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Eugene Ararn

NOTABLE TRI ALS SERIES .

M M EditedbyA.DononS|-ith.

M oa n

Dr.Falk land. Edited byWillie Rodgltood.

ThoStanton. Editedby ] .8.Alloy.We .

ot-Low.

Front Moll". Edited by H . 8. lrvina.

Lovd Lovot. Edilodby Dovid N. Moeboy.

Caxtalo Pottoooo. Edited byWilliam“M

V lmamPalm. Edited by Geo. H . Knoll.

Boninof-ol-Low.

Mn.Mom Editod by H . B. Irving.Dr. Lanna. Edited b, H . L. Adam.

Mary Bloody. Edited byWilliamRougheod.

Clix,d Glucow Book M l

“

illiomWallace. Advocote.

DoocmBrodlo. Edited byWilliomRoolheod.Juno: Stewart. Edhed by David N.Mach y.A. I.Mouton. Editedby] .W.More.Advocolo.

Ou r Sister. Edited byWilliamRoubead.

MomChontrollo. Edited by A.

inSmith.Advocate.

SumoAtom. ByEricWoloon.Barriatot-ot-Low.

) . A. c kmon Edited by S. 0 . Rwon°

H amilton. Boniola -ot-Low.

Tho Saddam. Editedby FilmYoung.

Eug ene A r amH is L ife and T rial

Eric R .Watson, L L .B.

Of the lnner T emple. Bmister—at-LawAuthor of “The Principles of Indian Crlmlnnl Low.

TORONTO

CANADA LAWBOOK COMPANY, L IMITED

PREFACE.

Tn purpose of this addition to the bulky mass of Ara-sidedmay be briefiy put. The main intereet in Arumhasmr

centred around the (acts of his crime and L in] . H is scholaro

ship has lent an added fascination to the story ofm.murderbut it is the ki lling of Daniel Clark which keeps biomemorygreen. The story 0! thatmurder has never yet beentruly orfully told. Interest procurer' ‘

xc suppression of some factsothers have unaccountably been overlooked . Fable andromance have usurped the place of historical narrative. Noconnected account of themanor his crime anywhere exists . '

.o

the meagre neporto of the trial , dating from1769, must beadded the two anecdotal and desultory work of Scatcherd , arast numbor olmagaaine articles lrom1769 I to tho preeent.andmany long-forgotten publications. amon, which 1 mentionhere only the rare York Pamphlet, anonymously published inthe year ol tbe trial . and some phrenological tracts ot the earlv

nineteenth century . A careful collation of all the works 0

be fotmd in the bibliography. together with a deta iled examine

ticnol themanmcript noords inthe hecotd Ofi oe and ol tLe

contemporary newspapers. has enabledme to weave a connectedstory— with certainlaeumdue to the subject’sownreticenco— clAram’

s lile and crime. and inso doing to dispel tbemany errors.repeated by writer alter writer— to show that, so far frombeingconvicted on the sole testimony of Richard H ouseman. Aramwas , in fact. convicted upon many concurrent proofs anda number of the strongest circumstances” -ond that he wasin no way taken by surprise by Houseman's or any otherevidence. being justly convicted to the full satisfaction of hiscontemporaries. To establish the legal proof of his guilt.never doubted by any one of consequence till Bulwer and Hoodspun their webs of romance round the schoolniester , has beenone ol my objectss another has been tomake clear the lawand procedure under which he was tried, and retute muchignorant criticism, aimed at show ing that the trial was unfair.

V

PREFACE.

That a man, who in the Opinion ofmany is little to be distinguished fromother heroes of the Newgate Calendar, shouldhave succeeded in attracting to himself for nigh ontwo centuriessomuch of the sympathy of educated and uneducated alike, isfar more remarkable than anything in the circumstances of

his li fe or crime. Between his apologises, who choose only torecognise the scholar— while reluctantly admitting that perhaps“ homicide is not to be allowed even to the most amiablegenius — and his detractors , who see only the common assassin.opinion has become so confused that the story of Aramseemsto belong to legend rather than to history. The fascinationof his career is partly that of every cold-blooded homicide,which attracted the supersensitive de Quincey to the truculenthutcheries of Williams , Poe to the barbarous murder of MaryCecilia Rogers, and continues , whenever a pecul iarly callousand revolting crime of this sort is brought to light, to focusthe atte ntion of all classes and of all grades of intellect . Thisfascination , often denounced asmorbid by those canting persons ,who aflect not to read such things , is the normalman’s tributeof admiration— ia the Miltonian sense— at. what so entirelytranscends his ownexperience . A degree of respect is felt fora being who can calmly go oneating his dinner after doing adeed , to read of which sends ordinary man into shivers ; theinterest is also akin to that felt for a pathological specimen of

the race— a greatmurderer is, like TomThumb, or the Irishgiant, or Daniel Lambert, or the Siamese twins , something atwhich the morally normal man looks as at a monste r. The

very use of the word monster to denote amanof the utmostdepravi ty is proof of it.

Real culprits ," says Burke, as original characters, standforward onthe canvas of humanity as prominent objects of ourspecial study .”InAram’

s case the interest is peculiarly intense, because.while othermenof learning and letters have been condemnedformurder, hardly a parallel can be found of amanso studious,so correct , so patient, so free , at least in the received accountsand accepted traditions , fromthe vagaries associated with thecriminal life, ending his career at the hands of the executioner.Thomas Griffi th Wainwright was indeed a murderer, but hiswritings , like those of Lacenaire, were those of a mere

VI

PREFACE.

dilemma ; they are enough in themselves to awaken suspicionof hismorals ; they are disfigured by a levity and egoismfromwhich a base nature cannot but be inferred. Savage was condemmd for a murder, yet it hardly surprises us ; he wasdesultory in his habits of composition , careless , ungrateful , andto the highest degree erratic in his conduct of li fe. The

homicide he committed was barely murder— it lacked design ,and arose upon a quarrel . Moreover, neither of these wasexecuted, and Aram'

s gibbet has donemore to keep hismemoryalive than his achievements inphilology or letters. V illon andVerlaine lived criminal lives— one committed homicide and theother attempted it ; both proved that great poetic geniusmayconsort with the vilest tendencies ; but their lives are homogeneous. We expect crime fromthose of such irregular habit,nor are the gravestmoral aberrations surprising in a vagabondbard. Of Arum, as a poet, it would be unfair, perhaps , tosay, in the phrase of Gautier, “Vrai meurtrier ct faux poete,”but his versification is as little remarkable as his crime is thecontrary . Moreover, his great staidness is all at variance withthe cases of the other homicidal poets— Savage, for example.

That a philologist should commit premeditated murder andexpiate it onthe gallows was long unique until the nineteenthcentury produced a parallel to Eugene, recalled to mind in therecent reminiscences of Professor Goldwin Smith, in the personof one Ruloif, some account of whose case wi ll be found in .a

subsequent part of this book .Was Aramreally a scholar i This questionhas often beenasked, and very justifiable doubts have been thrown on the

extent of his reading. Murderers are habitually liars , and are.like other criminals , inthe highest degree vain and egoistic.Whether Aramhad or had notmade himselfmaster of all thosesubjects of study, which he enumerates in his fragment of autebiography, I see no reason to diff er fromDr. Garnett’s estimateof his attainments , or to question that learning was one of thedominant passions of his life. The case of Rulofi shows howcompatible the cultivation of phi lology may be w ith murderas a fine art . I think , onthe other hand, that, especially inthematter of the famous defence, much uncritical appreciationhas greatly exaggerated the erudition and profundity of Aram’aliterary performances . The Gentleman’sMagazine, and one ortwo books lent to himin prison, constitute Arum’s authorities

vii

for his sddren; and intwo instancos, at lsast, his statsmants“lf we set aside hls achievements inpoison,”wrote 0scar

Wilde of Wainwright, “what he has actually left us hardlyjustifies his reputation . W. C. Haalitt was of opinionthat his love cf Art and Nature wss a mere pretsnos

and assumption , and would have denied to himall literarypower. This seems to me a shallow , or at least amistaken,

view. The fact of amanbeing a poisoner is nothing against

his prose.

”

These remarks, which seemtome tme of tbe murderer of

HelenAbercrombie,may equally be applied to Eugene. Thathe committedmurder is a fact impertinent to the questionof

his eminence as a scholar. It should neither factitiouslyenhance nor be suflered to extinguish what little he certa inlystrove to do towards the advancement of philology . After all.however, it is his crime, and not his learning, which hasreally fccussed interest uponhim, and it is to explode the falsecurrent notions, so widely disseminated about that, which hasbeen the main object of this book , justified, I hope, by thefresh evidence adduced fromthe records. “No historicaldecision , says Motley , is final ; an appeal to amore remoteposterity, founded uponmore accurate evidence, is always valid ;butwhenthe verdict hss beenpronounced uponfacts which areimdisputed, and upon testimony fromthe criminal’s lips , thereis little chance of the reversal of the sentence.

”

That testimony exists in Aram’s case, and a consideredjudgment can hardly difler fromthe conclusion reached at thetime, so much at variance with more recent opinion . Yet so

hardly domencling to the romantic rather than the rea l that,just as the Cenci legend sprang up, in spite of Prospero

Farinacci’s avowal at the time, that there was no groimd for his

appeal to Clement Vi ll .

’s mercy on behalf of Beatrice, andhas survived Bertolotti’s complete exposé of has abandonedcharscter , so futmity will continue to cherish thememory of anAram, scliciteus evenfor the wormupoi the footpath and foullydone to death on the sole evidence cf a perjured rascal by a

scoundrel, says Mr . QiarlesWhibley , is to put uponhimthe heaviest dishonour .

"Iet us do Aramno snch disservice

viii

PREFACE

let himappear aswhat he was— as themanhis contemporariesknew— inmurder a finished artist, inphilology a tms pionoer,genuine scholar , andgenuine rascal l lnthis endeavour toplacebefore the world the real facts. hitherto denied it, I have beenmuch assisted by the vsluable suggestions of several corro

spandents, and Imust expressly thank Messrs . H oraceBlsackley,J . W. Scott, J. W.Woolstencroft, and Alfred Ela, of Mass ..

for indicating some of the less obvious sources of

information . I regret that, death having overtaken the Rev .

W. C. Boulter, whose name is familiar to all readers of Notesand Queries,” 1 cannot. take this opporttmity to convey tohimmy thanks for placing his extensive bibliographicalknowledge at my disposal . To Mr . E. M. Roles, of

King’s Lynn ,my especial thanks are due for the loan , not onlyof a curious collection of Arams'ana , but for that of the collectionformed by the late Rev . F .W. Joy , including the autographletter of Aram, here reproduced. Lastly, I desire to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr . Scargill-Bird , Deputy Keeper of theRolls , in permitting me to photograph the records , and of

Professor Keith, M.D. , LL .B . , inpermittingme to photographthe craniumof the murderer, in the R.C.S. Museum, and for

his valuable report onwhat rema ins of the victim.

ERIC R. WATSON.

KEY TO ABBREV I ATI ONS IN THE

FOOTNOTES.

Y. P. 2 York Pamphlet"— Ancn. 17m.

“Mom.” The Memoirs of Eugene Aram, by N. Scatcherd, 2ad ed.

1838.

Gleanlngs afterEugene Aram,”by N. Soak-herd, 1880.

[For particulars of these and of other worksM en-ed to inthe Notss,see the Biography in the last Appendix ]

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CONTENTS.

takenback andre examined— arrest oi Terry— hissell -possession- his committal to York Castle— andmmlnation— Aram’

s

piteous letter toCollins— reports inthe Pren,

Cuarrn Vl l .

letters fromprison— Arenaexploitedby the booksellers- Housemanbecomes anevidence for the King— the dilemma oi the Crowu— Aramselectedas the victim— reasons (or this choice— practiceas to wives' evidence in criminal cases— Aramcomposes hisDeience”— the assiaes commmce— the judges and counsel

a truebill foundagainstall three— the witnesses for theprosecu.tion— ths prisoners put themselves upontheir country,

Cou r se VI I I .The cause list for Friday, 8td August, l769— a goodday’s work

charaoter ofWilliam Noel and of Fletcher Norton— theprisonerspresented to their jury— good and lawfulmen—GeorgeMason tried- trial oi Houseman— practice as toKing’sevidences— acms absurd errors— he ls acquitted— Eugene Aramisput tothe bar- his indictment— quaint formalities— opening oi the

Crown case— the evidence— H ouseman in the box— did Aramcross-examine2- otherwitnesses— Ann calledonfor hisdefence,

Cu r ran 1X.

Eugene Aram’sdefence— didhe compose it?

Cu r-ranX.

Ths efleot ol Aram’saddreas- its aingularity— a critical estimate dit— iavourably noticed by writers onmedical jurisprudence- probable impre-ionproducedonNoel— James Allan Park, J.

onThurtall’sM enus— Ned 's summing up— ths verdict— Arenato be hanged and dissected- the a ntenoe altered— evidencefromthe records— the practice of the times— Terry's acquittaltrua story oi the murder unknown— remains subsequentlyfound inthe cave—didArammurder others l— Rulofl— oloss ofessises,

Cums: XL

Aram’e last hours— hie letters andfragment“autobiography—muchof the latter suppremed— ths influence of I lse— Aram'

s

impenitence and hardness— reception of his wife— desires thesacrament of Collins— his “ccniession”— attempts suicidehis execution and gibbeting— fate of his skull and remainsvici-itudes of his family— I iouaeman’s hostile reception— hismiserable existence anddeath— traditions of Clark and of l ies

no.0mm XII.

APPENDICES.

Arman I .Transodptsol MSSJnthe RecordOflcep ,

Extracts fromthe Press, 17444750.A nnual:m.

t oiogical observations on the skull of Eugene Aramwithanacoountoi its history since"GO— report of Professor Keith uponthe skull M Clark,

Annals N.

Am? sutobiographioel letter.

Am en V.

Prose remalns andpoems oi EugeneArsm,Ar rsmux VI .

The Bibliography ofEugeneAram,

ADDENDUM.

The Case of R. v. Goldtborough,

CORRIGENDUM.

Eugene Aram’s lantern,

L I ST OF I L L U STRAT I ONS.

Eugene Aram.

St. Robert's Cave.Plan edKnox's House,I nquisition.Page of Aram'e Second Examination.Let-t er writtenby Aram.Page fromthe Northern Circuit Minute Book.Page fromthe Northern Circuit Gaol Book,Eugene Arena.The Craniumof Aram,Part of parietal bone of ClarkPieybill 0

“Eugene Aram,

Chronology of the Story of Eugene Arum.

1704 — Eugene Aramborn at Ramsgill and baptised at Middlesmoor on2ud October.

1710 -Eugene Arumremoves to Skelteu, near Newby .

1718 — Sir Edward Blackett dies, and Eugene shortly after goesto [nation as clerk to Mr. Christopher Blackett.

17204— Eugeue Arumreturns to Ripon. His father, Peter,moves to Ripley, entering the service ofSir J. Ingleby.

1731 — Eugene Aram, some years established as schoolmaster atGouthwsite H all and Ramsgill,marries, on4thMay,Anna Spence.

1734 — Eugene Arumremoves to Knuresborough, es steward toMr. W. Norton, and soon opens a school.

"M b- Daniel Clark leaves Aram'e house with Arumend Housemanand a strange man about 1 1 pm. onthe nightof7th February, and is last seen byW. Tutou at

3e.m. nextmorning.

1745 - Eugene Aramin April leaves for London. The exactcourse of his movements is uncertain for several

- Eugene Arumlesves London and goes to King‘s Lynn inDecember.— Eugone Arumis on 1 4th February a inted usher at

the LynnGrammar School.ppo

— Thompson discovers remains on Thistle B ill on 1stAnglut. and on the 3rd finds the rest of a skeleton,which is examined onthe i th by two surgeons.

— Ou 12th August the two inquests are held on thisskeleton

— Houseman arrested on the 1 4th August, and examinedonthat day, and sgaiu onthe i5th.

the 17th August the body of Clark is found in St.Robert's Cave by Houseman’s direction, and theinquest thereon is held on the l8th August, whenArms and Houseman ere pronounced guilt of Clark’smurder . Aramarrested at Lynn about 1 th.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE STORY OF ABA“.

As.wer “mumugust, ork w on e

August Terry is also ooniined.

1760 — ard H arsh— Commission Day of York Lent Assisss.

— Ensm

1777-Eugsne

Ou the IOth Sir l Foster makes anorder for thepri soners' continuance in By flndJung ifnotearlier, it is detormmed Housemanshsll tus'nKing

’s evidenoe.

Aramis tried at York beforeNosl dmu the ilrd ofAugust, found ity, d hanged on the oth and

o

li l

li

l

etedonthe th. H is trial iirst publishedonthet .

Aram’

s claims as a scholar recognised in Kippie’“Biographies Britannica," and in 1784 inAdelung’sGerman “Lexicon.

"

1829 The DreamofEugene Arum,”published inthe“Gent"1881 — Bulwer’s novel, Eugene Arum,"uppears.1882 — E e Aram’s debut on the stage at the Surrey on

1873 — E

1902 — E

at February. Mr. Elton ase Aramplayed b (Sir) Henry Irving at theyocumon i 9th AprilAram’smost recent a peuranoe on the stage iu

land. at the Avenue “After All on 15thJanus.“ Mr. Martin Harvey as Eugene.

EUGENE ARAM.

CHAPTER 1 .

im nawteem.Engine . otherwise Eugenius Aram. was. as all the worldknows. execute donthe 8th of August. 1769. for amurder committed onthe sth of February , in the yearFromthat time ever since

,through succeeding generations of

men, his genius and his fnte have engaged in turn the interestand activities ofminds. distinguished in almost every department of knowledge. The historian has paused in his narrativeof plots and policies to tell the hapless scholer

'

s fate. Thehas moved millions by his matchless realisation of themny of apprehension. which throughout fourteen

never orsook this manof solitude endmystery .

"The

remembered actor has recited. with inimitable intensity, thepoet’s story of the crime, and has been the protagonist in atragedy written around and called afte r Eugene Aram.

novelist has made familiar to two hemispheres a characterwhich, but for his romance.might now be scarcelymore thanthe shadow of a name to many. The Queen herself wasabsorbed by the ghastly ta le. and pronounced it fearfullyinteresting. The jurist. the professor of forensic medicine.the antiquary , and even the phrenologist have taken upthe pento expati ate upon the case of Arumin the light of their severalscienws and professions .In themagazines and periodica ls , from1759 until the present.

a host of G' °

bses has adumrbrated the extraordinary storyof Eugene am.

” Yet the true history of the murder ofDaniel Clark has never until now been published . Generationafter generation of writers has been content to take the factsfromthose meagre and hasty compilations which a aredwithin a fewdays of the tr ial, and , albeit condemned at timeby the M ama ’s”aga in , have ever since su lied a legionof sciolists with arguments to prove that Aramfe a victimtoa judicialmurder, or was, at least, executed after a very unfairtrial upon wholly inadequate. evidence. To dispel such notionsis one of the objects with which this monograph. based upon

'

na1 research. has been undertaken.

o wisermaximthan Coke’s favourite saying, Melina est

l shu — “GirlhoodofQueen V ictoria" IL , 83.

Eugene Aram.

tea. qusmsectsri rivulos." can guide the investigator

taslt, in the fore front ofmy authorities 1 placethese manus

‘

c

nr

‘

ift records in which are contained the original

deposi tions the prisoners' ownexaminations. withmuch othermatter extracted fromthe gaol and nuts booksand miscellaneous pa of the old Northern Circuit . Promthese records have.mths first time. been transcribed thehitherto suppressed parts of Eugene’s examinations. the whollyunknown examination of Henry Terry. the evidence of manywitnesses. such as l iery Bransby. Bryan H ardcastle. andStephen Latham. whose very name have never before figurednthe sto and certain entries fromthe circuit books whichestablish acts hitherto uncerta in— as, for instance

,what

became of Terry .

Of less historica l value than these. but still muchmore reliable than some latter-day lucubrations, are the notices in thecontemporary ress, and certain reports of the trial. issued atthe time, whio bear evidence of being composed by persons insituations of advantage for ascertaining the tru th .

Of the journals of that day it is safe to say that not theslightest use has been made to illuminate the story by anyprev iouc writer. and the most singular of the contemporarymphlets, that anonymously ublished at York in 1759. hasn a llowed to pass unnoti save by Norrisson Scatcherd.

whose purpose, as an“avowed apologist, prevented his dealing

fairly with a work exhibiting so strong a contrary bias. Inaddition to these hitherto unexplored sources of information.have ve carefully collated all publishedmatter re lating to thestory . e bibliography which concludes this work wi ll showhow various indeed are the authorities 1 have been led toconsult for this purpose, and 1ma add that a perusa l of themhas only deepenedmy conviction 0 the necessit of settin forththe true history of a case long buried beneath t accumu tionsof baseless legends-and obscured by the fantastic inventions offabulistsmasquerading as purveyors of incontrovertible fact .The history of the bibliographymay here be briefly sketched .

From1759 until the publication of Hood ’spoemin 1829 there

was a constant streamof reports of the tria Manymagazinesprinted accounts of it, and amultitude of pamphlets a

ppeared .

Of these pamphlets most became early out of print, ut one.sold by Bristow in London , it is said. as nt for Ann Ward.of York. established itself as the stan version , and continned to be reprinted, sometimes with , vometimes without,Aram’

s literary remains , by a suwessionofYorkshire publishers.of whomAnn Ward , Charles Etherington , and Ely Hargroveare the most familiar. Some editions difler in contai ningadditional letters of Aram'

e; but in general each is a mere

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Eugene Aram.

superfluously, at others inaccurate ly) Aram'

s address and other

gau ges in his letters and rema ins, but he has disingenuouslyrrowe'l fromScatcherd and some others under the pretence ofconducting original research. His account of the trial , lonpronounced the best. is faulty to a degree. and is largely basedonan authority he does not acknowledge, the pompously namedGrand Magazine 0/ Magazines for August, 1759, while for thesumming up he impudently cribs a paragra straight out of

Bulwer. without the tribute of quotationmar I

To conclude the history of Armm'

ana . 1 may say that ofarticles in works of reference the number is legion ; would thattheir value equa lled their voluminousness l But when I statethat the abridged D.N.B. causes Aramto be arrested at LymeRegis that Chambers’ Book of Da hangs himatTybum,London that the Encyclope dia ritannica" discoversthe bones at Thistle Hi ll in February, 1759 that Firmin-Didothas himarrested “ lorsqu

’

il professa it dans une maison hLyon (in the D.N.B . it is a private school at Linn ," whichis not much better) ; that the American Cyclopedia makesHouseman testify that Aram and a man named Ferry werethe murde rers — the weaver never alluding to Terry at allthat fromthe D.N.B . downwards nearly all conspire to saythat H ousemmappeared as the' sole witness ; that aminorityof others alte rnates between making Anna Aramthe chiefwitness against her husband and representing himas utterly“taken aback by Houseman 's evidence, and the latter as

equally so by being questioned in Court about the murder(of. W. Andrews) ; when, finally, I produce the last of the“cloud of witnesses in the person of Bulwer’s late st biographer. Mr. T. H . S . Escott, with his amazing statement thatthe story of Eugene’s relations with the Lester famil wastaken word for word , fact for fact , fromthe nows of ameaB.may,

”then a boy of eight (Aramin the novel is tomarryH adehne)— scholars, at least. will unite withme inmy plea fora worthier relation of a famous cause, and in admi ration atthe poetic justice, which has subjected thememory of an exactand patient student to the indignity of literary scariflcation atthe hands ofmen. for themost scholasticallyunloose the latchets of his san The nemesis of Aramwasnot the gibbet upon Knaresbro’ florest — it is the shockingoutrage of slovenly sciolism. which makes up the bibliographyof his life and crime !As compared with other great criminals of the eighteenthcentury, Aramw ill ever rema in a figure enveloped inmystery ;

this ismainly the consequence of his having escaped the honourof flguring in the State trials ; partly it results fromhis ownextreme reticence. Every source of information has been

The Romance of Reality.

explored, and, if the results seemmeagre, at least muchhas now come to light as to the real relation of the variousparties to the story of the crime . Clark . Houseman , Terry ,and l ies have all received attention , no less than the protagonist himself. The use made, for the first time, of the con.

temporary pre ss, if it adds little that is trustworthy to our

knowledge of Aram, well illustrates, on the other hand, theposition of iournaliamat that date. Not a si la newspaperreport contains anythin that the vilest sheet wou d now acceptas sufficient. Several a und in errors, and until the pamphletsmade their ap rance no witness’s name was

_known exceptH ouseman’s. axing, too, is the da ant contempt of Courtinthe Letter fromYorkshire," bran ing Aram, before trial,as a triple murderer !No attempt has been made in these pages to idealise thereal — in Calverley

’s phrase . Here is presented the Aram

of history , not the “Eugene Aram, who, though a thief, aliar. and a murderer , yet being intellectual , was among thenoblest ofmankind — that ridiculous being who stalks throughthe pages of Bulwer and Scatcherd. Nor was there need toborrow fromfiction , for , as it has well been said , “The storyof Eugene Aramis one of those singular events where reallife seems more romantic than romance itself. It touchesevery chord that vibrates in sympathy w ith scenes ofmysteryand te rror, and calls into play the deep-rooted principle ofcuriosity, which leads us to the study of great crimes. asaberrati ons of ourmoral nature. Themurder so longconcealed , so unaccountably discovered— the scene at St.Robert’s cave, the trial, the defence— made it seemas if thegenius of romance had snatched the pen fromhistory for amoment to relieve her deta ils by this frightful episode. Few,

we should think, who have read the story but must haverealised to theirmind’s eye the schoolmaster in the Court atYork— so subtle, so self-concentred, equal, as he says himself ,to either fortune, watehin with inward agony but outwardcalmness the progress of e evidence against him, and then

to deliver that celebrated defence , which convinces noone its sophistries, and et leaves on the mind a mingledfeeling of admiration and error ! No portrait of the kindcan be more impressive than the real Aramof history . Fromthe surface of common life his original character is projectedin bold re lief, a compact and consistent whole, his strongintellect pla '

ng into the hands of h is evil principle, hiscourage enabflng himto realise his plans , his constancy to facetheir consequences.”2

mamaam.April,was.

Eugene Aram.

The great public interest felt in the culprit at the time wasnot exagge

rated byby .Bulwer No sooner were theupon the market than the townwas

column u n column , in which “Mr . Eugene Ar am waslcited th as scholar and as scoundrel.o

'

these a full reference will be lound inthe lwhich , in othe aims at includithro any on the story. ude all manywe re erring would be the mere aflectation of

pedantry.

cul

H ow it came about that, the transcendent interest in theul rit notwithstanding, the York booksellers, who twenty yearsar ier had provided the public with a shorthand reportof the evidence aga inst Turpin , saflered no fuller account ofthe tr ial of Aramto appear thsn those at whic h we shallglance.must remain shrouded in myste ry. Themachinationsof Iles hardly seemto explain all. Ehe deep-rooted

pre udiec against Aramcannot be

ogainsaid. The

0 e lean and silent dominie remains in arutable after all !

CHAPTER I I .

M M M We d Aram— H h uanh ge and Removal to“ boroug h — His Acquaintance there — Tbs Plot— Dieappsarance of Clark— Aramanaconda.

Boom Am was born at Rams ill, a little village in Netherdale. in the West Riding of Yor shire, in 1704, and baptisedat Middlesmoor on the 2nd of October. l H e is described asthe sonof Peter Aram, whomwe know by his hapless child'saccount to have been a gardener, a native of Nottinghamshire,and a man of uncommon abilities, as addicted to studies asEugene himsel f, and the author of a poemonthe beauties ofStudley Pa. 2 thought worthy of being included in a workprinted by Thomas Gent onthe history of Ripon.

2 it cannot,however, be said that there is anythin remarkable in the poem,

save that it was the work of a gar ener. It is like a dogwalking on his hinder legs ; it is not well done, but you are

surprised to find it done at all , quoth the great Chamonsomeoccasion , and these are very much our feelingsrha sody of the gifted horticulturist.

ll is an example of his poetic fire in an address to theInwhat a sad. deplorableEstateWereman reduced to want thy L ight and H eat.

And thus dws he take leave of themuseBlest sure are the who such Delights pursue,Which give them ealth andmake themhappy too.

Aram, in his letter to the Rev . Mr. Collins, gives particulars.rather ostentatious than pertinent," "f the descent of hisfamily, which was. at one time at least zi aiderable.

3 He had,as we learn fromhis and Terry's examinations, two brothers,Stephen and Henry , the latter of whomat the date mostmaterial to our story, 1744-5, was apparently residing atH ull, though in what employment does not appear.‘ Peter

Ola. 49; Bell 49, citing baptismal entry.’“The Antient and ModernHistory of the Loyal Town of R1

introduced by a mby Mr. Peter Aram, ac. Printed by Thos. out.

(If. Davies’s Yer Press. 172 and Gla. 60. The Arams did not, pace

Bu tcherd, subscribe to this.‘Appendix I V . , p.‘AM L s P

Eugene Aram.

Arumentering the serv ice of Sir Edward Blackett at NawbE e was remwed at a very early age to Shelton, harda thence, at about five or six years of to Bondgaw.

Ripon , where he received the little coation he everhad other than what he ta ught himself. At thirteen or fourteen he returned to his father at Newby, and , with a plica

intense and unwearied," began those studies whic onlythe hangman cut short. Peter Aram'

s emloyer dying in 1718,Christopher Blackett, his fourth son, 0 ered Eugene a placein his “ accompting house in London. The young scholar,then about sixteen , accepted it , and might have remained inthat situation but for

_an attack of the smallpox, whic h occa

sioned his return home, where he renewed study in earnest.I t seems probable that for some little time after Sir EdwardBlackett

'

s death , the family lived at the house in Bondgate,and that it was to this house that Eugene repaired after hisrecovery fromthe smallpox about the years 1721 -2. At aboutthis time Peter Aramentered the service of Sir John ln leby ,or Ingilby , of Ripley, where he died respected when ivingand lamented when dead .

” Newby Hall was later put up forsale, being advertised in the London Evening Post for 13thApril , 1745, but the Arams had than long departed fromit .I t seems probable that at Ripon Eugene occasionally taught,i f we may so conclude froma cryptic expression in his letterto Collins .After a while he was invited into Netherdale, his native air.and here at Ramsgill , his birthplace, he commenced as schoolmaster. “Gaining some p opularity as a teacher among therespectable farmers in the ne ighbourhood he was accommodated with a roomat Gouthwaite Hall , which is about twomilesfromRamsgill, and entrusted with the education of their was.

”H ere he had under his care John Homer, Esq . , of H ull , andhis brother, George Homer, deputy-paymaster of the Forces,who subsequently resided at Baden-earn" H ere , inaddition to these, Eugene Arumwas the first instructor ofWilliamCraven , D.D ., whose father lived at Gouthwaite Hall !There is a tradition that a family of the name of Hanleywere also among his pupils here .

‘ At Ramsgill he taught,among others, a certa in R. Iveson, who in late r life described

‘Fleteher oddly says that it is uncertain if Peter workedfor Blackertor SirWill iam1ngilby.

’ A Book about Yorkshire,"810.Bell. postscript.7M er-

“Plct. Yorkshire,"I V . , 68.

Bell, abs“supra.speight Upper Nidderdale,”290.8

Aram’

a Marriage.

himas “a somewhat rigid disciplinarian, but a famousscholar.”1°Whether it was before or after this time that he spent amonth w ith John Adcock , vicar of Burnsa ll, to improve hiseducation, there is nomeans to determine ; we only know thatat a very advanced age for that " he spent a short time withthis high eccentric personage. 1t -was durin this riod

it

s

Ra that Arambecame acquainted w ith e G andtin.

By themiddle of 1731 he had thrived sufi cientl to take aw ife, and on i th May Ujenius Aram and Anna pence weremarried , after banns thrice published." the bride's brotherIsaac espousing on the same day one Jane Peart. Anna wasfour years younger than her husband, having been baptisedye 1st of March. She was the daughte r of Christa her

and his wife Ann ; her mother was a widow in 1 31 ;she had another brother, Abraham, who is referred to in thehitherto suppressed part of Aram’

s second examination . She

had also a sister, Rebecca .u These names suggest a Jewish

origin for the family, and Aramwas alleged to have been incompany with a Jew on the night of themurder; certain it isthat be conveyed some of the goods of Clark to Abraham, for

he himself admits it.Themarriage took place at Loftusor Lofthouse , Anna’s birthlace, and a daughter was born to themprematurely, beinptised in the same church on January 23rd, 1731 -2 ; she di

not long survive, being buried on the 3rd of June following.

She was named after her mother. A suggestion , cruel to thememory of the much-aspersed Anna, has been launched, thatthis was not Eugene’s child— on no better ground than thatitmay have been born in November, and so conceived out ofwedlock [13 I t, indeed , seems not unlikely that the Aramshad some illegitimate children— a circumstance far fromsurprising in those of their class. There was other issue of

themarri age , for the register of Knaresborough, according toour antiquary , conta ins the following baptismal entries

Jan. 8, 1784 —Anna d . of Bu 'ccins Ar am. Knar.Feb . 22, MSG— Henry , sonof ujenius Aram. Knar.Nov . 1 1 , 1739— Elizabeth Daut. of— Aram. Knar.“

In addition to these, according to information gleaned by

1‘Bell, lit, n.uw. Grainge 127-9; Bell 49 0 Gil . so The am"J. l l . Richardsoninthe L eeds”new , 1 lth November, 1890.”F. W. Joy

's 1188. notes ; Scatchard gives the date d H enry

’s birth as

1737. 1nother words adopts the newstyle. Gls. 69.

Eugene Ararn.

Scatcherd , the Arams had two other sons , Joseph and Michael,and two other daughters, Sally and Jane, of whomthe formerwas, according to two accounts, with her father at L inn whenhe was arrested.

“ She was the only member ofbetween whomand its unhapp head any affection appears tohave existed . I tmight nowa ays be thought si ificant thatone of the children was, throughout his brief iiie, an idiotsubject to tits . To this marriage , loveless though fruitful.Aram, in his closing moments , attributed “ this infamy andthis sentence,”a remark the little candour of which wi ll induetime appear.la themidst of his literary pursuits and the labours of teach

ing he received an invitation fromhis “good friendWilliamNorton”to go to Knaresborough , ever amce associated w ithhis name, and thither be repaired, he says, in some art of

and was well accepted and esteemed .

”l l first

employment is said to have been to officiate as steward of

Norton’s estate , and this would explain how later onhe cameto be arrested for a debt due to his patron .

“Established at Knaresborough, be commenced the Hebrew ,

and, though his own narrative significant! drops the veilover the period of his acquaintance with Clar to resume w ithhis return to Le .don, we learn through the least friendly of

the pamphleteeral7that, through the general Estimation andOpinion Gentlemen had of his uncommon Abilities and Extensive le arning, he was always looked upon and treated in amore gen and respectable Manner than People of hisStation generally are. H is way of living and outwardDeportment were most remarkably unb lameable for manyYears. H e was most upright and fair in all Dealings andTransactions he had with other People, of great outward Tenderness and Humanity . Inhis ownProfession , that of aSchoolmaster, he seldom, or ntwr , punished those under hisCare , without pretending great Reluctancy.

” Bis schoo l atKnaresborough was the secondcottage , afterwards a brewhouse,up the White H orse Yard, H ouseman’a backdoor opening ontothe same yard. H e did not, it seems, live there, but at acottage in Church Lane, up a passage behind the house of acertain Mason . One of“his pupils here was Richard Collins,sonof James Collins, and nephew of the vicar of Knare sborough,Where were the Arama living betweenthe birth ofAnna the elder andAnantha r t I t ls ccnjectured at Ri n, andthat some of tha other

ehildrenwere rnthere. Aramwi awill at Ripononhth June,1736. lngh pfll .”Anna the secondwas baptisedonath January, old style, in”ummm q m otn. A.

”l tp. lfl . 8“ AM ! v os

En.

1’The anonymous York Pamphlet.ro

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

Eugene Aram.

Be wss about twenty- yesthrea yss gers of a

mme andbroke,”about 5feet 6 inches to 5feet 8 1 high,s very bad stammer.” H e was doing well in busitrademoreasing, likewise his a practices. when he decided tomarry , and was successful in his suit with a youn womannamed Foster.93 She brought him,

for persons in tdition , a considerable fortune, varioual est imated at from£160 to £300, and that he was in comortable circumstancesa pears fromthe fact that he kept a horse at a livery stable .

s widowed mother seems to have lived with him, and herobsbly became acquainted with his murderers through theirvin in close proximity to Philip Coates, who had

“smarried

Clar ’s wi fe’s sister, and belonged to a rank in life rathersuperior to theirs .2‘ Clark and Aramhad one taste at leastin common— a love of gardening, but while the apologist seesin this an excuse for the undoubted intimacy between the

scholar and the cobbler, Hargrove represents this communityof interest as having displayed itself in the systematic ransacking of neighbours’ gardens for flower roots."s It seemsprobable that Clark , in his humble way, shared Aram’a tastefor books . Pope’s Homer, in six volumes , and a two-volumeedition of Chambers’s dictionary were among the articles advertised as missing afte r the disappearance of Clark , and it issignificant that we find the name of Ce sar Ward , the wellknown York bookseller. among those odering £15 for the

recovery of large quantities of goods , v iz booksandno question asked .

"2° It is certainly strange that none of

these books seemto have beenfound uponthe search of Ai-am’s

house onor about the 10th of February , 1744 5.

Richard Houseman , the only figure inthe story besides Armto have been drawn in any detail by the generality of penswas a man of precisely Aram’

s own age, being born andbaptised in 1704 ;27he is variously described , according to

the writers’ bias, as“ remarkable for his open , inc and

inoflensive disposition . one of the utmost humanityand tenderness,”28 and as a big, broad~shouldered, square

York Cow s“, 12th March, 1745.’ Gls. 92. The K P . says she was Hannah Olding, daughter of an“H e is gmerall described in the l doonments as a geudewsaaword of speciflcm

ysaning in law. li e isg

‘

1ince described as s

’

as

was Aram. a condition inferior to the other. Scatchssd says wss anattorney, but this is very doubtful.”loth Edition, p. 47; also Kendrew'sEdition, 11.36.

York G'onmat, 12th March, 1745.' Gls. 60.

Y. P. 12.

l l

Aram’

s Coniederates.

knavs s ,malevolent sulky, downcast lens , of repulsiveaspect”th the real picture of a murderer ,” and of

“a

character wi

ell suitad to his looks.

”3' lls wss bald, andworea brownw On the t of the murder he was without

rrowed a ha orobici of Mrs. Arsmto tie aboutWhen he returned this , the good woman espieda drop of blood upon it about the size of a shilling.

” Bytrade he was a beckler, flax-dre sser, 01 linnin -wc11 ver.

”anoccupation very common in his neighbourh whichboasted a remarkable number of cobblers ; four at least are

concee in our story .

Of llenry Terry we know little, so that most publishedaccounts either ignore himaltogether or follow Bulwer in thecommon crie r of as in that what became of himis unknown.Scatcherd and the or pamphlet are well-nigh alone in devoting any s to his case , and his examination , which curiouslyconfirms ram’s in impeachiiig lles , now sees the light for thefirst time, and it s pears that a true bill was returned aga insthimby Sir Cecilany and the grand jury, upon which hepleaded not gu y , andywas acquitted. H e was an sle draper,a word defined

“in Ba iley’s dictionary as a humorous name for

a seller ofmalt liquors , but in Yorkshire, at least, it was atthis time a proper and legal designation of a publican.

31 Hehad a brother Robert , living at H ow hill, who was almostcertainly privy to the crime, and was very probably presentat its commission .

33 Besides hishis employment as a publican ,Terry seems to have acted as ekeeper to a most worthybaronet ” of the county of ork (there were three on thegrand jury which returned a true bill aga inst him) , and welearn froma singular passage in Aram's second examinationthat he was somethi of a sportsman and in the habit

o

ofgoingout shoot inn was in the High Street, its s1gnm1 Barrel ," a

o

it stood Opposite the Crown Inn , a hostelrywhich survived in Scatcherd'

s time .33

Of Mr . Francis lllea or lies , themost mysterious figure inthis confederscy, yet less is known , but even here my”Mom17- 18;Gls. 14, 15, 19421 , 01 .s'Gls. 19; Anna Aram'sdeposition, Appendix L , p. 159.

for the

Poste,”1597.“As to the Tsrrys’ eonnectlonwlth the crime, sss L R.Walbrcn. st

p fi of SurtessSociety, volum0 42.“(1 1a 25. 8“Barnett'sdeposition.

Eugene Aram.

researches have added two facts to pre vious knowledge ' one.11 1 1 lles was among those to advertise reward of slamthe recovery of the g nods missing with Clark , the other, thatTerry confirmed that part of Aram'a second examination ,hitherto suppressed , which pointed to l les as the ultimatereceiver of a great part , at least, of the booty. lie lived at Fishllall

, near the Long Flat," was re uteda receiver of sto len

, and i seemuch8reason to agree rein with Scatcherdthat

was , if not the promoter of a series of crimes,at least the

chief person to benefit by their commission— a local JonathanWild,Fein fact.3‘There is some reason to think that in 1744 the confederac

had promoted onearlier plot 01 robbe andmurder, a ll ewiboy or

loung men travellin in yewe ry being the victim;

and it with some proba ility"abeen conjectured that the

first discovered rema ins were his, and that Clark had asmuchconcern in this crime as any of the others. It is also suggested that Aramwas as dee ly involved in this sanir as hewas in that for which he s cred .

” However that run be.the complicity of Houseman and Aram, at least , in the nthnow about to be explained , admits of no denial . Clark , it issaid, was weak or unprincipled enough to be prevailed on to

order a great many goods, in view of his a preachingriage. beyond what he could either use or aflor to ps for . li e

was the better able to secure credit fromhis stable, i not fromhis increasin business as a shoemaker, and fromthe reports ofhis bride ’s ortuno, which , as commonly happens, was muchon rated. I t is a matter of doubt whether Clark had anfr 'a ulent intention at all. If he really designed to go o

as Arain in his second examination asserted, he deliberate lye lected to sacrifice a thrivin business, desert a newly-marriedwife about to become a mo er , abandon all beneficial interestin his freeholds in Knaresborough , as well as the ownershipof a horse he had , and sever all connection with kindred andfriends. Aman 's aflairsmust indeed be desperate for himtocontemplate a measure so apparently in conflict with his

inte rests and desire s. Many accoun ts , especially that in theGrand Magazine 0] Magazines, greatly exaggerate the extent ofClark ’s indebtedness. H e is there repre sented as placing large“Ola. 17;Mom. 15.“See curious facts su

prrting these conactures in Y.P . , 45-0 and

Gls. 03, referring to a h poem011 the eu ject of this muGent. Cf. also

gBell, p 54, for ananecdotel indicatio Aram’s prrvit in

some dirt Work about this time. In September, 175g, th rs bo

charged t e oonfederates with themurder both of the Jew0an hisman!

Soc dix l l . p. 172. Years later a second body was found near thesite w ere the first was discovered onThistle H ill. Gls. pp. 62-5. Thenut body wu that of a youngpuwmas depoeedby the surgsona

14

Clark the Dupe.

orders for and ta. as sup t for alandonw ybouse huh

“

? 3h

order ,p$r°dthemtarms of

hangparsosi credit, un his principals. engaging,

ina'

whdfd, inwhat are now termed

b’“ long-firmfrsmls.

” fthis view of the facts , which is apparently followed by Mr.Andrews.“ be true. though there is nothing to support it, itall themore indicates other andmaturerminds as guiding thisstuttering youth of twenty-three in the labyrinths of crime.

It is at variance , howeve r. with the fact established by the

f ort Coumnt’s advertisement— that it was local people whowere the creditors, and were very unlikely to belie ve that a

great Londonhouse would send large orders to a oung cobblerof Knaresborough. for goods inwhich he didnot — ac tutor

lf the story of the Jewish boy be put out of account, thereseems no adequate reason to suspect Clark of any criminaldesigns at all. Millions of youngmen since time beganhaveordered goods on credit. for which they could not pay whenthe day of reckoning came, and tradesmen have never beenbackward in forcing their wares on inexperimd youths supposedmore affluent than they are. Much of what he orderedmight have beenfor the purposes of his trade , via. , the leather .of which Housemanpossessed himself to the value of

The other articles are of a nature thatmakes it easyto supposetheir acquisitiondue to the extravagance. and, possibly. folly ofa young fellow, flattered to be thought the highly substantial

mof anheire ss,

y are such (the bed and tablelinen, for example, the velvets and cambrrcs) as would benecessaries for setting up house or gratifying the taste forma buxombride ofpositionenough to have s professionalgen nfor her brother -rn-law. As to the borrowed tankardsand cups, what proof is there that Clark would not have heldthe feast and re turned the plate, if callous villainy had notcut himshortf Amanwho stammers , as has beenobservedbymore than onemedical writer , is rarely other than frankinhis nature ; the character of a chevalc

'

er d’s‘

ndustr ic dws notsit lightly uponone who canbarely stutte r out the truth, muchless weave with glib tongue a specious string of falsehoods.The hue and cry after himwhenhe was believed to have goneoff proves nothin

g. So lon as he was sup alive, that

he had fraudulen y abscon was aninevitab inference fromthe absence of all portable i

r

rperty of his. As only £16 was

oflered for the recovery of t goods, it is a fair inference thattheir value, the loaned goods included, was not, at the highest.above £160— a sumwell withinhis wife’s fortune, taking that”“B istoric Yorkshire, apter u iil‘7StephenI atham'

sdeposi tion, Appendix L , p. 152.

Eugene Aram.

at the lower figure. givenby Peter Moor ; that fortune. intheabsence of a settlement, very unlikely to exist inthe case ofa eobbler 's bride. would have passed absolutely to Clark. jarsmrs

‘

tr‘

. as the law then stood. indeed the ban over.after demur. of the mone to the husband. no tives t ideaof any settlement. A to this the facts t £45 worthat least of the goods so ordered cons isted of leather. anatural commodity for a shoemaker. that Clark was seisedof two free-holds, and was -

ao far fromap rearin embarrassedto his intimates that his servant, Peter oor . nt him£38but a few days before he disappeared, and Clark

’

s share inany criminal design becomes very problematical. testing as it

does upon the assertions of his murderer, driven to accountinsome such way for Clark ’s sudden vanishing and continuedabsence. Moreover, if Clark

's designs were fraudulent. it isdifficult to see why he should have runthe risk involved indisclosing themto several others.To return to the narrative. with whate ver intent. Clark

received fromthe neighbouring tradesmen both goods andloans ofmono and plate . Thus of Beckwith he had velvets,oambrics. an fifteenguineas ; of Ward, a saddler , whips and100th“ ;Of 1100. blankets. do. He evendescended so low asto become a customer (or a tea kettle.” quaintly says theYork pamphlet , reminding us of that yet greater measure ofinfamy reached a fewyears later by Dr. Dodd, who at length(Ama ra res/arena) descended so low as to become the editorof a newspaper I3.

Other thrngl he got imluded silver tankards, quartsts (described in the old reports as “ tankards”

pints.” showing that the more generous measure was the

one generally called for at the“ Crown" , and the Barrel

one silver milkpot, nine rings , eight watches. two snuflboxes.“ Chambers's Dictionary.”and Pope

's Homer ," with muchbed and table linen, and linenand woollendrapery goods. Hecontinued to buy oncredit and to borrow up to the time of hisdisappearance, going about borrowing or trying to borrow platefor a su7p£osed or actually intended wedding feast onthe nightof the of February, 1744-6. when he was last seen alive .

