La Musique à Niveau Sonore Élevé - Musique-Environnement / Études sur la musique noise

!"#!$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"#$%&'(%)#*#+',)"%#&-+-.)#/!),/#

0#$%&'(%)1)+,'.-++)$)+2#0

!"#$%&'!()$%&'%()*'+,-.$.+/*+)('+)012%+/'+304250/+/678(23/*')9/:+;*2</(42'8+=)<)9+>08?/&

=%&04+@%*04+A+)012%+2*+)(':+B(%07/+1/+(/&-/(&-/:+-''7CDD9%&04%*04.%(BD

,(%E/44/0(+F+9GH&%9/+I)'2%*)9/+@078(2/0(/+1GJ('+1/+K%0(B/4:+L()*&/

M%NO'-2*B.*/'+:++4077%('O9%&04%*04.%(B

-''7CDDM/(%3/M%N.%(BD

+34#56789:;

P812B8+)7(Q4+9/+&%*&/('+L(//+I%24/+I2B-'+RS:+9/+TT+M02*+TU!S+F+@)2*'VI)W)2(/:+402'/+F+0*+18?)'+1G)012'/0(4+F+7(%7%4+10+4/'+10+'(2%+89/&'(%*250/+

-)(4-+*%24/+72WXY+Z[-(24'%7-/+\)<)(1:+]8(^3/+]%N:+]092/*+Y'')<2_.+`%0'/4+9/4+'()10&'2%*4+1/4+/6'()2'4+&2'84+4%*'+1/+9G)0'/0(:+4)0E+9%(450/+9/4 +

(8E8(/*&/4+1/+'()10&'2%*+4%*'+478&2E28/4.

[/'+)('2&9/+7/0'+a'(/+90+/*+92B*/+)</&+1/4+&%37983/*'4+1G23)B/4:+1G/6'()2'4+1/+304250/4+/'+/'+1/+<218%4+C+

-''7CDDM/(%3/M%N.%(BDbD2*1/6.7-7c7)B/dIYe@f-2B-+

$3<1=8:>#?#$6>9@6A#+39>AB#+9CAD6#>343EAB#'4<A4>9<:#>343EA#FD4>#8D#G6>9@6AB#/H36<AB#I>JHK3DH36><9@6A;

LAJM3EF>#?#+39>A#$6>9HB#!36F4A>>B#!36F#&364FB#!36F#$6>9HB#!9><A494NB#I>JHK3DH36><9H>;

####!# 1#/"#2*&34#5#6'73)&#8*(*43#9:379####!# 1#-"#6'73)&#8*(*43# 1#0"#;&8'<&3#=,3(>&3

1#?"#@(,*(),'*(#!&43A#@(,3(8',9#!&43####!# 1#B"#C3#D4983(,#8*(*43#3,#E&8'F):####!# 1#G"#;&8'<&3#!)4#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,####!# 1#I"#CHJK!94'3(F3#>&#!4983(,####!# 1#L"#M&4938#3,#@(,3(8',98#8*(*438####!# 1#N"#O'8,*'43#>38#@(,3(8',98#8*(*438####!# 1#/."#@(,3(8',98#8*(*438####!# 1#//"#@EE348'*(A#P4&',A#@(,3(8',98####!# 1#/-"#;&8'<&38#5#'(,3(8',98#QJ,R(*E&8'F*:*S'3T####!# 1#/0"#C)#C'U94),'*(#>&#8*(#'(,3(83#V#&(3#3K!94'3(F3#38,R9,'<&3

mailto:[email protected]

http://locusonus.org/

http://jeromejoy.org/w/index.php?page=NOISEhigh

http://jeromejoy.org/

mailto:[email protected]

!"#T$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"##$%&'(#)#*+,'-&#.%/%('#01',2

!"#$"%&'(&)*+$,-".%+,$/"0&*+"1+-$",2"(*&22*$-"34445"6&-%7"0$"+&,+"-$'$++-$"$2"8,$)+*&2"),-"/$"(/.2"0$"/."6&-'$"$+ "0$ " /. " -7./*).+*&2 " )&2&-$4 " 9# Q@)(('8 # W3()X'8A # Y;&8'<&3A # Z4FR',3F,&43YA # [/NI/\A # (*&73::3 # 9>','*(#)&SE3(,93A#]*&4()'A#^)8,34E)(A#/NIGT

!":-7$- "0&2%"-$;*$20-.*+ "34445 "< " 6.*-$ "8,$/8,$"%=&)$ "0>&-*?*2./@ "%>$)+A<A0*-$ "2>.B.2+".,%,2$ ")*'*/*+,0$"&, "-$))$'C/.2%$".;$%"0,"07D<"&C)$-;74"E.*-$"2.F+-$"8,$/8,$"%=&)$"0$"-*$24"G2?$20-$-"0$"/>*2$2?$20-74"9#Q@)(('8#W3()X'8A#Y;&8'<&3#3,#_4'S'():',9Y#Q/NL?TA#'(#`9:3a,R)b#=F4',8A#]3K,3#49&('8#!)4#Z:)'(#c)::')4'A#D49d)F3#3,#(*,38#>3#P3(*e,#c'U8*(A#/NN?T

C3 # ,4'* # 9:3F,4*('<&3 # !'f;_ # QO)7)4>A # 2*gA #_,,)7'T/# %*&3 # d*4,A # ,4h8 # d*4, # i # (*8 # !34d*4E)(F38 # ,*&%*&48#'E!4*7'8938#3,#8)(8#!49!)4),'*(#8*(,#>H&(#('73)&#8*(*43#3K,4jE3#Q=.-)="2&*)$T#8)(8#<&3#:H*U%3F,'d#8*',#>3#:H*4>43#>H&(3#)S4388'7',9#S4),&',3#*&#>H&(3#!*8,&43#:'93#5#&(#3dd3,#83(8),'*((3:"#2*&34#5#&(#('73)&#8*(*43#,4h8#9:379#)#!:&8'3&48#(9F388',98#b#

1 !4*!*834 # &(3 # 9F*&,3 # !Rg8'<&3 # 3K!94'3(,'3::3 # >'dd943(F'93 # >3 # :H9F*&,3 # E&8'F):3 # )():g,'<&3#R)U',&3::3#3,#E3,,)(,#3(#%3&#,*&,#:3#49S'E3#>38#83(8-#:5#*k#:)#E&8'<&3#)#F499#)&#l:#>38#9!*<&38#&(3#>'88*F'),'*(0#i#

1 F*(8,4&'43#&(3#'EE348'*(#8*(*43#!)4#:)#!4*%3F,'*(#3,#:H)E!:'lF),'*(#>38#8*(8#>)(8#&(#38!)F3#i1 F*(>&'43#>38#'E!)F,8#)F*&8,'<&38#Q'(,34)F,'*(8#)73F#:H38!)F3T#F*(8'>9498#F*EE3#F*(8,',&,'d8 #>3#

F3,,3#E&8'<&3#d*(>93#8&4#:H9F*&,3#i1 :H9F*&,3#>3#498&:,)(,38#3,#>3#d)U4'F),'*(8#8*(*438A#:'938#5#:)#!4388'*(#)F*&8,'<&3A#5#:)#>'8,*48'*(A#5#:)#

8),&4),'*(A # )&K # 3dd3,8 # >3 #E)8<&)S3 # 3, # >3 #l:,4)S3 # 3( # >'43F,A # 3,F"A # <&H': # 834)', # 'E!*88'U:3 #>3#!34F37*'4#>)(8#>38#F*(>','*(8#)&,438#i#

1 3K!:'F',34 # 3, # >9,34E'(34 # :H'(,3(8',9 # 3, # :) # >g()E'<&3 # 8*(*438 # F*EE3 # 8,4&F,&43 # E&8'F):3 # Q'F'#>H'E!4*7'8),'*(T#3(#,)(,#<&3#!4*F388&8#3K!94'E3(,):#>3#F*E!*8','*(#3(#>'43F,"

C3#,4'*#!'f;_#49):'83#>38#!34d*4E)(F38$m&7438#U)8938#8&4#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#3(#>'43F,'*(#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#7'U4),*'43#>H&(#83&:#,3()(,#3(#n#F*(,'(&&E#o?"#Z&#83'(#>3#F3#,4'*A#FR)F&(#>38#!34d*4E3&48#>9!:*'3#>)(8#:H'E!4*7'8),'*(#F*::3F,'73#&(#43S'8,43#<&'#:&'#38,#!4*!43A#)73F#&(#(*EU43#>3#8*(8#,4h8#438,43'(,A#F3#<&'#!34E3,#>3#F4934#&(3#F*(F3(,4),'*(#3,#&(3#Q>98T*4'3(,),'*(#F)4)F,94'8,'<&38"#C)#F*(%*(F,'*(#>38#,'EU438#3,#>38#(),&438#>3#8*(8#83#F*(8,',&3#5#!)4,'4#>3#8*(8#9:3F,4*('<&38#Qd49<&3(F38A#E*>&:),'*(8A#8g(,Rh83A#3,F"TA#

/ # p*4E9#3(#-../#)73F#q)(('FX#M)&UgA#294rE3#2*g#3,#2&:'3(#_,,)7'#3,#)F,'d# %&8<&H3(#-..?#i #ZF,'d#5#(*&73)&#>3!&'8#-./-#)73F#:H)44'793#>3#^R4'8,*!R3#O)7)4>#3(#43E!:)F3E3(,#>3#q)(('FX#M)&UgA#)73F#:)#8*4,'3#>&#F>#!'f;_#PCs]#Qp'U44#t3F*4>8T#3,#&(3#894'3 # >3 # !34d*4E)(F38 # >3!&'8 # (*73EU43 # -./- # i # ;3EU438 # 9E)()(, # 3, # '(','),3&48 # >3 # (*EU43&K # !4*%3,8 # b # 6*J(83EU:3#R,,!b$$)!*00"'(d*$3(83EU:3$#Q6)(,38A#>3!&'8#-./0TA#Z!*00#R,,!b$$uuu")!*00"*4S$# #Q6)(,38TA#vs_6J#R,,!b$$*"8*(3"d433"d4$#A#HC*F&8#s*(&8#R,,!b$$:*F&8*(&8"*4S$##Q>3!&'8#-..?TA#;WDt;6]C##Q6)(,38A#>3!&'8#-./0TA#3,F"

- #n#C38#83(8#83(8'U:38#3,#:3#83(8#83(89#o#3,#n#E'83#3(#498*()(F3#o#3,#n#E'83#3(#97'>3(F3#oA#83:*(#23)(wC&F#6)(Fg#Q6Z6^q#23)(wC&FA#Yx#:H=F*&,3YA#D)4'8# b #=>"#c):':93A#-..-" #!!"#/?w/BT#V#y*'4#9S):3E3(,#y:)>'E'4#2)(X9:97',FR# b #2Z6`=C=y@]^O#y:)>'E'4A#YC)#;&8'<&3#3,#:H@(3dd)U:3YA#[/NG/\A#D)4'8#b#=>','*(8#>&#s3&':A#/NL0"#!"#//G"

0 #D)4#3K3E!:3A#3(,43#9F4',&43#3,#!34F3!,'*("

? # t3!43()(,#)'(8' #&(3#>38#F)4)F,94'8,'<&38#>973:*!!938#!)4#:)#E&8'<&3#9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&3A#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#>4*(3#QC)#;*(,3#q*&(SA # 3,F"T # 3, #!)4 # :) #E&8'<&3 # 8!3F,4):3 #!)4 # :) # F*4438!*(>)(F3 #3(,43 #E),'h43A #>973:*!!3E3(, #3, #>&493 #3, # :H&,':'8),'*( #>3 #n#F*(,'(&&E8#o#b#8&!!4'E34#:)#8&FF388'*(#>3#E*&73E3(,8#3,#>3#83F,'*(8#8*&,3(&3#3,#8*&,3()(,#&(3#!49w>9,34E'(),'*(#>3#:)#8,4&F,&43#3,#>3#:H3K!4388'*(A#8&!!4'E34#:38#89<&3(F38#%-$)%$20&H0$)%-$)%$20&#43:),'738#5#:)#F*(>&',3#>3#:H9E*,'*(#Q>3#:H)&>',3&4#3,#E&8'F):3T"#V#R,,!b$$d4"u'X'!3>')"*4S$u'X'$;*&73E3(,zQE&8'<&3T

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_(musique)

http://locusonus.org/

http://o.sone.free.fr/

http://www.apo33.org/

http://apo33.info/ensemble/

!"#S$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

>3#U4&',8#U:)(F8#l:,498#3,#E*>&:98A#>3#8*(8#Q3(43S'8,498T#):,9498#3,#>3#8*&4F38#8*(*438#3(#>'43F,#<&'#8*(,#)E!:'l938#3,#,4)',938"#C3#E'K)S3#3(#>'43F,#>38#,4*'8#43S'8,438#F*E!:9E3(,)'438#*&743#8&4#>38#,3(8'*(8#3,#>38 # 9(34S'38 # 8*(*438 # n#'::'E',938#o # Q5 # :H3(F*(,43 # >& # !3& # >3 # 8*&4F38 # 8*(*438 # 3E!:*g938TA # 5 # :) # d*'8#R*E*Sh(38#3,#R9,94*Sh(38A#!4*>&'8)(,#>38#E)8838#8*(*438#F*E!:3K38#F49938#!)4#>38#E)8<&)S38BA#>38#l:,4)S38GA #>38 #>9!R)8)S38IA #>38 #!4388'*(8 # 3, # 8),&4),'*(8 # )F*&8,'<&38L# 3, #>38 # )4,9d)F,8 # 498'>&3:8 #(*(w:'(9)'438N#5#!)4,'4#>3#8*(8#'E!&:8'*((3:8#3,#>3#8*(8#F*(,'(&8"#^38#9(34S'38#83#8,4&F,&43(,#!)4#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#3,#83:*(#&(3#>&493#<&'#8H9,)U:',#:*48#>3#FR)<&3#!34d*4E)(F3A#F3,,3#>34('h43#438,)(,#(*(#>'4'S93#3,#(*( # !49!)493" # C) # F*(8,4&F,'*( # !4*F388&3::3 # >3 # :H'(,3(8',9 # 8*(*43 # 8H*4S)('83 # 3( # F*EE&( # >)(8 # :3#>94*&:3E3(,#)&#l:#>3#:H9F*&,3#3,#>)(8#:3#!4983(,#>38#!34d*4E)(F38#<&'#8*(,#,*&%*&48#8!*(,)(938#b#)'(8'#:)#F*E!*8','*(#QF*::3F,'73T#38, #:3#!4983(,#!)4#:H9F*&,3" #@:#8H)S', #>H&(#!4*F388&8#E&8'F):#<&'#F*(8,4&',#&(3#'EE348'*(#8*(*43#>3#,3(8'*(8#3,#>H'(,3(8',98#>38#8*(8#3,#>38#49!*(838#>3#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#)F*&8,'<&3"

s'#)&F&(3#F*(>&',3#*&#>'43F,'*(#(H38,#E'83#3(#!:)F3#)&,)(,#3(#!49):)U:3#<&3#>)(8#:3#>94*&:3E3(,#>38#!34d*4E)(F38#>3#!'f;_A#FH38,#U'3(#!*&4#9(*(F34#&(#E*>3#>3#F49),'*(#F*::3F,'73#8!9F'l<&3#<&'#83#!:)F3#)& #('73)& #>3# :H3K!:*4),'*( #3, # :H3K!94'E3(,),'*( #3K,4jE38 #>3 # :H'(8,)(, #3, #>3 # :H38!)F3 # Q)F*&8,'<&3TA #>3#E)('h43#3K'S3)(,3A#3,#<&'#3K!4'E3#&(3#>'E3(8'*(#8*F'):3#3,#!*:','<&3#>3#:H'E!4*7'8),'*(#QF*::3F,'73T#!)4#:H9F*&,3"#CH'(,3(,'*(#(H38,#!)8#>3#!4*>&'43#>&#8*(#*&#>38#8*(8#9(*({)(,#&(#F*(83(8&8#E&8'F):#E)'8#>Hj,43#!:3'(3E3(,#Q>)(8T#:38#8*(8"#Z'(8'#83#,4*&73(,#97)F&938#:38#9:9E3(,8#R'8,*4'<&3E3(,#>973:*!!98#!)4#:)#E&8'<&3 # 'E!4*7'893 # Q:'U43 #*&#F*(,4r:93T #<&)(, #5 # :) # F*(8,',&,'*( #>H&( #n#'(8,4&E3(,)4'&E#o # Q3, #>H&(3#'(8,4&E3(,),'*(TA#>3#8&'7'#>3#4hS:38#>H)FF*E!)S(3E3(,#Q(*,),'*(8A#'(8,4&F,'*(8A#3,F"TA#>3#!:)F3E3(,#>38#'(,3473(,'*(8#3,#>38#4r:38A#3,F"#^R)<&3#E&8'F'3(#38,#'F'#)&>',3&4#49)F,'d/."#C)#E&8'<&3#<&'#3(#38,#'88&3#'(,3(8'l3#:3#E*E3(,#3,#:H38!)F3#!)4#>38#,3(8'*(8#3,#>38#'(,3(8',98#<&'#438,34*(,#&('<&38#3,#>*(,#:H'(,94j,#38, #>H3(# d)'43 # :H3K!94'3(F3 #3, #>3 # :38 #97):&34 # ,*&8 #3(83EU:3 #8'E&:,)(9E3(," #M)(8 #F3 #83(8 # :3 #4r:3 #>38#'(,3(8',98#Q8*(*438T#3,#>3#:)#>&493#38,#>3#F*(8,',&34#F3,,3#E&8'<&3#>)(8#8*(#)&>'U':',9#,4)(8',*'43#<&'#(3#!3&,#8H)!!&g34#<&3#8&4#&(#!4983(,#3K,4jE3#3,#8&4#F*EE3(,#3::3#)dd3F,3#:H38!)F3A#:3#E*E3(,#3,#(*,43#3K!94'3(F3"

B ##C3#E)8<&)S3#*&#3dd3,#>3#E)8<&3#83#>9l(',#F*EE3#:H9:97),'*(#>&#83&':#>H)&>'U':',9#>H&(3#8*&4F3#8*(*43#Q:)#YF'U:3YT#3(#!4983(F3 #>H&(3#)&,43#8*&4F3#Q:3#YE)8<&3YT"#V#6J^^@Zt@#]"A#sZyJC#s"A#;J|6@Jt#sA#`t_6CZ6Mw;Zt]@6J]#t"A#qs]ZM#s"A#Y;)8<&)S3 #Z&>','d #]3E!8wp49<&3(F3#)73F #>38 #8,'E&:' #>3 # d*4E3#c)&88'3((3YA #/.hE3#^*(S4h8 #p4)({)'8 #>HZF*&8,'<&3A #/-w/G #)74': #-./."#C*48<&H*(#3(,3(>#8'E&:,)(9E3(,#>3&K#8*(8#!&48#>3#d49<&3(F38#>'dd943(,38A#':#)44'73#<&3#:H&(#>H3(,43#3&K#>37'3((3#'()&>'U:3"#^3,#3dd3,#>3#E)8<&3A#<&'#!3&,#j,43#,*,):#*&#!)4,'3:A#>9!3(>#>38#'(,3(8',98#3,#d49<&3(F38#43:),'738#>38#>3&K#8*(8#)!!3:98#E)8<&9#3, #F'U:3#Q*&#E)8<&)(,T"#CH3dd3,#>3#E)8<&3#!4*>&',#!)4#>38#8*(8#>3#U)883#d49<&3(F3#8&dl8)EE3(,#'(,3(838#8&4#:38#8*(8#>3#d49<&3(F3 #!:&8#9:3793#8H)FF*E!)S(3#>H&(3#Sj(3#>)(8#:)#:*F):'8),'*(#>38#U4&',8"

G #ZF,'*(8#8&4#>38#89:3F,'*(8#>3#d49<&3(F38#>)(8#&(#8*("

I #Jdd3,#!4*>&',#3(#!4983(F3#>3#-#8'S()&K#:9Sh43E3(,#>9F):98#F*E!*4,)(,#3(#E)%3&43#!)4,'3#>38#'(d*4E),'*(8#'>3(,'<&38"

