ;t' p:r'o'i:lens ti:i,t-i itai;vi: a i:ir:a::-'l.ng em 'b+th *epi+Slen-b

anf, equ:l'h3r ;es vr*IJ, *s fu:piicatio::s fcr h;igli:,:r ed.u*ati*i':", llhi*e cf'l:hes* p.:-;b3-ems ure i:t:r*.1tg;or*f in r*rti;re. '-,;Lr*-re' :l' tn t,h+ f:-rs"; p.Lrrceg

as a resl*.t of botir gecg-raphy and errlbnlr:SJtlstory* tJ:'; i-nbal"aace

between Ja:na ar"d. tir* Gther IsIaaSs. Secsndlyr the rrrban-ns'aJ, dicimtong

that has perer",n:ia1-1-;r plague,J th* Inrlonesiaa econ.o:ry, And. th:irc13.y, the

stru'et'r.::ra1 d.r.Blisn eb*.raetertstie of a coiimiaS., eacno=y, r:arr*srI;'

orie*.te"f tc.na.r{s a:i:C;t clf prj:Au:3.r prltiuct:ru irririr.j"cl: s xic?re efficLeat

f,o:reiga d.o#-nated. nodern ,.rectcr ,lictat*s sp+ed ard direct'-l*z::. o:f the

lr*Ale ee{:Ir:{},1t3r of -li:t Colcq,'" A:r 'tl thll i'*.-:.rs'i; pf*i:.ten9 Ltl *r"e=*O$e 'bhe

i-rrbal*:ce 13 the r*ia*ionship i:e'L,we*r Jav;r anf, *h* ot5er is3anclsu a

uassiye reg$.onaJ. deveLopnent effort j-s calLed f*:', llhi;r requ:iles

policles to rduce tne overpopu-lation iu Java through tra::"srlr:igratlon and,

fryLly pten*:ag'onlths o:re haa&p nr+c Inticies-to reduce tice.Ip.!p? sbOrta€P

in the isl*:rds outside Java on the ctherr linked lnith the develolment

of poteattal ,g:rolilth ceaters on those islands. Such pollcies, tnconJunc.tig* p-lth *,pprcpriate scciaL an{ cul.i;uraL infrastructrreplno3.udfug atrorg regional'r.uriversittes, shoulci also gradually fsl,'?rse

,

EOITTTY AID H\FL0$mm

As ref]-ected i;rl the Seeond Five Year Plan, +nd ljke i.n ctbel

Lu-rge an*. poprr3au.s colx.tri.es, the tffiin prgblorn.$ cf eqttity and enploy-

uent have i:f the last few years cone to ioin tbe coneerrx for econqniq

gro'arth at the eenterstage of the developtent effort, In part tlr:is isthe result of, the i:opact of both the prei:ent rate of populatj.orgrow-th

arrd. the }-owert:g of tbe nedian age of the irxlonesiaa popu3ation or'

t):* glzs of t^he l"aborlorcrn Se*orrlly* i-t',,lrts 'b*r:one incrmsir:g];p

s}eer that tconerl* gro'sth by i-tseiJu if pu:qr:ed in wi:;:t useti to be

a co19;:1al- econc;57r ::aJ leed tr r;r-'3-i-cu3 flie;::r:3t:.,es, eolrstituii::g i

threats to *cciai csbesion anf, s'labili-tXr u;:less 6lrrtw*h is accompa-

nied i:y structil:t3l c3:erge in a nr*trber of areas' Th='5ro'*i4g Freo*qu-pat:o:r wnth probiss c,f *qrri'N3r C.oes th*r*,i33s not r::'.ly flcr+l frorn ,lr:,1o-

a€'$lsls g6r!:r?titae:rb io builii e jt*! nn* p?otrger$1.::.r **cietg : it al-so

stems frca the a,?{arell*ss t}:at s'**'yiru irit'hin tne Li:aits cf toierable

inrql{3.ties Ls a cor.d,ition folhj:e raiule'::anee of 'Lira :aolrentla cfthp devel"..ri-:sea* truus'i aci:levsi sp far"

*7*

the tradltioral flow of the nost dy::anlc anl taleated people f?oa theprovinces to Jarra anrl Jakarta. Regicr:al developnent policJ.ea will alsohave to encompass the nari::e resoureeg of prorinces co::-slstlug of sna1llslands, a:d, special effcrts to break the excessi.ye isolatioa of scme

provinces through proper resource d.evelopnent * a:r.d 13an-qportationpoliciee,

Secoadly; overcoafu:g the pererrrr:ial urbaa..rtra1 lnbalancE rvi!*llequlre contlnued emplrasis on ruraL d.evelopnent, together mith. char:ges

in the. te:ms of hde betreen urban anC nua3" eector€ wbLch worrld putan end to the contj::ous explottatlon, throu6h relatLve prices, of thecor+rtrSrsid.e for the beaeflt of the citles. tha urrlversitiee have auespecla}ly :lrnportaet role to play here; one, b,orrever which wor.rld regulronuch nore fundamen*a1 university reforr.

fhe thi.rd, strr:ctr.raL fubalance to be corrected. luyolves the traus-for:ratton frcm a colonlal enclave econouy torvards a nationa! 6rorrbhecohofiy. fhe naln veh'i c1e for thi.s stn:etu::al tra::sfo::n"ct1on ls thedevelopueat of ind.lgenous ent-reprene,,:rship qnd ffiplo]rnent policies,Such poLieLes lvould also correct ard paintaln rnportant ethnic belan-ces tn Ind,oneslars pJ-lralistic eociety. 'Ihese arts t-ro problenareas to '

vrhlch the uaiversitles shouLd lray a great deaL nore attentlorr ln tenrcof researchl fortulatioa of policT p4oblens imrolved, as rreLL as i-ntom,: of the notlratton toward. entrepreaerrship of thej-r ow:r gradr.ntes.