About nine o’clock on this night he left his home, telling his

mother he was ing to a place called Nowell Ball to see hiswife, who was ere , the nextmorning.

“ The same night hetold his brother-ia- law, Philip Coates, that he would be withhimabout nine the following morning; Clark did not keepthis appointment, and Coates, on inquiry at his house, was

“SeaKnappandBaldwin'sNormals Calendar uses-as). iii. 63.

“Dorothy Clark’s deposition, Appendix L .p. 150.

16

The Eve of the Murder.

he hsd gone to Nowell. Be eslled againthe nest day.nothing of him, went over to Nowell, where his

and sister (Clark’s bride) smd thatm uonheard of him. On r im

sry Coates

that upwards of £200 in cash had happened.together with a grest uantity of plate. but that Clark s horse— eo oonvenient to le himto ily his eountry, had he hadthat was still at bait at BryanBardcsstle’s stable .

‘o

Clark beenseenbymany persons up till a lats hour ontbsnight of the fth. At eight o

'clock he came with Housemanto borrow a tankard fromthe house of Jonathan Locook, but

gmmaid“z

ed her m‘aster

aapout. An hour “w

e“.A13:, going nto ir te in com y wi

as she was in Jockey l ine! l ween e ven and twelve‘clock Clark called upon one WilliamTuton, or Tutin, amason, to leave some leather, rousing himby sending his

grandee. Later. about two of the clock,

” as he toldmagistrate, or ui h three.

”as he told the coroner, Tutonwas againvisited by k

,who called himout of bed. Look

out ol the window. to speak to Clark , he saw, it beingt, Aramand Houseman standing near Clark’s cellarformer ina dark, the latter in aa

?”

creditors. As early, at lesst as the 12th of Fe hemadvertised asmissing, with a list of the goods he wasi o have taken. Thu sdvertismentwss re ted onthe ’thand onthe l fith ofnaroh there appeared e foll inYork Coumnt, a n per recently founded angl

'mgbwned

CcsarWard and one dler :

Wanna Daniel Clarke, of Knaresbrough, a thinpale looking pock-broke H an, about five Foot six or eight

‘ Ooates’sdepositionand information, Appendix L , pp. 158, 157.0 Mary Bransby’sdeposition, Appendix L , p. l60.“See Tnton’s informationand his deposition. H e hadmen

pick enthe t h August at ths fir-st inqnest. Elsewhere it is led a

mason’s hammerh qmte a dinerent tool, much bleuter. hi

s:Almeria -k for 1745, the Lady’s Diary. and otherfl“

that themoon, fnll on the 6th, rose onthe7that7.at l .22, and set abont8.30a.m.

352

Eugene Aram.

Inches high, aged about twenty-three Years,'

has at lmpediment and Stammering in his S wentmKnaresbrough on Friday, the 8th of Fe ruar

émd‘,

and defrauded several Persons of largeQuantities ofvia ,

Silver -Pints and Quarts, Diamond and Gold Rings ,Watches, Sand-boxes, Books, the Particulars of whichms be seenat large in this Paper onthe l 2th and l 9thof chrusty har t .Wnosvaa cangive any account of the said goods (so as

theymay be had again) to Mr . James Collins, Mr . FkancisIles, Mr . WilliamClayton, or Mr . WilliamPullen, of

Knaresbrough ; Mr . Ward, Bookseller in York ; or Mr .

WilliamSandby, Bookseller . at the Ship, wi thout TempleBar , London, shall receive Finns Poms Reward for theWhole or inProportion for any Part thereof, fromany of

the Persons above-mention’d : and no Questions ask’d.

"

After the way of the world, Clark’s previous fair reputation

at once ve place to the settled notionthat he was a fraudulentrascal. ryanHardcastlemade but two days' delay inhandingover his horse to one John Holliday, who paid himfor hrskeep. PhilipCostes, as we have seen, searched Clark

’s house,and foundmoney and goods all gone. Those who had givenClark credit were nowmuch put about, and lies, Ward , Hawkridge, with others , among whomwas Tuton, came to Aram’ahouse as that of a suspect of privity in the frauds and flightof Clark, and after a prolo search discovered not onlysome blankets and the kettle, w ere such thingsmight naturallybe looked for , but velvets, cambrics, and woollens , togetherwith stockings , buried in the garden. At Houseman's wasfound some leather, which he pretended to have received fromClark as security for a loan, and also some whips, obtainedfromWard, the saddler the only Ward to advertise for Clarkwas the bookseller) . good deal probably lay concealedunder his flax yet about £45 worth was traced to his

possession.“ The plate which had been obtained in such

quantities, was never found. It was beaten out of ahaconveyed by the two Terrys, Henry and Robert, to H owand thence over the border to Scotland, where it was disposedof.“ A tradition was long preserved that it was broken up,not at the cave, but at the house at H ow Hill, of whichRobert Terry was the tenant, and this seems much more

probable thanAram’a assertion— s necessary fiction to accountor his presence at the cave on some other errand than

StephenLatham's deposition.

Aram’s second examination18

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Eugene Aram.

harmed by the outraged lawmore thanonemelancholy instancehas proved

Buys out the LawArmand Terry, while vehemently open to suspicion when

shielding themselves, may be the t deserving of some creditwhen impeachin another , both concur that l ies

possessed hi of Clark‘s goods to a considerable extent ,”and it is a probable conjecture that he was enabled to do thisfromsome knowledge he had acquired and his threats of usingit. Scatcherd, a strong partisan, it is allowed, representsl les as a well -known receiver, and adds that Clark

’s plate wentto his house near the Flat, where , after his death, immense quantities were lo Some people believed himto

have beenthe instigator of all themischief which ensued, andthatmuch booty passed through his hands. His house stoodby the wayside, just at the town

’s end, going to York ; hisproperty went to a spendthrift nephew,

‘9 and the family becameextinct.H owmany were concerned in the dark transactions of the

night of the7th— and there is strong reasonto suppose that afourthman, not Terry , shadowed the other three, towit, Aram,

Houseman, and Clark on the fatal journey to the cavecannow only be conjectured ;5°what is clear is that the mostvehement suspicion fell onEugene. On or about the l oth of

February he was arrested onam process, anobsolete civilproceeding, for a debt due, says Bristow, to one Norton,probably the patron on whose invitation he came to Knarcsborough, and itmay be in respect ofmoney collected by himas steward and not handed over. He speedily procured hisrelease by oflering at once to discharge the debt , and producingat the same time— to the great astonishment of StephenLatham,

the cflicer who arrested him, and knew himto be very poor.

upwarvis of a hundred guineas infind other large com

fromhis breeches’ pockett.” incident be neither

explained nor denied at any time, merely saying in reply tojustice Thornton's uestions that he “does not recollect it.

"

The production of amoney , so far fromallaying, naturallyincreased suspicion, and Aramwas arrested on a warrant

granted by a ustice cf the named, according to'

Terry.Townend (or ownsend or ancred) , for a misdemesncur , in

‘ Gls. 17.‘ Mem. 16.K P . 27. Houseman's first examination, inthe original. fs full of

prevarica about thispsrson.

so

AramAbsconds.

assessing me goods fraudulently obtainedy Clark ;but. the ohs not beingmade out. he was dismissed

and set at liberty. bout this time, according to contemporaries, he paid oil a considerable man

ge onhis house a t

dondgate , which had come to himonthe th of his father ,“land this statement has been so variously ted in whatappear tc be independent acccimts ot the oase o the year 1759.

that it is dimenii to waist the conviction that themortgageewas a witness against himupon his trial. Scatcherd ma es

hereonthe characteristisalmal , not to say fatuous, anggestion that Eugene was ena to y oi! themor

tgage by the

aid of a legacy received under 5:will cl an c lady thenabouts.”5’ I t is strange that so opportune a windfall escapedthe capaciousmemory of the personmost concerned to explainto the law his possession of unaccountable wealth soon after

the disappearance of his victim.

Aramcontinued some time longer at Knaresborough, without further molestationof any kind, but his character was nowso stained by suspicion that it became in retive, apart fromthe secret of St. Robert’s oavc, which ce or a dood- ncommon occurrence—might discover. to tempt fortune anewamong strangers . Accordingly, on a date not quite certain.with considerable stealth, and without uainting any personwith his intention,

” as the York pamp et uts it, he leftKnaresbcrongh, proceeding first, if we can iove him, to

near Notia to be with some relations a few daysthen a tr

'

tion is preserved that he went first to Catclifl'

e,

an0 re village near Rotherham,63 and it is not improbable

that he remained withinan accessible distance of his home forsome little time, since Scatcherd tells us, on the authority of

an eye-witness, Polly Powell, his next-door neighbour at

Knareaborougb, that at dead of night, the pale glimpsesof the mcc

pget

lhe lest;f formof the

sail

i

ng: ch

was seen tocreep into cuse mystery in w eu str thingshadbeendoing for some timepast.

“ The object Matt

ing:lurtivevisit was never disclosed, for Anna Aramdenied all knowledgeof it to the

'

pwhen taxed with it.

Of Dani Clar it remains to be said that he was advertised(or, and

“all diligence used inorder to obtain a discovery of

"WhenPster Aramdied lsnncutaln. lnl785Peter and E weremmm d and third subscrlbsrs to the “Annales oduniH of B by Thoa.

Gent, sold byWb Ohandlsr. Ths Arams did not subsoi-l , ss hasa

" a fi 5

Eugene Aram.

him. but that not the least intelligenceobtained.

”M The sole extant advertisement appears to be thatalready noted. That he was alive somewhere. inhiding,the beingof his relatives and friends ; hismother refused tobelieve himdead. and hiswife waa cf the same asion;ncrwere they convinced to the contrary until the very of thebones where Houseman had indicated.

“ Philip (3a gavea practical proof of a similar convictionby suing Clark intrespass onthe case, when. the defendant not appearing, he wasoutlawed on a. writ of capias utlagatum on the 2otb dayof October , 1746, onan inquisition taken by Henry Ibbetson.Sheriff of the 0

th?of York, at York Castle,"7and the Pipe Rolls

from1747m“

1832, when ceased,record among the

annual “ Summcnses cf the Pipe ’ directions to ths Shanda tolevy onthe lands of one Daniel Clr rk, _cordwainer , whosemiserable ghost thus haunted the Eschequer long after hismortalremains and those of hismurderer had beenmingled with thedust. In 1882 Clark owed arrears, the sumof which wasprecisely £638 (is. H e then finally disappeared fromthe kenof the law. H e left a posthumous child, of which his wife hadbeen encet

'mabout a month whenhe disappeared; it died ininfancy . Houseman

,despite the fact that £45worth of Clark's

leather had been traced to his house, by adroitness or by bluff.seems to have avoided the inconvenience of arrest; ootwithstanding that

“ be increased in wedth surprisingly and tosome gave great Whenever the Nidd cverflcwedits binks , as was afterwards remembered. he would prowl downthem. and was once observed by anold womancreeping out of

St . Robert's Cave, and then going to wash his hands inthestream. The general opinion subsequently was that he livedina state of t alarm, fearing that every flood would exposethe body of k.

“

Terry and lies continued in the locality , and the publicanwas not the last to hear and to profit by any tap-roomgossipconcerning the fate of the vanished cordwainer .

Coates's Information.

"Gls. 22 am! Mom. 50.

”Pips Roll, The proceeding hafors the sherifl'

would be ennwrit of inqulry as to damsges.“ li k e”.

s on.nat.

m m.

Aram's Life lnL ondon— H Ta Stnnge Ceurtahlp and its Abrupt Bnd— Varions Bmploymsnts as Tutor— Ao Anagsd Visit to France— H s Copies Acts of Parliament— U sher at L ynn.

Ammo in London, according to his letter to the Rev . Mr .Collins, about the i8th of April. 1745 (by a lapse: salamiAramwrote 1744, the year ending on25th March) , where ,

"

inthe quaint] inexact language of his first summation, he

reaided publi y till he went to Linn,

”Arambegau tc makeuse of themoney and odeote of which he was newmaster in amannermore extravagant and suitable to his inclinations thanhe could have done inthe country. Accordio to a well-knownauthority

,he soon disposed of such of his y as did not

consist of cash to a Jew.1 The York Pamphlet, which bears

some evidence of having beencompiled fromfirst-hand information, nowbecomes our principal authority .

In short, he became the Gentleman, dressed well , andCom ny, to which he found easy Admit

tance. ving left his Wife behind hebeganto think of having a fresh one. For thisPurpose

'

he singledout a fair one of a good Share of Beauty ,genteel , and who carried the outward Marks of having acompetent Fortune. Here the wily Aramwas,however, deceived. She, notwithstanding her outwardDeportment, being no other than a L ady of Pleasure, andkept by a Gentleman of L — da, whose Name we chuserather to omit, thanhere mention it with such a. Villain.

Enamoured as he was, his Profusion in Dress and inPresents to the Ol

ggct of his Flame, scarce knew any

Bounds . ing, as he daily was, one Afternoonon a Vi si t to drink Tea with his virtuous Fair .

drop in.

her so familiarhe however staid,

Stranger to him, he took his Leave , withreturning the next Morning, and knowing of his suspectedLais, the Reasonof his being there. He , pursuant to this

TheNewNewguts Calendar , 1810.

Eugene Aram.

Resolution, came and interrogaud her as to

who, and what the Gentlemanwas , he found her with theDay before;whether she knewhim; onwhat Account hewas there. and other such-like Questions . To which theinnocent Nymph ingenuously replied, That she indeed.knew not particularly who, or what he was ; that hisNamewas Arm, and she believed a Gentleman, fromthe Aance hemade, as well as fromthe Quantity of

which she thought to be about three hundred Pounds.one Day counted out before her , saying he had just beenand received it. of his Banker : As

palso fromthe many

handsome Presents he had made her addingfurther, That she supposed she abou'd in a small Time beforced to leave himto the Csresses of another Mistress ;for that Mr . Arampaid his Addresses to her

'

inanhonourable Way . He answered her , That he abou'd beextremely glad to see her at any Time well provided for

but8that with Respect to the Courtshipo.

pherpresent

Admirer , he wou d advise her to be very cautious(or that he knew himwell, and instead of the Gentlemanhe appeared to be, he was inFact as errant a Villain.“was u n the Earth. H e told her , if she followed

'

s Advice and ask’d himwhat Countrymanhe was !

Whether he had not lived at Knaresbrough inYorkshirefWhether he didnot know one Daniel Clark of that Town.and whether he was there inLondonor if he knew whatwas become of him] — the answers would convince herthat there was something wrong.

3

Aramcame to prosecute his Suit, and . cai

inquired who the Gentleman there the Day before was !She told himhe was a Cousin, and a “3ngood Friend of

her s . She, inher Turn, begunby asking himinwhat Part of England he resided; H e answer’d he generally spent a Month or Tm) inLondonevery Year, but thathis Estate was in Essex .

‘ Did you never liveinYorkshire , Sir , at a Place called Knaresbrough] shereplied. At this he seemed a Little confounded, andbeganto hesitate, saying : No, he never lived there ; that hehad indeed been at the Place, sometimes for a few Dayson Business. She here more plainly saw the Confusionhe was under, and continued by asking himwhether he was not acquainted with one Danielmark ,whether he was not with himin London or not, andwhat was become of himf Hera his Confusionand visible

'The grammar hers becomea sa ddectlve inthem a], that I nsrelygive the sense of the concludingwords of this sentence.

gin

34

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Eugene Aram.

or in a situationknownto him;were the incidentmere]invention of the anonymous scribe of 1769, one wou] nothave expected this touch to have been introduced into anarrative so artless.After living ina prosperousmanner for some time, our here

was oncemore under the disagreeable necessity of recommencinand he accordingly

“to teach the Latin

writing”for the Rev . Mr . Pa blanc in Piccadilly. and

,he

adds, he, alongwith a salsry, returnedby teachingme French.

remained in thi s situation two years and above.

"We are not surprised that. with his undoubted linguistic

ability and "continued application every night," he ‘ soon

became a tolerablemaster of French.

" Some timeafter this ,

"he proceeds, went to Hays ,‘ in the capacity

of a writingmaster, and served a Gentlewoman there, sincedead, and staid after that, with a worthy andRevd. Gentleman;I continued here between three and four Years .“ At sometime or other, in these first ten years of his life in London.

Aramseems to have visited F rance. The autho.

’ty for thisis the curious lette r now air ": at length. I t is very doubtfulif such a visit ever took pl ace . It is hard to moccile thestatement that he acquired the language onthis visit withthe above, that he soonM ame a tolerablemaster ofit under ainblanc. Further , it seems unlikely that one livingas furtively as 1 amconvinced Aramdid, would have cared tocourt oflicial inquiry into his identity by sp lying for a pass

Murderers , as observed by Sir James tephen, are commonly very great liars, and it is possible that amere imulseof vanity , a trait of every criminal character,may have in uced

to invent this story of foreigntravel ; for it behoved everyfine gentlemanto havemade the grand tour, andEugene had.

in consequence, to make it, though but in the imagination.

Neither inhis letter to Collins nor inhis first examinationdoeslfi

znosay anything about this supposed visit. The letter is asws

Du. 8aIf that particular A aaiatanoe if tha t Intimacy and Ancient

firiendahlp which have so In¢qsii bsisted betweenus is not yet forgot

ityet they have an influence, know notwhether I ought tobemore gladtowrite or you to r, many Years andmany accidents have nowpastover me, but still with some advantage I be bothwith regard tomycircumstances andmy abilities inle tte rs, My tuations since I left you

in

.Said to be Hayes laugiddl‘z‘s

lemot inKent. I t

‘ils said that he

taught

a boardtiig

Emilia ! cousins t waskept by the Anthony Hinton, but anerror.

nys

' l‘

t ev. Anthony flinton, of the Botanhal Gai-dsns, 0helssa, fromwhomwe learnof Aram‘sgreat humanity to worms !

36

An Alleged Visit to France.

me but for

I amSr. Yr. libs. Bert.E:Ararn

it has beenconectured that the addre ssee of this letter waseither Nortonor ollins. but whether it was directed to anyoneat Knaresborough seems doubtful . My Scituations since Ileft you may refer to the very abru t departure fromKnaresborough or to themore openremove fromBipon. where Aramhad, as we shall see, anoccasional correspondent. One thing.at least , appears fromthe very cautious conclusion to thi sepistle— Mr . Arumwas not liv ing quite so publickl inLondonas

_he wished uponhis first examinationto be be

'

oved.

H e does not tell his correspondent where he is ing in twoor three days.

" nor the name of any one of ose employersin those Scituations " so various. and the only name hegives is that of anobscure personage, who, apparently for aconsideration, allows the embarrassed to make use of hisedge,“ as an accommodation“it'd h lore going to yun, ram a anot er empoymaut— the

severe drumof transcribing Acts of Parliament to be registered in cery. These are Acts, for the most par-tprivate , formerly removed by certiorari to the Chancery anddeposited inthe Rolls Chapel, often several rei s after theirenactment, in order to be exemplified under t e Great Seal .Nothing enables us to fix the date when he was so engaged.but fromhis letter to Collins it would seemto have beenhislast shift, before a somewhat brighter prospect opened beforehimat Lynn.

°

r”is a communicat

Eugene Arum.

To whose patronage Arsmwas indebted for his nest situation, as usber at Lynn.we are act iaformed.

of vacant uaberships are far frominfrequeat inthe old pepers ;was one of several tc present himssll inconsuch slluring notics as the following

Boaoconoe tampon— Ace. 10m, 1758.

Wanna the Ushershl of the free Grammar School ofthis Boro’

, at the yoari of £20, is become vacantby the resignation of

“

late Usher . etc.

"1

A comparison of the salaries inNicholas Carlisle’s “Eudowed Grammar Schools ” shows a variation in the usher’semoluments between a minimumof £15 and a maximumof

£30. In a private school advertisement 1 found a salary;low as 2 10. When Carlisle was compiling his work twas no longer an usher at Lynn.

The British 0 maids. Lloyd’s Evening Post, and otherearly authorities informus that Aramwent to Lynn aboutthe beginning of December , 1757it is important to fixthe date, because of the charge. which will be examined, thathe attempted during the Christmas vacation to rob themasterof the school fees . Whatever was the exact date of his arrival

tionwith thea pointmentKing’

sLynn,to select hisonthe 6th of

January,neatg wasso far as material ,

c ’s Lm. GUI LDI IALL .

Ar a Congregation there holden. the 1 4th day of1758, being the day for proclaiming the Mart .BenjaminNuthall , Esq Mayor .

John Exton, Sir John Turner , Baronet, WilliamBagge, EdwardEverard,

PhilipCase, and others .

'The candidates were invited to attend on the7th of barfollowin which helps to fix the date of the summer vaca — thema ty of whlch wi ll appear.

'I'be advertisement is

OxfordJamel, 12th Am 1758.'E. I I . Beloe, LmNewe, 18th June, I“’So I aminformed by Mr. J. W.Woolstencroft. the presenttown-olsrk.38

ArumAppointed Usher.

ll r. Knox ha informed this House byhe had dismissed J Birhes his late Usher, and hadengaged Eugenius Aramin his sued. theirprobation the said E

'

us Aramisouse d

ugthe Pleasure

wand under

uatax"a.“c. a:

“wea er s pa to ox ng e

of this House.

’

During all these years Aramhad continued to be seised of

his house inBondgate. Ripon l ost probably be hadmort

wit againup to its ull value as a security , for he wasy destitute ofmeans for his defence when arrested. and

could procure neither witnesses to character, nor counsel , norattorney. Scatcherd has investigated his connectionwith theBondgate roperty, but, with his usual oarelessnesa, has onlymade con on worseAppendix vii . of the Memoir has the following

Extract fromthe Town'e book of Knaresborough re

garding certificates .

“For Eugenius Area . fromAismonderleyy. with fiendgate andLiberty of Ripon. Granted 1 2th of May, 1762 "

In the “Gleanings he writes , at p. 52

Extract fromthe Town’s book of ( camber-ouch re

tract the following :‘

i l t. i t Mayy, 1782. For Eugenius Aram, etc.

(at - tl ) l eword “ granted")

in a list of owners and occupiers of

a stranger to that town.

lo(31s, 51 2. The copieswith Ba tchsrd'sMS. corrections do not

pnt thess dates right. One ls certalnmbéatcherd

;z in lmPster was.theowner of the llondgate givss the date ef theappointment as usher as

“1452153

CHAPTER I V.

Arena Life at King’s Lynn— L ynn Society in 179— 1 1”GrammarSchool— A Glad es! Curriculum— Arm’s Scholars andAcquaintanc Then— The hlieged Attsmpt to Rob ths Master— M

Unfounded Charge- Arumand the Sex — AMysterious Female— ll is Solitasiuess and Oddities— H is Recognitionand Arrest.

Ours knwledge of Aram’s life for the next fewmonths is

he ii less n[ Allisliegia, thi

founded by some of

Dorsetshire, was nottwomarkets a weekancient and excellent

have enjoyed with unusual rest the amenities of the ballroomand the conversazione while musical entertainments of thehighestmerit were furnished to a wide circle of his acquaint.ance by so eminent a virtuoso aa Dr. Burney.

l

The holding of the Mart (under an ancient private statute of

Elizabeth) , proclaimed. as we have seen. onthe day of Eugene’s

appointment, was the occasion ofmuch festivity ,yand on 1 1thF ebruary, 1758, the I pswich Journal advertises that

Lm Mm AssessorWill be held by Mrs. Eastland at the Town-Hall onMonda , the 20th

yof Fe

Hbruary. Tickets to be had of

Mrs. etland at Mr. H arrie s Boarding School . Price2 shillings and sixpence.

”3

The Grammar School was at this time carried on, says thelate Mr . E. M. Beloe, inthe beautiful chamel chapel , which.The Norwich Mmury. 18th Au 1753. announces that Mr .

Burney’s SubscriptionConcer t will be old at the Town-Hall on Tueada .

the 28th Au t, at Seven o’clock inthe Evening:After which there

be a Ball ickets for non-suhscribers to be had at Mr. Durnay’a house at

L ynn Price 8shillings.Harriswasmore devoted to Terpaicliore thanto the graves Muaee, and

on22ndAngust.”68. advertises a Scholars' Ball for the 95th.—

'l‘ickets

5shillings each . Mrs. Eastland kept a onng L adiee’ Seminaryary. and her

Misses presumably “chased the glowin cure”with H arrls’s Scholars on

this occasion. I pswich Jouml ,g22nd ugust.

3°

The School in 1758.

stoodwhere the Shamblea and reeding—rooms now are, on theSatur daymarket-place,”and was next St. Marfi

ret’

s Church.a

According to themollection of the llev . A . toh, s acholarat the Grammar School , earl in the nineteenth century, theaohoolroomstood over a bu er

’s shambles, amost unsuitable

spot, upon the Saturday market-place, and consisted of oneroom, with a small closet for books, a , and as a “withdrawing-room”for the .master or his usher on that side of it

imamfromSt. Margaret’s Church.‘ im roomminced

for the accommodation of the scholars , who mostly lived athome, the few boarders being received at themaster’s house,which, aocording to Fitch, wss in a street o posite to theTower,700 yards or so fromthe schoolroom. e roomabovethe '

shambles continued to be used as the schoolroomuntil1779, at least, and Fitch says that the Corporation built anew one in his time , a

pparently some years later. The

master at this date wsa . John Knox , at a salary od£00a year and a house, where he took such boarders aa therewere . This worthy man resigned in September, 1760, andMr . David Lloyd was elected master “ in the place of Mr .

John Knox. resigned.” at a congregation held on the 99thSeptember inthat year.Of the pupils there we have some knowledge, and of the

nature of their studies we can forman opinion fromthisinterest

’

paragraph, inthe issue for“

21st April, 1759, of theI pswich our-nai

Lm , April7th, 1759.

OnTuesday was periorm’d at St. George

’s H all.by Young Gentlemen of the Grammar School the‘ Annrm’

of Terence to a numerous audience, with verygreat and deserv

’d Applause.

"

Aremwas thenlanguishing in gaol , after his respiteMarch Assises, but it is re probable that a Latinplay wasthen an annual customat Xe school , as it has long been atWestminster ; the imperfection of the old newspaper files hasproved an obstacle to my tracing any further such performance. It is pleasant to think that inthe eighteenth century ,as in our own, small boys, who imperfectly understood whatthey said, wrung plaudits fromtheir sisters , their cousins ,and their aunts who did not understand at all !Of individual scholars at Lynn imder Knox and

not without information. One James Barney. son of Dr.

' LysaNm. l0th June, 1898.‘ lna lettsr tc theRev. r . W. c .peaesMr. E. M.Beloe, Junr.

Eugene Aram.

Barney, and brother of the authoness of Evelina ," who rose

inlater life to be rear-admiral and a great authority onwhilst.the school at a very early age, and long rolessed to

retain recollections of the”melancholy

and ng usher.“ The late Admiral Burne ,

”wrote H ood inhislmace to the

at the school at

where Arsmwas an Usher , subsequent to his crime. TheAdmiral stated that Arsmwas beloved by the boys. and thathe used to discourse to themofmurder , not occasionally, “I have elsewhere written, but constanti and in somewhat ofthe spirit ascribed tc himinthe m.

'5 “ It is probablecomments Mr . Austin Dobson, at there was moreacceptedtraditionthanpositive experieme inthesememories, since JamesBuruey can only have been a little over eig

ht years old onMe night inAugust, 1758, when ’

Two sternfaoedmensetout froml iynnThrough the ccld and heavymist,

AndEugene Ar-amwalkcd betweenWith gyvesuponhlswrists.

The editor of the “ D of Fanny BurneWM ,1889)

Lbshtl by ting that James

u

inafter life re cw the

“

gentle usher the

urneypla

culd

at I /yun armin armwith one of the e der boys, gu olstrangemurders, and howhe himself shuddered onseeing Aramtakento prison(he was takento a post

-chaise) with handoudsonhis wri st .So common has the poemmade this tradition that some

writers have beenled into the belief thatAramvirtuslly“gave

himself swa inthismanner .’ So little consistentwith what

we know Aram’s extreme reticence about his aflair ," as

he calls it, is this notion, that it is gravely to be doubted ifthere is a word of truth inthe Burney tradition. The mostrecent of our authorities ,

”Mr . T. H. S. Escott, in hisEdward Bulwer ,”renders it supremely ludicrous by solemnlytelling us that the whole account of Eugene Arums relationswith the Lester family inthe romance was takenword for word,

fact for fact , fromBurney’s notes .” H e refers to anauthorityfor this, which does not hear himout at all , vis. , the prefaceto the “Dream" in Mom’s edition of Hood, l i . , SSS— a

‘Durneywas a daye

'A. H . Nerwa “Highways and Byways ln Yorkshire”p. 908:Whartonand ends, vol. 813, remarking that Hood's poem

“is “am a the evidence on

.the trial.” hb . Frankfort Mocrs assumes

to have beenJamea Bur-ne and tbe bock upcnwhich he

blisled inl ‘lw). See-u . p. ‘

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Eugene Aram.

that the boys of the school were in tears ; that he'

waamuch esteemed by them, having beenwi th themin their pla hours. Perhaps as usher, thiswas part of his omce. imerely give her words .”

More rticulars fromthe recollections of -this worthy, Mrs.

Beatley y name, will follow in their lace.n

L ttcn, in the preface to the 184 edition of the novel,conme thi s favourable view of the usher ’s outward deportment, but anything he states is greatly to be discounted by hisindefensible employment of much obvious fiction in the guiseof historic fact. I t so happened,

" he wrote , that durinAram’

s residence at Lynn his reputation for learnin hasattracted the notice ofmy grandfather— a country gen emanliving inthe same county , and ofmore inte lligence and aecomplishments thiin, at that da

g, usual] characterised his class.

Aramfrequently visited at eyden (iny grandfather ’s house),and gave lessons, probably in no very elevated branches of

erudition. to the cunger members of the family.1 2 This 1

chanced i “ hear w n I was on a visit to Norfolk,some two

years b c-fc wthis novel was published . and it tended to increase

the inte rest with which 1 had previously speculated on the

phenomena of a trial which, take it alto ther,is perhaps the

most remarkable in the register of Eng ish crime . 1 endeavcured to collect such anecdotes of Aram’

s life andmanners astradi tionandhearsay still kept afloat . These anecdote s were so

far uniformthat they all concurred in repre senting himas a

personwho, till the detection of the crime for which he wassentenced. had appeared of themildest character and themostunexoeptionablemorals. Aninvariable gentleness and patienceinhismode of tuition— q ualities thenvery uncommonat schools

-hadmade himso beloved by his pupils at Lynnthat inafterlife there was scarcely one of themwho did not persist in thebelief of his innocence.

”

Fromthe indefatigable Scatcherd, fromE. H . Barker , 13 andfromthe late E. M. Beloe,“we further learn that Aramwasin the habit of visiting the rector of Gaywood, who appearsfromthe account of his no hew,

Richard, to have beenSamuel

Beatnide (although from ateherd, who in 1836 was in cor

respondence with Barker on the subject,one would not have

She died in1888, agedninety-one.

Escott states that they were the da li ters of the Justice— and”Buls aunts. Escott identifies the gran father with Rowland Lester.So Madeline must have been one of ' theee little children— a sufi oientrefutationinitself of his silly story of young Burney'

enotes.R. Smith, 1852, pp. 35-48.

“M NM M M Press, 18th June, 1m.

Friends and Fair Pupils.

thered this, and Mr. Beloe speaks of the rector as Amhn Steadman

Aram, it seems, scraped acquaintance with the rector.and was inthe habit ofmeeting youngJ

Richard Bestnifle, afterwards a bookseller and publisher in o:wich , author of The

Norfolk Tour ," and at this time bound apprentice to one

Hollingsworth it is to this youth that we are indebted for someglimpses of Ara'n, which are curiously at variance with the

traditionof the sedate ropriety andmonastic solitudeof e scholarly recluse , whose hter occupations consisted intalking murder to small boys and in M o with caressingfinger the unlovely wormwrithing onthe path . Fromthese pass I nowcull the followin

H e was about five feet eight in. high, remarkably straightlimbed and well-made and l have heard him(Barker printsthem say that when yotmg, he could wrestle with andthrow anymanhe ever met." This amount is in conformitywith the descriptionof the skull , inthe catalogue of theMuseum.

“sbut it is remarkably at variance with the subject’sowndescri '

on of himself in 1759 as he was fourteen yearsearlier past the vigour ofmy age, feeble and valetudmary— somacerated, so enfeebled , that l was reduced to crutches.

"

Quite the“ feeblemanand old of the poem— more likely to

be a victimthananassailant !Another clerical friend, besides Samuel Beatnifie, was the

Rev . Mr . Weatherhead, vicar of Beacham, who lived at lngendsthorpe, and had two sons at school under Aram it is said thatEugene spent the winter vacationof 1758-9 as the guest of thisworthyman.

16 If he, indeed, went downto Lynnat the begin~

ning of December, this may have been so, but his associationwith the school seems not to have begun till the New Year.and it ismore probable that the visit took place inthe summer.if, indeed. it happened at all .Some female pupils beside the Bulwers Aramalso taught out

of school hours, for a Miss L idderdale was anEloise to

Abelard. She was the only daughter of Dr . L idderdale,“ a

man of uncommon acquirements and extensive learn'

andwas herself anextremely amiable and accomplished dyshe died in1787, and was nowprobably of the age of Abelard'simmortal pupil at the commencement of their love.

"

l“The mastolsl proca-ss of ths skull slmw tlls subject to havs heenmuscular. like his neighbour Thnrtell :much developedmastoid roe-seaare mid by Lombnso to indicate the homicide ; see also A. $0bierrs“Crane dos criminals," 121 . Th correspond with the ham ofsombativeness anddsstrnctivsne cfi’hlwnology

p.

“Tbe Rev. A. fi tch doubts this and says thstWeatherhsad was Rectorof Babingley.

"Richard's “H istory of 1040301. Barker. Eloisa wassights-s.

Eugene Aram.

erudite rascal paid her some gallant attentions.la upinto the romance ol lladeline bester ;but. “we have reasonto think that hie ealaci

o

cus nature didnot stillerhimto dwell alone “ in solitary

”inhis lodgiug. hllattentionsmust have beenmasked from

mhi mistress as carefully

as she was concealed fromhis lair pupil .01 other scholars at the school beside thosementioned, one

was WilliamDavy. {or Barker tells us that The Rev. WilliamDa , brother of the Rev . Dr . Davy , master of Caius College.Camridge , was onthe playgroundwhenAramwas arrested ’ 13

It here becomes necessary to examine a traditionwhich hse

fla

k

ined a very wide currency, but'

is nevertheless devoid of allkelihood, that Arum, in hi s early days as usher , designed to

rob the master of the whole of the term’s fees. The legendhas two main forms . One indictment lays the cflence as anattempt to rob David Lloyd; the other as an attemt onthecoders of JohnKnox. The first version was y iormu~

lated in the Literary Gazette for 21st Januaryyinthese

At Lynnthe character of Aramwas, until his apprehensiou. u ti ;onable but after that event circum

were c to mind which seenied to indicate a

naturally dark character ; but whether theee were allstrictly founded in truth , or magnified suspicions, arisingfromthe appalling ciicimistances of the crime, of which hewas convicted, 1 amunable to determine. The following.being derived fromunquestionable authori (having beenrslated by Dr . L —

, who was Master the GrammarSchool at the time) may serve for anexample :“ lt hed beencuswmary for the paren .ts of the scholare

on an appointed day to

l'

ycline with

p.“nthe l laster , at which

time it was expected they would bring with themtheamount of their bills . It was late at night, after one ofsuchmeetings, .that Dr L— wss awakened by a ncise at

hisO

bedroomdoor ;he rose ug. and ing into the passage,

which led into the staircase. utwh wasnot inthe directway fromAram'

s bedroomto the ground iloor , he discovered the Usher dressed Having questioned himas tothe object of his nsing et that unseaeonable hour , Aramoonfusedly answered

mthat he had heenobliged to go down

l'Bai-ker recoi'ded this tact.witli the ctliers uientloi ied ii i tli ls chapter

An Unfounded Charge.

stairs. The Doctor then retired unsuspicionslfito bed.

Fromthe combined circumstances,the worthy in

later years, had no dcuht that, iromits knowntoAramthat a considerable sumofmoney was inh s bedroom,Aramintended nothing less than to rob him; ‘

and, nodoubt.’ continued the narrator ,

‘he would havemurderedme teo, if it had been rendened neoeesary lrommy dis~covering

'

and opposing him.

’

We can dismiss this charge at once with the remarkDavid Lloyd was not at Lynn at this time;nor did he, as wehave seen. succeed Knox until September, 1760. It nowbecomes necessary to dispose of the other version, which comesto us in various forms, on the authority of the late E. H.

Barker , Scatehc rd, in his“ Gleaninga,

”himinthepublicationof his jottings ; in ameasure, too,supports thi s latter charge.

“ i remember," narr ates the possibly binifle, to have heard Mr . Knox, Master of the school at Lynn,say , alter Aram’

s arrest, that at a Christmas vacation, whenhe had taken a considerable sumof mono of his boarders.Aram, one night, came softly

'

into_his c hamber, and on

Knox asking himwhat he wanted. he lied he came to tellhimsomething about the housekeeper , u . D— d, to whichMr . Knox observed that that was an improper time and place.and an

’

ly ordered himto go away, which he did.

”

J .g.

B .

"places the incident at a rather later date ,

for itis soon after the boys had returned fromthe holida s."

The Rev . S . 0! Lynn, is emphatic that it was no:who was thenprincipal. and I well recollect to have heardfromKr . Turner, who was Mayor of Lynn in that year (hewas not; BenjaminNuthall was ;Turner was elected Mayor on99th A 1769, per Road’

sWeekly Journal of 8th Septemher , 175 that Mr . Knox described his alarmat being awakedby finding Araminhis bedroom; and that the answer was socontund as not to be quite satisfactory , though he did notappear to have apprehended a g

ilty intention, and if he hadjust received the amount of t boys’ bills , this must haveoccurred to him.

”

ll r . H .

”(lgowes) called onthe Rev . S . A .

”whenhe wasinditing the a ve, and he, havin been a pupil under Lloyd,sta‘ed that “he remembers ancl gentleman, a visitor to hism. . . r , who was housekeeper to Knox (Mrs. D— d i) , when

”or. at 1» Ser N. a Q. ii . 300. The Rev. a. Fitch,writ

‘

lzghto the 1m. b. w.33. describes this no as

"perfect bosh.

”N79, dinner to parvnts plaoe inDr. Da s time at the school,1 0— 1' Belea tells ns ha wae fltephenAllen. vlear oi Llnn, four years oldatthe time oi themnnder. H lsmothermarriedDr . Bnrnsy.

Eugene Aram.

Aramwaa arrested. He believes the circumstanee oi hi'sfound in the chsmber was comet.

” “ The Rev . J. H.

"

confident I “ He was certain] inMr. Knox’s bedat two in morning. The rooni divided tromAram'

s

by a staiiease onthe cpposite side. They sre sbout ten

yards spart. Alter this cccurrence, he hsd very strong iastenings ut to his chamber , which are still there. Thera was a

oonsi ble sumofmoney inKncx’s hands st the time.

" Yetsnother parsou hae it thus— The Bev . Mr . Spurgeon, oi l?inNorfolk, says that When residing at Lynn, Aramwaslound openii i and examining the drawers inMr. Knox’

s bedchamber; whendisturbed . aflectec to wake suddenly, andexcused himself on the pretence thst he wss subject to walk

the blished versions ; it remains to noticethe letterc ol l l r . Fi inreference to it. Hewas st the schoollong after Arsmhad left it, b at was intimate with Dr. Davy,whose brother was “

on the pie und when Aramwasarrested.

" ltwss fromthe dccter st he derivedmost of hisinlennation. Now, as regards the suspected attempt at robbery ,

”he writes in those days the boys were accustomed to

bring back after holidays the amount ofy'

their school bills inhard cash, deposited inthemsster

’s bedroom, which also cou

tsinedpens. ink. copy-books, &c. , for school use. Early onemorning, soon after the pupils hadreturned the Master heardsome one inhis bedroom, and asked, ‘Who is there ! Reply.‘ H e, Eugene Ai

-sm’ iwewemsy be sure that hewas notless oi grsmmar only want a fresh pen Ast writer, the Master thought no more about it, but whenUsher was arrested formurder, the Master was so impressed

with the idea that Arameame intending tomuider and iob himthat he at once had put on his bedroomdoor ponderous i ron

llj

The Msster’srcomwas uponthe t-hand side ina pau age, e Aram’

s

bedroomat topof a ight of some twelve stain, ar e:course,most essy of sccees to

‘gthe Usher.” In s subeequent letter he

repeate the same statement about the boys the schoolfees back in their trunks on return fromthe he days andencloses a rough planof Knox

’.shouse This is here reproduced.

Not one of these old wives’ tales will bear a critical scrutiny ,thus the allegationthat the incident occurred during a Christmasvacation ismet by the contention that Aramwas never atLynn school during such a vacation321 the Co ration Ballbook brings him there some time after 6th anuary, and

probably he only srrived tn take np his newdutiee with thePost er M ieh O'kr-oe‘de tn

Plan. after Fi tch. of Mr . Knox ‘s House. showing releitivepositions of Rooms and Btaircaeea.

S AT U RDAY MARKET PLACE

eur aancc

Planof School -Boom. above the Bu tcher 's Shamblea.emi Fi tch.showingWi thdrawing Room, where A ramwas apprehended.

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Eugene Aram.

ls dil sult to knowwhat tomeke of ibis. "Beamil e ie

Igg;

E E i r i 8'5 .

a"? i i i 5

’

ths horrible euggestion, which Sca , ln Iyi te i

am”.

udiously omits to notice. girdwhich !te

“ in the decent obscurity of a learnedt. enlm. libellus ills Eboracensis Eugeniumin struprie monstruosis esse volutatum. at lnde

buisee. semel. forte etiamswpiue. This odious chargeodere anaaplaaationof whatma bemeant by e Lynnwriter,

of“the horriddagi cf at leest part of

paesagewhich canhardl be takenas a to

of murder. A man. who ed always treated“ silly

one on his faith and morals " as things indll erent tohim, andhadnot stopped atmurder. was hardly likely to shrinkfromthe commissionof anoflence at that time ou

’

l‘v the subject

of ecclesiastical censure. and that but nominn I

The accounts we have of Aram'

s persona characteristicsat this time, while not when harmonising. agree in re

pre

senting himas to a considereb a degree furtive and appsive. hi re. Bentley told

'

cl " that he alwa s were hishat tangled, which she exp ined to mean t down.slouched.

" “ In ‘ Baile ’

s Dictionary , continues “0srgiel.

”

1 find bangle-cared, nglng down. flag-eared.

’ One remarkshemade , which I think very interesting and worthy of record.

She said that it had beenobserved that in lookin behind himhe never turned his head or hispersonpartly roun but alwaturned round at once bodily. I give you her v words. asany poet, any observer of nature . ever dep

'

this instanceof fear mustering up resolution!”25This “ ilepped hat,

”together with Aram’

s gloomy aspectand frequent, melancholy , lengthened turns in the garden of

the schoolhouse, which were long remembered,

" also recurredto thememory of Knox's housekeeper .

“ He seldom.

”wrote

ii

i i

ii

555

93

ii

55‘

a

s?

E

i “

Bichardh "History 1! Linn," 1 149, note.Of. 8tephen History of English Criminal Law.

”IL , 480.

' Oeatlciwaws l egacies, 1887. P. 218. Mr. B. M. Bab e, inmamThe only tradition I remember was the habit of Aramof turning hisM frequently over his shoulder, and looking back , as if someone wastollowing him and his soli tary walks inthe country." This hhardly consistent with I n. Beatley

’s version.

' Barkar i flla.37.ac

A Melancholy Man.

tbe l y-lesf of bisYorb psmphlet, “a lntbepublic andmost frequented streets, but walks!“adjoining to Lynn by himself, muffled up in a horseman’sgreat cost and a l a hat." “ I believe , says the sameauthori ,

“that he bsenmisershle fromthe time of

Clark’s th, for whenat Lynnhe carefully avoided that sortof company. for which his abilities eminently qualified him;nor can be be said to have associated with any company ,making it his daily practice to rise v early and go to abaker's once. near where he lived, a sta

ythere until it

necessary for himto attend in school.remarks were written by one born about i ?“ or

earlier. They must have

lho

co .set down long

ll

de‘th" Hood’s

poem. near y ninety years ter , ve to the wor at intabsble picture of the usher, whfi

P"

u t remote fromall,Amelancholymas.

They need the ualiiicationthat Aramcertainly knew the Rev .

Samuel Bestni the Rev . lfr. Weatherhead , Dr. Lidderdale.

states,here , too, he was treated by the gentrymore as one of

themselves. There is probably truth in both points of view,and that his solitariness was not the result of lack of acquaintance, but arose fromthat ingrained love of solitude so commonin scholars, so impenetrable to those who cannot make real

' The Rev. B. A. Barker . H ewas StephenAllen, vicar of Lynn,per Reine. H is widowedmother married in l761 Dr. Burney then e

widower. Memoirs of Dr. Burney," ii. , I30.whence it a thatshe was “W1 1 1“lady came to know Johnson. BirkmBill’s

Eugene Aram.

friends of books, and su

ppose their oomanionshi a sorry

substitute for that ofmen p 9

But that which he had all along apprehended was soontobreak uponthese peaceful day

beenbrought to light !yClark, long outlawed , was well

but

though he s bnried incaveAnd troddsndownwith stones,

And years have rotted od‘

his flesh,Thsworldahall see his bones.

The discoveries of two skeletons oneither bank of the Nidd.

which led to Aram’

s apprehension, will be related hereafter .

It belongs here to lainhow he was traced and arrested,and here, again, are e inevitable discrepancience in the testimanly . Miss Lidderdale wrote the following inher copy of his

e and Trial ":— “H e was recognised rson fromYorkshire while on a visit at the Rev . Mr . erbead

'

s atBeachsmduring the vacation at Mr . Knox’s school at Lynn.

”In June, 1758, says Bestnifle “

he was accidentally discovered at Lynn by amanwho came out of Yorkshire with astallion, and fromthe informationhe gave whenHousemanwasa dad Aramwas arrested. Aramwas staying with

. Weatherhead and working with himinhis ardenduringthe winter vacation on a very coldmornin , egieily te keepthemselves warm. when_

a horse dealer from orkshire resentedhimself and asked te look at a horae whioh Dr . had te

sell . The horse dealer observed that he knew the gentlemanwho was working inthe gardenover the hedge, that his namewas Aram.

‘Yes,’replied Dr .W. , ‘ it is.

’ The horse dealersaidnothing, but whenhe returned into Yorkshire he reportedthe ci rcumstance, and. a warrant was sent for his apprehensioni

’”The warrant, be it noted , was not sent till a late dayin u at

Fi has a diflerent version. According to Dr. Davy,Eugene Aramwas much noticed by the squires andmen, whose sons or relatives were upils under Aram.

one occasionhe was staying with ru

pDavy oi Mileham(the

birthplace of the t lawyer Coke) , and in walking in the

pa ,rk a string of orses for sale, in charge of a Yorkahireman

Socarnear Knaresborough)”came up to the squire , themanknew

and spoke to him, but Aramignored himin tote ; the

We canscarcely i os Aramdeligh much inthe SquireWesternsof the bonrhood. iepseferenoe

lghfor ownaociety isavowedinhis

letter to line.