L #^*E!:9,)(,#:)#8),&4),'*(#9:3F,4'<&3#<&'#38,#&(3#,4)(8d*4E),'*(#3KF388'73#!)4#>9S4)>),'*(#>H&(#8'S():"

N #M*(,#:H97*:&,'*(#>3#FR)F&(#>38#F*(8,',&)(,8#>9!3(>#3(#S9(94):#>3#F3::3#>3#!:&8'3&48#)&,438#F*(8,',&)(,8A#3,#F3#>3#d){*(#(*( #!4*!*4,'*((3::3 #*& #(*(#)>>','73 # Q(*(# :'(9)'43T" #C38 #8g8,hE38 #>g()E'<&38 #(*(# :'(9)'438 #8*(, #!)4 #3K3E!:3#(9F388)'438 #5 # :)#d*4E),'*(#>3#8,4&F,&438#8!*(,)(938#>)(8#:)#(),&43"

/. #D)4#:)#F*3K'8,3(F3#3,#:H'>'*44g,RE'3A#83:*(#:38#,34E38#EjE3#>3#t*:)(>#P)4,R38"

!"##$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

3"#*+,'-&#.%/%('

!"I,/"2>."D.'.*)"&,J"8,$"%$"8,>*/"($,+"$2+$20-$@"8,$"%$"8,$")."%,/+,-$"/,*"($-'$+"0>7%&,+$-4"9 #Q;'FR3:#s34438A#Y@(,34d943(F38YA#O34Eh8#@@A#D)4'8#b#=>"#>3#;'(&',A#/NI-T

C)#!4'83#3(#F*E!,3#>&#('73)&#8*(*43#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#3,#>3#:H'(}&3(F3#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#*&743#&(#d)'8F3)&#>3#<&38,'*(8#<&'#(3#8*(,#!)8#97'>3(,38#5#>'8F34(34#>H3EU:93"#J(#3dd3,#R'8,*4'<&3E3(,#:3#('73)&#8*(*43#>H&(3#m&743#E&8'F):3#(3#83EU:3#!)8#j,43#74)'E3(,#*!94)(,#3,#&(#*!94),3&4#>9F'8'd#3(#,)(,#<&3#,3:A#>H&(3#!)4,A#:*48#>3#8)#49F3!,'*(#Q3(#F*(F34,T#3,A#>H)&,43#!)4,A#:*48#>3#8)#43!4*>&F,'*(#<&3:<&3#8*',#:3#8&!!*4,"#C38#F)>4)S38 #R)U',&3:8 #>3 # :) #E&8'<&3 #8*:'8,3A #>3 #FR)EU43#*&#!*&4 #*4FR38,43 #83EU:3(, #*dd4'4 # :38 #EjE38#49F&443(F38#>3#('73)&#8*(*43#>H9F*&,3#Q3(#F*4438!*(>)(F3#)73F#:)#F*(F3!,'*(#>38#8)::38#>3#F*(F34,8T"#C)#%&8,3883#>38#R)&,3&48A#>38#4g,RE38#3,#>38#>&4938#49!*(>#)&K#8,)(>)4>8#>3#:H9F*&,3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#>)(8#:3#49!34,*'43#*FF'>3(,):A#E&8'<&3#<&3#:H*(#834)#!4j,#5#43F*(()e,43#&:,94'3&43E3(,"#~&)(,#5#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#3,#5#8*(#7*:&E3#S9(94):A # :3&4#43(>&#(3#83EU:3#!)8#j,43#&(#F*(8,',&)(,#>3#:Hm&743#3::3wEjE3"#6*&8#F*(F37*(8#d)F':3E3(,#:)#43!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):3#EjE3#)73F#&(3#):,94),'*(#'E!*4,)(,3#>&#('73)&#8*(*43A#F)4#83&:#:3#F*(d*4,#>3#:H9F*&,3#>)(8#&(#F*(,3K,3#>*((9#!4'E3#!*&4#)%&8,34#F3#('73)&#!*&4#U'3(#>'8,'(S&34#F3#<&3#:H*(#73&,#3(,3(>43"#^H38,#%&8,3E3(,#8&4#F3#!*'(,#<&3#:)#!34d*4E)(F3#3(#>'43F,#Q3,#8)#F*4*::)'43A #:H9F*&,3#3(#>'43F,A#FH38,w5w>'43#3(#F*w!4983(F3#)73F#:Hm&743#3(#,4)'(#>3#83#>94*&:34#>)(8#:3#EjE3#38!)F3T#8&4!)883 # :38 #8&!!*4,8 #>3 #(*,),'*( #3, #>H3(43S'8,43E3(," #^3F' # ,'3(, #)& # d)', #<&3# :H'(,3(8',9 # 8*(*43 #*dd43#S9(94):3E3(, #>38 # 49,'F3(F38 # 5 # 8) # ,4)(8F4'!,'*(#3, # 5 # 8) #!497'8'U':',9 #3( # ,)(, #<&3 #>*((93 #E&8'F):3 #3,#<&H3(l(#3::3#38,#'E!49S(93#>)(8#:Hm&743#49):'893#3,#>)(8#:H38!)F3#>)(8#:3<&3:#F3,,3#>34('h43#8*((3"#C38#7)4'),'*(8#3,#:38#7)4')U':',98#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#,*&FR3(,#5#>38#)%&8,3E3(,8#F*(,'(&3:8#7*'43#!4*F388&3:8A#:*48#>3#:H'(,34!49,),'*(#Q*&#>3#:)#49):'8),'*(T#>H&(3#m&743A#,)(,#)&#('73)&#>38#>9,)':8#3,#<&3#>)(8#:38#E*&73E3(,8#>H3(83EU:3"#C)#!34F3!,'*(#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#8H)!!&'3#8&4#:3#>'43F,#>3#:Hm&743#%*&93#>)(8#&(#38!)F3#3,#>)(8#8)#F*::)U*4),'*(#)73F#:&'"

M)(8#(*8 #3(7'4*((3E3(,8 # 8*(*438 #<&*,'>'3(8A # :38 # 8*(8 #*(, # F*(,'(&3::3E3(, #>38 #)::&438 #>g()E'<&38#>9!3(>)(,8#>3#:3&48#'(,3(8',98A#>3#:3&48#8!3F,438#3,#>3#:3&48#43S'8,438#Qd49<&3(F38T"#C3&4#!34F3!,'*(#3,#:H)F&',9#!34F3!,'73#!34E3,,3(,#>3#:38#)(,'F'!34#3,#>H3(#)7*'4#>38#'E)S38#)&>','738#3,#E3(,):38#<&'#8*(,#8,*FX938#>)(8#:)#E9E*'43A#<&'A#3(#43,*&4A#)FF*E!)S(3(,#(*8#!34F3!,'*(8#d&,&438"#C)#!&'88)(F3#8*(*43#Q/&,02$))T#38,#:H9<&'7):3(,#!34F3!,&3:#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#i#3::3#(*&8#!34E3,#>3#>'8F34(34#:38#7)4')U':',98#3(,43#:38#8*(8#d*4,8#3,#:38#8*(8#d)'U:38"#CH'(,3(8',9#38,#'E!*4,)(,3#>)(8#:)#(),&43#>g()E'<&3#>38#8*(8#F)4#&(#FR)(S3E3(,#>3#!&'88)(F3#)#&(3#8'S('lF),'*(#3883(,'3::3#>)(8#:)#!34F3!,'*(#3,#:H)():g83#>38#8*(8#>)(8#>38#F*(,3K,38#3(7'4*((3E3(,)&K"#

D*&4,)(,#&(3#E*>'lF),'*(#>H'(,3(8',9#(H)#!)8#>H3dd3,#E)%3&4#8&4#:)#!34F3!,'*(#>38#R)&,3&48A#>38#>&4938#3,#>38#,'EU438#>)(8#:3#F)8#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#9F4',3#3,#!49wF*({&3#V#3,#F3F'#>)(8#:)#!:&!)4,#>38#F)8A#F)4#U'3(#97'>3EE3(, # 5 # &( # ('73)& # 8*(*43 # 3K,4jE3 # >38 # ):,94),'*(8 # )!!)4)'883(,A # F*EE3 # :) # >'8,*4,'*( # 3, # :)#8),&4),'*(#(*,)EE3(,#!*&4#:38#R)&,3&48#3,#:38#,'EU438A#3,#E*>'l3(,#8'S('lF),'73E3(,#:3&4#!34F3!,'*(#V"#s'#:)#<&38,'*(#>&#('73)&#8*(*43#38,#3883(,'3::3#>)(8#:H3K9F&,'*(#!&U:'<&3#>H&(3#m&743A#3::3#83EU:3#:Hj,43#E*'(8 # >)(8 # 8) # 43!4*>&F,'*(A # F)4 # F*EE3 #(*&8 # 73(*(8 # >3 # :H9(*(F34A # 9F*&,34 # :) # 43!4*>&F,'*( #>H&(3#E&8'<&3#3(#:)#%*&)(,#8&4#&(#)!!)43':#>3#:3F,&43#83EU:3#j,43#&(#)F,3#'(>9!3(>)(,#>&#('73)&#>3#:H9F*&,3#)88*F'9#)&#('73)&#>H'(,3(8',9"#C38#>'8<&38#49):'898#!)4#!'f;_//# 8*(,#,*&8#3(43S'8,498#3(#>'43F,#:*48#>3#

// ##F>#!'f;_#PCs]#-./-#Qp'U44#t3F*4>8TA##F>#!'f;_#@"D"#-..-#Q:)U3:#]'4)E'f&TA#F>#!'f;_#!3d):E#-../#Q:)U3:#]'4)E'f&T"

!"#g$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!34d*4E)(F38A#8&4#:3#7'd#i#':8#8*(,#3(#<&3:<&3#8*4,3#>38#,9E*'S()S38#>3#F3::38wF'#3,#)F<&'h43(,#&(3#<&):',9#>'dd943(,3#<&3#:38#!34d*4E)(F38#3::38wEjE38#i#:)#83(8),'*(#>38#('73)&K#8*(*438#(H38,#97'>3EE3(,#!)8#:)#EjE3#3,#F3#8*(,#>H)&,438#)8!3F,8#>3#F3,,3#E&8'<&3#<&'#)!!)4)'883(,#5#:H9F*&,3#>3#F38#3(43S'8,43E3(,8A#(*,)EE3(,#F*(F34()(,#:38#E),'h438#3,#:38#F*(>&',38#,'EU4'<&38#>)(8#:38#)E)8#8*(*438"#Z:*48#<&3#:38#)&,438#F*E!*8)(,8#8*(*438#E&8'F)&K#QR)&,3&4A#>&493A#,'EU43T#!3&73(,#j,43#'E)S'(98#3(#:H)U83(F3#>&#8*(#V#8&4#!)4,','*(#!)4#3K3E!:3A#*&#):*48#5#!)4,'4#>H&(#8&!!*4,#>H3(43S'8,43E3(,A#3,F"A#*&#U'3(#3(F*43#>)(8#8)#!4*!43#E9E*'43#>H)&>',3&4#3,#>3#F*E!*8',3&4#VA#F)4#':8#!3&73(,#j,43#E38&498#3,#(*,98A#F3:)#38,#3(#3dd3,#U3)&F*&!#E*'(8#:3#F)8#!*&4#:H'(,3(8',9#8&4,*&,#!*&4#838#43S'8,438#3K,4jE38#b#,4h8#d)'U:3#*&#,4h8#d*4,"#C38#49!*(838#)F*&8,'<&38A#9:)8,'F',9#3,#4&S*8',9A#49734U94),'*(#3,#89FR343883A#8*(,#(9F388)'438#5#8*(#97):&),'*("#CH'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#(3#!3&,#<&Hj,43#9!4*&793#>)(8#8)#>'E3(8'*(#!4*!43#>)(8#:H38!)F3#)F*&8,'<&3#:*48#>3#:)#43!4983(,),'*(#3,#>3#:H3K9F&,'*(#>3#:Hm&743"

CH'(}&3(F3#>3#:)#>g()E'<&3#3,#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#38,#E*'(>43#!*&4#>973:*!!34#>38#>'8,'(F,'*(8#3,#>38#)():g838 # 5 #!)4,'4 #>3 # :H9F*&,3 #>H&(3 #E&8'<&3 #EjE3 # 8' # F3, # )8!3F, # ,'3(, #&( # 4r:3 #>)(8 # :3 #E)'(,'3( #>3#:H9E*,'*( #3, #>3 # :H3K!4388'*( #E&8'F):3 # QF*EE3# :H'E!)F, #>H&( #8*&>)'( # FR)(S3E3(, #>3#>g()E'<&3#)&#E':'3&#>H&(#E*&73E3(,T"#J,A#)#F*(,4)4'*A#3::3#38,#3883(,'3::3#!*&4#<&):'l34#:3#U4&',#*&#,*&,#8*(#U4&',9#V#3,#>)(8#F3#F)8#3::3#38,#)88*F'93#)&#F*(,3(&#8!3F,4):#8*(*43#V#b#&(#U4&',#38,#,*&%*&48#!497&#3,#)(,'F'!9#F*EE3#&(#8*(#5#d*4,#('73)&#8*(*43#<&'#7)#3E!:'4#>H&(#F*&!#(*,43#38!)F3#>H9F*&,3"#|(#U4&',#5#('73)&#d)'U:3#38,#!:&,r,#!34{&#F*EE3#&(#)FF'>3(,#*&#&(#'(F'>3(,#>)(8#&(#3(7'4*((3E3(,#3,#&(3#)EU')(F3#8*(*438#b#&(#:9S34#!)4)8',)S3A#>38#8&',38#>3#8*(8#498'>&3:8#5#d)'U:3#'(F'>3(F3A#F)&8)(,#>38#!34,&4U),'*(8#E'(3&438A#3,F"#V #FH38, # )'(8' # <&H9S):3E3(, # 8*(, #!34{&8 # :38 # 8*(8 # YU4&',98Y # 8&4 # :38 # '(8,4&E3(,8 #E&8'F)&K # F:)88'<&38"#CH'(,3(8',9 #8*(*43 #38, #>*(F#&(3#F)4)F,94'8,'<&3#E)%3&43 #>3# :)#!34F3!,'*( #3, #>3 # :) #83(8),'*(#>&#U4&',#Q3K!94'3(F3 # !Rg8'<&3T # 3, # &( # )8!3F, #E*'(8 # >9,34E'()(, # >)(8 # :H9F*&,3 #E&8'F):3 # 3, # :3 # 8*( #E&8'F):#Q3K!94'3(F3#)():g,'<&3TA#EjE3#8'#3::3#!3&,#j,43#F*(8'>9493#F*EE3#):,94)(,3#3,#>9F'8'73#>)(8#&(#83SE3(,#E&8'F):#5#!)4,'4#>3#F34,)'(8#83&':8#V#3(#!8gFR*)F*&8,'<&3A#':#38,#E*(,49#<&3#!:&8#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#38,#9:3793A#!:&8#:)#!34F3!,'*(#>38#R)&,3&48#>38#8*(8#38,#):,9493#b#)'(8'#&(#8*(#>&#43S'8,43#)'S&#38,#!34{&#!:&8#)'S&A # 3, # &( # 8*( # S4)73A # !:&8 # S4)73/-" # CH&,':'8),'*( # >3 # U4&',8 # U:)(F8 # )'(8' # <&3 # >3 # d49<&3(F38 # Q8'(&8T#E*>&:938#F*EE3#8*&4F38#8*(*438#3,#E),94')&K#5#d*4,#('73)&#9:379#38,#&(3#F*(8,)(,3#>)(8#:38#E&8'<&38#<&'#*dd43(,#>38#9F*&,38#!Rg8'<&38#3,#'EE348'738A#<&'#E*>&:3(,#)F*&8,'<&3E3(,#3,#9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&3E3(,#>)(8#:H38!)F3#3,#<&'#>9!:*'3(,#>38#E),'h438#8*(*438#F*E!:3K38#8*&8#:)#d*4E3#>3#E)8838#F*(,'(&38#3,#>3#n#!:3'(8#o # >H38!)F3" # M)(8 # F38 #E&8'<&38 # :H'(,3(8',9 # 8*(*43 # >37'3(, # &(3 # F*E!*8)(,3 # '(>9(')U:3E3(,#F*(8,',&,'73#5#:)#d*'8#>3#:H3K!94'3(F3#E&8'F):3#3,#>3#F3::3#)&4):3"@:#(3#8H)S',#!)8#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#>&#>9FR)e(3E3(,A#>H&(3#>9FR)4S3#3,#>3#:H3E!*4,3E3(,#d)F':38"#@:#(3#8&dl,#!)8#3,#':#(3#8H)S',#!)8#>3#E*(,34#5#d*(>#:38#!*,3(,'*Eh,438#3,#>3#E3,,43#:38#('73)&K#8*(*438#>)(8#:3#4*&S3" #^3,,3#E&8'<&3#'(,3(83#38,#&(3#E&8'<&3#>&#F*(,4r:3#V#>)(8#:H'(F*(,4r:9"

M)(8 # :) #E&8'<&3 # 9F4',3A # :) # (*,),'*( #>3 # :H'(,3(8',9 # 8*&8 # :) # d*4E3 #>H&(3 # 9FR3::3 # S4)>&3::3 # 38, # 438,93#>H)'::3&48#)!!4*K'E),'73#Q*(#(3#(*,3#!)8#3(#0KLM#*&#3(#NH%'OLPA#*&#83:*(#&(#n#>')!)8*(#o#>H'(,3(8',9T#3,#>3E)(>3#5#j,43#'(,34!49,93#)&#,4)7348#>38#'(>'F),'*(8#>3#(&)(F38#>38#>g()E'<&38#3,#>38#(&)(F38#:'938#5#:H)S*S'<&3# Q%-$)%$20&A# 0$%-$)%$20&A# 0*'*2,$20&T" # @: #38, #!:&8# d)F':3 #>H'E)S'(34 # :38 #8*(8#3, # :38 #m&7438 #>3#(&)(F38#(*.2*))*'&#3,#8',&938#>)(8#:)#E*g3((3#>3#:)#>g()E'<&3A#3,#U3)&F*&!#!:&8#>'dlF':3#>H)!!49F'34#:38#43S'8,438 # 3, # :38 # )E!:',&>38 # >38 #6&-+$# 3, #6&-+*))*'&# Q,*&, # F*EE3 # :H)E!:',&>3 # >38 # ),,)<&38 #)6QT"#CH'(,34!49,),'*(#>3#F38#m&7438#3,#:3&4#49):'8),'*(#!34E3,,3(,#>3#,4*&734#>38#8*:&,'*(8#3,#>3#!43(>43#>38#>9F'8'*(8#'(w8',&#3,#)&#E*E3(,#>3#:Hm&743#%*&93"^3F' #>37'3(,#>H)&,)(,#!:&8#F*E!:3K3#!*&4#:)#!:&!)4,#>38#m&7438#>&#>34('34 #<&)4,#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3#

/- #s3:*(#:3#!R9(*Eh(3#>3#P&4,*(A##:38#3K!94'3(F38#>3#P9X98g#3,#:)#:*'#>3#s,373(8"

/0 #;38&43#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43"

/? #;38&43#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#)F*&8,'<&3#3,#>3#:H9(34S'3#8*(*43"