In ad.d,ltlon, eqr:ity ln ft:donesla is also deteriilled by the uannerln whieh enplop,ent ls he.naI"ed. Rapid populatioa i-::creasfr Bs we1L as

the Lcr*erlrg of the aecla:r affe of th.e population j.s cre*tlq; unprece-d.eated pressures for a coatlnor::s anl uasslve increase J.:: euplolBentopportunlfies. As stated beforep this lrtll rcquire e*:;:hss.!p"an ryolg3r-nent orieated C,srralopneat policies in the u:ban, but especi"l,lr in theruraL seetor, It 'i7111 require adjustnent ln tb.e locatloa of l.nvestments,d,eveioplrg nore optlons ia the cholce of appioprlate technotrcgy ar:d sfproductioa proeesses, as nell as pollci-es that gife cLear priority toir:nrestoelts in labor l.nteasive lrdwtries. rt roquires a systeur ofhleher education vh.l.cb understands. the pricrity of such an enplo;rneatorientatio[ tn nllt sgslsis of dsveloprneat ard their practlcal inpSlcatlorrs,as welL as e sSrstm capable of l.aprorrlng the enployq.bllity oa 1ts

6raduates. rt shou.ld be capable also of adjustir:g ltself to ueet new

gspfivfrent rppCrtmities tb,at Bre both a recult crl e.nd € ,$6{Llrlreftelrt f$rdevel-oianapt;

-4-

Another aspect of theequity probl-m is incone distribution ard' tke dj-strj-*

bubion of productire vrealth, Eroper fiscal a::d wage po1.;icies are ieportarb end

will neet theee problens to an irnFortarrt extent" Fnployoeat creatioqespeci.alhr ,...

Ln the poorest part of tbe populatioeli'irlL irave to supplem.entt:ls apprcach, It r.,ie becopirrg increaslagl-y obvls.rts tbat ths distributive aspects of develotrmea'i

and the choice of the pattern of gro',rbh are, lu a cou:rtry ltilre lIdo:realal

inseperably Ahked together. fhe uni:rersities shou-ld be capable of deall]€ Iv'tth

the probiea oi incane d.istribu"iio* i= that broads: cl::'r'bext"

Theye e*re "hfuree ad.d"it:!"ara1 aspect:, 16 -;i,-e prlblu:a uf equittr* tli:e i"s eqi:43"

proieetion ra..d,er the 1aw, incLuC"irg equ,aL arjces$ bo the processes *f justice"

lhe secorC is equal aceess to ed.ucational anri. enpir-rynent opportrugl*.gg. Th.e

tirird is eqr.ral access to declsioiuelcir:g.

Here too tke u*L'rersitf c+uld anC should" p3.ay a asre effective rsj"c* Elthout fiethe u:ri-r*rs1"bles 5,or1}d, i,r*:ritably $erru'e ** perpetua.tt: eristiilg aad. g;'azl.irg

inequitles.

pISf HITCTI Ol{ A}D. ACC+S

fhe natw:e of the e:i:p1c;;*l+,:nt asl eqiL'i.'by prohlen- sr-:tllneel h.ere '':r-lgest "i,h*

need t* eupl:asise ard s$3;d ui: -iha: rlerre).np::"ent *f -Lirt:re$ic::a-Ll"ini-'re:'*i*i"r:so

Present ilt','urr:i=:iIL ;;Jij-'rrcs;-'.i.;r.lord,4 '';l r:: -'oltcc1.t r;i''r:'*jf3 ;r'1-*::''r' i'' i$ - ica}led centern of excell-encr' 'anr1 the iiri'';e for :i:+;i.'icr::;ri sseoia-liint*op i.t:

resporl:le t,-r 'i;jl'; nee{s a--i g-:;*'th p;;c:tt::l-irii:",' '-:-i ,1 --l:l-t t;':l:ifi: ' ' -'';fi'tti'

ls,:g;3eady a we).come st*p ia thio rlireetfo.n, It is *lso obv-ior:s "bha-L ncving lntbis direction, the aln siroulCI. be abonre all to provide high quaiiiy e*r:.cation

on the tertiary Level in aLL regio:ts, The an:1ysis of the equity problen aiso

shorvs tfuat r:aless spe*ial pclicS-es are arSapted, the **st of hl{iher rd'ucation

is bourd. to axcliude applicauts frc:n the poxer sectiolrs of -q+tiety.. It xay

therefore bl1 ti.jc*ss+ry to es1eb]*ish stildent loairs :f*r; thj.s 83o'-ri:r ;l'-:: a*rli*icAto th.e s*h.li-a:ships *i:*t *.ls rrr:r *r;.-aj,1i':l"iie" t.l:i: ;r*r"i,;i;-rsirlpx i:*r*Id tk*aiucr*as!::gl:'be r::lstl for upecia)- FiiilFosegr fc::i:rsri:u.;*r, to erisl"ire ig:r.i; the

compo*j-tio:r of bo*ir *t';d*:it bccly and, fe*ulty of ee*h raalversLty rcfl-ects a

proiler eth::ic ba1arrcer or to iaduce str:dents to ehoose less popular lut trnFor-

taat prof,esslons, or for lnter-r.uriversity technical assLstance azmr:genents"

It is otnrior.l,e that the prob"lerns of enploynent and. equity have other iJapl:icatlos,t

ae well for the wriversities, They also bear on university st:lctle€, acadsiceoatent, and ths qualJty ar:,I, quantity of capabilltics and higher slcllJs thathaye to be developeri thror:gb tbe unj.yersity syst6q. rr'his shovrs how ecsenti-81

arrl hovr riLde ranging is the role of the 'aniversities ln the structuraltra::sformaticn needeA for ths reallsatj-on of InConesiats natior:aL e.spfi:atlor:s

for g jr;st a::d prcsperous so+icty"