“Par a ptainDavy, RN.

. SiOe

as

AramArrested .

man’s dignity was ofiended, and after the discovery of Clark'sbones, when an inquiry as to Eugene Aram’

s whereaboutsarose, the mantold whenand where he had wenhim— hencehis arrest at King’s Lynn.

"

Bell varies the circumstances a little by saying that it wasnot known, evenwhenit was decided to arrest Aram after15th August) , where he was

“ till a man, who had formerlylived in the neighbourhood of Knnresborou

ihl. and who then

travelled about the country with a stallion, ppened to be inthe town, andhearing Aram'

s casementioned, said he had seenthatmanlately at Lynn and added

‘ but he was too

proud to speak to me.

’

The rapidity with which the arrest was edected isthe constables knew perfectly well where to go,entrusted with their warrant

,and the occupation of the York

shiremanmakes it probable that the recognition took place inthe summer . The warrant issued by Thorntondirected JohnBarker, cordwainer, and Francis Moor , hatter (we can findnothing to indicate that Ernest Day, as stated in the Gentleman’s”equ ine for 1836, at p. 677, was one ofmuch less Houseman, as that periodical alleged atto Sir John'

l'arner, Bart. , J.P. , and M.P . for Lynn;he further

ordered tbemto call at every post ofiice on the road andinquire for letters directed to Am . The did so , and foundone inwhich was written, according to ,

“ Fly for yourlife,you are pursued.

" Feigning to be cattle dealers, Barkerand oor, on arriving at Lynn, inquired of the landlord of aninn “ ‘ lf there was not e school there, which was inmat

repute , and what was the name of the uaher .’

te which heanswered ‘ Mr . Aram,

’and gave both the master and usher

the best of characters.Sir John Turner , to whomthey were directed, endorsed the

warrant for the con tr ol Norfolk , and either he or his brotherCharles accompanied the constables to the schoolhouse andasked for the usher. Beatniffe is alone in saying that thearrest occurred at Mr . Knox’s house, which was some half amile distant. Some doubts having beenexpressed as to theexact spot where the arrest was eflected, itmay sumec to saythat Eugene

's own assertion upon the trial , on this not verymaterial point, is confirmed by the impressions of Fitch’sschool-fellow.

“My old school-fellow ,

" he says,“ fancies

that Eugene Aramwas arrested in a roomadjoining our old

schoolroom the one previously described as a withdrawing-room) . At the trial Aramasserted that, to the best ofhis recollection

, he was arrested ina roomadjoining the schoolroom.

His behaviour. onappearing i nanswer to the inquiries , was

Eugene Aram.

sucb asmust have gone tar to hang him. lgnorurt observahaving made as to the evidence es to the armt

givenby the constables at the trialfi tmay bsu

as well to pointout that the behaviour ot e perscn onon arrest, what he seid.or what was said to him, or mhis presence, has alweys hesnlegal

o

evidence. Aram’ass conduct w suah as consisted with

nothing but ths consciousness ol guilt. Be pretended to

knowneither Clark nor Knaresborough. nc arker , e fellowtownsman, until his evident confusionmade it impossiblemaintain appearances any longer, andhe admitted.me -lalter

manner , knowing all three. H e admitted knowingASt.

Bo ’

,s ceve and to the oflicer’s improg

r Ayemomsorrow,

”he returnedno repl Knox . Scateberdus, was unwilling to let Moor and Barker take his usher

“8

brought on to the soene to witnees the errest, not exoeptingthe heartbrokenMadeline, who ismade to accompany our heroin the chaise l While l cannot with certainty,investigationstions indicate thst any date the l

'l th and

o' Augnst was probably inthe summer vacaticn, whenhlestersBurney and

EvyDa were in all likelihocd nowhere near the

spotwhere Eugene was handculled.31 However thatmay be.

no lladeline or other beauteous fair accompanied themanseledusher on his journey to Yorkahire.

'l'hat a temale was lett

behind, Beatnice explicitly states . Whether this was Sallywe have already speculsted and ahall consider again. Aremconversed with his captors in the chaise on the leeling ahout

himat xnaresbcrough. and eswthey pasaed the gibbets at the

area -roads the prisoner was visibly perturbed at the sight 0!the grialy enatomies as they rettled and gyrated in their ironsuite.

33

r .r . , pp. tier.

CHAPTER V.

Pladiag ol a Bedy onThifl le l-lill— JohnThsahetanH olds aninquest— Vadict

‘

l'

henat— A Secead lnqusnenthe Cospes en

u dArrefls H um —Tbe betin and l’nncdcne ol aa xvnl .Century Justice — laqnidmdal Methods — Housemat e TwoExamination— The Remain Discovered in Saint Robert’sCave— The Final lnqusst ans rdlet.

We are now cbliged to trevel bsck ahout three weeks to tbe

labourer, Williambis recognisanoe, a

some human iemains; these turned out to be anand whet '

l‘hompeon termed e

“splinter bone.

”

piok hroke'

both these bones.

'l‘hey were not, as hes

interred inany hox, but la _

inthe ground.

returned to the spot on uraday, tbe third otAlrgu h end dug anew in the aame place. H enowfound the

remainder oi the skeletonot a human ; there were severaltesth inthe Jaws, and the body ae x to have been hentdouble. The news quickly sp over Knare sborough, andPhilipCoetes, the proeecutor inB . e Ammwas told ol the dis

covery the same day. Yet it was not till the twelfth oi the

month that John'l'heakston

, the coroner ior theWestan inquest, the remains having beenmeantime

onthe iourth, two surgeonsH e summonede )ury el thirteen at the house of Henry

Hellen in xnaresbcmugmand proceeded

proved

“the discove as described. adding, quaintlythe person been murdared he verily

John Yeats, a barber, followed, who said that,the epot where the remains had heen lound, nighthirtesn or fourteen years ago. he hsd observed a

place lreah d up, and that it was the same.

as that where

the body wes ound. He wes eonfirmed herein by narbareLsstham. a widow. who added that sbe passed the spot one

morning, about 0andlemas, thirteen or tourtesngzhnbdm.

noticed that there was agz

ce dug upw had notbesnso dug whenshe had passed the previous night.

45

Eugene Aram.

and that the esrth “ hsd heenfllled up ina carelessmannsr .

Stephphen Lathsm, and WilliamTuton' gaverepeated later Tutonmention

the finding of his pick at’

s house. a detsil heto the msgistrate .

oeedings, theooncl t ‘

have beenmurde by herPhilip Costes also gove his evidence, more briefly thanst the

inquest on the eighteenth, concluding that as“no person

either in Kneresborough[far

dthe neighbourhood had ever been

mining in his time, he t reason to believe they are

the remains of Daniel Clark.

’greaWilliemH iggi' ,ns and AsronLocock the surgeons, were next

uestioned touching their examinstion of the remains on theourth. Both ceemto hsve essumed, ss the did leter on,that the bones were those of Clark. Hi

gh s gegan that be

well knew Daniel Clar ,

’ho. h opined that the

was that of a young person, twenty-threeClerk's preoise age umwere well aware— e

ing a thigh bone the to it fresh,”whence

that it had lain in ground about thirteenor

having been interred double. Upon this, withlocution. the )jury found that

“so to themunknown

moved nnd seduced, he , had”in ered the person, whose

skeleton it wss.”and that “ fromall s t oircumstances,

the said skeleton is the skeletonof Dan'

Clark.

Onthe strength of Anna Arsm’s testimmiy , H ousemsnwas

now taken to view the corpse. of whose murder .he was sus

pected. The belief that amurdered body would insomemanneraccuse its murderer was still prevalent, as appear s, not onlyfromthe curious Wei-ning Piece against Murder,”in 1752, hut fromthe “ State Trisls”themselves, w reinweread that so late ss l

’lfl the guilt of one H owatsonwss pre

sumed fromhis refusing to touch the remainsL - the notionbeing that would sweat blood or otherwisemakemanifestthe presence the guil H ouseman, then, heing desired totake up s hone of the esd, discovered great slsrmfusion; it is said, though no legalmord confirms the incident,that he then unguardedly dropped the expression,

“ This isno more Dan Clsrk’s hone than it ismine .

” This,as hes

‘h ton-id that the firat time Clark u llsd himup, ehost elevn , heand thatthat 'Clarh s a ti cslhealled him.Whyas a witnesstWas deadt l iathamnid thst

"Aramhad a very grsat quantity of Clark‘s gcods inhh possession.

”

See also “aneiicient and greve person

" 's story at

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Eugene Aram.

that itwas whenconfronted with the bones onHouseman dramatically declared where the

remains of Clark really lay. Others, besides Bulwer, havedisseminated this srror . lt will be obscrved that he saidnothing of this until , st themd of his seccnd examinaticn, onthe l bth, he sdmitteds belief that the body of the ccrdwainermight be found inSaint Robert’s Cave Amore explicit statement to Barker followed the next day, bct itwas not, it seems.until Thursday, the i7th, that the bridy of Clsrk was found.

The duties’of a justice, unlike those of s coroner, which

have changed but little. have beenentirely revolutionised sincethe middle of the eighteenth century . The statutes underwhich Thorntonactedwere respectively 1 k 9 Philip and I sry ,

cap. 13,and 9 & 3Philip and Uary cs .p lo, which rsmained

in force until Sir JohnpJervis’s Act , in 1848, com

pletelyaltered the whole character ofmagiste rial inquiries. t th

date the duties of s stice were those .of s qprosecutor ratherthanof s judge. oflce wu something- like that of

h

theFrench “J d’instrnction,

” that functionary’s duty be

to collect the information he could against theper son, swear the informants , bind themover to appear at theassises, if he decided to commit. and then on apprehendinghis prisoner subject himto a series of questions, based on thewidmce he had collected. Ha deslt with the suspect ss s

per son presumably guilty , and was required tofully as to the circumstances of his susupposed cflenoe The

degree of hostility with which this was done varied greatlywith individual justices ; and, insuy case, the suspect was inthe difi cult positionof hsving tomake deflnite replies st s veryearly stage of the case, which might afterwards much embarrass his legal advisers in their defence. But what was

have heenflogged at the cart’s tail , but whenthe witness wasplaned in the box it was too late to impesch his credit hy

the lnR '.”midi,M speaksofa

hsmagletrsts’l du uiaiterlal.”Bee

Justice’s Justice in 1758.

his conviction in the proper manor. Barbot wasthe favoured case of tree

asmight have been supposed by the apparent harshness of thesystem, ostensibly directed though it was to keeping himinthedark about everything which was to be

'

produced inevidenceagainst him.

"l°

That this was a bad systemmay be admitted , but that somebody had to act as prosecuto r is no less certain, and as nopolice existed to do it, it fell to the justices . That the justicescould performtheir duties with humanity and impartialityappears , happily, fromseveral instances. I t

_ismostmaterial

to observe that the justice who examined a prisoner appearedagainst himas a witness onhis trial, and put inthe examinationas part of the Crown case , and it oftenconstituted, as itmainly did against Aram, the most damning evidence oft.The tenor of Houseman's first examination (which is printed

in full in the Appendix) was that he was with Clarkon the night of the7th of February, 1744-5, between eleveno’clock and some hour in the momrng, removing goods fromClark’s house to his; that he left himat Aram’

s house withanunknown person, and came away with a note of the pricesat which he was to sell Clark 's s, held as security for adebt the shoemaker owed him. e admitted that Anna Aramcame to himina passion, anddemandedmoney of him, showinghimat the same time shreds of burnt cloth, and asking whatthey were . H e denied ever being charged with the.murdertill now by Anna Aram.

” H e chose to waive signing thisexamination,

‘for hemight have something to add to it, there

fore desired to have time to consider it."Next morning Mr . Thornton committed himto York Castle.

What follows is given in the language of Bristow’s 1759edition, which substantially agrees with the York Pamphlet,and very fairly conveys the substance of the second examinationor confession.

As he chose not to signthis examination, it was presumed' rsSt. Tn, 1272, 1292. A.D. l753.Houseman, we shall see, conferredwith his counsel."L A. Psrk, J.. iu them ath bccmber, 2, col. 3 ink . u.

fi re-tall .

Eugene Arum.

that he wss conscicmhe hsd not deolsred the truth of thematter. and lfr. Thornton thought pro r to commit himto

York Castle the morning following. 2: Green H emmerton.onthe rosd t orh, he

‘hehsved to his ccnduetore in such s

manner as to show that he was concerned in themurder, or

dead, uponwhich he came away and left them. But whetherAramueed sny weapcncr not to kill Clai-h he could not tell ;nor does he know what he did with the bedbelieves that Aramleft it at the mouth of

seeing Aramdo this, loat he t share themsde the best of his wsy from , and got to the bridgeend. where looking back he saw Ai-amccmincoming fromthe csve

side (which is inag

private rock adjoining the river) , and conlddiscern a bundle inhis hand , but did not know w t it was.Uponthis he

o

hasted away to the tewn. without either joiningArsm. or seeing himagain till the next dsy, and fromtha

This examination he sign thst it wss themi .thsnd sc wss committed to the cmllither next dsy or onthe 1 ,7th he doscribed it is said te Barker . the position cfthe hody inthe eav

'

e, wi th its head to the right, inthe turnat

the entrence to the csve. And here it was secordingly foundn the 1 ,

'l th and s

ha inqnest

uwss held theseon the next dsy,

M ay, the 18th o

The Ycr Pamphlet relatesu

that anoldwomsnhsdmeantimeinformed the oorcner that she aawflousemangc into the oeve“As te themeonneeme p ln“J. B. 1"leteher sa “This ((he , the remarh sbcnt the bones) led tc hfa

on suspicionof know somethingabout Clerk's3th. Whet he revealed te the suthoritles

Necks andCorners of Yorkshire" p. 100»

5°

i

C"

The Final Inquest.

a few daa

after the body was found on 'l’

hisflemll ,peeping out to see if the cosst was clesr,

thengo andwssh his hsnds inthe river Nidd.

The flnal inquest was opened st

in Knarssborough, before a jury

master, JonathanLccook. H e was out. She saw themagain

going towards the Kirkgste , and never sawClsrk again.

The deceased'amother, Dorothy Clark, proved that her son

went out at nine o'clock onthe night inquestion, saying that

he wasfi rg

to Newell ll nestmorning, and that ahs neversaw or of himafterwardsThomss Barnstt, a dyer , deposed tc seeing

“betweentwelvesnd two of the clock ,

"as he was goi home frcmthe

“Clown," inthe fligh Street. at Church end, a muchmumed- pu mancome out of the

passage fromArams house

who triedpto psss him, butwhom e recognisedrecognised as one llichard

Hou sman. The witness s signature reveals hima tclerablescholar

and the jury now adjourned to“viewthe body,

end the lest of the evidence wss taken intheO

resenee of theghastly remains. And whereas the three p depositionspurport to be tsken

“teuehing the desth of a

°n°wunknown,

supposedoue Daniel Clark,”thcse which ollow are tsken

“ touching the death of one Daniel Clark ," until certi tude

merges into absolute certainty, and Philip Castes and AnnaAramsre

“exsmined upon the view cf the skeleton of one

Daniel Clark , late of Knaiesbrough aforesaid, cordwainer, thenaud there lying dead. snd Tutoniseaamined “ uponthe desthof one Daniel Clark his skeletonthenand there beingThe first evidence taken at St. Robert’s Cave was that of

BryanHardosstle. which, like thstof the two females, hasneverbefore beenpnblished. fle kept a 1iv stable, aridto having kept Clark

’s horse at bait. wo days after khad disappeared, Hardcastle delivered the honey

.

to one JohnHollidsy, who paid himfor his keepcep. This witness, who wascalled tc negstive the theory of Clark

'ss fiight, for which the

horse would have beenso convenient, was bound over in£20to appearr at the Assises. Morematerial still is the evidenceof Stephen Latham, albeit it, too, has never seenthe lighttill now. H is deposition traced to Aram’

s possession a largesumef money, of which no explauationwas forthecming at

S!

Eugene Arum.

by Aram, to rebut the inference that lt was a psrts wife's

hd‘owry Lsthamswore to being ourp .loyed

test after Clark had disa

gmed. to arrest Aram, who was antimate acquaia for debt , and that Arsmasked

debt was , and produced u wards of 100 guineas inother large coin; that he new Aramto be at thst

time very poor, and that such was hisgrneral preputation;

that he (Aram) hadmost quanti ties of C s in his'

onon. as alao hsd Houseman to the value o £46 whidiretended to hold for a debt. Pete r Moor was the next

witness. whc proved bei st Nowell Hall . with H rs. Clark ,hismistress, whenClark pe .ered and that Clark had £38of his, borrowed a day or

“so

pe

before ; and that. a fortnightbefore, he went wi th hismaster to Aram's. where Housemanalso was ; that Aramwelcomed Clark and asked if he had hiswife’smoney. Clark replied that he had it The threethenwent upstairs and the wi tness left.The medical evidence followed next

,and its remarkable

tenuity, as taken inwriting, is very apparent to any one whoknows the fulness with which such evidence is given now.

Butmedical juri tudence was as yet inits infancy , and it wasby no means no erstccd that a medical witness must confinehimself to scientific opinions only. We lind the two surgeonsapparently not merely assuming, what was not in theirprovince, that the remains were those of Daniel Clark, butalso that amason's pick had caused the fatal injuries , whereas ,according to present ideas, they should have statedmerely thatthe appearances were consistent with that mode of death.

Their evidencedoes , however , establish one thing incontradiction of all the printed accounts, viz , that the

glesion was on

the bee! part ofpthe skull , nothing is said of a wound of entry

and of another of exit onthe left and right sides of the headrespectively, although an elaborate defence of Aramhasframed on them itiou that a blow was stnick face topenetrating the le t side of the skull

, as might be the case,where a tight-handed combatant stnick his ants niat : ll r . 1ll . Richardson’a theory, advanced in the Lug flm y onl l th November , 1899, i s thus seento be refuted by the positivemedical evidence that there was a large fracture of the base of

the skull only. This brief evidence indicates rather a heavyblow of a blunt instrument. smashing

'

inthe bone at the pointof impact, and not the penetrating blow of a pick-axe, such ashas beengenerally described.

Phili Costes. brother-in-law of the deceased , followed themedic a witnesses. H e had already sworn an informationbefore Thorntononthe 1 4th of themonth,

andwas destined tobe the prosecutor inR. v . Arum, H ouseman, and Terry . Be

se

T uton’

s Tale.

ved the rance of Clark onthe 8th of February. hisone to a intment for that ing with him.

a .ll where his wile awaited him. He

proved that at the time of his disappearance Clark had acl nimoney Thornton.

his house. and that nothing was found there after he had gonehe added that nothin had been heard oi his brother-in-lawuntil his body was uncovered in the cave, on Bouseman'sinformation. To the magi strate he had further stated thatClark left behind his horse. so convenient to enable himto

that there was muchthemoney , and that Clark never gave the

departure . Coate s added, when beforeThornton. that Aram,

who was “never us’

t to have sums ofwas alter the 8fb of February seen to have a great

deal. and that. talking sometimes about the missing of

Daniel Clark , she, Mrs. Aram. said she believed Housemandeserved to be hanged about him, and her daughter said that.in case her mother hanged Houseman. she would hang herfather , at which (the) girl seemedmuch concerned.

”

These last two statements well exhibit the irregularmanner.according to our ideas. of takingdepositions. Aram'

spossessionofmoney appears to be sworn to fromhearsay. Coates doesnot profess to have seen himwith it. The statement of aconversation in the accused's absence was. of course. not

evidence. but Thorntonwas not sitting judic ially. butmakinga criminal investigation He could nomore have proved thisconversationbefore Noel and the jury thanAnna Arumherself.Ooates concluded his informationby saying that he had adver

tised for Clark inthe newspapers without success .To re turnto the inquest— William’

l uton, amason, was thenext witness . He had been examined the previous day byThornton, but nowadded amostmaterial detail to histion, and, if unshaken at the trial, as appears to havethe case. itmust have pressed heavily against Arum. L ik:the others , it has never previously beenprinted. Be provedthat onthe fatal Thursday. betweenelevenand twelve at night.Clark came to his house to leave some leather; that nigh threeinthemorning Clark came again and called himout at bed.

to Clark out of the window Tutondistinctly sawHousemansnd Aram, the one ina dark. the otber ina light, cost,standing by Clark

's cellar door They seemed anxious to eludeobservation. and went about the corner of the street towardsthe Castle yard, -and there Clark joinedthem. The witnessnever saw Clark again, but he found in Aram’

s garden hismason's pick three days or so later, and was positive that

$3

Eugene Arum.

aeither he nor aaymemher ol hia tamily lsat lt to

Anna dramwasnowcallsd.

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Facsimile (reduced and not showing indented edge ) of a counter-pandin: Arm and Housemana

The Verdict.

They further found that neither Housemannor Arumhadany goods or chattels . lands or tenements , at the time of the

felony and murder done and committed,nor did fly for the

same to the knowledge of the jurors .To this verdict, duly engrossed on a parchment indenture,

the coroner , JohnTheakston, set his hand and seal. the l8thday of August. The constables. already well onway to L ynn.must have eflectedEugene 's arrest not later thanthe following day.

in the Record ofi ee

M W.w orm -s w a rm ”

M arti , ” Bu -e b m tem - lm wm mm - ‘w

Aram’s Pitsoas Celliaa— Tbe Cese PenpeaedReports ia the l

’ress.

'Wm Aramarrived fromL ina poste haise, with l e rkerand Moor , the constables , e streets were so choaked (sic)with people ,

”says Mr . Benson, oae of Seateherd's octogenarian

goam'

pa,“ that they could scarcely get down to the Bell Inn.

where they alighted, and were received by the vicar , Collins,and the Reverent Brotheric. Aramwas dressed in a verygenteel suit of clothe s, with beautiful frills to his shirt wrists,and had every appearance of a gentleman; he was quite com

gwad and collected among theman Knares gentlementhe room, talkedmuch, and said e could clear of the

i t

He wore , as usual , his own hair— he had never so muchel ected theman of fashion as to wear a wig— and his strongfeatures, with the bold squiliae nose and cold blue eyes,exhibited their wonted serenity .

One of his daughters went with a certainPolly Powell to see

As they cmssed the atreet they perceind a

mob near the Bell Inn. and heard that be had arrived, wherePolly went and asked if Mrs. Aramwould not go and see

Anna said she would if Polly would sccompan her ,whereu 11 Mrs. Aramand her daughters, with Polly an a girlshe be brought up, went together to the Bell . When they got

they found Anna in conversation with Coll insand Brotheric. themagistrates (sic) not being ready to examinehim. Mrs. Aramand her party did not interrogate Eugene ,but he could not help seeing thementer . However , he took

to the gentlemen, when, upontheir qui tting him. he bowed tohis wife and said very coolly , Well . howdo you do l He alsonoticed Poll and, asking who the young people were . was toldthey were is da hters. except the youn womanwho waswi th Polly, whom e thennoticed much

,ving known

96

The Adamantine Aram.

children, pary a b y, who, whenhe left Knarssbeso was labouringsome n atal derangw ant, and Anne to

and had grown worse . At thi s heand seldher thet, had she followed his instructisns.Id have been a dil uent result."

lt is impeu ible to read this acoount without oomiag te a

very unfavourable conclusion concerning the manwho , after afourteen years

’desertion of his home , returns incustody for

murder. ignores his wife and children, while gentry are still inhis presence, and finally greeting themwith a very 0001 “H owdo you do?

”rooeeds to slight themand take much notice of

a stranger to is blood. having nothing but upbraiding for theabandoned wife, who has had a bitter struggle tosurviving girls and boys , one demented, withoutassistance fromher spouse . Adamamine hardness and a totalwant of natural adection are features of every cold-blooded

murderer's character . Yet evenWilliamPalmer , on his firstinterview when in custody with his friend Jerry Smith , paid.

with a few rare tears , a tribute -to the feelings of human

5?

535

Among thousand amusements, inwhich. inhis ownquaintwords, he had seed his time . had his thoughts ever turnedhomewardsf adbe spared a single sixpence out of themoneysar ising out of his employments for his tarnished dependants. or

done the least inthe world to enable Anna to educa te afi ictedHenry or the others according to his instructions”1 Was thisthe wife, jealousy for whose honour , we are gravely to ld, nervedhi: to strike down that daring and unprincrpled gallant.peck-broke ,

" stuttering Clark !I n so evil a light does this account represent Eugene thatwe d ould hesi tate to receive it, did it not come to us fromhis avowed advoca te, a writer too infatuated to recognise thatthe gossip be quoted discredits utterly the concepfi on of his

as amanof t tenderness and humanity .We are not whether Sally Arumwas present at thisscene ;

' “the da

xhters

”referred to may have been Bessie ,

born in 3739, a Jane ,-whose age is unknown, her baptism

not having been traced. Sally’s subsequent history I shallrelate in its pines.

Scatcherd, however , introduces her: "1 anecdote , acceptedindeed by Mr . H . B . Irving , but which 1 venture to regard asprobably apooryplraL —

“ Thither York castle) , _with afidelit and devotion characteristic of the sex Sallyat her father . She was then a fine young woman,

about twenty-seven year s of age [if so , she was born out of

we“ . Anna , tire first child of the marriage , having been57

Eugene Aram.

2‘

ptised in 1731 and my intormant. who hadshakenhands with Arum, was witness to an interview betweenthem, whioh she told me was rery al eoting l Sally wasstanding one the iron gates, sobbing violently , whenaccosted her . Sally,my dear ,’ said he, you are very muchtanned and freckled.

’Yes,

’ said Sally,‘ I know that.

father. but I cannot help it. What would you adviseme todo l

’oh,

’ said he , make a wash with a juice of lemons;that will clear you.

’

It will be remembered that no warrant for Aram's arrest

had been issued until after Houseman’s second examination, atthe earliest , and most probably not until the finding of thebody confirmed the heckler 's sto The journey fromh aresborough to Lynn, nigh two hun redmiles by road, the returnthence to the Bell Inn, and after that the visit to Thornville,four miles on the way to York , the taking of the examinationthere. the return later for the second examination, and thefinal drive to York Castle, were

'

all accomplished, despite the

inevitable law 's delays, between the 17th and 21st of August .The post-boysmust have riddenhard ontheir way back . H owcould Sally have pursued them. penniless as she was, fromLynto the Castle. in time to consult her omniscient parent on thevir tues of lemon as a cosmetic i '

l'

he lumber ing mail coach,could she have afiorded even that. would have arrived days toolate ; and the hire of post-horses was far beyond the meansthat could have been available , for in a few days her fatherhad to bag a trifle of the vicar of Knaresborough and was sent£5. lf Sally were outside the castle when Eugene . with asingular freedomfrom the restraints usually imposed on

persons in his situation, accosted her ,” then Beatnitf e wasright in asserting that the young woman with whomhe wasliving at Lynnwas his mistress only, andno relation.

I t seems incredible that after incarcerationAramshould havebeen allowed the liberty implied in the narrative of this interview, although he was apparently allowed to receive food fromwithout, as a certainMrs. Bur-net used to take himhis dinnersto the Castle.

After the delay at the Bell Inn, Aramwas carried,

a Monday, before Mr . Thornton, at Thornville. tohis examinationunder the statute of Philip and Mary .

and the subsequent examination, though never before publishedin their entirety , have long beengivento the world with sub

stantial accuracy , albeit strangely overlooked by those shallowcritics who have harped on the iniquit of condemning Aram

the uncorroborated testimony of Ric ard Houseman. Uponhis first examination Aram, abandoning the pretence aflectedat Lynnof not knowing Clark or Knaresborough, admitted justas little as possible, relying on inability of recollection when58

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Eugene Aram.

fifty guineas about that time, or pulled any such sumout ofhis pocket— nor did he seek to subcrnor ask an one psrsontosay that he had seenClark since the 8th of February, 1744-5.who really had not seen him. But true it was the he hadoftenmade inquiry about him, and he thinks he hath heardsome persons say they have seen himsince. and particularlyhis brother, Stephen Aram, but does not recollect any otherperson, except another brother of his, H en Aram, who hassaid that he saw him— nor dcr: he know w ere it was thosebrothers say they saw him.

As to the examination a‘

any further particulars touchingthe premisses , and the signing thi s examination, this examtchuses to wave (sic) themfor the present, that he may havetime to recollect himself better andmore fully least (sic) anything might be omitted or slip hismemory that is material,whichmay hereafte r occur to him — ao concludes Mr. Thornton; but, whenever added, a weak and rather illiterate signature is to be seen appended to this singularly unveraciousdocument.We may surmise that Moor and Barker , as they were conducting Aramto York Castle, whither Thornton had promptlycommitted him, enlightened their prisoner somewhat as to

strength of the case against him, more es ially as tothe admissions of Houseman. At least the ad not gonefar whenArambegged to be takenback to ornvill

'

e, for hesomething of consequence to impart ."

Fromthe heading of this second examination it is apparentthat Mr . Thornton took it solely to relieve the anxieties of theprisoner ; it is no strained inference fromits language that itwas volunteered by Eugene despite a magisterial caution thathe should not commit himself. It is headed

Onthe same day as above (inconsequence of the fore

going examination) . and after mature deliberation and athis own instance , Eugene Aramdesires to make [ art/wr idiscoveri es relating to the afiair of themissing of Clark .

"

No summary— not even a literal transcript— can convey theefiect of this remarkable I t is crammed with erasures.and the critical part— w at happened at the cave — has beenwr ittenover and erased so oftenthat it is ca

_lv with the greatest

difficulty that it canbemade out a all . What follows i. fromthe te xt of- Bristow, the full examination with the

hitherto suppre ssed being re served for t he Appendixdocument, so full of perilous admissions, and so utterlycilable with what Arumhad said anhour or so before , was , ofcourse , part of the case proved against him, and it was for

‘Writtenover anerasedword, terminating inthe letter “y.

" ERW.60

Concluding page of A ram's seennd examination by Thornton. tron

the orig inal in the"Record “

once .

(Photo . by A. P . Mango-r . lmuvhm. )

A Revised Version.

himinhisdefeme todeal with it to the satisfsctionof the jurythat hemade no sort of attempt to do .

The essminant now said. That he was at his own house ,the 1 th of February, "44-5. atnight, whenRichard Housemanand Daniel Clark came to himwith some plate. and both of

themwent formore several times, and came back with severalpieces of plate, of which Clark was endeavouring to defraud hisneighbours ; that he could not but observe that Housemanwasall night very diligent to assist-himto the utmost of his powerend insisted that this was H ousemsn'

s business that night , andnot ing an note of instrument, as pretended by Houseman.

That enry erry , then of Knaresborough, ale-house keeper,was as much concerned in abetting the said frauds as eitherHousemanor Clark. butwas notnow at Aram’

s house because.

as it wasmarket day,2 his absence fromhis guestsmight haveoccasioned some suspic ion-4 h“ Terry, notwithstanding,

bro ht two silver tankards that night, upon Clark’s account ,

whio had been fraudulently obtained— and that Clark , so far

fromhaving borrowed £20 of Houseman. to his knowledgenever borrowedmore than£9, which he had paid himagainbefore that night .That all the leather Clark had, which amounted to a con

siderable value, be well knows was concealed under flax inHouseman’s house. with intent to be disposed of little by little,

inorder to prevent suspicionof his being concerned inClark'sfraudulent practices .That Terry took the plate ina bag, as Clark andHouseman

did the watches, rings, and several small things of value, andcarried theminto the Flat, whence they and he (Arum) wenttogether to St. Robert

’s Cave, and bestmost of the plate list.

It was thenthought too late inthe morning. being about fouro’clock onthe 8th of February , 1744-25. for Clark to 5150 -06 so

as to get any d‘stance ; it was therefore agreed he should stay

there till the night following , and Clark accordingly stayedthere all that day , as he believes— they having agreed to sendhimvictuals, which was carried to himby Henry Terry— hebeing judged themost likely personto do it without suspicion,for , as he was a shoote r , hemight go thither under the pretenceof sporting. That the next night. inorder to give Clarkmoretime to get 011 , Henry Terry, Richard Houseman. and himselfwent downto the cave very early , but he (Aram) didnot go intothe cave or see Clark at all ;that Richard Housemanand HenryTerr-y only went into the cave, be staying to watch, at a littledistance onthe outside, lest anybody should surprise them.

’Promthe report of the Royal CommissiononMarkets and Fall-e (1889)2 l9, it appears that Wednesday, the dtb of February, was the marketye

Eugene Aram.

That he believes they were beating some plate , for heheard themmake a noise ; they ate there about an hour ,and then came out of the cave, an told himthat Clark wasgone off. Observing a bag they had along with them, he tookit into his hands. and saw it contained late. On a whyDaniel didnot take theplate alon with im. Terry and caseman replied that they had bong t it of him. as well as thewatches, and had given himmoney for it— that being moreconvenient for himto get 06 with, as less cumbersome anddangerous . After which they all three went into Houseman'swarehouse, andconcealed the watches with the small late there ,

but that Terry carried away with himthe great te . Thatafterwards Terry told himhe carried it to Howe ill , and hidit there , and thenwent into Scotland and disposed of it. Butas to Clark, he could not tell whether he wasmurdered or not—he knew nothing of him, only that they had told himhewas goneThe suppressed passages . it will be observed on comparing

this version with that in the Appendix. are those impeachingflea

,and the curious underlined ragraph near the end, where

Aramendeavoured to explainw y be had nothing to do withHouseman’s and Terry ’s possession of the missing cobbler

’

swatches and plate .

The frequent erasures, the many interlineations, the weakand tremulcus signature at the end, all alike testify to amindstruggling with guilt, as well as with perplexity, and to oneunnerved by fear . It is difi cult, in the face of these twoexaminations so speedily following one another , to understandhow acuteminds canhave reached the conclusion that Houseman supplied the sole evidence against Eu e, or that Eugenehimself was free fromthe premeditated signand the actualdeed ofmurder." H is own admission brings himto the caveonthe fatal n

'

t— privy to the unlawful purposes of the otherthree, though e professes to deny participation H e can’ttell what to say, whether Clark was murdered or not” (asingular frame ofmind!) only they told himhe was goneSo far is be fromon'ering any explanation of the inconsis

tocaies of these two examinations inhis defence, that he characteristically lets themalone. together with what is calledevidence.

”.and prmeds to stultify himself by allegin

time an infirmity so at that he “was reduced to crutches.H e had forgotten in ugust, 1759, having admitted inAugust,1758, going on two successive winter nights to the cave forhours together . It may be that he did not know that hisexaminati ons would be roved against him. It is for hisdefenders to explainhow contradictions are to be reconciledwith any theory of his innocence.

6a

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.Eugene Aram.

under such aggravated circumstances, whereinit is better to Dye than tolave ; but the propsnsions of nature are strong, her calls frequent andimportunate , and fewbuthave or think they have, some interest to attendtoo (sic) some socia l connexions or other not easi ly to be dispensed with.

Admonished b these. butmost for the nerous concern I_knowyou hear

for humanity, owcvcr distressed and w crever situated, I venture to ask,and tha t wi th re luctance enough. that youwould interoede for something,how and to whomyou think fit, whereby to make this remainof beinga little less uneasy, a little more suppor table i f this is not inconsistentwi th your convenience and character and if it isnotdisagreeable in such away and once thus to ser ve.

Yr bhle Servt,E. ARAM.

York, 27th August, '58.

Bristow adds that Mr . Collins showed this letter to somegentlemen, when£5were collected and sent to him.

The strong phrase loaded with public odium in itselfrefutes the contentionof Eugene’s apologists— notably Scatcherdand a wri ter inthe L eisure H our for February , 1 885— that

'

the

execrations of the mob were reserved for Houseman whileAramwas anobject of popular sympathy. The shocking libelswhich continued to be circulated and published in Yorkshireabout this time explain, though they do not justify, the odiumwhich attached to Aramarid hismemory throughout the generationwhich witnessed his fall .The next letter which survives is dated l st March, 1759, and

was thus writtenonthe eve of the Lent Assiz e s , in anticipationof a speedy crisis in the writer ’s affairs . I t appears only inone edition, an undated duodecimo , printed by C. Etheringtonfor E. Hargrove, known as the sixth edition. Amisprint supplies the year 1776 as a oonjectural date for its publication.We learn fromthe preface that the letter was one of severalof like tenor . I t runs

York, l st March, 1759.

I know notwhether, after such a length of time, such a distance of

place, such and so many accusations heaped uponme I yet sees thatpart of your esteem, which I fl attermyself I formerly had, an was proudof. For, as I have beenprosecutedwi th somuch accrimony (sic) , and reprosentedwi th somuchmaIeVOlence, pre '

udicehas infected some, though I leastsuspect its influence onyou, whose s are of reasonandpenetration I haveknown too long and too well, to think

tylou can ever look u n the

invidious reports ofmy enemies as truths. ponthis supposition writeand inthis confidence of your good wishes to me entreat. that you wouldcome atmy trial which wi ll begin here on the 5th or 61h ofMarch [thecommissionday was the third. to s air in support of incharacte r as to wha t you know, and so far as is onest and right ;whiosurely, as it will be a favour of so t importance to me and to yonnoextraordinary trouble or expence, need not dos ir of from ou. For

ever since I was capable of thought and reflex ion always has and sawthe name of B— with pleasure. And if an

yother services are in your

power, which fromyour consideration in t a world, and the number64

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Eugene Aram.

then au iiea. 'lhe leamed jcdge mada tha order aaked foffor tha continuanca ol tha pmcnera ingaol untll the lammaa

Rm» Boom“ .

Econ Ann.Han ! Tu n.

f orms.

(ad. ) 31 . FOSTER.

A littla below ia the followingnm'

a u wanna .

Putt» 28July, 1759, GuilEugene Aram, late of bro

’

, etc etc .

for themurder of Daniel Clarke.

Putta 28 July, Not Guilty .

Richard c aeman, late of Knareabro’. etc. , etc.

for themurder of Daniel Clarke.

The infiemce

that flouaemanwould atoop to the miaerable poaition ol a

lfiiug

’a evidence.

Y {hat he m appmac‘

l

zed wh

t

ihlemtlgemuw e were in or ci dunng

'

theae v i t 9ia a well ureaiatibli ooncluaicn. A

’t

'

leaat by the endol llay he definitely decided to take hia coumel’a adviceand give Aramaway, as the unhappy achoolmaeter mevidentl aware.

The had begunlong ere thia fc take aome nofi oe ol theunwan the tenuity of iu ofiera a atrange contraat tothembennoe cl modern '

cc on all kindred topica.The Lead: I ntelligencer of Tueaday, 29th A 1758,

The Cambridge Journal of 26th Augnat,”EveningPod ol the sbth, and the l pmich i oumal ol the h dumber, give almoat idenfical accotmu of the finding ofbodice, the inqueeta, and oommittala of Arm and Houseman.

The l ead. I ntelligenm of oth March, 1759, announced the

Press Paragraphs.

ontha l'hh

Blandy’a cane, and van

gravely cenaured by theOourt.

'Bee A I L . 178. The laat and the LondonEvening Pod , alao”ported art-eat ct any.

' U ovda’ M itch”PM , and Payee

'e Univarad

M . PoetomlcaAram'aname.

CHAPTER Vl l .

Beconee aa ldence tor the t — Dllenma el the CrowaAranSdeetedaa the Victim— Reaeone lcr thleCholce- Practiceae teWivea’ Bvideaca inCriminal Caeee— AramCompoaee hiaDefence— The Aealeee Commence— The Judgca and CounselA TmBlll Pound Agahet All Thne— Thewmnu ea for th

development indicated inthe laat chapter , in what Aramhabitually etylee the affair, now began to occasion himecme anxiety , and he addreeaed himeell to certain bookaellereandmenoi their kidney.whc had no real deeignto aerve hieintact-ecu , but were willing to exploit hie pen and avail themcalyce o! hie notcriet to their ownpecuniary advantage. H e

accordingly eent to theringtcn acme of thoee literary piecee.which appeared inthe firet publiahed and aubeequent accounteof hie trial . inreturn, wemay euppoee, for cflere of aeeietancetowarde hie de‘cnce, and eome alight provieion of amenitieein the priaon, having previously despatched the letter which

very humble opinion I ever entertained of anything I wrotetedmnetalnlng au iee g ther

'

e remalne an el onSir Johnwn w fell at Stw-j— ii l canpoeaibly recover t it ehall comeaccom with a tranacrlpt ol the per-{

ou procundd nd the reet

ahall owae e

seedfly ae l canwrite em.w lch indeed. il hadnot

the curioelty to eaire. l couldnot have had the aeeurance to o er ; ecarce

believing I, who wee hardly taught to read, have any abilitleato write.I amSir.

with much gratitude for your kindneeeandwith all po-ihlemet.

yourmeet humble,moat obligedeervant,

E. ARA“.

which

Thie letter ie undated . I t ahowe that he had alreadymenti oned

‘

Mr . Recorder'a letter,

”and them0

1:that

lie

appamnt tromthe poetecript to the letter w'

fo owe. tia to be inferred that Etherington had recovered fromLynn

68

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Aramrvould haveao, ii either ot the

etitutedThurtell. l have ehownfromtbeee lettere how fully aware

would mto tha l: w w fimmman on o

ol thoee aoi who. ruehing in like the loole inthe ades0have declared that E couldnever have au that

evidence d euch a ae H oueemen w be admittedagainet him, and ae being eo takenaback ae tobe unable tndealwrth that evidence in hie addreee. There ia the leee excuee

Time’sWinged Chariot.

ol hia deience. One euch leteer Bell purporte to reproduce inlaoaimile, although tha writing beare no reaemblance te Aram'~

undoubted autographa. albeit a clerkly band. thoughlittle auggeetiVe oi the echolar . letter rune

Goon8m.eaa procare me aad at the eame time eecuee the

trouble. the ooaaticoa Eboraoenee."a Oatul lua. and an) Weleh

, tluy‘wlfl be nry aooepteuq divert tbe tediouene- ol theee

allev te a lewot themaay dhmtidaetlou ol thh piaoq lor

GoodSir.

yourmeat humbleandmoat oblige , ervant,

l . ARA“.

To Mr. Wanner.

The MonaeticonEboracenee," by JohnBurton. MD had

recenti a

fipeared, being advertieed in the Publ ic Advertiser

on lfith arch, 1759, and Eugene doubtleee ho to findeomematter thereinlor hie delence— eome etrange recover? sotholy bonee. though iniectnone oi bie inetancee app

ecra tl . i ve

been deri ved fromit. The “Weich Dictionary wee .ani c

ieetly required for hie Baoay towards a Com retive Lexicon.

"

“Wallace." ea Scatcherd. “ap are to ve been in the

law.

”if ao, may have been rieing jimior who figures

frequently in Burrow'

e and Blacketone’e re rte and aeaisted

the law oihcere in certain curioua proceediiige agaiuet theChevalier d’Eon.

The addreee, onwhich Aramwee now busy, wee compoeedwith the aeeiatanoe of about half a demon numbere of thatmmmonthly The Gentleman’a Magazine, and three or four

atel“who‘ll-himat leaat

plpriJhich

mAlramquotee inaccur

y. t in ite'

ng perepicuoue in itaargmnent, it ie far frombeing the recondite compoeition, thelabour of which it bee oftenbeenrepreeented to be, tothe pre oi ita author. A detailed examinationof it willbe found ina later chapter .While Aramthue bueied himeell and ever heard

Time'ewingtd chariot hurryingnear,the lawwee moving mar

etr' '

cally on in ita journey to ernabhim. Onthe i th oi J y, a date inno long time to becomememorable , the H on. Mr. Bathuret. afterwarde Lord High(manoellor , and the H on. Mr.WilliamNoel , “

two of hieMajeetie

'e Judgea out of the Court of CommonPleae," ieened

their precept to the .eherii!a to hold a commieaionoi Oyer andTee-miner and General Gaol Delivery onthe 28th day of July.Wi th themcame the redoubtable leader, Fletcher Norton.

K.C. , to conduct the proeecution; I r . Joeeph Yatee. a very

Eugene Aram.

learned'

,or many years a special pleader, and now,

only in l753, well on hia wa to a seat on mwhich he filled with such sturdy imi pendence as wrung from"Juniua" the rare tribute of praise, to assi st Norton; and

two other junior counsel, both natives of Yorkshire ,Mr . John

Stanhopepe, cl H orseforth. andMr . George H artley, of MiddletonTyne, who was called in The name of H onseman’acounsel, alluded to b Aram, remains unknown. Nor do weknow if Terry w clouded by counsel, though “ the mostworthy baronet, to whomhe was gamekeeper, would probablyhave seen to that, it hie henchman lacked themeans to tee abarrister himself. Sir (boil Wray, ol Sleningford, was foremanof a grand jurze

of twenty pemmof consideration, two othersof his

gmquali

mheing with himinSir WilliamPoulia of Inglehy

and SirWi Robinson of Newby, places well known to

Araminformer yearsTrue bills were found against all three, though uponwhat

conceivable grounds inTerry's case cannot now even be con

jectured. Some witnesses, whosedepositions have di sappeared,must have beenexamined against himby the grand jury, forthen, as now, it was the function of such a )jury to l. ar theCrownevidence and thereupon to ignore or to returnthe billas true. No true bill could have been returned merely o

the strength of Aram’a accusation. The gaol book clearly

shows that Terry was put upon hie trial before a petty jury,and acquitted and discharged

po

While wemay surmise that the wi tness fromHarrogate whoidentified his tankard and two salts was one of thoseexamined agarnet the ale-du per, we are able with confidenceto dispose of

8“the trite fable that Aram

_was convicted uponthe”ba

po

evidence of Richard Houseman,”or upon that evidencesupportedby testimony that wouldnotnowsumce to secure convictionuponamost trivial charge . To his contemporaries Aramappeared to be convicted uponmany concurrent proofs anda number of the strongest circumstances,”and not the slightestdoubt was ever entertained of his guilt until several generations had passed away andmentook the romantic figure of thenovelist for the unlovely reality .

h anding Anna Aram, but including the examininmy

trate , thengtwo constables, Beckwith, whose evidence 0?

goods inAram’a gardenrs printed inthemost reliable reports,

‘ The York Pamphletgives thenamea lnthe order of esnlority

Norton, ed the ) ! ddle m ,pla took silk in7, Stanh , cl Gre’e

Inn, was admitted a student in"18, andwas.dbabl a at fifty

Therewae anotber Stenhope at the barJnvell , 747.bnt hewentinto

llqal life. Yates was of the Inner Temple. Hartley was a

“I “M .

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T o be Tried by his Country.

and all thoeefound in the

iron the pomphletl . That themortgagee of

prove the repay744-5, of themmthe Crownwas inato Eugenia , butl tmn without it.

‘ However thatmay be— ond Nortonwasnot mnto lail to e ceee thoroughly bome— wemmbid e long lerewell to pioue legend of “ the eole tu timonof Riohnrd H oueemnn.

hie name of

4mm, p ao.n.

CHAPTER VI I I .

The Csass U st tor Friday, Aunst3M. r7sp— A GoodDay’sWorkChamter olWll liamNoel andotFleteherNorton— The l’riseesrs Presented to Their Jury— “Good and L awful I an"

George Mason Tried— Trial of H oeseman— Practics as toKing

's Evidences- Some Absurd Ef ren— li e is AcquittedBugane Arena in Put to the Bar- H ie low -QuaintForu m—Opening of the CrownCass- Houseman in the

Called oe flor flie bafanes.

