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Latin Maxims and Rules Law and Equity - Forgotten Books
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Transcript of Latin Maxims and Rules Law and Equity - Forgotten Books
A
COLLECTION
OF
LATIN MAX IM S 8: RULES,
IN LAW AND EQUIT! ,
SELECTED FROM THE M OST EM INENTAUTHORS, ON THE
CIVIL. CANON, FEUDAL, ENGLISH AND SCOTS LAW,
W ITH
AN ENGLISH TRAN SLATION ,
AND
AN APPENDIX
OF REFERENCE TO THE AUTHORITIE S FROM WHICH
THE M AXIM S ABE SELECTED.
B!
PETER HALKERSTON,L . L . D.
AUTHOE OF“THE COM PENDIUM or THE FACULT! C OLLECTION
OF DECISION S, &c.
”
PRINCIPLES, CAUSES, AND ELEM ENTS, BEINGUNKNOWN ,
THE SCIENCE WHEREOF THE! ARE, IS ALTOGETHERUNKNOWN.
FORTESCUE b . 8 .
EDINBURGH
PRINTED FOR JOHN ANDERSON AND CO. RO! AL EXCHANGEM ACREDIE, SKELL! , AND CO. 34, PRINCES STREET ; AND
CHARLES HUNTER, LAW BOOKSELLER, LONDON.
1823.
PREFACE.
M AXIM s are general principles . General principles afford
the most beneficial subjects of reflection : hence it is
obvious, that the memory cannot be too well stored with
M axims . With regard to Law, Maxims are the pillars
upon which the system is erected. When the memoryis stored with
h
them, the Lawyer can have no difficulty in
his practice, to fill up the ou tline .
Thei
collection of Maxims here presentedf
tothe Public,is, I believe, as extensive as any that has hItherto been
none that I could discover to
be of any utility. With regard to the translation, it
does not becom e me to say much. Ithas cos t me some
labour, and I trust will be found to be useful . Tha t it
is in every respect perfect, it would be wrong in me to
suppose. I trust, however, that on the whole it will be
found pretty correct.
PETER HALKERSTON.
St. James’s Square, 1sth December, 1822.
THE NATURE OF A RULE IN LAW.
REGULA est quae rem quae est breviter enarrat, non ut exregula Jus sumatur, sed ex jure, quod est, regula fiat. Perregulam Igitur brews rerum narratio est, quae, simul cumm
O
vitiato
a est, perdit ofiicium suum.—L . 1 . fl“.
de 15 JurIs Antiqui.
“
I? TRANSLATION.
A RULE of law is a maxim inferred from several cases deou the same ground of law. The rule is formedlaw that governs these cases, and not the law
from the rule. And the rule must be a plied duly tos ; for otherwise it loses its orce, and 18 of
A
Eranslation
A T I N M A X I M S,
IN
LAW AND EQUIT! .
A .
A COM M UNI ob servantia non est recedendum ; et minime
mutandae sunt quae certam interpretationem habent.
Wemust not depart rashly from common observance and those poin tsare by no means to b e changed, which admi t of
"a clear interpres
tation.
A digniori fieri debet denomin atio et resolutio.
Title and acqui tta l ought to proceed from the more worthy person.
A facto ad jus non datur consequen tia.
A fact does not necessarily const itute a r ight.
A non posse ad non esse asequitur argumentum necessarienegative, licet non affirmative.
From the imposs ibi lity of a thing to its nonen ti ty,the argumen t or
proof follows Of necessi ty, negatively, though not affirmatively.
A principalioribus seu dignioribus est inchoandum .
We must begin with themore noble, or more importan t matters or inOther words,Wemust at tend to things of the greates t consequence .
B
2
A rescriptis valet argumentum .
An argumen t or proof is val id,from a rescript or letter Of a prince or
emperor,making answers to pet i tions
,or other appl ications ; or
more Iacon ical ly,the king’s answer, wherein he sign ifies his
pleasure, amoun ts to a law , and is not to be disputed .
A verbis legis non est recedendum .
We must not depart from the letter Of the law.
Ab assuetis non fit 11131131 21.
From cus tomary treatmen t no Injury happens ; or habi t is not an
injury.
Absoluta senten tia expositore non indiget.
An absolute or perfect opin ion or sen tence, n eeds no expounder, exposi t ion , or explanation.
Absurdum est, affirmare, re credendum esse non judici.
It is absurd to afiirm, that we must not give credi t to a judge .
Abundan s cautela'
non'
nOcet.
An excess of cautionary does no harm.
Accesorium non ducit sed sequitur suum principale .
An accessary does not lead, b ut follows his princ ipal.
Accessorium sequitur naturam’rei cui accidit.
‘An accessary follows the n ature o f the thing to which i t relates.
Accessorius sequitur naturam
An accessary follows the n ature Of his pr incipa l.'Accipere quid ut ‘ justitiatil
'
ifaCias,none s
'
t tam accipere
quam extorquere.
To receiv e any thing, that yOumay do justice, is not so much to receive,
-
a s'
to extor t.
\causare nemd se ‘ debet;Jnisi Coram"Deo .
Nobody onght' to accuse himselfunless before’God.
3
Accusator post rationabile tempus non est audiendus,
n isi se bene de omissione excusaverit.
An accuser after a reasonable t ime might not to b e heard, un less heaccuse himself well , concern ing his neglect or omission .
Acta exteriora indican t interiora secreta.
Externa l act ion s poin t out secret in ten tion s within .
r
Actio casus apud n’
Ostrates ea est, qua ut in ter bonos
bene agere oporteat et sine fraudatione.
The pleading of a cause among our coun trym en , implies an Obligat ionto act fa irly,l ike good men , and wi thout an in ten t ion to defraudany one.
Actio contra defunctum cospta, continuitur in hmredes .
An act ion begun again s t a person who dies , may b e transferredaga inst his heirs.
Actio da tur si quis arma, in aliquo loco posita, delevitseu abrasit.
An action is competen t against any o ne ,who hath destroyed, impaired,or carried away arms, which have been depos i ted in anyplace.
Actio non datur.non damnificato.
An act ion is not allowed to one who has sus tained'
no' loss. ’
Actio non facit reum ,n isi mens sit rea .
An action does not constitute' a man guilty'
un less he has a b ad in ten .
t ion.
Actio personalis moritur cuin per-sens .
A personal action dies with the person.
Actio poenalis in haere’
demnOiI‘
datur, nisi forte ex dam
no locupletior hmres factus sit.
A'pena l ac tion is not sustained again s t an he ir, unlessby cliance theheir hath become richer by the loss of the party.
Actionum generamaxime s’
un t servanda .
The nature of actions is strictly to b e observed .
4
Actus incceptus cujus perfectio pendet ex voluntate par
tium revocari potest ; si autem pendet ex voluntate
tertise personae vel ex contingenti, revocari non potest.
An act, or deed begun , the complet ion o f which depends upon the
w il l of the part ies , may b e revoked ; b ut i f i t depends Upon thewil l of a third person , or upon a con tingen t circumstance, i t cannot b e recalled.
Actus legitimi non recipiunt modum
Legi t imate acts or deeds , do not admit of beingmOdified, bounded,orstin ted.
Actor sequitur forum rei.
The agen t attends the court where the business is carried on.
Actore non proban te ab solvitur reus .
When the accuser cannot prove his charge, the accused is acquitted.
Actori incumbit onus probandi.
The burden of prov ing l ies upon the prosecutor.
Actus Dei nemini facit injuriam .
The act or v is i tation Of God does injury to nobody.
Actus judicarius coram non judice irritus habetur ; deministeriali autem a quocunque proven it, ratum es to.
A judicial act, not in the presen ce o f a judge, is con s idered void but
acts proceeding from persons in a judicial capacity ought to b eratified.
Actus legis nemini facit injuriam.
An act or deed of law does harm to nobody.
Actus me invito factus, non est meus actus.
An act done involuntari ly on my part, is not my act.
Actus servi in iis quibus opera ejus communiter adhibita
est, actus domini habetur.
An act of a servan t in those things in which he is commonly employed with others, is considered the act of his master.
5
Ad ea quse frequentius accidunt j ura adaptantur.
The laws are adapted to those things which most frequently happen ,
Ad electionem non cogitur qui statim mortuo testatore
eligere non potuit.
He is not compelled to make an election , who is not in a capacity todo i t, immed iately on the death of the testator.
Ad questionem legis non responden t juratores sed judices.
The judges, and not the jurors, determ ine the question Of law .
Ad questionem facti non responden t judices sed juratores.
The jury, and not the judges, determ ine the question of fact.
Adhuc sub judice lis est.The matter is as yet undeterm ined.
Admiralitas jurisdictionem non habet super us quae communi lege dirimuntur.
The Admirality Court has no jurisd iction over those matters whichare determined by common law .
Adversus periculum naturalis ratio permittit se defendere.
Natural reason al lows one to defend himself against danger.
Aer, lux, aqua profluens, ferae, nulli propria, Dmnibuscommunia .
Air, l ight , the runn ing water, and wild beasts,are the property of
n one , but common to all.
E dificare intuo proprio solo non licet quod alteri noceat.
To build on ones own property is not al lowed, when it may b e hurtful to another.
q uitas casibus medetur.
Equi ty remedies chances or m isfortunes.
ZEquitas curiae cancellariae quasi filia
perat secundum r egulas curiae.
The equity of the Cour t of Chancery, as if i t were the daughter Of
conscience, is subject to the rules of Court.
Equi ty supplies defects.
JE‘quitas erroribus medetur.
Equi ty rectifies m istakes.
E quitas est convenientia rerum quae cuneta eo sequiparat,
et quae, in paribus rationibus, paria'
j ura et judiciadesiderat.
Equi ty 13 the su i tableness O f circums tances ,which equalizes all things ,and which tu similarma tters, requires sim
i
lar laws and judgmen ts.
JEquitas est correctio legis generalit'
er latae,’
qua parte
defiClt. i h
Equi ty 13 the correction of the law generally enacted In the part whereit is deficien t .
E quitas est quasi aequalitas .
_Equity Is as it were, an equality.
q uum et bonum est lexlegum.
That which is jus t and good is the law-oi laws“t
E quitas ex lege generafiter'
lata <aliquid éxcipit .
( Equity admits same exception of something fronrt the“ 13W génerallxenacted.
i.
E quitas ignorantiae opitulatur oscitantim non item.
Equi ty ass ists ignorance,but not in l ike manner carelessness.
Ei
qrritasmcum qui vul‘t’sumtiIO jute agere, summum
jus inten’
dit.Equity s tretches the utmost poin t of law towards himwho wishes to
act according to the rigour of thelaw.
E quitas in paribus cansis paria jura desiderat.Equity in like Caus
'
es requires like laws.'
7
q uitas liberationi et seizinae favet.
Equi ty favours , or gives coun tenance to del iverance and seizen.
{Equitas naturam rei non mutat.
Equi ty does not change the nature Ofathing.
q uitas neminem juvat cum injuria alterius
Eqmty ass ists nobody to the injury of another.
JEquitas nil statuit nisi in partes .
Equi ty determ ines nothing un less towards the parties.
q uitas nomine poenae constitu'
tis remedium ex aequo et
bono praestat.Bijuity furn ishes a remedy to matters which have been appointed nu
der the name of a pun ishmen t, agreeable to what is just,
and good .
t l
E quitas non facit jus, sed juri auxiliatur.
Equi ty does not consti tute law, but assists law .
requisita alium.
Equi ty does not supply the deficiency Of those things which are re
quired by pos i t ive law .
[Equita s non sinit cum qui jus verum tenuit extremum
jus persequi.
Equi ty. does not allow him who hath obtained a true right, to prose.
cute i t to the utmost extremi ty.
ZEquitas non sinit ut eandem rem duplici via simul quis
Equi ty does not perm i t any one at the same time to follow out, or
prosecute the same thing in a twofold way.
[Equitas non supplet ea quse in manu orantis esse possunt.
Equity does not supply those) thing s ,which may b e fin ethe hand or
grasp of an appl icant.
8
q uitas non tenetur'
adjuvare ubi non est nodus dignus
vindice .
Equity is not bound to assist un less when the occasion renders itnecessary.
E quitas non vaga atque incerta est, sed terminos habet
a tque limites praefinitas .
Equity is not v ague and uncerta in, but has determ inate or prescribedboundaries and l im i ts .
E quitas non vult res novas atque inusitatas inducers .
uit does not incline to in troduce new and unusua l thin 3.Eq r g
JEquitas nunquam contravenit legi.
Equity never contravenes the law .
E quitas nunquam liti ancillatur ub i remedium potest
dare.
Equi ty is never the handmaid to strife, where she can give a remedy.
E quitas opitulatur ub i pensationi damni locus est.
Equity ass i sts where there is room for the compensation of a loss.
E quitas pars legis Anglias.
Equi ty (is)part of the Engli sh law.
ZEquita s rei oppignora tes red emption ibus favet.
Equ i ty is favourable for the redemption of a thing given in pawn.
E quitas rem ipsam intuetur de forma et circumstantiis
minus anxia.
Equity considers the mat ter itself, less anxious about the form and
circumstances.
E quitas sequitur legem.
Equi ty fol lows or attends the law.
E quitas supervacua Odit.
Equity hates superfluousmattem
10
Agen tes et consentientes pari poena plectentur.
The principals and accessories should suffer the same punishmen t.
SAlea et ganea res turpissimae.
The dice and the brot he l are in famous things .
iAliud est possidere, aliud esse in possessione.
It is one thing to possess, and another thing to b e in possession .
Aliud est vendere, aliud venden ti consentire.
It is one thing to sel l, and another thing to agree to the persons selling.
Aliquis non debet esse judex in propria causa ; quia nonpotest esse judex et pars .
One ought not to b e judge in his own cause, because he cannot b e ajudge and a party .
Allegans contraria non est audiendus .
A person al leging con tradictory things ought not to b e heard .
Allegans suam turpitudinem non est audiendus.
A person alleging his own disgrace is not to b e heard.
Allegari non debuit quod probatum non relevat.
That ought not to b e al leged, which , when tried is irrelevan t.
Alterius circumventio alii non praebet actionem.
The deceiv ing of one person does not afford an action to another,
Alternativa petitio non est audienda .
An alternat ive pet ition is not to b e heard.
l I
Ambigua autem intentio ita accipienda est, ut res salva
actori sit.
An ambiguous answer is so to b e understood tha t the interest of thepleader may b e safe.
Ambigua responsio contra proferen tem est accipienda .
An ambiguous answeris to b e cons idered as against the person who
gives it.
Amb iguis casibus se‘mper praesumitur pro rege.
In doubtful cases there is always a presumption in behal f of the king .
Amb iguitas verborum Iatens verificatione facti tollitur.
The laten t ambigui ty of words is removed by the establishmen t of thefact .
Ambiguitas verborum latens, verifications supfpletur ;
nam quod ex facto oritur ambiguum,verificatione
facti tollitur.
The laten t ambigui ty of words is supplied by the ir verification for the
ambigu i ty which arises from the fact, is taken away by its beingverified.
Ambiguitas verborum patens nulla‘
verification'
e excludi
tur.
The ev ident ambigui ty of words is excluded by no verification .
hAmbiguum pactum contravenditorem interpretandum est.
An ambiguous agreement is to b e in terpreted against the seller.
Ambiguum placitum interpretari debet contra proferemtem.
An ambiguous order is to b e interpreted against the person uttering it.
12
Anglia:jura in omni casu libertatis dant favorem.
The laws of England in every case give countenance to liberty.
Animalia fera, si facts sin t man sueta , et ex consuetudineeunt et redeunt
,volant et revolant, ut Cervi, Cygni,
&c. eousque nostra sun t ; et ita intellig untur quamdiu habuerunt animum revertendi.
Wild an imals,i f they have become tame, and go and return, fly back
and fore, and habitually, as stage and swans,&c. are so far ours,
and are so understood to b e, so long as they are inclined to returnto us.
Animi notum vultus detegit.
The coun tenance is the index of the mind.
Animus hominis est anima scripti.
The mind of man is the soul of his writing.
Aperte impossibilia cum dicuntur non faciunt calumniam.
Impossibilities when they are spokenOpen ly, do not constitute calumny.
Apices juris non sun t jura .
The extrem e points of the law are not the laws
Application is the l ife of rule.
Arbitrio domini res asstimari debet.
Property ought to be valued at the wil l of the owner.
13
Argumenta ignota et obscura ad lucem rationis proferunt
et reddunt splendida .
Argumen ts bring forward to the l ight of reason ,unknown and obscurefacts , and render them clear.
Argumen tum a divisione, est fortissimum in jure.
An argumen t from div ision is the strongest in the law .
Argumentum a majori ad minus, negative, non valet ;valet e converse .
An argumen t from the greater to the less negatively, has no weightcon trar iwise .
Argumen tum a simili valet in lege.
An argumen t from a l ike case has weight in law .
Argumentum ab authoritate est fortissimum in lege .
An argument drawn from authority is very s trong in law.
Argumentum ab impossibili, plurimum valet in lege.
An argument from an impossibility has very great weight in ' law.
Argumentum ab inconvenien ti est validum in lege ; quialex non permittit aliquod inconveniens .
An argumen t from an incongruous thing is not valid in law,because
the law does not al low any thing incongruous.
Arma in armatos sumere jura sinunt.
The laws al low to take arms agains t the armed.
14
Assignatus utitur jure auctoris .
An ass ignee enjoys the priv i lege of his author.
Aucupis verborum sunt judice indigna.
Hun t ing curiously for words is unworthy of a judge.
Authoritates philosophorum, medicorum, et
sunt in causis allegandae et tenendae.
The author i t ies of phi losophers,physicians , and poets ,
garded and held in law.
B0
Baratriam commi ttit qui propter’
pecuniatn justitiam has
He comm its barratry who b arters justice for money.
Benedicta est exPpsitio . quando res . redimitur a destruotione.
It i s a blessed exposure when the t hing isfredeemed fromdes truction.
Beneficium non datum nisi propter oflicium.
A favour is not gran ted , unless‘
on account of service.
Beneficium non datu’
r nisi‘ officii‘
causa.
‘
A b enefice is not granted but for the sake of’
duty.
15
JBeneficium clericale omnibus patet ub i paena capitalis
statuto inducitor, nisi ex expresso tollatur.
The benefi t of the c lergy is open to all, when capital pun ishment isinfl icted by the statute, un less i t b e taken away expressly.
Beneficium principie debet esse man surum.
The kindness of a prince ought to b e permanen t
Benigne faciendae sun t interpretationes chartarum, ut res
magis valeat quam pereat.
The mean ing or in terpretat ion of wr i ts is to b e favourably taken , thatthe matter may rather succeed than peri sh.
Benigne faciendse sunt interpretationes, ut res magis vatleat quam pereat, et ut voletur repugnantia et su
pervacua
Interpretations are to be made favourably, that the thingmay succeedrather than perish and what is repugnan t and superfluous may
b e avoided.
Benigne faciendm sunt interp’
retationes propter simplicitaptern laicorum, ut res magis valeat quam pereat.
In terpretations are to be favourably given of the simplicity of thelai ty, that the affa ir may rather prosper than perish.
Benignior sententia in verbis generalibus seu d'
ubiis, est
The more favourable Opinion in general or doubtful words is to bepreferred.
16
Benignius leges interpretandse sunt, quo volun tas es rum
conservetur.
The laws are to b e more favourably explained that their will or ihten tion may b e preserved.
Bis idem exegi bona fides non patitur ; et in satisfaction
ibus, non permittitur amplius fieri quam semel factum est.
Honesty does not suffer the same thing to b e exacted twice ; and insat isfaction i t is not gran ted that more b e done than hath beenonce done.
Bona fides non patitur, ut b is idem exigatur.
Honesty does not perm i t the same thing to b e exacted twice.
j Bones fidei possessor, m 1d tan tum quod ad se pervenerit,
tenetur.
A bona tide possessor is bound on ly w ith respect to that which hascome to him.
Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem .
It is the property of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction.
Boni judicis est ampliare justitiam.
It is the property of a good judge to en large or extend justice.
Boni judicis est causas litium dirimere.
It is the property of a good judge to put an end to the causes of liti
18
Career non supplicn Causa sed custodim constitutus .
A prison is ordained not for the sake of punishmen t , but for ward.
Casus fortuitus non est sperandus, et nemo tenetur di
A fortui tous case is not to b e calculated upon , and nobody is boundto conjecture what may happen.
Casus omissus pro omisso habendus est.
A case om i tted is to b e considered as .omitted .
Casus omissus et oblivioni datus, de positioni communisjuris relinquitur.
A case om i tted and consigned to obl iv ion is left to the disposal ofcommon law.
Catella juste possessa amitti non possunt.
A l i ttle whelp , (perhaps cattle), lawfully possessed , cannot b e
Qatalla reputan tur inter m inima in lege.
“
Chattles are con s idered a s among the leas t things,in law .
Causa et origo est materia negotii.
Cause and origin are the subject matters of bus iness.
Causa publica Vi carlum non recipit.
I”Apub l ic cause doesmot ladmit
‘ of a substitute.
Causa vaga et incerta, non est causa rationabilis .
i
A vague and uncertain cause is not a reasonable cause.
19
Cautionis in to plus est quam in persona.
There is moresecurity in the thing ,than in a person .
Caveat emptor ; caveat venditor.
Let the purchaser beware— let the seller beware.
Caveat emptor ; qui ignorare non debuit quod jusnum emit.
Let the purchaser take care ; who ought not to b e ignorant whatright of another he purchases.
Certa debet e sse intentio et narratio, et certum fundamen.
tum, et certa res quse deducitur in judicium .
The design and narrat ion ought to b e certa in,and the foundat ion
certa in,and the matter certain, which is brought into court to b e
tried .
Certam est quod certum reddi potest.
What can b e rendered certain is certain .
Cessa regnare s i non v is judicare .
Cease to reign if there b e n o power to judge.
Cessante cause, cesset efl’
ectus.
The cause ceasing, the effect ceases.
Cessante rations legis, cessat ipsa lex.
The reason of a law discon tinuing, tlie law i tself discon tinues.
Charta ejus qum sub potestate viri sit in lege nulla.
