“পপপপপ”, “পপপ”, “পপপপপপ”,“পপপপ”, “পপপ পপপপপ”, “পপপপপপপ”, “পপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ??? পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ..

“ পপপপপপপ ” পপপপ পপপ ?

পপপপপপপপপপ/পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপ।

“ পপপ পপপপপ ” পপপপ পপপ ?

পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপ। পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ

পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপ পপপপ “পপপপপপ” পপপ। পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ। পপপপপপ পপপপ CS, RS, SA পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ। পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপ “পপপপপপ” পপপ। পপপপ CS পপপপপপ, RS পপপপপপ…

পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ

“ পপপপপ ” পপপপ পপপ ?

পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপ প পপপপ “পপপ পপপপপ” পপপ। পপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ/পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপ। পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ “পপপপপ” পপপ।

“পপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপ CS পপপপ পপপ পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ, পপপপপপ, পপপপ, পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ। পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ “পপপপপ” পপপ। পপপপপপ, পপপপপ পপপ, পপপপপপপ, পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ,

পপপ পপপপপপপ, পপপপ পপপপপপপ, পপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ।

“পপপ” পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ?

পপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ

পপ। পপ পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ। পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ। পপপপ,

পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপ।

“পপপপ পপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপ পপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ। পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ: পপপপপপ পপপ পপ পপপ পপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ প পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ প পপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ প পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপ” পপপ পপপ?পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ  পপ পপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ  পপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপ/পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ ( পপপপ পপ১ ০ ৭৭) পপপপ পপ/পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপ।

DCR পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ (পপপপ পপ ২২২) পপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ DCR পপপ।

“পপপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপ পপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

২/৩ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ  পপপ পপপ পপপ পপ।

“পপপ পপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপপপ পপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ  পপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপ  পপপপপপ পপপপপ  পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ  পপপপপপ প পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ

“পপপপপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ প পপপপপপপপপপপ  পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপ। পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ

পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ  পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ।

“পপপপপপপপ” পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপপপপপপপ পপপ, পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ প পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ । পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ,

পপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ। পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ ৩০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ।

“পপপপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ।

“পপপপ” পপপপ পপপ?

পপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ। পপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ প পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপ পপপপ: CS, RS, PS,

BS পপ?

পপপপ পপ Land পপপপ পপপ?

“পপপপ পপপপ পপপ?”- পপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ।  The State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950-পপ ২(১৬)- পপপপ পপপ,

“পপপপ (land) পপপপ পপপপপ, পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ,

পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ  পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ।”

পপপপ পপপপ/পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ। পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ, The Survey Act,

1875 পপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপ।  পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ।

পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ/পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপ। পপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ, পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ,

পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ, পপপপপ প পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ। পপপপপপ  পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপ Record  ofRights  (RoR) পপপপপ পপপপপপ।  পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ, পপপপ CS পপপপপপ, RS পপপপপপ,

পপপপপপপ।

পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ;1. CS -Cadastral Survey2. SA- (1956)3. RS -Revitionel Survey4. PS – Pakistan Survey

5. BS- Bangladesh Survey (1990)

প) পপ.পপ. পপপপ/পপপপপপ (Cadastral Survey)“পপপপ” পপপ Cadastral Survey (CS) পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ। পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ পপ ১৮৮৯ পপপ পপপ ১৯৪০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ। পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপ। পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ। পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ।

প) পপ.প. পপপপ (State Acquisition Survey)

১৯৫০ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ প পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপ ১৯৫৬ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ

পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপ। পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ।

প) পপ.পপ. পপপপ ( Revisional Survey)

পপ. পপ. পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ ৫০ পপপ পপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ। পপপ, পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ প পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপ। পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ প. পপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ, পপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপ। পপ পপপপপপ প পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

প) পপপপ পপপপ (City Survey)

পপপপ পপপপ পপ পপ পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ। পপ.পপ. পপপপ পপ পপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ প পপপপ ১৯৯৯ পপপপ ২০০০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপ। প পপপ পপপপ

পপপপপপপ প পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ। প পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ প পপপপপপ পপ।

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ প পপপপপপপপ

পপপপপপপ পপ?

পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ। পপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ। পপপপপপ

পপপপপপপ(Mutation) পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ। পপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ। পপপপপপপ পপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ। পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ/পপপ পপপপপ পপপ। পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ। পপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ, পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ, পপপ, পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ। পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ প পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপ ১৯৫০ পপ ১৪৩ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ (পপপপ পপপপপপপ) পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ। পপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপ,

পপপপপ প পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপ।

পপপপপপপ (পপপপ) পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ১০ পপ ২০ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ। পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ

পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ (পপপপপপ) পপপপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ।

পপপপ:

পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ (পপ.পপ পপপপপ) পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ.প পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ

পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ (পপ.পপ.পপপপপ) পপপপ পপপপপপপ:

পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ (পপ.পপ.

পপপপপ) পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ। পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ

পপপপপ পপপপপপপ। পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ প পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপ ১০৭৮ প পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ:

পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ প পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ। পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ, ‘পপপপপপপপপপপ’ (i) I (ii) পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ (Viii) পপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপ. প. পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ: 

পপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপ.প. পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ (পপ.প) পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ প পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ প পপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ: 

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ (পপপপপপ/পপপপপপ) পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপ প।(পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপ ৩২১ পপপপপপপপ)পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপপপ (পপ.পপ) পপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ: 

পপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ (পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপ)

পপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ প পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ। পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ (পপপপপপ)

পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ ১৮-৭-১৯৮৪ পপ পপপপপপপ ২০-প.পপ-১৭/৮৪ (১৪০) পপ পপপপপপপপ ৯ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ/পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ/পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ

পপপপপপপপপপ/পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ। পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপ, পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ/পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ।

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পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ:

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ।(১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ ১৪৩ পপপপ )

পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ।(পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ ১৯৯০)

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ (পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ ১৯৯০)

পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ।(১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ ১৪৩ পপপপ )

পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ (পপপপপপ)-পপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ। (১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ ১৪৭ পপপপ)

পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ। (১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ ১৪৮ পপপপ)

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ (পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ পপপ পপপপ) (১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ ১৪৭ পপপপ)

পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ (১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ ১৪৯ পপপপ।)

পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ। (১৯৯০ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ ৩২৭,৩২৮ পপপপপপপপ)

পপপপ:

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ।

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ প পপপপপ পপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ প পপপপপ পপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপ প পপপপপ পপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ:

পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ

 

 

পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ?

পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ (পপপপ) পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ।

পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপ?

পপপ পপপপপপপপ। পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ। (১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ ১৪৮ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ?

পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ ৩০ পপপপপ পপপপপ।

পপ.পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ ৬০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ ৯০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপ?

পপপ ।(পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ পপ) পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ। (১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ ১৪৯ পপপপ)

 

পপপপপপপ পপপপপ?

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ ১ (পপ) পপপপপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ ৩ (পপপ) পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ ৬ (পপ) পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপপ।

পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপ?

‘পপপ।’ (পপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপ পপ)

(১৯৫০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ ১৫০ পপপপ।)

পপপপপপপ পপপপপ?

পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ ৩০ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

 

 

পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ :

“পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ”(পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ)

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ (“পপপপপপপ”)১৪১/১,পপপপপ পপপপপপ,পপপপ-১০০০ ।পপপপ পপপপপ- ৮৩১৭১৮৫,৯৩৪৯১২৬ ।“পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপপ”পপপপপপ পপপপপ, পপপপপপপপপ ।পপপপ পপপপপ-০৬৬১-৫৫৫১৮, ৫৫৬১৮ ।“পপপপপপ পপপ“৭/৮,পপপপ-পপ,পপপপপপপপপ,পপপপ ।পপপপ পপপপপ-৮১২২১৯৯, ৯১৪৪০৮৫ ।পপপপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ (“প.পপ.পপ.পপ.”)