Wm Mr . JusticeNoel took his seat onthemorning of Friday.3rd August, 1759, such a cause list awai ted the day’s workas no present-day judge would attempt to get through at asitting. It has so commonly beenrepresented that Housemanand Aramwere the only two brought to justice onthis daythe fewold trects whichmentionthe case of Terry repu sentingit as dispoeed of next day— that it is well to reproduce herefromtheminute book the total calendar of the day. if only toshow the “ trustworthiness of received reports, too evidentlythe work of persons not present.The cause list was

R. e. Lister and others , misdemeanour.R. 0. George Mason. for larceny.B. 9 . Richard Houseman, for murder.R. Eugene Arm, formurder.R. 9 . Henry Terry, for murder.R. v . JohnGoodaire, for receiving stolen ods‘B. e. The Inhabitants of the Townshipof ook, for non.

re of a highwaif?“ The Inhabitants of the Township of Brayton, fora like oflenoe.

R. v. James Walker and Thomas Hancey, for anassault.No adjournment of felony cases , once begun.

possible. I '

the notorious case ofNairnand Ogilvie the Courtsat for forty-three hourscontinuously.with but half anhour forrefreshments. ln Stephen Colledge

’s oase tbe Court was

sitting at three o'clock inthe morning. when it “ called for

two bottles of sack ," which. the reporter drily adds.

“were74

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Eugene Aram.

It belongs here to refute the charge of blocdthirstiness byshowing that he was ready to give a prisouer on trial fcrmurder the full benefit of the law, where it took a mercifulview of a particular crime. Onthe 6th of September, 1759,“ in an ingenious and pathetic speech, supported bycases and the doctrine of the wisest sages of the law,

by arguments of reasonand conscience," he, sitting as Chief

Justice of Chester onthe case of John Stephenson, a cheesemonger, found guilty of killing Francis Elcock ,“declared

that the'

soner a crime could amount atmost tomanslaughteronlfi

.

he

reuponhewas burnt inthe hand andcrime for which Stephenson was thus

punished was the deliberate shooting of a young attorney whoad come to arrest himona warrant. A slight technical fiawwas later discovered inthe formof the warrant, and to this theprisoner owed his life. Noel was asmuch bound to administerthe law as he found it inthis case as inAram'

s, the h itmayhave opp

rated less favourably to the scholar thantoga cheeseme

not, as has been said, a manof interests confinedsolely to professional advancement ; thus we find the celebratedantiquary , Samuel Gale , writing to Dr. Stukeley (one ofEugene

’s authorities) inJanuary , 1728-9, that he has left atMr. Noel’s not only my Cotovicus, but likewise FatherBernardin’s (for both of whomI have a singular respect) . IfI was .not full persuaded that they were in good hands Ishould hardly ve ventured themso far .

"3 Somewhat selfseeking and somewhat of anopportunist he was, but withoutsuch defects of character success inthe career of his choice had

Far more formidable to no was the leading counsel forthe Crown— Fletcher Norton, .C. , a bold, unscrupulous , hardfigbt

'

advocate, no great lawyer withal , but a verdict getter .

H e ha beenmiserably poor inearly life, and a hard strugglehad left its scars upon a character never very amiable. 0!literature he was so destitute that Johnson said he did notseem to know that there were such publications as theReviews,”and his success was attributed by the Sage as wellas by others to the do

gged tenacity with which he pursued his

profession. Horace alpole, need it be said, thought ill of

' LoadonMagaz ine, S 1759; 19St. Tn878, the latter inerror givesthe date as August 0th, day of Aram’s execution.'Nichcl's L ite rary Illustrations." Ootov lcus was the

“ author ofItinerariumHi mltanumet Syriacum" and of the S thd s

Reipublic. Venetse.”

oel went to the same school as Samuel J sonH unta ’

s Grammar School at Lichfield. For further particulars of Nossee sou mmof the Judges.76

Sir Bull- Face Double- Fee.

him, and Wilkes told a sto ry, much te his discredit, of anopinionhe had ofiered to the libertine member for Niddlesesonamatter arisingout of his gallantries.But a far weightier authorit on Sir Bull-Face Double-Fee,

”as he was dubbed, Lord said of him Norton's artwas very likely tomislead a jury, and with himI felt itmoredifi cult to prevent in

‘

ustice being done thanwith any personwhoevfi;

ractised be ore

gill, Such an advocate

ulsasmore

than y to emlo eve in that resource cc su tto secure a verdict?w

yhether by gitroducing topics ofmeme

or such appeals to passion as are nowonly heard,an that

rare fromthe lips of counsel for the defence . The circumstances of the case , the wild rumours that had been fiyiabout, and the sinister impressionmade onthe generalminby Anna

's evidence at the inquests gave Nortonevery oppertunity for thosemethods of advocacy noticed by Mansfield.

The judge having takenhis seat , the proc.. dings opened bythe disposal of R. v . L ister and others, the defendants ' recog~niaances being discharged. This took but amoment, and thenthe real work of the day began. The several prisoners infelony were now together put to the bar for presenta tion tothe jury, their pleas having been taken on some previousoccasion.

‘

of arraigns rose and thus addre ssed themPrisoners at the bar , hear what is said to you. These goodmen onshall nowsee called are those who shall pass“betweenour vere ign Lord the King and you upon your lives anddeaths. Therefore, if you would challenge them, or an ofthem, youmust challenge themas they come to the to

‘Aram's was takenin this wise. The clerk of arr-signs, u hislemmas addressedhim, E sArum, holdupthy han Youindicted by thename ofE os ram, late of Knaresbrough, inthecounty of York, schoolmaster, erwise called Eugenics Arum, late of

he. Here followed the substance of the indictment, and in

until 1827.being usedbyon the prisoner

’s life Measure for Measure.emaynotps llpw his life" KinsM r

"111 , 'fi "2"77

Eugene Aram.

gem , helcre they

hare

o jurors appear to ave challenged.sworn Thomas Sutton, Robert Shelton, Robert l itchin.WilliamEdmond, WilliamAked , Richard Crosier, Richardll arshall. Nathaniel Priestley , John Brook ,JohnWhittaker, and Thomas Ooates. Alllawfulmen, whose names are entered intheintbe York county jury list, un deseribed as cl ths ccnditionoi “gentlemen”— a word in law implying the ol e

liberal education, and carrying a refutation the oft-madeapology for Aram, that he was convicted through the impenetrable stupidity oi boors, unable to understand his

“beautilul

oration”and its trainof reasoning.‘

The jury sworn, proclamationwasmade inthe langmstill

Athe

Kin s cee, the Kin’s Serjeant, or King s ttcrney

Gengrsljgifiany treasons,

8murders, febnies, ormisdemeanours.

done or committed by any of the prisoners."and

bound by recognisances to give evidence, tovs it,

“for the prisoners stand now at the bar upon theirGeorge Mason, the other pnsoners being put

back, was nowpresented to the jury, who found himguiltyof stealing two peaks 0!malt, value one shilling and sixpence,and three of wheat, value twopence; whereuponhe pleadedhis clergy,

"was burnt inthe haud, and discharged.

Richard flousemanwas nert put to the har and givsncharge ci the jury , the substance cf hismdrch entt berng sta

to them, ss italreadyhadbeento the prisoner cntaking hispleaNo evidence was oflered against the heckler , Nortenmerelyrising to ask for a verdict oi not guilty , it the Courtw

lies

iswilling

that that course should be taken, whereonNoel thatwas

_

entirely a manor ior counsel’s discretion, emanated

verdict cf not ilty , which the jury at cnce returned.’ No

lawyer will u to be told that this is what happened. Yetscarcely any of our authorities has failed to write somedrivel onthe supposition that Housemanwas acquitted ontheweight of evidence l The Grand Hmthis fiction; itwas amplified by Bell, who

eonsists oi gsntry soleiy' l t hadbeenthe onacquittahfor theprlsonsr to iall onhis knees

inthe doeh, erelaiming “ mvs the King and the Bcnearable Omrt.”

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Eugene A rum.

ansppeal ol murdsr , whichmeantofmeroy, ior die l ing had no powera'

pmwssnowtakenfromthe cells andput to the bar, whenthe (Berk of Arraigns thus proceededEugene Aram, hold up thy hand.

‘ Gentlemenof the jury.look upon the prisoner. Be stands indicted by the name ofEugene Aram to recite the substanceof the indictment, as he had already as in takin

gnthe plea.

The indictment itself ismiasi fromthe reoords, t a veryfair idea of its langug

e w'

be obtained by reading dieinquisitionof the corone a

try. It probably contained several

counts, laying the offence divers wa as “with a certainoifensive wes n, to wit, a mascn’s p

’

of the value of oneshilling, wh

'

he inhis hand thenand there held ,”varied

another saying, that he held it inhis right hand, or inthe hands of him, and so forth.

Having read the conclusion against the ofthe King, his crown and dignity ,

"the cler added,

“ He is

also ind upon the coroner 's inquisition. Your charge,therefore, is to la

guire whether he be guilty of the felony

andmurder whereo he stands indicted or not guilty . if youfind himguilty you shall inquire what goods or chattels, landsor tenements he had at the th e of the felon andmurdercommitted or at any time since, and if yonflnd imnot tyyou shall inquire whether he tied for the same; and i youfind he did fly for the same you shall inquire of his

'

goods andchattels as if you had found himguilty ; and if you iindnot guilty, and tbat be did nct ily

for the ssme, say so andnomore, and hear your evidence.

"

"“Bir youmlght aswell tell us yonhad sesnhimhold uphls hand attheOld ey, andhe nei ther sworenor talked bawdy.” Johnsonat the

1768.

Forensic Oratory— Aw.

“

r759.

ossph asYates. as junior counsel for the Crown. nowJthe indictment by stating it very much more briefly

it had ust beendone, adding,“ To this indictment the

pleaded not ity , and for answer hath putself uponhis country, w ic h country you are and that is

the i ssue which you have to try. Mr. Fletcher Norton, 8.C ,

thenrose to address the jun Bis speech has not beenpreserved, but that of Henry l

l ithhurst against Nary Blandymayaflord some idea of the t i:our of language inwhich at that agea prosecut ing counsel of ability clothed his statement of the

facts. Nor were the arts of oratory despised. Whate veredect could be gained by skilful antithesis, or sonorous climax,or any use of tropes or other tricks of rhetoric was striven foras strenuously as it would nowbe avoided, and Blair, inhis" lectures on Rhetoric has preserved, as a parallel to the

famous instance in Cicero 's “ Pro Cluentio." a climax in a

Scottish address. in which the advocate has endeavoured to

move the passions of his hearers against a poor, young womancharged with killing he r natural child.

Having concluded what no doubt was a powerful and impressive oration, Norton resumed his seat, to be followed.

perhaps, on the same side by ll r. Stanhope— for it was usualto hear two Crowncounsel inserious cases at this time , thoughnone could be heard in felony for the defence. The openingspeeches concluded, Mr . Stanhope, whose seniority at the baris proved by his being given the charge of a most diffi cultwitness, proceeded to call Richard Houseman. We have novery full account of the flax-dresser's evidence, but of the

manner in which he gave it there is a most complete con~

currence of contemporary opinion. Houseman's evidence,"says the Press of that day, was delivered with all the anxiety,difidenoe, and embarrassment of conscious guilt solicitous toaccuse the partner of his iniquity no farther thanconsisted withhes ing the curtaindrawnbetweenthe Court and him.

”

euseman, who was evidently a witness requiring a greatdeal of brin u up to the fence,

" deposed that he went onenight , about anglemas, 1744, to Araru’

a house to receive someleather of him, that he then received twelve skins, and sometime after sevenmore ; that between two and three in themorning Aramand Clark went out of the house , asking himto take a walk with them, which he complied -with ; that theywalked up the street together ; that there was another man,unknownto him, onthe other side of the way that they proceeded to a close, where St. Robert

’s Cave is : that Ararn andClark went into it over the hedgege ;that he saw themquarrelling ,

and sawAramstrike Clark, but he couldnot sec if Aramhadr 8:

Eugene Aram.

any weapon.“ “Here the judge asked what the witness

said. for be,airing“?“a

sutmost barre

l: m8spoke w. tanhcpereplied,

‘ lly lordfire adye be sawmatriks'l‘

hc witnesa eontinued that he knew not when thcy wsntout of Aram's intention tomurder Clark , and that, on seemClark fall. he mads the hset cf his wa home ;he knewnot what Arsmfld with the body ti nent rnorning.whenAramcnllcd on himend told himhc had lr't lt ln thecave, but thi itened vengeance on himif he ever disclosedwhat had pas. the preceding ni ht.uWhether Aramcross-examined witness is uncertain. The

accounts of Bouscman’s evidence. given inBristow , the YorkPamphlet , inJackson's OxfordJourna l , and inLloyd'

s EveningPost say nothing of any cross-examination. indeed the onlycontemporary accounts which do are 8 pson

’s editionof the

trial ,'

which also prints the spurious coneasion, andthe very unvoracious account inthe Grand H agesioe cl H agast

'

rm. Thealleged cross-examination is, however, acce ted by Bell,Scatcherd. and a bu t of uncritical writers . '

le premisingmy own unbelief in the “ remarkable uestions hc.put to

Houseman,” as Sympson an it in pud prchmmsryof his Genuine Account," 1 proceed to give them.

”I here follow fl e f crk i Briatow‘s aecount diflers lnnot

mentionl the etrangemanon other slds of the waywho had hesamentionedby H ouseman in his examination a year before. The YorkPamphlet as vi ll hs asen. statcs that this fourth rnanwas not nTerry. 'l'hua llrlstowz— H ouaemanwas then cal led upon, who“ that. in the night between the7th and 8th February, 1744-6 , abouteleven o

‘clock, he went to Aram'a house— that, after two hours and upwards spent inpassing to and fro between their several bonu s to disposeof various goods, and to settle aomenotcs concerning them, Ararnproposed,first to Clarh, and thento H ouseman, to tahe a wal lr nut ol town. Thatwhen they came to the fieldwhere St. Robert's Cave is. Ann and Clarkwent into it over the hedge, and whenthe came wi thinsis or ei htcf the cave he aaw them uarrellin . he sawA'arn a e ksevcsnl tinies.nponwhich k fe , and he ner er saw himrise

that he sawno inetrurnent that erambad, and kncwnot that he any.

That n this.without any interposi tion or alarm, he left them, andretu home. That the next rnorni he went to Aram'

s house, andnaked what business he hadwi th Clark night. andwhat he had donewitLhior‘nthi-Ab

r

am Begun?to this quez

th‘lon,an:threatened himif he

spo n r's corn t n t— vowin vengeance,

e ltl

t

r

l:hiblrrr’

self o‘r some other percent?! hementionedanything relating

to

"M AM Regioter , 8ell. and ethers t flouacmanasmyingthat he went to Aram's to inquire what he done with Clark. TheYork Pamphlet and other reports of 1750difisr herein. Bristow, however ,p Imagresswith the A.R. l t is ol nomoment i the whole waapalpably”IntheM icAdmi-r ,mh Aogust, 1760.an

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Eugene Aram.

question— why he did not discover the sflair . To which hemade answer tha “Aramthreatened to take his life if

hemade any discovery of what had passed.

"

menting on this, after conviction, observed, That part of

H ouseman'a evidence , where inhe said that I threatened him,was absolutely false ; for what hindered him, when 1 was solon absent and far distant i

‘ This is true enough, but itis or the schoolmaster ’s apologists to reconcile thi s passageinthe letter to Collins with the writer ’s innocence . Themotivefor Houseman’s silence was impertinent the fact that he didlong conceal the crime remains . Indeed Aram’

s commentimpliedly admits it.Peter Moor was next put into the box to prove the conversa

tionbetweenAramand Clark concerning Mrs. Clark 's fortune.

To what he swore in his deposition. the witness , according toBri stow, now added that Clark , speaking of the money , said,It was with difi culty I got it.

’ Barnett followed : his depositionwill be recalled ; and was succeeded by Beckwith, awitness whose deposition is not extant. According to Bristow,

Mr . Beckwith deposed that when Aram’s garden was

searched onsuspicion of his being an accomplice in the fraudsof Clark, there wer e found buried there several kinds of goodsbound together in a coarse wrapper , and among the rest , in

particular, a piece of cambric , which he himself had sold Clarka very little time before.

"The Grand Magaz ine of Maya

ss'

rm informs us that there were several other witnesses toof WilliamTutonand of Stephen

Lathamwas next called. I t is easy to‘

see how much the

testimony of each , unshaken by cross-examination, musthave impressed the jury . Tuton proved Arum andHouseman to have been in Clark's company as lateas three in the morning ; rightly or wrongly he swore thatthey endeavoured to elude noti ce . He further gave the

significant evidence touching his missing pick or hammeraninstrument used for giving a facing tomasonry .

cross-examine either witnessl The Grand Magazinesays that Arum,

indeed, asked the witnesses several questionsto try if by their answers he could find something to invalidatetheir evidence,

” but no more reliable authority mentions aword of such cross-examination, and it is rather opposed to thedippancy with which he dismisses, wi thout a single observation,what is called evidence inhis address . It is not difficult

to see howan advocate of the mostmoderate skill could haveattacked Tuton'

s evidence. Wh had he not mentioned the

pick to Thorntononthe l7thi ould he explainhow he wasable to recogni se the prisoner if he was endeavouring to hide

84

Fatal Equivocations.

fromhimi Equally so Lathammight havemuch less positive about the amount of the money he sawthe prisoner produce. lt woald alsc have beenput to this

witness that the prisonermade no concealment of themoney,produced it in the most 0 manner , and so forth , to rebutthe inference that it was k

’

s.

Evenmore fatal was the evidence which followed, when.according to Bristow , John Barker, the constable, whoexecuted the warrant granted by Mr. Thornton, andindorsed by Sir John

'

l‘urner , deposed

“that at L

Sir JohnTurner and some others fir st went into the

where Aramwas, the witness waiting at the door . Sir Johnasked himif he knew Knaresboroughl H e replied,

‘No.

’

And being further asked if he had an acquaintance with oneDaniel Clark , he denied that be every new such aman Witness thenentered the school, and said,

‘ H ow do you do, Mr.Araml ’ Aram replied,

' H ow do you do, sir ! I don’t

know you.

’ ‘ What,’ said the witness , ‘ don’t

me ! Don’t you remember that Daniel Clark “mu

mhad

always a spite againstme whenyou lived at Knaresborough lUpon this he recollected the witness, and owned his residenceat Knaresborough. The witness then asked himif he did notknow St. Robert’s Cave! H e answered,

‘ Yes.

’ The

wi tness replied, ‘ Aye, to your sorrow .

’ That upon theirjourney to York Araminquired after his old neighbours , andwhat they said of him. To which the witness replied thatthey weremuch enraged against himfor the loss of their goodThat uponArarns asking if it was not possible tomake up thematter, the witness answered he believed hemi ht save himselfif he wculd restore to themwhat th lost Aramanswered that was impossible, but hemig t

l‘

perhaps find theman equivalent."

Aramwas then asked by the judge if he had anything tosay to the witness before him. He replied that, to the bestof his knowledge, it was not in the school , but in the roomadjoining the school, where Sir John Turner and the witnesswere whenhe first saw them.

The witness, who was evidently hostile to Aram,introduced,

according to the York Pamphlet, a topic of prejudiceby describthe pri soner s alarmat bod inchains

ii‘

iigthe roadfromLynn; butm, the same

yminty “ ,

the in his summing up laid little stress. There is a

tude about Aram’s answer to the Court's invitationto cross-examine, which, tomymind, stamps this part of thereport as true. Prisoners in such a situation, if imused to

, usually reply to a witness instead of quas

as oftenas not, are content to sst himright

Eugene Aram.

an immaterial, or at least a trivial , circumstance. Francisaccordin

g)?the York Pamphlet. had preceded Barker

witness ; that he wss bound over ina recognissnee

give evidence appears fromthe records . He swore.tly, to the conversationabout Clark and Knaresboroughplace with him, while Barker remained outside, burst

ing into the roomat themoment whenAramwas denying allknowledge of Knareshorough and its historic cobbler, inorderto put himto confusion, he being unquestionably known to

the prisoner , whereas Moor , haps, was not. Of ErnestDay, said by the Gentleman's aga in to have assisted at thearrest, no trace canbe discovered among the records.The lame explanationhas beenput forward that Aramdenied

knowing Clark because he feared to be accused of complicity inhis frauds . But he had already been dismissed on thi s chargein 1744-5. Nor could an ing fresh well have come to lightsince, save the discovery 0 the body. The bald pres-is of thetwo constables’ evidence , as it appears inthe reports, but faintlyconveys its probable effect uponthe Court and jury ; the confusion and evasions of the accused while in the schoolhouse atLynn formed the strongeet link inthe cbain of circumstantialevidence against him. The remark of Barker . Aye ,_ to yoursorrow," while cer tainly improper, was. coupled with the

prisoner’s failure to repl admissible against him.

It now remained to themedical evidence, and finally thejustice. and so complete the Crowncase. Higgins and Locockwere both bound over on their recognisances, but on] Locock

’sname figures in the reports of the trial . Their positionsestablish two things ofmedico-legal importance . The blow wasonthe back part of the skull or oocs

‘

put. not on the side or“ temporal bone .

”as has been stated in so many reports and

also inTaylor 's Medical Juris tudence.

” Secondly, the fracture was caused by a relativ blunt instrument, causing alarge frac ture, andnot a sum wound of entry and a largerwound of exit, as has beendescribed.

“ Thus l l exploded theingenious defence of Aramby Mr . J. M Richardson, who callshimthe Dreyfus of the ei hteenth centu and endeavours toshow that Eugene struck

'

s man in a air fight and face to

face, and so occasioned a wound onthe left side of the skull ,as a right-handed man would naturally do. Waivingquestion whether that would have altered Aram’

s guilt in theeye of the law, the contention is hopeless , in view of the

E?

ap.

5 3

“A glance at Glalster ‘s “h(edlcal J ence." plateswlll showhowutter ly unlike s woundwl s pick -axe is toby thaee witnessea The tool of '

l‘uton'smrs to have heen that nowknown as a mason's hammer, relatively t, though Tnton. indeed.styles it a

“plck.

”

06

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Eugene Aram.

Whether the assumption having beenmade as early as theinquest at St. Robert 's Cave that the remains were Clark's, allor any of these questions of forensic medicine received properattentionwe cannot te ll ; but that the surgeons had expressedtheir Opinion that the skull was of a male appears fromthatpassage in Aram’

s defence , where he observes,“ It is said.

which perhaps is saying very far , that these are the skeletonofa man— ’

Tis possible, indeed, but, then, is there any knownmpg which incontestably distinguishes the sex in humanThe answer is that the law 'does not look for incontcstabb

certainty, but for reasonable certainty, and thismedical sciencecan afford.

18

A particular identificationof the skeletonas Clark’s was notin the circumstances to be expected. Age , sex . and staturemight be determined, but all clothing having been removed ,and there being no physical disfigurement or uliarity suchas led to the identification of the remains 0 Dr . Parkmanfromthe state of his teeth) , and the execution of Professorebster, the general conclusion on] could be reached that

the bones might be those of the co wainer , and to _this Professor Keith entirely ascents in the following words z — “Allthe appearances are consistent with the bone being Clark

’s."

The medico-legal importance of these points was , in thisparticular case, re latively slight , because the proof of thecorpus delicts

'

really lay in the discovery of the skeleton inthe precise position indi cated by Houseman. Indealing withthis aspect of the case, Sir Alfred Wills says WhenHousemanat the inquest uponwhat were then supposed to be DanielClark’s bones, eaclarmed ‘ Tbey are no more his bones thanmine,’ who can say that the incident was without a bearinguponthe subsequent inquiry whether Clark was dead, whetherthe bones found at no distant place were his, and whether hehad beenthe victimof foul play : and of course Houseman'sexclamationmight have beenof amore definite character andhave pointed to the place where Clark

's bones would be

Bad the learned editor beenaware that the bones were foundon 17thm

gust by Houseman’s direction, as the depositions

as well as e inquisition and his second examination clearlyestablish, he could hardly have failed to observe that hmwas a proof of the corpus dels

‘

cts'

far stronger thanhas

I ' l‘or

F Medicine,"w Taylor’s Medical Jurisprudence f.’

222 . Aram’s ownskull wasmistakenfor (l ) a woman’s (2) a youngman’s_l'Wills’ “Circumstantial Evidence" 0th. Ed , pp. 843-4.

88

Close of the Crown Case.

beenacted upon, it being incredible to suppose that Housemanshould name the spot by chance, and impossible to assign amotive for aninventionso full of deadly peril to himself.Other evidencemust have beengiven, or at least have been

available. for Barbara Leetham, a widow, and WilliamThompson, a sw were bound over in£10 apiece to attendthe assises. H rs. tham’s evidence had beentakenuponthefirst inquest, and was, as touching the other skeleton, probablydispensed with at the trial . Like that of Thompson, herrecognisanoe was takenby Thornton, the

'

ustice. The evidenceof the man Thompson, who found the body on Thistle Bill ,is said to have beencalled, but it hardly seems re levant to theissue. The last witness to be examined was the examiningmagistrate , WilliamThornton. H e proved taking the pri

soner'

s two examinations, which were thenput in and shownto the jar. with all their erasures, interlineations, and correc

tions— themanifest indications of amind labouring wi th guiltno less thanwith perplexity.

Onthe close of the case for the Crown the evidence implicated Aramby proof ofmotive , opportunity, conduct after theevent inconsistent with innocence , such as the possession of

money, the denial of knowing Clark, and the strangely contradictory nature of the two examinations, which were hopelessly at variance with one another and with the statementmade at Lynn, and by the direct proof of Houseman— worthless, it is allowed, as to the fact deposed to, but, coupled withthe discovery of the body by his directionandwith themedicalevidence, conclusive as to the corpus delicts

'

. When calleduponfor hisdefence, therefore, no sl ight task lay before Aram.

It is not unfair to say that be made no attempt to dischargeit beyond a skilful , if highly academic, animadversion uponone part of the case only— the proof of the corpus delicss

'

, or

that the remains found were those of themanof whosemurderhe stood indicted, and that the man hadmet his death bycriminal violence. To the rest of the evidence he directedno attention, and some of his assertions inhis defence, unsupported by proof, were completely inconsistent with the earlierstatements in his examinations, and with facts sworn to bythe witnesses.

CHAPTER 1X.

Eugene Aram's Defence —Did H e Compose It?

Was-rm, when called upon for his defence, Ar ammade anypreliminary remarks, or whether he at once plunged inmediasmby reading fromhismanuscript, demands a brief examination. The very unverac ious account in the Grand Magazineof Nagass

‘

rws for September , 1759, represents E ne asexplaining the absence of any witnesses as due to the psa of

time, and as thus proceeding That the terror and confusionof hismind was so. great and so powerfully wrought uponhisspirits upon this awful occasion, that he fear

'd he should not

be able to speak properly andmethodicallyto the several points

he had to observe. and therefore had ta en thismethodreading a MS .) to make his defence.

” Bell enl byrepre senting Eugene as objecting to the admission of onseman’s evidence, who, it app

nared (evenonhis own showing) ,was anaccessary to the fact ,

“and as commenting on the cir

cumstantial nature of the evidence. These interpolations seemto me to be clumsy fictions . So far was Aramfrombeingovercome by terror that, as a contemporary York report says.he behaved throughout with great steadiness and decency .

"

Had he wished to take exception to Houseman’s evidence hewould surely have done so before it was given.

Bell was aware fromAram'

s letter of 2nd June that he hadan idea that Houseman’s evidence ought not to be received,

and he was content to fabricate this episode to make hisversion appear the result of independent rcu arches not previously attempted. For a prisoner to read h is defence, generallywrittenfor himby another , was the invari able practice at thistime. unless the wretch was too overcome by his situation, inwhich case anofi cer of the Court read it for him, as was doneinHunt's case.

Any apparently newmatter'

in Bell is too often either acrafty plagiari smor a weak invention. The York Pamphletsays nothing of these preliminaries, but state s that Aramatonce produced his manuscript book , which he begged leaveto read.

” The version, which follows, is takendirectly fromBristow’s , which professed to be printed direct fromthemanuscript, retaining even the grammatical inaccuracies. Bellhas. with characteristic disingenuousness, corrected some slips ,notably in the allusion to the

“ Campden tragedy," while

9°

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Eugene Aram.

tion; because,my lord, that any person, after aof life, a series of thinking and acting regularly, and withoutone single deviationfromsobriety , should plunge into the verydepth of prodi y , precipitately and at once, isimprobable unprecedented, and absolutely inconsistentwith the course of things. Mankind is never corrupted atonce— villany is always progressive, and declines fromright,step after step, till every regard of probity is lost. and everysense of all moral obligations totally perishes.

Again, my lord, a suspicion of this kind, which nothingbutmalevolence could entertain and ignorance propagate , isviolently o posed b my ve situation at the time , withrespect to health ; or but a

'

ttle space before, I had beenconfined tomy bed, and suflered under a very long and severedisorder, and was not able, for half a year together, so muchas to walk . The distemper left me indeed, yet slowly andinpart ; but so mwerated, so enfeebled, that I was reducedto crutches ; and was so far frombeing well about the timeI amcharged with this fact, that I never to this day perfectlyrecovered. Could, then, a rson in this condition take anything into his head so ikely— so eatravagantl I , pastthe vigour ofmy age, feeble and valetudinary, with no inducement to engage— no ability to accomplish— no weapon wherewith to perpetrate such a fact ;without interest— wi thout power-withoutmotive — without means !Besides, itmust needs occur to every one, that an action

of this atrocious nature is never heard of, but when its a

are laid open, it appears that it was to support someM omto supply some luxury, to satisfy some avarice, or oblige somemalice ; to pre vent some real or imaginary want ; yet I i

t?not under the influence of any one of these. Surely, my loI may, consistent with both truth andmodest afi rmthusmuch ; and none who have any veracity and w me willever question this.

Inthe second place, the disappearance of Clark isas an argument of his being dead ; but the uncertainty ofsuch an inference fromthat, and the fallibility of all conelusions of such a sort, fromsuch a circumstance, are tooobvious and too notorious to ire instances . Yet, superseding many, permit me to p uce a very recent one

, andthat afforded b this castle .

InJune, 1 57, WilliamThompson,l for all the vigilance

this place, in open daylight, and double-ironed, made

Court‘ Hh aheletnnwss found cnSth July l780, hehlnd the old case

inYork Caath near the foundaticma'

bout m feet fm thewdhwithdouble iroas cn. I t issuppmul he was kllled the fall.

9s

The Defence.

escape ; and. notwithstanding animmediate inquiry set onfoot,the strictest search, and all advertisements, was never seen or

heard of since. I t, then. Thompsongot at! unseen, throughall thesedifliculties, how very easy was it for Clark , whennoneat themopposed him? But what would be thought of a prosecutioncommenced against any one last seenwith Thompson!“Permit me next, my lord, to observe a little upon the

bones which have beendi scovered. it is said, which is perhaps

saying very far. that these are the skeleton of a“man. is

possible, indeed, itmay— but, then. is there any certainknowncriterion which incontestabl distinguishes the sex in humanbones ! Let it be conside my lord, whether the ascertaining of this point ought not to precede any attempt to identifythem.

“ The place of their dependant. too. claims much moreattentionthan is commonly bestowed uponit, for of all placesinthe world. none could havementioned any one wherein therewas greater certainty of finding humanbones than a hermitage ,except he should point out a churchyard. hermitages - ia timepast being not only places of religious retirement, but of burialtoo. And it has scarce or never beenheard of, but that everycall now knowncontains or contained these relics of humanity— aomemutilated. and some entire . 1 do not inform, but giveme leave to remind your lordship, that here sat solitary sanctity,and here the hermi t , or the anchoress, hoped that repose (ortheir bones, whendead, they here enjoyed when living.

All this while,my lord,I amrensible this is knownto your

lordship, andmany in this Court better than I (sic). But it

seems necessary to my case that others,who have not at all

perhaps adverted to things of this nature , and may haveconcerninmy trial. should bemade acquainted with it. Sufler

me then. my lord, to produce a few of many evidences, thatthese cells were used as repositories of the dead. and to canmerate a few in which human bones have been found, as ithappened in this inquestion; lest to some that accidentmightseemextraordinary, and, consequently, occasion prejudice .

l . The bones, as were supposed, of the Saxon. St.Dubritius, were discovered buried in his cell at Guy

’s Clifl.

near Warwick , as appears fromthe authority of Sir WilliamDugdale.

’

2. The bones, thought to be those of the anchoress Rosia ,were but lately discovered in a cell at Royston, entire , fair.

Either referringto his “History ofWarwiokshire"(1730) 278. or hipMonast. Anglic.’ VI 1220,“damorte et ultnr‘ 8. Dnbrioii." But

Aram’am is at fault. The saint waa ried at Bardsey Island.though he this cave. A “H eremite ”and Guy, atWarwick, wereburiedhen. Dngdale doesnot confirmAram'

spoint.

Eugene Am .

andundecayed, though t must have laininterred for severaleanturies. as is proved by Stukel 'ey .

’

3. But our owncountry , nay, almost this neighbourhood.supplies another instance. for in January , 1747. was foundby a U r. Stovin, accommnied by a reverend ntleman, thebones . inpart , of some recluse in the cell at '

adhaim. nearHatfield. They were believed to be those of William0! Lindholm. a hermit, who had longmade this care his habitation.

‘

4. inFebruary. 1741 . part of WoburnAbbey beingpulled

down, a large portion oi a corpse a rod. evenwit theflesh on, and which bore cutting

'

wit a knife, though it iscertain this had lain above 200 years, and howmuch longeris doubtful , for this abbey was founded in 1 145, and dis

solved in 1538 or

What would have been said , what believed , if this hadbeenanaccident to the bones inquestion!

Farther,my lord, it is yet not out of livingmemory , thata little distance fromKnaresbrough, in a field, part of the

manor of the worthy and patriotic baronet who does thatborough the honour to represent it inParliament, were foundindigging for gravel, not one human skeleton only , but fiveor six , deposited side by side, with each anurnat its head, asyour lordship knows was usual inancient interments .“About the same time , and in another field, almost close

to this borough, was discovered also in searching for gravel,another human skeleton; but the pi ety of the same worthygentleman ordered both the pits to be filled up again, commendabl unwilling to disturb the dead.

ls e inventionof these bones forgotten, then, or industriously concealed, that the discovery of those inquestionmayappear the more singular and extraordinary i Whereas, infact, there is nothing extraordinary in it. H y lord, almostevery place conceals such remains. 1a fields

, in hills , inhighway sides, incommons, lie frequent and unsuspected bones.

And our present allotments for rest for the departed is butof some centuries.

"‘Palnogr.Britann.

”(1743) p. 8. So far from“

entire, fair. andundecayed were the remains. that the bones weremuchdecayedandforthemost carried swa with the rubbish.

” The were probably notthose of Charles kinin1748 blished, at arwich.anamusingwe»Stukeley. “RoystonW Recreations" 96-99, byHarvey.

Ca llahan? Magaz ine."Jany., 1747. 28. Stovinfound the hou

onAng. 21st, 1727, ina cell inthamidst 00acres of gronnd. Theywaramy kms asm y”M ”Jany., 1749, p. 158. Itmentions only cofi na.94

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Eugene Arum.

ol ered to himalive thst ceuld oceaaienthst fracture

“ Let it bs censidered,my lord, thst upontbs diasolutlonefreligious houses. and the commencement of the Reformation.the rava

ge of those times both sl eeted the lir in and the

dead. search after imaginary treasures. wereNob o

dy, graves and vaults dug open, monuments ransacked,and nes demolished ; your lordship knows that theseviolations proceeded so far as to occasion Parliamenatryauthorit to restrainthem. and it did about the rei of QueenElisa l entreat your lordship, aufler not t a violence,the depredationa, and the iniquitiea of those times to beimputed to this.‘ I foreover , what gentleman here is ignorant that Snares

brough had a castle, which, though now a ruin, was once considerable both for its strength and arrison. All know it wasvrgorousl

'

y besieged'

rillthe am e the Parliamen'

t ; at whichsiege, in aallies

,co iota. flights , pursuits, many fell in all

the places around it— and where they fell , were buried ; foris burial earth inwar, andmany. quesyet unknown, whose bones futunty shall

discover.“ I hope. with all imaginable submission. that what has

been said will not be thought impertinent to this indictment;and that it will be far fromthe wisdom, the learning, and theintegrity of this place to imuta to the living what seal in itsfury may have done— what store may have taken 08, pietyincomes?

“ what war alone may have destroyed— alone

‘ Aa to the circumstances that have been raked together,I have nothing to observe ; but that all circumstances what

‘

oua, and have been too frequently foundlamentably allible ; even the strongest have failed. Theymay rise to the utmost degree of probability t are they buthability still . Why need l name to your ordahip the twogo

misons. recorded in Dr . Howel,’ who both suffered upon

7C”. Drake's “Eboracum,”where the author. an andstates as an eyewi tness of the removal of the bones : The smaller bones.and those of the skull. which were broken, were wrapt in a piece ofsarcenet double.

” It is odd that Arumdoesnot ci te this reference.which.unlike the lag.does to a slight degree, hear himout. The ruler

enos is l ed. , 9. 420. These remains, like Rosie’s, were brittle, andb red! M imi-«l. thmeh 0st

‘Probably Arum upof bodies out of vsa felony wi thout b enefit of clergy. Bristow’s ad tionhas “about the of the reign,

”but subsequent editions omit these

’Aram'a reference is to WilliamHowell. LL .B. , in his “MedullaHistoric Angl icana ”(1742 I L , 232. The u se is also in“Howell 's

96

The Defence.

circumstances. beesuse ol the suddea diss raace cl theirlodger. who was in credit, had con debts.money. andwent o¢ uaseen, and returned a ina

ugrsstmany

years after their esecution. Why name in cats al airof Jaquea dc Moulin." under King Charles i i . , related by agentlemanwho was counsel for the Crown; and why theunhappy Coleman.u who suflered innocent. though convicteduponpositive evidence, and whose children

tfinishedfor want.

because the world uncharitably bel ieved lathergxdty.

mentionthe perjury atSmith. incautiously admitted ing's

e ence, who. to screenhimself. equally accused Fainloth andLoveday ol themurder of Dunn, the first cl whomin1749 wasexecuted at Winchester ; and Loveday was about to antler atReadinghadnot Smith beenproved perjured to the satislaction

of the curt. by the surgeonof the Gospo rt hospit al .“Now.my lord. having endeavoured to show that the whole

of this process is altogether repugnant to eve part ofmy lile ;that it is inconsistent withmy condition cl ith about thattime— that no rational inference can be drawn that a personis dead who sudden] disappears— that hermita were theconstant repositories o the bones of the recluse— t at the proofsof this are well authenticated— that the revolutions in religion

State Trials" 14. 1312-24. and had been in Bar ves. Vol. IV.. 204.X . A is 2. 29: it is also inCraih's English uses Celehmnot. t was also published in tract form, and three on lea ol the tractare inthe Craulurd Collection in the Inner Temple hrary. s: librisJohnAdel us 1D.N.B. L . [ ti senior or junior , who has wri tten on

Ay of one. “the case is undoubtedly authentic." lts (acts areworth statlni o'

John Perry swore before a justice a circumstantialnarratln of his brother Richard and his mother JuanmurderedWilliamHarrison. steward of V iscounteas Cam n. he abetting them. on10th A t. 1600. All three were execn after convictionat LentAmines n Some years later Harrison sea red. asserting tha t,he had been kidna

p.taken aboard ship. sold into slavery in

Smyrna. The case also in the “HarleianMisc."“808Ed i."L .667.Amm’

s reference is. as will be seen, inaccurate as to names. and hefalls to bring out the salient point of resemblance to his own case, thata witneu should ineach case swear to presence at amurder not in fact(inhis contention) committed to the endangering of his ownlife.

”Gentlemon's Magaz ine. 1754. pp. 404-6. A case ol conviction uponstrong circumatantial evidence. for coinin it is lol lowed in theby the good uncle case. cited by Thurte l.

uGentleman’sMagaz ine, 1749. 139, 185; 1751 , 377-8. The case isalso inthe Newgote Calenda r . an is referred to by ortell as “Bolmarracase,

”both In the Times report and inthe Newgate Calendar (of 1840)report of his address. It is authentic. Colemanwas convicted oi themurder of a woman under atrocious circumstances. H e had been withher aborti before. but left her. infear ather actual assailants. Instead ofsurrend he fled fromjustice. B is usillanimity led to his undoing.

A dying d tionby the woman y exonerated him.

auam '.Magaz ine, 1749.pp. 138,ms.

0

Eugene Aram.

or the fortune of war has mangled or buried the dead— theconclusionremains. perhaps no less reasonably thanimp tientlywished for . I , last, after a year

’s confinement, equal to eitherfortune, putmyself uponthe candour. the justice, the hmnanity211

”your lo

’

rdship, and uponyours,my countrymen, gentlemen01um

ltJremains to notice an allegation— ap

&arently made more

than once— that Aramwas not the au or of this famousaddress. At pp. 1 80-1 of WilliamGrainge

’s Nidderdale”

£18631, there is a note to the "

Pact that a Mr . Hopkinson, cl

ord, inMarch. 1863, at ameeting of the BathL iterary andPhiloso hical Association, stated that the defencewas wri tten by a r . Mauleverer , who had beenbro-4351: up to the law, and travelled the Northern Circuit,”and who when in ractice was notorious for the ingenuityand astuteness with w ich ' ha conducted a weak case . but if hehad a good case, for hismaladroitness and indifferentmanagement of it. inAram’

s case St. Robert's Cave and the oppor

tunity of exercising his talents in describing the mode and

places of ancient sepulture tempted Mr . Mauleverer to write thedefence, which was adopted by Arum. I had the above accountfrommy father , who , when a young man, hadvisited some friends of Mr . Mauleverer , thenalive , about fourteen

tye

ar

safter the tr ial , and they always believed and con

fiden y asserted that Mr . Mauleverer was the real author, andthat, infact, Aramwas not u to it.

” We are not informedwhether this was a specimen0 Mr. Mauleverer’s astute conductof a bad case, or otherwise. The Bath papers for 1863do notreport Mr. Hopkinson

’s address , though ameeting of the BathRoyal L iterary and Scientific Associationwas reported in twopapers onthe 21st of March, whenthe secretary acknowledgedthe receipt of £5 fromthe Philosophical Society. an inde

pendent body.

Mr . H opkmson’spresence was notmentioned ineither paper,andmy utmost dili has tailed to trsoe any further accountof this singular ort in iconoclasm. Grainge ridicules thewhole thing. roundly asserting that no Mauleverer , the headof the family.”as Hopkinsonput it. was then alive, the last,according to him, hsvmg died inthe previous century. Herehe is wrong, for the manuscript records of the inner Templecontainthe following entry

Thomas Mauleverer. generosus, filius et heresTimothci Mauleverer dc Arnclifle, inparochindoincomitatu Ebor , Armiger-, admiasus est

die Julii AD .Whence we may infer that he was at the bar and ontheNorthernCircuit in 1759, andhsd succceded his fatber as hcad

98

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CHAPTER X.

The Efiect of Arm's Address— I ts Singularity— A Critical Estimateof it— Favourably Noticed byWriters onMedical Jurisprudence- Probsble Impression Produced onNoel— James AllanPark,j . , onThurtell

’s Defence— Ned 's Summing-np— T he Verdict

Arsmto be flanged and Dissected— The Sentence Altered‘

l‘

erry's Acqnittal—

‘

l‘

rne Story of the Murder UnknownRemains Subsequently Found inthe Cave— Did ArumMurderOthers -Rulon‘ - Close of the Assizes.

Or the efiect which this celebrated address produced on theauditory we have varying accounts .

’

The contemporary newspapers unanimously record that, “ Considered as a defence, itcouldnot avail to exculpate him, but as a composition it wasgreatly admired for the closeness and acuteness of the reasoning.

”Onthe youthful Paley, aged about sixteen, it produced,

says his biographer ,'

a deep impression. Samuel Parr , thefamous headmaste r , spoke of Atem’s defence in the highestterms of approbationfor its eloquence and Bulwel'

and Bell2 go so far as to state that a verdict of not guilty wasexpected at its conclusion, butnothing incontemporary accountegives themthe least support. I t availed himbut little ,

says the York Pamphlet. Yet ah appreciation of itsmerits asa compositionwas universal . What this Eugene is remarkable for ,

" comments the LondonMagaz ine for August , 1759,is having read a very extraordinary defence , which he had

drawnupwith great art, and inno inelegant style.

Smollett, in the Critical Review, justly observes, In his

defence, which, however , seems to be as good as his causeadmitted of, he does not confute anything here alledged againsthim.

" I t is, indeed, themost singular apologia inexistence.

None, not even that of Socrates , condescends so little to anynotice of so vulgar a thing as evidence. Thurtell , Donellsn,and many others whose fates are to be read in the

“ StateTrials or inless rel iable compilations, domake some endeavourtomeet the case against them. Frombeginning to end Arammentions not one name of any witness against him. Clark's

‘Ex . rel. Capt. Davy, RN" per E. B . Barker.“‘H lsdefencemade such a forcible impression, that Itdos the general

hellsf e verdict ol not gulltywould be retmed.

”p. “l and fill 47.

IN

Aram’

s Alleged Surprise.

name escapes himbut thrice. It is possible to suppose withBulwer that his silencemight have been the natural resultof a disdain that belonged essentially to his calmand proudcharacter .

” In this there rs some truth , but those whopwere

to pass uponhis life were fairly entitled to the conclusionthathissilence

po

arose fromhisnothaving anythin to ofier inanswer .

One false impressioncannot be too strongg y exposed. Froma very early period3 it has been put forward that Arumfailed to notice Houseman's evidence, because his defence wasdrawnup long before his trial, and he seems not ever to have

a suspicion of the fidelity of his comrade.

"Up

to the very day of his trial he evidently had little idea of

Houseman's being a witness for the crown,”says Scatcherd.

He never seems to have entertained a suspicion that theevidence of a man so utterly worthless as Houseman wouldhave had any weight with the judge or with the jury,

’'observes

Bell . Mr . Irving i s thus not unnaturallymisled into remarking , To the surprise of Aram, Houseman, who had been

previously arraigned and acquitted, eppespeered in the box as awitness for the Crown. ltmay be partly due to his surpriseat this proceeding that inhis now famous

ydelence be made no

odert to reply to the evidence against him. Dr. Garnettfares no better. Aramwas apprehended, Housemana pearing as the sole (1) witness against him. H e defended

with extraordinary ability, but little stre ss onthe tainted character of Houseman, wi

mprobably thought.

whenhe prepapared his speech, would not be admitted to give

evidence.

’ We have seenhow far Housemanwas frombeingthe sole witness ; we have also seen that Mr. Recorder’sletter informedEugene of Houseman's turning approver somemonths previously and on 2nd June we find himwriting to

Ether ingtonto know if this canbe allowed, whenhe was doubtbss informed that it could.

Three views of the address remain to be noticed— the viewthat it was a work of the most extraordinary erudition, the

fruit of years devoted to it, under the chill appprehension ofultimate discovery , the view that the incidents and instancesrelied onwere purely apocryphal, and the absence of any denialof guilt in direct terms tantamount to its admi ssion; and theviewot

'

it as a reasoned eflort te show that the corpus dchcts'

was not proved beyond reasonable doubt, or inother words theview of it inthe light of forensic medicine . The first viewwas voiced inparticular by

athe author of the “Evidences of

Christianity, but Pal s hut a lad when he heard theaddress. I tmay be dou

"if he ever traced a single re ference

’Oceursas sarly as the 1707edition, which omittedthe letter of 2ndJune.