!"#h$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

'(,9S4)(,#>3#!:&8A#8*&8#:)#d*4E3#>3#S4)!R'<&38#*&#>H'(8,4&F,'*(8A #>38#):,94),'*(8#>3#,'EU438#!)4#>38#,3FR('<&38#>3#%3&K#9,3(>&38A#>38#)!!4*K'E),'*(8#3,#9:)8,'F',9#>3#>&4938A#>38#498347*'48#>3#R)&,3&48A#3,F"#MH)'::3&48#':#3K'8,3#,4h8#!3&#>Hm&7438#>*(,#:)#(*,),'*(#*&#:H'(8,4&F,'*(#(3#498'>3#<&H3(#>38#'(>'F),'*(8#>H'(,3(8',98 #3, #>3#E*>&:),'*(8#>H'(,3(8',98 #8)(8#)&,43# '(d*4E),'*(# QF*(F34()(, # :H'(8,4&E3(,)4'&EA # :38#R)&,3&48#3,#:38#>&4938A#F*EE3#F3:)#!3&,#3K'8,34#5#:H'(73483#!*&4#FR)F&(#>3#F38#F*E!*8)(,8#E&8'F)&KT"#MH)&,43#!)4,A#3,#8&4,*&,#>)(8#:38#E&8'<&38#:38#!:&8#)F,&3::38#(*,)EE3(,#F3::38#U)8938#8&4#:3#U4&',#3,#8&4#:H'E!4*7'8),'*(A #3, # :*48<&3# :) # F*(>&',3 #>H&( #>'8F*&48 #E&8'F): # 38, #)U)(>*((9A # :) #lS&43 # 49F&443(,3 #3,#!4983(,3#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#*FF'>3(,):3#>&#%-$)%$20&H0$%-$)%$20&#Q3,#838#E&:,'!:38#7)4'),'*(8T#38,#:)4S3E3(,#'(3E!:*g93 # F)4 # '(*!94)(,3A # :H3K!4388'*( #E&8'F):3 # 9,)(, # 97)F&93" # C3 # F*&!:3 # >9,3(,3$43:�FR3 # Q%-$)%4A#0$%-$)%4A#.%%4A#-.//4A#0*'4T#(*&44',#3,#49!*(>#5#&(#!4'(F'!3#>3#!&:8),'*(#R*48#>&#8*(#:&'wEjE3#QFH38,w5w>'43#<&H': #(H38, #!)8 #S9(949 #!)4 # :3 # 8*( # :&'wEjE3T # 3, # 5 #&( # 8FR9E)#<&' # 3(,4)e(3 # :H9F*&,3 #>)(8 #&(3 #FR)e(3#>H),,3(,38#3,#>3#!497'8'U':',98#7348#&(3#498*:&,'*(#<&'#834)#5#:)#d*'8#,3K,&3::3#QR*48#8*(A#8&4#&(3#!)4,','*(#!)4#3K3E!:3/BT#3,#E&8'F):3E3(,#'(,3::3F,&):'893#3,#)():g893#Q&(3#F*(F:&8'*(#*&#&(#8&8!3(8#R)4E*('<&38A#3, #>38#43:),'*(8#3(,43#&(3#83(8),'*(#3,#&(3#F*(()'88)(F3#!49):)U:3T" #6*&8#!)4:34*(8#!*&4#:38#m&7438#>H'(,3(8',98 # 8*(*438 # 3K,4jE38 # 3, # 8)(8 # >'8F*&48 # !49wF*({&A # >Hm&7438 # '(3K!4388'738 # 3, # >3 # E&8'<&3#'(3K!4388'73#Q<&'#(3#>',#4'3(#)&,43#<&3#F3#<&H3::3#38,A#F3#<&3#!3&,#4373(>'<&34#!'f;_T"

n# 3#."',)*8,$"*2$R(-$))*;$"-7;S/$5",2$"(=&C*$"0$"/>$R./+.+*&2"/B-*8,$"&,"0$"/>7/.2"(.+=7+*8,$"3$+5"/*8,*0$"/. "T2,.2%$T " U " 34445 " /$ " (*.2*))*'& " *'(-$))*&22*)+$ " $+ " /$ " %-$)%$20& " -&'.2+*8,$ " 2$ " )&2+ " (.) " )&2 " .66.*-$4 # o#Q2Z6`=C=y@]^O#y:)>'E'4A#YC)#;&8'<&3#3,#:H@(3dd)U:3YA#[/NG/\A#D)4'8#b#=>','*(8#>&#s3&':A#/NL0"#!"#BL#3,#!"#G/"T

C38#>'dd943(F38#3,#:38#(&)(F38#>3#>g()E'<&38#8*(,#!:&,r,#&,':'8938#)&%*&4>HR&'A#F*EE3#>)(8#!'f;_#!)4#3K3E!:3A #!*&4# %*&34#8&4#>38#,4)(8!)43(F38#3, #>38 #*!)F',98#>3#E)8838 #8*(*438#3, #8&4 #>38#l:,4)S38#3,#E)8<&)S38#>3#d49<&3(F38#3,#>3#8*(8#F*E!:3K38#U4&',98"#Z'(8'#:)#E&8'<&3#8H9,3(>#>)(8#:H3(83EU:3#>&#FR)E!#3,#>3#:H38!)F3#)&>'U:38#3,#:38#3K!:*43"~&H3(#38,w':#>3#:H)(,9F9>3(F3#R'8,*4'<&3#3,#>3#:H)F,&):',9#E&8'F):3#9:)4S'3#>3#:H3E!:*'#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#3,#>3#8)#F*4*::)'43#3K,4jE3A#:3#U4&',#�#C3&4#&,':'8),'*(#(H38,w3::3#F)(,*((93#<&3#8&4#F38#7'(S,#>34('h438#)((938A # >)(8 # :) # d*&:93 #>3 # :H)E!:'lF),'*( #S9(94):'893 # 3, # >3 #E*&73E3(,8 #E&8'F)&K # n#U4&g)(,8#o # *&#n#U4&','8,38#o#<&'#E)K'E'83(,#3,#49S&:3(,#>H&(3#(*&73::3#E)('h43#:38#43S'8,438#8*(*438#7')#:38#,3FR('<&38#9:3F,4*('<&38#3,#'(d*4E),'<&38#�#C38#E&8'<&38#5#d*4,#7*:&E3#8*(*43#8*(,w3::38#:'938#5#&(#!)4)>'SE3#*&#5#&(#8gE!,rE3#>H&(3#Rg!34wF*(,3E!*4)(9',9A#*&#3(F*43#5#>38#!*8','*(8#):,34(),'738#3,#n#!*:','<&38#o#�#J8,wF3#<&3#:HRg!*,Rh83#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#n#'(3K!4388'73#o#8,4&F,&493#8&4#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#)#&(3#7):'>',9#�

@:#(3#8H)S',#!)8#>H9F4'43#&(#9('hE3#)4,'F:3#8&4#:)#E&8'<&3 #2&*)$# Q8&4#F3#<&H3::3#)#>3#83(8),'*((3:T#3,#8&4#:H)E!:'lF),'*(#Q8&4#:3#S38,3#>3#E3,,43#:38#!*,3(,'*Eh,438#5#d*(>T"#C38#*U8347),'*(8#F'w>388&8#>3E)(>3(,#>3#894'34#>)(8#:3#49!34,*'43#E&8'F):#V#,*&,#)&,)(,#<&3#>)(8#:H3(83EU:3#>&#!)(*4)E)#E&8'F):#*FF'>3(,):#3, # 3K,4)w*FF'>3(,): #V# :38 #m&7438A # :38 # 8,g:38A # :38 # '(,3(,'*(8 #7*'43 # :38 #E*&73E3(,8 # <&' #*(, # 3(,43!4'8#>H3K!:*434 # F3,,3 #>'E3(8'*( # 8*(*43" #^3F' #>3E)(>3 #)&88'A # F*EE3#(*&8 #73(*(8 #>3 # :3 # F*EE3(F34A #>3#!49F'834#:)#!:)F3#>38#43S'8,438#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#3,#>)(8#,*&,3#!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):3"#^*EE3#(*&8#:H)7*(8#7&A#:)#>'dlF&:,9#438,3#<&3#:)#>9F'8'*(#>&#('73)&#8*(*43#83#>9F'>3#8&4#:3#E*E3(,#>3#

/B #n##$)".-+*V%$)"0,"(.(*$-"-7?/7"V2*))$2+"(.-"07/&?$-"/$)"-7./*+7)".%&,)+*8,$)4#o#Q2Z6`=C=y@]^O#y:)>'E'4A#YC)#;&8'<&3#3,#:H@(3dd)U:3YA#[/NG/\A#D)4'8#b#=>','*(8#>&#s3&':A#/NL0"#!"#//G"T#V#D)4#)'::3&48#;),R'3&#P)4,R3,#!*&48&',#F3#<&'#38,#43E)4<&9#!)4#^9:38,'(#M3:'hS3#5#!4*!*8#>3#n#:H9F*&,3#8':3(F'3&83#o#b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t]OJ]#;),R'3&A#YM3#:H'(,34!4h,3#5#:H)&>',3&4b#&(3#)():g83#)F*&8,'<&3#3,#!34F3!,'73#>&#,'EU43#E&8'F):YA#]Rh83#>3#M*F,*4),#3(#ZF*&8,'<&3A#,4)',3E3(,#>&#8'S():#3,#'(d*4E),'<&3#)!!:'<&98#5#:)#E&8'<&3A#8*&8#:)#>'43F,'*(#>3#t'FR)4>#`4*(:)(w;)4,'(3,A#s�:7'#q8,)>A#DR':'!!3#c&'::3E)'(A#C)U*4),*'43#>3#E9F)('<&3#3,#>H)F*&8,'<&3#Q;)483'::3TA#|('7348',9#>3#D4*73(F3A#Z'Kw;)483'::3#@A#-..L"#!!"#-.w-/"T#V#R,,!b$$,3:")4FR'738w*&734,38"d4$>*F8$..$?/$L-$NG$DMp$]R383P)4,R3,zy348'*(p'():3"!>d#

http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/41/82/96/PDF/TheseBarthet_VersionFinale.pdf

!"#i$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

:H3K9F&,'*(#3,#>3#:H'(,34!49,),'*(#>H&(3#m&743A#EjE3#8'#>38#'(8,4&F,'*(8#3,#>38#(*,),'*(8#8*(,#!4983(,38#>)(8#:)#!)4,','*(#:*48<&3#:)#E&8'<&3#:H3K'S3"#s&4#F3#!*'(,#3,#!*&4#:38#E&8'<&38#!49F9>)(,#:3#!43E'34#,'348#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3A#!3&#>3#>*F&E3(,8#!34E3,,3(,#>3#:H),,38,34"#M3#EjE3#!*&4#:38#E&8'<&38#>3#:)#!94'*>3#&:,94'3&43A#':#8H)S',#>3#83#49d9434#)&K#>*F&E3(,8#3(43S'8,498#3,#5#(*,43#!4*!43#3K!94'3(F3#>3#!4983(F3#)&K#F*(F34,8#)g)(,#!4983(,9#3,#>*((9#5#%*&34#F38#m&7438"#C38#)&,438#8*&4F38#8*(,#43F&3'::'38#>)(8#:38#9F4',8#>H)&>',3&48A#>3#E&8'F'3(8#3,#>38#F*E!*8',3&48A#)73F#,*&,3#:)#E)4S3#>H'(,34!49,),'*(#<&'#!3&,#3K'8,34"#

M)(8#:38#E&8'<&38#3K!94'E3(,):38#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3A#':#38,#>'dlF':3#>3#8)7*'4#!*&4#:)#!:&!)4,#>38#m&7438#:3#('73)&#>H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#Q/&,02$))T#)!!:'<&9#!)4#:3#F*E!*8',3&4#!*&4#:H'(,34!49,),'*(#3,#:3&4#>'dd&8'*("#@:#38,#,*&%*&48#9,*(()(,#>H)!!43(>43#<&3#F34,)'(8#>H3(,43#3&K#&,':'8)'3(,#>38#F*(,4)8,38#>g()E'<&38#,4h8#'E!*4,)(,8 # %&8<&H5 #>38 #('73)&K #8*(*438 # ,4h8 #3, # 3K,4jE3E3(,#9:3798 # QW3()X'8A #]&>*4A #^)S3A # 3,F"TA # *&#3K,4jE3E3(,# d)'U:38 #Qp3:>E)(A #C)FR3(E)((A#3,F"T" #6*&8#(3#F*(()'88*(8#5#F3# %*&4#)&F&(3#9,&>3#<&'#)&4)',#9,9#>973:*!!93#8&4#:)#<&38,'*(#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3#3,#8*(#4r:3#>)(8#:)#F*E!*8','*(#3,#>)(8#:)#7'8'*(#3,#:H'(,3(,'*(#>38#F*E!*8',3&48A#):*48#<&3#!)4)>*K):3E3(,#F3#d+,#:3#8'hF:3#>3#:H)7h(3E3(,#>3#:H)E!:'lF),'*(#3,#>38#8*(8#9:3F,4*('<&38A#3,#>*(F#>3#:H)FFh8#)&#F*(,4r:3#E)K'E'89#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43"#

6*,43#)EU',&8#8*(*43#8H38,#:)4S3E3(,#E*>'l9#5#!)4,'4#>3#:)#83F*(>3#E*','9#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3#)73FA#F3#<&3#(*&8#73(*(8#>3#43E)4<&34A#:3#>973:*!!3E3(,#>3#:H)E!:'lF),'*(A#>3#:)#43!4*>&F,'*(#3,#>38#>'8!*8','d8#9:3F,4*('<&38 # 3, # 9:3F,4*w)F*&8,'<&38 # Q%&8<&H5 # :H'(d*4E),'<&3 # 3, # :) # 4983)&,'<&3 # >H)&%*&4>HR&'T" # ^3,,3#E*>'lF),'*(#Q>3#(*,43#!34F3!,'*(#8*(*43#3,#>3#(*8#83(8),'*(8#E&8'F):38T#)#,*&%*&48#9,9#3(#F*w43:),'*(#

1 )73F#:H97*:&,'*(#>3#F38#,3FR('<&38#3,#:38#'(738,'S),'*(8#E&8'F):38#Q>)(8#F3#83(8A#(*&8#!)4:*(8#>H&(3#&-?.2&/&?*$ " 7+$20,$ "3, # >3 # :H3K!:*4),'*( # >& # FR)E! # )&>','d # 3, # >38 # !94'Eh,438 # >H9F*&,3TA # 3,A#F*(89<&3EE3(,A#

1 )73F#:H)():g83#3,#:H)F&',9#>3#!34F3!,'*(#>3#(*8#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#8*(*438A#1 3,#l():3E3(,A#)73F#:H)E!:',&>3#'(8*&!{*((93#>38#!4),'<&38#8*(*438#3,#E&8'F):38#3,#>38#43S'8,438#

F4998 # 3, # %*&98 # Q>)(8 # :38 # E&8'<&38 # *FF'>3(,):38 # 3, # 3K,4)w*FF'>3(,):38A # 7') # :38 # 9,&>38#3,R(*E&8'F*:*S'<&38T"#

s'#:H&,':'8),'*(#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#7)#9S):3E3(,#>3#!)'4#)73F#:)#F*E!:3K',9#8*(*43#:'93#5#:H&,':'8),'*(#>38#8*(8#U4&',98#Q*&#(*(#>38F4'!,'U:38#>)(8#:)#(*,),'*(#3,#:H'(8,4&F,'*(TA #5#:H3K,3(8'*(#>&#43S'8,43#8!3F,4):#8*(*43 # Q>3 # :H'(d4)wS4)73 # )& # 8&4)'S&T # 3, # 5 # :H3(S)S3E3(, # >H&( # ,4)7)': # 8&4 # :38 # >&4938 # Q9:*(S),'*( # 3,#d4)SE3(,),'*(#>38#*FF&443(F38#8*(*438TA#(*,43#'(,3(,'*(#38,#>3#F*(8'>9434#<&3#F3::3wF'#38,#:3#d*(>3E3(,#8,4&F,&43:#3,#:H9:9E3(,#F*(8,',&,'d#>38#E&8'<&38#3K!94'E3(,):38#>H)&%*&4>HR&'"

!"#"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

D@�;_#V#2|@6#-./0#w#ptJJ#6_@sJ#6@cO]#�0#####V#cZCJt@J#M|#DJ]@]#;Zt_^A#sZ@6]w6Z�Z@tJ

#########

##:-70*+)"U"[$-%$;./"K$//&2$"O\LM4

!"#!!$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

4"##5&6+7&'#08'/9&'

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`."2>.".,%,2$"*'(&-+.2%$4"G+"`."2$"07-.2?$-."$2"-*$2"'&2"%&2%$-+4"9"Q�U'S('3u#`)4X*u8X'A#YDRg8'<&38#s*(*438YA#D)4'8#b#y)(#M'343(#=>',3&4A#-..LT

C38#<&38,'*(8#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#)F,&3::3A#1 >H&(3#!)4,A # ,*&4(3(, #)&,*&4#>3 # :H*8F'::),'*(A #>3# :)# ,4)(8>&F,'*(A #>3# :)#S9(94),'7',9 #Q5#!)4,'4 #>3#

8g8,hE38#S9(94),3&48#>3#8*(8A#)&,*wS9(94),3&48A#3(#d33>U)FXA#S9(94),3&48#5#!)4,'4#>3#>*((938#3K,34(38 # 3, # 3K,4)wE&8'F):38A # 3,F"TA # >38 # (),&438 # 3, # F*EU'()'8*(8 # >3 # 8*&4F38 # 8*(*438A # >38#E*>&:),'*(8 # 3, # >38 # '(,34wF*((3K'*(8A # >3 # :) # 8),&4),'*( # 3, # >& # U4&',A # Q3, # F*(89<&3EE3(, # >38#!4*U:9E),'<&38 # 8*F'):38A # 8,),&,)'438 # 3, #R'8,*4'<&38 #<&' # :38 # )('E3(, # 3, #<&' # :38 # d)7*4'83(,TA # F3#!43E'34#3(83EU:3#<&):'l)(,#&(#!)(#3K!94'E3(,):#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#>H)&%*&4>HR&'A#

1 3,A#>H)&,43#!)4,A#>)(8#&(#FR)E!#!:&8#S9(94):A#83#!*83(,#)&,*&4#>3#:)#43!4'83A#>3#:H)E!:'lF),'*(A#>38#F*(8,',&)(,8#'(8,4&E3(,)&K#3,#,3FR('<&38#Q>3#!4*>&F,'*(A#>3#>'dd&8'*(TA#>3#:)#E&:,'!:'F),'*(#>38#8&!!*4,8A#>3#:)#8!3F,)F&:)4'8),'*(#Q>38#9E*,'*(8#3,#>38#S38,38TA#>38#,4)734838#3, #!34E9)U':',98#3(,43#:38#S3(438#E&8'F)&KA#>38#)!!*4,8#>3#!4),'<&38#%&8<&H5#!4983(,#!)483E938#Q!R*(*S4)!R'3A#'(,34E9>'):',9TA#3,F"#

D*&4,)(,A # F3 #<&' #(*&8 #83EU:3 #j,43 #&(3 #>38 # '(,344*S),'*(8 #3883(,'3::38 #38, # F3::3 #>3 # :H'(,4'F),'*( #>3 # :)#E&8'<&3#3,#>3#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,A#>3#:3&48#*8F'::),'*(8#F*EE&(38#3,#438!3F,'738A#3,#>38#'E!)F,8#>3#:H&(#8&4#:H)&,43"#O)U',&3::3E3(,#:)#E&8'<&3#38,#43!4*>&F,'U:3#>3#:'3&#3(#:'3&#3,#38,#'(>9!3(>)(,3#>38#F*(>','*(8#F*(,'(S3(,38#)&#E*E3(,#>3#8*(#3K9F&,'*(#3,#>3#8)#43!4*>&F,'*("#C3#:'3&#3,#:H38!)F3#>H9F*&,3#Q.,0*+&-*,'T#38, #S9(94):3E3(,#n#!49!)49#o#3, #)S3(F9#>3#E)('h43#5#S)4)(,'4 #&(3#<&):',9#>3#>3#F*w!4983(F3#Qm&743A#E&8'F'3(8A#)&>',*'43TA#>3#43!4*>&F,'U':',9#3,#>H)&>'U':',9#3(#F*4438!*(>)(F3#)73F#F3#<&3#(*&8#>98'S(*(8#3(#,)(,#<&3#E&8'<&3#QFH38,w5w>'43#F*(73(,'*((3::3E3(,#>)(8#:)#F&:,&43#*FF'>3(,):3A#&(3#E&8'<&3#>*(,#:3#8*(#38,#:H'(,34E9>')'43#3,#:3#E9>'&E#>H&(#!4*S4)EE3#n#F*E!*89#oT"#^3,#38!)F3#7)#49)S'4#F*443F,3E3(,#!*&4#(3#!)8#):,9434#:)#49F3!,'*(#3,#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):38#3,#!*&4#F3#d)'43#':#38,#F*({&#!*&4#!4*,9S34A #)4FR',3F,&4):3E3(,#3,#8*F'):3E3(,A#F38#>34('h438#>38#8*(8#*4>'()'438#3,#3K,4)*4>'()'438A#'(F*(,4r:)U:38A#>&#n#>3R*48#o"#s*(#9FR3::3#4hS:3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#>38#979(3E3(,8#<&'#8Hg#!)883(,#3,#8)#8,4&F,&43#d34E93#'8*:3#)&#E'3&K#>38#'(,3(8',98#8*(*438#3K,34(38#<&'#!*&44)'3(,#8Hg#!4*!)S34"#^3#49S:)S3#!3&,#j,43#,4h8#l(#>)(8#:3#U&,#>3#!497*'4#&(3#n#9<&'w)&>'U':',9#o#3, #n#w'(,3::'S'U':',9#o#!*&4#FR)F&(#>38#)&>',3&48A #3, # ': #!3&,#j,43#)88'8,9#!)4#>38#8g8,hE38#,3FR('<&38#>3#F*443F,'*(#3,#>3#8*&,'3(#>38#8*(8#!*&4#<&3#:3&48#!4*!)S),'*(8#8*'3(,#!4*:*(S938#*&#),,9(&938#7*'43#>)(8#F34,)'(8#F)8#8!),'):'8938"#s)#49!*(83#)&K#8*(8#!4*F&43#&(3#83(8),'*(#>H)((&:),'*(#>38#3dd3,8A# #!*&4#:)#!:&!)4,#'(>98'4)U:38A#>3#:H38!)F3#Q49734U94),'*(A#E)8<&)S3A#3,F"T#!*&4#!4'7':9S'34#:38#49}3K'*(8#8*(*438#:38#!:&8#>'43F,38#<&3::3#<&3#8*',#:H'(,3(8',9#>38#8*(8"#MH)'::3&48#F3#,g!3#>H38!)F3#(3#n#8),&43#o#!)8#Q,*&,#>&#E*'(8#!*&4#:38#8)::38#<&):'l938#>3#E3'::3&438TA#3,#':#83EU:34)',#<&H': #834)', #>'dlF':3 #>Hg#)%&8,34 #&(3#8),&4),'*(#8*(*43# b #FH38,w5w>'43#>H)44'734 #8*', #5 #&(3#!4388&4'8),'*(#