পপপপ পপ-৪০,পপপপ পপ-৪/প, পপপপপপপপ প/ প,পপপপ-১২০৯ ।

পপপপ পপপপপ-৯৬৬২৫০৩,৯৬৭১১৭২ ।(পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ ১৯৯০ পপ ৩২১ পপপপপপপপ)।

পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ: পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ (পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ ৫০৯/২০০০)। পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ, পপ পপপপপপপপপ ৪৬৭, ৪৬৮, ৪৭১ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ (২ পপপপপ পপপপপ প· পপপপ পপপপ) পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ। পপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ। ১ পপপপপ পপপপপ (পপপপপ পপপপ) পপপ ৩ পপপপপ পপপপপ প পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপ। পপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ প· পপপপ পপপপ (২ পপপপপ পপপপপ) পপপপ পপপ। পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ।

পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ (পপপপপ ৫০৯/২০০০) পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ। পপপপপপ পপপপপপ, পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ। পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ। প-পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ। (৫৯ পপপপপপ, ৩২৮)

পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ

পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ ৪৬৭, ৪৬৮, ৪৭১ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ (পপপপপ পপপপপ ৫০৯/২০০০) পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ, পপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ। পপপপপপ প পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ। পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ। পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ, পপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ, পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপ। পপপপ পপপপপপ প পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ ২১১ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ। পপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ। পপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ।

পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ, পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ ৭০ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ (৫৯ পপপপপপ, ৩২৮) পপপপপপপপ পপপপ। পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ। পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপ। পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ ২১১ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপ। প পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ ২৫০ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ।

পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ

পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ ২৫০ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ। পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপ, প

পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ প পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপপ

পপপপপ পপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ ৪৩৫-পপ ৪৩৯(প)

পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ।

পপপপপ

পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ ২৫০(৩) পপপপ পপপপপপপ, পপপপপ পপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ।

পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ ২৫০ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ প পপপপপপপপপপপ

পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ, পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ। পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ, পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ।

পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপপ

পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ। পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপ

পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপ। পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ। পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ।

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পপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ।

পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপপপ পপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপ পপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপপপপপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপ পপপ পপপপ পপপ পপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপ পপপপ পপপপপপ পপপপপপপ পপপপ পপপ।

Inflation is a word that makes people, specially the leaders, policy makers, business planners and consumers concerned and scared. High inflation is an invisible negative economic factor that causes erosionin workers' savings and savers' buying power, diverts resources from productive investment and virtually slows down the economy. Economistsuse the term "inflation" to denote an ongoing rise in the general level of prices quoted in units of money. The magnitude of inflation, the inflation rate, is usually reported as the annualized percentage of growth of some broad index of money prices. Inflation thus means fall in the overall purchasing power of the monetary unit. Inflation rates vary from year to year, from country to country and from currency to currency. When the inflation rate is very high, it is referred to as "hyperinflation'. Generally when the inflation rate is running at "double digit", it reflects as a sign of hyperinflation andnegative inflation is known as "deflation".

Inflation can be defined in simple language as a rise in the general price level and therefore a fall in the value of money. Inflation occurs when the buying power is higher than the output of goods and services available in the economy. As to whether the fall in value of money will affect the functions of money depends on the degree of fall. Basically, it refers to the availability of goods and services, resulting in higher prices. Inflation can be measured in term of percentage. The two basic indexes are used in measuring inflation. They are producer price index (PPI) and consumer price index (CPI) which is also known as the cost of living index.

There are different types of inflation on the basis of inflation coverage and scope point of view.

A high inflation rate is highly undesirable because it has negative and far reaching consequences on the economy. Therefore, the government, its policy makers, the central bank of any country must diagnose its causes in depth by implementing pragmatic and effective policies to control inflation. There are many factors responsible for inflation in the economy. The causes of inflation vary from country tocountry and from time to time and the causes are summarized as: (1) over-expansion of money supply (2) increase in population (3) deficit financing budget (4) expansion of bank credit (5) high indirect taxes (6) black money (7) poor performance of the agricultural sector (8) higher government administrative costs (9) rise in the production and labor costs (10) rise in energy-petrol, diesel, CNG and electricity costs (11) weak currency and (12) infrastructural and foreign currencybottlenecks.