,- .t

-5-

RSNGE drf 0f' TfE -r.llIIifm.SItY" Broad. as the requ-irenents

mentioned. sq far , vrhich the rrniversities have to be abl.e to meet,

they onSy cons te oae part of the roles higher education hes topl.ay tu the d

w.Ith the i-nte

t process. These .requ-lreraents d.eal so to speak

problens of developnent,At the other cf the specf,r..ua of capd.bi] ities higher education has

to be b.ble develop, ere thcse requirenents that have to do lviththe of Indcnesiafs independ.eace and. freedom of ehoice,e jn th:is interdependent world.. ',

es that Indonesj-a1 oyor and above j-ts general d.evelopaentIhi-sj

effortT' derelcps certain ui::.i.rn1'm capabilities in the area of seienceand te'ahnolory, i:rd.ustry and. secr:rity, as i-rel3. as in tl:e area ofcertaiin basic srrppli-es, The ef,fort to redi:de d.epend.ency in food., fer-tilLzer, cement, enerry, a:ld to :.etain adequate control of rrati-onal.

reBi,rce=, both renewable and. non-renewable, are examples of thisddsire" Also, breakthroughs rn the developm.er:t of the ::rtemiediatetechnolog;, appropriate to a broadty based., employnent-.oriented de-veropment effort vrill rer;'*:re conti-nued. access - and. the capabi.lityto utilise such access-to tbe most recent advances in science and.

technolory a::;-rbere in the r,iorl-d. Such eapabi-ljiB is a].so required.1n orcier to enable Ind.onesia to'change as rapidll' as possible itssubordj-nate positj.on j-:r the jlternational division of labor, so as

not f,s remai:l a ilere prod.ucer of ravr rcaterials end. a narket for othereor-mtriest fLrished. good.s, at jncreasingly d.isadvantageous teros oftrade. This neals the capac:-f for rapid i-ndustriaLisation, more

:

spee{y transfer of technolory a-r:.d lmoivhour, b,,rt al-so the technlcaloapabilit-y to d.eal on equal temls with foreign governments, interna-tional agencies a:rd. nultinational corporations. A natio:rts capabilltyi:: the area of j:tte::'aaticnal conpetition j-s i:r considerable part

depead.ent on the quaLity of its irniverslties. lhis aJ.so applies tothe fierd. of j:rternational- coope ration. rt is nor quite crear thatno viable new j-rrterr:.ationa.l- systen jrr the econom,lc, moneta:Xr and.

resoir:-ce- fieia, capabl-e of reduci ng the traditj-onal- d.isadvantages

6

for the fh1rd. l{or}d1 can be r,vcrkeci out without the consent and parti-cipati.on of the developiag na.tions, Tbere i.s a-l-so a nev/ need. for a

r,,'hol-e range of functional f,ransnational orgaaisations to d"eal vriththe uary new problens of a global. nature. Countries like Indonesia

need to d.evelop thejr capabi3*lties "[o deal with titese neiv and eoup]ex

internationat questloas on aJI equal fcoting lrith" other countries, notor,J-v i:e term.s of gseneral pr-i:rcipies, lnrt ,aJ-so at the tecirnical arrd.

ope:'ation-a.1 leyeis. /Jl this tlrrn r-ri1l reqi.r-ire on tl:e part of the un:i-

ve::sities, a capacity to recponit to i-r, Lerna-l d.eveLopmertal },"robf ems ofpo.rert3r and. i-nequotiffl and at the same ti.:ne a capaeity tc respiad toprsbl-ems of reduei::g erbernal dependency. Ihe r,viCtft of the spectrurr of*apabilities lrdonesian unlversities mrst develop, ra-ises the qraes-tion

lvhe ';lier these wid,ely ilivergeat, a-l:eost opposite reqrri-reme*ts should

be pursaed rith a d.oubl-e traek s;;st*n*.i"e. thror:gh trvo d"jllferent types

of uaiversities or, whetber it vroulrl be desirable to acconctiate tbese

alsost, co:rfJ*lctirrg denands rvitl:in r:. si.ngl-e systerir of high,e'"i' e':clucati.on"

It:;onesj-crs ora: colcni-al. expe,,-'.i3rroc: ryi uh cuai trirck s3:t,r;:lJ, arrC t:eino::e rscent exi:aiience of sone;..fr-:.*an eoruni.riest*nd'i.i:r;:i-r.*li h,c:'v theaore prestigious track d:aws arrqy tl.ie best ta-l-enrcs 1'r't:r i}* c Lher trgckrls;:;,r139 in the enrf the seccnd- u::i:s;r;t*:: to.*rthei on'cii+: r-1-r.i*, A cl+irble

track s;stom is also bound. to pe:petuate even more the very s'truc"burral

arie other social inequitj-es that the rir:-lversity systen j-s sr:i;poseii"bo

help overcomer AII tkis then sarggests a single system amd a ',ve1-1--rounded.,

high quali-ty bpsic h:lgher ed.ucation a'b ruri"rersities i:l a.l-] parts ofTndonesia, The abamdonnent of the c*nters of excelf.eace cujlcept is,eepecialJry given Tnionesiaf s neu sj.tu:t-bi<rn of feraer fiaen*ia]. canstraints-th.erefore a welcone :iii'i r,ece;.,i;i';ir Govel*praetrt" th* or*::l i:*i.nge ojl .r'e,+-

po:lses at both -bhe iute:'nal a.r:ii bhe j-rrternational end of tire spectrr:m,

v*hiclt the r;:ri.versity is expeeted i,o uake, r'a-ises a nurnber of importantstnrctural problems for the universitlr. One of t3:ese is the question towhat ertent higher education j:r Indonesia should become more problem-

oriented, and. how it shcuJ-d. strrrcture itsetfl to that end,

IRO81,tr,i-0RIIir-fE' OR,ISCI}I,I}. -ORI;ITTfD ?