!"#!T$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

)F*&8,'<&3#!34E3,,)(, #>3 # d)'43 # 49)S'4 #3, #n#8*((34#o # :H38!)F3 # 83:*(#838 #!4*!4'9,98 #>3 # 498*()(F3 #3, #>3#n#498'8,)(F3#o#Q*'(70.2%$TA#8*',#5#>38#F*:*4),'*(8#8'E!:38#>38#8*(8#83:*(#F38#EjE38#!4*!4'9,98"#@:#8H)S',#>H&(#38!)F3#n#*4'3(,9#o#<&'#49S',#:38#49!34,*'438#E&8'F)&K#3,#:38#49S'E38#8*(*438#<&'#g#8*(,#>*((98"#@:#:38#)FF&3'::3A #3,A #3(#EjE3#,3E!8A #>&#d)', #>3#8*(#>9d)&,#>3#7)4')U':',9#3, #>3#E*>&:)4',9 #!*&4A# %&8,3E3(,A#S)4)(,'4 # :) # l>9:',9 # 8*(*43 # 3, # )F*&8,'<&3 # !*&4 # &(3 #E3'::3&43 # '(,3::'S'U':',9A # ': # '(','3 # 3, # 8*::'F',3 # >38#!4*>&F,'*(8#>3#E&8'<&38#'88&38#>3#F38#EjE38#49!34,*'438"#CH)&>',3&4#g#d)',#!3&#:H3K!94'3(F3/G#>3#:H38!)F3A#>3#:)#>&493#3,#>&#8*(#3(#d)73&4#>H&(3#3K!94'3(F3#38,R9,'<&3#E&8'F):3#49S&:'h43#*&#8,)(>)4>'893"#Z'(8'#':#83#F*(d*4E3#5#>38#F*(>','*(8#>3#!4983(F3#3,#>H),,3(,'*(#5#:)#E&8'<&3#<&'#8*(,#:'938#5#:H'EE*U':',9A#:)#F*(F3(,4),'*(A # 3, # :3 # F*(,4r:3 # >3 # 8*'A # 3, # <&' # F*4438!*(>3(, # 5 # &(3 # !49>'8!*8','*( # 5 # :H)():g83 # 3, # :)#F*(F3!,&):'8),'*(#3(S)S3)(,#:H9F*&,3#>)(8#&(3#8',&),'*(#n#>*E!,93#o#3,#>'4'S93#7348#:)#d9:'F',9"#@:#8H)S',#794',)U:3E3(,#>H&(#38!)F3#E&8'F):#3,#>H&(#38!)F3#)F*&8,'<&3A#3,#8)(8#>*&,3#E*'(8#>H&(#38!)F3#8*(*43#b#':#!4*F&43#>3#F*(F34,#)73F#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):3#>38#3K!94'3(F38#!49>'F),'738#V#5#:H3(F*(,43#>3#F3::38#)(,9!49>'F),'738A#FH38,w5w>'43#)(,94'3&438#5#:)#F*(F3!,&):'8),'*(#3,#)&K#!4'(F'!38#:)(S)S'348#3,#>'8F&48'd8A#<&'#(3#8*(,#>*(F#!)8#*&#!3&#F*(7'938#3,#F*(7*<&938#)&#83'(#>3#F38#38!)F38#>H9F*&,3"

=F*&,34#>3#:)#E&8'<&3A #>)(8#F3#83(8A#3, #(*&8#)::*(8# :3 #7*'4A #38, #!:&8#&(3#*!94),'*(#5#:) #d*'8#)&4):3A#'(,3::3F,&3::3 # 3, # '(,3::3F,&):'893 #>H&( # 8&'7' #E&8'F): #!498&!!*89 #<&H&(3 #3K!94'3(F3 #>'43F,3 # 3, #>)(8 # :3#!4983(,#>38#F*(>&',38#8*(*438#E&8'F):38A#3,#:H&,':'8),'*(#>3#('73)&K#3,#>H'(,3(8',98#8*(*438#3K,4jE38#V#,*&,#)&,)(,#<&3#F3::38#>3#43S'8,438A#>3#>3(8',98#3,#>3#>&4938#(*(wF*EE&(8A#FH38,w5w>'43A#>)(8#:3#F)8#>38#'(,3(8',98A#R*48#>3#:)#S4)>),'*(#>&#!')('88'E*#)&#d*4,'88'E*#!4'83#F*EE3#F*(73(,'*(A#,*&,#3(#438,)(,#>)(8#(*,43#!34F3!,'*(#>&#8!3F,43#8*(*43#VA#83EU:3#73('4#!34,&4U34#F3#,g!3#>H9F*&,3#3(#d)73&4#>H&(3#9F*&,3#<&3#(*&8#!*&44'*(8#F*EE3(F34#>3#<&):'l34#>3#n#!Rg8'<&3#o#3,#3(#!4'83#)73F#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#Q3(#<&3:<&3#8*4,3A#3(7'4*((3E3(,):3T"#CH)!!*4,#3,#:H'E!*4,)(F3#>3#F3,,3#9F*&,3#n#:'U9493#o#8*(,A#>H&(3#!)4,A#:'98#5#&(3#(9F388',9#>3#(*(wF*&!&43#3,#>3#F*(,'(&',9#>3#(*8#3K!94'3(F38#>)(8#:3#<&*,'>'3(#3,#>)(8#:3#!4983(,#QEjE3#8'#:)#E&8'<&3#g#>98'S(3#&(#E*E3(,#3,#&(#38!)F3#8'(S&:'348TA#3,A#>H)&,43#!)4,A#8*(,#F*449:98#5#&(3#F*(F3!,'*(#>3#:H'::'E',9#E&8'F):# Q3, #>38#3K!94'3(F38#<&3#(*&8#!*&7*(8#3(#)7*'4# i #3, #<&3#(*&8#(*EE*(8#',)*8,$"7+$20,$T#F*EE3#9:)(#E)%3&4#>)(8#:HR'8,*'43#E&8'F):3#3,#F*EE3#d*4E3#>H&,*!'3#5#:)#d*'8#8*F'):3#3,#E&8'F):3#Q,*&,w5wd)',#F*(F4h,3T"

!":$ " 8,$ " (-&0,*+ " />$2-$?*)+-$'$2+ "0$ " /. "',)*8,$ " $)+ ",2$ "0*))&%*.+*&2@ " 8,$/8,$ " %=&)$ " 0$ "0*667-$2+ " 0$ " /. "($-6&-'.2%$"$//$A'1'$"U"%$"8,$";&,)"$2+$20$Q"0.2)"/>$2-$?*)+-$'$2+"$)+"C*$2")a-"/."'1'$"($-6&-'.2%$@"'.*) ")7(.-7$"0,"%&2+$R+$"&-*?*2$/"&b"$//$"."7+7"0&227$4"c,$/"$)+"/>*'(&-+.2%$"0$"%$"%&2+$R+$"d2.+,-$/e"X"#$"%&2+$R+$ "(-&%,-$ ",2$"T(.-+*+*&2T "8,$" /$) " *2+$-(-S+$) " D&,$2+ " *2%&2)%*$''$2+4 " f/ "2$ ")>.?*+ "(.) "0>,2$"(.-+*+*&2"8,* "72&2%$"$R(/*%*+$'$2+"/."',)*8,$"$+"8,*@"0&2%@"%&''$"%>$)+"?727-./$'$2+"$+"+-.0*+*&22$//$'$2+"/$"%.)"0.2)"/. "',)*8,$@ "2>. ".,%,2 " *2+7-1+ "(&,- " />.,0*+$,-@ "'.*) "0>,2$ "(.-+*+*&2 "8,* " %&$R*)+$ " *2)7(.-.C/$'$2+ " .;$% " /. "',)*8,$@"/>.%%&'(.?2$"$+"/.")&,+*$2+4"9/I#Q^ZtMJ�#^*4(3:'&8A#Y]*u)4>8#)(#J,R'F#*d#@E!4*7'8),'*(YA#@(#Y]43),'83#O)(>U**XYA#/NI/A#J>','*(#D3,348T

/G # !"#W$2)$'C/$"0$) "*2+$-.%+*&2)"$2+-$",2"&-?.2*)'$"$+ " /W$2;*-&22$'$2+"0.2)" /$8,$/" */ " )W$2?.?$@"$+ " /$ "-7),/+.+ "&%%.)*&227"(.-" %$//$)A%* "9 "QM3u3gA#YC�)4,#F*EE3#3K!94'3(F3Y#[/N0?\A#'(#�&7438A#D)&A#D&U:'F),'*(8#>3#:�|('7348',9#>3#D)&wp344)S*A#-..GA#!"#/BT

/I #!"N=.+"."-$%&-0*2?"(-&0,%$)"*)".")$(.-.+$"(=$2&'$2&2@")&'$+=*2?"-$.//B"',%=")+-.2?$-"+=.2"+=$"(/.B*2?"*+)$/6@")*2%$"g=.+"B&,"=$.-"&2"+.($ "&-"0*)%"*)"*20$$0"+=$").'$"(/.B*2?@"C,+"0*;&-%$0"6-&'"*+)"2.+,-./"%&2+$R+4"N=.+"*)"+=$"*'(&-+.2%$"&6"+=*)"2.+,-./"%&2+$R+X"h=$"2.+,-./"%&2+$R+"(-&;*0$)".")%&-$"g=*%="+=$"(/.B$-)".-$",2%&2)%*&,)/B"*2+$-(-$+*2?"*2"+=$*-"(/.B*2?4"I&+".")%&-$"+=.+"*)"$R(/*%*+/B".-+*%,/.+$0"*2"+=$"',)*%".20 "=$2%$"&6"2&"6,-+=$-"*2+$-$)+"+&"+=$"/*)+$2$-".)"*)"?$2$-.//B"+=$"%.)$"*2"+-.0*+*&2./"',)*%@"C,+"&2$"+=.+"%&$R*)+)"*2)$(.-.C/B"g*+="+=$"',)*%@ ")+.20*2? ")*0$ " CB " )*0$ "g*+= " *+ " .20 "),)+.*2*2? " *+4"9# V# Q^ZtMJ�#^*4(3:'&8A # Y]*u)4>8 #)( #J,R'F #*d # @E!4*7'8),'*(YA # @( # Y]43),'83#O)(>U**XYA#/NI/A#J>','*(#D3,348T

!"#!S$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

:"##;/8%/-8+%/#<&('=#;/8'/6+82#<&('

C)#(*,'*(#>3#YE&8'<&3#9,3(>&3Y#83#F*E!43(>#)&#!43E'34#)U*4>#F*EE3#&(3#3K,3(8'*(#>&#!R9(*Eh(3#E&8'F):#:'93#5#&(#>9U*4>3E3(,#8!),'):#3,#>3#8)#!4),'<&3#b#

1 :)#E&8'<&3#<&'#83#>'dd&834)',#)&w>3:5#>38#E&48#>38#8)::38#>)(8#:38<&3::38#3::3#38,#>*((93A#7*'43#EjE3#:H*!94),'*(#>3#:)#%*&34#3(#>3R*48#>3#F38#8)::38#b#:H3dd4)(S3E3(,#3,#:)#!4*!)S),'*(#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#i#F3F'#834)',#)&88'#3(S)S9#>)(8#:)#E*>'lF),'*(#>3#:)#>'8!*8','*(#8!),'):3#8!3F,),*4'3::3#!*&4 # *4S)('834 # 3, # >'8,4'U&34 # 8!),'):3E3(, # 3, # )4FR',3F,&4):3E3(, # >3 # E)('h43 # >'dd943(,3 # :)#!4*>&F,'*(#3,#:)#>'dd&8'*(#E&8'F):38#>)(8#&(#38!)F3#i#

1 &(3#F*E!49R3(8'*(#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#)&w>3:5#>38#>9l(','*(8#3,#>38#F*(83(8&8#<&'#:&'#>*((3(,#&(#!94'Eh,43#>H)F,'*(#3,#>3#49F3!,'*(#E&8'F):38#b#&(3#F*(F3!,'*(#Y9:)4S'3Y#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#Q)&#83(8#U3&g8'3(T#i

1 3, #&(3 #*!94),'*( #>3 #>9!)883E3(, #>38 # 9:9E3(,8 # 3, #>38 # )F,'*(8 #<&' #!34E3,,3(, #>3 # %*&34 #>3 # :)#E&8'<&3#b#&(3#3K,3(8'*(#>38#E*g3(8#>3#:)#E&8'<&3A#)E3()(,#&(#9:)4S'883E3(,#>38#9FR3::38#>3#,'EU43#3,#>&#8!3F,43#8*(*43#%*&98#!)4#:)#E&8'<&3"

CH)8834,'*(#!3&,#)&88'#83#F*E!43(>43#>)(8#&(#43S'8,43#,3E!*43:#b#&(3#E&8'<&3#8)(8#>9U&,#('#l(#<&'#8H)U8,4)',#>H&(3#>&493#lK93#Q3,#<&'#8H9,3(>#>*(F#>)(8#:3#,3E!8TA#3,#<&'#>)(8#F3#83(8#)&,*4'834)',#5#)U*4>34#>38 # 8g8,hE38 # F*(,'(&8 #>3 #S9(94),'*( # 3, # >3 # %3& #E&8'F): # Q)&,*E),'<&38A # !4*S4)EE98T # )&w>3:5 #>3 # :)#!4*>&F,'*(#R&E)'(3#3,#'(8,4&E3(,):3#b#&(3#E&8'<&3#>*(,#:)#>&493#>37'3(,#'::'E',9"#C)#(*,'*(#>H9,3(>&3#38,#:'93#3,#83#49dh43#>'43F,3E3(,#5#:)#!4*!4'9,9#>&#8*(#<&'#38,#>3#83#!4*!)S34#b#)'(8'#,*&,3#E&8'<&3#&,':'83#>38#9,3(>&38#>3#8*(8A#)F*&8,'<&3E3(,#!)4:)(,A#3::3#!3&,#)&88'#8H9,3(>43#)&w>3:5#3,#)& #83'(#>38 #8)::38 #!)4 #>'dd943(,8 #E*g3(8 #3, # 43:)'8A #F3&K#>3# 43,4)(8E'88'*(#3, #>3 #>'dd&8'*( # Q:) # 4)>'*A#:H3(43S'8,43E3(,A # :H'(,34(3,A # 3,F"TA # 3,A # >)(8 # :38 #!4),'<&38 # :38 #!:&8 # F*(,3E!*4)'(38A # 3::38 # '(,hS43(, #>38#,3FR('<&38 # >',38 # 9,3(>&38 # >3 # %3& # '(8,4&E3(,): # <&' # 7*(, # )&w>3:5 # >3 # :) # :',,94),&43 # R'8,*4'<&3 # 3, # >&#49!34,*'43#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#>H&(#S3(43#>*((9"#;)'8#:3#d)',#>3#:)#YE&8'<&3#9,3(>&3Y#38,#%&8,3E3(,#>3#83#U)834#8&4#:)#!4*!4'9,9#>3#!4*!)S),'*(#8*(*43#!*&4#83#F*(8,',&34A#3,#F3F'#3(#>3R*48#>3#,*&,#)&,43#!4'(F'!3#>*(,#:3#d*(>3E3(,#834)',#YR*48w8*(YA#R*48#>38#!4*!4'9,98#8*(*438#3,#)F*&8,'<&38"

CH38!)F3#8*(*43#38,#&(3#;*)*&2"+=7&-*8,$A#':#(H3K'8,3#!)8#QE)'8#,*&,#38!)F3#d)',#>H)'4#)#&(3#)F*&8,'<&3TA#F3#8*(, # :38 #!4*!)S),'*(8 # 3, # :38 # 9,3(>&38 #>38 # 8*(8 #<&' # d*(, # 8*((34 # :38 # 38!)F38 #3, #<&' #E*U':'83(, # :3&48#!4*!4'9,98#)F*&8,'<&38#8*&8#F34,)'(38#F*(>','*(8"#

J(#d)',#:3#,34E3#>3#YE&8'<&3#9,3(>&3Y#!34E3,#>H)!!4*FR34#)&88'#>H)&,438#>'E3(8'*(8#b

1 :) #E&8'<&3#8H)!!&'3 #8&4 #&(#>'8!*8','dA # F3:&' #>&#F*(F34, #3, #>3 #8*(#38!)F3 # Q+&(&)TA #<&' #38, # 438,9#'(FR)(S9#EjE3#8'#:38#43(*&73::3E3(,8#>3#d*4E38#38,R9,'<&38#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#(H*(,#!)8#F3889#5#,4)7348#8*(#R'8,*'43#i#

! :)#E&8'<&3#9,3(>&3#3K!:*43A#3KFh>3#3,#8),&43#F3#>'8!*8','d#i#Q*k#F*EE3(F3#:)#E&8'<&3#�#*k#

l(',w3::3#�T

1 :) # E&8'<&3 # ) # E&:,'!:'9 # 838 # E*g3(8 # Q>3 # !4*>&F,'*(A # >3 # >'dd&8'*(T # Q+$i2$TA # >38 # '(8,4&E3(,8#

!"#!#$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

)F*&8,'<&38A # )&K # '(8,4&E3(,8 # >H3(43S'8,43E3(,8A # 3, # )&K # '(8,4&E3(,8 # (&E94'<&38 # Q8g(,Rh83#8*(*43A#S9(94),'73A#3,F"TA#3(,43#!4983(F3#Q8g(FR4*('8),'*(#)73F#:)#E&8'<&3#<&'#83#>94*&:3#>)(8#:3#EjE3 # 38!)F3T # 3, # 43!4*>&F,'U':',9 # Q:) # E&8'<&3 # >373()(, # '(>9!3(>)(,3 # >38 # :'3&K # 3, # >38#E*E3(,8T#i#

! :) # E&8'<&3 # 9,3(>&3 # (3 # 8H)!!&'3 # !)8 # 8&4 # >38 # '(8,4&E3(,8 # !)4,'F&:'348 # 3, # 8&4 # &(3#E&:,'!:'F),'*( #>38 # 8&!!*4,8 #3, #>38 #E9>')8 #E)'8 # 8&4 # :) # 8g(FR4*('8),'*( #>38 # :'3&K #3, #>38#E*E3(,8#3,#>3#:3&48#3K!94'3(F38#3,#>3#:3&48#)FF388'U':',98#i