The writing of that woman who isunder the power of her husbandhas no lega l weight— is void in law.
20
solutum.
A bil l found in the possession of a debtor, is presumed to b e paid.
Certa res oportet in judicium deducatur.
A certain matter is necessary sometimes to b e brought into court fortrial.
Clam di
elinquentes magis puniuntur quam palam .
Clandestine transactions are more severely pun ished than those openly comm itted.
Clausula generalis de residuo non ea complectitur quae nonejusdem sint generis cum iis quae speciatim dictafuerant.
A genera l clause of reservation does not comprehend those thingswhich may n0t b e of the same kind with those which have beenspecial ly expressed.
Clausula generalis non refertur ad expressa.
A general clause does not refer to things men tion ed.
Clausula vel dispositio inutilis per pracsumptionem re
motam vel causam ex pos t facto non fulcitur.
An unnecessary clause, or di spos i tion, is not supported by a remoteinference, or an es:postflzcto cause.
Clausulae inconsu‘
etae semper inducunt suspicionem.
Uncustomary clauses always induce suspicion.
Clorici non ponantur in oflicio seculari.
The clergy cannot b ep laced in a secular office.
21
Collegium sen corpus corporatum nisi regus constitutioni
bus non potest existere.
A college or incorporated body,cannot exis t un less by royal authori ty.
Commercium jure gentium commune esse debet, et non
in monopolium et privatum paucorum qusestum
convertendum .
Commerce by the law of nations ought to b e common, and not to b econverted into a monopoly
, and the private ga in of a few.
Commodum ex injuria sua nemo habere debet.
Nobody ought to derive advan tage from his injurious be hav iour.
Communis error facit jus.
A common error makes law necessary.
Communiter unum oflicium est excusatio alterius .
One duty common ly is the excuse for the non performance of another.
Concessio versus concedentem latam interpretationem habere debeat.
A gran t made to another person gran ting, should have a wide interpretation.
Condictio dicitur, cum quid in os sum incertum, qui po
test tendere ad esse aut non esse, confertur.
The appoin tmen t of an action for a certain day, is said to take place,when any thing in an uncertain case happens, which may havea tendency to b e or not to b e.
22
Condictio rei furtivae, quia rei habet persecutionem, hae
redem quoque furi s obligat.
The appoin tmen t of an action on a certain day, relat ing to s tolengoods, as i t impl ies the product ion of these s tolen goods, bindsthe heir of the thief a lso.
Condictio praecedens adimpleri debet priusquam sequatur
effectus .
The appoin tmen t of an action preceding, ought to take place beforeany effec t can fol low.
Conditio ad liberum tenemen tum auf'
erendum non nisi
ex facto placitari debet .
An argumen t for taking away a free tenure, ought not to b e pleaded
,except froin the deed .
Conditio b eneficialis quae statum construit, b enigne, se
cundum verborum in tentionem est interpretanda ;
odiosa, autem,quae statum d estruit
,stricte
, secun
dum verborum proprietatem, accipienda .
A beneficial agr’eement which confirms one s tate, is to b e in terpretedfavourably
,according to the in ten t ion of the words ; b ut an
odious agreemen t,which destroys one state, is to b e understood
s trictly, according to the exact meaning of the words.
Conditio ex parte extincta ex toto extinguitur.
An agreemen t extinguished in part; is wholly extinguished.
23
Conditio liberum tenemen tum cassans non per nuda verb s
sine charta valeb it.
An agreemen t making void a free tenemen t, will have no weight bybare words without writing.
Conditio neminem juvab it nisi qui pars fuerit ant privns .
An agreemen t shal l avail no one , un less he shal l have been a party, orprivy to i t.
Conditio partim extincts in omnibus extinguttnr.
An agreemen t extinguished in any of its parts, is extinguished inthem all.
Conditiones prmcedentes ad normam legis severe exi
gendse ; aliter de sub sequentib ns ubi aequitati licet
damnum rei infectae pensari.
Preceding agreemen ts must b e r igorously exacted according to the
rule of the law i t is otherwise con cern ing subsequen t agreemen ts,where equi ty is al lowed to make up for the loss incurred by thefa i lure .
Conditiones prsecedentes stricte interpretandm, sed non itade «sub sequent
'
ibus .
Preceding agreemen ts are to b e strictly interpreted ; but not so con
cerning subsequen t ones.
trimonium et commercium .
Some agreemen ts are odious, but chiefly those against matrimony andcommerce.
944
Confessio facta in judicio, omni probations major est.
Con fession made in a tr ial is stronger than all proof.
Confessns in judiem pro judicato habetur, et qnodam
modo sua sententia damnatur.
'A person who con fesses on trial , is con sidered as judged and in some
m easure is condemned on his own adm ission.
Confirmare nemo potest priusquam jus ci ancederit.
Nobody can confirm before the r ight fal l to him.
Confirmare est id quod prius infirmum fuit, firmare vel
firmnm facere.
To confirm is to strengthen, or make strong; that which before w as
weak.
Confirmat usum qui tollit abusum.
He confirms the use who takes away the abuse.
Confirmatio est nulla ubi donnm prsecedens est inveli
dum.
There is no confirmation where the preceding gift is invalid.
Confirmatio estpossessionis jure defective per eos quorum
jus est ratihabitio.
The confirmat ion of a possession defective in law, is a ratificat ion bymeans of those whose right it is.
26
Consensus Tacit legem.
Consen t constitutes wri tten law.
Consensus non concubitus facit matrimonium, et consen
tire non possunt an te anuos nubiles .
Consen t, and not cohabitation, const i tutes matrimony'
f and the partiescannot consent beforemarr iageable years.
Consensus, non coitus, facit matrimonium .
Consen t, and not coition, const itutes marriage.
Con sent takes away error.
Consentientes et agentes pari posna plectentur.
Those who consent, and those who act, shall b e subjected to the samepunishmen t.
Persons cannot consent to marriage before marriageable years.
Consilii non fraudulenti-
nulla obligatio ‘
est. Caeterum si
dolus et calliditas intercessit, de dolo actio competit,
There is no obl igation not to give fraudulen t counsel b ut i f fraud andcunn ing in tervene, an act ion is competent concern ing the craft.
Con‘
s tructio ad causam refertur .
Construction is referred to the cause.
Constructio ad principia refertur rei.
Con struction is referred to the principles of a thing.
Constructio est secundum tequitatem.
Construction is ac cording to equi ty.
Constructio legis non facit injuriam .
The construction of law does not occas ion injury.
Constructio secundum sequalitatem rationis .
Construction is according to the equali ty of reason .
Consuetudo alicujus loci lex est legis loci ; legi communi
Specie diversa sed non in genere con traria :
The custom of any place is the law o f that p lace ; differen t in speciesto common law ,
but not con trary in kind.
Consuetudo, contra rationem introducta, potius usurpatio quam consuetudo appellari debet.
Customintroduced agains t reason, ought rather to be cal ledusurpa.
tion than custom.
Consuetudo debet esse certs ; nam incerta, pro nullis
habetur.
Custom ought to b e certain ; for if uncertain, it go es for nothing.
as
Consuetudo est bonus,rationabilis, certus et communis
loci alicuj us usus, cui memoria hominis non currat
in contrarium .
Custom 18 the good, reasonable, certain , and common practice of anyplace, con trary to which nothing is in the recollect ion of man.
Consuetudo est optima interpres legum .
Custom is the best in terpreter of the laws.
Consuetudo et communis assuetudo vincit legem non
scriptam si sit specialis, et interpretatur legem scriptam, si lex sit generalis .
Custom and common practice overrules a law not wri tten , if it bespecial , and in terprets a written law,
i f the law b e genera l.
Consuetudo ex certa causa rationabili usitata, privat
munem
Usua l custom from a certain reasonable cause, excludes common laws .
Consuetudo licet sit magnate authoritatis, nunquam tam-
eh
Custom,al though i t b e of great authority, is, however,never prejudicalto ev iden t truth.
Consuetudo manern et loci est observanda .
The custom of a manor, and of a place, is to be observed.
Consuetudo maneriorum domini voluntatem regit.
The custom of manors rules the wil l of the mas ter.
29
Consuetudo neque injuria oriri neque tolli potest.
Custom can nei ther arisenor b e taken away by injury.
Consuetudon on praejudicat veritati.
Custom is not prejudic ia l to truth.
Consuetudo populi Anglicani et communis lex liberta .
The custom of the English people, and the common law is free.
Consuetudo praescripta et legitima, vincit legem.
Lawful and prescribed custom overcomes law.
Consuetudo pro lege servatur.
Custom is observed for law.
Consuetudo regni Angliae, est LexAngliae.
The custom of the kingdom ofEngland, is the law of England .
Consuetudo totius Angliae est lex totius Angliae com
munis .
The custom of all England is the"common law of all England.
Consuetudo volentes ducit, lex volentes trahit.
Custom guides those who are willing : law draws'
those who are
willing.
Con temporanea expositio est optima, et fortissiina in lege.
The exposition of contemporaries is the best, and the strongest in law.
dContra b onos mores .
Agains t good morals.
Contra jus civilis regulas pacts conventa , rata non ha
ben tur.
Agreemen ts made contrary to the civil law ,are not cons idered valid.
Contra legem facit, qui id facit, quod lex prohibet ; in
fraudem vero, qui salvis verbis legis, senten tiam ejuscircumvenit.
He acts agains t the law , who does that which the law prohibits b ut
he acts fraudulently, who, observing the words of the law, eludesits meaning.
j C'
uhtra non valentem agere, non currit praescriptio.
Prescription does not run against one unable to act.
The law never allows any thing aga ins t tru th.
gendus.
A con tract ist o be understood,according to the intention of partie s
expressed in words.
Contractus ex turpi causa, vel contra bonos mores nullus.
A contract in an infamous cause, or subversive of good morals, is void
31
u Contractus infantis invalidus si in damnum sui spectet.
The con tract of an infan t, or one under age, is inva lid, i f i t tends tohis loss.
Contrectatio rei alienas , animo furandi, est furtum .
The handling of another man’s property with an in tention of stealingit, is theft.
Conventio privatorum non potest publico juri derogare .
The agreemen t of persons cannot derogate from public right.
Copulatio verborum indiout acoeptationem ineodem sensu.
The join ing together of words, shows the ir accepta tion in the samesense,
Corpus corporatum ex uno potest consistere.
An incorporated body can consis t of one person .
Corpus corporatum neque in lite sisti neque utlagari, ne
que bona forisfacere, neque attinctum pati, attorna
tum facere, neque excommunicari potest.
An incorporated body cannot b e brought forward personal ly m a law
sui t ; nor outlawed ; nor forfe i t their goods ; nor suff er attain tnor gran t power of attorney ; nor b e excommun icated.
)
Corpus corporatum non habethipreiles, neque'
exe'
cutores,
neque mom potest.
An incorporated body has no heirs,nor executors, nor can it die.
32
Corpus humanum non recipitmstimationein .
The human body doesénot adm i t of valuation.
Creditor qui permittit rem venire, pignus dimittit.
The creditor who al lows property to be sold, gives up the pledge.l l
Crescente malitia, crescere debet et poena .
While wickedn ess increases, pun ishmen t ought also to increase.
Crimen ‘
ex‘
pos tfaoto non diluitun.
A crime is not attoned for by an after action.
Crimen omnia ex se nota vitiat.
A crime vit iates all things proceeding from it.
Crimina morte extinguntur.
Crimes are extinguished by death.
Cruciatus legibus invisi.l 1
Torturés are odious to the laws.
Cui licet quod - 1i1ajus,‘ hon debet quod minus est non
licere.
To whom what is greater is allowed, what is les’
t might also to b eal lowed;
sine quo res 1psa esse non potuit:
What any one gran ts to one,he appears to grant ; and thatwithout
which the thing itself couldnot be.
34
Culpa caret qui scit, sed prohibere non potest.
He is free from faul t who knows, but cannot hinder.
Culpa est immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti.
It is a faul t to meddle with that which one has‘
no business.
Culpa vel pinna ex equitate non intenditur.
Blame or pun ishmen t does not proceed from equity.
Cum confitente mitius est agendum .
We must act more mildly with a person confessing.
Cum de lucro duorum quasratur, melior est causa possidentis.
When the question is concerning the gain of two persons, the cause
of the one in possession, is the better.
Cum principalis causa non consistit, plerumque na ea
quidem quae sequun tur locum habent.
When the main cause is not consisten t, for the mos t part, not even thethings which fol low have a place.
Cura cancellaria contractibus in plenum redigendis favet.
The chancery court favours the en tire reduction of con tracts.1
Cum cancellaria non nisi parliamento subdita .
The court of chancery is not subject,unless to the parliament.
35
C uria ecclesiastica locum non habet super us qua: juris
sun t communis.
The ecclesiast ical court has no right over those things which are
matter of common law.
Curia Parliamenti suis propr us legibus sub stitit.
The parliamen t subsists by its own laws.
Gumosa et captiosa interpretatia in lege reprobatur.
An over- refined and captious interpretation is reprobated in law .
Custos corporis cujusque infantis est is esto ad quem haereditas nequeat pervenire.
Lethim b e the guardian of the body of any infan t. to whom the inhe
ritance cannot come.
There may b e loss without injustice.
Debet esse vel aliquod speciale damnum emergens, vel
saltem aliquod gravamen quod nocere possit et videatur probabili
iter nociturum .
There ought too/
b e ei ther some special emergen t loss, or at least somegrievance which can hurt, and may appear in all probability likely to hurt.
l.
Debitor non praesumitur jdonare .
A debtor is not presumed to ‘grant a donation.
36
Debitum sequitur personam.
Debt follows the person.
Deceptis non decipientibus jura subveniunt.
Laws ass ist the deceived, not the deceiving.
Decipi quam fallere est tutius .
It is more safe to be deceived than to deceive.
Deficiente uno non potest esse haeres .
One being deficient, he cannot be an heir.
De fide et ofiicio judicis non recipitur
A ques tion is not admi tted concerning the honestyjudge ; but concern ing his knowledge whethererror of the law or of the fact.
The law has”no care of very small things.
De non apparentibus et non existentibus eadem est ratio.
There is the same estimation concerning things not apparent and
things not existing.
De similibus ad similia eadem rations procedendum est.
We must proceed from similar things to s imilar, in the sauteway.
Delegata potestas non potest delegari.
A delegated power cannot be delegated.
37
Delinquens per iramprovocatus, punit i debet mitius .
A delinquent provoked by anger, ought to be pun ished more mi ldly.
JDerivativa potestas non potest esse major primitiva.
Der ivative power cannot be greater than prim i tive.
Derivativa potestas est ejusdem jurisdictionis cum primi
Derivative power is of the same jurisd iction as the prim itive.
Descent takes away en trance.
Designatio unius est exclusio alterius, et expressum facit
ces sare tacitum.
The designation of one is the exclus ion of another ; and what is expressed makes what is tacit to cease.
Designatio unius est exclusio alter-ins .
The particulariz ing of oneis the exclusion of another.
Deum esse ex consensu omn ium communis orta lex inlegibus Anglise plurimum valet.
The common law which has arisen by the consent of all, that God ex.
ists, has great weight in the laws of England.
Dies dominicus non est dies juridicus.
The Lord’s day is not a'
day for court business.
Dignitas supponit oflicium et curam, et non estpartibilis.
Dignity supposes office and charge, and is not devisible.
98
Dignitates rex dat, virtus conservat, delicta auferunt.
The king confers honours,virtue preserves them,transgressions take
them away.
Digna s mercede operarius .
The labourer is worthy of his hire.
Dilatio quse’
pro justitia faciat acceptis'
sima ques contra
j ustitiam maxrme mv1sa.
Delay or suspens ion for just ice sake, is very acceptable ;b ut delay contrary to justice is very odious.
x, Dilationes in.lege sunt odiosae.
Delays in law are odious.
Discretio est per legem discernere quid sitjustum.
Discretion is to discern what is just by the law.
Discretio est scire per'
legem quid sitjustum.
Discre t ion is to know what is just by the law.
’Dispensatio est vu lnus, quod vulnerat jus commune.
P
Dispensation is a wound that injures common right.
Dispensatio est mali prohibiti, provida relaxatio utilitate
communi pensata.
l t :
Dispensation relates to an evil prohibited, 3. prowdent relaxationcompensated by common advantage.
‘
0 rg
u
Dissunulatione tolhtur mj un a.
2 J m
Injury is takenaway by dissiinulation.
39
Distinguenda sunt tempora ; aliud est face
'
re,aliud per.
Times are to be distinguished ; there is a t ime to act, and anotherto fin ish.
Distinguenda sun t tempora.
Times are to b e distinguished.
Districtio non potest esse nisi pro certis servitn s
Dis train ing of goods cannot b e,unless for certain services or servitudes.
Dolo facit, qui petit quod redditurus est.
He asks with guile, who asks what he ought to return.
Dolus circuitu non purgatur.
Craft is not justified by any round about way.
Dolus versatur in generalibus.
Craft is incons is ten t in general.
Dolus auctoris non n ocet successori.
The craft of an author does not hurt his successor.
Dolosus versatur in universalibus.
The crafty man is employed in universals.
Dominium a possessione coepisse dicitur.
Dominion is said to have taken its rise from possession.
Dominion cannot b e over a thing depending.
40
xiDominus omnium in regno‘
térrarum rex habendus, et ab
cc omnes tenen t, ita tamen ut suum cuique sit .
The king is to b e reckoned the lord of all the lands in the kingdomand all hold of him, yet so as that every one has his own .
Dominus vel causam servi vel personam inculpato defeudet ; etiam ub i alii non liceret.
The master may wi thout blame defend the cause or person of his ser
vant,ev en where it is not lawful for another.
Domum suam unicuique reficere licet, dum non officiat
to alteri, in q uo jus non habet.
It is lawful for every one to repair his own house, provided he does itnot agains t the will of another over whom he has no right.
Clandestine gifts are always suspicious.
Donari videtur, quod nullo jure obfgente conceditur;
A thing appears to b e granted which is granted without any compul
sion of the law.
r.
A donation is not presumed.
A donation is completed by the possession of‘
the receiver.
A donation of the principal is understood to b e without prejudiceof
42
Ea quae raro accidunt, non témere in agendis negotus
computantur.
Those things which seldom happen are not ra shly to be computed intransact ing business.
Ea sola deportationis senten tia aufert, quae ad fiscum
A sen tence of tran sportation take s away those - things alone whichcome to the treasury.
Eadem meus uniuscujusque prwsumitut; quae est
quaeque esse debeat, praesertim in dub iis .
The in ten tion of every one is presumed to b e the same as thatlaw
,and as i t ought to b e
,especial ly in dubious cases.
Ecclesia ecclesiae decimas solirer’
e non'
debet.
The church cannot pay tithes to the church.
Ecclesia semper in regis est tutela .
Tii e church is always under the protection
Eff'
ectus sequitur causam .
The eff ect foll ows the cause.
Bjus est non‘
nolle, qui potest velle.‘
c n b ewil linIt does {341156W390? i n ! 8
’
J ) J i) i t‘ i I
‘t ‘ f l Q ,“x 4
l
Emptio et venditio contra hitur, simulatgue de pretiQ4“ 4 : 3 I "i M
; f ‘rgnp
t
Buying and sel ling is c ontracted as soon as the price is agreed npon.
Eodem modo Eluo quid constituitur, eodem modo disso l
vitur,— destruitur.
In the same way in which any thing is constituted, in the same way it
is dissolved— des troyed.
Ephemeris annua pars legis Anglicanas .
An annual diary is a part of the English law .
Equitas naturam rei non mutat.
Equity does not change the nature of a thing.
Error piacitandi aequitatem non tollit.
The error in writing does not take away equity.
Error, qui non resistitur, approbatur .
Th e error w hich is not resis ted, is approved.
Est boni judieis ampliare jurisdictiona l).
It .9‘ hs d uty of a good judge to extend his jurisdiction .
g Q i t s .) t.
o i
gt;
pg 1 it pael la d uorum prurzumve in idem plamtum con
se nsus .
r“he agreemen t of two or more in the same wil l, con st i tutes an agree
I
Excambium non potes t esse rerum diversae qualitatis ;
neque excambium inter tres partes datur.
Excambion , or exchange; cannot'
be'
of things of a differen t quali ty ;nor is it gran ted among three parties.
44
Exceptio probat regulam, de rebus non exceptis .
An exception makes good the rule about the things that are not ex
cepted .
Exceptio quae firmat legem, exponit legem .
An exception which strengthens the law, expounds the law.
Excessus in'
re qualibet jure reprobatur communi.
Excess in any thing is reprobated by common law.
Ex diuturnitate temporis omn ia praesumuntur solenniter
acta .
From the length of time,all things are presumed to b e done by usage.
Ex facto jus oritur.
Right or law arises from deed— fact.
Ex frequenti delicto augetur poena.
Pun ishmen t is increased from the frequency of a transgression.
Ex judiciorum pub licorum admissis, non alias transeun t
adversus haeredes poenze bonorum ademptionis, quamsi lis con testata et condemnatio fuerit secuta ; ex
cepto majestatis judicio.
On accoun t of admiss ions made at public trials, the pun ishmen t ofconfiscation of goods does not otherwise pass
,than i f a con tested
sui t and condemnation followed ; excepting in the case of hightreason .
Ex maleficio non oritur contractus.
Contract does not arise from injury.
45
Ex malis moribus bonas leges oriuntur.
Good laws take their origin from bad practices.
0
Ex nuda subrmssrone non on tur actio.
An action does not arise from a bare subm iss ion.
Ex nudo pacto non oritur actio.
An action'
does not arise from a bare agreemen t,
Executio est executio legis secundum judicium.
Execution is the performance of the law according to judgment.
Expressa nocent, non expressa non nocen t.
Things expressed hurt ; those not expressed do not hurt.
Expressio unius est exclusio alterius .
The expression of one is the exclusion of another.
Expressio illorum quse tacite insunt nihil operatur.
The expression of those things which are tacitly implied, is unnecessary.
Ex qua persona quis Iucrum capit, ejus factum praastaredebe t.
From wha tever ca lling any one derives profit, he ought to dischargethe duty of that calling.