Eugene Aram.

of Aram’s to its source. H is well-known apophthegmthat

Not every one hanged himself by his owncleverness, as Aramcertainly did,

" seems shallow and imjust whenonce the addressis cri tically examined. “ That laboured address to the jurymust have employed his thoughts for years," wrote a con

tributor toNotes andQueries. Aram’s defence was so clever

that hemust have spent the whole fourteen ears inpreparingit is said by Mr. J . M. Richardsonto have nthe commentofNoel— cu observation, assuming as itdoes the prisoner’s guilt.

act t

u

l

le

xllu

rgg‘ would never havemade . Such criticismcould

mtiPassin over WilliamThompson’s case, whose escape was

adverti inthe papers, and of which Ar ammust have heardfromhis gaolers , we observe six of Aram’

s instances are to betraced to theGentleman’s Nagass

'

ne, of which he was a reader,andto which, inthe name of JohnAtkinson,

”he contributed

a panegyric onThorntonin 1768; there is a reference to Dugdale whi ch is apparentl inaccurate another , which certainly is.to Dr. Stukeley ano though the authority is not ci ted,to so familiar a book as Drake’s Eboracum,

”and a final one

to Howell ’s Medulla H istoric Anglicana ,

”whereinmay alsobe found the references to Perkin Warbeck and LambertSymnel, if we are to suppose the quinquagenarian schoolmasterpreviously unacquainted with their histories .The re ference to Howell’s account of the Campden tragedy

is so inexact as to rebut the inference that the compositionrepre sented the labour of years of liberty rather thanthe eflortof amind, unassisted b books , seekingmaterial ina dungeon.

No less singular the foregoing views, and equallyerroneous, is the conclusionthat Aramcoolly invented the caseshe referred to inhis addresa. One writer , indeed, only ventures to put this as a conjacture;‘ but another boldly statesit as a fact. There can be little doubt that the impressionmade by the delivery of such anelaborate essay on' the finds ofapocryphal skeletons by amanwho was on trial for his life ona charge ofmurder was the reverse of what was intended.

”5There is less doubt, perhaps, of the extreme impertinence.

ineither sense of the word. of such silly and ignorant criticism.

But the gods are just, and have made instruments to plagueAram’a vexed spiri t in the persons of critics of this calibre.

The commonest of all lay cri ticisms, however, is that Aramnowhere directly asserts his innocence.

” It would have beeneasy for Aramto have concluded with a peroration like Thurtell s, dramatically striking his breast as he thrmdered forth.‘ lst r.N. 6 0. I L .”'W. I.Newsam, “Postsc crh hireNl p. 65.

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Eugene Aram.

not help saying that if it had been the wish of theparties to have weakened their defence as muchthey could not have efiected their purposeing cases from the ‘Newgate Calendar, ’ the ‘ Percy Anecdotes, ’ and other volumes, of .which no lawyer knew anything,and which , for anything he knew, might be more volumes of

He referred to the whole of this part of thedefence as a farrago of nonsense.” Substitute the Gentleman’s Maga z ine, Dr . Stukeiey, and Dr. Howell for the satherities which so failed to appeal to Park , and a fa ir ideamay beobtained of how Aram’

s Hunterian' lecture impressed the occu

pant of the bench.However thatmay be, all contemporary reports, in vehement

contrast to later writers , attest Noel’s impart iality. Onthejudge’s summing up to the jury in themost fair and candidmanner,” observes the York Pamphlet , they, after a veryshort consu lta tion, brought himinguilty ofmurder.” Thejudge stated the ev idence to the jury ;and after having observedhow the testimonies of the other deponents confirmed that ofHouseman

,he proceeded to remark upon Aram’

s defence, inorder to show that he alledged nothing that could invalidatethe positive evidence against him.

”7Nomore elaborate account appears until we come to Bulwer 's

rom'

anoe. The author, after deploring the absence of anydetailed memorial , proceeds to exerc i se the licence of thenovelist in reconstructing, for the purposes of fiction, whatthe judge might have beensupposed to say. This is

{slope

enough in a work of imagination, but it hardly afiords anexcuse for coolly plagiarising anmtire passage , barely alteringa word, and putting it forward as a version obtained fromagentleman more than fort years ago.

"I t is such error s

of taste, to put itmildly, w ich subtract fromour re spect forBell as an independent seeker “after truth, and make us

The Times, 8th Jan. , 1824. Mr. JohnBarbot bad ci ted the same one.in1758, whenthey were similarly dismissed as invented for the occasion.See 18 St. Tr.mos s. I cannot help remark ’

fla

tbst wi th unconsciousirony theNewYork A Court inR-

ul t

éfl'

v. Pa 4; (4 SmithN.Y.W170) cites Park , inR. 0. “one“, mmthe icles of Crime,or ewNew to Calendar," a work by a fictitiousmember of the bar.CamdenPeam.

Appears as early, at least, asEtherington’s 4th ed , 1767, published atYork. Et was haps present. Bristow and themapssay nothing of summfi

e

g

r

-up, but that Noel was, on the stre of“maimed versions of the trial," sub acted to cri ticism, a pears fromtheM ason

’s Magaz ine for 1750. wer'a remarks by Bel l),put into themouth of the judge, on the “ eloquence and art" of theadd“ , sppsar to bemore fiction.

104

Bell’

s Plagiarisms.vehemently himof invention

,whenever

facéoi

t

i

‘

icapable c verification ...

the be suchtom accounts of s -up l as

have mum, wemay well aimsjustificlalfronof thosewho fromtime to time libel the administration of justice bywriting that Arum“ had a Jeflreys for his judge”or thathis convictionwas a di to the bar and to the

or that no British j geud would be foimd at thetireresent day

who would sumup with8°such a hostile feeling to e prisoner

as Judge Noel certa inly manifested,”1 1 or that “Noel certainly shows inmany ways a stro bias a inst Aram‘

i To

t that themanyhad a fair tna would ridiculous.”uile nothing remains of the

certain that it dealt adequatelyto the case and with the facts.expended on the case by writers destitute of all knowledge of

statsa s

' Bulwer, 1831 . Bell, 18&2.He stated the evidence with H e then recapitulated the aviniiar care and at great length dance at great ion h to the M y .

go the He observed how He observed how t e tsstimon ofthe many of other deponentsconfirmed that of Houseman, andthen, touch on the contradictory parts the latter, madethemunderstand how natural, howinevi table was some such contra.diction in a witness who had notonly to give evidence against another, but to refrain fromoriminat»ing himself. There could be nodoubt but that Housemanwas anaccompli ce in the crime, and alltherefore that seemed im bablsin hia giving no alarmw eoa thsdeed was done was easily renderednatural “and reconci lable with other

the other deponents confirmed thatof Houseman, and than, touchiugonthe contradictoryper-tso! the latter,

ve it as his opinicn that someo ooatradlctionsmight naturally

be0

, and, indeed, were inevi ta ina witness who had notonly to give evidence another, but refrain fromcriminatinghimself. There could be no doubt,he said, but that Housemanwasanaccomplice inthe crime , and alltherefore, he. (as inBulwer).

parts of his evidence, to.Mem.

”39.Mom.

”33.“Bell Andrews‘ “Histo ric Yorkshire,"p. m

arks of the

summing upas “the utterance of a bloodthirsty prosecutor Themostr result of Bell’s reductionwas the cheating of a

.

comg

ete changein the tone of the Ge cmon’s Magaz ine towards Aram reviewingBell,miadesoribedas “ l 2mo. , pp. 124

” “Mr. Urban”proceeds,“With regard to the innocence of Eugene Arsmthere canbe but oneopinion, nor is it s little roof inhis favour that Paleyy, area , who wasmeet, thought himguilt ess, and we have no hesi tation in saying thatnot Jud

ge Noel gone out of his way to act the advocate (anxious

to show his ll indetecting what he was’ to call Aram’a coldand

rhetorical defenca, sa if an man consoioua of hia innooencs would condescend to make an appea to the iselin s

ang),), this victimto a1832, p.“8.judge’s self love would not have beensacri ced

“.

f

3’ YorkshireNotes andQueues (new xv. 138.

Eugene Arum.

i , who think it to themum”havemmination of the law of murder is

“Ju

dge

would have explsined to the j that befone they cc findthe pri soner guilty must satisfied that the remainsproduced were those of aniel Clark

,and that he hadmet hia

death b felonious violence. If they were satisfied on that

point. question would arise whether the prisoner was sornvolved inthe atlair as inthe eye of the law te be

'

ty aa

a principal. He would have explained that a common intsution to commit a murder or felony made the act of one theact of all ; that

"presence at the commission of a felony "

was not confined tomeana strict actual presence, such as wouldmake a mananeye or ear witness of what passed, but that amanmight be involved who was utterly out of sight or hearing of what passed; as , for instance, if he watched at a distance to prevent a surprise. Further. he would have added,where several maple joined to do an act in itself unlawfuland death ensued fromanything done in the prosecution ofthat unlawful design, it would amount to murder in all thosewho were

present (inthe sense explainedg,

aiding and abettingthe unlaw ul design.

“ though it were ut a bare trespass .So that a manmight in j t of law be guilty ofmurderwhenpossibly his heart a honed the thoughts of it.

” Hewould have prooM ed to show that if they accepted the

prisoner's story , as it stood inhis second examination, that he

went to the cave to keep watch while Terry , Clark , andHouseman broke up the plate obtained by fraud, and came to theconclusionthat the death of Clark occurred inthe course of thatunlawful project. Aramwould, intheg

o of the law, be guiltyot hismurder , though having no actu part inthe killing andhowsoe

gr that had happened, whether by mischance or

design.

H e would have proceeded to deal with the proof of the corpusM idi . obaerv ing that while little enough of credit attached tothe direct evidence of Houseman, it was highly

important toremember that a body was on the previous 1 th of Augustfound in the cave precisely where the heckler had indicated;and that the body so found appearedto have sustained a aevere

fracture of the skull sufficient to account for death. Theywould have to consider whatmotive Housemancould have forimperilling himsel f by saying he had beenpresent at Clark’sdeath if such were not the case. He would have adverted tothe prisoner

’s contention as to this— “Might not a lace bementioned by a peraonby chance aswell as foundby a honrar

by chance! Or l l itmore criminal acoiden”Of. Foster’s “CrownLaw,”Disoourse Three. Also 8. 0. Jackson. 18

St. Tr. none106

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Eugene Aram.

address, he shifts his positionagain, poses ss a manof unblennahed reputation, and apparently forgetful that he hadadmi tted going two nights running to the cave, claims to havebeenso feeble and valetudinary as to have beenunequal to snchan excursion- indeed, reduced to crutches . '

l'

he prisoner’s

arguments onthemedico questions as to the age and sex

of the bones, and whether e fracture was the cause or consequence of death having beencontrasted with the evidenceof Locock— conclusive. a parent! on the latte r point— thejudgemay have proceeded

)

to de with the prisoner s observation on the

'

danger of convicting on circumstantial evidence.Whether or not he treated Aram'

s instances as disrespectfullyas Park didThurtell’s, he

probably used languagemuch similar

to Park ’s. as reported int. e Times.

Yet circumstantial evidence inthe testimony of allwho were accustomed to attend judiciary proceedingswas considered as more satisfactory inproducing convictioninthe humanmind thanthe direct te atimony of any singh individual who saw the crime inquest-M i committed .

Finally, remarking uponthe priszxner’s evident abilities and

upon the good character he cla imed, he would have observedthat neither could prevail where no rational doubt existed, andthat it was for the

'

ury to say whether , upon the whole, theyfelt such a doubt ; iinot, . theymust do their duty .

The judge having told the jury to consider their verdict,they immediately brought him in guilty.

"The York

Pamphlet speaks of a very short consultation. It secmaunlikely that they retired. Etherington says that th didnot. Accord'

to Caulfield, who adopts ca itals for emp sis,

the verdict was to the satisfactionof the curt,"but whether

hemeansNoel or the auditory isnot clear. Beatnifie says thatthere was not the slightest doubt of his guilt. Accordingto Dr . Kippie he deservedly fell by the hands of the commonenecutioner . Aram’

s sentence was a just one," was the con

temmrary opinionasexpressed by Bristow. Nor was any contrar

‘

y tendency apparent rmtil many years had elapsed andAramhad been elevated into a hero of romance, a positionfromwhich he has never since beenentirely deposed. WithBulwer’s novel came the turnof the tide. Bell , professing tohave it froma conversationwith a gentleman more than fortyyears ago ,

" speaks of the verdict as contrary to the general

expectations .’

After some remarks, alread quoted, aboutthe judge , he proceeds to add that he “

is a more convincedthat no twelvemencould now he found inEngland who wouldreturn a verdict of guilty ainst such amanas Eugene Aramonsuch evidence as was ered against

The Verdict Impeached.

Bulwer observes that in the present day aman tried uponso scanty and s icioua would unquestionably escape

aTo See rd, 0! co

'ur

ise. the c

ant ion ofu was as a t amiscarriage o ustice as e a nittelofQFf: though

g‘az inst the ale-draper we can discgirler noevidence at all !The strongest impeachment oi the verdict is in an initialled

article in the Leimre flour for February , 1885 The realstory is so little known , and doubts of so impressive a characterhave beenbrought to bear upon the extent to which Ararnwasinvolved , that it even seemsmysterious how a verdict of guiltyshould ever have been returned

,and it is certa in that no one

could be convicted in the present day upon such evidence ascondemned him.

”

Harry Speight sums up his views inmuch the same wayAt the pre sent day there is no doubt he would have escaped

the hard penalty which he suflered.

”1° Whe ther the learnedculprit was actuall guilty of the desperate crime of which hestood accused w' probabl never be known. The evidenceagainst himwas certainly dificient, and had such a case beentried at the resent do there is no doubt that he would haveescaped the hard pena ty which he I t is diflicultto easi anymeaning to such passages either Clark was killedwhile ramwas admi ttedly at the cave for anunlawful purpose,or he was not; the cobbler disappeared either above ground orbelow ;Aramwas either guilty ofmurder or nothing. Somuchnonsense has been talked by Scatcherd. whose legal trainingought to have taught himbetter, by Mr . Richardson, and othersabout it being a once ofmanslaughter, that itmust he insistedthat, whoever broke the cobbler s skull , Arum, if present foranunlawful purpose. was ilty 01 hismurder.To the same eflect - is r. J. S. Fletcher, who a s cl

Eugene ’s guilt as veiled in uncertainty ,"18 and ayhall .who observes, “Ararn was convicted and hung on evidencewhich would not now induce a jury to give anadverse verdictevenonamost trivial charge. Scatcherd

’

s opinionona subjectml this kind is entitled to some weight .”19 The ev idence forthe prosecutionwas of the weakest and thinnest ; the allowance

“1840ed. , Preface.UpperNidderdale,”p.77.Nidderdale,"p. 949. On the same page the author states that thebody found onThistle Hill “ultimately proved to be that of Daniel

Clef Onp. 248 he describes hc ratn hid the body of Clark in thecave on the other side of the river ! Andrews Historic Yorkshire,”ch. 28, p. 167) also confounds this body with Clark’s.l' “A Book aboutYorkshlra.”pt 822 ; Pictt Yorkshire,”W., pp. 25-27.“Annals of Yorkshire,”L .p. 384. Q] . Grainge, p. 181 .

Eugene Aram.

statements not evidence is su ssing,at the trial a to have been

lto the late E .“

uncles“?

“ 13lovemagma;ear y as ths day ot his enscu on judge grandknew that a great emr had heen commrtted, and saw the

necessity of bushing up the voice of indemdent inquiry."thus Mr. J. 11 . Ric hardson. to whomAramappears as the

us 01 the eighteenth century.

”3lo suggest that themanhad a lair trlal would he absurd.

spys a contributor to r

grld u

'

rs”mend Quer ies. The readero thesa pa will be s le to r proper wcrgh’

t to thesscriticisms , fi ichmostly involv if;assumption that the Crownhad to prove which particular hand struck the blow.

A verdict in a criminal case was then takenwith some

higher:na ceremonial, longh vanished

' The risonerlor the lsst tima te old up his hand. jury were

hidden to look upon the prisoner.” ll avia foundguilty

,they next found that he hadno goods or c ttels,

or tenementa at tha tima ol themurder or at any time since.

The gaoler or the executioner was hidden to see to himand

tie him and there followed the familiar allocutus.”the

on the risoner il he had anything to say. lt is notthat as said anything, and after the usual pro

clamation for si ence the Court passed eentence under the

terms of the recent statute. 25Geo. l l . c. 37. Th is Actgave statutory recognition to the practice of hanging in chainsas part of the unishment formurder ; but. b a resolutionof

the ol filmit had heen agreed tbat o y the“ dissect

ing anatomising " should be rt of the sentence , andthat. if it should be thought advisa la, the judgemight afterwards , hy special order to the Sheril . direct the hanging inchains . Theminute book distinctly establishes that the prac~

tice was inthia case adhered to. as alterwards inthe caae ol the

notorious TomLee. The statement inthe York Pamphlet thatthe sentence was altered at the request ol the grand

‘

ury is thnsneither confirmed nor refuted ; but the fact that hanginginchains could lormno part ol the original sentence answersthe sorry nonsense of Scatcherd about the barbarity of thealteration.

Ol Aram's demeanour at the close Etherin n gives us a

curious glimpse inhis edition of 1767' Wi out leaving theCourt the jury presently found the prisoner guilty. During

LynnNews, 18th June, 1898.Leads”ma y , 1 1thNovamhar. 1899.

.

‘ A y ths eulprltwas sornatlmss hy ths thnmhs. Bes sprint T. Saccombs's “Twelve hadmen"of so tied. Bachtyingwas also amlldaltsrnativa lorpcias/cnsdm

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The Mysterious Fourth Man.

Hecomposure , and left the bar with a smile onhis countenance.Whether thiswas the erpressionof indignationor the aflectaticnof heroismwe pretend not to determine.”Benry Terry was next put to the har . He was indicted,

say the contemporary newspapers, as an accomplice. a wordcovering “ abetting,” “counselling and procuring,

"and

comforting and assisting." On whose evidence the grandjury had found a true bill against himcannot be ascertainedhis indictment is missing ; no surviving depositions touch himat all ; Aram, already civil iter mortar“, as a capitally convicted felon, would have been incompetent to testify . Noevidence it is said, was offered against him, and he was atonce discharged. This fellow,”observes the York Pamphlet,had the audacity to ride out of York in a triumphant andboasting manner, wearing a green cockade in his hat , in

contempt and derision of themalice of his p .roaecutors

I t ispboldly asserted in this pamphlet that a fourth man

and the heckler and their victimto the cave,other side of the road, and that this manTerry. We have ,” it adds, “ frommany

circumstances and fromthe words and actions as

well of Aramas of Houseman, the strongest andmost presumptive reasons to induce us to think hima different person.

A fourth, who is as yet undiscover ’d, there certainlywas. and of Aram’

s acquaintance and procuring.

" Houseman.it will be remembered, did in his first examination speakequivocatingly of a strange man whomClark and Aramfollowed into the market-place. The lan

guage

po

of the pamphlet,with its direct reference to the words ts stronlghzin the direction of l ies as the other confederate.suppressed passages in the second examination implicate him;that the suppressed passage in the letter taxed himwith complicity in the murder seems a vehement probability.

I t is quite certain that the true sto of the murder liesburied with its perpetrators. That Clar ever came alive tothe cave seems doubtful. The local traditi on,

preservedWalbron, that the plate was beatenup at Robert ’

s houseat How Hill is far more likel than Eugene’s account of thematter. The cave, even in744, was not an unfrequentedspot

, for the diligence of the Rev . Mr . Joy has disclosed a

carved date, 1737, upon the rockwork on the left of theentrance, and Thomas

p°nGent had referred to the cave in his

work onKnareaborough of 1733.Whether killed in the cave or carried there dead, thatClarkmet his death through a preconcerted scheme ofmurder

Eugene Aram.

admits of no doubt. The occasionwas chosenwhen the protection of his servant and the comwny of his wife were bothwithdrawn; that simple robbery was the motive, and thatthe killing of Clark formed no of “ the premeditateddesign of Aram, at least, as B wer pretends, will not beara moment’s scrutiny. The robbery of Clark by personagfectly well knownt o himcould only have resulted in it

convictionand executionunless they fled their country. Everything pointe to a well-conceived scheme ofmurder. The timechosen

,which would leave many hours of darkness for the

burial of the body, the care with which the body was stripped ,the cunningly selected site for the interment, the speedydespatch whenonce the marr iage portionhad been paid over,all pointmore to a calculated crime thanto a crime of impulse.

That the site was selected by Ar amwith a view to the artfuldefence that be subsequently set up is, perhaps, no very forcedconclusion. The cave he then knew to have been occupiedby a hermit, andmany years later, in 1833, the bones of arecluse were discovered just outside it .“ Chance brought to light,” wrote the late Dr. Granville,an excavation 2 feet deep made in the solid rock , withhollows at the bottomto receive certain projecting parts of ahuman body— such a one having been found there in it in astate of decay at the time of the diacovery .

"23

The doctor Opines that, had the discovery beenmade beforethe conviction of Eugene, it would have snatched guilt frompunishment.” i can see little reasonto agree in this. Theserema ins

,like Rosie ’s and St.William’s, were much decayed.

A silver coin was found with them. Their great antiquitywasmanifest ; nothing of the sort appeared in the case of theremains found by Houseman’s direction. Calvert, too , insiststhat had Eugene Aramknown of the grave in the floor ofthe little chapel [he does not mean what is known as St.Robert’s Chapel ; that is some distance fromthe cave.

it would have added very much to

his artful and specious defence that the skeleton wasthe rema ins of an anchorite , who had there prepared Liz '

placeof sepulture.” To which itmay suffice to reply that this gravewould have beenequally known inthat case to Richard Houseman, and his ability to point it out as strong proof of hisstory as he actually otfered.

“

" ‘The Spas of En land " (l841 ) , L , p. 95. Of. Timbe' “AbM ae, and Ancient L , 285-7, and Calvert’s “Knares

i le.

Themeal time were magic not wi thin, but outside the osve'smouth. Theobjects discoveredwere remcved some years ago to flt. Robert-Chapel.

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Eugene Aram.

lf Aramwss a tr-ip ,lsmurdarer his casethat of his American counterpart, Bulod, of whomProfessorGoldwinSmith”writes— “We had somethinghad like a cormtar»part of him(Eugene Aram) at I t-haca . in the person of onaRuled, who in a remarkable way combined criminal proties with literary tastes, being a philologist and engagedin the invention of a universal Balot! committeda series of robberies andmurders, the series ofmurders begin

committed robbery andmurder.of justice. The opponents oi

against his execution on the

on the somewhat inconsistenta universal language. and that

the

zi

f

'

dth

bzlf

lthe head betweenthe ears gives it the aspect of that

aWhatevermay be the truth as to these other murders. we

are not to suppose that such vile oalumnies as the “ LetterfromYorkshire were suflered to prejudice Aran

’s fair trial .L ike scandalous publications against Miss Blandy were gravely

886. For the saresr otEdwar-d Howard Rulal ,America'smnarkablo oriminal scholar , see “Tha Manot Two Livesl dward Howard

"and Murderer " “The Life.

M and l lnoutionof Barclay (America) and tbsv.

_8 Parker’s Or.

179whesz flthedennemvicfi on

‘ho:Bulod

’

of the sul

fides

?“of‘sliicY

wasWon cl er-ros BwPr

I M s

Abbott’v. lteps. mum

M W”. a N3. MN;for t-he murder of Munich. The .7. Tribune

Cost of the Prosecution.

denouncedby the prossonting counssl aswoll as by the Court,”

fln

'mdisrnissed fromthe bar.Noel concluded the day's list.the Crown eases next day, and by llonday was fasthis way to Newcastle , what time justice was being

one upon the body of Bugenius. Bis proseoution had eost

the town of Knaresbor-ough the very moderate sumoim8s. Mid.

”' rs St. at . pp. nos-1 170.

Dcnsllan’s cass.' Nvert.p.no.

CHAPTER XI .

Aram's Last H om— H is lm s ana gmant ol AntobiombyNach o! tbs L atter Suppresssd— Ths Influenced llas— Aram'almpenitancaandHardness— Receptionof H isWife— Desires theSacrament of Collins— H is “Confesaioa”- Attempts SuicidaH is ExecutionandGibbeting— Fats cl B is Skull andRemainsWcisdtndes of H is Family- Houseman's H ostilsReception- H is

MiseraNe Bz istcnes and Death— T raditions ol Clar-k and ol

Au x , whore firmness during his trial and sentence we havenoticed , now busily employed hismind in writing. Surprisehas beenexpressed at what he was able to accomplish inbuta few hours in the “condemned hole but, as was said bySir Oracle at a rather later time, Depend upon it, air , whenaman knows he is to be hanged ina fortnight, it concentrateshismind wonderfully .

OnSaturday, at teno’clock , he wrote as follows, apparently

to Mr . Collins

8(I ,kind concern for me.

amoertaiu itwas spentmuchmore oommsndahly thanthat of any ons ofmenemies.l bsva three books of yours, and thank for the amusement some 04

thsmhavs aifordedmenndwish yoncon send tor thsm, ituot hsing inpam to _

themto you. Yet, 8ir, if any particularsotmymwill obligsmyou, you havs nothing todo but ms knnw.

I am.with great respect,

Sir ,Yourmost bumble servant,

E. ARAM .

Saturday, teno‘clock,«aAugust,ma

day he also wrete thus, to whomis unoertain, butprobably toEtherington

for which

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Confessionbecause it red

is

fiedmscme Characters thz;mnd ummpesch’ . so we ve suppressed a part

this performance, as being extremely injurious to thelntegrity and Csndor of the Court.

"

Que cannot help inferring that themotive of suppressionquite asmuch a desire to shield lles as Noel. wbo was farbeyond the re ach of poor Aram’

smalevolence. It is odd thatwhatis allowed to appear implicates only HousemanandTerry.preci sely as inthe case of the second examina tion, inwhich.wenow know, grave reflections were alsomade onthe “ Integrityand Candor of lies.

Aram continued to manifest a bold and unrepentantdemeanour He exhibited throughout, as lfr . B . B. irvingwell says, not the slightest feeling of remorse," and uses

,in

reference to the “affair ,"the language of an aggrievedman.

“Ah.my dear sir ,’tis this very

conscious innocence that isof the greatest prejudice to you, quotes our author,ably reminded of some associations with JosephAccording to the York Pamphlet, Anna Aramvisi ted himonthe last Sunday of his life. who tenderly advis

’d himto

himself for his letter end, which discourse he evadedasking questionu about his son

's welfare and other triflingmatters.’ 3 Polly Powell he also saw, when he inveigh

bi tterly against Houseman’s perjured evidence.a The similarity

of these scenes with what happened whenAnna and Poll rawhiminthe Bell Inn,

”as described inthe “Gleenin sug'

gests that only one such interview took place, and t afterconviction. H e probably saw Etheri n on this day , asmears fromhis letter , cf which the pu lisher wss seeminglyrecipient.

'lbvo clergymanhad visited himonthe .8aturday.

One was certainly Collins,“whomhe desired to sttend him

after his conviction,"

andwho was to give himthe sacramentnextmorning ; the other may have beenBrotheric. To themhe made one of those half-confessions in which the fact isadmitted but the vile motive denied. Just as Miss Blandyadmitted poisoning her father , but professed herself ectlyinnocent as to an intention to destroy or evenhurt dearfather just as trice Cenoi , having denied themurder of

her father, after convictionput forward amonstrous excuse forwhich her advocate, Ferinacci. admitted there was no ground,‘

“ Inamcst bittsr manner lnvsighing agalnst flcussman."

3°

Farinaccil Oa LXVLWol.W..Ncri uncnxxxn).and “Et ldem(commn tioncf santenoe)firmiter sperabatur de sorors Beati-lce. si prmposltamexcnsatlonemprohaas

'

et.prcutncnprohavit. Lansdso.” Prosper l arinseci. J. 0. Bom.

l l.

Scatcherd’

s Fatuities.

sc gene Aramcouccded killing Clark, but basely put forwardas anexcuse a well-founded, as he nded, jealousy of Clark'srelations with his wife. Bulwer thrown over this arouse.and prefers to think that Aramnever put it forward— he wasbound to acquit his hero of so shameful a oloak for his villainy.

Scatcherd , on the other hand , insists that it was true, andcomments As he certainly acted uponthat conviction, 1 boldlysay, inspi te of all the clamour of anunthinking world, that heought not to have been brought to an ignominious and.

”Elsewhere he says ,

“ That Aramdid not go out on the fatalnight with the intentionof killing Clark ismanifest.One is invited to suppose that our hero

,

“ feeble and valetudinsry ,

” went, upon those a hal crutches , with thedefiler of his bed, to a lonely cavemree inthemorning, and

fell a-quarrelling, u n a mdden, over the favours of alady , whomArsmso y estecmed that hc cut her in the

and deserted her as soon as he had cleared Lothariofromhis path, Lothario of the stuttering tongue and pock

countenanoe l Yet Scateherd is everywhere hailed as

our“ Authority.

” H is s'

pec dis“has induced two Frenchcompilers to state as undeniable this os

‘

reonstanee extension“.

fact of confession having been denied by many, it iswell to discriminate betweenthe unquestionably spurious confemico of the Newgate Calendar and that above indicatedto Collins and the other clergyman, whoever he was . The lastcomes to us onthe authority of Bristow and AnnWard, datesfrom1759, and was never , as far as I can trace, contradictedby Collins, to whomitmust have beenknown. The interviewat which it took place is thus described by Bristow

Aram’s soutenu was a just one, andbe submitted to it withthat stoicismhe somuch aflected and themorning after he wascondemned he confessed the justice of it to two ole (whohad a licence fromthe '

udge to attend him) , by dmthatbemurdered Clark.

JBeing asked one of themwhat his

motive was for doing that abominab action, he told themhe suspected Clark of having an unlawful commerce with hiswife— that he was persuaded at the time when he committedthemurder he did right— but since he has tho t it

After this, pmy,saysAram,whatbecame o Clark’s y, ifH ourcmanwmt hm (as he said upoamy trs

°

al ) immediatelyupon seeing him[a ll ] One of the clergyman replied,

‘ I’ll

M l you what becamo/ s’

t : youmsd H ouseflms dragged s'

t s'

ato

the cave, str ipped and bur ied if there— brought assay his clothes,M bumt themat your m lmmc '

; ”which he assented.

H e was asked whether Housemandid not earnestly press him

Eugene Aram.

tomurder his wife, for fear she shculd discover the businessthey had about. He hastily replied,

‘ H s did, and

pressedmemral times fo rfe it) ”

Bell adds that Arsmprotested, inanawer te a questicn byone of the clergy whether , if it were the case, that his wifewas unfaithful wi th Clark , he had a t tomurder theman,“ Asmuch right ae George the l at te ao to Count Kmark . I rather suspect that Bellm3have inventedto show the readiness of Aram’

amind a his fertility of ideas .He promised it is said, to make a full confessionbefore hewas turned ed;but this, if he ever intended it, he took care tofrustrate b attemptin suicide. According to the YorkPamphlet, r . Collins acovered him, on coming onMondaymorning to give himthe last rites of the Church. Bristow thusdescribes the scene

This was the substance of what passed with Aramthemorning after he was condemned; and. as he promised to make amore ample confession on the day he was executed, it was

finerally

l)believed everything previous to the murder would

ve beendisclosed ; but be prevented any further discoveryby a horrid attempt poupon his own life. Whenhe was calledfrombed to have his irons taken08, he wouldnot rise , alleginghe was very weak . Onexamination, his armappeapearedbloody

“;

proper assi stance being called in, it was found that he hadattempted to take away his ownlife by cucutting his armintwowith a razor , which he had ccncesled

'

inthe condemnedsome time before . By proper ap lications he was brought

to bimself, and, thoughweak, was co ucted te Ty ,burn where,being asked if he had anything to sayy, he answered No . 1mmedi

gately after he was executed, and his body conveyed to

Knaresborough Forest, and hung in chains pursuant to hissentence.

The“

Press of the day unite inthe following report of theYesterdayymorning ing the day ha

’

d for his Execution) ,he cut with a Razor , w ich he had concea"d inhis Cell somelittle Time before, the Veins of his Left turn, a little abovethe Elbow and also a little above the Wrist, butmiss’d theArtery , by which before it was discovered, he had lost somuchBlood, that he was render’d very weak . Surgeons wereimmediately sent for , who stcpp

’

d the Bleeding, and he wascarried to Tyburn (at which Place he was sensible , tho

’

feeble, r 'id was there aak'd if he had anything to say, wto

he anawer’dNo) , where he was executed and his Bod carriedt naresborcugh Forest, where it is tc be hung in inthe nearest part of it to that Town, pursuant to his Sentence.

A very oldman, ieputed tc be thenone hundred and four

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Eugene Arum.

i that Giristienpeople had been there before them.

”

The grisly and pn anatomy showed thatto be nomere haunt birds or beasts or of the untutoredm;

but that the fi urch ot Christ had plented her bannerl

These eo-callg“chains w

t

e

hre , in fact, a suit of ironbands

encompassing corpse, so atinthe procace of decay, which wcoating the deadmalefactor in a vesture of canvas

that the rattling bones might noisily gyrate intheas inthe noontide, and youth and levi ty ,making wantonon

primrose path,might espy thethis deadbody whichwaits the eternal term

and learn its dumb lesson. it is to he feared, however, thatpublic gibbeting served as little the interests ofmorality asthe processionto Tyburn, of which Johnsondeplored the suspension.

“Sir , the public was gratified, and the criminal wassupported by it.”The corpses were oftentreated with shocking irreverence ;Aram'

s head was out fromhis body , whilemany years later, as a contributor to Notes and Queriesrelates, Christianfeeling for themiserable deed didnot preventa sporting ntleman fromaiming at a poor skeletonwithhis gunand

'

ngi down its skull .So firml did the 0 sins bind the bodies that they sometimes

held toga or formangay

ears, the head being so well secured,that in September, 1 3, the craniumof Breed, executed in

11

143, still remained fast riveted withinthe framework of thel

Aram’s body was occasionally visited by his widow, andby his children. Mrs. Pickard, a gossip of Scetcherd

’s, had

beennursed inearly years by Betty Aram, who in 1759wasa you womanof nearl twenty , and she remembered that“one a moonBetty taken us to see her father’s gibbet

onthemoor . Hermother, onour return, asked her wherehad beenwith us all the afternoon. As she did not reply.mysister said we had beento see the

'

bbet. at which Anne wasmuch hurt, and scolded her seve y. and went and told mygrandmother of it, and much as she related it.”ull r . Sanders , whomust ave been very young at

related to our worthy antiquary the following circum

' l herdlynesd remind the reader ow ift's“Clever TcmCliaeh going

to he hanged.

"

Fate of the Remains.stance” When TomLee, the noted highway

man, wasbrought through l naresborough, preparatory to beng hung inchains at Grassington. the processionstopped for the n atthe Blue Bell lnn. now the Crown. where he was put astable for the night. A great mob assembling to see himdepart, li ra. Aramtook me u

pinto her chamber l

recollect she cried v much.

”3 This occurred inJuly, 1768.

The significance these e isades is that they show thather husband

'

s cruel neglect orher, his desertion, his wickedamuse for his crime at her erpense had not killed womanlyel ection in the heart of this “ innocent, industrious. poorwomen,”and help us to understand her piet for his unworthybones ; for it is recorded that as the rema ns fell down fromthe gibbet. .a. collected and interred them. Old Johncum.

himself hed buried one ofthe hands ."13A goodmany cars later a surgeon, Mr. Strother, buried in

the gardenof aysolicitor , H r . Tolson, a thigh bone and the

arms of Eugene .“ Stro ther had never either seenor heard

anything about the skull) “ Nor was this strange, as it hadere this been stolen fromthe gibbet by Dr. Hutchinson, of

I naresborough, for hismuseum. under circumstances describedat length inAppendix l l l . Great force was evidently used toextricate it fromthe circumvolving hoops, and in so doing

part of the rightmastoid process was cut 06. and rhaps atthe same time the skull was sewn intwo along t medianline ; at least this was done while it was inDr . Hutchinson'spossession, for Mrs. Piokard told Scatcherd that her husbandput the hinges onfor the doctor , to hold the two halves together ;these still serve their purpose, and afford the best evidence of

the skull's identity . After ssing through many bands. as

will be seeninthe Appendix, skull has found a fitting resting

lace beside Thurte'

s in the Royal College of Surgeons'

naoum. it so far battled the hrenologiste that the illustriousSpursheimpronounced it f thus paying a tribute to the

force of E ’s argument !

The gib which had stood upon forest. southeast of the Lowbridge , and onthe righto side of the roadleading thence to Plumpton. perhaps seventy or eighty yards ."was removed in 1778. onthe enclosure of the forest. I t wasstudded with nails to prevent people fromcutting it down,

by

n

éirh ‘

Jn-t

YSandersm

ummminthyfiléw'fomLee'sbsentengeamossph ates, as ea Book," t a

end of Appendix 1.Pi“

”Ola. 01 .“highs, 17.“I t.

Eugene Aram.

andwas urchased for a baulk or beamfor the Brewers ’ Arms(to what ase uses I) , where , until that hostelry was pulleddown,it was anobject of cur iosity .

1°

Aram’

s lantern, which was hung outside the school , passedinto the possessionof Dante Gabriel Rosetti , and thence intothe hands of Henry lrv ing, who used it inthe t y wrifor himby WilliamGermanWilla, produced an played forthreemonths at the Lyceumin 1873. It is now the propertyof Messrs . Sotheran, who bought it at the sale of the actor’scollection.

" A further curiousmemento of Aramyet lingers atKnaresborough— a carved head, adorn'

the cottage of aconstable there , more probably the wor of Peter than of

Eugene .18

Oi Aram’s numerous family the brief tale

two elder girls had died in infancy ; Henry, the epileptic, diedin1761 . Jane, who took after hermother , went into service,

and died young. Betty, amiraculous , wild, and giddy girlgotmarried to a tramp carrier of the name of York .

Shewas a stout andverywildgirl) “9 She died atNorthallerton,

quite a celebrity , sought out by people of all parts ,”on3oth

January, Joseph became a saddler at Greenhammerton, appears to have turnedMethodist preacher , and left a son,

Matthias, who later emigrated to America with hismother andtwo sisters .2 1 Sally, whose baptism, like Jane

’s,cannot be

traced, had possibly been born out of wedlock , for Scatcherdrepresents her as twenty-seven in 1758, and Beatnifle'swomanwas thennot above thirty whether she followed herlather fromLynn to York , or was ever in the former lace,ismore thandoubtful . I t is agreed, however , by andScatcherd that she subsequently found her way to Londonafter some misfortunes , which 1 shall not mention.

Scatcherd significantly adds. She there called upon a Yorkbookseller, who happened to be in town, told himshe was indistress, and hoped he would be so good as to make her a

present out of the profits, which had ari sen fromthe publication

“01s. 61 -2 ; Fletcher's “ Pict. Yorkshire ,”IV as ;8 t’s“UnpsrNidderdale,”76. An lnn is named after our hero. The’a rms

not lnexistence in1880. accordlng to Joy.”Brcreton‘a“L ife or Irving,”L ,m; Speight's Upper Nidderdale,"

“z ap-igne “Nidderdale,”m, Upper Nidderdale,”an; Orange,

01s. 18, 19, 284 , so.

Nidderdale."476. She died of cancer intheworkhouse. 01s. 00.

Gls. 17, 18, 00. Joseph died on21stJan , 1803, andwas buried inmil ley Churchyas-d; the inscripticnrecords a deeppiety and rellgious

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Eugene Aram.

kinto us of unbalancedminds . Palmer ’s brother Walterwas a tK’ , and hismother o lived

mistress of his bosomfriend ‘ Jerry Smi The

frequency with which atrociousmurderers, sane enough to be

hanged, have relations at some time under restraint,a subtle link betweenmoral idiocy and the unsoundness of

mind which the lawmoms as exemptingfrompuni shment.

Whate ver may have the pub e eeling about Aram,

whether the indignationof the crowd at the executionwasagainst the victimor Jack Ketch, whether Scatcherd

had the sli test ground for supposing Eu to have beenthe“object much p there is no dou at all that Housemans‘

iectacquittsl , the

”yreason for which was not apparent to the

lay mind, was very unpopular . The London Chronicle of

Saturday, 18th August , prints the following newsYork , Aug. 1 4th.

— Last week amob assembled aboutRichard Houseman’s House in Knaresbrough (who wasacquitted of the Charge of being concerned

u'gin the Murder

of Daniel Clark , in order to be admitted an Evidenceagainst Eugene Aram, as mentioned in our last) , and itwas with great Dimculty - they were revented frompulling it down. However , they carried ouaemanaboutthe Streets inEffi gygy , which was afterwards knock'd onthe Head with a Pick-ex (sic) , and thenhang’d andburnt.”

An identical report appeared in the issue for the same dateof the Cambridge Journal and in L loyd

’s Evening Post for25th to 28th August. Houseman retinned home ; a fewof his comrak s went out to meet him, and for his bettersecurity , two or three principal people shook himby the hand,inthe way of congratulation. as though he had beenacquitted!But the manoeuvre was instantly seen through. and the burstof indignationwas not to he averied. A cry , almost universal ,of scape-

gallows' arose, and so furious did the multitude

become that, although some one 0 ed hima house of refuge.

his life was with difliculty prese During the rest of his timeat. Knaresborough he was scarcely even seen abroad, and atlength he went to Merton, where he was interred. I t wasafterwards dimvered that, besides much booty . he had thewhole of Clark’s leather inhis ssion.

”33 The individualwho thus odered Houseman asy umwas one Shepherd, and heseems to have appeased the crowd by throwing open te themhis cellars. Mrs Benson thus described her recollections toScatcherd, at the age of eighty three.

“

H ouseman the Outcast.

Mrs. Benson further stated ‘that she remembered House

’s solitude after his acquittal— that he never durst stay

out, the inhabitants being somuch enraged against him; andthat he was generally considered the worst inthe transaction.

H is house was beset two or three times, and would have beenpulled down to the grolmd had not Mr . Shepher

-d, his nextdoormama

, appeased thegeople by opening his cellar and

giving all hi s li nor . he says that Houseman’s deathwhenit happened was t a refound secret, andhe was takenaway ina cart to Marton, int night time, to the greatofmany, especially of Clark’s family, who had determin to

wreak their vengeance uponhim, ei ther living or dead. Shesays that he died before she was married, and her eldest sonis now above tif years of age— that his dwelling was the

house adjoining e White Horse lnn, in High Street (bothnowpulleddown, and onwhich the Eugene AramHotel stands)— that he was a broad-set, round-shoulderedman, and neverwent out by daylight after his acquitta'

l .’

Another attack was occasioned by the visit to Knareaof two Oxford scholars, formerly pupils of Aram’a

,who, being

shownthe heckler ’s premises , broke in, smashed his windows.and, being joined by others , would soonhave taken vengeanceon his person, but he saved himself by a precipitate retreat.Houseman was advised by a Mr . Simpson to

“pocket the

adront,”which he did, and soon after retired to Marten.

”Scatcherd further tells us, on an authority not named, thatHousemanmarried the widow of one Johnson, who had a

daughter Nancyglby her first husband, but no issue by H ouae~man.

“

ith'

s, his da ter-ih -law, after her mother’sdeath, he lived; and it is sai she once or twice cut himdown,after he had h himself upon an ap le tree inhis garden.

It was remarked ymany people, and ong remembered, thatfor many years after Aramleft Knaresborough, whenever theriver there overflowed, Houseman was always seen prowlindown the hanks, and one oldwoman te ld the coroner sheonce seenhimcreeping out of St. Robert’s Cave, and thengoingto the water to wash his hands. The general opinion afterwards was that he lived ina state of great alarm, fearing thatevery flood would expose the body of Clark. theplace.where theremainswere found being only a few feet above the normal levelof the river .

“0

He always ," said WilliamMitchell , erstwhile anapprentice

to Peter Moor. who had armted Aram, appeared muchdejected, hung downhis head, and was at times somelancholthat he frequently spent whole nights inhis shop. e

' Ex reL l . Hargrove, H en. u“Glam.

Eugene Aram.

fuquentlywentout atnights , over awall at the topof the yard.

to walk mthe flelds. He had a very downcast,“bad

look. He was a stoutman, and wore a brownwig.

"37“eH

was always,"

re lated Sanders, cons1dered an outlaw by theKnaresborough people , and, l believe, would have beenkilled,especially by the Clark family , if he had venturedScatcherd was informed by this worthy that Housemancommunicated. Excommunieations were not at this time iafrequent as is shownby numerous entries of such inthe GreatDoggett,

”but I haveyfailed to trace this one.

Reti'

to Marten,39 he there died, and we may let thecurtain f uponthe heckler with this extract

l777— lfay l9th.— Buried Richard Houseman of

Knaresborough.

”3°

Of Clark little need be said. Inanearlier chapter we haveseenhow this outlawry survived inthe Pipe Rolls until 1832.H is widow outlived himmany years , but their only child, bornposthumously, died 1ninfancy Thus Mrs . Brown:

Mrs. Browndeposed thatshe was niece to Daniel Clark ,who was murdered— her father and he being brothers . H e

was the olk st, andmy father, Robert Clark , was the youngestof three, there being Joseph between them. Daniel s wi fe'smaidenname was Foster ; she came fromEmbsay, and had£300 to her fortnne. lt is rather singular , but my motherwas born on the very night on which 111 uncle Daniel waskilled. My ndmother never en any idea that hersonwas in e ,red but thought that he had rimaway with hiswife’s fortune. My aunt, Daniel Clark

’s widow, had onechild, a boy, w1th whomshe had been pregnant a monthbeforeDaniel disappea

red.

'l'his child died soonafter it was

bornInthe “Memoir”(p. 50)

very respectable woman) was

' Gla. $ 21 .. Gla. 24.

. l'romWard Chandler's List of Voters Fox" it

appaan that H onasmanwsawos'thles in

Pthe same L ist

'l -‘hom Moor, Beckwith, andNorton. Aramdoeanot flgnre as aM dther at xnambomugh ormpon. Olark was stlll amlaor.Om a n-men se. mmmw mmynmM M h I r Joy

’s collection tint he “departed thla

life, atKnarsa , Jldth May 1777, l lartonremoved topkg

-mg.18th f ear that thee DeadBody shonld be torn

lababltaamandwaawea lthese intsrred, lOth Ma l777

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m u m.

ol Religieo— H is“8wan80ng

”— Other l’esme— Proes l’lseseBatimats ef flis Plscs as a Sehelsr— I ystery ef llissmsy aadChances — Compared with Othere- Had Be a i'air

'

l‘

rlal i

Unique Native of it— B ls lmpsnitmct —A Charactsrlale of

H urderere— Fitajamss Stephen and Lord Campbell on theWW v.M —Ceadndn

Wm Collins and theministers of the law entered the condemned “ hold,

”or

“hole." as the York Pamphlet styles it

(nei ther mono liable conveying much notion of comfortthere was lo among those pieces, which had so diligenoccupied his last hours, and furnish the only surviving proof!of hrs claimto the title of scholsr

,some verses in e.rsm’

s

writing, together with a piece of prose, to serve as his swansong. Bri stow, after describing his horrid attempt uponhislife,

" thus proceedsOnhis table in the cell was found the following paper,

containing his reasons for the aforesaidwicked attempt“ ‘What aml better thsnmy fathers ! To die is nstursland necessary. Perfectly sensible of this, I fear nomore todie thsnl did to be born. But themanner of it iswhich ahould, inmy opinion, be deoent andmanly. l

l have regarded both these points. Certainly nobody has ahetter right to dispose of s man’s life thanhimself- end he.not others, should determine how. As for any indignitiesoflered tomy body, or silly reflections onmy faith andmorals ,they are as they always were) things indiflerent to me. Ithink , tho contrary to the commonwa of thinking, I wronomanby this, and hope it is not o ensive to that EternBeing that form’

dme and the world; and as by this l injurenoman. no man can be reasonably offended. I solicitouslyrecommendmyself to the eternal and almighty Bein the Godof Nature, if I have done amiss. But perhaps I ve not ;and l hope this thing will never be imputed tome. ThoughI amnow stained b malevolence, and snfler by prejudice, Ihope to rise fsir lfy life was not pollutedmy opinions orthodox.