1 :) #E&8'<&3#83# d*(>3#8&4#&(3#49!)4,','*(#E)4<&93#>38 #4r:38 # b #3(,43#F49),3&4 #3, #)&>',3&4A #3(,43#3K!94'3(F3#F*::3F,'73#Qd)7*4'893T#3,#3K!94'3(F3#'(>'7'>&3::3#Q>9d)7*4'893T#i#

! :)#E&8'<&3#9,3(>&3#)E3(&'83#838#4r:38#!)4#:)#!4'E)&,9#>*((93#5#:H3K!94'3(F3#Q38,R9,'<&3T#>&#Y!4983(,Y # QEjE3#8' # :38 #E*g3(8 #>3 # 49):'8),'*( # 8*(, # 8&FF'(,8A # :) # Y8F9(*S4)!R'3Y # 8*(*43 #3,#E&8'F):3#49>&',3A#7*'43#'(3K'8,)(,3A#:)#E)('!&:),'*(#8*(*43#Q:3#d)'43#E&8'F):T#)U83(,3T#3,#!)4#&(3#)U83(F3 #>3#R'94)4FR'3 #3(,43 # :H3K!94'3(F3# '(>'7'>&3::3 #3, #F3::3 #F*::3F,'73A #!)4 #&(#43%3,#>H&(3#*!!*8','*(#3(,43#8*(#3,#E&8'<&3#Q3(,43#8*(8#F)!,98#*&#43:)g98#3,#8*(8#F*(8,4&',8#3,#*4S)('898T#Q3(,43#3K!4388'*(#3,#'E!4388'*(T#i

1 :) #E&8'<&3 # 38, # >373(&3 # &(3 # !4*>&F,'*( # :'(9)'43A # FR4*(*:*S'<&3 # 3, # >'8F&48'73 # QF*(>&',3 # >3#:H9E*,'*(#5#!)4,'4#>H&(3#9F4',&43#R*48w8*(#5#!)4,'4#>3#:)#F*E!49R3(8'*(#>H&(#Y:)(S)S3Y#E'8#3(#m&743T#<&H*(#(3#!3&,#49>&'43#5#&(3#E9E*4'8),'*(#i#! :)#E&8'<&3#9,3(>&3A#'(3K!4388'73A#!4*!*83#&(#)4,#>3#:H3K!94'3(F3#>3#:H9F*&,3#!)4#:)#E9E*'43#

Q>3 # :H3K!94'3(F3T # 3, # :) # ,*!*:*S'3 # Q:) # !4*!)S),'*( # 3, # :H9,3(>&3 # >38 # 8*(8 # >)(8 # :38 # :'3&KA#:H'EE348'*(TA#!*,3(,'3::38#<&3#:H)&>',3&4#>*',#E*>&:34#3,#F*(8,4&'43#>)(8#>38#8g(FR4*('F',98#Q)73F#:38#8*(8A#)73F#:38#:'3&KA#)73F#:38#E*E3(,8T#i

1 :) # E&8'<&3A # >3 # !)4 # :3 # F*(F34,A # 38, # 4',&):'893A # >*(F # :'E',93 # ,3E!*43::3E3(, # 3, # 8!),'):3E3(,#Q7(*)+7'ST#i#! :)#E&8'<&3#9,3(>&3#83#F*(8,',&3#8&4#:38#8'(S&:)4',98#>38#3K!94'3(F38#'88&38#>38#'(,34)F,'*(8#

3(,43#:38#9,3(>&38#>38#8*(8#3,#:38#F*4!8#>38#)&>',3&48#Q$F49),3&48T#i#

! ':#(3#8H)S',#!:&8#>H&(3#,R9*4'3#>38#,3FR('<&38A#>38#43!4983(,),'*(8#3,#>38#>'8F*&48A#E)'8#>H&(3#

,R9*4'3#>&#83(8'U:3#3,#>38#3K!94'3(F38#b#>3#:)#!4*!)S),'*(#3,#:)#49F3!,'*(#8*(*438#3,#>3#:)#E9E*'43 # >38 # )&>',3&48 # 3(,43 # :38 # :'3&K # 3, # :38 #E*E3(,8 # Q:38 # 43:),'*(8A # :38 # 8',&),'*(8A # :38#8g(FR4*('8),'*(8A#:38#>98g(FR4*('8),'*(8TA#>3#:H'(,344*S),'*(#>3#:)#F'4F&:),'*(#>38#8*(8#3,#>38#3K!94'3(F38#>H&(#3(>4*',#5#&(#)&,43A#>H&(#>'8!*8','d #5#&(#)&,43A#>H&(#E*E3(,#5#&(#)&,43#QYu)gd)434YA#]'E#@(S*:>TA#'(7',)(,#5#:)#E*U':',9#>3#:H)&>',3&4#>)(8#:38#38!)F38A#3,#!4*!*8)(,#5#:H)&>',3&4 #>3 #(3 #!:&8 # F*(d*(>43 # :) #>&493 #>3 # :) #E&8'<&3 #5 # F3::3 #>3 # 8*( #9F*&,3 # Q(-.R*)T"Z'(8'A #(*&8#!*&44'*(8#>'43#Q5#:)#8&',3#>3#;)4,'(#s33:A #<&3#:H),,',&>3#38,R9,'<&3#F*({*',#:3#E*(>3#F*EE3#&(3#d*4E3#>3#7'3A#3,#(*(#!)8#F*EE3#&(#:'3&#>3#7'3#Q),,',&>3#8F'3(,'l<&3T#('#F*EE3#&(#:'3&#!*&47*g3&4#Q),,',&>3#9F*(*E'<&3T#V#Q;)4,'(#s33:A#YZ38,R3,'F#Z4S&E3(,8#'(#,R3#J,R'F8#*d#6),&43YA#]R38'8#J:373(A#0-A#/NN-A#!"LL"T"

M)(8 # F3 # 83(8 # :3 # !R':*8*!R3 #Z4(*:> # P34:3)(, # F*({*', # &(3 # 38,R9,'<&3 # 3(7'4*((3E3(,):3 # d*(>93 # 8&4#:H),,3(,'*(#!34F3!,&3::3#3,#8&4#:H3K!94'3(F3#F*(,'(&3::3#>&#E*(>3#b

!"#."',)*8,$"(&,--.*+"1+-$"07V2*$"%&''$",2".-+")&%*./A$2;*-&22$'$2+./4"34445"G2"6.*+"/$"+$-'$"T',)*8,$T"$)+ ",2 " -.%%&,-%* " (&,- " (.-/$- " 0$ " />$2)$'C/$ " 0>,2$ " )*+,.+*&2 " $R(7-*$2+*$//$4 " #. " T',)*8,$ " $2 " )&*T " $)+ " ,2$ "

!"#!g$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

)B2$%0&8,$ " (,*)8,$ " /$ " )&2 " d',)*%./e " $)+ " *2)7(.-.C/$ " 0$ " d%$e " 8,* " /$ " (-&0,*+ " $+ " 0$ " %$/,* " 8,* " />$2+$20 "d7;*0$''$2+"%$/."($,+"1+-$"/."'1'$"($-)&22$e"9Lj4"QPJtCJZ6]A#Z4(*:>"#Q-..NT"#Y�R),#;&8'F#@8(�,#)(>#O*u#,*#]3)FR#@,Y"#@(#ZF,'*(A#^4','F'8EA#)(>#]R3*4g#d*4#;&8'F#J>&F),'*(#L$/b#B?wGB"T

!" Z2 " $2;*-&22$'$2+ " %&2`, "(.- ",2 " .-+*)+$ " $)+ ",2$ " %&2)+-,%+*&2 "($-%$(+*;$ " 6.C-*8,7$ "8,* " %&2%$2+-$ " /$) "%.-.%+7-*)+*8,$) " 8,* " )$ " -$+-&,;$2+ " 0.2) " +&,) " /$) " '*/*$,R4 " 34445 " #>$2?.?$'$2+ " $)+=7+*8,$ " -$2&2%$ " .,R ")7(.-.+*&2)"+-.0*+*&22$//$)"$2+-$"/$"%-*+*8,$"$+"/>&CD$+"0>.-+@"$2+-$"/>.-+*)+$"$+"/$")($%+.+$,-@"$+"$2+-$"/>.-+*)+$"$+ "/$) " .,+-$)4 " 34445 " #$) " &%%.)*&2) "&b " />.((-7%*.+*&2 " $)+=7+*8,$ " ($,+ " )$ "07;$/&(($- " )&2+ " *//*'*+7$) " $+ "($,;$2+ "*'(/*8,$-"0$)"&CD$+)"8,$/%&28,$)4"G2"&,+-$@"/>*'(/*%.+*&2"$)+=7+*8,$"2$"0&*+"(.)"1+-$"-.-$"&,"-$)+-$*2+$4"G//$"$)+")$,/$'$2+"/*'*+7$"(.-"2&)"%.(.%*+7)"0$"($-%$(+*&2"$+"(.-"2&+-$";&/&2+7"0>B"(.-+*%*($-4"k.2)"/$"'1'$"+$'()@ "/>$R(7-*$2%$"$)+=7+*8,$"2$"0&'*2$"(.)"+&,+$)"/$)")*+,.+*&2)4"9Ll"QPJtCJZ6]#Z4(*:>"#Q-..IT"#Y_(#c3,,'(S#Z:*(S #P3)&,'d&::gb # @>3)8 # d*4 # ) #s*F'): #�8,R3,'F8Y" # @( #Z38,R3,'F8 # '( # ,R3 #O&E)( #J(7'4*(E3(,A #Ug#D)&:'(3#7*(#P*(8>*4ddA#!!"#/-w-NT

!"k.2)"%$")$2)"0&227"<"/>$2;*-&22$'$2+"2&,)")&''$)"$2"*''$-)*&2"0.2)"/$"'&20$@"*'(/*8,7)"0.2)",2 "(-&%$)),)"%&2)+.2+ "0>.%+*&2 " $+ "0$ " -7.%+*&24 " f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tCJZ6]A#Z4(*:>"#Q-..-T"#Y6*,38#p*4#)#^&:,&4):#�8,R3,'FY"#@(#`*R,#%)#D)'X#$#D:)F3#)(>#C*F),'*(A#3>"#y'473#s)4)!'XA#`)>4'#]aa4A#)(>#;)4'#C))(3E3,8A#J38,'#`&(8,')X)>33E')A#-..-A#!!"#/N�-GT

/L Y,)*%"%&,/0"C$++$-"C$"0$)%-*C$0".)".")&%*./A$2;*-&2'$2+./".-+4"34445"f2"6.%+@"+=$"g&-0"',)*%"*)".%+,.//B".")=&-+=.20"g.B"&6")($.i*2?"&6".2 "$2+*-$"$R($-*$2+*./")*+,.+*&24"mY,)*%"*+)$/6n"*)"+=,)")B2$%0&%=*%@")*2%$"',)*%./")&,20"*)"*2)$(.-.C/$"6-&'".2".?$2+"g=&"(-&0,%$)".20"&2$"g=& "=$.-)"*+4"doC;*&,)/B"+=$B"'.B"C$"+=$").'$"*20*;*0,./4e# #QPJtCJZ6]#Z4(*:>"#Q-..NT#��R),#;&8'F#@8(�,#)(>#O*u#,*#]3)FR#@,"�#@(#ZF,'*(A#^4','F'8EA#)(>#]R3*4g#d*4#;&8'F#J>&F),'*(#L$/b#B?wGB"#R,,!b$$)F,"E)g>)gS4*&!"*4S$)4,'F:38$P34:3)(,Lz/"!>d#

/N p2"$2;*-&2'$2+ "0$;*)$0"CB".2".-+*)+ " *)". " 6.C-*%.+$0"($-%$(+,./ "%&2)+-,%+ " +=.+ "%&2%$2+-.+$) " 6$.+,-$) " 6&,20" *2"$;$-B"$2;*-&2'$2+4 " 34445 "p$)+=$+*%"$2?.?$'$2+"-$2&,2%$)"+=$"+-.0*+*&2./")$(.-.+*&2)"C$+g$$2"+=$".((-$%*.+&-".20"+=$".-+"&CD$%+@"C$+g$$2"+=$".-+*)+".20"+=$";*$g$-@".20"C$+g$$2"+=$"($-6&-'$-".20"+=$)$"&+=$-)4"34445"h=$"&%%.)*&2)"&2"g=*%=".$)+=$+*%".((-$%*.+*&2"%.2"0$;$/&(".-$",2/*'*+$0".20"%.2"*2;&/;$".2B "&CD$%+)"g=.+)&$;$-4"E,-+=$-@".$)+=$+*%"*2;&/;$'$2+"2$$0"2&+"C$"-.-$"&-"-$)+-*%+$04"f+"*)"/*'*+$0"&2/B"CB"&,-"($-%$(+,./"%.(.C*/*+*$)".20"&,- "g*//*2?2$))"+&"(.-+*%*(.+$4"p+"+=$").'$"+*'$@".$)+=$+*%"$R($-*$2%$"0&$)"2&+"0&'*2.+$"$;$-B")*+,.+*&24# QPJtCJZ6]#Z4(*:>"#Q-..IT"#Y_(#c3,,'(S#Z:*(S#P3)&,'d&::gb#@>3)8#d*4#)#s*F'):#�8,R3,'F8Y"#@(#Z38,R3,'F8#'(#,R3#O&E)(#J(7'4*(E3(,A#Ug#D)&:'(3#7*(#P*(8>*4ddA#!!"#/-w-NT

-. f2"+=*)")$2)$"&6"$2;*-&2'$2+@"($&(/$".-$"$'C$00$0"*2"+=$*-"g&-/0@"*'(/*%.+$0"*2"."%&2)+.2+"(-&%$))"&6".%+*&2".20"-$)(&2)$4"f+"*)"2&+"(&))*C/$"+& ")+.20".(.-+4"p"(=B)*%./"*2+$-.%+*&2"&6"C&0B".20")$++*2?@"."()B%=&/&?*%./"*2+$-%&22$%+*&2"&6"%&2)%*&,)2$))".20"%,/+,-$@"."0B2.'*%"=.-'&2B"&6 ")$2)&-B".g.-$2$))".//"'.i$"."($-)&2"*2)$(.-.C/$"6-&'"=*)"&-"=$-"$2;*-&2'$2+./")*+,.+*&24"h-.0*+*&2./"0,./*)')@"),%=".)"+=&)$")$(.-.+*2?"*0$. ".20"&CD$%+@")$/6".20"&+=$-)@"*22$-"%&2)%*&,)2$))".20"$R+$-2./"g&-/0@"0*))&/;$"*2"+=$"*2+$?-.+*&2"&6"($-)&2".20"(/.%$4"p"2$g"%&2%$(+*&2"&6"+=$ "=,'.2"C$*2? "$'$-?$) " .) " .2 "&-?.2*%@ " %&2)%*&,)@ " )&%*./ " &-?.2*)'@ ".2 "$R($-*$2+*./ "2&0$ " +=.+ " *) "C&+= " +=$ "(-&0,%+ " .20 " +=$ "?$2$-.+&- " &6 "$2;*-&2'$2+./"6&-%$)4"h=$)$"6&-%$)".-$"2&+"&2/B"(=B)*%./"&CD$%+)".20"%&20*+*&2)@"*2"+=$",),./")$2)$"&6"$2;*-&2'$2+4"h=$B"*2%/,0$")&'.+*%@ "()B%=&/&?*%./@"=*)+&-*%./@".20"%,/+,-./"%&20*+*&2)@".)"g$//4"G2;*-&2'$2+"*)"+=$"'.+-*R"&6".//"),%="6&-%$)4"p)"(.-+"&6".2"$2;*-&2'$2+./"V$/0@"g$ "C&+=")=.($".20".-$"6&-'$0"CB"+=$"$R($-*$2+*./"8,./*+*$)"&6"+=$",2*;$-)$"g$"*2=.C*+4"h=$)$"8,./*+*$)"%&2)+*+,+$"+=$"($-%$(+,./"0&'.*2"*2"g=*%= "g$"$2?.?$"*2".$)+=$+*%"$R($-*$2%$@"."0&'.*2")=.($0"CB"+=$"',/+*+,0$"&6"6&-%$)".%+*2?"&2"*+4"34445"f"),)($%+"+=.+"g$"'.B"0*)%&;$-"%$-+.*2 "%&''&2"6$.+,-$)"*2"($&(/$>)".%+*;*+*$)".20"$R($-*$2%$)"g*+="+=$"'.2B".-+*)+*%"6&-')@"&%%.)*&2)"g$"%.2"%.//".$)+=$+*%4#QPJtCJZ6]#Z4(*:>"#Q-..-T" # Y6*,38 #p*4 #) #^&:,&4): #�8,R3,'FYA # @( #`*R, # %) #D)'X #$ #D:)F3 #)(> #C*F),'*(A # 3>" #y'473 #s)4)!'XA #`)>4' #]aa4A # )(>#;)4' #C))(3E3,8A#J38,'#`&(8,')X)>33E')A#-..-A#!!"#/N�-GT

http://act.maydaygroup.org/articles/Berleant8_1.pdf

!"#!h$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

s&',3#5 # :) #>9E*(8,4),'*( #>HZ4(*:>#P34:3)(, #5 #!4*!*8#>3#(*8#3K!94'3(F38#3(7'4*((3E3(,):38 #3(# ,)(,#<&H3K!94'3(F38 # 38,R9,'<&38A #(*&8 #!*&7*(8 #*&74'4 #&(3 #<&38,'*( #<&' # 83 #!*83 #5 # :) #E&8'<&3 #9,3(>&3# b]*&,3#3K!94'3(F3#38,w3::3#(9F388)'43E3(,#38,R9,'<&3#>&#83&:#d)',#<&H3::3#'E!:'<&3#:)#!34F3!,'*(#83(8'U:3#�

|(3#Rg!*,Rh83#8*&8w%)F3(,3#>3#:)#n#E&8'<&3#9,3(>&3#o#3,#>*(F#>3#:H3K!94'3(F3#>3#:H'::'E',9#E&8'F):#3,#8*(*43#38,#F3::3#<&3#%*&34#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#38,#->8+,'(#&/#'6<->'"#

O)U',&3::3E3(,#:)#E&8'<&3#38,#!497&3#!*&4#j,43# %*&93#>)(8#&(#3,#>38#38!)F38#>H9F*&,3"#^38#38!)F38#*4S)('898#3,#)4FR',3F,&498#>3#:H9F*&,3#83#8*(,#(*4E):'898#>3#:)#EjE3#E)('h43#<&3#:H&,':'8),'*(#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3 # >& # 8!3F,43 # 8*(*43 # 3, # >3 # :HR)4E*('3 # E&8'F):3 # Q8&4 # :3 # 8*F:3 # >& # ,3E!94)E3(, # 9S):T" # ^38#8,)(>)4>'8),'*(8#,*&FR)(,#F38#9:9E3(,8A#,*&,#)&,)(,#<&3#:)#(),&43#>38#8*(8#3,#:3&4#)E!:',&>3A#*(,#9,9#49S:938#)l(#>H9F)4,34#

1 :38#8'E&:,)(9',98#>',38#'(R)4E*('3&838#Q>*(,#:3#U4&',#,4*!#4'FR3#3(#R)4E*('<&38T#

1 3, # :38# '(,3(8',98#3K,4jE38#Q>*(,# :38 # ,3(8'*(8#Sj(3(,# :) #YF:)4,9Y #>3# :)#E&8'<&3TA #>&#!:&8#,9(&#5#:H3K,4jE3#6&-+*))*'&#

1 <&'#,*&8#>3&K#%*&3(,#:3#4r:3#>3#l:,43#>3#:H38!)F3#)F*&8,'<&3#V#F*EE3#3(#)#!&#%*&34#c:3((#c*&:>#5#8)#E)('h43"#