The responsibility of controlling and containing high inflation rate falls, for obvious reasons, on the government which is the prime policy maker for any country. Governments of different countries-developed, developing and underdeveloped, take various measures to control inflation through their fiscal policies. Fiscal policy of any country thus plays a very significant role in controlling inflation, reducing unemployment by creating new employment opportunities, augmenting the national economy by stabilising the price level, consumption level, income distribution level and intensifying the process of capital formation. Preparing economic-friendly fiscal policy is the most important and vital job of a government and acute diligence and prudence need to be applied while framing the fiscal policy.

In the developed economies, the heads of the government remain directly involved with the formulation of fiscal policies and give advice and guidance as and when required. In the developed economies, fiscal policies are prepared from "economic point of view" taking careof some specific goals such as controlling inflation, reducing unemployment rates, creating good investment environment and so on. Inthe United States, for example, starting from President Jimmy Carter

to incumbent President Barak Obama, every President took the lead and initiative to control inflation, reduce unemployment, create better investment environment.

Similarly the present US President Barak Obama's economic and strategic plans to reduce inflation and boost job creation worked welland 235,000 jobs were created in the US in January 2012 alone. The boosting of the economy helped boost up President Obama's popularity from 44 per cent to 49 per cent. President Obama's political standing is rising along with voters' optimism that the economy is getting better, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News poll.But in the developing and under-developed economies, fiscal policy is often biased politically, ignoring the basic economic needs. As a result it fails to fix and control the most crucial and important issues like inflation, unemployment investment and price level. If anygovernment wants to control and contain inflation it has no option butto resort to "austerity measures" and "crash programmes" through its fiscal and monetary policies. Austerity measures generally include (1)reduction of budget deficit (2) reduction of public expenditure especially on the government administrative overheads (3) reduction ofunemployment, that is creation of more jobs (4) stabilization of pricelevel (5) controlling money supply by crunching credit facilities or by adjusting cash reserve ratio (CRR) or statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) and (6) controlling the energy costs which directly affect priceincrease.Like the fiscal policy, monetary policy of a country plays a very important role in controlling inflation. Monetary policy is the process by which the government, the central bank or the monetary

authority of a country controls: money supply, availability of money and interest rates to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. The basic objectives of a monetary policy of a country are to control inflation, stabilize and enhance economic growth by creating better investment opportunities and reduce unemployment.Most of the central banks in the developed economies have a monetary policy committee (MPC) consisting of the governors of the banks, prominent economists, bankers, accountants and central banks' authorized representatives. Before taking any decision affecting the Monetary Policy Statement (MPS), they convene the MPC to discuss the issues at length, in addition to monthly meeting. The MPC considers the crucial economic and financial issues affecting the MPS including:(a) GDP growth and spare capacity, (b) bank lending and consumer credit figures (c) equity markets (share price index) and house prices(d) consumer confidence and business confidence indicators (e) unemployment figures (f) growth of wages, average earnings and unit labor costs (g) global foreign exchange markets (h) forward looking indices and (i) international economic data. To have effective and fruitful results of the MPS it is very essential that the central banks of the developing and underdeveloped countries should have MPC and preview in-depth the said issues.

In the context of Bangladesh, which is considered as one of the emerging nations in South Asia region and is categorised as one of theimportant developing countries in this region, has an annual fiscal policy, designed, framed and enforced by its elected government. The half-yearly monetary is policy prepared by its central bank. Bangladesh is an inflation-stricken country and the present inflation rate is 10.63% (December 2011). The highest inflation rate was 11.97% in the month of September 2011.When the inflation rate is running at "double digit" it is referred toas "hyper-inflation" which is not at all desirable and must be broughtdown below double digit. The government and its central bank have been