A Swan Song.

1 slept soundly till three o’

clock , awak’d,

These lines, found along with the foregoing, sup

and to be written by h amjust before he cut himself withrasor.Notwithstanding he pleads a sovereignright over himself.

in vindication of thi s last horrid crime. and appears, at firstview, actuated by honour and courage, yet a httle reflectionwill convince any one hismotive for such an inhuman deedwss nothingmore thanthe fear of shame. Thst hemurderedClark is beyond all doubt, as he himself voluntarily confessedit; but the excuse he afterwards made for it is greatly tobe suspected, it being at the expense of the chsracter of aninnocent. industrious, poor woman, whomhe has ever treatedinan infamous, inhumanmanner .

”

“ M ol these verses is supplied by l'l. H . Barker ,

Ah ! fromthe llps the vltal splrltded,Returnsnomore towske the dlent dead,Nominssof gold.nomoaarch's of sway

h omthe '

words “No '

t that troubles,”has been

the ridiculous oonclusion Aramfelt himself indeed justified

exception, to

Aram’s whole

‘Ae ually impad-t onewas hawksd ahout ina ll uad-shest at thetime. It lntha L eedeH ae-iry, 1 1thw asco. Bywpsaa’sedition, “ fw nb w the luh Aq -g eeetslnsd e sparlcu

Eugene Aram.

vindication of suicide, a paper on which avowedinfidel Hume didnot venture to publish in as fromall that is related of him, alike by partisans and detractors.“ That he was anAtheist." says the York Pamphleteer , is

what l amwell assured has been by the'

ty of thosewho knew himfirmly behaved for many cars past. For

often has he been heard to ridicule. and“treat as a trivial,

immaterial Thing, not only the horrid Crime of “urder, bute other Crime, held most heinous , and contradictory tothe we of God and of Man.

" Nor is it traversed by hisadvocate . that he was a republican in his litios, and s

msoner inhis religion,”

and that he probab y incurred the

ill-favour of others by his outspokenness on such subjects.Aninfidelity, whic h cost. Hume the loss of a chair of philosophy,which harassed Diderot with lifel persecution, sent Paineto priscn, and so endsngered Arouet that he was foreedinto the pre tence of reconciliation with the Church, expressedin the b of a chapel , whereon was inscribed

“ Dec

ere x it Voltaire — must greatly have hampered Aram, bothin his struggles to obtainemployment and incombs the

undoubted pre judices that were manifested against him uringthe year 's imprisonment. That he was careless of aggravating the bias of the orthodox appears fromthe fragment above,where he proh sts that silly reflexions onhis faith or moralswere things always indiflerent to him.

" H e lacked the commercial prosperity which enabled Hume and Voltaire to survivethe rancour of bigotry and to rise, the one to an Under

other to the favour of a ty prince.

were the fruit of th'

ose ys inprison.

executed before the trial, andto have beencopies ofmanuscri recovered fromamong hiseflects at Lynn. The poems, l t

'

uh it will be allowed, reveala genuine, .albeitnot a rare , gift of poesy. Unlike the wretchedrhymes of Peter, his father, Eugene’s lines occasionally ringwith real f as distinct frommere felicit of expression;though real fee

’

ng was not the strength 0 the eighteenth

muse, nor a special characteristic of Eugene s. I f.sung, a poet, inorder to soar, needs to be hungry,

And like a jockeyfor a rsce

H is ilesh breugh downtc flying case,

we must yet admit that the “ condemned hole was not anideal poet

’s bower . andmake some generous allowance for a

languid wi th want, andpale with polar cold,

33. W’

p.ear. e

And gflefmnplty’dthangs ber haadandweeps.

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Eugene Aram.

stter fromDr . lo rt to the hord ll ishcp cf b romere ,

Percy ,“ "Percy Reliques”i

?

Y I ora h‘pt

our

ever faithful.

is dated “ Seville Row July 27th, itmust rest unoertain if this

u

mauuscript wae theof a Lexiccn”whichhich follows inanap , cr wssof thoee pspers. thethe loss of which, on enest st Lynn, Eugeneadverts te in his letter to Coliins and in the brief uote to

Ethanngten the “papersWu h anwearlier ohspter. Onsmm

aleo be content to speculste whether the wemanrefmed to wseM y. who

H

M a wh ndcnmdmfid a pumhm, or

the uncartainfair onewhc scandnlisedthe elect of LynnwhenouAram'

s arrest shewasdiscovered to be no relation. lt ismorelikely that themanuscsipt oflered to loort wu one left bahindst LynnJ or inwriting to Collius after

-

H

ecntence, refersto pers ou the Celtic in all its as

asthe couraa of the centuries givenway to a genuine recognitionof Aram's claims te scholarship.

“Eugene Arsm,

" writesMr. Havelock Ellis.

“ is now recognised as a comparative philologist , who toresaw snd to some extent inaugurated some of

the later advances of that science.

“There wes soarcely any part of literatme , wrote the late

all lts dialscts

A Stroke for Fortune.

O M

salacicus.

former- friends , homey have considered his case ss c al

manwho had ted and inthe end beenheatenhyth

izt

rtune'l'hemention the poisoner of HelenAhercromb

?o

introducesancther element clmystery. Bowdid em emurd it is asked.

Boswell (Birkheck Hill ) L . 131-6.

Eugene Anni .

la tc hncw all theee uspeoteble pecple—cheram t

ynn. and l naresborcugh— telicrd whose eeat was at flow didMWainto whomto

moralsd hr

amToniwaan“By§

ton to a sa

mt

fir

sidgbcome

Tallourd. tc nsme but'

a lew« i i-M i l onerwhomidwcrks cl enq teuisite proseMWadumbrated theaubject olmurder ae a flne art, il cne w writtenhis rnoet

su’crimebject ol Arams , ii one. who

the

leading artista and men cl letters ci ehe dsy. essorWebster, whomurdered his colleague, Dr. Parkman. to evade

payment oi a debt, the evidence ol whlch he sought to destroywith his victim. waa learned and oi high repute. The pro

fligaey which involved himinruinonly came to light. ae auch

things commonly do. whenhewaa alreedy overwhelmed byo

ihe

accusationol having slainhisbenefactor. Ruled.who ina

remarkable way combined criminal propensities with literary

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Eugene Aram.

instances , which might be indefinitely multiplied,euflice to show that neither litersry gifts, the assionfor exactstudies, nor outward charmofmanner or ness of disposi

aflord the slightest presumption against ilt. Such aman as Aramthenmight very well be a mu rer in porn.

Was be satisfactorily proved to be one as creel Inother words,he a fair trial ! To ask that question is to assume that

a “fair trial”ia anobjective reality, like s black coat, insteadof being a urely subyective notion. H e had such a trial asthe laws of country then allowed. and they were regularlyut into force agarnet him, though his positionwasmuchmorerah thanPalmer’s or Pritchard’s, a century later.If it be said that the procedure under which Aram. l ies

Blandy, Donellan, and Thurtell were convicted, and Thorntonacquitted , was unfair

'

inseeking to interrogate the accused, a_ndso make himanevidence against hii

'

nself, itmay bcthat not only under the Continental syatemhas this ever u

the practice, but a British colony of the present day providese very similar method of investigation. Were anAramto betried tc-day inCeylonhe wouldbe constrainednot only tomakea statement inreply to the charge to themagistrate , but wouldhave to submit to an inte rrogation by himon the facts asdeposed against him. The eflect of the provisions 1 allude tois to involve a guiltymanina series of falsehoods , fromwhichit is exceedingly difi cult for his advocate aubecqbsequently to disembarrase him

,and in cperperstion theM uie resulte intbe

discomfiture of the guiltyy, while grea yup at a later stage of defences elaboratcd by lawyers.Some such era are indispensable to thema

by'

atrsicy whereverit cannot y ons highl organised, incorruptifle ,, and-r

ectallytrained police. InEng nd in1758, as inmodernCey on, themagistrates exerc ised functions more of criminal inveetigstionthan of purely judicial inquiry.

‘

The law, as it then stood, if in some respect it hamperedAraminhis defence, inothers threw its protectionaroundhim,

as inexcluding the damning evidence of his wife. Pretentiousignorance has placed Anna Araminthe box, and rooeeded tocomment that' to-day such evidence wouldbe ins

'

ble, but

inthe barbarous ages (sic ) ,which obtained'

inthemiddle of theeighteenth century , all evidence , however blessed, was heard.

"

The rule, peculiar to English law and vehemently attacked by

”Gain er. Prou Oode flM Ms. l55and 206. Inmurder tbe magispieceedto the spot andholdsninvestigation. The neetions snd

m or tbe fsct that the accused refuaed to enswer, wi themagibtrste

's inference. sre put inonthe trial.

“FamousOdmea,”H. Furniss.

us

Medical Evidence, Anno i759.

Jeremy Bentham, which excluded the evidence of his wife,

ve

Araman advantage which he would not have en'

oyed ha hebeen tried in any other eoun of Europe, or ad he beentried inBritish India today 1° t couldnot, of course, preservehimwholly fromthe prejudice which a knowled of theevidence. common, we may an ac, to all two ve of his jury.must inevitably have created. its no long as two inde ndentinvestigations take place in cam ofmurder , one be d by acoroner not bound by the rules of evidence, the other by amagistrate who is, the inconvenience must sometimes arisethat the jury is, inspite of all attempts to eliminate it, affectedby the knowledge of somematters sworn before the coroner ,but not legally admissible uponthe trial. It is worth while.however

,to observe that if Arumhad been tried inalmost any

fore ign country Anna's evidence would have been admitted

against him.

The least satisfactory part of the case is themedical evidence.

It will be observed that the docto rs’ two depositions read as ifthey followed a common form— the same rossions are

by each. They certainly went astray in re ation to the

skeleton, which was“confident! averred to be Clark’s”

and at each inquest seemlargely to are assumed what had tobe proved— that the bones were Clark

's . That each should, atthe first inquest, give the age of the deceased as twenty-threethe exact age of Clark as advertised— is highl suggestive ofa biassed state of themind. Onthe other hang,the first bodma well have been interred at the same time as themonandyhave beenthat of a youngmale .

’ No text-book onmedicaljurisprudence was thenavailable. and the considerationof the

ucations involved lay beyond ordinary medical experience.”

inview ofHouseman's testimony, however , themedical evidencesinks tominor importance , except. perhaps , as to the cause of

' lndianEvldencs ActJ JmThia departnre fremflnglish Lawwaadne to the influence of Bantbamon Stephen, the legal member of theV lcsrey

'a Council, who framed this Act. Bantham'

s works.“ Steptflnely seid, are like a bomb buried beneath the rnins it hasmade l Forhis attack on the rule excluding wi fe or husband's evidence sse

“ 'l he

Rationale of Jud. I v.

”V..M l . Re there -peake d the bone ss inconsequencs a

“nnrssry of orlme " i there ismuoh to benid onthe other

yet one cannot regard wi th nnminglsd admirationa systemwhichma: if.“ “flifwww

amso con a at ngBolfe

’s addreas to James Blonifleld Rnsh, in sentence of death, and

Ssrjsant Bellantine’s“The OldWorld and New” p.

“te

am“ to aome the Jew’

s asalstantwas aman, aecordtng to otheu,

a

“Amcdernscientl dc witm- would have tested the hones for trncasoffluorine. ferric oxide. fluoride of calcium. to" to ascertain the probableperiodof interment.

Eugene Aram.

death.1 1 I have exploded already the myth that Aramwas

takenb surprise by the entry of the flax-dresser into the box.or by w at the others deposed— put to himinhis first examination a year before . He was sage encu h to know that theywould be wi tnesses upon his trial , an had ample time to

answer them;he equally knew that themenwho arrested himwould be called to prove what he said at the time . Hadhe anydoubt as to what evidence would be produced, Houseman, whohad attended the first inquest and had conferred with his

counsel , or Terry, who had been at libe while Thorntontook the informationa, could have en te him. Yet to not

a word of all the evidence does he a dress himself ! Not onewitness does he name frombeginning to end of his address !“ I have heard what is called evidence,

"he arrogantly says ,

As to the circumstances that have beenraked togetherI have nothing to observe ,

”he adds later on. I t is this which

makes his trial unique . Thurtell inhis celebrated orationdidseek to reply to the case against him, and his comments on

circumstantial evidence , which so aroused the spleen of Mr .

Justice Park , weremerely by way of interpolation. No speechever confined itself less to the issues, and evenwhenpoor Aramdid approach relevancy he did so ina manner the leastcalculated to produce an impression onthe Court. Whenhespeaks of the fractured skull of St. Williamhe deigns not tocite his authority as that of an eye

-witness , Drake, F.R.SP .S.A. When he introduces by far themost apposite case of

vmugful convictiononcircumstantial evidence, “ the Campdentragedy,

”hismemory plays himthe unhappy trick of confusing

the names, and he speaks of the Harrisons whenhemeans thePerrys , and refers to H owell’s slight allusion in anunfamiliarbook whenhemight have cited the case fromthe State Trials ,in which the Court had honourably fi red, and of which itwould take judicial notice. Worst of a he forgets tomentionby far the strongest fact in that case— that JohnPerry falselyswore to presence at a murder never actually committed , tothe jeopardy of his own neck— just as, in his contention,Housemanmust have done !These criticisms, however, rather rebut the commonsupposi

tion that the address was a work of such profound erudi tion

‘1 Mason. J. . inwhat I believe to be the only ndicial reference to R. o

Arumas Inthe case of EugeneAram, when e skeletonwas found ina cave tarta n ears after the murder the

rroof of the identity of the

bod asumof rk was very faint. andbut or the

e encea convictioncouldnever have beenjustified.

"

at p. «8. But it is well understood that no suchthe place of adequate of the corpus delicts'.atantisl Evidence,"p.

14°

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anafls his inmesnmfl l havethat ncthing wculd ha-e besl eash or entitled to la

aWblememory— that is al . Bitter are the complaintsthat , sr

the platv —“ as forme , I hadncthing n al .

” l havrmadyindicatedmy belief in the ao-called cad-saint: to Golbus, for Icannot persuademyself that the clergymanwould have allowedthe various edito rs to repeat it unless it were made . The

falsehoods it contains, like those inthe verses foimd inthe cell ,are wholly in keeping wi th a murderer’s behaviour . The

passion for lying which great criminals dufly is a strange ,though distorted and inverted, testimony to virtue of truth.

I t is difi cnlt to assign any logical connection between lyingand murder ; but a murderer is always a liar . H is very

in all criminals who commit violent crimes in“

cold blood ,.

I

preposition, said a well -knownprison surgeon, quoted53Stephen.who continues , yet he adds , the result his lnvestigations has much astonished him, and not a littleshaken his

_H e states that of 430 murmedical charge, only three dis

covered the slightest remorse for their crime, corroborating, heconsiders , the o inion that themoral sense is wanting ingreatcriminals. tephen proceeds My own experience cer

tainly is, that people who commit great crimes are usuallyabominably wicked , and particularly murderers . l have thevery worst opinionof them. I have seen something of a goodmany of them, and if l had not had that axperieuos 1 shouldnot have imagined that a crime, whichmay be the result of a

141

mummm?

” , hdicated such abominefle

enctly how his crime appeared to contemporaries. Be

appeared to them“desenedl ta lall by the hands of the

common Smo being alone in urging that

I f evermurderer was entitled to indulgence, perhaps itmighthave beenextended not improperly to thisman, whose genius ,iniml! '

gious,mi t have exerted itself inworks of generalufi lity.

’ We can y regret that he allowed fi ty-t’

our yearsto as over his head without performing any !

'

s opinion stood alone , until the fictions oflater started the Arammyth, which it has beento dispel . It is, in the classical sense, “ imask whether , under our modern procedure , Arammight hensescaped. The conviction of a guilty man can never be awflectiononthe systemwhich secured it. I t cannot be doubtedthat his two examinations under the old statutes had as muchih do with his convictionas anything , and that he wouldnowadays have escaped such. We are in these days far too

apt to prefer the tri temaximthat it is better for ninety-nineguiltymen to he lat od than for one innocent person to he

convicted, to the true one, Jude: damnatur cumnocensahaolvitur. Under the stemof procedure, which originatedin l836 and espired in 1 98, and, as 81ephen has said, washighly advu tageous to the ilty ,

”1°Aram,well defended ,

would have had some chanceJi quittal . I scarcely think hewould have had such a chance now. H ad he beentried to-dsyunder the criminal procedures of some of our Imperial dominions,which allow themagistrate to interrogate the accused, he wouldhave hadno chance at all . Some systems, which our insularityis apt to decry , have the advan of securing convictions ofguilty men where on would i .

10 My task , however , isaccomplished inshowing whatmanner of trial he had. and that,

185; Cf. remarks onEnumia 'Wlmii:who had slain

“chap-tnat thsmlstaks lnnot saenring i-mnnity.

”“Dr. Kippis Blog. Britt." 1177, L .mass.

“Cfi fiM onthe ab k d Bfi Cyrfl‘ H lmryfmqm-

‘L

Eugn e Arum.

opento the critici-r that he was not pres- ed inncceatthe earlier stages, it was yet conduotsu :ct unwerthll cltidi justice, and led to a righteous ccndemnation. t

his lcve ot study was a genuine passion, and no mere aflecta

tion to secure himthe world’s attention, will , 1 conceive, beallowed by every candid reader of his literary remains . Whenhis miserable opportunities are considered , and the dailydrudgery of teaching the rudiments of learning to small boys.the extent of his reading and the tenacit of hismemory appeartruly remarkable. No less s

'

r is is consistent professionofmodesty— ao different fromt e exaggerated egoismof otherliterary criminals , notably Wainwright ; no less striking is hisadmirable sanity he is pre

-eminently logic al and perspicuousthere

'

is no trace of decadence ; nor , considering his disadvantages inpri son, canwe dismiss his work as superficial . Thus ,after all , he seems to stand alone among criminals— thescoundrel and the scholar as astonishinglymingled inhimas inany fabled Dr . Jekyll and Mr . Hyde ; the decent, humane.

erudite pedagogue, sought out by person and by squire , andthe professor of murder as a fine art . No mean professoreither ! By De Quincey

's canons , the murder of Clark , evenif he had no other murders to his credit, was no amateurhthe cleverly selected place of sepulture, the plausible theory of

flight , supported by the supposed lugitiye’s confederates. the

stripping of the body of all traces of indentity , the masterlydefence— all these would elevate Aramto a higher rank as anassassinthanhe canclaimas a philologist . Only Houseman’sblunder brought the allair to light only Eugene

’s pusillanimousconfusionon armst detracts fromas fine anexample of calculatedmurder as has encountered our knowledge . Let us befair

, then, to the memory of this man! l et no detractor ,in the guise of an apologist, take away his reputation as amurderer ] To attempt it is inworse taste thanthe frequentdenunciationof himas a commoncriminal ,”who kept “ lowcompany .

” Aramkept good and had company ; was soughtout by social superiors. So distinct '

a dualnot perhaps elsewhere occur outside fictionhaunting charmof this strange eighteenth cen student.Fools may wring fond hands over another no nature,blasted into guilt,

”but Aramwas asmuch a horncriminal as

born scholar. H is love of books is as entirely irrelevant tohis criminality as Wainwright’s of the work of Fuseli , or

Palmer ’s of a thorough-bred horse , or evenPeaca's of music

on the violin. H e has enriched human experience with theknowledge of a character that will continue to mystify it.

Let Orthodoxy write his epitaph inthe lines of themighty poet,“4

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APPENDICES.

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Eugene Aram.

which brings the date to IN The outlawry wasssrlisr , ss ths ssrller Pips Boll shows. Ons inisrs that, in thamsanwhils, the 8herifl had suocu lh lly lsvied. l ooniess to a senssor obscurity — E. B. w.)

(B) Docunm u umo no u lscumnort cross a 8mm:

rem ar Knasaaacuox fi lm(1 ) Darosmcss um sr Jon m s'ros , En , H rs Mann-1

’

s

Ccaom_ros mWarr ammo or Yoaasms. n as broom

w e on 18mAt om, H E.

l itmu s-roars

Knaresbrough, in the County of York, yeomsn, taken upon oathths eighteeuth day ot August, 1788, at the house ot Henry Mellor ,man, H is Majesty’s coroner tor the said County, touching the deathot s persou unknown. supposed one Daniel Olark.Wh amm d th that shs kns anil hrkJste ot xnares

mau stood iu ths lnntry, whilst Clark cams into tt ouse ; thst

h-g‘ldastsr uot heing in the Bouse, they went sway ; that about

Taken “me, B

John Thsakstca, Man X Bu r sarmark.

The crani um of Dorothy Clark cl Knarsshrough.Widow (formal parts as above)

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Wmmmmm

I

was

(llliterata.)

P I TI D MOOI .

uponths view ct s Sksletond ons Daniel Clark, t-heu and there lying.

'l‘ms Eu rasian saith that'

hs knew Daniel Clark, who

Taken before ms,John Thealrston,

taken at a Placs called l o.

Cordwainer , inKnaresbrough aforesaid, inhis L ifetime ; that he

Tnshis Lit

withldtthatsithis”andhatersabout

,”H ouse

00

“You

Appendix I.

strictest esarch hasnevsr bssnheard oi sincs until ths sevsntesoth

t, when hy ths lniormatlou ot ons 8ichard noossman tho

0! Clark was found in Saint Robert's Cave, aforesaid; thathas this day vlswsd fi e Sksleton; hs ohserv

’

d upon ths bod

ths Bkull oi ths said Skeletou a lsrge Fracture. supposed to

have besndons by a Mason'

s Plck, or soms soch liks tool and dcss

vsrily balievs ths ssms to havs besnths Causs oi ths Death ol ths

g?

5

John 'rhsakstou, Wm“ Brooms.

The saamination ot Aara ocock, 8urgeon, at a Placs, hc he.

‘l‘ms 88m m saith that on ths ssventeenth instant, by the

Information oi one Richard Houseman, the Body of one Daniel Clarkwss icnnd in Saint Robert's Cave aimsaid3snd that hs has thisDay viewed the same and that he observed upon ths bad Partot ths Skull ol tbs said Skeleton a largs Fracture, supposed to havs

beendone by a Mason's Pick, or some such like Tool, and that he

doss vsrily belisvs ths sams to havs been ths Causs oi tha Daath

“ the sais niei Clark.

John Theakston, AnonMona .

Bohert'

s cavs upon the visw ot ths akeletcnoi one Danil lark

late ot Knaresbroogh aforesaid cordwainar then and there lying

'l‘ms Exu rmm saith he knew Daniel Clark iroma c-hild; thaths was a cordwainer in Knareshrough aioresaids that hs was withClark onths seventh ot flehrusry 17M inthe night about nine oi thsolock. that he promised to a ll upon thismminant inthsmorning,but he, Clark, not calling, this examinant went to his house aboutnins oi the clock the

'

sams morning g that themsid said he was gonsto Nowell to sea bis wiie, and this ruminant saith that ch the

tenth. Ciark baing missing, he went to Newell to ssak hirn; thatwhan hs came thers could not hsar oi him; nor sm did till onths aixtsanth instant being iniormed that ons aichard flousaman(who was an acquaintance of Clark's and who he likewise wasinformsd had aloug with ons Eugenius Aramhad (sie) been iast

seen with him), hsd coniessed heiore a justice ot ths psace that hesaw Ciark murdsred and that he was buried inflrs said plscs BaintRobert’s care ; that on

, the seventeenth instant he saw the saidakaleton. and does balievs it to bs ths remains otand that hs wss so murdsrsd and that ahout a wesk or tendays

Eugene Aram.

helnre he wasmisdng he had reoeived a iarp mnotmoney, “that no money was u naining at his hoase to hls knowlsdp .

John'

l'heskswn,

oave of saint nohert . . tonohing the death ol oneClash his sheletonthen and there being.

w h amm eaith that he nry well knewnanielmark lateo! Knareehrough aforesaid cordwainen that the last time he saw hin

at night ahont ndlelnas, hetwixt thirteen and lonrteen years a¢o,hetwist eleven and twelve ol the i i E E 8 3

i

s

El

l

5

g

E

i?

E

s

?

5

5?

555

Eg

g

;

555

?

£51

5

Efi

sti

£

2

5;

g

;

a

?a

EE

8 E E «E 3 2 E3

: 3 if .

Clark wasmisaing he fonnd inAram’

s honse a piek helongingand that he nem had lent himone nor hsd any d his flamily E

Eé

John Theah ton,(Nita -ate.)

The mmination ol Anna Aram, wile ol l ngenins Am lste ol

Knareshrongh yeoman tsh nat a plaoe oalled, §c.npon the view of the skeleton ol one Daniel OIark late ol

knows notgAfter staying ahon an hoa lark said “twon'd he soon

morning and we mnst get odl”; that er

and wmt ont d the hoomhnt whc e they went hnowsmh that

l u nchem mamnu.

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Eugene Am .

and i reland, King, Defender of the I aith and so forth, and in theyear of our Lord seventeen hundred and fifty eight, bsfm INJohn Theahston, Gentleman, H is Majesty’s coroner for the saidCounty. upon the view of the Skeletonof a H uman Body thenandthere being, upon the oath of WilliamWright, Thomas Wheelhouse, Christopher Norr is, Thomas H odge, John Walker , RichardH arrington, Francis Bessy, Daniel Lofthouse, Richard Calveriy,Richard Simpson, Peter Atkinson, Ninian Proctor. WilliamYam,

Geodrey Wilkinson the younger, William Poppleton, and JohnFaweett, good and lawful men of the said County, who, beinglmpenelled and Sworn, and charged to enquire on ths part of onrsaid Lord the King when. where, how, and inwbatmanner the 3odyof the said Skeietoneame to its dsatb, do ssy that on the flftssnthday of August, one Richard Houseman, of Knaresbrough aforesaid,dar -dresser , eonfessed that the Body of one Daniel Clark, Cordwainer, of Knareshrough, aforesaid, was murdered betwixt the hoursof three and five inthemorning of the Eighth day of debruary. inthe Year of our Lord seventeen hundred and fforty four , at SaintRobert 's Cave aforesaid, and buried in the same Cave, and thatby this information the Skeleton was 'found therein, and that thesaid Daniel Clark has beenmissing fromthe time last aforesaid, andthe Jurors aforesaid, upon their Oath aforesaid, say that RichardHouseman, of Knaresbrough, in the County of York, flandreaser,and Eugenius Aram, late of the same place, Yeoman, not having the

fear of God before their eyes, but being moved and seduced by the

instigation of the Devil on the Eighth day of flebruary. in theYear [ete .1, betwixt the hours of three and five in themorning of

the same day, with fores and arms and so

Cave aforesaid, in and upon the said Daniel Clarke, whilst thena i i r ‘g 2 g 2 E E E Efleloniously, voluntarily, and of their malice aforethought, madean assault, and

_that they ths aforessid fliohard flouseman and

Eugenius Aram, thenand there, uponthe baek part of ths head of

the said Daniel Clark, violently, ifeleniously, and of their maliceaforesaid (sic) , Struck and pierced, givin to the maid Daniel Clarkone MortalWound of whioh said MortalWound he then and there

installtly died, an“

. the Jurors aforesaid, upon their Oath aforesaid,aay that the aaid Richard H ousemanand Eugenius Aram, on the,

to , he in the said Year, to , at Saint Robert's Cave aforesaid,in the County aforesaid, inmanner and formaforesaid, ffeloniously,voluntarily, and of their malice aforethought, the said DanielClark killed and murdered against the peace of our said Lord

the King that now is, his Crown and Dignity, and the Jurors aforesaid, upon their Oath aforesaid, say that the aforu aid RichardHousman and Eugenius Aram, at the time of the ffelony and

murder in formand manner aforesaid, fieloniously, voluntarily, and

of their malice aforethought, done and eomitted, had not, nor

either of themhad, any Goods or Chattels, Lends or’l‘

snemente to

the knowledge of the said Jurors, nor did they or either of themfly for the same to the knowledge of

“

the said Jurors, lnWitnesswhereof as well I, the said Coroner, and the said Jurors, have here

356

Appendix I .

unto this day set Our hands and Seals the day, year. and place firstJon Tn sasrou.

(m i ‘

1

4

4

800. Off.) (No seal. )

(0) luroaua‘nous ram sr Wmms Tacama. Ere . a Jumca

or m Peace roa mWas: Bronco or Yoaasms, an.

income“8 Mason, n! R. v . Housman, Anni . auo

Tanar .

Tn: incu rs-non of Philip Coates, of Knaresbro'

,touching the supposed murder of Daniel Clark, 0! thesame, shoemaker , taken before me. one of H is Majestie'sJustices of the Peace for the said Riding.

_

Wno burn that he married the sister to the said Daniel Clark 'swife z that he was in oompany with himon tbe seventh day of

I shmary. 1744, whenClark promised to be with himthe nextmorning about nine o

'clock ; which he not doing went (sic) to Clark'

s

house the neat moruing tn enquire the reason of it, and askt themaid were (sic) her master was, who told himthat he was goneto Newal to his wife'

she went again ths mt day to enquive if hewas returned, but he could hear nothing of him; and his wife andher sister were sirprised (sic) that they had heard nothing of himnorhath she (erasures) , or any of the familly directly or indi zeotly tothis informant's knowledge or belief ever heard of himsinoe sare

bat he has further to relate belowWhich is that Daniel Clark being amamiasing, and having things

value by himat the time of his disappearing, via , upwardsincash and plste to a great amount, and to away without hia

horse altho'

he had oue at a livery stable at the time he was amissing,andmight easily have taken himif he intended to fly his country,nor took any leave of his mother , wife, or relations, nor gave themths least hint i!) cf it:M all which c cumstanu s he this informantis of opinionand verily believes he hath beenmade away with.

And fromthem y circumstances he hath collected since by beingmade acquainted thet the night Clarkwssmissing hewas with EugeniusAramand Richard B ouseman at an unseasonable time of night andlater on in the moruing, and that they were last persons seen inhis- company, and be further saith that Aram. who never us

'

t to

have me ofmoney, was after the 8th of debruary seen to have a

And this informant further saith that talking sometimes with hfrs.

that she'

helieved Houseman deserved to be hanged about him, andher daughter said that in a re her mother hanged Boussman she

Eugene Aram.

mach eoncersedbelievesand

haag hss iathee. st wall whlch eircomstancss

brother-in-law, Daniel Clarb, hasm

Aramand llichard flousamanare ths peu oas that perpetrated it.

.

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and “id be hadmono of hot huabmd'a inNaW0, and Mto allowaoma shred. ofthey rm, and be anaweud that ha did not know what they v ar

Taken balmma at“onthis 14 day of August. £768.

WilliamM atch.

The further cuminatlon andmlmioa of Richard Rom a. lataol Kumm'

. inductor.

(in (old Rom an— Oonhadonf '

)TmExannun sale. that two It, Inthat Dania] Clark wasmurdered and (wpenvribed) by Eugene Aram. lata ol Knambro '

. Schoolmaaut . anto believe-, and to w-bane! hia nmambmu ha did itonFridaymorning. tha aighth of February . 1744.

balm no this15 of Ann-t, 1758. Ru m Boom“WuuumThomtou. (Fmmans )

l h bmm mh u p. 11 .

l.

Eugene Aram.

mh ams-rio oi Engine (tic) Aum. lste oi L inn.schoolmaster, but formerly o! Knareabvro'. concerningthe murder of Daniel Clerk, taken before me, WilliamThornton. one of H is Majestie's Justices of the Peace

for the said Riding. this z 1st day oi August 1758.

Wao Barn! that he was well acquainted with Daniel Clark, and to

tha beat of hla remembrance it was abont and before tha sth ot

flabruary, 1744, but utterly disowns having any criminal connextiona(tie) with him, such anClark stood charged with at or before the timeof his disappearance. whichmight be about the tenth of flehruary,1744, whenhe, this examinant, was arrested by wanm (erased), aprocess for a debt ; dur ing the time of which being incustody he firstheard that CIArk was amissing ; after his release fromsuch custody hawas apprehended by a Justice ot the l’eaoa

’s warraut for a misde

mesnour , fromwhich complaint (7) uponappearing beiore the Justices,the (erasures) charge not beingmade out against him, he waa dismissed.

after which he oontinued to reside at xnaresbro’

tor a oousiderable

time withoutmolestationof any kind arrn (erased) ;whenhe removedto near Notingham(tie) to be with some relations for a fewdays, andthanwant to London, where he resided publickly till he went to L inn,whichwas about sevenmonths ago, where he wae arrested by a warrant

snag-countoi a suspicionof being concerned inthemil d er of Daniel

This examinant admite that hemight be with Clark onm nomor (erased) flehruary, 1744, but does not recollect being at Mr .

Carter ’s, a publick house inKnaresbro’, with a Jewl and RichardHouseman, a flu draaaer, and Daniel Clark, at about twelve a clockat night on the seventh oi ilebrnary, 1744, nor does recollect everbeing in company with Clark and Houseman after two a clock inthemorning at any time or place inflebruary. 1744, nor alts three

s olook in the morning, uor at Grimble bridge, nor at nor naar aplace called Saint Robert's cave on the 8th at flebrnary, 1744, in themorning ; nor doea he know any thing thing (tic) oi the atorenidClark’s beingmurdered there at all ; nor does he recollect being alongwith Clark and HousemanA‘l 'Winn/mTu'ml ’e (emed) when Clarkcallad upoWilliam‘l‘utin ou the eth oi flebruary inthe morning,nor doea ramember anything oi a mason's tool baing found in hlshouse, when he was arrested by a warrant in 1744, nor does he

member meeting Mr. Barnats (tic) or seeing himin company withabovesaid persoua at that unseaaonable time inthemorning as ahova.viz .. the eighth of fiebrusry in the morning (the scribe meant thatAramwas in company. to . to ) ; nor does he remember his cominghome the ssidmorning at ilva a olock with H ousemanandmaking a

fire ior themin hia housa aa ha stands charged by his wiiag nor

lWaa thla tbe toarthmaa ol tha Yofl Panphhg or waa ha thfl suwoaed) “viedmloundoamAugu s l

'lu ?

163

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ia

i

f53 .

E5

55

E,

9.5'

3:

n.g

s

thst ha hsth oftenmsde lnquiry sbout hhn, and he thinks ha hsthheard some persons say that thay have saau himsinoe, and par~

ticularly his hrothar fltephen Arams but ha doae not recollact at

which (sic) have said they have seen him, nor does we (erased;know

'

whare these brothere of his did say they hsd seao himat.'l‘na

Eu rmwnou (erased) Ar to the examination of further particulnetouching the premisses aud to signing this axaminatiou, this examinantohusea to waive themfor the present. that hemay have time to recol

lect himself better andmore fully, least anythingmight be omitted or

alip hismemory, that ismater ial whichmay hereafter mur to him.Takenbeiore me as above at

‘l'hernville. Eoom Aasrs.

WilliamThornton.

[The signature is large, straggling. and by no means scholarly.Inview of the foregoing, i suspect it is not genuine — E. R.W.)Onthe aame day ss above, ineonaequence of the foregoingmmina

tion, and after mature deliberatiou and at his own inatanca. nuginaAramdeaires wmake rn rm (writtcn over another word ending

And aaith that trna it was thst he was at his own housa on the

seventh of flebruary, year 1741 , at night, whenRichard HousemanandDanial Clsrk come (eic) to himfl th aoma plau and went out foe

mora aeveral times both ofmem, sometimes ona ot themand sumatimes the other. and came back with several piecea of plate, which

endeavouring to defraud his neiboura (do) of ;and could notbut that H ousemanwaa all that night very diligant t hatt

himand aasist him, and did it to tha utmost of his power ; and thlaenminant insisu this waa nouaaman's buaine- that night, and nottha signing ol sny note or instrumeut or agraement, asmentiouedand inslated on hy flouaunan and m m m am huparscribed andKnaresbro', als-house kaepenwas as instrumental in sbatting tha

aaid frauds as either H ousemanor Clark. but waa not there becausait was market-day, and his absence fromhis guests might haveoccasioned some suspicion, but that Terry, notwithstanding, broughttwo silver tankards that night uponClark's account, which had been

which ha hsd psidhimagainbefore that night ; and further saith thst all lasther Clarhhsd, which was of oousiderabla value, ha very wall knowa thsH ouseman had then coucu led under dax in his own house, and

163

at

Eugene Aram.

intended to dlapoee ol hic) little by little, in order t0 prefl ntsnspicion d hia haing ooncernad in Clark

'

s fraudulent praotioea at

And this axaminsnt further saith that Mr. me. of Knaresbro'

.

by divers undue means and threatenings, possest himself oi considerable aflects belonging to Clark.And this examinant further saith that ae to the plata and other

things that Clark had so irsudulently poasest himself ofl, after thatAbramenca had takenofl the goods (which Mr . mee aiterwards

possest himself off) into thaDales, thenRichard Houseman, Gu nma nrmmmm wmrr m m rings,and sevaral small thinge of value, and 01ark took the plate in a

hag. and the ahowasaid H eury Terry having taken the great plate

at (tio) Clark carried theminto the long long (sic) flat, where theyand this examinant all went together to Sam Bomr

’

e a n (11 13same or: an atom or Fasausar , 1744. am: inm near-mo,mun itions» H oumu m '

l‘aaar on r m r mmm Ou ax ,

(all much arased and corrected) Where tbey beat most of tha

piate l at. and it wae theu too late at thst time in tha morning.being about four a clock on ffebrnary7—8, 1744. for Clark to go 03so as to get any distance ; therefore, this axaminant sales, it wasagreed that ha should stay there till the night following, and Clarkeaccordingly staid there m m: DA! (erased), as this examinantbelievas. sll that day, they haviug agreed to send hhn victuals as

H enry'l‘

erry, he being the properest psrson, and eould do

it with tbe lesst suspioion. being a ehooter. and oould it undar pratonoa of sporting, and thia mminant saith that tha noxt night,very early Henry Terry (sun rmmi nim arm) (erased) RichardH ousemanand hhnseli went downto ths csve as soonasmr counn

-a

time to gct ofl, but this sxaminant dia t go into tha oava or saa

(link at all. but Richard Houseman and Henry Terry only wentinto the cava, and he staid to watch at a little distance onthe out

side, least anybody should coma and discover thcu, and ha ballevee.m n nm a mar nom—m nm a onu m mu ed

they were beating some of the plate, for they told himeo, tor ha

staid thera about an hour and thau csma out of the eavs, and

returned and wld Olark was goue. but upou observing a baghsd along with , he took it into his hand, snd saw it wassnd askt,

“What l hae not Daniel taken the plata alonhiml " And Riohsrd H ouseman replied, ss well as Terry,

himmoney for it, which wssmora convenient for himto go

with. as he foun

but. Hm a ond fl’my b ld' m at; that oe

32

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i

i.

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And utterly disowns that he knows anything relating to the modClark3but ii there was euch a thlng as 01ark

’

s being mnrdc ed,he should sooner euspect that Houseman and Aramwere ths perpetrawrs ot it thanany body else.

Takenbeioreme this fi th olAugust, 1758. Hu nt Tatar .

WilliamThornton.

York 8rd ofMarch 1760.

Tin Kl .“Prosecutor’s affidavitinorder for defendants

' e

Houseman.AramandTerry.

Swornmth d llarch. lmTn a against 11mm Housman, Boom. otherwise Eucmue

Ann, and Han ! Tuner .

Philip Coatn. oi Knaresbrough. in the Confity of York. yeoman,the proeecutor in this canse, maketh oath that the saidmehardHouseman, Eugen. otherwise Eugenius Ann, and Henry Terry.are now detalned as prisoners in H is Majesty

’s Goal, ths csstls ol

York. having been eommitted them in or about the tenth dsy ot

August lsst on suspicion of mnrdsring one Daniel Clark, late ol

Husru brough, aioresaid, in the month ed Feh uary, one thousandseven hundred and tcrty-loun And this dspousnt further nith thatby reason oi the great length od thne, which hath elapsed tron the

time the eupposedmurder was committsd, inw '

no eircumstantialproof appeared ao as to charge the saidmohard H oussman. Eugene.otherwise _

Eugenius Arum, and Henry Terry in being coneerned lnthi u id murder , till the month ol August last, l o this dgponenhath not beenable as yet to procure the eeveral witnenes and prools,whioh are verymaterial andneoessary witnesses, as he, thls dsponent,is iniormedmd believmto bs produced ou this

'l‘rysl against the said

Richard Houseman, Eugene, otherwise Eugenius Aram, _and Henry

tor want oi sueh hh witnusmand iran the several and varionscircumstances, which appear in this cause and which this deponent

continuance inGoal (sic).

M M .

(L n. Sir Michael Foster, a judge oi the K.B.)H ere iollow the aevsral recognisances oi the witnessss bound o"!

One document compriso those oi

Francis Moor , hatter— each in andBarbara Leetham, widow— in £10.

Another binds Philip Costes inm. and anothsrAnna AramaqdWilliamTuton— ia each. andWilliamThompson, a chimney-sweep, in 2 10.These are all taken byWilliamHiggins, Aaron Locook, surgeons : Thomas Barnett. a

dyer 38tephenLsthom, cordwainer ; BryanHardesstle, yeoman; PeterMoor, cordwainer ; and Dorothy Ciark. widow, were all bound byTheakston in fifi apiece, onths 18th oi August. l758.in the Becord 0flce.) 5

Emmmnm hlmur l m osot noou or m xomns

0mm. a lso 1759.

Minor s Boon (Assam‘72’Fridaymorning. Prssent— l lr . Justice Noel.

Jm. Thomas Sutton. WilliamAked. JohnBrook.Robert Shelton. RichardCroaier. JosephClemmt.Robert Kitchin. Richard Marshall. JohnWhitt:m.WilliamEdmond. Nathaniel Priestley. Thomas Castes.putts guilty burnt iny' right hand,

George Mason, ior stealing tv'o pecks ol malt. price one shilling

and sispence, and three pecks of wheat, vaine twopenmths pmpu ty oi nobert Calveriy.

Same Juryputts notguilty.

Eugene Amm.

BaneJuryputts Guilty. lo bs lsay

'desd H yman-ised {erased!. to be hur'Ia ehalasoa l aarssbro’ forest.

l up aeh umothsrwise l ugsniueAraDJor themurderc anielClark.

Same JuryM " “ an"

Hanry TerryJor themerdsr ol Daniei Olark.

(Hmb llowthe other casss inths day’seause-list.)

0am. Boon(Assu ‘

Tl’

RichardHouseman.

Michael Foster.

Ham’s inmurder.putts, 28th July, 1789, Guilty.Eugene Arum. late oi Knaresbro’. inthe county of York , schoolmaster.a.d. (alias dict-s), Eugenius Arum, late of Knaresbro’, inthe countyof York. schoolmaster, for themurder of Daniel Clark.putt , 28th July, 1759.NotGuilty,

Richard Houseman. late of Knansbrvo'. inthe County of York, hasdresser. for themurder 0! Daniel Clark.

Charles Thu-oer, Yonxsmns roWrr.— Tns Grain“. GOAL Dau v

an or On Low The H utu of his County oi

Sir ceeilWray. York. held at the Cam of You , in. and forForeman. the said County, on Sam ar , the twenty eighth

day of July, in the thirty third year ei the reignod our soveie ign Lord. Gaonos the seoond, nowKnee cl Gal s-r Barrow, etc. Before the Honourable Henry Bathurst, Esquire, one of the Justicesoi H ia Majestie

’s Court oi common l’imwmiam

Noel. Esqnimone other oi the Justices ot ths

same Oourt, snd otbsr £ellow Justicss oi our u id

Loanan d o. assigned to deiiver his Goantbsrsd tbe Prim

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.Eugcnc Arum.

atemnul . tbe Psrtieulars whichseeu at Large ia this d th M aal th ei l 'ebraary l-t.Whoever osu give an t oi the said Ooods iso they -ray

ai r

(Jarrod l ies the Leeds [ M inoandoh d Tuesday,M August.

Richard Houseman, flax-dresser , Henry Terry , and Eugene Aram,schoolmaster, were a iew days ago committed to York Castle. on8us

i i i

“

i

i 5 i i

ol the last Persons seeu in Clark'a Compan Onhis l lnminatlon.hs said that ths Body iound was not Clark

'

a ior hs was barled lahers he mentioned,

mand

'

sccordingly the Bemaius el

warm [ rows as Cambridge doled amAugust,me )York, Aug. 22nd.

h st weok Bichard H ousernan wss .committed to the csstle onBuspicionol murdering Daniel Olark, oi the eame Place, Shoemaker,about ldyears ago. The Oircumstances attending thia are somewhatremarkable, and, we hear, are as follows.Some workmen, who were lately digging about Saint Robert'scave, near . Knaresbro' iound ths Bemains oi a Body, which theysuppceed to be murderedsmd sa DanisI OIark had suddsnly dis

appeared, and was gmerally thought to have beenmurdered. theyimagined it might be his Bodn and thereiore carr-ied H oussman

Onhis Examinaticnbelore the Justicsl wss found there. On which

he wu commithd u abovg and yssterday l lugene rtramwss committed to the Osstle onBuspioion ior being an Aoeompiioe in the

above hiurdor.

17°

Appendix l l .

(l i ner {m a. London l ocales Pest. M M l ag-d.me )Last wsek Blchard Houseman was ecm-itted to the esstls oa

abou l‘ years agc. The Circumatauoss attsnding this are somev hst

l ome workmen, who were lately digging about Saint Robert’s cave,

near l naresbro'. iound ths aemaius oi a Body, which they seppossd

tu be -ardsredsand Danil hrh had suddeoly disappeared, andbesnmurdered. they imagined it might

be his Body i and there iore oanled Houseman ne., Cc. , aa above.

hia Essmination beion the Juatlee hs aald lu q 8c"

Jwas icund thsre. Ou whieh he was commltted ss

M and y—teedsy xugene Aramwae eommitted to the Oastle ca

Suspisionice being an Aocomplice in the above H erder.

(l air-act [ rest the LondonEmisg Post, 3101 August,

York, Au . 29.

Last l aturday H enry'i‘

erry was eornrnittetl to the Castlss

oi bsing conosrnsd in the murder oi Daniel Clark, oi l naree

, lateiy mantlousd.L

'

oyd‘s Evening Post of 1st September , 1768, has an identicalWrit

(Es-mid fromtheWhitehall Evening Pod of7th-M September,ms.)Durant froma letter irorn a correspondent in Yorkshire.

oph that they examined aWoman in the 'l’

own, who hadheard to say, she had it in her Powsr to hang her H us

(who had beeu lromhsr several Yearsi and several others inthatNeighbourhccd z l

'

lponeaamining her they discovered the hi urder

is

Payee'

s Universal Ohmicls, erWa l ly Genus. law

n -16th Osptsmber, and lM r sment bseded.