!"Z2"D&,-@"./&-)"8,$"DW.;.*)"<"($*2$",2$"0*Q.*2$"0W.227$)@"DW7+.*)"$2"+-.*2"0$"+-.;.*//$-"3),-",2$"6,?,$"0$ "Y&Q.-+5 "8,.20"+&,+ "< "%&,("&2". "'*) "$2"'.-%=$",2".)(*-.+$,-"< "%_+7 "0,"(*.2&@ " $+ " D$ "2W.--*;.*) "(/,)"< "'W$2+$20-$"D&,$-4"q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r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b"D$"2$"(&,;.*)"(/,)"'W$2+$20-$"0,"+&,+4"3444"5":$"8,$"DW.*".((-*)"0$"/."-$2%&2+-$"6&-+,*+$"0$"Y&Q.-+ "$+"0$"/W.)(*-.+$,-@"%W$)+"8,$"/W&-$*//$"*2+$-2$"0$"/W*'.?*2.+*&2"$)+",2")+*',/.2+"C$.,%&,("(/,)"(,*)).2+"8,$ "+&,+"%$"8,*"($,+"(-&;$2*-"0$"/W&C)$-;.+*&2"$R+7-*$,-$4"9"Qc_|CM#c:3(("#Y]R3#�3::#]3E!343>#C'8,3(34YA#l:E#,9:97'89A#^P^A#/NI.#w#F',9#!)4#c3*dd43g#D)gf)(,#>)(8#c:3((#c*&:>A#Y|(#R*EE3#>&#d&,&4YA#,4)>"#C"#;"#3,#]"#sR'!'),FR37#E*>'l93A#D)4'8A#p)g)4>A#/NL0A#!"I0A#!"#/BB"T

!"(/.%$-@"0$"%=.8,$"%_+7"0,"(*.2&@",2$"-.0*&"&,@"'*$,R"$2%&-$@",2$"-.0*&"0W,2"%_+7"$+",2$"+7/7;*)*&2"0$"/W.,+-$@ "$+"'$++-$"+&,+$"/.").,%$4"34445"*/"6.//.*+"8,$"/$"2*;$.,"3)&2&-$5")&*+"),6V).''$2+"7/$;7"(&,-"8,$@"+&,+"$2")$2+.2+ "%$"8,$"D$"6.*).*)@"D$"($-`&*;$"$2"(-$'*$-"/$")&2"0$"/."-.0*&@"&,"%$/,*"0$"/."+7/7@"&,@"'*$,R"$2%&-$@"/$)"0$,R "$2)$'C/$4 " ]W7+.*) " $2 " +-.*2 " 0$ " )7(.-$-@ " < " %$ "'&'$2+A/<@ "'. " %&2%$2+-.+*&2 " $2 " 0$,R " (.-+*$)4449# Qc_|CM#c:3(("YJ(,43,'3(8#)73F#2*(),R)(#^*,,Y"#,4)>"#2"#M4'::*(A#D)4'8A#p)g)4>A#/NL0A#!"BI"T

x#F3#8&%3,#b#

!"#W.)(*-.+$,-@ "C-.2%=7 "),- " /. "'.%=*2$ " %&-()A(*.2&Adr,;-$e@ " 6&2%+*&22$ " %&''$",2"(-*)'$4 ":$ "?$2-$ "0$ "(-&%$)),)"'7%.2*8,$"0$"07)$2)*C*/*).+*&2"'.+7-*$//$@"$R+7-*$,-"<"/W.-%=*+$%+,-$"0$)"r,;-$)@".")$)"-7(&20.2+) "0.2)"/$)"(-&%707)"0$ "-$%&2)+-,%+*&2"(.-"/$)8,$/)"s&,/0"*2+$-;*$2+".2./B+*8,$'$2+"0.2)"/$,-"&-?.2*).+*&2 "

!"#!i$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

6&-'$//$"d%&2+-$(&*2+@"-B+='$@"$66$+)"0B2.'*8,$)@"(=-.)7@"&-2$'$2+.+*&2@").2)"(.-/$-"0$"+&,+$)"/$)".)+,%$)"0$ "'&2+.?$ " .,+&-*)7$) " (.- " /$) " +$%=2&/&?*$) " 0W$2-$?*)+-$'$2+e4 " 9# QM|t@6c#=:'3" # Q-...T" # Yc:3((#c*&:> # b#:�)8!'4),3&4 # 3, # )&,438 # !4*F9>98YA # # @( #;&8'F) # p):8)A # (�//A # !4'(,3E!8 # -...A # !"-Iw-N-/# i # 3, # )&88' # b#YC*S'<&38#>3#:H3K9F&,'*(#b#^)S3#$#c*&:>YA#@(#^4','<&3A#(�G0NwG?.A#>*88'34#n#;&8'<&3Q8T"#D*&4#&(3#S9(9):*S'3#>&#F*(,3E!*4)'(#oA#)*+,w83!,3EU43#-...--T

D*&4#'::&8,434#F3,,3#Rg!*,Rh83#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#F*EE3#l:,43#>3#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,A#:38#m&7438#>3#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S#8*(,#5#F3#8&%3,#43E)4<&)U:38#3,#F*(F34(3(,#!4'(F'!):3E3(,#:H3K!:*4),'*(#>&#8!3F,43#R)4E*('<&3#b

1 <&3#F3:)#8*',#)&#,4)7348#>3#:H'EE348'*(#8*(*43#

! !)4#:H'(,3(8',9#3,#:3#7*:&E3#8*(*438#Q%&8<&H5#:3&48#3K,4jE38T#

" F*EE3#>)(8#YD*3E#d*4#^R)'48A#])U:38A#P3(FR38A#J,F"#Q_4#_,R34#s*&(>#s*&4F38TY#Q/NG.TA#Y]u*#s*&(>8Y#Q/NG.T#3,#YW#,*#O3(4g#p:g(,HH#Q/NG.T

! !)4 # :38 # 8&!34!*8','*(8 # >3 # Y}&KYA # 3( # %*&)(, # >3 # :3&48 # l:,4)S38 # 3(,43 # 3&K # 3, # >3 # :3&48#F*EU'()'8*(8A

" Y@E!4*7'8),'*( # 8*!4)('(* # 8)K*!R*(3Y # Q/NG0A # )& # q)E # p38,'7): # )73F #Z::)( # `)!4*uA#'E!4*7'8),'*(#3(#!:3'(#)'4#)73F#X:)K*(8#>3#7*',&43A#!*&4#Y]433A#)#O)!!3('(SYTA#Y_F3)(8Y#Q/NGNA#&(3#8388'*(#7*F):3#)73F#;)4')(#�)f33:)#)&#U*4>#>3#:H*F9)(TA#3,F"T

! 3,#!)4#:38#8'E&:,)(9',98#R)4E*('<&38#QE)8838A#)FF*4>8A#9!)'883&48T

" YM4'd, # s,&>'38Y # Q/NGIw!4383(,TA # YM43)E #O*&83Y # 3, # Y]R3),43 # *d # J,34(): #;&8'FY # Q/NG?w!4383(,TA#3,F"T

1 3,#)&#,4)7348#>3#:)#n#D,)+"*2+&2.+*&2#o-0A#)&w>3:5#>&#,3E!94)E3(,#9S):

" >973:*!!93#!)4#3K3E!:3#>)(8#Y]R3#�3::w]&(3>#D')(*Y#Q/NG?w!4383(,TA#:38#YsgEE3,4'38Y#3,#YD4'E3#]'E3#]u'(8YA#3,#>)(8#Y2&8,#^R)4:38#�#F3::*Y#Q-..-w-..0T"

J(#!:)F3#3,#:'3&#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#3K!4388'73#*&#3K!4388'*(('8,3#QF3#<&'#38,#!*&4,)(,#43:379#!)4#:)#!:&!)4,#>38#F*EE3(,),3&48TA#F3#<&'#83EU:3#'(,9438834#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S#38,#:H3(,493#>)(8#:3#8*(#3,#&(3#'EE348'*(#E&8'F):3#8)(8#9<&'7):3(,A#3(#>&493A#3(#38!)F3#3,#3(#)F,'*("

-/ R,,!b$$uuu"E&8'F)d):8)"F*E$)4,'F:3"!R!0�'>z)4,'F:3�G0# ##

-- R,,!b$$uuu"F'3!dF"d4$8!'!"!R!�)4,'F:3B/# ##

-0 C)#Y%&8,#'(,*(),'*(Y#Q*&#S)EE3#(),&43::3T#!*&48&',#:H3K!:*4),'*(#>&#,3E!94)E3(,#5#'(,347)::38#%&8,38#3,#!)4#>'7'8'*(#E&:,'!:3#>3 #O3:ER*:,f#QY]R9*4'3#!Rg8'*:*S'<&3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#d*(>93#8&4#:H9,&>3#>38#83(8),'*(8#)&>','738YA#D)4'8#b#;)88*(A#/LGL#i#Y_(#,R3#83(8),'*(8#*d#,*(3#)8#)#!Rg8'*:*S'F): #U)8'8# d*#,R3#,R3*4g#*d#E&8'FYA #C*(>*(A#/LLBTA#)l(#>H&,':'834#>38#4)!!*4,8#R)4E*('<&38#Y!&48Y #3, #)'(8' # :H&,':'8),'*( #>38 #R)4E*('<&38 #8&!94'3&438 # Q*&#!)4,'3:8 #>3#4)(S #8&!94'3&4#)&w>9:5 #>3#IT #!*&4 # :H*U,3(,'*( #>3 #F*EU'()'8*(8#8*(*438#'(9>',38#!34{&38"

http://www.ciepfc.fr/spip.php?article51

http://www.musicafalsa.com/article.php3?id_article=63

!"#!"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

`*8,3:)(3,f"t"u&,)".;$Q"(.-/7"T0$"+$2+$-"0>$2+-$-"0.2)"/$")&2T4":&''$2+"%$/."'.-%=$A+A*/"XC)#;*(,3#q*&(S"t"f/"B"."(/,)*$,-)"6.`&2)"0>.((-&%=$-"%$/.4"#."(-$'*S-$"$)+"/&-)8,$";&,)";&,)"%&2%$2+-$Q "+$//$'$2+"),-",2")&2"0&227"8,$"+&,+"%$"8,*"),-;*$2+"$)+"0,")&24"Y1'$")*"D$"-$)+$".))*)"*%*@"+&,+"%$"8,$"D$"),*) "$)+",2"7/7'$2+"0$")&24"Z2$")$%&20$".((-&%=$"$)+"0$"07.'C,/$-"0.2)",2"$)(.%$"&b"/$")&2"$)+"+-S)"(-7)$2+ "(=B)*8,$'$2+@"&b"*/"$)+"+$//$'$2+"$2;$/&((.2+"8,$";&,)"T1+$)T"0.2)"/$")&24":$+"7+.+"$)+"%$/,*"0$)".,0*+$,-)"8,*")$"07(/.%$2+"0.2)"/>$)(.%$"0$"'$)"%&2%$-+)4OP

C'f#`*,f#)():g83#F3,,3#<&38,'*(#>H'EE348'*(#3,#>38#F*(>','*(8#(9F388)'438#!*&4#!4*!*834#&(3#3K!94'3(F3#>&#8*(#b

!":$++$"0*'$2)*&2".?-$))*;$"(=B)*8,$"7'$-?$".,))*"0.2)"/>,+*/*).+*&2"0$"#."Y&2+$"v&,2?"0$)")&2)"/&2?)"$+ "%&2+*2,)"D&,7)"<",2";&/,'$")&2&-$"$R+-1'$@"8,*"($-'$++-.*+".*2)*".,R".,0*+$,-)"0>T$2+-$-"0.2)"/$")&2T@")$/&2 "/$)"+$-'$)"0$"v&,2?@".V2"0$"07;$/&(($-",2$"-$/.+*&2";*)%7-./$"(=B)*8,$"$+",2$"$R(7-*$2%$".;$%"/$")&2"., "+-.;$-)"0>,2$"*''$-)*&2"*2+$2)$"0$"/&2?,$"0,-7$4"w$2-B"E/B2+".2./B)$"8,$"/$"C,+"0$"%$++$"*''$-)*&2"0.2)"/$ "T)&2"%&2+*2,T"7+.*+"T/."(-&0,%+*&2"0>,2"7+.+"./+7-7"$+"'&0*V7"<"/>.*0$"0>,2$".++$2+*&2"6&%./*)7$"$+"0>,2$ "6.+*?,$"($-%$(+*;$"(.-"/.").+,-.+*&2T@".'$2.2+"/>.,0*+$,-"<"%$+"7+.+"(.-"/."6&-%$"0>,2$")$2).+*&2")+-,%+,-7$4q"(.-+*-"0$"LlxO@"#."Y&2+$"v&,2?")$"+&,-2$";$-)"/>$R(/&-.+*&2")B)+7'.+*8,$"0$)")&2)"%&2+*2,)"0.2)"/. "',)*8,$ " T0-&2$T@ " (.- " />,+*/*).+*&2 " 0$ " %&'C*2.*)&2 " 0$ " 6-78,$2%$) " ),C+*/$'$2+ "'&0,/7$) " $+ " ),($-(&)7$) "0*66,)7$)"(.-6&*)"<"0$)";&/,'$)"$+"*2+$2)*+7)")&2&-$)"$R+-1'$)"),-"0$"/&2?,$)"0,-7$)@"%$"8,>*/".;.*+"%&''$2%7 "<"'$2$-"$+"<"07;$/&(($-"0$(,*)"/$)".227$)"x\4"9Oy"" Q`_]�#C'f"#Q-../T"#YD*8,w^)S3)(#Z8,R3,'F8#)(>#,R3#HJ73(,H#sF*43YA#@(#_F,*U34#;)S)f'(3A#y*:"#NBA#�'(,34#-../A#;@]#D4388A#!!"#BBwLNT

C) #;*(,3 #q*&(S#>)(8# 8) # Y^*(d943(F3 #/NG.Y # QHC3F,&43 #/NG.HHT #>9F4', # :H3K!94'3(F3 #!4*:*(S93 #>H&( # 8*(#F*(,'(&#F*EE3#:H3K!94'3(F3#>H&(#3(7'4*((3E3(,#Q>)(8#:3<&3:#(*&8#8*EE38#3(#'EE348'*(T#!)4#:H9F*&,3#E)'8 #)&88' #3, #8&4,*&, #!)4 # :H3K!94'3(F3 #!Rg8'<&3#>H&(#38!)F3 #)F*&8,'<&3" #^3,,3 #3K!94'3(F3 #F*4!*43::3#E&8'F):3#'(>&',3#!)4#:H9F*&,3#3,#!)4#:38#83(8),'*(8#8*(*438#!)4,'F'!3#>3#(*8#E*>&:),'*(8#>38#38!)F38#3,#>38#9,3(>&38#8*(*438#<&3#(*&8#!*&48&'7*(8#F*(,'(&3::3E3(,#Q)&w>3:5#>&#E*E3(,#E&8'F):#5#!4*!43E3(,#>',T"#6*&8#)F<&94*(8#!)4#3::3#&(3#!34F3!,'*(#3,#&(3#3K!94'3(F3#43(*&73:93#>&#E*(>3#)&,*&4#>3#(*&8A#5#:H)'>3#>3#F38#YFR)(S3E3(,8#>3#!:)(8Y#*&#YFR)(S3E3(,8#>H'(,3(8',98Y#b#!)4#8g(,*('8),'*(A#!)4#l:,4)S3A#!)4#E*>&:),'*(A#!)4#*8F'::),'*(A#!)4#'EE348'*(A#3,F"

-? ]*&,38#:38#F',),'*(8#>3#:)#F*(7348),'*(#3(,43#t'FR)4>#`*8,3:)(3,f#3,#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S#<&'#7*(,#8&'743#>)(8#:3#,3K,3#*(,#:)#EjE3#49d943(F3#b#Y^*(7348),'*(#�',R#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S#Pg#t'FR)4>#`*8,3:)(3,fYA#/NGL"#@(#t'FR)4>#`*8,3:)(3,f"#Y]R3#]R3),43#*d#;'K3>#;3)(8#w#Z(#@(,4*>&F,'*(#,*#O)!!3('(S8A#`'(3,'F#J(7'4*(E3(,8A#)(>#_,R34#;'K3>w;3)(8#D34d*4E)(F38Y"#63u#q*4X#b#]R3#M'):#D4388A#/NGLA#!!"#/L0w-/L#i#)(>#'(#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S$;)4')(#�)f33:)AY#s3:3F,3>#�4','(S8Y"#;&('FRA#c34E)(gb#O3'()4#p4'3>4'FR#i#@F'#!*&4 # F3, # 3K,4)', # b # !" # /NI" #R,,!b$$,R3),34"&)")F"U3$U'R$!>d$/NGLw..w..z:)E*(,3g*&(SzF*(7348),'*(X*8,3:)(3,f"!>d#R,,!b$$uuu"&U&"F*E$R'8,*4'F):$g*&(S$g*&(Sz83:3F,3>"!>d#

-B R,,!b$$d)F&:,g"&F4"3>&$�3uX*,f$!&U:'FzR,E:$,3K,8$*F,NB"!>d# ##R,,!b$$d)F&:,g"&F4"3>&$�3uX*,f$!&U:'F),'*(8"R,E:#

http://www.ubu.com/historical/young/young_selected.pdf

http://theater.ua.ac.be/bih/pdf/1968-00-00_lamonteyoung_conversationkostelanetz.pdf

http://faculty.ucr.edu/~ewkotz/publications.html

http://faculty.ucr.edu/~ewkotz/public_html/texts/oct95.pdf

!"#!j$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"[.-6&*)"2&,)"(-&0,*)*&2)"0$)")&2)"8,*")$"(-&/&2?$.*$2+".,A0$/<"0>,2$"=$,-$4"^*"%>7+.*+",2")&2"(,*)).2+@"'$) "&-$*//$)"2$"-$+-&,;.*$2+"/$,-"7%&,+$"2&-'./$"8,>.(-S)"(/,)*$,-)"=$,-$)"$+"8,.20"'&2"&,z$"-$;$2.*+"/$2+$'$2+@ "%>7+.*+ " (-$)8,$ " %&''$ ",2$ "2&,;$//$ " $R(7-*$2%$ " %&''$ " 8,.20 " D>.;.*) " %&''$2%7 " < " 7%&,+$- " /$ " )&24 ":$) "$R(7-*$2%$)"7+.*$2+"+-S)"$2-*%=*)).2+$)"$+".*0$2+"($,+A1+-$"<"$R(/*8,$-"%$"8,$"D$";$,R"0*-$"8,.20"D$"0*)@"$+"D$"/$ "0*)")&,;$2+@"8,$"D>.*'$"$2+-$-"0.2)",2")&24"c,.20"/$)")&2)")&2+";-.*'$2+"+-S)"/&2?)@"%&''$"/>7+.*$2+"%$,R "8,$"2&,)"(-&0,*)*&2)"3.;$%"h$--B"{*/$B5"%=$Q"p22"w./(-*2"3/&-)"0$"2&)"%&//.C&-.+*&2)".;$%")."%&'(.?2*$"0$ "0.2)$"$2"Llyl"$+"$2"Llx\5@"*/"$)+"($,+A1+-$"(/,)"6.%*/$"0>,2"$2+-$-4"[.-6&*)"8,.20"D$"(-&0,*).*)",2")&2"/&2?@ "34445"D$"%&''$2`.*)"<"'*$,R"-$))$2+*-"/$)"(.-+*$)"$+"/$)"'&,;$'$2+)"0,")&2"$+"<".;&*-"%&''$2+"%=.8,$")&2". ")&2"(-&(-$"'&20$"3$+".")."(-&(-$"&-?.2*%*+75@"$+"8,$"%$"'&20$"$)+")$'C/.C/$".,"2_+-$"0.2)"/."'$),-$"&b"2&,) "$2"6.*)&2)"/>$R(7-*$2%$"8,&+*0*$22$".;$%"2&)"(-&(-$)"%&-()@"%>$)+A<A0*-$@".;$%"2&)"(-&(-$)"'&B$2)4"34445"G2 "2&,)".C.20&22.2+" 3.,R")&2)"$+".,"'&20$5@ "%$/.";$,R"0*-$ "B "$2+-$- " D,)8,><",2"%$-+.*2"(&*2+"(&,-" 6.*-$ "/>$R(7-*$2%$"0>,2"'&20$".,+-$4"o2"2>$R(/*8,$"(.)"`.")*".*)7'$2+"'.*)"*/"$)+"(/,)"6.%*/$"0>$2"6.*-$"/>$R(7-*$2%$ ";7-*+.C/$4" 34445 "I&,)"07%&,;-&2)"34445"8,.20"/$")&2")>.--1+$"&,"8,.20"2&,)"8,*++&2)"/>$)(.%$"&b"/$")&2"$)+ "(-&0,*+@"&,")*'(/$'$2+"8,.20"2&,)"8,*++&2)"(.-+*$//$'$2+"D,)+$"/$"'&20$"0,")&2@"8,$"/$"'&20$"0.2)"/$8,$/ "2&,)"$2+-&2)"2>$)+"(.) " />.2%*$2"'&20$"8,$"2&,)".;*&2)"8,*++7 "'.*) ",2".,+-$@ "2&,;$.,4" 9Ox" QC)#;*(,3#q*&(SA#Y^*(d943(F3#/NG.YA#D)4'8#b #=>','*(8#=*:'3((38A #/NNL#�#-./-A#!!"#/Iw/NT#QZ>)!,),'*(#>3#:)#,4)>&F,'*(#>3#;)4F#M)FRgT

s*(#'(,94j,#!*&4#:38#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#Q,3:#:)#YM43)E#O*&83YT#3,#:)#Y%&8,#'(,*(),'*(Y#Q*&#'(,*(),'*(#!&43A#*&#3(F*43#,3E!94)E3(,#9<&',)U:3#V#83:*(#DR':'!!3#C):',,3#VA#3,#,3E!94)E3(,#5#'(,347)::38#%&8,38#V#Q7*'4#!:&8#R)&,T#Q)73F#Y]R3#�3::w]&(3>#D')(*YA#Y2&8,#^R)4:38#�#F3::*YA #E)'8#)&88'# :38#YM4'd, #s,&>'38YT #38, #5#Y*4'S'(34Y # >)(8 # 8*( # )!!4*FR3 #>3 # :H3K!94'3(F3 # >& # 8*( # Y3( #!:3'( # )'4Y # *& # 3( # 3K,94'3&4 # b # :38 # 8*(8 # >3#d4*,,3E3(,8#>&#73(,#8&4#:38#*U8,)F:38A#:38#YU4&',8#>3#d*(>Y#>38#)EU')(F38#3(7'4*((3E3(,):38#Q:38#8*(8#!34E)(3(,8#)&K<&3:8#(*&8#(3#!4j,*(8#!)8#d*4F9E3(,#&(3#),,3(,'*(T"