t,,tile there is a general- consensus that higher educatlon should' adjust

itself norc effectively to ti:e clevelopncnt problens of the couatry,

the::e is less a6r-eelent about holv a:rC to what extent it shou-ld' be aehieved,

fur estrenely challeng'i rre proposa3r'dral,ra prlnarily from Lati:r-Anerican

orpcrience, has bee:r na.le by Tcdero eurd collcagucs, vikrich put the task of

icientifying eJd solrr;::g clevelopnental problms at the center of u-::raversitlr

woric tovrard.s national Cevelop:ent. ILs nodel fol a rrunj.versity for natic-

nal develcp.entrrl ?est:rrcti:res the us:-i''rersity arounci 1sg3 najcrr prob'len

atreas. Each problea area ir handled W a un:i-versity dirisioa wh,,iclr c1r-',s

th:'ough the nore trarlitional conparti-r-rentallsation of the uaiver:sity.

k:cblm. Area Unirrersi bv Divlsion

I -*j ^,,1 -F-.*'i T*^.lr.a!i.rr cq'-l4t;TIUtAUWU rlvu*v v!v^. l4-+

Di-strlbution (!'ocC., liutri-tion, ane so on)

Econcrric ancl Soeial .l"ffairs(Poverty, Socral JusticcDistribution of Inccr:e, arul

uo on)

Soei-al Sexs"ices : i{ealthErlucation

C''fltLlra]. leve1-eprent and.

! A,a-^f. +rt+u9rr ur uJ

Ii.rision of Agrie"ttureJ koductj-on

and Suppiy

I'irrision o-f nconcra:lc and. Social'A-ffairs

l:vision of Hea-Lth

Iir,.ision of Educ.ation

Dirrision for Culture]. Affa-ix's

$s

-7 -

-BL

U Iivision

A45ricuJ-tr:ra1 Prociuction e.nd Su.lpltr

Eeonc-nie and SoeieL At'-flai:rs

C or;s.bituent X eitart:rcnts4#

Produci:ion ( tg procl:ct t}'trre anl\Con*rtl. ol1,l

Polic;,- (x,usorrree user prices,Tirla€f;s r fj;:"ance, necl:e;d.zation,

anii sc on)

srrpp-lj (stortge, proces*;in5, *is-tribution, :lrarlce'ting, *a*. so orr)

E-iucation (tcacher cdlrc:tion;

forqa]- cilrrj.cu}a ;rnc1 ji.n; Li'irution;

iror.Joncal. :ys-bens )

Popula'uion Problens

Sovcrty snd tineuplo"l';tert

Soc.ia.i iuslice s lils'L,i-i;,,i1,ilns

Xura:-i and l]:'bi,t:- I)*",r*loi::l ;ntI'l,,luc ;r-:a,s::r" f er D e:,oeLoprie=ri

Sccra-l- .jld licr,raorie Pn-' i *)'

Divisicn of liealth I:Ied.ici:re-

Nu:fiiEg

Jr1ediceJ Assista.nt xtd/ or J'Iu::ser

?ractltiollcrs.,/$xiilf i-a.ry

Culturaf Affairs I-emgrurg**r

Cu].t'aral Sturij.es

Arte

It should. he noted- that tire fou.:' probl r,',, a=eas mentioned in the Tcdero

nodel coysr lvhat I have calied the iatcr:::r-l developnerit qrd d the

spectrum.. It vrouf-c be relat:-veJ;r easy +;o ezpa.ird tile re"nge of prcblcn

areas so ag to e.crrer the other end. gf the spcctrue as we4.

-9-

A l'JO-?tlif UiTIYIRSIIY

Ihe question which concerns us horer.er is eu:.otirer one,

A rad-icei reorgan-izetion of the rr.alversity structuri: aror.inti such prr:b1r,u

&reius i"ro,"rld. r.rost likely coi"*sidera,bty inc=ecse the developrrental effecti-veness of the r.uriversity a"c welL es of its graduates" ilowever, theuniversitS- is nct o::Ly concerr:"ed ;.rith the applicatir:n of e;d-sting lmorvledge

to problms. Tt is also con:itted. to add tc the eristing stock of lm.orvled6e,

and. to clevelop th.e theoreti c*l s'tructt:res thet naire nev iceov.iledge nea:iinlruiar:.d. cip::i:le o1' su.ggesting liaes for furtlier j:r.r.estigation,

I'u:'ther',rcre, a continous effort is t:eeded to incorporatre ti:.e nost rece:rtadrallces in science e&.C tecluiologr i:rto the fi.ud of Ind.onesia er.i:ertise,ald 'bo relete thq to Inrlonesian needsn It shorrid. a^]-so be realised that c'';-r

ia:ow1-eC6e and" u.nderstaniJ.irrg of our sccief, is stj-ll ver3- liaiteor'and rdril-eprobl a:-oriented. resea.rch uid prcblmsol-viral ac-bivities a-re i::portrnt and

have to be stepped up consid.erable, tiris should noi; bc clone at ti:e exp3-:rse

of the continous sear.ch for data nee,Lcd. to cni:e,i:ce olli r-tnd.erstamtiing ofour ov/1. soeiety. Already rtcr,v, the relatively easy an'ailabiirty of researchfirnd.s for uoblen-orientei research hrve st:rtccl to distort the l:;leutce bct--rteen gutononous, '.miversity-rnitiated. research ..j1gf ggrlrissioned. research,usi:.al}y of a shortteru problensolvrng cira.racter, It has er,ren begu:, to threarterthe teachi:rg'fum+ticn at c nr-uber of univei'sities.