Expréssum facit cessare tacitum.
What is expressed makes what is s i len t to cease.
Exterus non habet terras, habet res suas, et vitam, et
libertatem .
A foreigner has no lands, he has his own effect s, his lifeand l iberty.
Extinguitur obligatio quss'
rite constiterit, si in euni
casum inciderit, a quo incipere non potuit.
An obligat ion which has been sealed in due form,is extinguished if i t
fa l l in to that s ituat ion from which i t cann ot arise.
Extra territorium jus dicen ti impune non paretur.
'
Idemest, et si supra jurisdictionem suam velit jus dicere .
II
One cannot with"
impun ity obey one executihgi justice, Beyond his
province ; the same happens i f one presumes to adminis ter justice beyond his own jurisdiction .
Extrema potin s pati, quam turpla facere .
Rather suffer extremit ies, thando infamous things.
F.
Factum a judice quod ad ofiicium ejus non pertirtet) rat
tum non est.
An act of a judge which does not belong tohi s other, is not binding.
Faculta s probationum non es t angustanda
The faculty of furnishing proofs , is not to b e circumscribed.
JFalsa orthographia, sive falsagrammatiea; non vitiat’
con
cessionem.
Erroneous orthography, or grammatical errors, do not v i tiate a
gran t.
Fama est constan s virorum bonorum de re aliqua op inio.
Fame is the constant opin ion of good men concern ing any thing.
Fatetur facinus qui judicium fugit.
He confesses the crime who avoids the trial.
Favorab iliores rei potius, quam actores habentur.
Accused persons are held more favourable than the accusers.
Feodum simplex ex feodo simplici pendere non potest.
A s imple feu cannot depend on a simple fen:
dentise succurritur.
Almos t. in all penal) trials al lo'wance iis made ; for fyoutlifta'
ndfi mprnl
deuce.
Let justice b e done, if should fal l."
48
Fi ction yields to truth.
Fictio juris non est ub i veritas .
There is no suppos i tion of right where strident.
Filiatio non potest probarir
Fi l iat ion cannot b e proved.
Flumina et portus publica sun t.
Rivers and harbours are public.
Flumina pene omnia, et portus, pu’
blica sunt.
Almos t all rivers and harbours are public.
Foeminse ab omnibus oflicils etvflibus ye] publicis remotessuntf Item
’
impubes omnibus civilibus oflieiis'
tie
b et ab stinere.‘ f l
Women are removed from all civil and public ofiicea - Likewise thoseunder age ought to abstain from all civil ofiice s.
'
l
fungi.
It is lawful for women and children to discharge offices by proxy orsubstitute.
Fortior et posterior est dispositiol cgis quamh oin'
i‘
nisi'
ks
The disposal of the law is stronger and later than that’
of ameta l I
50
Frustra legis auxilium implorat qui leges ipsas subvertersconatur.
He implores the assistance of the law in vain ,who endeavours to subvert the laws themse lves.
Frustra probatur quod probatum non relevatl
That thing is proved in vain,which,when proved, is not relevan t.
Fundi non debent inalienabiles esse.
Farms ought not to be unal ienable.
Furiosi, vel ejus cui bonis interdictum sit, nulla volunta s
est.
The wil l of amadman, or of him who is in terdicted from the adminis
tration of his goods, is nothing.
Amadman is pun ished on ly by his own madness.
G.
Generale dictum,generaliter est intelligendum.
A thing.said‘ in ageneral sense, is tob e understood in a general sense.
Generale dictum generaliter est interpretandum. Gene
ralia verba sun t generaliter intelligenda.
A general saying is to b e interpre ted in generaL— General words areto b e so in terpreted.
5 1
Generalia praecedunt, specialiasequun tur.
General things precede, spec ial things fol low.
Generalia specialibus non derogant.
General things are not derogatory to special.
Generalia sunt przeponenda singularibus .
General things are to b e preferred to s ingle things .
Specia l things are derogatory to general.
Generalis gratia proditionem et homicidium
pcena.
General favour does not exempt treason and homicidement.
Generaliter, cum de fraude disputatur, non quid habes t
actor, sed quid per adversarium habere non potuerit,
When there is a dispute concerning fraud, we are to cons ider in gen eral,not wha t the actormay have, butwhat he could not have hadby his Opponent.
Generaliter probandum est, ub icunque in bones fidei judi
ciis confertur, in arbitrium domini aut procuratoris
ejus, conditio, pro boni viri arbitrio hoc habendum
We ought to provenn general. that in whatever case a condi tion isimposed upon the will of a master or his agen t ,in bonafi de trials,this is to be considered according to the judgment of a good
52
Grammatica falsa non vitiat chartam.
False grammar does .not v it iate a Writing.
i I‘l
‘ "t
Gravius est alternam quam temporalem laedere maj estap
tem .
It is more grievous to.hurt an al ternate, than a,temporary authority.
I
H .
Habendum in,charta vel auget
\
vel restringit, sed non
novum inducit.
What is to b e regarded in wri ting, ei ther increases or restric ts ; but i tdoes not induce any thing new.
Favour is shewn to an heir.
Haereditas, alia corporalis, alia incorporalis : Corporalis
est, quae tangi potest et videri .: Incorporalis, quae
tangi non potest nec videri.
”i nheritance, ohe kind is substan tial , and another unsubs’tan tial—A hes". l
sub stantial"1s What can b e touched “
and seen— the unsubstan tial,
H“ I wha t cannot be touched nor seen.
JHaereditas est successio in universum jus quod defilnctus
s “l JInheri tance i s the succession to the universal right which the deceased
had.
53
Haereditas exidimidio sanguine non°
datur.
Inheri tance is notgran ted from' hal f- blood:
l
Haereditas n ihil aliud est, quam successio in universum
Jus quod'
defunctus habuerit.
Inheri tan ce is nothing e lse than the succession to the whole rightwhich the deceased
d
may have had.
i s
Haereditates recta linea debent descendere, sed non as
cendunt.
Inheri tances ought to descend in a direct line ; but do not ascend.
Hmres est aut jure proprietatis,aut jure representationis .
One is an heir either by right of property,or by'
right of representation.
Hseres est eadem persona cum an tecessore, —pars an tecessoris .
An heir is the same person witli his predecessor— a part of that predecessor.
l i tiw ill) t : f
. «fa ll i n i f . UT
!Haeres legi timus est quem nuptlse demonstrant..
l u l t i‘ 5. f)g o d ‘a lq f ’s l l
He is the lawful heir whom the marriage demonstrates to b e so.
f l '
t i t a r ! . th ou lump J i n.
Haeres est lnomen juris Filins 'est'nomen '
n aturse.)
I 7
An heir i s the name of right- son is the name of nature.
Haeres non tenetur in Anglia ad debita antecessoris red
denda, nisi per antecessorem ad hoc fuerit obligatus, praeterquam debita regis tantum .
The heir is not bound in England to pay the debts of his predecessor,un less he hath been obliged to this by his predecessor, exceptonly what is due to the king.
Haeredem ejusdem potestatis jurisque esse, cujus fuit defunctis, constat.
It is’
ce
'
rtain that an heir hath the same power and priv i lege whichbelonged to the deceased. i
dHaeres haeredis mei est meus hwres .
The heir of my.heir is my heir.
f a
JHumanum est errare.
‘
M an is l iable to error ; or,to err is inheren t to human nature.
I . ,
Ibi semper debet fieri Triatio, ubi juratores meliorem
possur
nt habere notitiam .
i t
Trial mus t take place, where the jury may obtain better informat ion .
\ 1 \ i” m id “
Id certum est quod certum reddi potest, sed id magiscertum est quOd e s emetipso est certum .
That i s certain which can b e;rendered certain, but that .is more cer.
tain which is certain of itself.
55
Id perfectum est quod ex omnibus suis partibus constat
et nihil perfectum est dum aliquid restat agendum .
That is complete which consists of all its parts ; and nothing is perfectwhile any thing remains to b e done.
Id quod est magis remotum, non trahit ad se quod est
magis junctum, sed s con traria in omn i casu.
That which is more remote does not draw to i tself that which ismoreclosely joined ; but the contrary in every case.
Id quod nostrum est, sine facto nostro ad alium transferri non potest.
That which is ours cannot b e transferred to another without our owndeed.
Idem agens et patiens esse non potest
The same person cannot b e both the agent and patien t
Idem est facere et non prohibere cum possis, et qui non
prohibet cum prohibere pos sit, in culpa est.
It is the same to do and not to prohibi t when you can ; and he whodoes not prohibi t when he can prohibit, is in faul t.
Idem est nihil dicere et in sufficienter dicere.
It is the same thing to speak nothing, and to speak insufficiently.I
'
l'
a ;
I 1 l
Idem est non esse et non apparere.
I l l
Not to be, and not to appear is the same. "
56
Idem semper antecedenti proximo'
refertur .
l
The same thing16 always referred to the nearest anteceden t.
JIgnorantia facti excusat.
Ignorance of a fact or deed excuses.
l
Ignorantia judia s est calamitas innocentis .
J 1
The ignorance of a judge is the calami ty of the innocent.
Ignoraptia juris non excusat.a s s v l
Ignorance of the law does not excuse. i . 1
a?Ignorantia juris sui non praejudicat juri.
Ignorance of ones own r ight is not prejudicia l to that right.
Ignoran tia legum nem inem excusat, omnes enim praesu
mun tur eas nosse quibus omnes consen tian t.
Ignorancedf the ilaw fixcuses no body,for,"allarei presumed :to know
' 1
those things eb fiwhiéh all agr ee .
Ignorantia nori'
excusat legem.
Ignorance does not excuse the law .
a l
'
l‘
5 Illud quod ahaslicitum non’
est,necessitas facit‘
licitum ,
et necessitas inducit privilegium quod Jure privatur.
a fJ f fi‘ f '
ii {1 (I 9 ‘3 i s H i”) i ieThat which 13 not lawful ih another case, necessity makes lawful ;
and necessity induces a privilege iwhich is taken W ar bydthelaw.
58
‘JImpunitas semper ad deteriora invitat.
Impun i ty a lways is an inducemen t to do worse.
Impossib ilium nulla obligatio est.
Thereis no obligation to things imposs ible ; none is obliged to doimposs ibili t ies.
In actis publicis colleg u sive corporis alicujus corporati
con sensus, est volun tas multorum ad quos res pertinet simul juncta.
In public acts of a college or any incorporated body, the wil l ofmanyto whom the matter belongs joined together, is the consen t.
In aequali jure melior est conditio possidentis .
In equal i ty of right, the condi tion of the person in possession, is thebetter.
Inv
altei'natlw s electio est debitoris .
In a l ternatives, the power of election belongs to the debtor.
In brevi aut charta generalia praesedunt specialia.
General things precede special, in a brief or wri ting.
In amb iguis casibus semper praesumitur prome’
ge.
In ambiguous cases, the presumption is always in favour“
of theking.
59
In ambiguis orationibus maxime senten tia spectanda est
ejus, qui eas protulisset.
In ambiguous speeches, the opin ion of him is chiefly to b e consideredwho had uttered them.
In amb iguis pro dotibus respondere melius est.
I n doubtful cases, i t is better to answer for endowments.
In atrocioribus delictis punitur affectus licet non sequatur
effectus .
In themore atroc ious transact ions, the inclinat ion is punished , thoughthe
‘
efi‘
ect does not follow.
In capitalibus minor est poena cogitationis manifestzequam conatus ex actn directo ; et minor conatus
quam patrati facinoris, ut sit poeniten tiae locus . Sed
in proditione in terrorem aliter statutum est.
In capital cases, the pun ishmen t of an ev iden t inten t ion is less, thanan a ttempt by a direct act and the pun ishmen t of the attempt isless, than that of the deed perpetrated, that there may b e roomfor repen tance : b ut in treason , i t is determ ined otherwi se, forterror.
In capitalib‘
us quid, quomodo, quando, ub i, a quo factum ,
cum circumstantiis solemnibus, debent exponi.
In capital cases, the what, in what manner, and when ,where, and by
whom done, with the particular circumstances, ought to b e explained.
In"capitalib 1is sufficit generalis malitia cum facto paris
gradus .
In capital cases, general malice,with a fact of an equal degree of gui l t,is sufficient.
1In a case of extreme necess i ty, all th1ngs are common.
In civilibus ministerium excusat, in criminalibus non item .
In c iv i l cases, the s i tuation of a servan t excuses, but not so in criminal cases.
In civilibus proxima et directs praastare quis tenetur ; in0 0 o o t 3
G“) I
crmunahbus et1am consequentia .
In civ il cases, one is bound to perform the neares t and direct things ;but in criminal cases, even consequen t things.
In'
civilibus“
voluntas'
proa
faetoi
reputhbitur.
In civil cases, the wil l sha l l b e considered for the deed.
In conjunctivis oportet utramque partem esse vetam.
In cc - partnerships, it is necessary that each party be true.
In a simi lar case there ought to b e a similar remedy.
'In consuetudinibu'
s iion di'
uturnitas‘
temporisf sed solidi
tas rationis est consideranda.
l o fr i 8 s I'
In customs, not contmuance of tune, but solidxty of reason,’is to be
considered.
In contractib ti’
s ,
'benigna'
;- in teStamentis Jbenignior ; in
restitutionibus, benignissima in terpretatio facienda
est.
In'
contracts,
’
an interpretation must b e made favourable ; in testaJ
ments more favourable ; 1n rest1tut1ons mos t favourable of all.
In contrahend a venditi'
one ambigu'
um pacttim« con tra
venditorem interpretandum est.
In contrairting a sale,a doub tful baigain'
is to b e'
in terpreted ‘
agains tthe seller.
In criminalibus probationes debent esse luce clariores .
In crimina l cases, proofs ought to b e clearer than the sun.
In criminalibus voluntas pro facto non reputabitur.
In crim inal cases, the wi ll must not b e considered as the deed.
In disjunctivis sufficit alteram partem esse Ve'
i'am .
In dissolution of partnerships, i t is sufiicient that one par ty be true.
In dubiis‘magis di
'
gn‘
um'
eét'
aceipiendum.
In doubtful cases, the more worthy is to b e taken.
A
In dubiis‘
nohprmsum1tur pro test‘
amen to.
In doubtful cases, thereis nd'
pr'
estiinpiion'
fdr a wil l
62
In eo quod plus sit, semper inest et minus .
In that where there is more, there is less a lso included.
In eo quod vel is, qui petit, vel is, a quo petitur lucri fact
‘
us est, durior causa est petiforls .
In that which ei ther he who seeks,or b e from whom i t is sought
,for
the sake of gain,the cause of the applican t is harder.
In favorab ilibus, magis attenditur quod prodest quamquod nocet.
In favourable cases, we rather attend to wha t does good, than to whatdoes hurt .
In favorem vitae,'
libertatis et innocentiee, omnia pressumun tur
In favour of l i fe, liberty, and innocence, all things are presumed.
In fictione juris semper sub sistit sequitas .
Equi ty always subsists on the suppos i tion of r igh t.
In haeredes non solent transire actiones ques poenalesmalefieio sun t.
Heirs are not liable to actions which arejpenal from injury. 2
In his quse de jure communi omnibus consedentur, con
suetudo alicujus patrize vel loci est alleganda.
In those things which are conceded to all by common right, the customof any country or place is to b e al leged.
63
In judicio non creditur nisi juratis .
In a trial, none are bel ieved but thoset o are sworn.
In jure‘
non remota cause, sed proxima spectatur.
On a trial,not the;remote cause, but the n eares t is regarded.
In lege omnia semper in presen ti stare censentur.
In law, all things are always judged to stand in their presen t state.
In maxime potentia minima licentia.
In the greates t power there isjthe leas t l iberty.
In negotiis contrahendis alia causa habita est furiosorum,
a lia com m qui fari possun t, quamvis actum rei in
telligerent ; nam furiosus nullum negotium contrahere potest ; pupillus omnia, tutore, auctore, agere
potest.
In con trac t ing bus iness, the cause o f madmen is to b e cons idered onething, and;the cause of those who can speak another , in so far as
they understand the transaction of a mat ter ; for a madman can
con tract no bus iness ; a pupi l can do all things with the authori tyof his guardian.
In novo casu novum remedium apponendum est.
In an extraordinary case,au
'
extraordinary remedy must be '
applied.
t
i t ) !Q
In ob scun s, msp1c1 solere quad verisimile esset, aut quod
m u fir!“
In obscure cases, what is probable is wont to be looked to ; or whatfor themost part is used to be done.
641
In odium spoliatoris bmnia;prsesumunt,ur.
All things are presumed in hatred of a defrauder.
d “
In ommbus caus is pro facto aeelpltur , 1d, 111 quo per
a lium morae sit, quo minus fiat.
In all causes,that is taken for a fact, in which by means of another
there may b e a hinderance to preven t its being done.
1 1
In omnibus fere mmon aetati succurritur .
In all cases aid 18 given to m inors.
In omnibus ob ligationibus, in quibus dies non
prsesenti die debitur.C .
m m which a day is not f xed i t is due on the present13V .“ ( u -
14: sum m er
In ommbus quidem,mamme tamen 1n JUIE, qu1ta)s,spec
tanda est.
ghings) indeed a
chicfly however 1n law, equity ‘
isltob e regarded.h uh v v J u s
In pari causa possessor potior haberi dehet.
In an equal cause a possessor ought to b e reckoned preferable.
In pari' delicto potior. est conditio defendentis.
’
In an equal delict the state of the defender is better.
In praesentia majoris cessatpetentia mirioris.
set s o
In the presence of the greater, thepower of;theleggery aseceege
66
In restitutioneni non in poenam hseres suocedit.
An heir succeeds to restitution not to pun ishmen t.
In rex non potest conj unctim tener'
e cum‘
alio .
A king cannot hold conjunctly with another
In satisfactionibus non permittitur amplius fiere quamsemel factum est.
In satisfact ion , i t is not al lowed, that more should b e done than whathas once been done.
In testamentis plenius voluntates testantium interpretantur
In testaments the intention of the testators are mos t ful ly in terpreted ,
In testamentis ratio tacita non debet considerati.
In testamen ts a’silent reason ought not to b e considered.
In toto jure generi per speciemderogatur, et illud potissimum habetur; quoad ad speciem directum est.
In the whole of law ,species takes from genus, and that is considered a
chief poin t, which has a reference to species.
In verbis non verbased res'
et ratio quasrenda est.
In words , hot the words themselves, but matter and reason are to b esought.
Incerta pi‘o
‘
nullishabi
éhffirv‘
0 o. “ l1‘
Uncertamnes are accounted unllmes.
67
Incertum ex incerto pendens lege reprobatur.
An uncertain ty depending upon an uncertainty, is reprobated
Inciden tia nolunt separari.‘
Inciden ts may not
.
be‘
separated .
Inciden tia rei tacite sequuntur.
The incidents of a thing follow it, as a mat ter of course.
Incivile est, nisi tota lege perspecta, una aliqua particula
ejus proposita, judicare vel responde
To judge and answer 19 une1v i l,i f the whole law is not at tended to ,
any one claim of i t being merely proposed .
Incivile est nisi tota sententia perspecta de alique parte7
,- 1 f _ (
It is un civ i l to judge of any part, un less the whole of a sen tence bea ttended to.
Inclusio unius est exclusio alterius .
The inclus ion of one, is the exclusion of the Other.k s o S ; J .‘5 ‘ « a A ; - q "s ‘ 6
Infans est qui propter defectum setatis pro se fari nequeat.
He is a child who on accoun t of defect of age, cannot speak for himself.
Infantes de damno praestare tenentur, de poena non item .
Children are ob l iged to performance concerning a loss,' b ut not in
like manner concerning pun ishment.
68
Infinitum in jure reprobatur.
What is unbounded,is reprobated in law.
Iniquum est alios permittere alios inhibere mercaturam .
It is unjust to allow \
some to merchandize,and to prohibi t others.
Iniquum est aliquem rei sui esse judicem . In propriacausa nemo judex .
It is unjus t that any one b e a judge of his own affair. No body is ajudge in his own cause.
Injuria non prsesumitur.
Injury is not an ticipated.
Injuria propria non cadet in beneficium facientis .
An injury done to ones - sel f, will not fal l to the benefi t of the doer.
Injuria servi dominium pertingit.
The master is l iable for the damage done by his servan t.
Innuendo non facit verba per se actioni obnoxia si aliternon essent.
An inuehdo does not make words, of themselves obnoxious, liable to anact ion , if they were not so otherwise.
Inten tio legitime cognita, et legibus consentanea, maxime
habenda.
An in ten t ion legitimately a mand agreeable to the laws, is to b eregarded in an especial manner.
69
Intentio mea imponit nomen operi meo .
My in ten tion gives a name to my work .
Inter arma silen t leges .
The laws are s i len t am idst arms.
Interest reipublicm est judicia deb itae executionimanden
tur.
It concerns the state that decisions be duly executed .
Interest reipublicae ne maleficia remaneant impunita .
It concerns the state that injuries do not remain unpun ished.
Interest reipub licse res judicatas non rescindere.
It concerns the state not to rescind matters that have been judged.
Interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium.
It concerns the state, that there b e an end to law suits.
Interest reipublicae ut carceres sint in tuto.
It concerns the state that prisons b e secure.
Interest reipublicse ut quilibet re sua bene utatur.
It concerns the state, that every one make good use of his own property.
70
Interest reipublicse ut bonis bene sit, et male malis, _et
suum cuique.
It concern s the s tate tha t i t may b e well with the good, i l l with thewicked , and that every one may have his own .
Interpretare et concordare leges legibus est optimus inter
pretandi modus .
To in terpret and make the laws;
agree with laws, is the best way ofin terpreting them.
Interpretatio fiends est ut res magis valeat quam pereat.
Such an in terpretation ought to b e made , as that a thing may eitherrather prosper than perish.
Invito beneficium non datur.
A favour is not bestowed on one unwilling to receive It.
Invitat culpam qui peccatum praeterit.
He encourages a fault,who passes over a transgression.
Invitus nemo rem cogitur defenders .
Nobody is compel led,when unwilling,'
to defend his property.
I ra. hominis non implet justitiurri Dei.i
The wrath of a man does not fulfil the justice of God .