CZ#;_6]J#q_|6cA#D_J;#p_t#^OZ@tsA#]ZPCJsA#Z6M#PJ6^OJsA#J]^"#Q_t#_]OJt#s_|t^JsT#Q/NG.TQDZt@sA#=^_CJ#MJs#PJZ|WwZt]sA#2|@6#/NLNT#QyJ6@sJA#/NN.T

-G ^&'$+*'$)"g$"(-&0,%$0"3h$--B"{*/$B".20"f5")&,20)"+=.+"/.)+$0"&;$-".2"=&,-4"f6"*+"g.)"."/&,0")&,20"'B"$.-)"g&,/0"&6+$2"2&+"-$?.*2"+=$*- "2&-'./"=$.-*2?"6&-")$;$-./"=&,-)@".20"g=$2"'B"=$.-*2?")/&g/B"0*0"%&'$"C.%i"*+"g.)"./'&)+".)"',%="."2$g"$R($-*$2%$".)"g=$2"f"=.0"V-)+ "C$?,2"+&"=$.-"+=$")&,204"h=$)$"$R($-*$2%$)"g$-$";$-B"-$g.-0*2?".20"($-=.()"=$/("+&"$R(/.*2"g=.+"f"'$.2"g=$2"f").B@".)"f"&6+$2"0&@"+=.+"f"/*i$ "+&"?$+"*2)*0$"&6".")&,204"N=$2"+=$")&,20)".-$";$-B"/&2?@".)"'.2B"&6"+=&)$"g$"'.0$".+"p22"w./(-*2>)"g$-$"30,-*2?"&,-"%&//.C&-.+*&2"g*+="+=$ "0.2%$"%&'(.2B"*2"Llyl".20"Llx\5@"*+"%.2"C$"$.)*$-"+&"?$+"*2)*0$"&6"+=$'4"^&'$+*'$)"g=$2"f"g.)"'$i.*2?"."/&2?")&,20@"34445"f"C$?.2"+&"6$$/"+=$ "(.-+)".20"'&+*&2)"&6"+=$")&,20"'&-$@".20"f"C$?.2"+&")$$"=&g"$.%=")&,20"g.)"*+)"&g2"g&-/0".20"+=.+"+=*)"g&-/0"g.)"&2/B")*'*/.-"+&"&,-"g&-/0"*2"+=.+"g$"$R($-*$2%$0"*+"+=-&,?="&,-"&g2"C&0*$)@"+=.+"*)@"*2"&,-"&g2"+$-')4"34445"KB"?*;*2?"&,-)$/;$)",("+&"3+=$")&,20".20"+=$"g&-/05@"f"'$.2 "?$++*2?"*2)*0$"&6"+=$'"+&")&'$"$R+$2+")&"+=.+"g$"%.2"$R($-*$2%$".2&+=$-"g&-/04"h=*)"*)"2&+")&"$.)*/B"$R(/.*2$0"C,+"'&-$"$.)*/B"$R($-*$2%$04 "34445"N$"V20"34445"+=.+"g=$2"+=$")&,20")+&()@"&-"g$"/$.;$"+=$".-$."*2"g=*%="+=$")&,20"*)"C$*2?"'.0$@"&-"g$"D,)+"(/.*2"/$.;$"+=$"g&-/0"&6"+=$ ")&,20"+&")&'$"0$?-$$@"+=.+"+=$"g&-/0"*2+&"g=*%="g$"$2+$-"*)"2&+"+=$"&/0"g&-/0"g$"/$6+"C,+".2&+=$-"2$g"&2$4"QC)#;*(,3#q*&(SA#YC3F,&43#/NG.YA#'(#YO)!!3('(S#)(>#_,R34#ZF,8YA#;)4'3::3(#s)(>d*4>#QJ>"TA#63u#q*4X#b#t*&,:3>S3A#/NNBA#!"#INT

!"#TU$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"#T!$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

q*&(S#V"#$";$2+"$)+",2")&2"%&2)+.2+"0&2+"/."6-78,$2%$"<"+&,+"'&'$2+"$)+"07($20.2+$"0$"/>$2;*-&22$'$2+ "&,"0,"/*$,@"$+"0&2%"%$++$"0$-2*S-$"2>$)+"D.'.*)")+.C/$4"[.-6&*)"%$++$"6-78,$2%$"($-`,$"-$)+.*+"%&2+*2,$"($20.2+ "/$)"+$'(1+$)"0$"2$*?$"8,.20"/$";$2+")&,6|.*+"<"+-.;$-)"/$)"6$2+$)".,"+-.;$-)"0$)"(/.2%=$)"0$"/."%.C.2$"3)&2"/*$, "0>$26.2%$ "<"K$-2@ " f0.=&5@ "'.*) "'1'$" /< " /$ " )&2")$ "%.-.%+7-*).*+ "(.- "0$) ";.-*.+*&2) "0>.,?'$2+.+*&2 "$+ "0$ "0*'*2,+*&2"0$"%$++$"6-78,$2%$@"8,$"2&,)".))&%*&2)".,))*"6.%*/$'$2+".,")&2"0,";$2+@")$/&2"/."6&-%$";.-*.2+$"0$) "-.6./$)4"]>.*'.*)";-.*'$2+"`.4"]$"+-&,;.*)"%$/."*2%-&B.C/$4":>7+.*+"),($-"0$"/>$2+$20-$".--*;$-"$+")>$2?&,66-$-"A "+-S)"%./'$@"+-S)".(.*).2+"$+"'70*+.+*64"k,-.2+"'&2"$26.2%$"D$"'$")&,;*$2)"0$"8,.+-$"$R(7-*$2%$)"0*667-$2+$)"0$ ")&2 " %&2+*2, " 8,* " &2+ " *2|,$2%7 "'&2 " +-.;.*/ "',)*%./ " U " /$ " )&2 " 0$) " *2)$%+$) " U " /$ " )&2 " 0$) " (&+$.,R " $+ " V/) "+7/7(=&2*8,$)"}"/$")&2"(-&0,*+"(.-"/.";.($,-"(,/)7$"%&''$"%$//$")>7%=.((.2+"0$"/."+=7*S-$"0$"'."'S-$"$+"%$//$ "0$)"%&-2$)"0$"+-.*2"}"$+"/."-7)&2.2%$"(.-+*%,/*S-$"<"0$)"-$/*$6)"?7&?-.(=*8,$)"%&''$"/$)";.//7$)@"/$)"/.%)"$+"/$) "(/.*2$)4"G2"6.*+@"/$"(-$'*$-")&2"%&2+*2,"$+"%&2)+.2+@").2)"07C,+"2*"V2@"8,$"D>.*"$2+$20,"/&-)8,$"D>7+.*)"$26.2+ "7+.*+"%$/,*"0,";$2+"(-S)"/$)"(&+$.,R"+7/7(=&2*8,$)"t"/$"',-',-$"%&2)+.2+"0$)"V/)4":$/."."$,",2$"*2|,$2%$ "*'(&-+.2+$"),-"'&2"7%&,+$"$+"),-"%$-+.*2)"0$"'$)"+-.;.,R"+-.*+.2+"0,")&2")&,+$2,"$+"0,")&2"%/.*-)$'7"+$/"8,$ "/$"Th-*&"6&-"^+-*2?)T"$+"/."T:&'(&)*+*&2"Llx\"~�T"d,2")*"$+",2"6.~"T<"+$2*-"0,-.2+",2$"/&2?,$"0,-7$Te4`*8,3:)(3,f#V"G+"<"%$++$"7(&8,$@"1+$)A;&,)"-$+&,-27"7%&,+$-"/$";$2+"0.2)"/$)"V/)"+7/7(=&2*8,$)"Xq*&(S#V"o,*@"$+"$2%&-$".,D&,-0>=,*@"D>.0&-$";-.*'$2+"/$)",)*2$)"7/$%+-*8,$)4"[.-"$R$'(/$@"/$"+-.2)6&-'.+$,- "(/.%7"),-"/$)"(&+$.,R"+7/7(=&2*8,$)"%&2+-*C,$"%$-+.*2$'$2+"<"%$")&2"%&2)+.2+@"<"%$"C&,-0&22$'$2+4"c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`*8,3:)(3,f#V"k&2%@";&,)"-$'.-8,$Q"8,$"/>$2;*-&22$'$2+"d/."2.+,-$e"$)+"(/$*2$"0$")&2)"%&2+*2,)"Xq*&(S#V"G2"6.*+@"$2"0$=&-)"0$)")&2)"0>$)).*')"0>*2)$%+$)"$+"0$)"$)(.%$)"?7&?-.(=*8,$)"-7)&2.2+)"2.+,-$/)@"*/ "2>7+.*+"(.)")*"6.%*/$"0$"+-&,;$-"0$)")&2)"0$"6-78,$2%$"%&2)+.2+$".;.2+"2&+-$"7(&8,$"0$"/."'7%.2*).+*&2"$+"0$ "/>7/$%+-&2*8,$4`*8,3:)(3,f#V"G+"/$)"%.)%.0$)"Xq*&(S#V" #$,-")&2"$)+"<"($,"(-S)"%&2)+.2+4"^>*/")>.?*+"0>,2$"?-.20$"%.)%.0$@"/$")&2"$)+".))$Q"C-,*+7"+-S) "(-&%=$"0,"C-,*+"C/.2%4":>$)+",2")&2"(/$*2@",2$"'.))$")&2&-$"8,*"%&2+*$2+"+$//$'$2+"0$"6-78,$2%$)")*',/+.27$) "8,>&2"/>$2+$20"%&''$",2"%&'(/$R$"0$")&2)4"h=7&-*8,$'$2+@"/$"C-,*+"C/.2%"%&2+*$2+"%=.8,$"6-78,$2%$"0.2) ",2$"TC.20$T"(.-+*%,/*S-$@"'1'$")*"/$")&2"0>,2$"%.)%.0$"($,+"+-S)"C*$2"2$"(.)"+&,+$)"/$)"(&))70$-4#$)"$20-&*+) "&b"2&,)"+-&,;&2)",2")&2"%&2+*2,@" /$ "0-&2$@ "$+ "8,* "$)+ ".;$%"2&,)"0$(,*)"(/,)*$,-) "'*//*$-) "0>.227$)@"%$")&2+"0.2)"%$-+.*2)")B)+S'$)"',)*%.,R"8,*"/>,+*/*)$2+@"%&''$"$2"f20$@"$2"�%&))$@"$+"$2"G)(.?2$4 "#$")&2"%&2)+.2+"$)+".,))*"(-7)$2+"0.2)"/>&-?.2,'@",2$"6&-'$"7;&/,7$"0,"(/.*2A%=.2+".,"f�S'$")*S%/$"8,* "%&--$)(&20".,"%=.2+"-$/*?*$,R"0$"/>�?/*)$":.+=&/*8,$"3,2$"6&-'$"(-*'*+*;$"0$"/."(&/B(=&2*$";&%./$").%-7$5"} "0.2)",2"%$-+.*2")+B/$"0>&-?.2,'"0*667-$2+$)"=.,+$,-)")&2+"%&2+*2,$)@"$+"/."'7/&0*$"/$)"+-.;$-)$4O�

s' # ': # g # ) #&(3 # F*(8*()(F3 # Q3, # &(3 #R)4E*('3T # 5 # ,4*&734A # 3::3 # (H38, # 8)(8 #>*&,3 #!)8 # F3::3 #>H&(3 # 83&:3#F*(,3E!:),'*( # >& # 8*(A # E)'8 # F3::3 # >H&(3 # E*>&:),'*( # F*(8,)(,3 # 3, # F*(,'(&3::3 # !Rg8'<&3 # 3,#3(7'4*((3E3(,):3#Q3(#8&4!:&8#>Hj,43#E3(,):3#3,#8!'4',&3::3#FR3f#C)#;*(,3#q*&(ST"#^3,,3#E*>&:),'*(#(3#83 #d*(>3#!)8#8&4#>38#F)>438#>3#8,4&F,&438 #Q>3#F*EU'(),*'438 #R*48 #>&#8*(T #F*EE3#(*&8#!*&7*(8 # :3#,4*&734#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#*FF'>3(,):3#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3#Q>*(,#:)#E&8'<&3#894'3::3#38,#:3#!)4)(S*(#3,#>*(,#:)#E&8'<&3#,*():3#38,#:3#8*F:3TA#E)'8#8&4#>38#!*88'U':',98#'(l('38#>3#:H3K!:*4),'*(#R)4E*('<&3#>&#8*("#^3::3wF'#83#,4*&73#)&,)(,#>)(8#:3#8*(#:&'wEjE3#Q:H)EU',&8#>3#8)#8!3F,4):',9#3,#:)#7)4'9,9#>38#F*EU'()'8*(8#3,#>38#9FR3::38#R)4E*('<&38T#3,#<&3#>)(8#:)#!4*!)S),'*(#>&#8*(#>)(8#:H38!)F3#3,#>)(8#:3#,3E!8#Q<&3#%3#(*EE3#:)#n#E&8'<&3#9,3(>&3#oT#b#&(3#F*(,'(&3::3#8g(,*('8),'*(#<&3#(*&8#*!94*(8"#Z'(8'#':#8H)S',#5#FR)<&3#d*'8#>H)F,'734#&(#38!)F3#Q3,#(*(#>3#8Hg#:*734#3, #>3#:3#F*E!43(>43#F*EE3#&(#49F3!,)F:3#Y(3&,43YT#3,#>3#:3#>9F*&74'4#!)4#:3#8*(#3,#!)4#:3#F*4!8"#CH'(,94j,#38,#>3#E*U':'834#:H38!)F3#>H&(3#E)('h43#<&'#<&',,3#F3::3#(*4E):'893#3,#8,)(>)4>'893#3,#<&'#)#F*(>','*((9#,*&,3#:)#E&8'<&3#*FF'>3(,):3"#YD*3EY#38,#>)(8#F3#83(8#

-I _!"^',"#!!"#/N?w/NB

!"#TT$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

3K3E!:)'43#3,#d)',#9E34S34#:38#!49E'8838#>38#m&7438#<&'#7*(,#8&'743"

Z'(8'#':#d)&,#7*'4#8*(#,4)7)':A#<&'#8&'74)#:38#m&7438#>3#/NG.A#8&4#:)#n#2&8,#@(,*(),'*(#o#3,#:)#E'F4*w,*():',9#Q:38#!*88'U':',98#'(l('38#>3#:)#S4)>),'*(#>3#:H*F,)73T#F*EE3#&(3#3K!:*4),'*(#8g8,9E),'<&3#>3#:)#(),&4):',9#R)4E*('<&3#>38#38!)F38#3,#>38#8*(8#>)(8#:38#38!)F38#Q:38#498*()(F38#(),&43::38T"#M3#EjE3#(*,43#43:),'*(#5#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#3,#)&K#)F*&8,'<&38#>38#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#>37'3(,#E*>'l93#b#(*&8#g#E*>&:*(8#!:&8#<&3#(*&8#g#*&#:H9F*&,*(8A#:38#8*(8#8Hg#9,3(>3(,#3,#(*8#E*>&:),'*(8#Q(*8#E*&73E3(,8T#9,3(>3(,#:)#!34F3!,'*(#>3 # :H38!)F3 # 3, # >38 # 8*(8" # C38 # F*E!*8','*(8 # 3, # :38 #m&7438 #>3 #C) #;*(,3 #q*&(S # '(,hS43(, # )&,)(, # :38#!)4,'F&:)4',98 #8*(*438 #3, #)F*&8,'<&38 #<&3#F3::38 #>38 #E*&73E3(,8 #>38#)&>',3&48 #7*'43 #>3 # :) #8',&),'*(#8*F'):3 # 43!4983(,93 # !)4 # :3 # YF*(F34,Y # Q<&3 # ,4)(8S43883 # !438<&3 # 5 # FR)<&3 # d*'8 # C) #;*(,3 # q*&(SA # 3(#,4)7)'::)(,#8&4#:)#>&493#3,#:38#8*(8#F*(,'(&8A#8&4#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#:'93#)&#8!3F,43#R)4E*('<&3A#8&4#:38#)F,'*(8#5#E3(34A#8&4#:)#(9F388',9#>3#!43(>43#3(#F*E!,3#:38#!4*!4'9,98#>3#:H38!)F3A#3,F"T"#

s' # :3#S38,3#*4'S'()'43#!4983(,#>)(8#YD*3EY#38,#&(#S38,3#>&#<&*,'>'3(A#F3:&'#>3#U*&S34#&(3#FR)'83A#3,#!)4,'F'!3 #>H&(3 # Y!R':*8*!R'3Y #>& #<&*,'>'3(A # ': # 8H)S', # 3(8&',3 #>3 #!43(>43 #F*(8F'3(F3 #<&3# F3,,3 # FR)'83#Y8*((3Y # >)(8 # :H38!)F3 # >)(8 # &(3 # )E!:',&>3 # R)4E*('<&3 # 3, # >H'(,3(8',9" # p)'43 # >3 # :) #E&8'<&3 # Q*& # :)#d)U4'<&34T#>9!)883#:H'E!4388'*(#3,#:H3K!4388'*(#>3#F3::3wF'#!*&4#83#d*(>34#8&4#&(3#49):',9A#'F'#)F*&8,'<&3#b

#$)")&2)"/$)"(/,)"/&2?)"$+"%&2+*2,)"0&22$2+",2$"-7./*+7"<" />.2./B)$ "=.-'&2*8,$".,0*+*;$"$+"%$)"-$/.+*&2) "*2+$-2$)"0.2)"/$")&2")$"-7;S/$2+"+-S)";*+$"C*$2"(/,)"C$//$)@ "=.-'&2*$,)$)"$+"D,)+$)"8,$"/$)".((-&R*'.+*&2) ".-C*+-.*-$)"0,"+$'(7-.'$2+"7?./4Oj"#QC)#;*(,3#q*&(ST

J,#3(8&',3#':#8H)S',#>3#F*(8'>9434#<&3#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#Q:3#E*(>3#)&,*&4#>3#8*'#3,#)&w>3:5T#>)(8#:3<&3:#(*&8#)S'88*(8#3,#>)(8#:3<&3:#:)#E&8'<&3#)!!)4)e,A#38,#&(#38!)F3#>*(,#:H)E!:3&4#R)4E*('<&3#3,#8!3F,4):3#3,#F3::3#>38#'(,3(8',98#%*&3(,#>38#498*()(F38#3,#>38#!4*!)S),'*(8#(),&43::38#QFH38,w5w>'43#F*(8,4&',38A#F)4#':#(Hg#)#!)8#>3#Y(),&43Y#3(#8*'T#>)(8#,*&,3#(*,43#F)!)F',9#>3#!34F3!,'*(#3,#>3#F*E!49R3(8'*(#8*(*438#3,#E&8'F):38"#CH'(R)4E*('F',9#3,#,*&,3#:)#!):3,,3#>38#'(,3(8',98#8*(,#!4983(,38#QF3#<&3#(*&8#E*(,43(,#:38#E&8'<&38#3,#:38#!4),'<&38#E&8'F):38#>H)&,438#F&:,&438#<&3#F3::3#*FF'>3(,):3A#E)'8#)&88'#F34,)'(38#>3#(*8#!4),'<&38#8*(*438 #<&' #!)4 #>9d)&, #(3 #8*(, #!)8#<&):'l938#>3#E&8'F):38 #3, #<&' #!*&4,)(, #d*4E3(,#(*,43#)EU',&8#>H9F*&,3#3,#F493(,#>38#3K!94'3(F38#38,R9,'<&38#<&'#E&8'F):'83(,#(*,43#!4983(F3#3,#(*,43#)F,'7',9#>)(8#&(#3(7'4*((3E3(,T#b

`*8,3:)(3,f"t":$"8,$";&,)"2&,)"*20*8,$Q"$)+"0&2%"8,$"/."2.+,-$"$)+"$2"T*2+&2.+*&2"(,-$T4q*&(S"t":>$)+",2"$R$'(/$"0$")B)+S'$"=.-'&2*8,$"8,*".((.-.F+"2.+,-$//$'$2+"0.2)"/$"'&20$")&2&-$4Ol

J( # !43()(, # 8) # 8*&4F3 # 8&4 # :H*U8347),'*( # 3, # :H3K!94'3(F3 # >& # Y493:Y # 3, # >38 # 7)4'),'*(8 # 3, # 8'E&:,)(9',98#

-L @U'>"#!"#/N.