The cout:::ued exparnsion of syste-^atic imowleiige ano the oaintaiJtance oracada:ic:'igor, obrrioi:s\r, rcqu-ire the preser\rationt at least i.n pa:'t, oi

..

the treiitioml dlsciplj:re-enentation of the ,.miversity. 'Ihe need fornore effective problciorientaticn et the salie tj-ne suggests a t'io-tierstnicture, fhe Ior''rer trer woul-d consi st of the regtflar sarjaru:-trai]riJ€epossibly soner'rhat shcrter, rfl:e 1ow degree cf :-rrterncJ- efficiency in a

large nunber of deparfu:ents at nan;r urrlversities certai.:ely seens to nelrc

tiis not onJ-y possible; but al-so ,Sesirab1e. Ilhe secord tier rToul-d consistof c la:r'ge variety of pcst-gr:.d.uate institutions, oilen to .perscns .,.lho

after their sarians d.eglee v+ant to acguire their ?hD, in ord.er to elevote

their J-ife tc research ald/or unj-versi'by te;ching"

-'lal

I,fanned b;r..q snalJ. core pf pemanent staff, these it:s-hitutes shoulil be

n",.r1ti-dj-9clp1i:ra;y and ideveloim.ent-oriented, in so far possible

covering the spectnru fron ::r:el- anrl corui-uilty <levelopl:rent j.ts

;clwoprlate tech*aIory; to elelfu:ral grCIbLeas of lele,ntitL-" ednO*tvatJ.o+ to i;Iie srear of hXgh tec$nolcgy.

I-t is ihese i::irtitutici:s wich shculd u:rd.ertalie tire so:itirruous -research

along LL.e wl:ole re:rtje o:'cqujr'y c*nd ei:p1oyr:.ent proirl,:l:^s. Tiie;i shouldalso aepepi eonnissicnecl :reseerch., lea,ri:rg the fj:'s'h tie:. free tcr

eoneentrate on i-ts tecichj-ng fwrction ar:.C or: conducti:'g Tesearch forfu:s:trrrctior:a1 prrrposes, as well as basic, autonmousr discij.rli:recrrienteri regearch, [he aBpoirrtment, at some stage, :f a:r assjstant-R*etcr f,:r Res€&:rch, next to the assistant*Rector f i.rs.+icx-i,,1apj"e

Affpj-rs, vcr,uld, also help to keep in. balance cuitpet,r_tg researehf"'.:-nsticr:s of the Urfiversity. t)rc second tier. shou.l_d bt: tlie locus rrfpraetieaf ir:novationr ezperj-aentatioa and the l:i;:kases ri:i.tli "Lhe

fuite:i:.:e uj <;i:4,i- scier:rrIec and -ceci:no-log:-cai cojmunl-1- r.

r"l.te j-:cs-- tr-ites xguj-i ni;o be ih* p-ri:p*r }.**,.:-i:i-c:r ,i'i:;: hr,i:i,gi-r1g 1xsqrrior eler:*nis from go.,"a::nent anC- i;ut:lr:iess yil:,,t i.,::.!c ieiiri],r.+ai, of1

ere close 'tcrr,:'birenent-age, and. v;ho c*;r.1..c1, bec:rur{: *.i i};*lrexperience and intellectual qualities; contribute "fo -bhe orrer.allcai:aultities of the institute, This would. strengthei-. fee<iback frergo'rrernmentaL aad busi:rsss-experience into the unive:.sit1., wfuich sofal has been inad.equate, Sme of tliese ir:stj-tutes could naintaj:: close

-;.ni-+l*;s -'-rj.th tte cpneLmers of tirei:: r'iiiiitr-'cb. as',.'-:l--1-,-r: ci tk.. lra.L,rr-.*,:

.of ,-$1e. rr-tSvair*iff, ti:r:s crr*bli:rq tbr u*i""'cr"s.tty ccr,;ircusly {,o acl;irrstitself to siriJtiag r:.4:rpcnz*::rie:a;u:.,1q, "w:-ii"rou'i; -r;.;sctt'..r:;1 r.1,r, r.,:"3:,rla:,'F-rn a'. i qrri,rr^*j - -.: L-- -1v*4r*{i?:wruu*+iii. of t}rg iuiiversity, Th.;se i:rstitu:*s cnrj]* *"iren

d.e-,'elcp e:rperi-pente.1 progzz:as to-.,.,arcs ir:.corpou. bj_ng iro;.kexperi-encerntc st'+iJ,rprogj:a:n, vrhj-ch, after proyen SultabllLty, could be trans_ferred to the firFt tier,

suctr a tlvo-tier system would also inake possible greaterflqxi-bi].ity j-n respoad.lrrg to cnrer-and. ',inlersupply of particular$kil}s" It ua;r at soine poi-nt become clesirable tc bre-ok trie conti:1iity

-l-1-

of the ac*denic 1add.er, by nakl"ug B two or three year workperiodobligatory before applications to post-grad.uate itstrtutions for

itrairring ,tc*rards e career as a ','::liyersityteachaf or a profession::i

tiresearchpr are cor,sidpred. Tkrls rio"rld. reduce the applj.qatj.ons tothose wlo are nost high{y motirrated. to 1n-rrsue an acagea:lc career,

Itt

There ls another inparbant fi:nction wi:-ieh iastitutes at the seco::di

tier lould. perfo::1.. It is too early to inake ar:y fj::a3. judgement,

but cine has the inpreesion th:t study-serriee (fffi) $o far has haC.

llttle iJrpact oil curiculqrosrefom ad. oa improrring the releyanceof the eolltses,

r

I

&re adgitioral japoftaat funetion therefore, wtriclr night be per-fcruetL by the l-rrsti

coLlection and

ons at the second. level, ryou]-d. be theof obserratiors, expefienees and data,

frcnu the stud.ents

suitable forn, be

i:r stud.y-sen-ice, which cou1d, i:ibeck j:ito th.e uni.rersity cu:ricu}.ur.