71
Is damnum dat qui jubet dare, ejus vero nulla culpa est
cui parere necesse est.
He occas ion s a loss, who gives orders to cause i t ; but no blame b elongs to him who is under the necess i ty of obeying.
Is, qui actionem habet ad rem recuperandam,ipsam rem
habere videtur.
He seems to have the property itself, who hath an action to recover i t.
Ita tuo utere ut alienum ne leeds s .
Make such use of your own property , that you do not hurt anotherman
’s.
J.
Jndex ante oculos sequitatem semper habere debet.
A judge ought always to have equi ty before his eyes.
Judex zequitatem semper spectare debet.
A judge ought always to regard equity.
Jndex bonus nihil eat arbitrio suo faciat, nee propositio
domesticise voluntatis, sed juxta leges et jura pro
A good judge ought to do nothing'
bf “
his own pleasure, nor mayhehave in view the' gratification of his p rivate inclination, but lethim pronounce according to lawand justice.
72
Judex damnatur, cum nocens ab solvitur.
The judge is condemned, when the gui lty is acqui tted.
Judex habere debet duos sales, salem sapien tiae, ne sit
insipidus, et salem eonscientiao , ne sit diabolus .
A judge ought to have tw o kinds of sal ts— the sal t of wi sdom, that hem ay not b e ins ipid ; and the sal t of conscience
,that he may not
b e a dev i l .
Jndex non potest esse testis in propria causa .
A judge cannot b e a witness in his own cause.
Judex non potest inj uriam sibi datam punire.
A judge cannot pun ish an injury done to himself.
JJudex non reddit plus quam quod peten s ipse requirit.
A judge does not give more than the peti tioner himself requires.
Judicandum est legibus, non exemplis.
We must judge by the law, and not by examples.
Judices non tenentur exprimere causam sen ten tiae suze .
Judges are not bound to express the cause of their Opinions.
Judices recen ter et sub tiliter excogitatis minime favent
con tra communem legem.
Judges are by no means favourable to things raised recently and subtilely agains t the common law.
74
Judicium est us quse pro religione faciant faveri etsi verbsdesint.
It is a decis ion to favour those things which make for religion , although words b e wan ting.
Judicmm non debet esse illusorium.
A decision ought not to be il lusory.
Judicium redditur in invitos.
A decis ion 18 given against the unwi lling .
Judicium semper pro veritate accipitur.
A deci sion is always received as truth.
Jura debet esse omni exceptione major.
It is proper that laws b e greater than any exception.
Jura ecclesiastica sun t limitata.
Ecclesias tica l laws are l imited.
Jura eodem modo destituuntur quo constituuntur.
Laws are annul led in the same way they were enacted.
Jura natures sunt immutabilia.
The laws of nature are immutable.
Jura non in singulas personas sed generaliter constituun
I l
The laws are established not for individuals, but for the genera l good,
75
Jura publica anteferenda privatis .
Public rights are to be preferred ‘
to private.
Jura publica ex privato promiscue decidi non debent.
Public r ights ought not to b e decided p romiscuously, according toprivate r ights.
Jura sanguinis nullo jure civili dirimi possunt.
The rights of blood can b e dissolved by no civil right.
Juratores sunt judices facti.
Jurors are judges of the fact.
Juramentum est indivisibile, et non est admittendum in
parte verum et in parte falsum.
An oath is indiv isible, and is not to b e admitted partlyjtrue and partlyfalse.
Jure naturae sequum est, neminem cum alterius detrimento et injuria fieri locupletiorem .
It is just by the law of nature, tha t no one become more rich by thedetriment and injury of another.
Juri non est consonum ut aliqui accessorius convincatur,antequam aliquis de facto fuerit attinctus .
It is not consonan t to law, that any accessory b e convicted before anyone hath been found guil ty of the fact.
T6
5us accrescendi inter merca'
tores locum non habet:
The right of accrcscing has no place among merchants;
Jus accrescendi prefertur oneribus.
The r ight of accresci’ng is preferable to burdens,
Jus est ars boni et aequi.
Law is the act of what is' good and j ust.
Jus naturals est quod apud omnes homines eandem habet
potentiam .
Natural law is tha t which hath the same power among all men.
Jus publicum privatorum pactis mutare non potest.
The publ ic law cannot b e changed, by the agreements of private persons .
Jus respicit aequitatem .
Law regards equity.
Jus sang'
uinus, quod in legitimis successoribus spectaturipso nativitatis tempore questium est.
The right of blood, which is cons idered in legitimate succession, issought for at the very time of birth.
Jus superveniens authori accrescens s uccessori.
A privilege fal ling unexpectedlyupon an author, or inventor, is an
addition to his successor.
77
Jusjurandum inter alias factum nec nocere nec prodesse
debet
An oathi
made among others , ough t neither to hurt nor to profi t.
Justitia debet esse libera, quia n ihil iniquius venali justi
tia ; plena, quia justitia non debet claudicare ; et
celeris, quia dilatio est quaedem n egatio.
Justice ought to b e free, b ecause nothing is more un fair than venaljust ice ; ful l , because just ice ought not to b e lame ; and quick, b ecause delay is a kind of den ia l.
Justitia libertati prior.
Jus tice is prior to l iberty.
Justitia est con stans et perpetua voluntas jus suum cui
que tribuendi.
Justice is the constan t and perpetual desire of giving every man hisown.
3 Justitia non novit patrem nec matrem, solam veritatem
spectat justitia.
Justice knows nei ther father nor mother ; justice regards truth alone.
Justitae soror fides.
Faith is the sister of justice.
L .
Legatos violare con tra jus gentium est.
To injure ambassadors is aga inst the law of nations.
L eges figendi et refigendi con suetudo periculosissima est.
The habit of confirm ing and rescinding laws,is very dangerous.
Leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant.
Posterior laws abrogate former laws , if con trary.
Legis constructio non facit injuriam.
The construction of law, does no injury.
Legis virtus hsec est imperare,
This is the strength of the law , to command , forbid ,al low, and punish:
Lex a Rege non est violenda .
The law is not to b e v iolated by the king.
as non patitur absurdum.
The law of England does not suffer an absurdity.
Lex Anglise nunquam sine Parliamento mutare non po
test.
The law ofEngland cannot undergo a change,without the interferenceof Parliament.
79
Lex E quita gaudet, appetit perfectum,— estnorma recti.
The law rejoices in equity, seeks what is perfect it is the standard ofrecti tude.
Lex b eneficialis rei consimile remedium praestat.
A beneficia l law affords a remedy s im i lar to the thing.
Lex certe esto, poena certa, et crimini idionea et legibus
praefin ita .
Let the law b e certain, the pun ishmen t certain , and adequate to thecrime, and prev iously determ in ed by the laws.
Lex communis Anglia ita regis prerogativum admitita
est, et circumcripsit ut ne haereditatem alicujustollat laedatve .
The common law of England hath so modified and circumscribed theprerogat ive of the king
,that he cannot take away, or hur t the
inheri tance of any one.
Lex contra id quod praesumit, prob ationem non recipit.
The law does not admi t of a proof against that which it presumes.
Lex delatores semper exhorrit.
The law always dreads informers.
Lex est anima Regis, et Rex est anima Legis.
The law is the soul of the king, and the king is the soul of the law.
Lex est exercitus, judicium tutissimus ductor.
The law is the army, trial is the safest leader.
80
Lex est ratio summa, quae jubet quse sunt utilia et ne
cessaria, et contraria prohib et.
The law is the chief reason which orders what is useful and necessary,and prohibits the con trary.
L ex est Sanctio justa, jubens honesta, et prohib ens con
traria .
The law is a just sanction ,ordering things honest, and prohibiting thecon trary.
Lex est tutissima casis .
The law is safest for the poor.
The law makes the king.
Lex fingit ubi sub sistit E quitas .
The law feigns where equi ty stops shor t.
Lex haereditates liberas esse vult non in perpetuum
The law wishes inheri tance to b e free to those who are not strictlybound in all t ime coming.
1,
Lex injusta non est lex.
An unjust law is not law.
Lex neminem cogit ad vana seu inutilis -
peraganda.
The law compells nobody to the performance of vain and useless things.
Lex neminem cogit os tendere quod nesci'
re fpm enmitur.
The law obliges nobody toshewwhat he is presumed not to~know.
82
Lex plus laudatur quando Ratione probatur.
The law is approved the more when it is found to b e in the right,by reason.
Lex prospicit non respicit.
The law l ooks forward, but does not look backward.
Lex reprobat moram.
The law reprobates delay.
Lex semper intendit quod convenit rationi.
The law a lways in tends what islagreeab le to reason.
Lex spectat naturae ordinem.
The law regards the order of nature.
Lex uno ore omnes alloquitur.
The law speaks the same language to all.
Lex vult potins malum quam inconveniens.
1 i l l
The law design s rather pun ishmen t than an inconvenience.
Liberiparentibus qui nequeant victum tolerare opitulan
Le!. chi ldren assist their parents, who are unable to support theselves.
as
Libertas est cum quiscwe quod velit faciat modo seenu
dum leges, bonas, communi consensu latas,'
certas,
prsefinitas, apertas.
Liberty is w hen any one may do what he chooses, prov ided he actsaccording to good
,certain, predetermined open laws, enacted by
common consen t.
Libertas est naturalis facultas ejus quod cuique facere
libet, nisi quod de vi aut jure prohibetur.
Liberty is the natural power of a man to do what he pleases, un lesswhat he may b e prohibited to do, concern ing v iolence, or en
croaching upon another’8 right.
Libertas inmstimab ilis res est.
Liberty is an inestimable thing .
Libertas nullo pretio pen sab ilis .
Liberty cannot b e compensated by any price.
Libertas omnibus rebus favorab ilior est.
Liberty is more favourable than all things.
Libertatis est sui quemq'
ue juris dimitteitdi'
ac retinéndi
esse dominum .
It is the part of l iberty,that every one be master of quitting and of
retaining '
his own right.
84:
Licet dispositio de interesse futuro sit inutilis, tamen'
potest fieri declaratio praecedens quae sortiatur effec
tum interveniente, novo actu.
Although a dispos i tion concern ing future in terest b e useless, yet a preceding declaration may b e made, which w i ll become effectualby means of a n ew act.
Loco rei impraestabilis, succedit damnum et in teresse.
A loss and concern succeeds in the room of a matter which cannot b eperforated.
Longum tempus et longus usus, qui excedit memoriahominum
, sufiicit pro jure .
Long time and long usage,which exceeds the memory, is suflicient for
law.
Lubricum linguse non facile in poenam est trahendum.
The s lipper iness of the tongue is not easi ly to b e drawn in to pun ishmen t ; or a lapsus lingucs , slips of the tongue, cannot b e pun ished.
M .
M ajns e st delictum seipsum inte'
rficere quam alium.
It is a greater crime to kil l ones- self, than to kill another.
ixM ajus trahit ad se minus.
The greater draws the less to itself.
85
f Mala grammatica non vitiat chartam.
Bad grammar does not v itiate a wri t.
Male res se habet, cum quo virtute effici debeat, id ten
tatur pecun ia .
The case is b ad when that is attempted to b e done with money ,whichought to b e effected by v irtue.
Maledicts expositio quse textum corrumpit.
It is a cursed exposition which corrupts the text.
Malitia supplet aetatem .
Ma lice suppl ies what is wan ting in age.
Malum non praesumitur.
Evi l is not presumed.
Malum quo communius eo pejus .
The more frequen t the ev i l, the worse i t is.
Malus usus est abolendus.
An abuse ought to b e abol ished.
Mandata legis ad literam casu aliquo impossibilia proxime ad men tem legis exequenda.
The commands of the law, when l i terally impossible in any case,
ought to b e performed as near as possible accordingto the'
inten
tion of the law.
86
M andatorius terminos sibi positos transgredi non poiest.‘
A mandatory cannot exceed the bounds prescribed to him.
Manifesta probatione non indigent.
Man ifest things do not require proof.
Maris et Faeminse conjunctio est de jure natures .
The conjunct ion of male and female is according to the law
ture.
Matrimonia deb ent esse libera .
Marriages ought to b e free.
Matrimonium sub sequen s tollit peccatum prsecedens.
Subsequen t marriage takes away the preceding transgress ion."
Melior est conditio possidentis .
The condition of the possessor is better.‘
Melior est conditio possidentis, et rei quam actoris .
The condition of the possessor is better, and that of the defendet"rather than the pursuer.
Melior est conditio possidentis, ubi neuter jus habet.
The condition of the possess or is better “where neither b ath a right.
M elior est justitia vere praeveniens, quam severe puniens.o o o u g v.
‘a J 1 l
Just1ce truly preventmg, 1s better than severely pumshmg.
87:
M eliorem conditionem ecclesiae suae facere potest prasla
tus, deteriorem nequaquam .
A prelate may make the condition of his church better,by no meansworse.
M eliorem conditionem suam facere potest minor,deteri
orem nequaquam .
A m inor may make his condition better, by no mean s worse.
Melius est jus deficiens quam jus incertum .
Defective law is better than uncertain law .
Melius est ut decem noxu evadant quam ut unus innocens pereat.
It is better tha t ten gui lty persons escape, than that one innocen t person per ish.
Merito beneficium legis amittit qui legem ipsam subver
tere intendit.0
He deservedly loses the benefit of the law,who intends to subvert
the law i tse lf.
M essis sementum sequitur.
The harvest follows the seed time.
Metus quem agnoscuntleges in excusationem criminis , esttalis qui cadere possit in constantem virum.
The fear which the law acknowledges in; the excuse of a crime is such.as can fall upon a steady man,
88
M inatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus.
He threatens the innocent, who spares the gui lty.
M inima poena corporalis est major quavis poena pecuniaria .
The leas t corporeal pun ishment is greater, than any pecuniary pun ishmen t.
Minime sun t mutanda,quae, interpretationem certam
semper haberunt.
Those things are by no mean s to b e changed, which have always hada certa in in terpretat ion .
-Ministeria recipiunt vicarium, sed non item pleraque judi
The offices of servan ts admi t of a substitute,but not in l ikemanner do
mos t judicatory offices .
Minor, meliorem conditionem suam facere potest, deteh
n orem nequaquam .
A m inor may make his condi tion better, by no means worse.
Minor non tanetur pacitare super hsereditate.
The minor is not bound to defend himsel f with respect to an inheritance.
Minor non tenetur respondere durante minori estate ,
(nisi m causa dotis, propter
‘
The m inor is not bound toanswer during his minority, unless in the
case of a dowry on accoun t of favour.
90
M onopolia dictur, cum Imus solus aliquod genus mercaturae universum emit, pretium ad suum libitum
statuens.
Monopoly is said to'
take place, when one buys wholly any kind ofmerchandise, fix ing the price athis own pleasure.
Mora reprobatur in lege.
Delay is reprobated in law.
Morte donantis donatio confirmatur.
A donation is confirmed by the death of the donor.
M os pro lege.
Custom is for law.
Multa non legibus humanis sed foro divino pertinent.
Many things belong not to human laws, but to the divine cogn izance .
Multa non Vetat lex ques tamm tacite damnat.
The law does not prohibit many things which however it silently condemus.
Multi multa nemo omnia novit.
Many know many things ; nobody knows all things.
Multa transeunt cum umvers1tate quae non per se tran
Many things passwith the generality which do not pass by themselves .
91
M ultiplicata transgressione cressat pmnse inflicto .
Let the inflict ion of punishment increase as transgression mul tiplies.
M ultitudo imperitorum perdit curiam .
A mul titude of unski lful persons ruin the court.
Mutata forma interemitur prope substantia rei.
The substance of a thing is almost destroyed, i ts form b eing changed.
Natura appetit perfectum ; ita et lex.
Nature desires what is perfect so does the law.
Natura non facit vacuum, nec lex supervacuum.
Nature makes no vacuum, nor does the law make any thing superfluoua
Naturale est quidlibet dissolvi eo modo quo ligatur.
It is natura l that any thing b e dissolved in the sameway in which itis bound.
s’K)le in crastinum quod possis hodie.
Donot put 05 till tomorrow what you can do tod ay.
92
Let not the seller,appoin t a person 'to bid.
quod non operatur idem in civilibus .
Necessi ty excuses or extenuates a transgression in capital cases, whichdoes not operat e the same in civ il cases.
Necessitas facit licitum quod alias non est licitum.
Necess i ty makes a thing lawful,which otherwise is unlawful.
Necessitas inducit privilegium quod jure privatur.
Necessi ty brings in a priv i lege which is taken away by law .
XNecessitas non habet legem.
Necess i ty hath no law.
Public ‘necessi ty 15 greater than private necessi ty.
Necessitas"
quod cogit, defendit.
What necessity compels to d o, it defends.
Necessitas sub lege non continetur, quia quod
est licitum necessitas facit licitum .
Necess ity is net bound down under law ; because what in cases
is not lawful, necessity makes lawful.
94s
Nemo his in periculum veniet pro eodem delicto.
Nobody shal l come twice in to danger for the same crime.
Nemo cogitur rem suam vendere, etiam justo pretio.
Nobody is forced to sel l his own property even for a just price.
Nemo contra factum suum venire potest.
Nobody can come against his own deed.
Nemo damnum facit, nisi qui id fecit, quod facere jus nonhabet.
Nobody occas ions a loss but he who did that which he had not a
right to do.
He who hath not cannot give.
Nemo debet b is puniri pro uno delicto ; et Deus non agithis in ipsum.
Nobody ought to b e pun ished twicej or one faul t ; and God does notact twice against him.
Nemo debet b is vexari, si constet curiw, quod pro una eteadem causa.
Nobody ought to b e twice harassed , if i t be certain to the court,that it is for one and the same cause.
95
Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa.
No one ought to be a judge in his own cause.
Nemo debet locupletari ex alterius incommodo.
No one ought to b e enriched at the expen se of another.
Nemo debe t rem suam sine facto aut defectu suo amittere.
Nobody ought to lose his own property, without his own deed fordeficiency.
Nemo dub itat, solvendo videre cum qui defenditur.
No one hesitates by means of paying to see him who is defended.
Nemo est haeres viventis .
Nobody is the heir of the person living.
“ ll-Nemo est supra leges .
Nobody is above the laws.
Nemo ex dolo suo proprio relevetur, aut auxilium capiat.
Let no one b e rel ieved, or derive ass istance from his own proper
Nemo ex his qui negant se debere, prohibitur etiam aliadefensione uti ; nisi lex impedit.
No one of those who deny that they are owing, is prohibited also touse another defence, unless the law hinders.
96
Nemo ex suo delicto melioremf suam conditionem facere
potest.
Nobody can make his condi tion better from his own crime.
Nemo factum a se"alienum tenetur scire.
Nobody is bound to know an act or deed foreign to himself.
Nemo forr’
estam habet nisi rex.
Nobody has a forest b ut the king.
Nemo ideai - obligatur,‘
q uia receptfurnsf est ab
‘
aliov
quod
prsestiterit.
Nobody is bound, therefore, because he is about to receive from ano
ther what he hath perform ed .
Nemo idonius publicum munus inipositum potest recusare.
No fi t person may refuse a public offi ce impo sed upon himsel f.
Nemo igitur ad littas maris accedere prohibetur.
Nobody,therefore, is prohibited to approach the sea shore.
Nemo inauditus nee summonitus condEmhai'i debet, si
Nobody ought to be condemned unheard, or without being sum.
matted, i f he bé'
nef contutfiacious."
No onewho can condemn,is'
unable to acquit.
98
Nobody can do by another what he cannot do by himsel f.
terius coercitionis, ad alium transferre.
Nobody can transfer to another the power of the sword given to him.
se lf, or of any other coercion to himself.
Nemo potest immittere in alienum.
Nobody can send into another’s field.
Nemo potestmutare consilium suum in alterius injuriam.
Nobodyg‘
can change his plan to the injury of another.
Nemo potest mutare consilium suum in prejudicium al
terius.
Nobody can change his des ign to the prejudice of another.
Nemo potest nisi quod de jure potest.
No one can do any thing but what he can do by law .
Nemo potest plus juris ad alium transferre quam ipse habet.
Nobody can transfer more right to another than he has himself.
Nobody can change for himself the cause of his possémon.
99
Nemo prsedo est, qui pretium numeravit.
Nobody is a pirate, who hath told down the price.
Nemo prsesumitur donare.
Nobody is presumed to give a donation.
Nemo procerum vel in jurata poni vel seniscallus
esse debet propter dignitatem .
No nobleman can e i ther act as a juryman, or hold a menia l office ,on accoun t of his dignity.
Nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti.
Nobody is prohibited to usemany defences .
Nemo proprietatem rei sibi queerat invito domino.
Let no one ask the property of a thing to himsel f, while the owneris unwilling.
Nemo prudens pumt ut prwterita revocentur, sed ut
No pruden t person punishes that pas t offences may b e recalled, butthat future ones may b e prevented.
Nemo punitur pro alieno delicto.
Nobody is punished for another person’s transgressian.
.100
Nemo qui non sitclericus beneficium clericale habchit b is .
No one who is not a clergyman shal l have a clerical b enefice twice.
Nemo rem suam amittat, nisi ex facto aut delicto suo aut
neglectu.
Let no one lose his own property, un less by his own deed, transgress ion, or neglect.
Nemo tenetur armare adversarium con tra se.
Nobody is bound to -
arm his adversary aga inst himself.
Nemo tenetur edere instrumenta contra se.
Nobody is bound to furn ish arms against himsel f.
Nemo tenetur jurare in suam turpitudinem.
Nobody is bound to swear to his own disgrace.
Nemo tenetur seipsum accusare.
Nobody is bound tofiaccuse himself.
Nemo videtur fraudare eos, qui sciunte t consentiunt.
Nobody appears to defraud those who know and consen t.
N eque leges, neque senatus consulta ita scribi possunt,ut omnes casus, qui quandoque insiderint, compre
hendantur ; sed suflicit ea quae plaerumque accidunt
contineri.
Neither laws nor acts of parliament can b e so writ ten that theymay
102
Nihil perfectum est dum aliquid testat agendum.
Nothing is perfect while something remains to b e done.
Nihil potest rex nisi quod de jure potest.