trying hard to control and contain inflation and taken some correctivemeasures but the measures and steps taken are not persuasive and effective enough to meet the challenges and the economy is encountering various problems in different arenas. The government's fiscal policy and its central bank's monetary policy are in conflict in some sensitive areas. For example, the central bank's MPS emphasizes credit crunch whereas the fiscal policy emphasizes on deficit budget and government borrowings from the banking system. Deficit financing is the main reason for hyper-inflation and that is why most of the inflation hit countries take austerity plans to control inflation. The plan includes action to 'slash the budget deficit" as the first and foremost step. We do not see any "austerity plans" or "crash programmes" in the fiscal policy like reduction of unproductive and administrative expenditures. Over and above, government's decision to increase the fuel price and energy costs again and again, have triggered the inflation as the production and other costs have gone up substantially, leading to instability in the price situation. The government's borrowing from the commercial has created a severe liquidity crunch in the commercial banks. The recently announced MPS of the central bank of Bangladesh has not put forward any target of reducing unemployment rate, which we know, is the top priority of any government of any country. The unemployment rate reduction or creatingmore jobs is a valuable indicator to evaluate the performance of the government of a country.Due to liquidity problems many commercial banks are not being able to open Letters of Credit (L/Cs) of many 100% export oriented industries.We know some commercial banks declined in writing to open L/Cs with the plea that they are facing liquidity crunch although there is adequate credit limit. One 100% export oriented industry, we know, hasBDT 1 billion (100 crore Taka) credit limit but its banker declined toopen L/C. If this unfavorable economic situation prolongs, we are afraid this will severely affect the export targets of the country andwill also drastically affect the investment scenario. We strongly feel that it is high time for the policy makers of the government of Bangladesh and its central bank to come forward with pro-active and forward-looking fiscal and monetary policies and take

drastic steps to control and contain the double-digit inflation. It isan appropriate time to enforce "austerity measures" by cutting unproductive and administrative expenditure of the government departments, stabilise the price level by not increasing the energy and fuel costs. The writer is the Group Financial Controller of Private Groupof Industries. E-mail: m.jalal.hussain@gmail.com

Monetary policy - Inflation, stable prices and interest ratesThe core objective of monetary policy is price stability. If prices are prevented from going up (inflation) or down (deflation) too fast, this will protect the purchasing power of the euro. Price stability is said to exist if prices rise by justunder 2 per cent per year in the medium term.

Inflation, stable prices and interest rates

Consumers and businesses alike must be able to trust that prices will, on average, rise only very gradually if at all – in other words, that inflation is kept under control. Stable prices, or price stability, means that one year from now a euro will buy roughly the same as it buys today. Strongly rising (inflation) orfalling (deflation) prices lead to insecurity and will harm the economy. Hence price stability is a necessary precondition for a healthy economy.

Harmful effects of high inflation

Rapidly rising prices erode our purchasing power. People will start demanding higher wages. Companies will, in turn, factor thehigher wages into the prices of their products. The result is a spiral with wages and prices pushing each other up and up while interest rates increase as well. In such an environment, where all goods and services keep growing more and more expensive,

consumers and businesses are left without solid ground to base sound economic decisions on. Price stability offers them securityand confidence, both of which contribute to sustainable economic growth. This is why the policy of the European Central Bank (ECB)is directed at maintaining price stability.

The ECB Governing Council and price stability

As De Nederlandsche Bank participates in the Governing Council ofthe ECB, it is partly responsible for keeping prices stable throughout the euro area. The ECB Governing Council consists of the central bank governors of the thirteen euro countries plus the ECB Executive Board. As the guardians of price stability theyhave agreed that prices must be allowed to rise by just under 2% per year.

Interest rate

Although the Governing Council cannot influence price levels directly, it does have a means to control inflation in a roundabout way: the interest rate. The ECB’s primary interest rate serves as the economy’s throttle and brake pedals. A rate increase will push prices down, or at least rein in risingprices. A rate cut will make prices go up faster. An increased interest rate means that it will cost more to borrow money, and people will have less money left to spend. As a result, the economy will slow down and so will price increases. However, since it may take several months for a rate change to work its way through into prices, the effect is not always clearly visible.