RIS'ORJ,,T pprv.Ir:qi -L !vi,!u v

Tl:-is brirgs ';s the fi:ral, but ao less cr',rcial i",-lrction of thesecond tl-er ir.stthe first tier.

i.e" providing contjr-ror:s feedback to

significaatly the quali.ty, utr>to-date-ness and rele'::.nceof the cirrricula for ::atioral deireicpinent.

titutj-onalized thl-s nay, this feed.back could

-12-

Ti:-i-s feed"b+ck cepeoity copld. be further enlarged, tf the regula.r

teachinB, etaff rvould" be ybliged to spend. scme time, at regula=j:itervals, at one of th{se postgrad.uate i:stitutions, i.n orcler

tg particitrete io o.eoll,g research ancl experinents, to d.o ]r.is

own research, as rve1l ag in order to familiar'ize hj.nsel-f with.

the nerv teactri:g materlals d.e.reloled from the clata brought

togetl:.er hy tha i-r"'-ij-iute" I:i a;ldition careerperralties sho"rrld.

i:e gi'ren to those 1lal*d&#,taff ivi:c faiJ- to nake reguJ-ar atljust*ment:: tc -l;l:ej-r syf.:.:,irus aad. t:l::r ccr:pulsory readinglist.

ltrrthez:uore5 relevance of the ci-rrriculi:a coulcl i:,:prorre. ^iconsiderably i-f lin aL1 dj"*cip1j.:aes tiiscussion of the problerw

of eriployaent a,ad equity in Indonesia, as they relate to th,at--.;.p+rticul*:' d.lsCipline, vrere nade obligatory, Except naybe in

I

djscipli,aes 1i$g nathenatics and pirysics, a].]. cliscipli:res hav"e

zi scnnectionl,ltith scx.e aspects of these trvo problens. It would

b*. ,r*'',r:r .mtpo,rtant for s*i:derits of technolory to lmolv, forirJ-:s;t:rnc:, hcffi technoLog;. rel:iies to mants scrc:-al purposes, anil

I-

tc:r'ealj-::e ff:at air;, clrcice cif 'Lechnology has its social inpl-ica-il

tions, rangixg froa eft'ec-bs on enplo;mer:t, econcrric dualisn., toi;

c o,n*uup-c i cnpltt e rns,

d.iseussicns irr the economics and soci,a]. scierrce

s'woir].C focus greater attention, and develop greater

T.ikazjse,

departnent

sensi-tivJ-ty stnrct'"r:e} ald, other sceial factors and. thei-rpalicy tioi:s in the p,lrsu-it of develotrment goa1s, In the

'l i rri re,-

1't noul-d focus a'ctention on the rauch neglected

*r.r-Lturai p:'cbleits of a transitional society,Tlle r:ipacb of cr--illr,-i::-ica-bions tec:::rc1*,9y, for :tstance, o:r econoiaic

,istratificeti-cn, qn cultr::re-c1:-::ge ancl icl.entity, on problerrs 11ke

I

t:le eul.tural *p&.*=ishment of the desa and on emplo3rnent, but alsofoi instaace, the grovrbh of d=ec:,, arq proble\ tnat so far have

iris:ed ieost deparhlents of letters by,

i

I.t wcul-d rrot be too dj-ffisuJt tc idenq.i.fy the releve4ce af npstt,-afserpli:res fo:i &ur,tr Cevelopnent pcoblerts.

Surriculqm reforn as a aont.in-|1or"ls processr together vdth the. clra:r6eS

in st*,.raeture suggasted herel r'ruuld. be coriducive to the devel.cpnent

ef 3 br.lrltr"in cap+ei-i;;' t',ritiria e .,ich unj-versitJr'f6f contj-iauous innc-ya.tion ,,r,,d. adaptatlon to airapi,il1- ch::-ng;i-ng goelaI coyrteXtl a:rd ingeneral, f,ot' tbe continirous salfr"eneiTaI cf, the urrirrerslty. []dswou1tl a1 sd graou:ily nolre tr.e J-Qcr-ls ol reepo4siveness-bo nei,l eocieta^L

need,sl -lncresslng1y, f:on -ui-:.e liii.:qistry of Eclueatlon to the universitiesthemsel-vesy gd ccr,.lrsc, r'riti:-in the geaegaJ- p.qlicj.es and resouroe

al I oc atlons qf tLe rri rt j 3-[13r

AJ-sca j:r this lial;- 'oh.q;niversity eoi11-d $-r'ercoqo the rigid.lty and

thc irradeguete re^:ponsivepegs to changlng soctetd needsl i'ririch has

$s slrq-rrl.r - csntinue to be ni::d-frrl of tlie f act tilat rt l'ras1/

thes._4rg1o:ity arli.-bl:e laclr of concern fgr ne,,,; and. urge:rt nanpo,'ver

ne-e*s=or tire pari of the wt:versities that ].ed aJ-rtost atl ninistries1o set up their o\i.'n acad,ecle5, vril-Lch nolz fortrrna*ely are in theprscess of .bei;ig brought baci.:'into the fotd of the uaivcrsi-l). s:/steE.

Sost g::aCuate irr;titutions again could" pro-riAe bhe lin-kage here vdththe 4eed.s of the varisus nin s'i;ries ]:y d.evcicpi-ng suitnrble precerViqe

trai-nilrg,. .,

Tirj-s systelr',,rculd .'lJ-so r.-:rre thc u:riversity i-n enothosr lyalrr

i3r::i-1d.ing on exper:-nart,::1 prcgre.ns of tile instituticpsr tirc u;ive:'-i

sity eoul-d enlarge r.oire rapiely tlie n-u.pber if courses offered rcitirial

each departneit, an(i even establ-isil ,r,eui dbpartmen'bs, propc:rly

ad.apteC. to Inpoeesi-::r nee0.s a:rd. probJ-ens on botl:. the national.ta:rcl thc ragi{nal Level. Cqup}ee witir a nore rr',pid shift tc r:- cre4it

sirsten, *u ,rJrt :s vriih a t,-ighrl;, overduc opportu-nity for ',tuaqntstg cress depar.ti:cnt:-t- i:o-;-nii.a-ries in ths ghece qf th,:ir cours.J

pacirage, lhe tin-ivorsi l;y ccuid. finally orror€orie the uniforr:it;. 61

its produc'i;s i:r eilci: profe;sionp a.5, a result of wh.,-ieh all grad.uates

seen to be arned. 'intli tLre s?'.trc substaritive ia:o',v1e$8er arrcl allsho-rrj-ng the saqe ar'ces of lg::orarrce a:l(. vrea^lqrre*.a" Itt ';nj E \i3y the