The king can do nothing, unless what he can do by the law.
7\ Nib il quod est contra rationem est licitum.
Nothing which is against reason is lawful.
Nihil quod inconveniens est, licitum est.
Noth ing which is inconvenien t is'
all owed.
Nihil tam naturals est, quam cc genere quidqueVere, quo colligatum est. Ideo verborum obligatioverbis tollitur ; nudi consersus obligatio contrarioconsensu dissolvitur.
Nothing is so natura l as to dissolve any thing in the way in which itwas bound together. Therefore the obligation of words is taken away by words ; the obligation of mere consen t is dissolvedby the con trary consent.
Nibil tam conveniens esr naturali aequitati quam unum‘quodque dissolvi eo ligamine quo ligatum est.
There is nothing so agreeable to natural equity, than that every thingbe dissolgmd by that tie by which it was bound.
103
Nihil tam conveniens est naturali mquitati quam volun
tatem domim rem suam in alium tran sferre, ratam
Nothing is so agreeable to natura l equi ty, as to reckon valid the wil lof a master to tran sfer his property to another .
Nihil tam proprium est imperu quam legibus vivere.
Nothing is so peculiar to empire , as to live by the laws.
Nihil tam naturale est, quam co genere quodque dissel
quo colligatum est.
Nothing is so natural as to dissolve any thing in that way in which i twas bound.
Nihil cuiquam expedit quod per leges non licet.
Wha t is not al lowed by the laws is profitable tol
none.
Nil iniquius quam asquitatem nimis intendere.
Nothing is so unjust as to stretch equi ty too far.
Nil tam proprium imperu ac libertatis quam legibus
vere.
Nothing is so peculiar to empire and liberty, as to live by the laws.
Nil utile aut honestum quod legibus contrarium.
Nothing is useful orhonourable,which is contrary to the laws.
104
Nimia certitudo certitudinem ipsam destruit.
Too grea t certain ty destroys certain ty itsel f
Nimia sub tilitas in lege reprobatur.
Too much subtil ity is reprobated in the law .
Nq mus leges Anglae mutari quae hujusque usitatae suntatque approba tes .
We are unwilling tha t the laws o f England should b e changed,which
hi ther to have been in common use and approv ed.
Non accepi debent verba in falsum quae oompetun t in ve
rum.
Words ought not to b e received for a falsehood which are competen tto truth.
Non alienat, qui duntaxat omittit possessionem
He does not alienate who merely omits possession.
Non alio modo puniatur aliquis, quam secundum quod
se habet condemnatio.
No one can b e pun ished in any other way, than according to whathis condemna tion is .
Non capitur, qui jus publicum sequitur.
He is not takenwho follows public right.
106
Non defenders videtur, non tantum qui latitat, sed et is
qui praesens negat se defendere, aut non'
vult susci
pere actionem .
Not on ly he who sculks,b ut l ikewise he who when presen t refuses todefend him self, or does not wish to undertake an action, seems notto defend.
Non effecit affectus nisi sequatur efi'
ectus .
The inclination has had no effect,unless the effect follow.
Non e st disputandum con tra principia negantem.
We must not d ispute against a person denying first pr inciples.
Non est lex sed servitus ad tenere quibus non consenseris .
To b e he ld by thethings to which you may not have consen ted, is notlaw,
but serv i tude.
Non est deleganda reipublicae cura personas non idoneas .
The care of the republic is not to b e delegated to an improper person.
Non est dives rex ub i sub diti pauperes .
The king is not r ich, when his subjects are poor.
Non est novum ,ut quae semel utiliter con stituta sun t du
rent, licet ille casus extiterit,a quo initium capere
non potuerin t.
It is‘not strange, that what haveonce advan tageously been consti tutedendure, although the case may exist, from which they could not
have taken a beginning.
107
Non est singulis concendendum quod publice per magis!
tratum fieri possit, ne occasio sit majoris tumultusfaciendi.
We must n ot gran t to indiv iduals, what can b e publicly done by a
magistrate, lest there should b e an occas ion of making a greatertumul t.
Non morbus plerumque sed curatio neglecta interfimt
It is not the disease, which for the mos t part ki lls, but the n eglectingof the cure.
Non minor est proditio legis quam regem velle perdere.
The betraying of the law ,is not less than to wish to destroy the king .
Non minus sun t turpin principi multa supplicia quam medico multa fa nera .
Many pun ishmen ts are no less disgraceful to a prince, than manyfunerals to a physician .
Non potest rex gratiam facere cum injuria alterius .
The king cannot do a favour to the injury of another.
Non omnia domino in servos licita .
’
All things are not allowed to a master towards his servan ts.
Non solet deterior conditio fieri corum, qui litem contes
tati sunt, quam si non, sed plerumque melior.
The condition of those who haVe con tested a sui t, is not won t to b eworse, than if they had not, b ut for the mos t part better.
108
Non valet impedimentum quod de j ure non sortitur ef
fectum.
An impedimen t is not val id, which does not obtain effect from law.
Non v idetur cepisse, qui per exceptionem a petitione re
l ‘0 o o
He does not “
seem to have obtained right, who by except ion i s remov
ed fro‘
m making his request.
Non videtur con sen sum retinuisse, si quis ex praescripto
minantis aliquid immutavit.
He does not seem to have sti l l given his consen t, i f any one hath changed any thing by the command of a person threaten ing him.
Non videtur quisquam id capere, quod ci necesse est alii
restituere.
No one seems to obtain that which i t is necessary for him to restoreun to another.
Non videntur rem amittere, quibus propria non fuit.
They do not seem to lose their proper ty to whom i t did not belong.
Non videntur, qui erran t consentire.
They do not seem to consent,who commit a m istake.
Novum judicium non dat novum jus, sed declarat anti
quum ; quia judicium est juris dictum,et per ju
1 10
Nulla res vehementius rempublicam continet quam fides .
Nothing holds the state more strongly together than honesty.
Nulla virtus, nulla scientia, locum suum et dignitatem,
conservare potest sine modestia.
No virtue, no knowledge, can preserve its place and dign i ty, withoutmoderat ion.
Nulla unquam de morte homim s cunctatio longa est.
No delay is ever long about the death of'
a man .
Nullius charta legibus potest derogare.
The written deed of no one can derogate from the laws.
Nulli vendemus nulli negabimus aut diff’
eremus justitiamvel rectum .
To none shal l we sel l, to none shal l we deny,or put off justice, or rectitude.
N ullum crimen patitur is qui non prohibet, cum
bere (non)potest.
He is chargeable with no crime who does not hinder when he has no
power to hinder.
Nullum damnum sine remedio.
There is no loss without a remedy.
Nullum exemplum est idem omnibus.
No examme is the same to all.
1 11
Nullum iniquum est praesumendum in jure.
Nothing unjust is to b e presumed in law .
Nullum iniquum in jure praesumendum est.
Noiinjustice is to b e presumed in law.
Nullum medicamentum est idem omnibus .
No remedy is applicable to all cases.
Nullum simile est idem.
No s imilar thing is the same.
Nullum tempus occurrit regi : Rex nunquam
No time occurs to the king the king never dies.
No t ime occurs to the king ; the king never fails.
Nullus commodum capere potest de injuria sua
No One can derive advan tage from his own proper injury.
Nullus dicitur accessorius post feloniam, sed ille qui no,vit principalem feloniam fecisse.
None is called an accessory after felony, but he who knows that hecommitted the principal felony.
1 12
Nullus recedat,e curia cancellaria sine remedio .
Let no one apply to the court of Chancery without obtain ing redress .
Nullus videtur dolo facere qui jure suo utitur.
No one seem s to act with gui le, who uses his own right.
Nunquam concluditur in falso.
A conclus ion is never drawn in a supposed’
case.
Nunquam crescit ex post facto praeteriti delicti aestimatio .
The estimation of a pas t transgression never increases, from ,an after.
deed.
Nunquam decurritur ad extraordinarium sed ubi defecit
ordinarium.
Recourse is never had to an extraordinary case, but when an ordinaryone fails.
Nunquam nimis dicitur ~quod nunquam satis dicitur.
Too much isZnever spoken when never enough is spoken .
Prescription is never founded in falsehood.
We never have recourse to an extraordinary ,instance,when an,
ordi
nary ene is valid.
114
Ofiicium nemini debet esse damnosum.
Duty ought to be hurtful to none.
Omne actum ab agentis intentione est judicandum .
Every action is to b e judged from the in tention of the agen t.
Omne crimen ebrietas et incendit, detegit, et auget.
Drunkenness both inflames, detects, and aggravates every crime.
Omne jus et omnis actio injuriarum tempore finitaet cir.
cumscripta sunt.
Every law and every acti on is finished and circumscribed by the timeof the injury.
Omne testamentum morte consummatum est.
Every tes tamen t is completed by the death of the testator .
Omnes in defensionem reipublicae vita bonisque omnibuscives tenentur.
All subjects are bound to defend the republic with their life and all
the ir goods.
OmniaDeo gratin, hominibus utiIiareipublicae honesta
privatis justa et commoda probant leges . et pro
viribus culque imponunt.
The laws approve all things agreeable to God,useful to men, honourable to the state, just and advantageous to private persons, andimpose them upon every one according to his faculties
1 15
Omnia delicta in aperto leviora sun t.
All tran sgress ions open ly committed are less.
Omnia honeste et ordine fiant.
Let all things b e done lionourab ly, and in order.
Omnia prsesumuntur solemniter esse acta .
All actions are usual ly presumed to b e done in a solemn manner.
Omnia praesumuntur in odium spoliatoris .
All things are presumed in hatred of the spoiler
Omnia prmsumuntur legibus facta .
All things are presumed done bythe laws.
Omnia praesumuntur legitime facta, donec probetur incontrarium .
All things are presumed lawfully done, un til it be proved to the contrary.
Omnia praesumuntur solennita .
Al l things are presumed to b e done ,w ith the usual sol‘
emn i ty.
Omnia qusecunque causae cognitionem desiderant, per li
bellum expedire non possunt.
All things which require cognizance, cannot be explained by a me.
morial.
116
Omnia, quse jure contrahuntur, contrariojure pereun'
t.
All things which are con tracted by law,perish by a con trary law.
0
Omma quae sun t uxori s sun t 1p51us v m: non habet uxorl o
potestatem suae, sed vu
'
;
All things which belong to the wife,belong to her husband ; the wife
has no power herself, but the husband.
Omnia uxoris duran te conjugio, mariti sun t.
All things pertaining ‘to'
t'
he wife, belong to the husband while mar
riage con tinues.
Omnia conclusio boni et veri judiei, sequitur ex bonis et
veris praemissis et dictis juratorum.
Every resul t of a good and fa ir trial fol lows, from the good and fairpremises, and words of the jurors.
All consen t takes away error.
Omnis contractus turpitudinis legibus inw sus .
Every disgraceful contract is odious to the laws.
o i o‘
o oOmnis definitlo mJure cw1h perlculosa est, parum est
enim ut non subverti possit.
Every defini tion in the civ i l law is dangerous, for there is a chance ofits being overturned .
118
Optimus interpretandi modus est, sic leges interpretare utleges legibus concordan t.
The best method of in terpret ing, is so to in terpret the laws, that lawsagree with laws .
Optimus interpres rerum usus.
I
Use is the best in terpreter of things.
Optimus legum interpres con suetudo .
Custom is the best interpreter of laws.
Pacta dan t legem contractui.
Bargains give a law to contracr.
Pacta privata juri publico derogare non pos sunt.
Private bargains cannot derogate from public right.
Pacts quas con tra leges constitutionesque vel contra bono
mores fiunt,nullam vim habere indubitati juris est.
It is a part of established law ,that bargain s have no force which are
made against laws, and constituted authorities a re against good
1 19
Pacta reciproca vel utrosque ligant vel neutrum.
Mutual bargains bind both parties, or neither.
Pacta vel ex naturse et sanguinis vi, vel ex mutuo fructu,vel ex auctoritate et prmsumptione legis obligan t.
Barga in s are binding e ither from the t ies of nature and blood, or
from mutua l advan tage, or from author i ty, and from presump
t ion of law .
Factis privatorum publico juri derogari nequit.
By the bargains of private persons, nothing can b e derogated frompublic law .
Pacto aliquod licitum est quod sine pacto non admittitur.
Any thing is allowed by a bargain , which is not admitted without abargain .
Panis egentium vita pauperum et qui defraudat eos vir
sanguinis
He is a man of v iolence, who deprives the indigent poor of bread,and who defrauds them.
Par in parem impermm non habet.
Equa l has no power over equal..
‘
I l '
Like makes those who repair to him, his like in wisdom.
120
Paribus sententiis reus ab solvitur.
A gui l ty person is absolved by,an equal number of votes, for . or
aga in st him.
Parentum,est liberos aleree tiarnnothos.
It is the duty of parents a
tgjmaintain their children , even bastards.
Partem aliquam recte intelligere nemo pote st, an tequamtotum,
iterum atque iterum , perlegerit.
Nobody can r ightly understand any part, before he hath perused thewhole aga in and again.
Partes rei sun t favorabiliores.
The conditioni
of the defender ismore favourable.
Parum proficit se1re quid fieri debet, si non cognoscas
quo modo sit faciendum .
It is of little ava i l to know what ought to b e done, if you do not knowhow it may b e done.
Particeps criminis non est audiendus .
The accomplice of a crime is not to be heard.
Paribus sententiis reus absolvitur.
The accused is acquitted by.“s esam e sf .1'
a {as at assists
122
Pejus est judicio quam per vim injuste facere.
It is worse to act in a trial unjustly,than by force.
Pendente lite nihil innovetur.
When the law- suit is pending, let there b e no innovation.
Pendenti lite nihil innovandum .
While a law - suit is depending, no innovation ought to take place.
Per rationes pervenitur ad legitimam (legalem)rationem.
We arrive at the legi timate meaning by reasonings.
Per varios actus, legem experientia
Experience has made law by various acts.
Pereat unus, ne pereant omnes.
Let one perish, les t all should perish.
Periculosum est quod non bonorum virorum comproba
tur exemplis .
That is dangerous which is not coun tenanced by the examples of
good men .
Periculosumest res novas etinusitatas inducers .
It is dangerous to introduce strange and unusual things.
1 23
Perjurn poena divina exitium humans dedecus .
The divine pun ishmen t of perjury is destruction the human punishmen t is disgrace.
Perjuri sunt qui servatis verbis juramenti decipiuntaures eorum qui accipiun t.
They are perjured who observ ing the words of an oath,deceive the
ears of those who hear them.
Perpetua lex est h ullam legem humanam as positivam
perpetuam esse et clausula quae abrogationem ex
cludit, ab initio non valet.
It is a perpetua l law , that there is ino human and posi t ive lawperpetual ; and the c lause which excludes disannul ling, is not validfrom the beginn ing.
Perpetuitatibus lex ob sistit
The law opposes perpetui t ies.
Persona conjnhota sequiparatur‘
interesse proprio.
A conjunct person has an equa l share in his own right.
Perspicua vero non sunt probanda .
Self- eviden t truths are not to b e proved .
Pirata communis omniumhostis .
A pirate is the common enemy of all men .
1241
Placita debent apte concludere .
The wills of superiors ought to conclude fitly.
Placita ex directo esse deb ent, et nil '
per inductionem
supponere .
The w ritsjof superiors ought to b e directly expressed i and to supposenothing by way ofi nduction or inference.
Placita n egativa duo exitum non faciunt.
Tw o negative wills produce no eff ect.
Placitorum alia dilatoria, alia peremptoria .
Some edicts admi t of delay, others are peremptory.
Placitum affirmati sine negativo exitum non facit.
An affirmative will produces no efi'
ect without a n egat ive.
Placitum debet esse verum,suflicien s
,certum,
simplex,
et brevi congruen s, et prsecedentibus constan s, et
ordinem spectan s .
A wil l ought to b e true, sufficien t, clear,’
simple, and agreeing with thebrief, and consisting with preced ing ones, and hav ing regard toorder.
Placitum mendax non est placitum.
A lying will, is not a wil l.
126
Plus vident oculi quam oculus .
Two eyes see more than one.
Poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes perveniat.
Let punishmen t come to a few, fear to all.
Prena non debet ante ire crimen .
Pun ishmen t ought not to precede a crime.
Poena et delicti defuncti haeres teneri non debet.
An heir cannot b e bound by the pun ishmen t and transgress ion of thedeceased.
Poena potins moliendae, quam exa sperandse sunt.
Punishmen ts are rather to b e mitigated, than made more severe.
Poena vel remedium ex incrementio quod prius erat nontollit.
Nei ther pun ishmen t nor remedy, takes away from the increase whichwas before.
Politise legibus non leges‘
politus adaptandae.
Policies ought to b e adapted to the laws, not laws to the policies.
numero, et mensura.
By weight, by number, and by measure.
127
Populus Anglicanus nemini servire aut consuevit aut
debuit nisi Deo et legibus .
The people of England have been accustomed to b e subject to nobody,
nor ought they b ut to God and the laws.
Populus Anglicanus non nisi suis legibus quas ipse ele
gerit tenetur ob temperare .
The people of England are bound to obey on ly their own laws, whichthey themselves have chosen .
Possessio contra omnes valet, praeter cum cui jus sit possessionis .
Possess ion is val id against all, except him who has the right of possess ion .
Possessio fratria de foede simplici facit sororem esse hae
redem.
The possess ion of a brother of a s imple fen , makes his s ister to be hisheiress.
The possession of the tenan t of a fund, is to b e reckoned the possess ion of a reversionary.
Posteriora derogant prioribus.
Lat ter things derogate from the former.
128
Potestas regia est facere justitiam .
To do just ice is roya l power.
I
Potior est conditio possidentis .
The condition of a possessor is preferable.
Potin s est privatum incommodum quam publicum malum .
A private in conven ience , is better than a public ev i l.
Potentia debet sequi justitiam,non antecedere. .
Power ought to follow justice, not to go before i t.
Potestas suprema seipsum dissolvere potest, ligare non
potest .
The supreme power can dissolve i tself ; i t cannot bind itself.
Prescriptio est titulus ex usu et tempore substantiamcapiens ab authoritate legis .
Prescription is a ti tle from use and t ime, deriving substance from the
author i ty of the law .
Praescriptio est titulus qui sequitur personam,ex usu et
tempore sub stantiam capiens ex auctoritate legis .
I
Prescript ion is a t i tle, which follows the person from use and time,deriving substance from the authority of the'
law .
130
populi libertates et legis Anglicanas leges et consuetudines.
Prerogat ive is the good and ancien t r ight of the king, for the honourand protection of the kingdom , according to the good and an cien tl iberties o f the people, and the usages and customs of the Englishlaws.
Pretium succedit in loco rei.
A price comes in the place of the property.
Primus actus judicn est judicis approbatorius.
The first act of a trial, is the approbatory act of the judge.
1LPrincipalis debet semper excuti an tiquam perveniatur ad
fidei jussores.
The principa l ought a lways to b e discussed, before recourse b e had tohis caution ers.
Principia data sequun tur concomitantia .
When principa l things are gran ted, concomitants follow.
Principia probant, non probantur.
Principles prove, are not proved.
Pr1nc1pns ob sistendum .
i l
We must res i s t principles.
131
Principia beneficium debet esse mansurum .
The favour of a prince ought to b e permanen t.
Privatorum conventio juri publico non derogat.
The agreemen t of a private person , does not derogate from public law
Privatum commodum publico cedit.
Private advan tage yields to public.
Privilegium non valet contra ' rempublicam .
Pr iv i lege is not val id against the s tate.
Pro possessore habetur, qui dolo desnt possidere .
He is considered as a possessor, who no longer possesses by fraud.
Pro possessore habetur, qui dolo injuriave desn tpossidere .
He is cons idered as a possessor, who no longer possesses,by fraud or
injury.
Probandi necessitas incumbit illi qui agit.
The necess i ty of proving,'
lies on him who raises the act ion .
Probationes debent esse evidentes, perspicuae et faciles
Proofs ought to b e eviden t, perspicuous, and easi ly understood.
1391
Prohibetur ne quis faciat in suo quod nocere possit alteril
It is forbidden that any one should do in his own concern what m ighthurt another.
Prohibetur ne quis faciat ‘ in suo quod nocere possit in
alieno.
It is prohibited that anyone should do in his own concern,what may
b e hurtful to another person .
Propinquior excludit propinquium et propinquus remo
tum, et remotus remotiorem .
A nearer relat ion excludes prop inqui ty ; and a relation a remote person ; and a remote person , one more remote.
Proprium est Regis gratiam delicti facere.
It is the preroga t ive of the king to pardon a transgress ion .
Proprietates verborum servandae sun t.
The proprieties of words are to b e observed.
u
Protectio trahit subjectionem, et subjcotio protectionem.
Protect ion draws along with i t subjection, and subjection protection.
Proximus sum egomet mihi.
I myself am nearest to myself.
134
Quae dub itationis tollendae causa contractibus in seruntur ,
jus commune non laedun t.’
What things are inserted in con tracts for the purpose of taking awayambigui ty, do not hurt common law .
Quae in partes dividi nequeunt solida a singulis praestantur.
What cannot b e div ided into parts, are performed in the lump by in
d ividuals.
Quas in testamen to ita sun t scripta,ut intelligi non pos
sin t perinde sun t, ac si scrip'
ta non essent.
What things are so wr i tten in a testamen t tha t they cannot b e unders tood, are just as if they had notab een wri tten .
Quae incon tinenti vel certo fiunt inesse videntur.
Thoselthings which are don e at once, or certa in ly,seem to b e inheren t
Quae in ter alios acta sun t nemini nocere debent,
sed
prodesse posaun t.
What things are done among others, ought to hurt nobody, but maydo good.
Quae legi communi derogant non sunt trahenda in exem
Wha t things derogate from common law , are not to b e drawn in to
1 35
Qua non valeant (prosun t)singu la, juncta juvant.
Those things which are of no ava i l when s ingle, are profi table whenjoined .
Qua non valerent singula, juncta juvant.
Wha t things would not avai l s ingle, are profi table when joined.
Qua pra ter consuetudinem et morem majorem fiunt,
neque placent, neque recte v identur.