"Estrsot cl a letter lreml'crkshire. The

lmiu M ol Oth-lah beptember ie to the sa-e d ect.

Otmfi sWeekly Chronicle. (or “tli August. A708. under “CountryNewsHouse . 1 , be .

”as inthe Cambridge Journal. supra. and others.

Th M ic Admfim, ior fi th oi August, l7bfl. has a istter lrcmYork ol ths flnd to tbe sam.r eiiect. but aot mentioning ths arrest

el Aramsnd his incarcerstion tbe previous day.

Lloyd's Evening Post, for ”lb -88th August. and The b usied

Journal, for 2nd September, 1758, have accounts identical wi thinThe Cambridge Journal .

(3) To: You has-r Assure. 1750.

(Extract [ rest the Leeds I ntell igent-sr, dated 6M”onl .The iollowing l

’risouers are to take their

'h ials at the Castle s!

York, at the Assises, which began Yesterday botore the RightH onourablsWillismLord Manadeld, aud 8ir l iichael l 'oetsr (0hsrlseTurner, l sq, High bherlfl), vis. . Bichard H onseman and EageaeArum, onSuspicion oi murdering Daniel Clark, oi Knaresbrough ; andHour-1 Terry, charged onExamination of Eugene Aram, with beinginSrint Bobert's Cave wlth Clark, .rt fi e tlme ol his being mining,andwith bringing a large Quantity oi Piate. oetoet cl the cave, he.

(Barred doledmMarch,

of mnrdering Dsniei Clark, ot Knaresbro’

14 years ago, is put oa till

the nu t Assisss.

(Ema [ rest the Cambridge Journal of 17“March,

York, March 13.

Yesterday the Assises ended for this County. RichardHouseman, Eugene Aram, and Henry Terry, onSuspicion oi murdering Daniel Ciark, were ordered to be coutinucd inGoal till tr e nextAssiaes, it appearing to the Court, onAil davit, that the prosecutorcould not be fully provided with hisWitnesses at this time, it beingLloyd

's H oming Poet of Nth-16th March , 1769, contains the samenews. The I pariah Journa l for 84th March, 1759, gives anaccountol the As ia business, but omits all reference to Aram'

s case.

172

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Eugene Aram.

brough l'orest. whers it is to be hung in0hsins inthe nsarest l’art

oi it to that Town, pnrsuant to his 8entenco.

H e wrote anAccount oi his Liie, which with the Deience he made

The LondonEvening Post. the Cambridge Journal , and L loyd’s

Evening Post have identical reports intheir issues for 9th-l2th August.1 1th August, and Bib -loth August respectively, the CambridgeJournal adding, “ Henry Terry. indicted ior being an accomplice inthe saidmurder, was acquitted.

"

(Extract fromthe Leeds I nnlliqcncer ,7ih August.

We hear iron York that Richard Houseman turned Evidence againstEugene Aram, ior the murder oi Daniel Clark oi Knaresbro

’

. about14 years ago and onwhich the said Aramwas convicted. and executedYesterday at York. and his Body will be hung inChains nigh Knaresobrough. As nothing appeared against Henry Terry, he was acquitted.

(Emmet fromRand’

sWeekly Journa l or British Ga z etteer.for 1 1th AW.

At York Amines (which beganonSaturday, July the 88th)mgeneAram,

charged with the murder of Daniel Clark of Knaresbrough,several years since, was iound guilty, and ordered to be executed thenext day. Richard Houseman and Henry Terry. charged with the

abovemurder .“were admitted evidence for the Crown.

(This report, short as it is. contains two blunders. one as to the

date oi the execution, the other as to Terry turning King's ev idence.)

The Public Advertiser , for Saturday. 1 1 th August. and the LondonChronicle. ior 0th~1 1th. have very similar reports. The latter also

(Extract fromthe LondonChronicle of l61h-l8th August.

York. Aug. 14th .

Last week a mob assembled about Richard Houseman’s house, inKnaresbrough (who was acquitted of the charge oi being concerned inthe murder oi Daniel Clerk. in order to be admitted an Evidenceagainst. Eugene Aram, as mentioned inour last\. and it was withgreat difficulty they were. prevented irampallina it down. However.they carried Houseman about the streets in effigy, which was afterwards knock’

d on the head with a pick-ax (sic). and thenburnt.

The Cambridge Journal oi 18th August hes a York letter , dated1 4th August, to the same el ect. The same paper reports the nextday’s cases, including the breach of promise before Bathurst , J. . oi

Rediernc. Bowel .

Yor k. August 4.came on the trials. to. Richard Housemanand than admitted evidence. which with corroborating

Ciroumstanees given by others. the Jury immediately brought himinguilty ;andSentence oi Death was passed uponhim. Yesterdaymorning. hc. H e was carried to Tyburn. where he was cxecuted.and iron thence to Knaresbrough Forest, where his Body is to behung inChains. in the nearest Part oi it to that Town. pursuant tohis Sentence. Henry Terry, indicted ior being anAccomplice inthemidMurder.was acquitted.

(All later newspaper reports, such as that inThe Universal Chronicleior 86th August-1st September, are excerpts fromone or other oi theprinted pamphlets, which succeeded one another in rapid succession.froml6th August onwards. The iollowing is the advertisement oiSympsou'

s editionThis day is published. Price 6d The Genuine L iie. Trial, andDying Words oi Eugene Aram. who was convicted the 3rd. oi

August instant at York Assises, and executed the 6th ior the

murder oi Daniel Clark oi'Knareabrough iourteen years ago.

Containing the strange andwonderiul Manner by which this Murderwas first discovered; his attempting to bleed to Death by cuttinghis Armwith a Raz or the Night before he sufler

'

d. his Behaviourand last dying Words at the Place oi Execution. with the Copyoi a L etter he deliver 'd to a Personwho attended himinhis lastMoments.Printed by C. Sympson, in Stone-cutter Street. Fleet-Market.

oi whommay he hadThe Amorous Duchess, or the L ucky Gama ter— a novel iounded

onFacts— Price one Shilling.

The Fortunate Beauty, or Love and Hatred reconciled— Priceone shilling.

(Fromthe Public Advertiser. l6th, i7th August, (be .

APPENDIX I I I .

PHRENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF

EUGENE ABAM, WITH ANACCOUNT OF ITS HISTORYSINCE 1759, AND A REPORT OF PROFESSOR KEITH UPONTH E SKULL OF CL ARK.

Ann’

s Stunt. ram nonrna'

Greer-r u Du. Em acs .

(Extract fromthe L iterary Gazette. Janua ry. 1832.Dec. oth, 1831 .

Some years since. to , Q0.The doctor sallied lurth iromthe town oi Knaresbrongh. with a

175

Eugene Aram.

lsdder onhis sboulders and with the drmuumoee oi mounting tbegibbet and detaching itemthe iron hoop. which bound it. the skull

oi Eugene Aram. The gibbet clung to its own property with wonder'iul tenacity, but the order oi the Doctor became a furor and he sneoeeded inaxtricating another neck at the risk oi his own (relates howHutchinson died and) the skull oi Eugene Aremthence came intopoascssiou oi a gentleman oi great literary and scientiiic acquirements, and in the year 1817a iriend who had lately heenincompany wi th Dr. Spurxheinn. introduced the subject oi phrenology.[The issue was to place beiore Spuraheimthe skulls oi Ann andAdamdo Thirsk. last abbot oi Fountains. hanged ior denying thesupremacy oi Henry VII I .)

E Foley Place. London.{Bu d 1817.

H y Dear Sir.

M".

The parcel containing the two skulls is arrived. I will

certsinly that oi aman; the other resembles that oi a woman. and iiit belonged to aman. his mind entered into a iemale habitation. The

iemale had aa good ahare oi common sense without being able to

realmdeeply ; she was pleased with witty, amusing. superstitiousstories and icod oi theatrical performances. She had strong ieelingswithout great hope. a great deal oi vanity. attachment. and personalcourage sahemight have been able te commit anerror to please thoseahe lihed. Example was to her particularly She

was more easily guided by soi t means and flattering treatment thanby oommand. which revolted her ieelings and would induce her to

have recourse to desperate means.A proiessional geutleman oi eminence. in iorwardln¢ this, added

“ H er vanity and sttachment reuder her liable tc be led astrayby had example ; and ii shem the wiie. or oonnected with theman. was prohably led into the ccmmi-ion oi crhne by him.

She has a grester degree oi courage than is generally seen iniemale heeds.

”

8purshelm, who remarked on the presenoe ci strong anhuhl appe

tites, on being inicrmed oi the sex. pronounced Aram's skull to

resemble that oi a Celt.

(Extract fromthe Morning Chronicle for 5th August, 1838.reporting a meeting of the British Association.)

Dr . Inglis was theu ca lled upon to exhibit beiore ths sectionmedical) the headoi Eugene Aram. and to deliver eome remarh uponit.

to prove ths identity ci the skull, and his explanatiou amounted tothis. Aiter the axecutionoi Eugene at Tyhurn. his hody wss con~

veyed to Knaresborough, where , aocordiug to bis sentsnce. ha m176

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Eugene Aram.

except in firmness. Basilar region very large. Age, temperament,and educationnotmewoned.

(There follows a chart of Aram’s skull tabulated under thirty-five

heads, oombativeness being very large, destructiveness large, as alsosell-esteem, amativeness, philoprogenitiveness and siz e ; wit, time.causality, imitation. eventuality, individuality, and ideality are all“ full " ; “ hope

"is small, and “

oonsoientiousness" moderate . The

summary ooncludes The intellectual organs are wellmarked, but ona small scale.

Combo roceeds— “ l amnot informed concerning the educa tion,rank in e, or temperament of the individual. the cast of whose skullhas this day been sent to me. I can therefore sneak only of his dis

positions and talents ingeneral. The brain has been of an averagesize, indicating mediumpower ofmind. The region oi the lower propensities decidedly predominates. H e might show considerableactivity inthe domestic aflections, whennot influenced bv his temper ,which was hot. H e was irascible and vindictive. H e was proud andessentially selfish yet to serve a purpose hemight exhibit greet plausibility of manner. H is inte llectual faculties were intense in actionrather than comprehensive and vigorous. H e had talents for obsorvation, and for the sciences which depend chieflv on observation.

H is reflecting powers were good, but limi ted in comprehensiveness aswell as indepth. H e had some taste for the imi tative arts, and couldhave been an actor . H e was not a stranger to benevolent feeling,but his benevolence was greatly inferior to his selfishness. H e was notscrupulous.

Thehead onthe whole indicates amanof lownatural dispositions ,with asmuch of the higher powers as to render himdangerous by histalente and plausibility , but not enough of themto render himinordinary circumstances amiable and virtuousAnother chart was submitted to Inglis by Hewitt 0. Watson, editor of

the Phrenological Journa l. This expert had however , the advantageof knowing whose skull it was. H e also, of ocurse. using the samemethod, found the same organs highly or poorly developed, placingwit, time," and tune among themoderate lv developed organs.H e thus estimates Eugene— “The anterior part of the skull is so

narrow that I feel rather doubtful whether all the intellectual organsshould not be brought one degree lower , comparatively with those of

the propensities. I have estimated themas above. onwcount of the

prominence, more than the breadth. of the middle part of the lore

head. The intellect is not that of a profound philosopher, but of

one calculated to appear to advantage in society.Thus another expert, Mr . Simpson Animal organs preponderate ,

moderate intellect, some degree of benet'olence, very deficient hope,poor conscientiousness, very large amativeness, very large deetructiveness, very large combativeuess. H e wou‘d be a violent and dangerousman when the inferior feelings were excited. Exceedingly sensualvery fond of children, which probably would be the onlv thing thatsoftened him. Ideality, the best part of the anterior lobe ; he wouldenjoy sensual love songs.

178

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Eugene Aram.

Inglis, can still be seen. This , with the fact that the skull has neverbeenmacerated, tbe esposure ou ths gibbet hsving achieved tha sameeffect, should remove all doubts. The scarce pamphlet of lnglis, quoting froma letter of Scatcherd, proves the identity at length.

Lsr rnas non Paorrseoa Kai-rs ro m Amos arsrsc-nno m

8am or Damn Cu nt

E. 8. Watson. Esq .

Royal College of Surgeons of England,Lincoln’s InnFields, London,W.C.

26th day of March, 1912.

My Dear Sir ,

m. A. to the fragment of skull;what you a t. aabout i s of the'

left parietal bone.

i. Condition and staining suggests burial in blackish mould and

qui te of the consistency and preservationof a bone, which dates backto the eighteenth century.

ii. The bone has been broken’

after the skull was already stainedby the burial, for (the lines) f~g, d-e , and a-h are unstained, and therefore more recent fractures made after exhumation.

iii. The fracture a-b-c was done before the burial. This fissuremayhave beenthe prolongationof a severe occipital fracture.

iv . It is clear that the fragment is part of a skull . which had beenrivetted after it was artificially broken— perhaps to examine the

interior (see rivet marks).v . The fragment shows (I) from“ i.”to g.

"the temporal suture,

probably what Taylor means by “ indentation of temporal (referringto Taylor ’s Medical Jurisprudence (2) As I have said, a fissureor fracture. stained as deep as is the bone (a-b-c) probably may beTaylor ’s “ traces of fracture.

”

The sagittal suture is quite open; therefore the personwas probablyunder forty. If I were asked to guess the age. the thickness, towouldmakeme suggest about thirty years.It is aman’s skull. Thickness andmuscular impressions. H is headwas rather small, but same shape, evidently, as Eugene's(Here follow observations on another bone, but it turns out not to

have beenhuman; it did not come fromoflcial custody.)Yours very truly,

A . Kmm.

newday of March, 1912.

Ifmy note is of any service to you, it is freely at your disposal .(Here followmore observations on the non-humanbone, sub

mitted with Clark 's.) Yours faithfully.A. KIWI .

E. R. Watson, Esq .

180

Port of left parietal bone of Daniel Oin k. now in the

poeeeeeion of E. M . Beloe. Seq . Coroner for K ing‘

L ynn. The le tter. correspond with those of e ske tch .

by Professor Kei th. inthe author ‘s poeceeeion

(Photo. by lbmyMon, Ku'

uy'

d Lynn. )

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if

E i

i

r E 8 i i

i

i

s

i

s

5

2

i

i?

ii

i

555

fig

525

5?ii

i

25;

512

5

end one wee Proieeeor oi Divinity. ii i remember right. et Oxiord, enddied et York. The leet oi the chiei oi thie iemily wee 'l

’

bomee Areln.Eequire. eometime oi Orey'e lnn, end one oi the Commieeionere oi the

Belt-ndice. under the lete Queen Anne. H e mended one oi the

co helreeeee oi Sir John Coningeby. oi North~Mime.'

in H ertiordehire.

H ie cent. which wee hie owneetete, wee et the Wild, neer Shenley.lnBertiordehirc, where l eew him, end where he died without ieeue .

Meny more enecdotee ere conteined inmy pepere, which ere not

precent, yet theee perhepemy be thoughtmore thenenough, ee theymy be coneidered rethcr ee oetentetione then pertinent ; but the Metwee eiweye ier iron! me.I wee removed Very young. elong withmymother, to Shelton, neerNewby3end thence, et live or eix yeere old, my luthermeking e littlepurcheee inBondgete. Ripon, hie ielnily went thither. There I wentto echool. where l weemede cepuble oi reeding the Teeternent, whichwee ell l wee ever teught, except— e long time ei ter (ebout emonth).ine very edvenoed ege ior

-thet— with the Reverend Mr. Alcott , oiBuruneli.Alter thie, et ebout thirteenor iourteenyeere oi ege, 1 went to new

iether ci Newby. end ettended himinthe iemily there till the deethoi Sir Ed. Bleckett. lt wee here my propeneion to litereture but

eppeered. ior. being elweye oi e eolitery diepoeition. end uncommonlyiond oi retirement end booke. I enjoyed here ell the repoee end

opportunity 1 could wieh. My etudy et thet time wee engeged inthe metbemetice. I know not whetmy ecquieitlone were, but i emcerteinmy epplioetionwee et once lntenec end unweeried. l loundinmy iether

'

e librery there, which oonteined e very greet numberoi booke inmuet brenchce— Kemy'e Algebre, Leyburn'e “CareneMethemeticue." Werd’

e“Young hletbemeticien’e Guide." Berrie

’e

Algebre, to , end e greet meny more ; but theee being the hooke inwhich l wee evermoet convereent, l remember themthe better . I wee.even then, equel to the menegement oi quedretic equetione end theirgeometricel conetructione. After we leit Newby l repeeted the eemeetudiee inBondgate , end went over ell perte 1 bed etudied beiore, Ibelieve not uneuweeeiully .

Being chout the ege oi eixieen, I wee eent ior to London, beingthought, upon exeminetion by Mr . Chrietopher Bleckett, quelified to

eerve himee e book-keeper inhie ecoompting houee. H ere, eiter e

yent or two’e continuencc, I took the emellpox. end eul ered eeverely

under thet dietemper. My mother wee eo impetient to eeeme. thet183

Appendix IV .

ehe wee very neer upone jo' rney to laedoe.which l . nponeninvitetion ironmy tether. prevented going to her.At home, with leienre rponmy . end e new editionoi eethere

to theee brought the iron:Newby. l renewednot onlymymethemetieeletudiee, but begunend ptnecuted othere oi e diflerent turn. withmucheridity end diligence. Tucce were poetry. hietory. end entiquiticethe eherme oi which quite deetroyed ell the beevier beeutiee oi numbereend liuee. whore epphcetlone endpropertlee l purenedno longer. exceptocoeeionelly inteeehing.

l wee, el ter come time employed inthiemenner , invited into Netherdele.my netive eir— where l lint engeged ine ecbool— where lmerried.

nnlortuneteiy enough iorme, lor themieconduct oi the wile which thetpiece eliorded the bee procured me thie piece— thie proeecutionthie iniemy— end thie eentence.

Duringmymerriege here . perceiving the deficienciee oimy educetion,

end eeneible ol my went oi the leerned lenguegre. end prompted by en

irreeietible eovetoueneee oi knowledge. l commenced e eeriee oi etudieel

in thet wey. end undertook the tedioueneee, the intriceciee. end the

lebour oi gremmer. l eclected Lilly lromthe rent, ell which 1 got end

repeeted by hu rt. The teeh oi repceting it ell every dey wee lnpoeeible while i ettended the ecbool. en 1 divided it into portione— bywhich method it wee pronounced thrice every week— end thie l perlormed ior yente.Next 1 beceme ecqueinted with Cemden'e Greek Gremmer, which I

eleo repeated in the eerne menner—memoriter. Thue inetructed. Iente red upon the Letin cleeeice, whoee elluremente repaidmy eeeidui

tiee endmy leboure. I remember to heve et tiret l ung over five liueeior e whole dey ; end never in ell the ne inini rouree o i my roeding.

leit eny one peeeege, but I did , or thought I did. perfectly comprehend.

Alter 1 bed eccuretely perueed every one oi the Letin cleeeice.

hietoriene, end poete, 1 went through the Greek Tenement— lint pereing every word ee l proceeded: next I ventured uponH eeiod, Homer.Theocritue, H erodotue, endThucydid ee. end ell the Greek tregediene— e

tedioue lebour wee thie— but my iormer ecqueintence with hie toryleeeened it extremely, beceuee it threw e light uponmeny peeeogee,which without that eeeieteucemuet heve eppeered obecure.

In themidet oi theco literery pureuite, e men end horee irommymod friend,WilliemNorton, Enquire, ceme ior me iromKneree

brough, elong with thet gentlemen’

e letter, inviting me thither ; _end

mordingly l repeired thither , in come pert oi the year end wee,I believe, well eccepted end cetcemed there. H ere. not eetiefled withU heve heinreme Arem'

ecopyci hierelllue l ici-nee Letinl ditlonol PlutotlmdnnlNDL VI L ). Be bee mergieelly enuoteted the “Phaao.

” “Timirue.”end "De legibue.

” The note m iron euch eimplefcotpmente ee“detluitio ,”

coniutetlo,"to perephreeel ol the text oi emore or ieee eleborete sort, luul l l l lll ‘ .

perbene. hie teem ing peep cl hie entbot. endmeetery oi the le tin. They ere

eupplemeutery to the printedmerglnel enteei l eelect e lewet random.

“Quibueeeeeie eorporie et enlmn nine -erue). “Jedidumgenerele poet

“Del ineati on. leeieh,0).etprovideutle (el leeieh 22)“JudiciumDel inmice”(De legibue). Theco ewiul truthe.”firmed by "Pruoie oiRelyWri t,"ere tether et veriencewith the commentetor’epmticee

Eugene Aram.

my iormer eeqnixitione, I proeecuted the attainment oi the Hebrew.

endwith undeietigable diligence. I had Buxtorii ’e Grammar— but thatbeing perplexed, or not explicit enough— at. leeet, inmy opinion atthat time— I collected no leee then eight or ten difl

’

erent I I ehrew

gremmere ; end here one very often eupplied the omieeione oi the

othera; end thie wee, I iound, oi extraordinary advantege. Then Ibought the Bible in the originel, end read the whole Penteteuchwi th an intention to go through the whole oi it, which I attempted,but wanted time.

In April, I think the 18th. I went to London. (The

reeeone ehell iollow.) H ere I agreed to teach the Latin end wr itingior the Rev . Mr . Pair-" c ue, in Piccadilly ; which he, along with e

eelery, returned, by teaching me French, wherein I oheerved the pro

nunciation the moat iormidahle pert— at leeet to me, who had neverbeiore known a word oi it; but thiemy continual application everynight, or other opportunity, overcame, and I eoon became a tolerablemaeter oi French. I remained inthie eituetion two yeara end above.

some time ei ter thie I went to Heye,’ in the capaci ty of writingmaster, end rented a gentlemen there, eince deed, end lteid alter that

wi th a worthy end reverend gentlemen.I eucceeded in reverei other placer inthe eouth of England, end all

that while need every occaeiou oi improvement. I then transcribedthe Acte oi Parliament to be registered in Chancery ; end after wentdown to the Free School at L ynn.

Frommy leaving Knereebrough to thie period ie a long interval,which I had filled up with the ierther etudy oi hietory end antiquitiee,heraldry , end botany— in the leet oi which I wee very agreeably entertained. there being ao exteneive e display oi Nature. I well knewTurneiorte ,

‘ Ray. Miller. L innraue, do. I made frequent vieite to

the Botanic Gardene at Chelsea, end traced pleaeure through a thoueendfielde ; et leet, iew plente, domeetic or exotic, were unknown tome.

Amidet ell thie I ventured upon the Chaldee end Anbw with e

doaire to underetend them, euppliedmyeeli with Erpeniue, Chepelhow,

end othera. But l hed not time to obtainany greet knowledge oi theArabic ; the Chaldee I found eaey enough, became oi ite connectionwith the Hebrew.

I then inveetigeted the Celtic, ae iar ar poeeib le in ell ita dielectr

beguncollectione, endmade comperieone betweenthat, the Englieh, theLatin, the Greek, end even the Hebrew. I hadmade

_

notee, and compared above three thoneend oi theee together , end iound web a eur

prieing eflinity, even beyondmy expectationor conception, that I weedetermined to proceed through the whole oi theee lenguegee, end iorme comparative Lexicon, which I hoped would account ior numberleeevoeeblee innee with na, the Latina, and the Ou ch , before concealedend nnoheerved. Thie, or eomet-hing,

like it, wee the deeign oiclergyman oi greet erudition in Scotland; but it muet prove abortive,

'Aremmeans 1746, the year (oldetyle) 17“endedon16th March.

fi eld to be Bayer inMiddleeex.

4Joeeph Plttoude'I 'ourneiort, 1066

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Eugene Aram.

Creator for H ismuniflcence to men. We hear it under various namesin different counties. and often in the same county ; as, melsupper ,churn supper , harvest supper , harvest home, feast of in-gathering, he.

And perhaps this feast had been long observed and by different tribesof people, before it becamu perceptive with the Jews. However ,let that be as it will, the customvery lucidly appears fromthe following passages of S. S. , Exod. nii i. 16,

“And the feast of harvest, thefirst fruits of thy labours, which thou hast sown inthe field.

"And

its institution as a sacred rite is commanded in L evit. xxiii 39:When ye have gathered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep afeast to the Lord.

”

The Jews then, as is evident fromhence, celebrated the feast ofharvest, and that by precept ; and though no vestiges of any suchfeast either are or can be produced before these, yet the oblationof the Primitim, of which this feast was a consequence, is met withprior to this, for we find that, “ Cain brought of the fruit of theground an offering to the Lord.

"— Gen. iv . 3.

Yet this offer ing of the firet-frui ts, it may well be supposed, wasnot peculiar to the Jews, either at the time of, or after. its establishment by their legislator ; neither the imi tation of the Jews, or

rather by tradition fromtheir several partrisrchs, observed the rightof offering their Pr imitia , and of solemnising a festival after it, inreligious acknowledgment for the blessing of the harvest. though thatacknowledgment was ignorantly misapplied in being directed to a

secondary, not the primary, fountainof this benefit— namely , to Apolloor the Sun.

For Callimachus affirms that these Primitio were sent by the peopleof every nation to the temple of Apollo in Delos, the most distantthat enjoyed the happiness of corn and harvest, even by the Hyperbanana in particular, Hymn to ApoL . 06mres some: re usi iepd

dpdyuu‘ra spamMaxil lary (wpéoww). Bring the sacred shesfs, and the

mystic castings.”Herodotus also mentions this annual customof the Hyperboreans,

remarking that those of Deloe talk of [ pd t‘vdedeuéva tr « Mayr vpfiv (E ‘Yr rppoplw ,

“Holy things tied up in sheafs of whea tconveyed from the H yperboneans.

“ And the Jews, by the

command of their law, offered also a'

sheaf : “And ehell reap the

harvest thereof, thenye shall bring a sheaf of the first fruits of theharvest unto the priest.”This is not introduced inproof of any feast observed by the peoplewho had harvests, but to show the universality of the customof chering the Primitio , which preceded this feast. But yet it may be

looked uponas equivalent to a proof ; for as the offering and the feastappear to have been always and intimately connected in countries

‘Arnmunquestionally derived this and the followining notation fromDodd's Callimachus [ 1756] p. 1 18note. The very free tionand the

error ofwri dcaxluswfor dmxuw establish this. M ow“.nweesary

to complete e sense. is omitted by both Dodd and Aram. Callim“Hymnto Delos,”28384.

‘ Herod. iv. , 88.

186

Appendix V.

affording records, so it is more than probable they were connectedtoo in countries which had none, or none that ever survived to our

times. An entertainment and gaiety were still the concomitants ofthese ri tes, which with the vulgar, one may pretty truly suppose,were esteemed themost acceptable and material part of them, and agreat reasonof their having subsisted through such a length of ages.whenboth the populace andmany of the learned too, have lost sightof the object to which they had been originally directed. This,amongmany other ceremonies of the heathenworship, became disusedinsome places and retained inothers, but still continued declining after

the promulgationof the Gospel. In short, there seems great reasonto conclude that this feast, which was once sacred to Apollo, was constantlymaintained, whena far less valuable circumstance, i .e. , shouting the churn, is observed to this day by the reapers, and fromso

old anera ; for we read of this acclamation, Isa. xvi. 0: Ci al kitsich

ve al kitserach ha yedid nephel, For the shouting for thy summerfruits and for thy harvest is fallen and again, ver. 10:Ubaccraminlo yerunnan lo yirsa ha yadad hishcati lo,

“ And in the vi..eyardsthere shall be no singing, their shouting shall be no shouting.

" Hencethen, or fromsome oi the Phoenician colonies, is our traditionary“ shouting the churn.

"But it seems these Orientals shouted both

for joy of their harvest of grapes and of corn. We have no quantityof the first to occasion so much joy as does our plenty of the last ;and I do not remember to have heard whether their vintages abroadare attended with this custom. Bread or cakes compose par t of theHebrew offering (Levit. xxiii. and a cake thrown upon the headof the victimwas also part of the Greek offering to Apollo (seeH orn. ll . a) , whose worship was formerly celebrated in Britain, wherethe May~pole yet continues one '

remain of it. This they adorned withgarlands onMayday, to welcome the approach of Apollo, or the sun,towards the nor th, and to signify that those flowers were the productof his presence and influence. But, uponthe progress of Chr istianity,as was observed above, Apollo lost his divini ty again, and the adorationof his deity subsided by degrees. Yet so permanent is customthat thisrite of the harvest supper, together with that of the Maypole (of whichlast see You ) dc Orig. ac. Frog. I dolatr . l , have beenpreservedinBritain;and what had beenanciently offered to the god, the reepersas prudently eat up themselves.At last the use of the meal of the new cornwas neglected, and

the supper, so far as meal was concerned, was made indifferently of

old or new corn, as was most agreeable to the founder. And herethe usage itself accounts for the name of Mellmppcr (where me!signifies meal, or else the instrument fi lled with us a H el l , wherewith antiquity reduced their corn tomeal in a mortar, which stil lamounts to the same thing) for provisions of meal, or of corn in

furmity, he" composed by far the greatest part in these elder andcountry entertainments, perfectly conformable to the simplicity of

those times, places, and persons, however meanly they may now be

’Gsrard Jot oss.nuns. 1m; thework ls“Vosslns. de orlgfne sc progxsssuldolatrlm,"lu l , Ametei-dam.

Eugene Aram.

looked upon. And as the harvest was last concluded with severalpreparations of r eal

,or brought to be ready tor the mail, this term

became, ina translated signification, tomean the last of other things,as whena horse comes last intbe race tbey oiteneay in the north.“H e has got themdi ."All the other names in this country ieetivity enfllciently explainthemselves except. Churn-rapper , and this is entirely diflerent fromMel-supper , but they generally happen so near together that theyare frequently confounded. The Churn~supper was always providedwhenall was shorn, but themel~supper after all was got in. Anditwae

called the Churn-supper"because, fromimmemorial times, it was

customary to produce in a churna great quantity of cream, and to

circulate it by dishfuls to each of the ruetic company, to be eatenwith bread. And here aoxnetimee very extraordinary execution hasbeendone upon cream. And though this customhas been disused inmany places, and agreeably commuted for by ale, yet it survivea still,and that aboutWhitby and Scarborough in the east, and round

about Gisburn, te. , inCraven, inthe west. But, perhaps, a centuryor twomore will put anend to it, and both the thing and name shalldie. Vicarious ale is nowmore approved.“ and the tankard almosteverywhere poli tely preferred to the churn.

This Churn (in our provincial pronouncietionKern) is the HebrewKern, or Reren, fromits being circular like most home; and it

is the Latincorona , named so either fromradi i , resembling horns, ason some very antient coins, or fromits encircling the head; so aring of people is called corona . Also the Celtic Koren, Keren, or

cern, which continues according to its old pronounciation in Corn

wall, te., and our modern word horn is no more than this ; theantient hard sound of b in corn being softened into the aspirate A,as has beendone innumberless instances.The Irish Celt. also call a round stone, elogk orene, where the

varia tion is merely dialectic. Hence, too, our crane berries, i .e. ,round berr ies, fromthis Celtic adjective, mac. round.

N.B .— The quotations fromScripture inAram'

a original M8. wereboth inthe Hebrew character, and their value inEnglish sounds.

ANESSAY TOWARDS A LEXI CONUPONAN ENTIREL YNEWPLAN.

(Fromthe original formerly inthe poseeeeion of the Rev . Jae. Tate.)

To attempt the work of a Lexicon, and-at a time, too, whensomany,and those so considerable, have already appeared, valuable for the

excellence of their composition. and respectable for the authority of

their authors, may possibly be looked upon as unueceesary , if notaltogether a supernnmerary labour .

H ow far such anopinionmay be just, or premature, will be betterelucidated by a very cursory perusal of, and a little deliberationupon,

188

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penetration, and extraord inary erudition- Dr. Davies ‘ may be consulted, and the learned Sheringham,

l who have both exhid along and curious specimen of Greek and Cambrian words so exactlycorrespondent in sound and sense, or at least so visibly near , that,as far as I know, no gentleman has ever yet questioned, much lessdisputed their alliance.

This similitude subsisting in common among the Irish, Cambrian,Greek , Latin, and even Hebrew, as it has not escaped the notice and

animadversions of the learned, so their surprise has senerally increasedwith their researches. and considerations about it ;new circumstancesof agreement perpetually arising. A great many gentlemen conversantinantiquities, and pleased with literary amusements of this kind, haveascribed these palpable connexions to conquest. or to commerce ; theyhave supposed that the intercourse which. on the latter account,anciently subsisted between the Phoenicians. the Greeks, and the

Britons (see Bochart Huet, ita ") occasioned this very remarkable community between their languages. Indeed . this accident of commercemust needs have had its influence. but then this influence must havebeen weak and partial, not prevalent and extensive.

Commerce has made, and always will make. continual additions toany language, by the introduction of exotic words : yet words of thisk ind, and at that time, would hardly extend a great way ; they wouldOnly affect themaritime parts, and those places freouented by traders,and that but feebly, and would be very far fromacting or makingany considerable impressionuponthe whole bodv of any language.

But, even supposing that a number of Greek vocables may havefound admittance and adoption inBritain. and after this manner , yetthey could never penetrate into the interior parts of it, into recessesremote fromthe sea ; the inhabitants being strangers to all correspondence, without the temptation. without '

the inclination to leavetheir natal soil, their ownhereditary village; yet is Greek even here ;we find pure Greek in the Peak itself . whither foreigners, especiallyat the dis tance ofmore than twice ten centuries , can scarcely be sup

posed to have come. There could have been but few invi tations toit then, and perhaps there are not manv now.

Since, then, I have taken notice of this almost community of

language, observable between the Greek and the Celtic. insome dialectof it or other ; and have attempted to show it could scarcely beimported, in the manner so generally believed, it seems incumbentuponme to ofier amore probable conjecture— if it is a conjecture— hotsit has takenplace, which is the subject of the following dissertation.

I must here intreat such candid literary gentlemen as may honoursketches with a perusal , to reflect amoment, that I havepapers, nor any other mater ial to assistme— ecery quotation,

and al l I produce. must be entirel y der ived frommemory alone, and

Davies.DJ) . lu lcographer, see D.N.B.

a Bob-t Sheriugham(ions-ms) .mumdivine, see one.08am“! Bochart, M Protestant etymologintnmree

‘

r). Peter Daniel H uet.Bishopof Avranebes (l ose-1m). For both see H rmin-Dldot‘s “Nouvelleq rapble.

I 9°

Appendix V.

I be. tha t to make some generous allowances for the inaccuracies Ifall into— «namidable in this situation.

Alter what has been produced as prelatory , it is now time, it it

may not be thought. it was so before, to exhibit the planImentioned,not attempted in confidence ofmy own, but to excite superior abilitiesto think farther , and (or the farther illustrationand service 0! letters,and submitted with the greatest deference to the learned, and with theextremest dialdence oi myself.It is this— tha t the ancient Cel lo , by the numberless vestiges left

behind them, inGaul , Britain, Greece, and all the western parts oi

Europe, appear to have been, ii not the aborigines, at least their suc

oessors, andmasters, inGaul, Britain, andthe west ; that their language,however obsolete, however mutilated, is at this day discernible in all

those places which that victorious people conquered and retained;that it has extended itself tar and wide, visibly appearing in the

ancient Greek, Latin, and English, of all of which it included a veryconsiderable part ; and, indeed, it still unquestionably forms a mostimportant ingredient in all the languages of Europe ; it emerges inthe

'

names of springs, torrents, riVere, woods, hills, plains, lakes, seas.mountains, towns, cities. and innumerable other local appellations ofvery remote antiquity, many of which have never , that I know of,been accounted ior— that it is even now partially considered as alanguage, insame of its dialects— inthe declining remains of it, at least— still dispersed among the lrish, in Armorica, or Basso-Bretagne, inSt. Kilda, in Cantabria, or Biscay , and in the mountains ofWales ;that much of it is still extant in the works of our earlier poets andhistorians; and much is yet living upon the tongues of multitudes(inter BumB rigantum) inCumberland, ao. , unknownand unobserved,as, I hope, the succeeding exercises will make apparent ; that theoriginal of both the Latinand the Greek is, ina greatmeasure, Celticthat the same Celtic, which, polished by Greece and refined by Rome,only with dialectic variation, flowed fromthe lips of Virgil, and

thundered fromthemouth of Homer .

The design, then, of all this is to exhibit and illustrate these connexions.

After having proceeded thus far, and so often reiterated Calla: andCeltic, it is high time to come to an explanation of these words, andenumerate the people to whomthey have been usually applied. The

Celia , then, were confessedly Scythian or Tatare, the posterity of

Gomer (the grandson of Noah), and, agreeably to the name of theirpatriarch, called themselves, intheir ownlanguage, Cimmer i , Cummeri ,or contractedly, Cimbri ; and theWelch, to this day, call themselvesCummr i , whence Cumberland, pointing out very lucidly their extractionby their name. But what becomes of C’dta in all this? And

why were these C immeri denominated Celta ’ As they were Tatarsor Scythians, and both their name, country, and original at firstunknown; and, it being observed by the people they invaded, thatthey were all or mostly horsemen, and of great celerity, the Greeks,almost the only historians of early ages, very naturally distinguishedthese Gimmriane, or Gou t-tans, by the name of Kel eta , Calla ,

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i .c., light horsemen. They made several very terrible irruptions intothe fairest parts of Asia, and thence into Europe and back again,like a retiring tide. under the conduct of Brennus. to the number of

Cullimauhus relates that the origin of the temple of Diana,at Ephesus, was owing to a little statue of that goddess, which theseCimmerians erected in the hollow of a tree, while their armies anddepredations, under 1.1n their captain, wasted Asia. Theirmigrations were frequent and noted. For , obliged by real or imaginarynecessity, incited by avarice, or stimulated only by a spirit of war.they became often vexatious to one another , and always formidable totheir neighbours. They also inanother prodigious swarmpoured out

of Tartary, about 960 years after the Flood ; andmade another dreadfulirruption, under Alacon, their leader, into the Greater Armenia, andin a little space made themselves masters of Pontus, Cappadocia,Phrygia, and the greater part of the Lesser Asia, where , as inseveralother countries, continued a great many memorials of their name andconquests. But Phrygia seems to have been their principal residence.and there they have beenmost distinguished.

They had var iOns appellations imposed upon them, as Gigantes, and

T itanes, both signifying sprung fromthe earth ; in this, referring tothe obscurity of their origin. Of this eminent people was Saturn.he himself was a C immer ian, and passed, one may oelieve, not

unattended into Italy , upon some disagreement with Jupiter, his son.

The body of these Cimmer ians or Celia , which is but an adventitiousname, the time not ascerta ined, proceeded far into Europe, eveninto Britain, and its islands, to. And, that the name of Cimmers'or Cimor i was also remembered inGaul, as well as Britain, is clear ;for the soldier who was sent for the execution of Cains Marina theconsul, is by some his torians called a Goal , by others a Cimber , whichtwo names, as is evident fromhence, were esteemed synonymous, andindifferently applied to the same person? There is also the CimbricChersonese Jutland), &c but these Cimsterians scarcely advancedtogether, and at once, but gradually, and time after time, establishedtheir settlements, where and as they could. Their government wasthe oldest known, i .c. , it was patriarchal ; and so it remained inScotland till within our own memories. Afterwards, there wasabsolute coalition, inmany nations of this people and their language,with those they conquered, and with the colonies fromGreece, Tyre,Carthage, he , and theirs. and all of them, a while after this incorporation, are found in history under the commonname of Cdtae. The

very same accident happened between the Saxons end Britons ; and

also between the Scots and Picts in the north. It can scarcely beimagined that the Saxons destroyed all the Britons that escaped not

H ere, again, Aram’s authorities do not uittesup rt him. InAthe soldier is described as Penn”res, a late of fi rm(see L'

id ell e'

Scott. InVelleius Pateroulns, he is Gemanus, qui forte ab 1mperatore incc hello Cimbrico captus erat inPlutarch be is hrnur 8s I ‘s rt

1 81mm(WM w termin i. ) Thus Plutarch edCelt andbrian, as distinct. not synonymous. “A Celt or Cim horseman (thehistories have it both ways).

19a

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convert what wee only meant aa prelatory into a Lexicon, l mueteupereede themole of thie, or what I take to be euch, till ! cometo treat of the worde themeelves. Should thie be doubted or eonteated, and any objectione, and thoae not apparently immaterial, ariaa.or be imagined to ariee. inoppoeltion to eny particular that haa beenadvanced, I humbly apprehend that anaccurate examination into thie

will never contradict, but support every obeervation containedtheee papere. But what will appear moat deciaive upon thie

head in that unquestionable remaina of their language exiet at thieday in countriee where their name ia entirely lorgotten; and what inyet more convincing, though probably unauapected, ie, that a verygreat number oi topical namee , ao. , are continually occurr ing wherethe 0mmhave penetrated,

and beenectablished fromtime hnmemorial ,ea inthe Englieh, the Latin, and the Greek , to , which cannever heinvertigated fromany other original.Add to thie, that wherever hiatory iaila in accounting for the

extractionof an people, or where it ie maniieetlymiatalren, how can

thie extractionhe more rationally interred and determined, or that

miatake rectified, than fromthe analogy of languagee? Or ia not

thie alone auflldiently conclueive, it nothing else wee leitl ThuaCw t , ao conepicuoue (or either Minerva,“ and whone opinione willever have their proper weight with the learned, aeeerte that theBritona were fromGaul, not so much tromtheir vicinity to one anotherae fromthe remarkable analogy their tongue to the b allio. And

admit there wee not a record let in the world to prove the original of

our American eettlemenu, I would aak it their language ltaell , notwithatandingmany worda both now and former ly unknowninEngland,and adopted into it, wee not mfi cient to prove it? Andmuet not aeimilitude ea near , oonaidering the very great dietance of time, anexteneive commerce, the admieeion of new coloniee, the revolution:of kingdoma, and the natural inconrtancy oi lengnagee, equally provean alliance among thoee in queetion! The tracee oi the Celtic, notwithstanding the mine coneequont upon all there. have hithertoremained indelible. They almoet perpetually arise in the geographyof all the west oi Europe ; and often in the more confined and topographical deecriptione. Not a

_county inBritain, emrce any extent

of ace or land fromKent to St. K'

ilda, wherein the moat “ti-factoryevidencea of thiemay not be found. The acme congruity holde, too,inGaul, Spain, Italy, to , a

r 'd a work of thie kind, begun with cir

cumapection, and conducted wi th regularity, could not fail of throwinggreat light uponall the languagee concerned, and upon the obacurityoi thouaanda of local names, and, in ehort, seems to promise fair to

contribute ae a lamp to the elucidationofmany dark antiquitiea.

The Greek and Hebrew, then, &c. , observable in our language, andnot unnoticed by the learned. and found in roceeaea where they mightlittle be but expected, anwill be shown inthe couree oi theee remarka,

“Aram‘epedantlcal way of eaytng thatCu arwae aaemlnent inwar ae lnthe artemntmum mammgm ammmm

194

Appendix V.

were not imported by the l’hanicianmerchante and Greek traders

only , but entered along with the earliest coloniea iromthe eaet intoBritain;aiter eech colony had protruded ofi ere through all the lnter ~

mediate continent, oi which Britainprobabl waa once a part. Natthat the whole oi a people entered into any g migration; i believenever. The aged. the intlrm, and the youth oi either sex ,

oi engaging in war. or oi enduring the ietiguee oi travel, oi sub

mounting the oppoeition oi mountaine. ioreate, and rivera. remaineda techie company behind; and certainly retained the same languagetheir itinerant countryrmn had carried with them, which sometim.wae very far remote . H ence analmost identity oi languagea ie acmetimee lound inplacee at a great distance iromeach other ; and hencethat agreement inmany vocablee between the Greek and the Cambrianand the [ rialsCeltic. Nor ia there ao much inconsistence aa baa beeninainuated, in that immemorinl tradition ex iatent among the Welch,that they were the descendante oi the Greeks. That they came with13t ie not only inbuloua, but ridiculous ; but that they are oi

Greek extraction perhapa is neither. The tradition is undoubtedlyiniac, with regard to the person Brutus ; but certainly real ae to the

thing— thie Greek extraction. It may be objected. indeed, that thisie only a tradition;what else could it pceeibly be! Could they havehisto ry, ennala, and inacr iptione beiore they had lettere?Wee therenot also a period whereinGreece heraeli , aiterwarda ao illustrious iorem, waa deetitute and ignorant ol theee ? Could theee then be

expected in Britain. so in detached fromthe aourcee whence Greecedrew all her eciencel No ;memory , or some rugged uninecribed atone.in theca obecure and early agee. wee the sole regiater oi iacte, andtradition all their hietory.

in the subsequent specimens I have been very prolix ; but, aa theeubject had beenunattempted before, and seemed so repugnant to thegeneral opinion, I euppoaed there waa really aome neceaeity ior enlargement, that the connex iona I had intimated might appear the morevisible and striking, and leave the Ieee uncertainty uponthemind.

And I humbly conceive that the congruity among the languageadduced here ismade as obvious as the nature oi the thing is capableof, particularly regarding this dietance oi time. thismutation oi kingdome, timea, andmannere, and under euch abilitiea aemine. I cannotbut beg pardon ior some little Oriental introductiona in the wordBEER ; I would very gladly have superceded themhad I not believedit preferable to reier to the original , and to produce the evidenceetogether and at once, that they might poaeeee the iorce oi union. Iamled to think that very little deliberationuponthis subject will berequired to perceive the utility oi it; and but a small acquaintancewith languagea, to be aenaihle oi the pertinence oi the comparieone.I imagine, too, that to a moderate portion oi lettera and aagecity itwill soonbe clear that theGreek, the Latin, and the Celtic, consideredand compared together, will abundantly dilucidate one another . And,perhaps, the examplee to be hereafter produced insupport oi thie planwill better evince the reasonableneea oi it thanwhole reams employedinargumente.

Eugene Arum.

“Abi PLBBJ

Beani es.

A Race oi hounds. so named ior being little ; a name perlectlyagreeable to the primary signification oi the Celtic pig, i .e. . little.The Greeks anciently used this word too, and in the sense oi l ittle,oi which they seemed to have constituted their M M . ta. adwarf. It still subsists among the Irish. and still in that languageconveys the idea oi l ittle; as Fir -pig, a little man; Bandh-

pip. alittle woman Bro-aglwh, l ittle fea r ing. It wasalmost commoninScotland, ln the same acceptetion; lor one oi the Hebrides is named lretnthie cubital people. Danie-Beg, to . a l ittle hill (see Mr. Irvine), andit yet exists InScotland inthe word Mlil ik a. i .e. , a l ittle pettiroor.

Andwe ourselves retainit inthe provincial word peoples. i .r.,mal ipr,a name imposed uponthemoi old, fromthe littleneas oi their flowers.(See the Herbals oi Gerard and Parkinson.) And our northern wordPeggy is, properly speaking, applicable to no iemale as a Christianname, but ismerely anepithet oi siz e, a word oi endear-mu only.