universiti-eg wo*I-d- Teke araji-ai:le to tha qSrion a ruch gree"ler rallge

of errpr:.bifity ft-:d Fpeej-:-1jz;:+tior1- -It worr'Lit a1--^o i-rlprove thc ':

l*rl",r*Oilety of i-u.s ili'ad.u"tcs

- ]a -

- 1n_ -

Esplo,-,lrqnt. a:rd. BployabJ-H ty

[he rrniv;rsitrt s eonffibution +o the nationa-l returifers.er:"t of r*reat];rg

at least l0 r$lllion :rew job api:ortr.inities i-:e. the 'd\ext tldrtf years

nou-Ld. lie in the first pl.ace in the prov:,sron of the kigbl.r' shllledme,n power needed. to cpecci-up the te+:eral d.evelopraent procass* Second.Iyl

in helping d,eve]-op n'ore labor intensiire aJ-ternatj-ves -through appropriatgcholces of, technology a:rd. prod-uction processes" filird.Iy, i::, eond.ucti-:rg

res;earci: intc opporti:niti*rl ani problc;ri r:i !1i1iigcn"cur) t'zree*i;selBF:,qg.4f,

especj.al-J"y-in the rilr'a]- seCtcrs, but aJso ariiong tire snall urbar:.'qTi=qrle-iie:.!rF* Fou-rtLly, b;r trai-ninG gr:,riuatcs who ?.!i'G a!/rrc of the relatj.oa-stilB betweelr- tfelr particul-ar &iscipiine and thre enplo;,ment a::.d equ-ityprolla:r; i:r ledonesj-ao pifth, by ccntinor:sIy c:o:,dciiing o:' iri:1pi+6 tobroa*sn -i.iie tgres of sic-l3.s for wh-i*h tr*i-ni::; j-: r::ijfered i:-i: ittc, t"xn&:ffirlevcin

i{oyrrrer, oae iii;portant rea$ox" fo:' the d-1.ff:-c,:}-bies mary graauatesLraye jJ1 fjild,ing suitable eup].o;.ae::.t i* the si-:rl-ils fact tha'L ti:.ey areof ten :-',..i;;,',;:'r i::e1" li:',.,.::-ir-l''-:*-,, i:i"l :- .; ::; .:Ji,--riiij,:t-i:-lr-L.i ior l"-:cl:'stu{ini ,:: u:arc e they' har.'c '5e':crrr::

8r j:rt'-13"-r''::r.r }}-.' ,-;:r] r'crsj-'hii,-.: i1\t()p onrrn-in.'l{ne .i-I,'a.^ -r',i- j:'-1-{-,.. -l-l ,.i- -1

^--,+fri'iirri-i-l'"5 r,.ii"!jri u+ !i r,:4#atj u-iie 'iinj-Vtlf Sit;" Si::fi'*, :r.t J-eagt f-*X. .S,:)I1+

*^..i--t *- ---perioc3 .::.:sponsi'bih ty -il*r 'Li:.r; r:i.il;"-!is pl*a*g:,:ti:,':t af Lhej"-:' .:t'r"--h":tes,Y,ro-GId -ciron force thqee u.i:.ivers-ti;:r""Lo iiipr'o"',,'e-1;hei,r emi;loya'Oi.i.ity,the qua.Lit3- of -bhe teaci:-ing3 and to t-rsc'tr.;i::ic,r,e r;e:tsiti-ve i;o L.liil neeii;of their consuners. Ihe est:ibLisi:l:ent cf e llacenent bureau a'Ntaehed.

to the H.ectorls officer vri:-ich woi:Jd t.Lso rcgularly publish }i;rs ofgrad.uates, the {-!,*-r: of trrr:ir saz:jane thesic a*ad thei.r ae-ea ofspeciaiizaiicn," l.rould qujc1.;iy ,:11;x L"il ',ieai:nesl:es ti-tirin aach

rrr:.i,versr"ly nr:ed.{ng cor}€){lti c:r*

A feW 'nC-rd.S *l*U--1.,d ba giti.ii :;hrtrrl t,;:,il *arCrjI.Lli-t1(:*t:r-i;-i+:S a::d e.i:i*::*atiOntoward.s the fu+;ltre. * tii+:i-r' o\aj] 3s ;-;.:-T; ;..';, b}:rart Ei *:r,* :.rr;'i::LEai.,o ri;f tj:astud.4:Lts aad glaeuates. },ren a superficial- observ"ntiori makes oLearthat msst are tiriaki-ng of a goyernnentcareer and. l-ife 1a one of theblg citiesl prefe:'ably Jakapta" On the part of tire 'iraiversities no

d.lscelr"aiblo attenpt h.as been mari.e to i.nf1.uereee such prefereoees.Nevertb-elqSs a serious pfogran ,.ri11 h::ve to be d.eveloped. that eou]-d.

help nake the stridents reali.zo th.a.t for a najority of tiren tirejr f\rbr-rcqf i es outs:ide 8oye.srjrtentserrrice and outoirlc the f eyr bi6 -cj-taes* I,E -j_s

'. .-e-l-e€rlt -$irat-'i:rd.on-esia-ls- {uture iril:!. to {i ver]r le,rge e,rteirt rlepanci -o:t