What things are don e contrary to custom and ancien t usage, nei therplease nor seem to b e proper.
Q ua rerum natura prohibentur, nulla lege confirmata
sun t.
What things are prohibited in the nature of things, are confirmed byno law.
Qua singula non prosun t, juncta juvant.
Single things which do no good , ass ist when combined.
Qua sun t temporalia ad agendum,sunt perpetua ad exci
piendum .
What things are tempora l w i th regard to action, are perpetual for re
ceiving.
Qua cunque intra rationem legis inveniuntur, intra ipsamlegem esse judicantur.
Whatsoever things are found within the meaning of the law, are judged to b e within the reach of the law.
136
Qua cunque lex vult fieri non vult frustra fieri.
Whatsoev er the law wishes to b e done , i t wishes not to b e donein vain .
Qua dam in majus malum vitandum perm1ttet lex que
tamen nequaquam probet.
The law a llows certa in things for the avoiding of a greater ev i l ,which,howev er, i t by no means approves.
Qua libet concessio fortissime contra donatorem interpre
tanda est.
Any gran t is mos t forcibly to b e in terpreted agains t the donor.
Qua libet poena corporalis quamvis minim a, major est
qua libet poena pecuniaria .
The leas t corporeal pun ishmen t, is greater than any pecun iary pun ishm en t .
Qua stio fit de legibus, non de personis .
‘A question is made concern ing the laws, not concern ing persons.
Qualitas qua inesse debet, facile presumitur.
The quality which ought to b e inheren t, is easily presumed .
l 0
,
I'o o 0
ex se non Slt malum, tamen $1 Sit mall
exempli, non est faciendum.
Although a thing is not b ad of itsel f, however, if it has a tendency toset a b ad example
,it is not to b e done.
138
Quando charta continet generalem clausulam, posteaque
descendit ad verba specialia, qua Clausula generalisun t consen tanea, interpretanda est charta secundumverba specialia .
When a charter con ta ins a general'
clause,and afterwards descends to
special expressions, which are agreeable to the general clause, thecharter is to b e in terpreted according to the special words.
Quando lex aliquid alicui concedit, concedere videtur id
sine quo res ipsa esse non potest.
When the law gran ts any thing to any one, i t seem s to gran t that without which the thing itself cannot .exist.
Quando lex aliquid alicui concedit, omnia inciden tia tap
cite conceduntur .
When the law gran ts any thing to any one , all incidenta l things are
tac it ly gran ted.
Quando lex est specialis, ratio autem generalis, gene
raliter lex est intelligenda .
When the law is special , b ut the reason general , the law is to be gene.
ral ly unders tood.
Quando plus fit quam fieri debet, videtur etiam illud
fieri quod faciendum fuit.
When more is done than ought to b e done, that too seems to b e done ,which should have been done.
139
Quando verba s tatuti sun t specialia, ratio autem gen era
lis, generaliter statutum est intelligendum.
When the words of a s ta tute are specia l , but the reason general , thes tatute is to, b e understood general ly.
Quemadmodo non respondent judices, ita, ea qua stionemjuris non respondent juratores .
As judges do not reply, so, from that the jurors do not an swer a question of law .
Qui ab alio derivatum jus habet, non alia lege obtineb it
ac is unde derivatum est.
He who hath a r ight der iv ed from another, w i l l not obtain i t by anyother law than he from whom i t is deriv ed .
Qui abjurat regnum amittit regnum sed non regem, pa
triam,sed non patrem patria .
He who abjures the kingdom , loses the kingdom ; but not the kinghis nat ive coun try , b ut not the father of his country.
Qui accusat integra fama sit et non criminosus .
Let him who accuses, b e of unblem ished character, and not criminal.
Qui adimit medium derimet finem .
He who takes away the middle, will demo lish the end .
“I"
O
f‘
i .
”
Qm ahenas res negligentier perdi t, ant v1 vel dolo maloaufert,
’
suas am1tt1t10 .
’
'
t soever negligen tly ruin s '
another man’s property, or takes it away
by force, or ev i l fraud , let him lose his own .
Qui a quitatem petit, a quitatem faciat.
Whosoever demands just ice, let him practise justice.
Qui aliquid statuerit, parte inaudita altera a quum licetdixerit
,hand a quum fecerit.
Hewho shal l have determined any thing, the one party being unheard,though he may speak justice, hath not done what is just.
Qui altari serviunt ab altari vivant.
They who serve at the al tar, should l ive by the a l tar
Qui alterum incusat me in eodem saltem genere sit incu
san'
dus .
Let him who accuses another, not b e accused, at least in the same way.
Qui animo~
peccandi aliquid facit, videtur peccasse ab
nut1o.
He who does any thingwith the in ten tion of transgressing,‘
seems to"
have transgressed from the b eg1nn1ng.
Qui beneficium legis extra ordinem qua rit, puras manus
aff'
erto.
Whosoever seeks the benefi t of the law extraordinarily, let him liftup pure hands.
142
Qui dolo desierit possidere, pro_
‘
possidente pro possessionedolus est.
He who shal l cease to possess by craft, instead of a possessor, ie craftyfor the possessor.
Qui inertibus dat industrlos nudat.
He who gives to the sluggish, defrauds the industrious.
Qui ex parte testamenti aliquid donattim accipit, univer
so testamen to stab it.
He who receiv es any thing by a part o f a wil l, shal l stand by thewhole will .
Qui extra causam divagatur calumniando, punitor.
Whosoever wa‘ nders out of his cause by uttering calumny, let him b epun ished.
1
Qui facit per alium,facit per se.
He who acts by means of another, acts by himsel f.
Qui ~habet jurisdictionem ab solvendi, habet jurisdictionem
He who hasZthe right of acquitt ing, has the right of binding.
Qui haret in litera ha ret in cortice .
He who sticks to the let ter, sticks merely to the bark.
143
Qui in alterius locum succeduntjustam haben t ignorantiacausam,
an id quod petitur deberetur : fide jussores,non minus quam ha redes, justam ignoran tiam possun t a llegare .
They who succeed in the room of another,have just cause of ignorancewhether tha t which is sought for b e due
,the suret ies, no less than
the heirs, can a l lege just ignorance.
Qui in utero est pro jam nato habetur, quoties de ejus
commodo qua ritur.
He who is in the womb, is reckoned as already born, as often as the
ques tion is concern ing his advan tage.
Qui in scienter la sit scienter emendit.
He who ignoran tly hath hurt, knowingly amends .
Qui jure suo utitur, nemini facit injuriam.
He who enjoys his own right, does injury to none.
Qui libenter, et sa pe, et parvula de re juramento se ob
stringit, perjurio proximus est.
He who willingly, and often , and concern ing - a smal l matter, bindshimself by an oath, is nearest to perjury.
Qui non cadunt in con stantem virum,v’
ani timores sun ta stimandi.
Those fears are to be considered as vain , which do not fall_upon a
steady man.
144K
Qui non habet- in are, luat in corpore : (na quid pecca
tur impune).
Whosoever has no money, let him person that no trans
gression should passwith impun i ty.
Qui non habet potestatem alienandi, habe t necessitatem
retinendi.
-Hewho has notthe power of al ienating, has the necessi ty of retaxning
Qui non impr obat, approb at.
He who does not disapprove, approves.
Qui non libere veritatempronunciat, proditor est veritatis.
wi n) ma fis h'
sm’a 1343 1 “
11111
He who does not freely declare the truth , 1s a,
betrayer of the truth.
Qui non luat ln crumina luat ln corpore.
t’“ s u n j ux i l
‘ ,
Whosoever cannot suffer an the purse,let him suffer in the body.
ui non negat fatetur.r , r ‘
1
He who do'es not deny, confesses.8 13f
Qui non obstat quod obstare potest, facere videtur.
He seems to do, who does not oppose what he can oppose.
Qui non peccavit poenam non feret.
He whohath not transgressed, shal l not sufi‘
er punishment.
146
Qui parcit nocentibus, innocentibus minatur.
He who spares the guil ty, threatens the innocen t.
Qui parcit nocentib us, innocentibus punit.
Hewho spares the gui l ty, punishes the innocent.
Qui peccatw
eb rius, luat sob rius .
Whosoever offends when in toxicated, let him give satisfaction when
Qui per alium facit,’
per se ipsum facere videtur.
He who transacts through the agency of another, seems to act byhimself.
Qui periculum amat, in eo peribit.
He who courts danger, shal l perish in i t .
Qui potest et debet vetare, jubet.
He orders who can, and ought to forbid, and does not do it.
3
Qui prior in tempore,‘
potior in jure.
He who is first in t ime, is preferable in law.
if
Qui semel actionem renunciaverit, amplius repetere non
potest. ‘I.“I l I a
l , i
l”
He who has once renounced his action, cannot resume it anymore.m ‘
i ui
1 47
Qui semel malus, semper praesumitur esse malus in cc
dem genere .
He‘who has once b een wicked , is always presumed to b e wicked inthe same way.
Qui sentit commodum— sen tire debet et onus .
He who feels the advan tage, ought also to feel the burden.
ui serviunt Christa faciunt le es ro Christo.g P
They who serve Christ, make laws for Christ.
I
Qui sine dolo malo ad judicium provocat, nc‘
mwidetur'
.v i
He who provokes to trial 'without Wicked fraud, does not seem tocause delay .
Qui sit jus, et in quo’
consistit injuria, legis e st definare'
. g
It belongs to the law to define what jus ticemay be, and in .what in - I
justice con sists.
Qui statuat aliquid parte inaudita altera aequum'
licetstatuerit haud aequus olet.
He who determines any thing wh ile one party is unheard, though hemay determine what is just,wil l not savour of the justman.
Qui suspicionem peccati inducit, peccat.
He ofi'
endS, who occasions suspicion of an offence.
148
Q ui tacet, consentire videtur.
He who is si len t, seems to agree.
Qui tacet, con sen tire videtur, ubi tractatur de‘
éjus commodo.
He seems to con sent , who is silent con cerning his own advan tage!
Qui tardius solvit, minus solvit.
He who pays rather'
slowly, pays'
rathcrless. e'
Qui tempus praetermittit, causam perdit.
Hg who is too dilatory, loses his cause..
Quid fiere debet, facile pressumitnru
What ought to b e done, is easily presumed,
Quid siti
jus ,’st in, quo consistat
‘
injuria, kgis bstd éiiififi ,
It belongs is the 1a to define wha t thé 15W and is what injusticeconsists.
Quisq'
uidxcontra bo‘
nos‘mores‘
faoit, jure communi yetitum.
"Whatever is,done aga inst good morals,"is forbidden by common law.
"
Quicquid in excessu actnm est, lege prohibetur. .
1
Whatever is done to excess, is prohibited by law.
150
Quisquis prsesumitur bonus ; et semper in dubus
respondendum .
Every one is presumed good ; and a lways indoubtful casesanswer for the accused.
Quilib et renunmare potest juri pro se mtroducto.
Any one can renounce by the law in troduced for himself.
Quilib et titulusexcusat a spolio
an
Any t itle excusés fromspoliation.
Quisq'
ue prsesumitu'
r optime in sua causa dicere.
Every one is presumed to speak best in his own caus e'
.
Quisquis sua facta scire et presumitur et debet.
Every one is both presumed, and ought to know his own actions.
Quo ligatur, eo dissolvitur .
A thing is dissolved in‘ the same way, in which it is bound.0 U b 0 l
l
Quo tutela redi t, eo haereditas pervenit, nisi cum fwmi
nae hseredes'
intercedunt. 1
An inheri tance comes in the way, in which guardianshipgees.unlesswhen female heirs intervene. a n
,
a , Z
151
Quod ab initio non valet, in tracta temporis non couva
lescet.
What at the beginn ing is not valid , will not become valid in the pro
ce ss of time.
Quod ab initio non valet, tractu temporis non potest
convalescere .
What at the beginn ing 18 not val id, cannot become va lid in process oft ime.
Quod ab initio vitiosum est, non post contractu temporisconvalescere.
What at the beginning is faulty,cannot become valid afterwards in
the process of t ime.
Quod ad jus naturale attinet, omnes homines sequalessunt.
Wi th respect to natural law, all men are equal.
Quad alias bonum et justlim est, si per vim vel fraudem
petatur, malum et injustum efiicitur.
What otherwise is good and just, i f i t b e sought by force or fraud, isrendered wicked and unjust.
Quod civile jus non idem continuo gentium : quod au
tem gentium idem civile esse debet.
What is civil law, the same is not of course that of nations : butwhatis the law of nations, the same
‘
ought to be civil law.
1 52
Quod contralegem fit pro infecto habetur.
What is done against law ,is reckoned as undone.
Quod con stat clare non debet verificare.
What is evidently certain ,ought not to b e verified.f
Quod consta t curiae opere testium non i ndigit.
What is clear to the court , does not need the a id of witnesses.
Quod conscientia vult ubi lex deficit, wquita'
s
i
cégit.
What conscience wishes,where the law is deficien t, equity prescribes .
Quod con tra rationemjuris receptum est, non estprodd
cendum ad con sequentias .
I
0l N 4
l
Wha t i s received against themeaning of the law ,must iiot b e drawn
in to consequences.
Quod demonstrandi causa, additur rei satis demonstrates
frustm fit.
What is val id for the sake of demonstrating a thing, sufficiently demonstrated , is done in vain.
Quod dubia interpretatio libertatis . est, secundum liberal
f
What Is a doubtful interpretation of liberty, ought to be answered aeCb rd
'
mg to‘liberty.
154:
Quod fraude factum est in alios infectum esto'
, contrafraudatorem valet.
Let what is done in fraud, b e inefii cient towards others ; it is val idagains t the defrauder.
Quod in se malum ubicunque factum fuerit, nulla jurispositivi ratione valebit. .
What sha ll have been done,b ad in i tself
,wil l b e val id by no kind of
posi t ive law .
Quod initio vitiosum est, non potest tractu temporis
convalescere.
What at first is faul ty,cannot, in process of t ime, become valid.
Quod lege tuum est, amplius esse tuum non potest.
Wh at is yours by law ,cannot b e more yours.
Quod nullius est, fit domini regis .
What belongs to none, becomes the property of the king.
Quod nullius est, fit occp pantis .
What belongs to none, becomes the property of the occupier.
Quod naturaliter ines sa debet .
Which naturally ought to b e inheren t.I
Quod nullo interno v itio laborat at objecto impedimento
cassat, remotpimpedimento per s
e emergit.‘ HJQ g) t
?i n Q
a I
What labours under no in ternal faul t, but yields to an opposing ohstacle , the ob stacle being removed , ir emerges of it self.
Quod per recordum proba tum, non debet esse negatum .
What is proved by record, ought not to b e'
denied .
Quod remedio destituitur ipsa re valet si culpa absit.
What is dest itute of remedy, in fact, is val id , i f i t b e not faul ty .
Quod Rex con tra leges jubet, pro injussu reputab itur .
What the king orders again s t law ,shal l b e cons idered as not com
manded .
Quod semel meum est, ainplius meum esse non potest.
What is once m ine, cannot b e more m in e .
Quod semel placuit in electionibus amplia s di5plicere non
potest.
What hath once been approved of, in elections, cannot any longerdisplease.
Quod statim liquidare potest pro jam liquido habetur.
What can b e immediately l iquidated, is held as already liquidated.
Quod tibi fieri non v is, a lteri non feceris .
Do not do to'
another,what youwould not wish to be done to yoursel f
Quod vero na turalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit,
id apud omnes perseque oustoditur quod semperaequum ac bonum est.
What , indeed , natural reason hath constituted among all men , is oh
serv ed among all in the same degree, which is always just andgood.
156
Quodcunque aliquis ob tutelam corporis sui fecerit, jureid fecisse videtur.
Whatever any one hath done for the protec tion of his own person,he seem s to have done that according to law .
Quodlibet in lege eodem modo dissolvitur quo ligatum est.
Any thing in law is dissolved, in the same w ay in which it was bound.
Quomodo quid constituitur eodem modo dissolvitur.
In whatev er way any thing is constituted , in the same w ay i t is dissolved .
Quoties aliquid dubitatur vel male~
est, ad principi a re
currendum .
As often as any thing is doubted , or is b ad, w e must have recourse toprinciples.
Quoties duplici jure defertur alicui successio, repudiato
novo jure, quod ante defertur supererit vetus .
Whenever a success ion i s conferred upon any one, by a double right,
the n ew right being set as ide, the old right, formerly conferred ,will remain in force.
Quoties in verbis nulla est amb iguitas, ibi nulla expositio
contra verba fienda est.
As often as there is no ambiguity in words, no explanation ought tob e made“against words.
158
Ratio est legis anima, mutata legis ratione mutatur et lex. I
Reason is the soul of the law , themean ing of the law being changed,the law a lso is changed. 1
Ratio et authoritas, duo clarissima mundi lumina .
Reason and authority, are the two brightes t lights of the world.
Radix et vertex imperm in obedientium con sensus .
The consen t of subjects is the root and top of empire.
Ratio potest allegari deficiente lege.
Reason may be a l leged when the law is insuffic ien t.
Receditur a placitis, juris potius quam injuries et delicta
maneant impunita .
We depart from the enactmen ts of the law , rather than that i njuriesand transgress ions should remain unpunisli ed .
Recorda sun t vestigia vetustatis et veritatis.
Records are the vestiges of an t iquity and truth .
Recurrendum est ad extraordinarium quando non valetordinarium .
We mus t have recourse to an e xtraord inary thing, w hen an ordinaryone does not avai l us .
Reddere, nihil aliud est quam acceptum restituere z seu,
reddere est quasi retro dare ; et redditur dicitur a
reduendo, quia retro it.
To render is nothing else than to res tore what is received ; or to t ender is, asj twere, to give back ; and it is cal led render from returning, because it goes back.
159
Regis curia et curla populi Anglicani sive parliamentumnon ex scripto sed ex communi lege sunt.
The cour t of the king, and the court house of the people'
of England,
or the Par l iamen t, are not according to written , but according tocommon law .
Regula est quae rem quae est breviter enarrat, non ut ex
regula jus sumatur, sed ex jure, quod est,regula
fiat. Per regulam igitur brevis rerum narratio traditur, et quasi causae conjectio est, quae, simul cumin aliquo vitiata est, perdit oflicium suum.
The rule is that which briefly relates the matter, not that law may
b e taken from a rule, but that which is of the law may b e madea rule. By a rule, therefore, a short relation of things is del iveredand there is , as i t were, a summary accoun t of the cause, which a tthe sametime ,when i t is corrupted, loses its office.
Regulariter non valet pactum de re mea non alienanda .
A b argain is not regularly valid concerning the non -alienation ofmyproperty.
Belatio est fictio juris et intenta ad unum.
5‘ Rei
terence is the supposition of the law, and made to one case .
Remoto impedimento emergit actio.
An impedimen t being removed, an action emerges.
Repellitur a sacramento infamis.
An infamous person is repel led from the sacramentand oath of alle.
giance.
160
Reputatio est vulgaris opmro ub i non est veritas. Et
vulgaris opinio est duplex, scit. . opinio vulgaris ortainter graves et discretos homines , et quae vultum
verita tis habet ; et opinio tan tum orta in ter leves et
v ulgares homines, absque specie veritatis .
A report is common opin ion , where there is not truth and opin ionis ' tw o fold , v iz . a common Opin ion arises between pruden t and
discreet m en ,which has the appearance of truth,and opin ion on
ly a ri ses betweengiddy and v ulgar men,wi thout the appearanceo f truth.
Rerum ordo confunditur, si umculque jurisdictio non
conservatur.
The order of things is confounded. if jurisdiction is not preserved toevery one.
Rerum snorum quilibet est moderator et arbiter.
Every one is the ruler and emp ire of his own affa irs .
Res est misera ub i jus est vagum et incertum .
It is a wretched circumstance, when the law is vague and uncertain .
Res, generalem habet significationem,quia tam corporea
quam incorporea, cujuscunque sun t generls, naturae
sive speciei, comprehendit.
A thing has a general sign ificat ion, because i t comprehends corporeal,as wel l as incorporeal c ircumstances , of whatever kind, natureand species i t may b e.
Res inter alios acta, aliis'
non nocet.I
A matter performed among some persons, does not but:others.
1 62
Respiciendum sest judicanti, me quid aut durius aut re:
missius constituatur quam causa deposcit'
; nec enimaut severitatis aut clementias gloria affectanda est.
It is n ecessary for a judge to cons ider tha t n othing b e de terminedei ther more severely or more easi ly, than the cause demands, fornei ther the glory'
of severity ,or clemency is to b e affected.
Respondeat raptor, qui ignorare non potuit
~
quod pupillum alienum abduxit.
Let a seducer,or v iolator, an swer for i t, who could not have been
ignoran t that he hath carried off a minor, or orphan.
Respondeat superior.
Let a superior answer.
Religio bhristiana pars est legis Anglise communis .
The Christian rel igion is part of the common law of England.
Rex ad justitiam faciendam non cogitur.
The king is not forced to do justice.
Rex est lex vivens . Rex est pater patriae.
The king is a l iving law the king is the father of his country.
s 1
Rex est mtsta persona.
1!
The king is a mixed character.
Rex est pater patlriae.
Theking is the father of his country.
163
Rex ipse non debet esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et
lege, quia lex facit regem : attribuat igitur rex,
lege quod lex attribuit ei, viz. dominationem et im
perium. Non est enim Rex dominatur volun tas etnon lex.
The king himself ought n ot to b e under man, but under God and thelaw ; because the law makes the king, therefore let the king givelawfully what the law hath given to him
,viz:domin ion and nu
thority ; for i t is not the wi ll of the king that rules, but the law .
Rex lege cadere non potest.
The king cannot fal l in law .
Rex neque solvit damna in lege neque recipit.
The king n ei ther pays losses,nor receives them in the law .
Rex nihil aliud est quam“
lex agens .
The king is nothing else than the act ing law .
Rex nil dat nisi per recordum .
The king gives nothing, un less by record.
Rex nil potest'
jubere nisi per curiam legitime constitutam.
The king can order nothing, unless by parliament lawfully constituted.
Rex non est ub i volun tas dominatur.
He is not a king ,when his wil l domineers .