Nothing seems more suitable than this Celtic name ior this river ;which. alter running a considerable way fromits iountain, entersagain the earth, by a wide and rocky cavern; then taking a sub

tefl'

enean course oi some miles, again emerges to the light by twoissues, whose waters are immediately united below. This word Nid.among the Cell. signified under , below, or covered; and so it doesyet. The Irish Celtmsay Nah-shin, i .e. , under a place; Nee-sens,

a bi rd’

s am(andmad, a nest simply). where t is convertedinto a, as is common: so the Greek has fl eece. or 1 th ;

and so the Germans oi their ancient warm have made cotter, i .r.,scorer {r iot Arch This word Nid is very widely diiluaed, toothere is lound Nith-iadale or Nidd-isdale, in Scotland; Nid. nearKnaresbrongh, the seat oi Francis Trappes, Esq ; both probablynamed lrcmtheir having beeniormerly hid inthe depth and obscurityoi woods. Nidumis also iound in Glamorganahire ; there are the

rivers Niderus, inNorway, and NM even in Poland, and NM also

appears as the name cl a river inGreece, mentioned by Callimaohue(Hymn to Jupiter) and by

'

Pausenies (in Arcadicis). The GrecianNeda rises in Arcadia, and runs into the Sinus-Cyparisaeus. It ispart oi the modernwords, be-neath, nah-e r , andNull-er -lands. This

l h u e examplee ara u much u pod bla drawa irofi tbe hfl l iadestdeualy

o

thenomans leit us the wmde that bu rmy rdauoawthe h h whue thh u aet

be ehiected to the lrteh. aiaoe the l cmaae aevsr eet ioot h lrelaad. PardonW M M I Mn had ao ad atance hat fin-me-ory.— I L

' Archnologia Brim-nice. by l dward Lhyd. (1070 Oxford. 1707, rel .I twae aever ecmpleted.

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Eugene Aram.

commonly heard, and evenludicrously applied to a very tal l woman;it ls also used lor a h pe stone inanerect poeition. Mr. 0emden, Ithink, inCumberland, takes notice of a tall, upright stone there called

Long l eg. There'

u also anothes high and upright stone nearBawley, in our own county. distinguished by this name. And the

great cannon inScotland, takenat Mons. the Scots call Al one-H ey.

It seems a radicalused in common by many ol the Celtic nations,each agreeable to its dialect. And tor is the Greek and Latinrope-res

and tyrannus.

This word hss becnone general Oriental name ior a well or water.and very probably has been transmitted, along with _

the earliest settlemente. into EurOpe. I t is still iound in this island, botb in its

primary and translated signification, i .e., for water , and ior beer . It isread, Gen. n ix. 2, ao., Va yare ve hinneh— bser ; and intheChaldee.Vachaz a ve ha— bera , i .e. , H e looked, and behold a well ." Water wasthe first beverage of mankind, and was. as was undoubtedly natural,applied to other drinkaq as they were invented. the great simplicityd ancient lsnguagu and times not directly aflording any other termthanbeer . So we apply the wordwine. once, perhaps, peculiar to thejuice ol the mpei to liquide extractcd trommany other iruite. asgoose-berries, elder berries, to. And here, though the copiousneae cl

modern lsnguagce distinguishee theee, whinh the poverty-

of theancient did not, or not early, yet they retain the name of wine still.H ence beer , though originally a word for water , became etprenive ofsome liquors drawn fromvegetables, because they became, like water,a toms-age, and bir is still used ior water in eome parte ol lrelaMAInthe very samemanner the Celtic 1m, or U iega , originally sigui

fying waser , was imposed on other liquids . there being at first noother, whereby readily to express them, they were called h as, water ;so wln

'

sky. a liquid used inScotland, is nothing else but a corruptionof the ancient I sco, water ; yet it is not simply water. I con, too.ie found in lreland, in the word asqus makingstrong water, by way of distinction fromcommonwater .

Beer yet eontinues in its primary ecceptation oi o riwles fromc

spring, or water simply, in the recesses of this country, but littlefrequented; and inScotland for water itself. To these places coloniesand conquests have carried but few innovations ; for words annexed tothinge ol such freqoent uee es water , firc, l o heardmentioned everyday (or years, must necessarily have maintained their ground longer.and resisted the shocks ol time better , than tbose but seldomused.and as seldomnamed Hence about Roxburgh it ie usual to ask,“ H ave you any bum? water , simply,meaning inthe haven"

where bum is tt ebrew beer , the final n only terminatee the wordafter the taste and genius of the Germsn, and alters nothing.

sunthe lnflectlonot uer.m mw m amunm-mt

'bagll.s. on,“strength";ed!.

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Appendix V.

In Netherdale are two torrents named Bisrhseb and Doabsrgill,descending fromthe moors. Inthe first of these the latter syllableheck is only put as explanatory, and as the sense of the prior syllable,hisr .water , or a rivola ; it is the same inanother torrent inCumberland, ueer Longtown, called Bierharn, wherc barn in like mannerexplains hter . InDa shes-gill the last syllablefl pill , an old Irish wordfor water , is only amr od to explain her , the syllable immediatelypreceding it; and does in the Celtic implies block, a colour proper tothis torrent, and contracted fromits passage through peat earth andmoreseea; the word Doo—her -

gill , then, inmodern English meansAnd even so low as our owntimcs thie efllxing a word. explaining

the foregoing, continues, as H ols-haugh-hil l, at Bipon, M ickiehaugh-hiu, near that town, where hil l, a modernword, is only expliocaiary of Magic. and how, amore ancient one (or the very same thing.

And to show that her , bier , to" is not confined to these retirementsno, nor to Britain— there is the Ver . a rivulet near St. Alban's, ofwhich the Romans formed their Vsrulamimn. We havemore streamspossessed of this name also, as _

B ierhurn, near Longtown, runninginto the Eek. There is the Var , too, inFrance, the l herus, inSpain,and the T iber , inItaly, ell including this her in their names. Where,by the way, T i , inthe Celtic, did, and does at this day, inSt. Kilda,signify great, and her is water , or a r iver : the whole will be the

great river , a name that sufllciently distinguishes it there, as it is byfar the greatest river inthat part of Italy. I cannot particularlyrecollcct whether her , ior water , is inthe British, but I suspect it is;however, the Britons used aher, for themouth of a r i ver , except itmayhe thought the Letin apcrt

'

o. But the I riah retain her still tor a

water , as I nhher-stainoe, a river byWaxiord; I nhher -Damboin, inConnecht, the deep river , domhain importing deep. Neither isthe Latindeetitute oi this her . inthe signiilcationoi watcr too, tor oisniper s

'

.e. this seems formed the Roman imber , and it is also the Creek

The old Irish, and our Yorkshire oil , a torrent, or water , is indeedthe Hebrew gel , ti e , undo, fromthe tossing and rolling oi the waves.And almost all torrents the ancient Irish call gi lls, as we do at thisday, fromthe fury, and rapidity, and rolling of their waters. AndinHolderness the waters left by the tides in the great hollows o! thesands are called themails. And the wile-mt is so called hence, thatis tromthe exagitation ot the liquor inworking, and tromthe eflos

escance of the yeast, like the spume of the sea ; both deriving theirneme fromthe motion end rolling ot their parts.

And fromthe Hebrew, hir , is'

our word fairies, iairies meaning nympho , or Naiades, they being foetal nymphs. The Irish callthemnot fairies, but by a synonymous word, pap er

'

s-floater

nymphs ; and though we do not use vet'

s here. yet they do in themore northern counties, and onthe borders of Scotland. About Dum~tries they call themfoy-folb; and in a pieoe ot ur. Mawer 'a of

Onh the nebivwgeh temnda homthe rolllng and rapldity otmoatm u ;

ttmsh s ia the h glhh also — l a.

Eugene Aram.

H iddletonAnd Fairiee is Mand e being anciently pronounced as o.

AnArena-h as, Arou o’

s Tana.

But, itmay at first be thought. what reference this can have to

Apollo i this ls yet to appear. This name in the Danish is , I think,ohlfl roee. The BaronPentateuch, beiore referred to, it I remember

whose orthography I forget ; and the Dutch, German, to , are either

the same, or only varied by kindred letters. Other original oi thename, though sought ior , I have nowhere iound. I should havesuspected it to be a translation0! the Latinslalom. but it seems tohave beeninthe Celtic before the Celt: were acquainted with Christianity, or the sacred writings, and when Apollo was better knownthanthe consequences oi the siortol apple ;and they eouldnevar nameit fromthings and accidents with which they were absolutely unacquainted. Besides, should it be thought the name has any way respectte sotl , that may as rationally be reterred to Apollo as to rtoises.But be this as itmay, the name 5 certainly very ancient, as ancientas heathenism, and the worship oi Apollo, fromwhomit was, thoughnot always, distinguished by this name. For it was once one of the

symbols of that god, and dedicated to his deity ; and hence by thisname. with some inconsiderable variation in different countries.delivered down to our times. The name was probably introduced herewith the worship of Apollo, and by early colonies, and contained itsname, when the customthat gave rise to it was forgotten. And thatthis is ita orginal will be essily deducible froma little reflectiononthe

proots insupport oi it. The prisee in the sacred games ot Apollo

were the olive crown, apples, parsley, and the pine. L ucian! inhisbook d gemea, atlirms opples to have been the reward in the sacred

games cl Apollo. And Curtius,0 ongardens, asserts the same thing.

I t appears also that the epple tree was eonsecrsted pouo beforethe laurel , for both Pindar’ and Callimachusl o observe that Apolloput not smthe lourel till atter his conqueet of the Pyt-hon. and hel rst appropristcd it to himseli onaccount ol his pasaionlor Daphne.The victor

’

s wreath at first wae e bough with its apples hanging on it,sometimes along with it a branch oi laurel ; theee antiquity unitedtogether intheM inn games.

Thewildolive wreath,

'Not theclassicelQ. CurtiusRufus, butBenedictueCui-tins “Honor-tunlibri ta. in quibus continctur arborumhistorla.

”Lugduni,

Inw’ I cennot tsace the pa- ge.”Arampresuma retento the llymnto A oi whicha trenslstion

wasmade, publisbed l by the Rev. William another victimatJaok Ketnh.

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” E

ugene Aram.

not now bear this name, itmay fairly be inferred that it has borneit formerly gand that, too, both fromits Greek and Latinappellation.

Besides, the name Ouee is only the Celtic isca, which still aignifles a

near-, and, l believe. is pnre and original Celtic. They are, then, twodiflsrentnames for the same thing, and ioca has sncceeded to bi r . lt ls

called here Ouse, or h io , and not Ym, as at Rlpon, because of its

eonfluence with theNid and Swoleflor l sie is nomore t-hana refi pflcationof 1m, and contractedly pronounced ie is, for iron, loco , whichhas been done in other rivers of Britain. and is a nractice femiliarenough to ancient languages, and that exility of scund ins or i , inber or bir , a Boman ear or scms peculiarity of dialeet might saailychange into a. For the Romans, I believe, seldom, it ever, absolutelyaltered the enclent namee of people, cities, rivers, places, to , but

oftenstripped themof some barbarities, smocthed their asperitimand

gave therr e more harmonions pronunciation.

'l'he initial letw 1

is a Cel tic rt icle. and appeere among the Celtm, evenwhen situated at

a great diet ..zes fromone another , with nomaterial alteretiong as theI berur,Ths Brigautes were also called Vices

'

, fromtheir being collactad inlittle villages, and hence wic is a verv usual termination inmany of

them.

oig, which is the redix of the Latin oicur, oiwlos. to , and not

diflerenced but by the terminationus, whioh mesns nothing. lt tevery like the Greek ve.-yer also. for the people of the nor th havesometimes pronouncsd p asmwhich is a letter neculiar to the north.

And fcrmerly here, as among the Bomans cf old. tbe articnlation, eswell as orthogrephy of e and c, wes as little distinguished es observed.

For the Bomans said andwrit either sylmor eylw . and yet in8urreythe populace neu r do, or iudeed scaroely oannrononnce o, but eon~

instances would be needleas and tedious. and this was fromveryancient usage ; for inths B

‘eroes, so far detached fromthe Continent,

and who hadmalntained littls or no ccmmercs with strsngers,find th names of many places concluding withmimas llosrdeviig,

The firrt appropriation of otg or owow, seamstO have been to places upOnthe seashora and banka of rivars, as inDoor-com, he g but in length ol tims it becams apnlieshle to plsces

ia oftenmet with, and

Appendix V.

never otiginally signifled o place ol refugs, as some aflrm, busaccidentally. The

'reuwnie hss anold andmoer werd ior nfeos

a mr iw, aud that is burgb, theWelch berm, and the GreahW. Moreover. it“may be observed that un

'

c was not at firsthnposed indiflerently onany place upontbewater, but onthose saated

uponor near some little inlet, creek, or races . of waters, and this wasits first designation; hence. in all northern counties, and in the

neighbouring parts oi Scotland, ¢hem ore of ihew h sre now calledv ies, or v iii“. Wie has spread (at and wide : it occurs inGermany.M d ll lhet with in the iberiau V igo too ; as ior the small diflmnceof o and y, it is only dialectic, and the Romans themselves used c and

promiscuously or successively, as appears fromthe inscription uponthe Duilianpillar , where is read pmmondo ior m ade. The finalm is nothing but a te rminationsuiting the genius oi the Latin. Uponthe whole, then. agreeable to the conclusion oi our sblest antiquaria ,

M implies nomore thana townseated upona r ieer .

N.B .- The quotations fromthe Hebrew, Chaldee, Saxon, and

inAram's MB. were in the eharaeten of those langusges, withvalue inEr ‘

:iiah sounds.

onthe death at

an Jon Au x-nos, Bu r"!

m. (or the City a York,Who died gloriously in the Servioe oi his Country,

Ontha l ith September , 1758, near 8t-. Cass, onthe Ooast oi Franea,inthe twenty-seventh year of his age.

Humbly InscribedTo the remains of that ancient and respectable family.

Strike, strike the bosom, touch the voeal string,Bring funeral euge, the funeral cypress bring :“e ntrainbemonrniul g let the ieetmove slow,The numbers ling’ting with their weight oi woe.

Notwithmm grid great Marc'

s breast did swell,When gins-ion, with his legions, Varus fell ;

l Saa Ofl Inus-‘s l agsdns, Ann i:M m evldsntly stwdying tbs formar. Armytagewns ahnt thmgh tbe head.

Eugene Aram.

Not Troy beheld her matchless Hector slain,Thsn ieels thy eountry. Tell us, was thy iatemore illustrious, or unfortunate!

5

9

Thoumstood'st like Scova, inthe dangerous breach,

Slain, but not vanquished; fallen, but not God;That ground thou kept alive, thou kept when dead.

Bast thou obtained thy laurels with the pail?Didst thou more bravely dare, or greatly iall iCalder with sadder murmurs rolls her iloods,And deeper gloominvests thy Kirklees’ woods.France, too, deplores thee little less thanwe,And Britain's genius gave a sigh for thee.

What though no wife's, though no iondmother's eyesGrow dimwith grief, whose transports pierce the skies ;What, though no pomp, no pious dirge, no friendWail thee with tears, no solemnpriest attends,0 ! yet be happy— thy sad sisters hersBewail thy loss with awrows too sincere ;And falls’in silence the fraternal tear .

Sleep.much lamented, while thy country pays,Mingledwith sighs, the tribute of her praise.

Suppress those sighs, and wipe the humid eyeH er sons nor tall invain, nor unreveng

'

d shall die.

Whenher loud thunders reach the hostile shore,Swiit as the winds, and like the hillows roar ;What vigils must repentant Gallis keep!What hostile eyes must cloee, whet isir ones weep?Bemorselesswar ! how fatal to the brave !Wild as rough seas, voracious as the grave !Blind when thou strikes, deal when distress cemplains;What tears canwhiten thy empurpl’d stains!Waste waits thy step, as southern breez es show’

rs.

L ika floods t'

nou rages, and like loods devours.Fear ilies before thee— thou relentless hearsThe virgin

’s pray’r, and sees themother 's tears.

Sink down, he chain'd, thrice execrable war,Extinct thy torch, or flame fromBritain far.Breathe we where bliss inhow'

ry vales is iound;Soft spring glow near me, rural sweets be round;Perennial waters, which the rock distils,The shaded villa, and the sunny hills,Long wand

’ring shores, the voice of _

ialling floods,The gale oi odours, and the night of woods.

These, lost to thee, for thee accept oi fame,Thy Kirklees smiles— she yet canboast the name;Bank'

d with the great thy fragrant name shall he;Rome had her Decius— the Brigantes thee.

At p. 58of the Gentleman’s Magaz ine for 1758is aWilliamThornton, the Justice, signed JohnAtkinson," dated York

“

,

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“s h a h- ang fls d fi r ad the u

M plms’d to gsnd thq ps- h e-s ue-l ;

fl u sh .

S U R R EY T H EA T R E.

I'l l " Nlfi l l ’l ‘ Of M H G-IE! " NEWD I ANA.

“ Ol l fl t l em M

I i . n“! A l l . iN. “We: Agar -I any.»h ue us duh -1 b t ‘ce' nne./h tb ta

‘w f '7ft I ‘t-n .ed U M Mswims“.

N

w lamp-4 ”l eM wr it e— u n fin is h ed

l’b l l) “P IA. aho L a iss n' M” anu s/ I i » M l " afl oat-r eu se

This Evening.WEDNESDAY. February 91h. lm.e b w—u uun 'l.l . -O Ono- enn d ie-sue 'ca sb nu onva nomama—os h em -has

a r . mom-i s" c awn.

fl w ”M ”no l o. t i l l em Coed ." Oh m -l l " .

i t ! w e w, l one — I ~ § -. O"ewe. t el -”M L'he th ey cc e.meanne ss“ .u N l r l u t i

s g ra ham-s ‘e

t en-msu e-oase ' nce Mass -N ewman”

“ M M -l memes s-u’au “ .ae d oee dm ne.nu o n"tel. a4 vie - Qu a u .

aalp h s-alall he l mmus-Q t e ke" wit-me l» MW" ach e-Me u u sm s- u.s n o t -use ambaw asaeon M d -l mufi ne." ua -ul l e-cnnu h lew a m mmem w u q u masmu u -N01 I was wh o m .o .

"parsi mony-ver mou i nn-m mth ‘o s-c lae d y s- e-u a M new- d ” fl own -mu s.“w an—s the tu b-Op a -M -o tas u ' M a-‘ e am mi. N m on» w e .4mnmnu-naw . ‘ nmm mmmn fi ma a-a .

' I I I C I P A L C I A-A ' T l l l em i s. S I. I nW ls-n. MrWI LU AI b. tint-u s Hm . l v.menu .Walt» in st. .l c 0 I if A if .

('

evy-al M . Us VALE. M M ". I r M lmfimCs-nlae‘ . “r. DIM llNH I

'

L butao. ( land-4 01 A:M al l i l e “O VQRI ,

won td I t HAITI-Ah”. M M I AS DIWD. I deas“.

sta-awe a sm na-raeu el lhu e- e ) M t MAM“a ASN‘

I b.

Thar-a. ( I nsan bm:mM l lhhhil . John. fi nned . Ga shas; I t. ( “Al -l l .

Og let hu v-t . M e.

' a-maa lp-e. fi rst "fi b er I‘m". I nsWM”? Ile M o DI I OS. Ih N—as. I s “OOIJ ,

“Um. (M I Are. ) i n Imu s . Nl M mamaM I D-mm a n

I nter ior atthe sp i resDog .a:cha smmuet (Sense!)sw u me l uu im-u u r te-w h na n -M lmw iQ M s fl w -m “

« L esa..

“ I t' l l-“W !

fi l h n " q u a rts-mi t~ o loar u 1a."ma o-h na w e wu i s. bmh uu u m lo vv an“r u b-mmwmp man-uwee S-eflam m amaman wm

D INGL E IN GRASSDAL E FOREST .

i r-nA-h-hel l td u~ t— M Ofi -efl fl mh aM ly u p M -q mfl . — Vnrl

PAB L OI I I lN L EST ER ll A l sl s !"Whee ls-maven“. wad -M anp d -q-s so n-g an rap-‘as‘ — l ardA TTA CK ON T H E Mod-NOR H OUSE.

Facsimi le (reducedr ol very scarce

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Appendix V.

Where enlilee M imi- where theee heppler etico.Where eiter deeth enperioe virtue l ieelWhere wronge. nor night, nor tomente. they deplore,The eigh lorgotten end the teer no more.

Whet to the hlieeiul meedowe goldeelWhet guerd it? or whet covert hldeelTime to the Gate . ine herherone throng.The leet eed nmhere dow'

d tronNu o'

e tongThe Threcieh thne. whoee herp hewell

’

d hie wiie.Tornby themed Becchentee. loet hie life ;The etreine thet hell hed pleee

'

d. they dimerd,And enetch

'

d the lite thet tolter Pluto eper'

d.‘

APPENDlX Vi .

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EUGENE ARA”.

(A) Leon. Reooeoemerino to m Omen t n o Manon or

Damn. Cu e s .

l . A Pipe Roll ior the am. George I I , fixing the outlewry ol Clerkee the 20th October. 1746.

I I . A Pipe Roll tor the and end3rd.WilliamIV.. ehowing the emerethendue iron: Clerk to the Exchequer.

(The intermediete Belle oontein recitele oi the that.)

m. A collectionof elevendocumente. the property of e gentlemen.who bought themin et Bothehy

'

e eele on 31st May, 1912. Theeeoontelntwo inqnieitlone onthe hut ekeletoniound, dated 12th Angnet.1758, end depoeitiomthemt. end e tatther inquieition, deted 18thAugust, 1758. The connterpert of the third lndented Inquisi tion.deted l8th Auguet, with the depoeitione. ie in the Record Ofloe.W. A collectionof nine documente inthe Record once, ine handlemethodAeeiu e 453heing the depoeitione et the inqueetoi lsth Anguet,

S1758.V. An " lnqnieition.

" indented end deted l8th Angoet. 1758. finding Ann end Housemenguilty of themnrder oi Clerk g irome hnndleinthe BeoordOfloe,merbed Aeeieee“. The other pert ol thie lnden74tnre ie inthe Collectioem, "pre.

'A refereeee to Orpheu . l umeppenntly ernee thet fl hle etreieewere eoteddreend to herhemem hewoeld eot hen u etter then tronthe nee-eed e

prime. Rot ten.m . h hiem ung eoeneel. Fletcher Norton. h eWeltoem mwnmmwmxmmnae

Eugene Aram.

VI. A collection oi iniormetione, teken byWm. Thornton. J.P..

inR. e. Boueemen, Aremend Terry ;moetly never beiore publiehed.inthe bundle. Aeo. g

.

VI L Beoognieencee oi tbe witneeeee enmined by Theeh ton endThornton, with thoee oi othere. inthe bundle, Al e. 45.

26VI II. Anefi devit, ewornby PhilipCoetee, prou outor, on9th Much,

1759, in the bundle, Are. 45.

xx . The two u eminetione oi B. H oueemeu. the eeoond eigued by

him, inthe bundle, Aer . 45.

25X. The two exeminetione oi Eugene Arem, both epperently eigned

by him, inthe eeme bundle.

x1 . The exeminetionoi 8 . Terry, now tint publiehed, fromthe eemebundle.

XII. Minute book oi the Northern circuit, Are. 42.

XI I I. Geo] book oi the eeme, An. 41 .

XIV. Miecelleneoue iniorfnetion, jury liete, direction: to Sheriiie. preoepte, directions to the clerk oi emigne, to , in the bundlee, Aee.

47end 44.

T 74(B) Tn Commoner Pu ss.

(Denice, ii i-Weeklies, end Weeklies.)Lounou.

I. Owch '

eWeekly Chronicle— 26th August, 1758.II. T he L ondonEvening Poet. 246th Auguet, Blot Auguet, 9-l2th

Sepemher , 1758; 9th Auguet, 1750.

I I I . P ayne'

e Univereal 0hronicle— 9th-16th September. 1758. continned ee

IV . The Univer sal Chronicle— 25th Auguet, h t September , 1759;let-8th September, 1759.

V. L loyd'

s Evening Poet— a5th Auguet, I et September, 1755; i 4thMeroh,

_

Sth end a9th August, 1759.

VI . Road’sWeekly Journa l— 1 1th Auguet, 1759.

VII. TheWhiteha ll Evening Poet— 9th Anson, 1759.

VI I I . T he London Chronicle—4 1th, 18th, end 28th August, 1750.

IX. The PublicAdvertiu h fi th August, 1755; 1 lth end l6th Auguet,1759.

I . The York Convent— 1 1 th Meroh, 1744-5, edvertieing Clerk’e dieeppeerenoe (other illeemining).

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Eugene Aram.

Olerh, lete oi Knereshrongh, in the county oi Ycrk, who weeconvicted et York Andree (eic). he“ to. London. Pnhlinhedend eold byW. Brietow et hie Lottery Odlce inOheepeide;end oi ell hoob ellere inTownend Country.

”(Cited in thie

wurk enYork, HEB— The “M d Ed.”published by AnnWerd ior OEtherington. Omite the limery pieoee, hut printe the letteu s

V. York, 1767— The 4th cd. , 12mm, printed ior C. Etherington. Noliterery pieces. Deted MDCCLXVIII.

VI. York, 1776 — The 6th cd. , 121no. , printed by C. Etheringtonend eold hy E. B el-grove, Kneresbrough. Inunique in con.

teining e letter , deted 1st Meroh, 1759.

VII. York, 1798 ed., printed for E. Bergrove, enno 1mVI I I . Knereshrongh, 1810— 100! ed., 3. Bergrove 8 Sons ; edde enco

dote oi Aremend OInrk rohhlng gerdens. limo.

a mmo- wr is t “. I hsve not seenthies it ie seid to he

s superior ed ; eod queen.

X. Kmesbrongh, 181 4— 1 10: ed. A reprint oi the loth.I I . Knereshrough— Mth ed. N.D. , Hargrove, 121m) .XII. I BM— The "Pemphleteer, vol. 23, No. 45.

XI I I . London, 1832— 11“and by Mitchell, oi Old Bond Street ; e

mere reprint oi AnnWerd’

s.

XI V . Biohmond, 1m— Printed ior hl . Bell i hee numuounnotes endhes long peesed ior the heet. I t ls, however, lergely en inpoeture. The specimen oi Arem’

e writing been no r-enhhnceto genuine eutogrephe oi hie. end the whole periormsnoe isto be viewedwith suspicion. 8vo. The Gentleman'e H aven

'

t“.um, p. 448, deeurihee the work ee 1m.

XV. Boston, U .8.A.-1et Aneticen cd.. heeed on the 1 l th l nglish

ed. 8. FrenklinEdmonds.XVI. Durhem— G.Welher, junr . ND . 1840 (l ).XVII . Neweeetle—W. l T. Fordyce. NJ) . 1842 (i).XVII I. Knereehrongh— G . Wilson, with H ood

'

e poem. NJ) .

n merh nwell— E. 0. Meroh 3 00. “The lite end execution oi

B. with Hood's poemend Arem'e lettere. 1d. ND .

w om a n- r. 0. hieruh t co. “The life trinl end remerkehledefence oi E. A.

”1d. ND .

XXII . Kgmereehrough

—W. Perr ; reprints eome oi Scetcherd’

e wetter

“ (fi lm—0. 8mm. I heve not eeeu thie. I t ie eited hythe Bev F.W. oyJ lnhis MBS. iolio “Enge

”nine Areln.mV. I.ondon NH!)

XI V.W. Lengdnle. N.D. This end the leet ere eleo reierred tb hyMr. c end others. I heve uo reeeon to helim it supc iorto the reet.mx. Knereehorough—W. Petr. NJ) . Pcrtreit. Rood

'e poem, end

Appendix VI.

nvu. An Irish querto— 8ee E. I I . Berker, intro (3 , it).

I heve notmet it.Besides the editions, 3rd, 5th.7ih, 9th 12th , 13th, he , which 1

csnnct trees there ere others mentioned m“The Yorkshire Bibliogrspher,

"1888, i. , 53, I L ;Speight's Nidderdele." 1804. pp. 249-251 ;

Yorkshire Notes sud Queries," old series, ii. 54-5; Boyne'

e“York

shire Lihrery,”end Devies

’

e Memoir oi the York Press," 0 vi.,infra .

(D) Annexe.

Inthis somewhst srbitrsrlly nemed elemI piece the works oi NorrisonScetcherd by themselves, es being entirely eui gener is.I . Memoirs of the celebrstedEugene Arsm," by N. S. 1832 .

II. “Glesnings eiter Eugene Arem," by N. 8. London end Leeds.

III. “Memoirs, to.

”by N. 8. Londonend Leeds. 1838. A zud ed

with sppendices. (II . end III. cited in this work es“Gls.

end “Mom,

” were together reprinted, wi th omissions, byThos. H ollinsmi H errogete, in 1875. These curious works erelnvelneble ior their thumb-nei) sketches, end, while preserving much dubious gossip, reveel everywhere the suthor

’

s sinocerity oi purpose, together with e touching ne iveté end leekoi judgment. The author , evidently en emeteur end dilettsnte (his peges ere inll oi clericel errors) , set out to rehsbili

tote Arem. In this he has signelly ieiled, but he glesnedlunch thet otherwise would heve beenlost tromthe treditionecorrent

'

ie his youth end iron eye-witnesses.)

(E) Bioonsmcu . Drenonsme, Eucrcnorenm, to.

'I‘his is e very lsrge eless, iromwhich l extrect ouly e iew.

1 . Diet. Net. Biog.— Article by Ric. Gernett, LL .B., who ismisled by

the socepted versions into thinking H omemsnthe sole witness.King

’s L ynnGremmer School is rether singulerly described es

s“privete school "; inthe epitome the scene is shifted to

II. “ I nc. Britt.” -This eccount erre grevely in saying thet the boneswere iound inFehrnery, 1759; elso ineeying thet we do notknow whet beeeme oi Terry— eu error copied by hosts ironBulwer .

III. The Amer. Cyclop. , 1875— Chelmers, Firmin-Didct, 1855; Gorton,Beydn, Longmen, Miohsnd, Rose. Thames,Weller , to. Someoi their errors ere noted in the firet chepter. The eerliestioreignwork inthis oless to give eneccount oi Aremis J. 0.

Adelung'

swutinueticnoi C. G. JOcher’

s“GelehrtenLexicon,”

IV. K.ippis-“Biogrephice Britennioe,

M The indusionoi hrsmwee wermly eenvessed et the time.I I I

Eugene Amm.

V.

“The Biogrephioel MW,

”“eningenien work now publish

ing inmonthly numbers," 1776— Vol. L , p.77gives us somepertioulers of his “Baituetions end Imploymen

mem u csmnm mmu sorn 'rems.

I . “The TyburnChronicle, iv 110. N.D., but the lest oese wee in1768.

II. “The Newgete Celender , 17774 . Cooke. London, v . , p. 59.

H I . “The NewNewgete Oelender ," 1810 - ii. , p. 12. With portreitby Nuttell. Fisher Dixon, L iverpool , deted 1st Jennery,

IV. Abridged ed. 121uo.— "By en Old Beiley berrister ," 1840 (Y)

V. Another 12mo. ND . 1850VI. Knepp end Beldwin's “Newgete Celeuder. N.D. London, 3.

Robins, iii., p. 12,with portreits. (5 vols. Ovo.)

VII. Another oopy, 6 vols., 8vo. ,i i , p. 15, with seme portreit.

VIII. Another ed. , 1824-84 . Robins, 3vols., M , ii., p.

IX. Anotherother . ,ed M M ' Robins. 2 vols. , 8ve. , ii. , p. 916.

X. “ 'I ‘riels fromthe Newp te Celenders"— 8isley. I“ , pp. $ 107.

A , who wes henged ior

murder ’’s.— From collection lent me by Mr. E. M. Beloe.

I t is et p. 131 . Thismey be some editionoi JohnC. Botten'sBook of Remerksble Trish endNotorious Ohereeters," in

one od whieh Ar-em'

s cese is et p. 137.XII. “The Triel ot E. A.. ni Knaresborough, intbe Oounty ol Yuk,

sehoolmssw, for the murder oi D. C.. shoemeker , to ,

"se

p alm, lentme by I r .

M. 30100.XIII. “The Triel ol E. A. , inJem-Oeulfleld's "Portr-eits, Kn ob-s.

end Chsreota s cl Bemerkeble Persons," 1819 map. 5.XIV. 0. R otten. Bee XI ., supra.

XV.

“Ohiromcles of Crime." 1841 (London), by

“Omdsn Pelhem,85.0

XVI. “The Old Beiley Chronicle " (1783 ii , 238, by J. Mon tague.XVI I . ‘ Bemerkebls Trisls end Inter-ting Memoirs finmthe yeer

1740 to l London, 1765. Prints e wbollydiamnt nu ionot the edduq snd ssys fl twee ued by theclerk inopenCourt."

XVI II. “0elebreted Tri sh ," 1825, iv. , 248. Portnit ed. by George

Borrow. Insecurete.

(h oept Ceulfleld, who rejects it ss e iorgery, ell the iuregoh g printe vfle onnencfion, in the wey ot e eonied on, es impudently es it b

fl i ed -sheet, hewked ebout et the timq ol whioh I heve e oopyIt i distressiug to findwriters ot repnte deedved by impostesu whiebmehe the seholerly Aremtelk the tongue otSem Diels.Wn Andrewshes edopud the

“Newp te Celender”com .)313

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Eugene Arum.

II. Berker, E. H .— “L iterery Anecdotes

”i., pp. 35-42. Chiefiy

concerning Arem’

s liie st Lynn, mostly elreedy used by

III. Brenton, Austin— “ L ife oi Sir Henry Irving (1M ). L , I“,

107, 141 ; with pertlculsrs oi Irving's recitetions end oi the

productionoiWill 's ploy st the Lyceum.

IV. Chembers The Book oi Deys i. ,734; ii., M BringsArm to London to be hsuged.

V. Chsndler, F. \V.— “The L itereture oi Roguery L , up. I”,

271 ; “Roguery on the XIXth Century Btsge ; ii. , 344-7,Bomsntio Roguery.

VI. Crnik, G. L . The Pursuit oi Knowledge Under Difficulties.Verious editions. Inthe 1“ edition(Bell), et pp. 2446 ,

“Oneoi themost erresting chapters in the history oi humen guilt."

VII. Ellis, H . H .— “The Criminal," cites Eugene Aremes the intel

lootasi type P. 157.VIII. Bacon, T. II . S.

— “Edwerd Bulwer " pp. 9, 10, 15, end176, where is mode the emesing error exposed.

a . Gren

g

v

s

i

-

ll e, A. B. (M D , The Spes oi Englend, l6.

X. Ir ving, H . B.— “Occneionel Pepers

" “The True Story oi

Eugene Arem,

”reprinted irom“The Nineteenth Century.

H es wovenScatcherd'

s rewmateriel into e finished erticle3noorigins] reseerch.

XI. Meedley . G.W. L ife ofWm. Paley, cd. , pp. 6-7;mekeeAnne Areme witness !

XII. Nichol— “ L iterery Anecdotes iii . ,m.

XIII. Nichol L iterary I llustrstions, vii 464, e curious reierenceto the into oi Eugene

’s “Celtic Dictiow yXIV. Smollett, Tobies History oi Englend,

"xii . , 479.

XV. Timbs, John— “ Abbeys, Castles, end Ancient Hells," L , 285-287;2nd ed., iii . ,m1 , Kneresborough Cu tie endEugene Arem.

"

XVI. Victor ie— Girlhood oi EL M. Queen ii 83.XVII.Welbron, J. R. (F Memoriels oi the Abbey oi St. Mery

oi Founteins" being vol. 42 of the Sui-tees Soc. st p.me curious note one tradition es to the Terrye.

XVII I.Wanley , Nutheniel— “The Wonders of the L ittle World,verious editions. Inthat of at p. 135,

“Strenge weysinwhichmurders heve beendiscovered.

(1 ) Leon.m Memes; Ween “mense ro Asses.

I. Beck— "Medical Jurisprudence p. 541 .

II. Howell State Trials," xiv. , p. 1328.

III . Paris endFouhleuque Medics] Jurisprudence iii. ,79end31 1 , with Arem'

s defence.

IV. Perker’

s“Crim. Rep.

"(Amer). iii. , p. 448, per Meson, J.

V. Stephen, Sir J. F.—“ A History oi the Crim. Lew oi Englsnd,

ii . , 2.

Appendix VI.

VI. 'I'eylor—

“hiedieel Jurbprudenee 233 a reg.

VI I . Tidy Legal Medicine” pp. 151 . 155, an; case 45.VIII. Wills. Sir Mind— “ Circumstantial Evidence " pp. 121 -2,

IX. Whartonend Stille, Medicine” vol 1. 1 915.

(J) Peres humus m Nonossmics 1759.

(This clammust remain imperfect owing to the didiculty oi tracingunindexed articles. )

I . 1776— “ The L ii e oi Eugene Arem, iron The BiographicalMaga z ine,

“an ingenious work now publishing inmonthly

numbers,” reproduced in the pages oi e periodicel oi thetdate , the name oi which I here ieiled to trees. I heve it inmy collection oi cuttings.

II. 1778— 1 ’he Universal Maga z ine, July. melres Anne Arem e

I I I . 1778— 1 'hs London Maga z ine, August, p. 374, warmly attachKippis ior including Areminhis Biog, Britt .

IV. 1789—7“Gentleman's Maga z ine, p.W4. Letter oi Gem. I 'egge,dated 1760.

V. Im— The Gentleman’s Maga z ine, pp. 219, 324. The same topicto KL , supra .

VI. IBI S— The L itera ry a me.7th and 21st January, with account,'in/ ra , K . i. , oi Spunheim’

e report onthe skull, and the storyoi Arem's attempt to rob L loyd.

VII. IW— The Gentleman’s Maga z ine, p. 448. A vindication oi

Arem.

VIII . EGG- The Gentleman'sMagaz ine, p. 677,mentioning the death.at the age oi 101 . oi E. Day, who is there eeid to here

arrested Arem(P) Scatcherd had convened with this worthy.IX. IWhambere' Edinburgh Journa l , p. 194.

X. I BM— The Gentleman‘s Maga z ine, p. 218. Cergiel'

s"ismilinr

XI. law— The Morning Chronicle reports the British Associationmeeting when the skull was discussed. See inf ra K. ii.

XII. I BM— The Leeds Mercury announces Inglis’s pemphlet.XIII .mac—me L eeds Mercury. Various reierencee, including en

extract itome broadsheet oi 1759 (11 th September).XIV. 1885—7'he L eimre H our , February, p. 127. “ Strange Stories

Retold in the Firelight i i . ,“ The Strange but h e (i)

Story oi Eugene Arum.

" A worthless and uncriticel eccount,based onScetcherd ; adds one foot to our knowledge, ontheauthority oi an oldmenpresent et the es

'

ecution. Signed"E. P . B .

"

XV. INF -The Nineteenth Century, No. 42, p. cm. The True

Story oi Eugene Arem,”by II . B . irving.

XVI. IM — The L i ving Age. An identicel article. See 8. 10.

Eugene Arem.

XVII. Im— The LynnNm aed County Prssa, 1t oue. A paper

by the late l ll . 8eloe, who was oi opiaiou thet Ar- had

XVIII. Iw— The Leeds Mercury, 11th November. A vindicationdEugene Arem, by Mr . J. M. Richardson. Uuteuable inviewoi the iaots herein disclosed.

XIX. The Pol ice M ore, edited by Harry Furniss, i. , 187. 177.”4.A worthless account.

XX. 1912—7'Ae Lancet, 4th May, p. 1211 (Of .Westminster Gordie.same date).

('I ‘hm ere innumsrehleminor reierenees whieh it would bemere

pedentry to produee here.'I ‘hose inthe T isue are to be iound in

Fab er’

s iudex. Beviewe oi the uovel and poemare

omitted. also first night critiques. The dates oi the chleiere— l , 9th February, 1832, at the Surrey, Mr . as2, l9th April, 1875. at the Lyceum, Henry Irving as Eugene

3, 16th Jenuary. 1m,

“Aiter All.”st the Avenue, Martinnerveyas l ugeue Aram. I hsve meny old Premeuttings, purchaeed

vately, whieh Ireierenees.- E. R.W.)

mPl enum Annexe— 18328.

I. tam—mc L iterary Gaum, January, at p. 25. See Appendix 111 .

II. 1838 Morning Chronicle, 25th August. Bee III.III. “BB— Inglis, James, M.D on the

Skull oi Eugene Arem. (Inndon,

(L ) Aasnu m Bmmoasnr oe Lmr-Bsaxs.I. Beloe. E. M. (sen.) —

“0ur Borough, pp. 30. 177(1M ).II. Butt— “King

's L ynn," pp. 29, 46. Makes error as to date oi

arrest, which is placed in 1759.

I I I . Kilian, B . J.— “A History oi the Borough oi King

’s Lynn(Norwich, pp. 490, 854. The reiereuoe to

- the Bey .

Aug. Jessopp. D.D., is, that gentleman inic uosme, anerror.

I V . Prescott-Bow Guide to King's Lynn

"p. 23.

V. Richards— “ History oi L inn" pp. 1040, 1078, 1 142, note.L ittle about Eugene Arem. More about his ieir pupil, l im

(M) Anus inh onor , Dania. umPeony .

I. Bdrm— “Eugene Arem,” a novel About l l English“

editions. '

I‘

o renoh ars eetelogued inthe B. lL Goe theB. l i . cstalogue ior iull perticulars.

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Eugene Arem.

New, l ira. I , what Is'

t yoe read!

Baid l ra B..with sn uptaned glaace.“ I t b the iall oi lrving.

0ae nl¢ht.months thenee, whiistnentle aleepH ad stilled

_the city's heart,

‘I'wo biii stlcltsrs eet out wlth pasteAud play-hllls ln a oart,

And the eminent l hed his name on themInamalodramatlc part.

(N) "Norse silo 0mm.

its inception this admirable weekly has insertedmuchto Arem. Without its assistance thismonograph would not

undertaken. The indea volums rendernnnoceesary , but one ailusion has not beeu indened Aram. I

given-hero

l l th Ber. i. , can

been a boy. aiterwards distinguished “ Admiral Burney. WithhimBulwer, perhaps onThomas Hood's suggestion, placed himseliincommunication. The whole account 0! Eugene Arem'

s relationswith the Leeter iamily intho romsnce was taksnword ior word,tact ior inot, (rumBarney's notes. In the edition published byChapmank Hall in 1849, L ytton states that, “On going withmaturer judgment over all the evidence on which Aremwas condemned. I have convincedmysell that, though an accompl ice inthe rohbery oi Clark, he was iree hoth immpremeditatedd-ignand the actual deed oi murder .

"Bulwer “ accordingly so shaped

Aram'a confession to Walter.”

in The L eeds Mercury oi l l thNovember, 1899, appeared a long

who styles Eugene Aram the Dreyfus of the eighteenth century."

I have already dealtwith the astonishing statement here noticed by

Appendix VI .

I CONOGBAI’I I T Ol ' EUGENEARA”.I . “The NewNewgate Calendar " has a profile portrait. published on

1st January , 1010.

II . ‘ us and Baldwin's various editions reproduce this. (It is. nobt, this one which Mrs. Beatley told ‘!Cerglel

" was anensilent likeness. Bee “0. 1837,

III. Cooke's “Newgate Calendar " has a woodcut depicting themurder , p. 40, vol. v.

IV. Caulfield’

s“Portraits, he oi Remarkable Persons " has an in

diflerent likeness.V. Alexander Boga published another. alter Thornton, with letter

press beneath.

VI. A similar one is inthe collection, formed by the Rev. F. W. Joy.without letterpress.

VII . The Trial oi Eugene Arem" (F. and W. T. Moncrieil'

e

edition oi the play. are embellished by a “ sensation woodcut depicting Eugene overcome by the spectacle oi a skeletonhanging in chains. illumined by a flash oi lightning, with awaterfall inthe distance !

VIII .

“The Dream" has beenproiusely and beautiiully illustrated.

I here note only (1 ) Boaslter 's two tine etchings in the JuniorEtching Club’s Edition (2) Dord

‘

s Edition oi 1872 ; (3)the Henry In ing Edition. with caricatures oi the actorin the part, executed in red on black. By F. D. Nib lett,dedicated to J. L . Toole.

IX. A. Benkley pointed a schoolroomscene, representing Aremstanding moodily at a window while the scholars pore upon theirbooks ; a reverent pedagogue is regarding Arempensively, anda young lady is playing upona spinet

X. Cattermole, Creswick, and other masters have illustrated the novel.XI. Yorkshire Notes and Queries," new series, iii. , 147, has a pottrait, and another inBigland's “Yorkshire is reierred to in

the Yorkshire Biblio grapher " (M ). P. 53.XII. Pan 's I“ EditionAnd his present-day 2d. pamphlet have profile

portraits oi Arem. Scatcherd had a painting, a copy by a

good artist oi one done iroru the life, which he was assuredby old people was an excellent likeness

XI I I . The schoolhouse oi Aremand B oueemau'

s shop are representadin a lithograph troutispiece to the “Memoir." This schoolhouse, with Grimble Bridge, Gouthwaito Ball, Ramsgill, to ,

termillustrations in the tor t oi Mr. Speight’s two works.There is also another of Eugene Arem'

s supposed lantern.

Most of the class 0. have illustrations oi Arem’s haunts.

XIV. George Borrow's “Celebrated Trials " has anengraving ol Arem.

by Neele and Stockley, 352 Strand, and a plate depicting themurder . In chapter xxvi . oi “ Lavengro , Borrow puts intohis friend Thurtell'smouth the boast, “Equal to either iortune,”fromArem’

s peroration. Bad Weave's murderer readEugene

‘s story.

ADDENDULI.

Aitse this worh wss ecmpletad tor the press, a ehsnce perassi oithe is ts Samuel Warren's “hi lacellaniee”l brought to my nottce a

caee which l believe to be unhnown to the 0‘lawyers, though inall reepectemost deserving

I ts

remarkable resemblanee to the case oi Aramwas obeerved upon bythe author oi “TenThousand a Year ,

"than which he ssid it was

little lees remarhahle. A perusal oi it brings out the iollowing

I . In each case a msn rooeotly ln posseseion oi a cooslderablesumineash disappears suddeniy.

“. Inu ch u u he h hst eeen lncompany with the personeubee

quently accused, who le aware oi hismssionoi the money.I I I . In esch eese that person at the time oi the disappearance

ior whlch there was some oolour, and wss himsell iound inpossessionoi thatmsn‘

s eilects, which he pretended to hold as security ior a

I V . In eaoh ease a loug period oi years elapsed beiore the chsneediscovery oi remains by workmeH n one case over thirtoea theother ahout twelve years.

V. In each cass the suppoeed mnrderer iell at the time oi thedissppearance nnder such suspicion as to oompel himto withdrawiromthe neighbourhoodVI Jn each case anabcom turned “

, though inthemw mmmmwh ammmin.

each3

. In csse the qnestions oi iorensicmedicine were idntical.the remains those oi the missing manl Was the lesionoi the

the cauae oi desthl. E

‘

uce oi motive and oi poase-ion oi wealth aiter the diaance was startlingly similar ] as also conduct oi accused when

taxed with doing away with supposed victim.

IX . Clothing burnt and threats used by alleged murderer whenquestioned onthe subject oi the disappearance.X. Ineach case s party to the orime proviously indicatos where

the body will be iound.

I t may well be asked how it came about thst Goldsborough wasacquittod on a ease inmany respeota stronger than that againstAram. A careiul eaaminatlon oi both cases yields the iollowinganswer z— The weaknees in each was as to the prooi oi

delicti , but as against the evidenee tending to identliy the bodyiound in Btohealy Book with Huntley. which was inconclu ive,

é

g

i

i

é

l “l lacallsl l M L.

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