_15-

lvlu"t we vyi11 be able to achiel'e in the vray of oevelopraent i:r the sna1l

tcn..,ryrs, i:r the- rrral are3s, in the isl-i,.ncLs sutside Java, in and on the

seas j-n ancl arot-aC Indonesie, and. in the prir''ate, non-goverxmantal

sphere* [he obligatory inc]usj-on of problens of developnent, of equity

and enplo;ment in the cuEiculun, nentioned. earlier, would be an

iaportaat step i:e bringing thj.s hm.e to the stuCents, It is trithj-:r thj-s

contex-b that the recent ad.hortatioris of Pres-ident Suharto tc i::c1ud'e

<li-scussions of the GBr[ir Repe]ita a::'d Paacasila irr eac]r curricuh-m a:s'

of part1cdar inportance. A clearer vision of the future of the country,

its longer Iange prcblens and requirenents, on both a nat:-or:al and a

r:egional 1evel, ',vi-Il help the stuC.ents to relate thej-r oY,E csreslchoj.etrs

anrl irorklocatior:,s to the broader j::terests and grou.bhteaCencies of the

coi:ntry, and nay leed. to tireir novement aray fron the big cities"Conprlsory stuoyse:srice wcruld i,:e aO.dition glve the stucler:ts a set of

experiences that rtould. silrengthen this process. lievertheless it should

be realized that lvithout eorespondi-ng c}',anges in the rene::d.sys-tea no

'lne*inc offont< Can be eXpeCie.i.4uv g - ,.t

Attitudfu:al ch,ange anong th.e st''"r.dents rvi11 neeil this \ind ofreer:forcenent nech:nisii., Ljlewise it r.ontt be suffici-ent orly to reach

the stud,ents' Thejr parent's perceptions of the future wi-I1 also have

to be changed, and a contir:uous cffcrt by both the governraent and the

uliversities ia the area of pub1-ic education on this prcblelr will be

requi-rec1,

It night be advisabie to clevelop - experi.:nental1y at firet, to be sure

- co,arses and. lvorksfiops wh.i-cp ai-:c at develori ng and strengthcning the

students capacity to look for entrepreneurial opportur:.ities in his or"n

en'rrironnent, at each cuecessive stage of the develop;nentpro.cess, and.

to develop pride i.n the notion of creativeness? :-nnovativeness, personal

sel-freliance a:'-d self-emplo1ce::.t, thas rcd.j-ca1J.y ehanging the role -pe:'cepricn of uni'.iers-itI gz'ad.'.iates, in I-ine urith the courrtryls tteed.

liJrewise, studyserrice students should be sensitised, to 'the poi:rt lrhere

the;,- iook at the y'ill ge to which they are sent, not with the eyes ofthe tuah, or the eyes of an adrrjnistra-Lor, but rather with the eyes

of an entreprene.;.r. icclring for gro'v,rthoppor-bunities and potentials oftire vil l age"

The neeC for such e>:peri-nents are of course not i'ini ted to lt-igher

cducation.

{'-16-

It appJ-j.ee to t]:.e rhole educaticnai sysi;en*

l33LJs::s=iu*s:r ssiig-sg-s- x s!+s :"the teachin3 roles Universities r,ill lra='re to plziy arc nct 1in:ited

to their ov,rr studcntsn l::ereasingly tne nceii is being felt for a

eontinuous effort to st::engthen- "';hat

nrght be called I'the l"egrning

eapaei-ty of tlre natii:ntt" T]:is c:r!::city is or course not linited. to the'uriiyersities thcnsel-,res, but e&cc:.r5las,res tire ab-iiity of a ra:i4e ofi11$*-"{"i"1[j-*tr.s eit aJ.] leyels cf socii:t;" bo ar-rserb p;rd rttilize *rentiirelF

.inew {rn";io&iation ;urC skillsi infcr;:ction about their ovn: rapidly charrgiag\eoeieties te.ryf} as erbcut the g:reat ohanges in t}*e internatio',a}enfiircr::lent, ar:d" 5..ir... the state of sci.ence and technology, C.irectly affectingtheir sccj*eties srA t*.iair deveicp::er:t effcri;s. Be are concerned. h.ere.

with 'ti.a gover:::-::nt bu.rcauc;acy, pi:1:, ti."r:i pa:'ties3 tlrc pz'css iu:.d

soonu:LtcaLions neC-ia 5-n generaio ttia fr::rreJ a,rrd. nonfornaf" ed.u*atioaalsi.sterrs, the business i,rex1d1 agrd. th.e vo] ,: terJi- assocratlcns cf :rariouskincs, []:* Un-i-ve:rslties nust be abl,c to resl)o:'rC. to t]reir neeC.s of

fn rr.d.iit::,:., :it :'i:o'iLil be ::,:'..j..:,.1 'Llr.,i; *.; i7,., r:.r,i-1..:.1 t15ii cf Lrre

pgpr-r-latin:: in lr.c{o;:esi;r is goinfj !'o.r&i, the F*c:Lai trl.treslirLr:es cxert<.:cl by an

J-r}qr*a.singJ-y I=:'g..1 .ror:-th crho:'-t ir: ji,b-= i-,irl ae^rrle:s, tvill *aki; ccrj.,y-

retirenent policies igr a nunber c,l'areat ineyitab].co Expceia"lly forcivil servarts oar];r prepa::stions shoulcl be rtaic fcr a -b.,vo-cerec:: J.5.fe'

Unj.versity faciiities for the retr*lnj-ng of sucir people woula be an

i-nportnnt contrib::tion to the enp1olrore::.t a:rrl equ:ity prcbl enr

Finclly9 de:'e1-^g:n"ent is not mer-a1y ai: i:aoncmic !i:cces:;, Tire

i;rprQyetent of lir'rng conditicns r;i a goa| tr:s to ::ake s€r;.Fi€ in ternsof the b:io*dcr purposes of sccie-L;rr. if .i:oti=r:.r:i,,rn* fo;: deuelopr:rent a,re

to ]re neintalnerlo Ahrost eij- dorrelopnren-I*l clecisions have ethicaLlnplieations iqh.ich j:r the longex ]1ln i^ii]-f,. be of great {mportelice. A

e ense of noral d:s'ection, cuJ-turaJ. ecnti.:euit6 arii. a self,-j.t'ate a:id

id.entity' as a nation, but aJ-so the eapaci-ty to relate eeongriie and

socia] gcal.s to noz'al purpcses are crucial elenents in any sustaineCd.eve)-opment effort,

Our r.ur:lversrties sliouJ.d. -be capabley nore effectj"rely than. theyl.ave sirovrn ti:eusel-:res to be sbl-e to so far, of relating the sturly ofti:-e h,.u;urlties to both the rrlittierr and the ,rgreatlr noraf- questions