1644
Rex non potest invitum civem‘ regno depellere.
The king maynot expel from the kingdom, a subject against hiswil l .
Rex non potest malum vel injuriam facere.
‘
The king may do no ev i l or injus tice.
Rex non potest subditum onerare impositionibus .
The king may not burden a subject with taxes.
Rex nunquam infra mtatem est.
The king is never below age.
Rex praesumitur in scrinio pectoris sui habere omnia jura.
The king is presumed to have all the laws in the recess of his heart.
Rogationes, quaastiones,etpositiones debent esse simplices.
Pet itions, questions, and positions, ought to b e s imple.
S .
Sacraments pauperum sun t servanda .
The oaths of the poor are to b e kept.
Salus populi est suprema lex.
The safety of the people is the highes t law .
Salus populi suprema‘
le'
x esto.
Let the safety of the people b e the supreme law.
166
Su re proprie est rem ratione et per causam cognoscere.
To know,is properly to comprehend a matter
,by reason , or by
its cause.
Secundum naturam est, commoda cujusque rei eum sequi
quem sequentur incommoda .
It is according to nature that the advantages of any thing follow him,
whom its disadvan tages wil l follow.
Semel malus semper, prsesumitur esse malus in eodem
genere.
- A man once b ad,is a lways presumed to b e b ad , in the same way.
Semper in dubus benigniora praeferenda sunt.
Always in doubtful cases, more favourable things are to b e preferred.
Semper in stipulationibus et'
1n caeteris con tractibus id
sequimur, quod actnm est ; aut si non pareat, quid
actnm est, erit con sequen s ut id sequamur, quod in
regione in qua actnm est frequentatur. Quid ergo,si neque regionis mos appareat quia varius fuit ad
id quod minimum est, religenda summa est.
Always in barga in s, and in Other con tracts , we follow that which hasbeen dont or i f that does not appear which hath been done, theconsequence w ill b e that w e should follow that which is usua l inthe coun try. in which it w as performed : what therefore is necessary to b e done, itthe custom of the country does not appearse ither
,because i t has been various ; the sum is to b e reduced , to
that which is the leas t.
Semper in ob scuris, quod minimum est, sequimur.
In obscure cases we always follow that which is least.
167
Semper qui non prohibet pro se 1ntervenire, mandatecreditur, sed et si quis ratum habuerit, quod ges
tum est, ob stringitur mandati actione.
He who does not prohibit one to interfere for himself,is always b e
lieved to Order him but if any one shal l confirmwhat hath beendone, he is bound by the act ion of his mandate.
Semper pro legitimatione praesuin itur
There is a presumption in favour of legitimat ion.
Semper specialia generalibus insunt.
Specia l things are always included in general things.
Sensus verborum est anima legis.
The sense of word; is thesoul of the law.
1
Sensus verborum ex causa dicendi acc1piendus est ; et
sermones semper accipiendi sunt secundum subjeetam materiam .
The sense of words is to b e taken from the cause of pleading, andwords are always to b e taken according to the subject mat ter.
Sensus verborum est duplex, mitis et asper, et verba
semper accipienda sunt in mitiore sensu.
The sense ofwords is twofold, mild and rough,and words arealwaysto b e taken in themilder sense.
168
Sententia con tra matrimonium nunquam transit in rem
judicatam .
An opin ion against marriage, n ever passes in to a matter decided.
Sententia contra minorem indefensum lata nulla est.
An opin ion given against a m inor undefended,is void.
Sen tentia facit jus et legis interpretatio legis vim ob tinet.
A sen tence makes law , and the in terpretat ion of the law obtains the
force of the law.
Sententia facit jus, et res pro veritate accipitur.
A sen tence makes law, and the matter is received for truth.
Senten tia interlocutoria revocari potest, definitiva non
potest.
An in terlocutory sentence can b e recalled, but a defin i t ive one cannot.
Sequi debet potentia justitiam,non prsecedere.
Power ought to fol low justice, not to precede it.
Sermo 1ndex amml .
Speech is the index of the m ind.
Sermones semper accipiendi sun t secundum subjectammateriam, et conditionum personarum.
Speeches are always to b e taken according to the subjeictmatter, andthe condition of persons ;
The crime of pilfering is base.
170
Simplicitas est legibus amica ; vis et fraus invisissima ;
n imia sub tilitas suspecta.
Simplici ty is a friend to the laws , v iolence and fraud are mos t odioustoo much subti l i ty is suspected.
Simplicitas est legibus amica ; et nimia sub tilitas in jurereprobatur.
Simplicity is a friend to the laws, and too much subtili ty is reprobared in law .
Similitudo legalis est, casuu
'
m'
diversorum inter se collatorum, similis ratio ; quod in uno similium valet,valeb it in altero. Dissimilium, dissimilis est ratio.
Lega l s im i li tude is the s imilar relat ion of cases, so difi'
erent betweenthemselves , what is val id in one of the s im i lar cases, will b e validin the other. If diss im i lar
,the relation is l ikewise dissimi lar.
Socu mei socius, meus socius non est.
The companion of my compan ion is not my compan ion.
Sodales legem quam volen t, dum ne quid ex publica lege
corrumpant sibi ferunto.
Let compan ion s make to themselves wha t law they please, providedthey do not abuse any thing of the public law .
Solo innocentia libera ..
Innocence alone is free.
Solemnitates juris sunt observandse s
The solemn i t ies of the law are to b e observed.
171
Solus Deus haeredes facet, non homo .
God alone makes heirs , not man .
Solutio pretii, emptionis loco habetur.
The paymen t of the price is held as a purchase.
Spoliatus debet ante omnia restitui.
Spoliation of all things ought to b e restored .
S tabit praesumptio donec prob etur in contrarium.
Presumption shal l stand until the con trary is proved .
S tabitur praesumptioni donec probetur in contrarium.
We mus t abide by presumption, un ti l the con trary is proved .
S tatuta ita interpretanda ut innox us ne ob sint.
Statutes are so to b e interpreted , that they may not hurt the innocent.
Statutum aflirmativum non derogat communi legi.
An afiirmative statute does not derogate from the common law .
Statutum, generaliter est intelligen’
dum,quando verba
statuti sun t specialia, ratio autem generalis .
A statute is to b e understood general ly, when the words of the statuteare special , but the purpose general .
Statutum speciale statuto speciali non derogat.
A specia l statute does not derogate from alspecial statute.
Sua cuique domus arx esto.
Let every man’s house b e his castle.
Sublata veneratione magistratuum, respub lica ruit.
When respect due to magistrates is taken away, the state fal ls.
Sub clypeo legis nemo decipitur.
No body is deceived under the protection of the law .
Sub sequens matrimonium tollit peccatum precedens.
Subsequen t marriage takes away the preceding sin .
Substantia prior et dignior est accidente.
The subs tan ce is pr ior,and more worthy than w hat is even tual.
Summa charitas est facere justitiam singulis et omnibus
omni tempore.
The greatest chari ty is to do justice to each , and all, at all times.
Summa charitas est facere justitiam singulis et omni tem
pore quando est necesse.
It is the greatest char i ty to do justice to each, and at all t imes, wheni t is necessary.
Summa ratio est quae cum religione facit.
It is the highest reason that makes with rel igion , (i. e. supports rel igion .)
Summi cujusque bonitas commune perfuginm omnibus.
The goodness of every’
highest person is a common refuge'
to all.
174
Terminus et feodum non possunt constare simul in una
eademque persona eodem jure .
Lease and feu are incon sistent in the same person with the sam e right .
Testamen ta, cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur,
ultimumratum est. Sic est,cum duo inter se pug
nantia reperiuntur in eodem testamento.
When two testamen ts are found con tradictory to one another,the las t
is val id ; so i t is when tw o c lauses are found con tradictory to oneanother in the sam e deed.
Testium numerus si non adycitur, duo sufficiunt.
If more witnesses cannot b e found, two are sufficien t.
Testamenta latissimam interpretationem habere debent.
Testamen ts ought to have the broadest interpretation .
Testamenta propter moplam consilii ad mentem testatorisinterpretanda etsi verba solemnia desint.
Testamen ts , on accoun t of the wan t of counsel , are to b e in terpretedaccording to the m ind of the testator, although the usua l wordsare want ing.
Testimonia ponderanda sunt, non numeranda.
Test imon ies are to b e weighed, not to b e numbered .
Tes tamen tum nisi post mortem tes tatoris vim non habet.
A testament has no force, till after the death of the testator.
175
Testatoris ultima voluntas est perimplenda secundum
verum intentionem suam .
The last wil l of a tes tator is to b e fulfilled, according to its true in tsut ion .
Tes tes qui pos tulat, debet dare eis sumptus competentes .
He who demands witnesses, ought to give competen t expenses to them.
Testis nemo in sua causa esse potest.
No body can b e a witness in his own cause.
Testis oculatus unus plus valet quam auriti decem .
One eye witness is worth more than ten ear witnesses.
Testis should be able to say from his heart, non sum
doctus nec instructus, nec euro de Victoria,modo
ministretur justifia.
A witness should b e able to say from his heart , I am not informed,nor instructed, nor do I care which of . the parties b e successful ,prov ided just ice b e done.
Testibus deponentibus in pari numero, dignioribus est
credendum.
When witnesses give their deposi t ions in equal number, we must b el ieve the more worthy.
Traditio loqui facit chartam.
Del ivery makes a paper to speak.
Traditione pacta firmantur.
Agreements are confirmed by delivery.
176
Traditionibus et usucapionibus non nudis transferun turrerum domina .
The r ights of superior i ty are not transferred by bare del iv eries andenjoymen ts.
Tran sferun tur dominies sine titulo et traditione, per usu
captionem, S . per longam continuam et pacificam
posses sionem .
The r ights of superior i ty are tran sferred without ti tle and del ivery bylong possess ion
, viz. by long con tinued and peacefu l possessi on.
Tria sequuntur defamatorem famosum : praevitatio incre
mentum :'
bursae decrementum con solentise detri
mentum .
Three things follow the infamous defamer, increase of avoiding, decrease of purse, los s of conscience.
Triatio ibi semper debet fieri, ub i juratores meliorem
possunt haberenotitiam.
The un ion o f three w i tn esses a lways ought to happen,when the
jurors can have better informat ion .
Turpe est viro, id in quo quotidie versatur'
ignorare.
It is a shameful thing for a man to b e ignoran t of that in which he isdai ly engaged.
Turpe impossibile.
An imposs ibi l ity is shameful.
Turpes tribunalibus arcentur.
Base people are driven away from the tribunals.
178
Ubi duo sensus occurrunt, mitiori standunt
Where two mean ings occur, we mus t abide by the milder.
Ubi dies cessit, licet nondum venerit
Where the day hath ceased, though the n ight hath not yet come.
Ubi diverso jure in eandem rem venire quis potuit,"
eo~
jure venisse prsesumitur quod fortin s ac melius sit.
Where any one -could have come to the same thing by a difi'erentr ight, he is presumed to hav e come to i t by that right which mayb e strongeriand better.
Ubi eadem est ratio idem est jus.
Where the reason is the same, the right is the same.
Ubi eadem ratio ibi idem lex.
Where the reason is the same, the law is the same.
Ubi ex jure positive alicujus gentis reo conceditur, vel
prohibetur leges Angliae, j us ejus gen tis in judicio
respiciun t ub i actio accrevit.
Where a gran t is given , or a prohibit ion made to an accused persono f any nat ion , by a pos i tive law ,
the laws of Englan d regard thelaw oi rbat nation in the trial where the action rose;
Ub i factum nullum,ib i fortia nulla .
x
Where there is no fact, there 18 no strong argument.
Ub i lex cogit aliquem ostendere causam, necesse est quodJcausa sit jus taet
' legitinm.
Where the law compels any one to show cause, it i s M cm mafithere b e a just and lawful cause.
179
Ubi lex cogit aliquem ostendere causam, necesseest quod
causa sit justa atque legitima .
Where the law compels any one to shew cause, i t is necessary thatthere b e a just and lawful cause .
Ubi lex communis et a quitas in eadem“
re versantur,
wquitaa alia via agit sed non aliter sentit.
Where common law and equi ty are engaged in the same thing, equi tyac ts in another way, but does not mean differen tly.
Ubi lex est specialis, et ratio ejus generalis, generaliteraccipienda est.
Where the law is special, and the reason of it general; i t is to betaken in general.
Ubi non est annua renovatio, ibi demmmnon debent solvi.
Where there is no annua l renewal , there t ithes ought not to b e paid.
Ub i non est condendi authoritas, ibi non est parendi
necessitas .
Where there is no authority to command, there is no obl igat ion toob ey.
Ub l non est lex thl non est transgressio, quoad mundum .
Wherethere is no law , there is no tran sgress ion, touching the world .
Ubi quid generaliter cenceditur, inest hmc exceptio, st
non aliquid sit contra jus fasque.
Where any thing is granted in general , there is this exception in i tif there be not any thing contrary to justice and religion .
180
Ub i quis delinquit ibi punietur.
Wh ere any one transgresses,'
there shal l he b e punished .
Ubi remedium in foro seculari ejus rei jurisdictio curn s
secularibus tantum datur, nisi servato jure ecclesiae
ipsis verbis .
Where a remedy is in the secular court, the jurisdict ion of that matter
is gran ted to the secular courts,on ly un less the law of the church
b e preserved in the words them selv es.
Ubi substitui vicarius potest non est cogendus quis adsub stituendum, sed si sub stituere velit inveniat ido
neum .
Where a subst itute can b e substi tuted,no one is to b e compel led to
sub st itute ; but i f he wishes to subst i tute, let him find a fi t person .
Ubi sustuleris revocationem,renatum est testamen tum .
When you have taken away the power of revoking, the wi l l isrenewed.
Ubi verba conjuncta non sunt, sufiicit alteruterum esse
factum .
When w ords are not joined, i t is sufficien t that one or other al ternateb e compl ied with.
Ubi ve'
tat quid lex neque poenam statuit, poena in disere
tione judicis est.
Where the law forbids any thing, and hath not determ ined a punishment, the pun ishmen t is in the discretionof the judge
182
Uno absurdo dato sequuntur.
One absurd thing being gran ted,others fol low.
Urbi concurrent commune jus et jus scriptum communijuri standum .
When common and wri tten law disagree, we mus t stand by the common law .
Ut metus ad omnes , poena ad paucos pervenerit.
That fear may have come to a ll,pun ishmen t to a few.
Ut ne quid n imis cavendum ; ut me quid deficiens duplo
cavendum.
We mus t take care that nothing he carried to excess we mu5t takedouble care tha t nothing be defic ient.
Utile per inutile non vitiatur.
A useful thing is not to b e v it iated by a useless thing.
Utlagatus non potest placitare.
An outlawed person cannot make a will.
Uxor et maritus unum in lege.
Wife and husband are one in law .
Uxor in mariti potestate cum sit non obnoxia est in
causis reatus minoribus ; aliter in majoribus proditione et homocidio.
The wife. as she is under the pow er of her husband,is not l iable in
the lesser caSe s of incen sa tion ; it is otherwise in the greater cases,such as treason and hom icide.
Uxor sub potestate viri.
A wife is under the power of her husband.
V.
Vani timores sunt sestimandi, qui non cadunt in constantem virum .
Fears are to b e estimated as vain, which do not fal l upon a firm man‘.
Vassalo faciendo superiori quod de jure facere oportet.
A vassal is bound to perform to his superior, the duty which he law.
fully owes to him.
Venia privatim lsesi non sufficit legibus.
The pardon privately given by an offended person,does not satisfy
the law .
Venia non potest ante venire delictum.
Pardon cannon: come before the transgression.
Verba accipienda sunt cum effectu, - ut sortian tur
tum .
Words are to b e received with effect, that they may have'
their effect .
Verba aequivoca ac in dubio sensu posits,intelligunturdigniori et potentiori sensu.
Equivocal words, and those placed in a doubtful sen se, areunderstoodin a more worthy and powerful sense.
1 8 4
Verba chartarum fortins accipiuntur contra prof'
erentem.
Thew ords of a charter are taken more strongly aga inst a person expressing them.
Verba fortin s accipiuntur contra preferentem .
Words are understood more s trongly against the person uttering t hem
V erba currentis monetas tempus solutionis designant.
The words m ark the time of paymen t o f curren t money.
Verba generalia restringuuntur ad habilitatem rei vel
personal
General words are restricted to the ability of the thing or' person .
Verba homicidium non excusan t.
Words do not excuse hom icide.
Verba intelligenda secundum subjectam materiem .
Words are to b e understood according to the subject matter.
Verba ita sun t intelligenda, ut res magi s valent quam‘
pe
reat.
Words are to b e so understood,that the matter may rather prosper
than perish.
Verba legis non ex vulgari sensu sed ex legis sensu, ne
que laxam et precariam sed certam et legibus prae
finitam interpretationem requirunt.
The words of the law,not in avulgar sen se, but in the sense of
law , do not require a lax and precarious interpretation, butcertain and positive by the laws.
1 86
Veritatem qui non'
libere pronunciat, proditor est verita tis .
He w ho does nob speak the trut h freely, is the betrayer of truth.
Vigilantibus non. dormientibus jura sub veniunt.
The laws assist waking, but not sleeping people.
Vigilan tibus non dormien tibus servit lex .
The law serv es waking, not s leeping people.
Vigilantibus‘
et non dormientibus jura subvenient.
Laws ass is t waking, but not s leeping persons.
Violenta praesumptio aliquando est plena probatio.
A strong presumption, is sometimes a ful l proof.
Vir et uxor censentur in lege una persona .
Husband and wife are judged in law to b e one person.
Vis legibus est inimica .
Power is in im ical to'
the laws.
Vim vi repellere licet modo cum moderamine inculpatae.
A person may,without b lame, repel force by force.
Vicinus facta vicini prsesumitur scire .
A neighb on r is presumed to know the actions of his neighbour .
1 87
Vita reipublicae pax et animus libertas et corpus
Peace is the l i fe of the state , liberty the soul , and the
Voluntas in delictis, non exitis spectatur.
The wil l is regarded in tran sgress ions , no t the issue.
Volenti non fit injuria .
Injury is not done to a willing person .
Voluntas reputab itur pro facto.
The will shall b e cons idered as the deed.
Voluntas testatorls est ambulatoria usque ad extremum
vitae exitum .
The will of the testator is cancellable, even to the last term of his life.
Voluntas testatoris habet interpretationem latam etbenignam .
The !wil l of the testator has a broad and favourable in terpretation.
Volun tas ultima testatoris est perimplenda secundum ve
ram intentionem suam.
The last wil l of a testator , is to b e fulfi l led according to its true in .
ten tion.
APPENDIK
OF
REFERENCES TO THE PAGES AND NUMBERS,
O I“
T HE PRECEDING M AX IM S AND RULES.
Page 1 . No. 1 . Co. Lit. 365— 2 . Wing . 2 65— 3 . M‘D.— 4. Hob. 5 86
5 . Co. Li t. 18 .
No. 1 . Co. Lit. l l .— 2 . 5 Co. 18 .- 3 Jeuk. Cen t. Lib . 2
Ins t 553 . Loft. 286 - 5. 12 Co. 25 6 . 1 1 Co. 6 - 7. Co.Li t. 152,Lof. 278 - 8 . Ersh. b. 2 , t. l , - 9, 5 Inst. 139 - 10. Lof. 721 1 .Hard. 139 .
Page 3. No. 1. Moor 8 17 - 2. Co. l 46 Loft . 623 - 4 Ersk b. i , t 7.46 - 5. 3 Ins t. 202 - 6 . Jenk .Cent. 6 9 - 7. Lo ft.37 - 8. Ibrd 177
9. V inn . Com. 756 - 10. Loft 460.
Page 4. No 1. Bacon Loft . 6 11 - 2, Hob . 153, Loft. 478 - 3 . Homes L .
To 2520 ' fl ' 40 0 0 050 HOb . los ' n e. LOft’ 458" - 8 o Ib id.
LO fto 227.
No. 1 . 2 Inst . 137 -Wing. 1 16 - 2. Loft 64 l u - 3 . Ibid. 484. Ibid. M D - 6 . Loft 479 - 7. Sta ir of ob li . p.8 . Loft. - 9 . 3 Ins t . 201 - 10. Loft 499m m Ibid. 496 .
Page 6 . No. 1. Loft 500 - 2. Ibid. 498 - 3. Co .Li t . 24 .- 4. Plow . 375
5 , Co.Lit. 24, L oft. 378 - 6 . Hob . 224. Loft. see Ibid. 56 28 . Ibid. 84. - 9. Ib . 390 - 10. Ib . 385 - l l l b . 395.
Page 7. N041. Loft 536 - 2. Ib . 555 - 3. 1h. 1h. ass 1h.
495L - 6 Loft. s79 - 7. Ih. 869 - 8 . Ih. s s7 - 9. 1h. 388 . - 10. Ib .
391.
Page 8 . No. 1 . Loft. 392 Ib . 375 - 3. 1h. 376 Ih. ass Ih.
501 - 6 . Ib. 5os Ih 497 - s . Ih. 386 - 9 . 1h 575 m m. G i l l)156 , Loft l b . 38 2.
Page 9. No 1 . Loft - 2 . 1b 6 87 - 3. Ib 502 - 4. Ih 8 80 - 5 . lb 574- 6 Bee Loft Gog Co Lit 177, Loft 39 9 Co 56
100 0 0 0 0 0
Page 10. No 1 . 5 Co 80 - 2 Loft 207 - 3. Hob . 163 - 4 . Inst Ulp b 76 l106 , b t - 5. Co Li t l 41 - 6 . Jeuk Cen t fol 16 - 7. 4 Inst . 2798 . l Chan Gas 45, Loft 482 - 9. Inst Ulp b 35 Co 40.
Page 11. N0 1. Inst 172, Paul b 5 - 2 . 10 Co 59 Loft 2485 Bacon - 6 . Loft 249 - 7 M‘D - 8 . Co Li t 303.
Page 12; No 1, Fortese c 42 - 2 . 7 Co 16 -3. L 19 , d of?Press 5
Buls 67 - 5. Lof 422 C0 Lit 304.Lof 45l -7. 2 Buls 798 . 4 Inst 274.
190
Pag e 13. No 1 . Co Li t 395— 2, 6 Co 60,Wing 250 - 3 . Jenk Cent 28 1m
8 . 2 Inst 574.
Page 14. No Hob 343 - 3. Co . Lit 264 - 4 Ersk b 4,t 4
4 C O 26 , Lof 48 8 - 6 . Hob l 4 8 - 7 . L0 ft 489 .
Page 15. N o 1 . Lof 436 2 . Jeuk Cen t 16 8— 3 . Loft 243 - 4 . l b 490
5 . Co Lit 3 6 - 6 . 4 Co 15.
Page 16 . No 1 , Doma t l 1 8 - 2 . 9 Co 53— 3 . Gal b 18 , l 57, b t— 4. 2
In st 285— 5. Chan Pr ie 329— 6 . Lo ft 49 - 7. 2 In s t 304.
Page 17. No 1, Co Lit 28 9— 2 . 4 Co 15 Loft 4 9— 3 . Co Li t 34— 4. 1 1
Co 6 8— 5 . Hob 144 , 491— 6 . Co Lit 260.
Page 18 . No 1 . Loft 1 19— 2 . 4 Co 6 6— 3 . Ersk b 1, t 1 , § 57— 4. 5 Co
37— 5 , Jeuk Cen t 28— 6 . Jenk Cen t 52— 7. 1 Co 99— 8 Loft 3265 C0 570
Page 19. No Left 3 28— 3. Hob 99— 4. Co Lit 303— 5 . 9 Co 47,
Loft 277— 6 . Hob 155, Loft 492— 7. 1 1 Co 49, Wing 29, Loft448— 8 . Co Lit 70
,Loft 6 2— 9 . Loft 220.
Page 20. N o 1 . St Ti t 1 1 , Libera p 157— Ersk b 3 , t 4 , 5— 2. Loft 35- s . 8 Co 127— 4. Loft 4 19— 5. Ih— 6. Bac Loft 6 12— 7. 3 Co
8 1— 8 . Loft 508 .
Page 21. N o 1 . Loft 297— 2. 3 Inst 18 1— 3. Jenk Cen t . 16 1— 4 . 4 In st240
,Loft 509— 5 . Loft 448 .
— 6 . Jeuk Cen t 279— 7. Co Lit 201 .
Page 22. No 1. L. 7, 2 , H de - cond furt— 2 . Co Li t 201— 3. Loft 5 114 . 8 Co 90— 5. Loft 5 10.
Page 23. No 1 . Loft 5 1 1— 2. Loft 630— 3 . Loft 5 10— 4. Ih. 632— 5, Ib 5 12
- 6 . l b 6 45 .
Page 24. No 1 . Jeuk Cen t 102— 2. H Co 30— 3. 10 Co 48— 4. C0 Lit.295— 3 . Moor 76 4— 6 . C0 Li t 2 95— 7. Loft 234.
Page 25. No 1 . Co Lit. 295 Loft 5 13— 4 . Ih 483— 5. l b 633
6 . Loft 5 14.
Page 26. NO 1. Loft 75 6 Co 22— 4. Stair t 4 Conj ( )b p 3 15. Co Lit 126 , Wing 48 1 , Loft 6 9— 6 . 5 Co 80— 7. Loft 5 15
Page'
27. N 0 1 . Loft 5 16— 2 . Ih 5 19— 3 . Co Lit 183— 4 . Loft 5 1 8— 5
Ib 338— 6 . Co Lit 1 13— 7, Dav 33.
Page 2 8 . No 1 . Loft 335— 2 . 2 Ins t 18— 3 . Jenk Cen t 273— 4. Lit Sect169 Co 18— 6 . 6 Co 6 7— 7. Lot 339.
Page 29. N o 1 . Loft 340— 2 . 1h 357— 5 ,
'
Ih 34 1— 4. Co Li t 1 13Jeuk Cen t 1 19— 7. Loft 336— 8 , Jeuk Cen t . 274 - 9 , 2 In st
‘
l l
Page 30. No'
l . Ersk b 2 , t 8 , 14— 2. Deni 1 28— 3. Ib l 29— 4. Ersk
b 3,t 8 7— 5. 2 In s t 252— 6 Loft 522— 7. Hob 167.
Page 31, No 1. Loft 308— 2. Jeuk Cen t 132— 3. Co Lit Wing 746— 4
Bacon— 5 . Loft 302— 6, Ib 305— 7,l b 299.
Page 32. No 1, Hob 59, Loft 528— 2, Jus t Gajus b 26— 3 , 2 In st 479
4 Loft 432— 5, Ib 428— 6, Ersk b 4, t S, 103— 7, Loft 434:8 , Ib 524 - 9, 11 Co 52,
192
Page 52, No 1, 9 Co 48— 2 , 1 1 Co 29 Left 605— 3, 1h5 Co Lit 9— 6
, Jur Civ Co Lil: 25 7.
Page 53, No 1, Lo ft 353 - 2
,Dom L 6 2 - 3
,Loft 174
,- 4
, 8 Co 4O - 5 1
Co Lit 2 2 Lof t 547 - 6 , Co Li t 7 b - 7, Bacon .
Page 54, No 1, Co Li t 38 6— 2 , Just Ulp 59 B 3 Desput - 3
,Ersk b 2 t
2 12 - 4,M‘D - 5, 7 Co 1 —6 , 9 Co 47.
Page 55. No 1, 9 Co 9 - 2, Co Lit 164 — 3 , 1 1 1 b t -4, Jenk _
Cen t 405 , 3 In st 158— 6 , 2 Ins t 178 Loft 76— 7, Jeuk Cen t 207.
Page 56 . No 1 , Co Li t 385 - 2. 1 Go j 177— 3 , 2 Inst 59 1 Loft 77— 4,
Sta ir Ti t 12 Rea l Rights p 201, 1 Co I 77 - 5,Loft 552 - 6 , 1h
10 - 7, 1 Co 177 - s,10 C0 6 1 .
Page 57. No Dom 1 8 8 - 3, In s t Gaj b 7 - 4, Co Lit 352 — 5, Co
Li t 124 Loft 144 - 6 , Loft 97~ - 7, Co Li t 2 9.
Page 58 , No 1 , 5 Co 109 - 2 , L 1 8 5 b t - 3 , Loft 63 1 - 4,Plow 2 96 - 5
Loft 63 8Page 59, No 1 , Jus t M eiscian b 12 - 2
,Just Paul b t - 3, 2 R01 Rep 89
4, Loft 483 - 5,1h 399 - 6
,1h 40.
Page 60, No 1,H. H. P. C.54 - 2, Loft 228 - 3
,Ih 429— 4
, Ih 132 - 5 ,Wing 13 - 6 , Hard 65 - 7, Co Li t 141.
Page 6 1. No 1 , Co Li t 1 12 - 2 , Dom 1 172 - 3, 3 In s t 2 10 Loft 183 - 4,
3 In s t 106— 5 ,Wing 13 Jur Civ Cro Car 5 1 .
Page 62 , No 1, Jus t Paul b 6 - 2,Jus t Pomp b - 5 , Bacon— A ,
Loft125 - 5 , Ib 3 15— 6 , 2 In s t 442 — 7, 1 1 Co 8 5.
Page 63, No 1 , Cro Car 6 4 - 2 , Loft 202— 3, Ih 487 - 4, Cro Car 6 4
Loft 504— 5, L 5 b t— 6 , 2 In s t 8 - 7 , L 1 14 b t.Page64. N o 1
,1 Vern 19 - 2, Ins t Pomp b 32 L 14 b t - 5. L
90 b t - 6 , Dom L 128 v in f L 54 - 7, Ers k b 2 t 1 24 Lof t45 6 .
Page 6 5, No 1 , Jeuk Cen t 2 14 Loft 855 - 2, Dom l t 155 $32 - 3, Goob
37 - 4, Dom L 4 1 1 - 5, 5 Co 67— 6 ,Dom l 2 Co 101
8 , Loft 150.
Page 66 , No 1, Loft 194 - 2. 1b 304 9 Co 53— 4, L 12 b t - 5, Loft
558 - 6 , Dom L sou - 7, Jenk Cen t 132— 8 , Dav as Loft 555 .
Page 67, N o 1 , Loft 52 1 - 2, Loft 643 - 3 , 1h 556 - 4
,Ib 557 - 5, Dom
1 24— 6 ,V ide Designa tio - 7, Loft 307 - 8,Loft 274.
Page'
68. No 1,Loft 46 1 - 2 , 8 Inst 18 1 - 3
, 12 Co 13 - 4, Co Lit 232
5.V ide Nemo ex Dolo , 8tc— 6, Loft 229— 7, Ib 520— 8 , l b 25 6
Page 6 9. No 1 , Hob 123 - 2 , Loft 150—3,Ib 134— 4, Jenk iCent 31W ing 501 - 5 , 3 Ins t 359 Loft 4 1 - 6 , Co Li t 303 Loft 74— 7 2Ins t 589 - 8 . 6 C0 57 Loft 18 3 .
Page 70. No 1, Loft 16 2 - 2. 8 Co 169 - 3, Jeuk Cen t 198— 4, L’
69 b tC “ 5 0 0 06 0 JUSLPaul
'
b 700 0 - 70 Loft 484.
Page 71. No 1.L 16 9 b t - 2 . Just Paul b 4— 3, Loft 180 Jeuk Cent58 - 5. 1h 45 - 6 . 7 C0 87.
Page 72. No 3 Ins t I47 -3 . 4 1h 279 - 4. 12 Co 2 Ins t 286- 6. 4 Co as Loft Jeuk Cen t Loft 561. p 73.
193
Page 73, No 1, 8 Co 97— 2, Loft.
51 2 Ins t 573— 4,Loft 42— 5,
5 Dyer 12— 6 , Loft 8 2— 7, 13 Co 14— 8 , Lo ft - 47.
Page 74. No 1. Lo’ft 560— 2, 2 Ins t 541— 5 . Loft 131— 4. 2 Inst 380—5.
Loft 317— 6 , 1h 562 Loft 563— 9 .Dom 1 s .
Page 75. No 1. Co Lit l b 18 1 b— S . L 8 b t Loft 3 15— 4, Jenk
Cen t 6 8 - 5. 4 In s t 279— 6 i 1, 206— 7. Loft 147—1. lb 931Page 76. No 1. Loft 332— 2. Dom11— 3. 7 Co 12— 4. Dom 1 8 8— 5. Co
Lit 24 Sta ir t 14 Superior p 901 Ersh B 2 f 7 se ct s .
Page 77. No 1. 4 Inst 279— 2 . 2 Ins t 56 Lof'
t as—s .Loft 565— 4. Dom
Page 78 . No 4 00 ad Lect— S . 2 R01Rep 410 11 Co 6 2 B 63 41— 4.
Co Lit 18 3— 5. Dom 1 7— 6 . Jenk Cen t 7— 7. 9 Co 2 2— 8 . 2 Ins t6 18— 9 , Jeuk Cen t 36— 10. 2 Ins t 6 89 Loft 232,
Page 79. No 1 . Loft 1 17—2. Ib 12— 5. 1b 575— 4. 1b 85 e inst526 .
Page 80. No 1. Co Li t 3 19 b InSt 587 Loft 101— 3. Lo ft 65—4. Ib
8— 5. 1 1 Co 90— 6 . Loft 642— 7. Ih 98— 8. 5 Co 21 Wing 6009 . Loft 569— 10. Jeuk Cen t . 22.
— 1 1 . If) 17.
Page 8 1 . No 1. Hob 96— 2. Loft 125— 5. 1 Co 87— 4. 9 00 54- 5 . Loft247— 6 . l b 552.
Page 82. No 1 .
'
Lit Epi logue— 2 . Jeuk Cent 284—3. 11.35—4. Co Lit78— 5. Loft 269— 6 . Ih 6 1—7. Ih 574—8 . l b 224.
Page 83. No 1. LOft 342— 2. Co Li t 1 16— 8 . J ‘
ust Paul b 2—4 Loft 3455. Inst 122 Gaj Lib 5 Prov— 6. Loft 546 .
Page 84. No 1 . Loft 6 10— 2. Jur Civ— 3. Co Lit 1 15— 4 . Cro Car 1 175 . Loft 334— 6 . 11) 276 .
Page 85 . N o 1 . 9 (30 48— 2 . Loft 6 17— 3 . Lo ft 231— 4 , Ih 136— 5. 4 Co72— 6 . Loft 5 7 6— 7. L it Sect 2 12—8 . Loft 6 29.
Page 86.No 1 . Jeuk Cent 53— 2. 7 Co 40— 3. l b 67 Co l3! - 4. Ersk b 1 t 6
Page 87. No 1 . Co Li t 357 Loft 5 15— 2 . Ih 3 18— 3 111 s 95- 4 . 1b 129
5 . 2 Inst 53—6 . Ersk b 2 tit 1 26— 7. Loft 440Page 6 8 . N o 1 . 4 Co 45— 2 .Loft Co Lit 365— Wing 748— 4. Lof
457— 5 . Lit Co 337— 6. Ersk b 1 t 7 43 Bul 143.
Page 89. N o 1 . Ins t Pomp b 28— 2 . 1511' s]: b 3 t 2 40— 3 . Loft 18— 4
5 Inst 24 Loft 146— 5. Loft 427— 6 . Ih 426—7. Co 73 Loft 296— 8 . 1h 578— 9. 11 Co 86 .
Page 90. No 1 . Jeuk C en t 51—2. Ersk b 1 t 6 3M u .4cLoft 28 14- 35.
1h 280— 6 . 4 Ins t 384— 7. Co Li t 15 Loft 579.Page 91. No
.
1. 2 Inst 479 - 2. 2 Ins t 219 Lo ft 71—8 ..At Hob“
144—590 Li t 79 4 - 43. Jenk Cen t 66 7. Loft 62 14
Page 92. No 1 . Loft 620— 2,Bacon— 3 . 10 Co 61— 4. Ih— 5. Plow 186. Bacon Loft 259— 7.H H P 0 544- 4 4 8 .2 Inst 926.
Page 95. No 1 .Hob 144 Lof t 113 - 2. 1b 87— 3. Ih 580—4. 1h 581—5.1b 155— 6 . Ih 3 Co 59 - s. Loft 450.
2 C
194
Page 94. No 1. Loft 431— 2. 4 Ins t 275— 3. 2 Inst 66 Loft 322— 4.Dom
l 15 l - 5.Jeuk Cen t 250 - 6 . 4 Co 45— 7. 5 Co 6 1.
Page 95. No 1. 12 Co 1 13 - 2 . Jenk Cen t 4— 3. Co Li t 263 Wing 592- 4. Just Ulp b 6 - 5. Loft 58 2— 6 . 1h 142— 7. Jur Civ— 8 . L .
43 b t.Page 96. No 1 .Dom l 134 5 1 - 2. Loft 53 - 3. Ib . 2 87 - 4. L 1 71 b t
5 .Loft 454 - 6.Dom 1 4— 7. Jenk Cen t 8 - 8 . Dom L 37.
Page 97. No 1 Loft 197 - 2. Ersk b 1 t 7 33— 3. Loft 201 - 4. Jus tPaul b 12 - 5. L 54 b t - 6. Loft 29 - 7. Ib 311— 8. Gi lb Ten142 - 9 . Jeuk Cen t 237.
Page 98. No 1. Jus t Ulp b 1 - 2, Ersk. b 2 t 8 9 - 3. Dom 1 75 b t4.L 575 b t -5. Loft 5— 6 . Co Lit 309Wing 56— 7.Ersh b 2t 1 § 3Q
Page 99. No 1 . Jus t Ulp b 15 Loft '
437. . - 4. C0 Li t 304 WingIAOft 182' W - 6 . 3 B11 ] 173 - 70Wing 536 0
Page 100. No 1 . Loft 439 - 2 . Ib 30— 3.Wing 665— 4. Er sh b 4 t 1Ih b 4 t 4 94. Wing 486 Loft 36 1 - 7. Dom 1 145Dom l 100
Page 101. No l .Loft 55— 2.Jur Civ— 3 . 11 Co 21— 4 . 4 Co 93 - 5. InstP3 111 b
Page 1020 NO I, 9 CO 9’ M ‘D“ . 30 CO Lit 97‘ Ib ‘ m 'b'
o L 35 b toPage 103. No 1. 2 Ins t 359 - 2. 1Co 100— 3. 2 Ins t 63 - 4. Ersk b 2 t 9
5 37 L 55 b t - 5. Loft 93 - 6 . Ih 394 - 7. Ih 465— 8 . 1b 95
Page 104. No 1 . Loft 244— 2 . Ih 6 14 - 3. Ih 343 - 4. 1h 92— 5. Ins t Ulpb In st 2 17— 7. Lit 116 1 b t.
Page 105. No 1. Loft 467 - 2. Ib 258— 3, Inst 175 Paul b 1 1— 4. L 74b t - 5. L 2 1 b t - 6 , Dom l 4 1 - 7. 5 Co 6 0.
Page 106. No 1. Jus t Ulp b 44— 2. 1 R 0 1 R ep 226— 3 . Co Li t4. Loft l l - 5. Ih 329 - 6 . Ih 472 - 7. L 85 b’ t.
Page 107. NO 1. L 176 b t - 2. Loft 608 -3. 1h 275 - 4. Ih 26 - 5. l b 16n -G
‘. Ih 225m 7. L 8 1 b to
Page 108. No 1. Loft 584— 2. Inst,
Ulp b 19 -3 . Loft 6 13 - 4. Jus t Gaj b15 - 5. Just Papian b 2— 6. Inst 116 Ulp l 11 ,
— 7. 10 Co 42.
Page 109, No 1 . Emk b 3 t 4 93 - 2. Loft 223— 3. Plow 309— 4. CoLi t 78— 5. Loft 466.
Page,110. No 1. Loft 6 18— 2. Co Lit 394— 3.
ILoft 130— 4. 1h 245— 5.1h 64 - 6 . Ins t Paul b l5 - 7.Loft 36— 8. Co Li t 222.
2 Ins t 273 Jeuk Cen t 83— 7. Co Li t 148— 8. 3 In s t 138Page 1 12, No 1, 4 h 7 4 .
{L 55 b t - 3, Et sk b 4 t 4 85 - 4, L 138t b t - 5
,4 Inst 84.—6 , Co Lit 375 - 7, Ersk b 3 t 7 12
- 8 , 4 Inst 84 Loft 268Page 113, No 1 , L 30 b t Jur Civ Co Lit 53— 2, Ersk b 4 t 2
5, 11 CO 100“ -40005’CO Lit 392‘ I ' 6’LOft C0 t 78
196
Page 154, No 1 , Co Li t 205—2, Loft 475 —3, DomL 73 54 4, Loft591— 5, 6 Co Lit - 6 , Jeuk Cen t 29
Page 135, No 1 . 3 Buls 132 - 2 , Loft 592— 3, 4 CO 78 —4, FiDCh 74 - 5 t
Ersk b 5 t 1 5 25— 6, Ih b 1 t 7 s2 - 7, 2 In st 6 8 9Page 136, No 1, Loft 459— 2 , Ih 279— 5 , C0 Lit 183— 4
, 3 Inst 220Jur Civ - 7, 2 Ins t 564
Page 157, No 1,4 Ins t 330 - 2
,Loft 445— 5
,Ih 79 —4, Co Li t 223 b
Wing 6 18 —5 , 2 Ins t 48Page 138 , No 1 , 8 Co 154— 2, 5 Co 47— 3, 2 Inst 326 Hob 234— 4, 2
Ins t 83— 5,Loft 283
Page 139. No Co 101— 2, Co Li t 295— 3,Loft 639— 4, 7 Co 9
5 , 3 In st 26 —6 . C0 Lit 16 1Page 140, NO 1, Loft l 78 —2 , Ih 371 Co 52 . Loft 3 10 - 5, 1h
5 60 - 6 , Loft 1 24— 7, l b 359
Page 141, NO 1 , 2 Ins t 470— 2, 3 Buls 227 - 3, Lofts 210— 4, l b 4085, L 18 b t - 6 , Loft 202— 7, 10_
Co 5 1
Page 142 , NO 1 , Inst Paul b 22 - 2,Loft 2 11— 3
,Ib 640 - 4
, lb 447
5, Co Lit 258 Loft 163— 6 , 12 Co 59 - 7, Co Li t 283 Loft 44i
Page 143 , No 1, E 42 b t— 2, Ersk b 3 t 8 26— 3,Loft 16 1 -4
,Reg
Jur Civ— 5,Loft 644 - 6 , 7 C0 27
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Page 159, No 1, Loft 22 - 2,L 1 i? de regnlis, juris an tiqui -3
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Page 163. No 1 . 4 Co Ad . Sect— 2. Loft 306— 3. 1h 305— 4 . Ih 14— 5.
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Page 164. No 1. Loft 455— 2. 1h 21 Ih 148— 4. 1h 25— 5. Co Li t 99Loft 6— 6 . Hob 145— 7. Ersh b 1 t 7 39— 8 . 15 Co 159— 9.
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Page 171. No 1, Loft 295— 2. Jeuk Cen t 56— 3. 2 Inst 714 Loft 449— 4.
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Page 172. No 1. Loft 8 1— 2. Jenk Cen t 43— 3. Loft 80— 4. Reg Jur- 5.M ‘D— 6. Loft 160— 7, Ih 564— 8. Ih 203— 9 . lb 6 19.
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Page 175. No 1. C0 Lit 322 Loft 250— 2 .Reg Jur Civ— 3 , 111— 4 . 4 Inst
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Page 178 . NO 1,Loft 42 1 - 2 . Ersk b 3 t 6 9 -3. Loft 648— 4. l b 60
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Page 188. No 1. Loft - 2. 7 Co 27 - 3, Ersk b 3 t 7 79 - 4, Loft
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THE END.
![Latin feliratok a Barbaricumban [Latin inscriptions in the Barbaricum, in Hung.]](https://static.fdokumen.com/doc/165x107/63343a7da1ced1126c0a39db/latin-feliratok-a-barbaricumban-latin-inscriptions-in-the-barbaricum-in-hung.jpg)