-N @U'>"#!"#-./

!"#TS$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

F*(,'(&3::38#>3#F3:&'wF'#Q!&'8<&3#(*&8wEjE38#(*&8#g#E*>&:*(8TA#>&#U4&',#d)'8)(,#>9F*&74'4#>38#!):3,,38#:)4S38#>38#R)4E*('<&38#>&#8*(A#)&#8*(#:3#!:&8#,9(&#!4983(,#>)(8#(*8#)EU')(F38A#:)#E&8'<&3#>37'3(,#&(3#E&8'<&3 # !)4 # :H3(7'4*((3E3(, # Q)&w>3:5 # >H&(3 # E&8'<&3 # >3 # :H3(7'4*((3E3(,TA # &(3 # E&8'<&3 # >3#8g(,*('8),'*(# Q:38 #)FF*4>8#3, # :38 #>98)%&8,3E3(,8 #F*(,'(&3:8 #>3#(*8#E*>&:),'*(8T #3, #&(3#E&8'<&3#>&#l:,4)S3#!&'8<&3#:38#'(,34)F,'*(8#3(#>'43F,#3(,43#:38#38!)F38A#:38#8*(8#3,#(*8#F*4!8#F493(,#3,#d)U4'<&3(,#>38#l:,438#E*>&:98#>)(8#:38#*!94),'*(8#>H9F*&,34#3,#>H3(,3(>43"#6*,43#)!!)43':#)&>','d#3,#(*,43#!34F3!,'*(#9,)(,#,*&%*&48#3(#)F,'*(A#(*,43#),,3(,'*(#7)4'3#3(#)():g8)(,#:38#!4*!)S),'*(8#8*(*438#QP43SE)(A#YZ&>'*#sF3(3#Z():g8'8YA#/NN.T0.#3,#:38#>9,)':8A#>g()E'<&38#3,#YF*&:3&48Y#>H&(3#)EU')(F3#Q]R'U)&>A#-..?A#-./-T0/"#�,43#!4983(,#>)(8#&(3#)EU')(F3#*&#>)(8#&(#!)g8)S3#8*(*43#Q,34E3#3,#!R':*8*!R'3#'()>9<&),38#'F'A#3,#>*(,#':#d)&>4)',#43(*&73:34#:H)!!4*FR3A#)!4h8#t*U34,#;&44)g#sFR)d34#QY]R3#s*&(>8F)!3#w#,R3#]&('(S#*d#,R3#�*4:>YA#/NIITA#)73F#(*,)EE3(,#:38#(*,'*(8#>3#YD*8','73#s*&(>8F)!3Y0-# 3,#>3#Yu)gd)434Y#83:*(#]'E#@(S*:>00#38,#(*(#83&:3E3(,#!*9,'<&3#3,#F*(,3E!:),'dA#E)'8#38,#)&88'#3,#8&4,*&,#&(3#3K!94'3(F3#>&#!4983(,#3,#>&#>'43F,#8&4#:3<&3:#(*&8#!*&7*(8#)S'4"#

f/"B".",2"0&'.*2$"0.2)"/$8,$/"D$";.*)"(/,)"'>*2;$)+*-"t"8,$")$"(.))$A+A*/".(-S)"8,$"/."0&227$"0>*26&-'.+*&2 "/*7$".,")&2"."(.))7"/>7+.($"0$"/."-7%$(+*&2"0.2)"/."%=.F2$".,0*+*;$"X"f/"$)+"6&-+"(-&C.C/$@"+$/"8,$"D$"/>$2+$20)@"8,$"%$"8,*"'$"6.*+ ".*'$-"%$")&2"$)+"(/,)"8,$")$,/$'$2+"/."'.2*S-$"0&2+"'&2"&-$*//$"-$`&*+"/>*26&-'.+*&24 " QC)#;*(,3#q*&(ST0?

O)U',&3::3E3(,#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#:38#F*(>&',38#E9:*>'<&38A#R)4E*('<&38#3,#>3#(&)(F38#>H'(,3(8',9#83#43,4*&73(,#F*(%*'(,38#!*&4#>973:*!!34#>38#9,),8#>H9E*,'*(8#Q3,R*8TA#*&#3(F*43#8*(,#)4,'F&:938#!*&4#F4934#>38#43:'3d8 #3, #>38 #>g()E'<&38# :'98#5#&(3#8,4&F,&43#8*&8w%)F3(,3#<&'#9,)U:', #&(3#4hS:3 #>H9F4',&43#3, #>3#>9F'8'*(8 # <&' # >'4'S3 # :H9F*&,3" # ^3 # <&3 # 43:h73 # C) #;*(,3 #q*&(S # 38, # <&H': # g # ) # )&88' # >38 # '(,34)F,'*(8#)F*&8,'<&38#3(,43#:3#8!3F,43#R)4E*('<&3#3,#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#3,#<&3#F3F'#!3&,#8,4&F,&434#QF*EE3#(*&8#:H)7*(8#8'S():9#!:&8#R)&,T#:)#E&8'<&3#3,#8*(#3(7'4*((3E3(,"#C5#*k#:)#E&8'<&3#&,':'83#>38#>9:')'8*(8#Q3(,43#R)&,3&4#3,#'(,3(8',9A#3(,43#>&493#3,#R)&,3&4A#3(,43#>&493#3,#'(,3(8',9A#3(,43#,'EU43#3,#:38#)&,438#F*E!*8)(,8#<&3#(*&8#73(*(8#>3#:'8,34A#3,#,*&,38#:38#)&,438#F*EU'()'8*(8#E&:,'!:38#3(,43#3&KTA#':#g#)&4)',#&(#,344',*'43#8*(*43#3,#E&8'F):#'(l('#5#3K!:*434#3,#5#%*&34"

0. R,,!b$$u3U!)S38"EFS'::"F)$8,)dd$c4*&!-$)U43SE/$u3U$!>d$-..?z�-.J(FgF:*!3>')ws*FwP3R)7wsF'"!>d# ##

0/ R,,!b$$>*F"F4388*("S43(*U:3")4FR'"d4$*!)F$>*Fz(&E"!R!�3K!:(&Ez'>�?.# ##R,,!b$$uuu?"(F8&"3>&$�E83,R-$F*E0.I$43)>'(S8$]R'U)&>s3(838"!>d# R,,!b$$R):8R8")4FR'738w*&734,38"d4$>*F8$..$I?$BL$L.$DMp$)EU')(F38-./-z,R'U)&>z8'43,"!>d#

0- R,,!b$$&8'4"8):d*4>")F"&X$-?G.$/$M)7'38z@^Zz-..Iz8*&(>8F)!38z!)!34z70"!>d# ##R,,!b$$u3U'8,3E"F*E$)F*&8,'F8-..L$)F*&8,'F8-..L$F>/$>),)$)4,'F:38$..//.0"!>d#

00 R,,!b$$uuu"8!)F38g(,)K",&>3:d,"(:$$E3>')$C*(S�-.!)!348�-.@$,'E�-.'(S*:>"!>d# ##

0? @U'>"#!!"#/NIw/NL

http://www.spacesyntax.tudelft.nl//media/Long%20papers%20I/tim%20ingold.pdf

http://webistem.com/acoustics2008/acoustics2008/cd1/data/articles/001103.pdf

http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2460/1/Davies_ICA_2007_soundscapes_paper_v3.pdf

http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/58/80/PDF/ambiances2012_thibaud_siret.pdf

http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/58/80/PDF/ambiances2012_thibaud_siret.pdf

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~mseth2/com307/readings/ThibaudSenses.pdf

http://doc.cresson.grenoble.archi.fr/opac/doc_num.php?explnum_id=40

http://webpages.mcgill.ca/staff/Group2/abregm1/web/pdf/2004_%20Encyclopedia-Soc-Behav-Sci.pdf

!"#T#$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

Z2"7/7'$2+"8,*"6.`&22$"/>,+*/*).+*&2"0$"/>"*2+&2.+*&2"D,)+$"$+"%$"8,$"/$)".,0*+$,-)"$2+$20$2+"/&-)"0$"'$) "%&2%$-+)"%>$)+"/>.'(/*V%.+*&24"f/".--*;$"8,$"/>.'(/*V%.+*&2")&*+",2$"27%$))*+7"0$"/>.,0*C*/*+7"0$)"=.-'&2*8,$) "t"(/,)"/$")&2"$)+"6&-+@"'*$,R";&,)"(&,;$Q"$2+$20-$"/$)"=.-'&2*8,$)"0,")&2@"$2"+&,+"%.)"/$,-"($-%$(+*&2 ".,?'$2+$".;$%"/>.%%-&*))$'$2+"0$"/>*2+$2)*+7"$+"0$"/>.'(/*+,0$")&2&-$)4"q",2";&/,'$")&2&-$"&-0*2.*-$"$//$) ")&2+"+$//$'$2+"6.*C/$)"8,$";&,)"2$"(&,;$Q"(.)"($-%$;&*-"/."(/,(.-+"0$)"=.-'&2*8,$)"),(7-*$,-$)4"G2"6.*+@")* ";&,)"7%&,+$Q"'.";&*R"%=.2+7$").2)"8,>$//$")&*+".'(/*V7$"$+"$2";&,)"'$++.2+"+-S)"(-S)@";&,)"(&,--$Q").2)"0&,+$ "D,)8,><"/."+-&*)*S'$"=.-'&2*8,$4"p;$%",2$".'(/*V%.+*&2@";&,)"($-%$;-$Q"0.2)"'.";&*R"D,)8,><"/.")$(+*S'$ "=.-'&2*8,$"$+"0.2)"%$//$"0$"Y.-*.2"D,)8,><"/."2$,;*S'$4":>$)+"/.")$,/$"-.*)&2"(&,-"/.8,$//$"2&,)"D&,&2) "Th=$"h&-+&*)$T".,))*"6&-+4#QC)#;*(,3#q*&(ST0B

`*8,3:)(3,f#V"k&2%";&,)"D&,$Q"$2)$'C/$"<",2";&/,'$"$+"<"0$)".'(/*+,0$)")&2&-$)"$R+-1'$'$2+"7/$;7)@ "(-$)8,$".,")$,*/"0$"/."0&,/$,-4q*&(S#V":$/.".--*;$4"[&,-"'&*"%$"2>$)+"(.)"0&,/&,-$,R@"'.*)"(&,-",2$"($-)&22$"8,*"2>."(.)"/>=.C*+,0$"%$/. "($,+"1+-$")&,;$2+"/$"%.)4":>$)+"/$")$,*/"0$"/>*2)+.C*/*+7")$2)*+*;$"8,*"$)+"-$%=$-%=74"o2".((-$20@"D$"%-&*)@"< "7%&,+$-"/$)")&2)"6&-+)").2)"-$))$2+*-"/."0&,/$,-4"]$"2$"($2)$"(.)"8,$"D>.*"($-0,"0$"'."%.(.%*+7".,0*+*;$"0,-.2+ "%$)"0$-2*S-$)".227$)4"c,.20"D$"+-.;.*//.*)".;$%"p22"w./(-*2"3$2"LlylALlx\"<"#&)"p2?$/$)5"$+"8,$"D>7%&,+.*) "0$)")&2)"<"+-S)"6&-+";&/,'$"$2"-$)+.2+"<"(-&R*'*+7@"*/"'>.--*;.*+"0$"2$"(.)"-$+-&,;$-",2$"7%&,+$"2&-'./$".;.2+ "8,$/8,$)"=$,-$)4 "G2"%$ "'&'$2+@ " D$ "2>.* "(.) "%$"(-&C/S'$4 "]>.* ".((-*) "8,$" D$ "(&,;.*) "$2%&-$ "$2+$20-$ " /$) "6-78,$2%$)"D,)8,><"L�"y\\"wQ"%$"8,*"$)+"(-&C.C/$'$2+"/$"2*;$.,"/$"(/,)"7/$;7"8,$"D$"2>.*"D.'.*)"&C+$2,4"K*$2 "8,$"D$"2>.*".,%,2"'&B$2"0$"(-&,;$-"8,$"D$"($,R"$2+$20-$"0$)")&2)"0$"+-S)"6.*C/$"*2+$2)*+7".,))*".*)7'$2+ "8,>.,+-$6&*)@"'&2"=B(&+=S)$"$)+"8,$"'$)"&-$*//$)"$+"'."%.(.%*+7".,0*+*;$"2$")$")&2+"(.)"07+7-*&-7$)4f/"B"."0$,R"-.*)&2)"$))$2+*$//$)"<"'&2"+-.;.*/".;$%"0$)")&2)"8,*".++$*?2$2+"0$)"2*;$.,R"0$"LO\"$+"LM\"0K4"G2 "(-$'*$-"/*$,@"2&,)").;&2)"<"(.-+*-"0$)"7+,0$)"0$"/."%&,-C$"0$"E/$+%=$-AY,2)&2"8,$"/>&-$*//$"2>$2+$20"(.)"/$) "6-78,$2%$)"?-.;$)"<",2"2*;$.,")&2&-$"6.*C/$@"$2"+&,+"%.)"$+"(-&(&-+*&22$//$'$2+@"(.)".,))*"C*$2"8,$"/$)".*?,)4 "k&2%@")*"2&,)"(-$2&2)"%&''$"$R$'(/$",2$")*+,.+*&2")&2&-$"0&227$"%&2+$2.2+"0$)"6-78,$2%$)"?-.;$)@".*?,$) "$+"'$0*,')"$+"<",2";&/,'$"-$/.+*;$'$2+"($,"7/$;7@"/>&-$*//$"2$"($-%$;-."(.)"+&,+"/$")($%+-$")&2&-$"(-7)$2+@ "2&+.''$2+"/$"-$?*)+-$"?-.;$")$-."($,"($-`,4":$/."2$")$"-7)&,0"(.)".,))*"6.%*/$'$2+4"I&,)").;&2)"%$($20.2+ "8,><",2"2*;$.,")&2&-$"7/$;7"/>&-$*//$"$2+$20"'*$,R@"(.-"-.((&-+"<"/.")*+,.+*&2"*2*+*./$@"/$"-$?*)+-$"?-.;$4"u&,) "&C+$2$Q " .*2)* " /$ " -$?*)+-$ " )&2&-$ " *2+7?-./4 " G2 " )$%&20 " /*$,@ " /$) " *2+$-.%+*&2) " *)),$) " 0$) " %&'C*2.*)&2) " 0$ "6-78,$2%$)@"(.-+*%,/*S-$'$2+"/$)"-7),/+.2+$)"0*667-$2+*$//$)@")&2+"'*$,R"($-`,$)"<",2"+$/"2*;$.,")&2&-$4"#$) "-7),/+.2+$) "&C+$2,$) "0.2)",2"-$?*)+-$ " *267-*$,- ".;$% " /$) " 6-78,$2%$) "$2A0$))&,)"0$ "Ly"wQ"(-&0,*)$2+ "0$) "C.++$'$2+)"$+"($,;$2+"1+-$"+-S)",+*/$)"(&,-"/$"',)*%*$2"(&,-".D,)+$-")$)"*2+$-;.//$)"=.-'&2*8,$)"0$"'.2*S-$ "(-7%*)$@"$+"%$)"C.++$'$2+)"2$")&2+"($-`,)")$,/$'$2+"8,><"0$)"2*;$.,R")&2&-$)"/$)"(/,)"7/$;7)4`*8,3:)(3,f#V"[/,)"/$";&/,'$")&2&-$"$)+"6&-+"$+"7/$;7@"(/,)";&,)"$2+$20$Q"/$)"0*667-$2+*$//$)"=.-'&2*8,$)4q*&(S#V"G+@".*2)*@"/."(-7%*)*&2"=.-'&2*8,$"$+"0>*2+&2.+*&2"$)+"(/,)"?-.20$@"$+"/."%&'(/$R*+7"$)+"(/,)"-*%=$4Mx

0B @U'>"#!"#-./

0G @U'>"#!"#-/0

!"#Tg$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

6*8 # F)!)F',98 # >3 # !4*>&F,'*( # 3, # >H9F*&,3 # E&8'F):38 # 8*(, # 9,3(>&38 # 3, # '(,hS43(, # :38 # *!94),'*(8 # >3#8g(,*('8),'*(#3,#>3#E*>&:),'*(#)73F#(*8#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#i# :)#E&8'<&3#38,#38!)F3A#'(,3(8',9A#8*(A#<&3#(*&8#E*>&:*(8#3,#l:,4*(8#F*(,'(&3::3E3(,"

o2"(&,--.*+"+-S)"C*$2"07V2*-"/."',)*8,$"(.-"+&,+"%$"8,$"2&,)"(&,;&2)"7%&,+$-4"QC)#;*(,3#q*&(ST

!"#Th$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

?"##@'#A(26'/8#.%/%('#'8#5&6+>-1

J(S)S34#>38#'(,34)F,'*(8#3(,43#:H38!)F3#3,#:)#E&8'<&3#>3E)(>3#5#:)#d*'8#>3#,4)(8S438834#:)#>'8!*8','*(#49S:93 #>38 # :'3&K #>38,'(98 # 5 # :H9F*&,3A # 3, #>H3K!:*434 #>38 # 9FR3::38 # 9:)4S'38 #>38 # 49S'E38 # 8*(*438 # 3, #>38#49):'8),'*(8#E&8'F):38"#^38#9FR3::38#>3E)(>3(,#>3#83#!:)F34#)&w>3:5#>&#:)(S)S3#3,#>3#:)#E)e,4'83#8*(*43#,*&8 # >3&K # )& # 8347'F3 # >H&(3 # '(,3(,'*( #E&8'F):3 # F*(F3!,&):'893 # Q!)4 # :H9F4',&43A # !)4 # >38 # d*4E38 # >3#F*E!*8','*(#)(,9w8*(*43A#3,F"T#V#3,#<&'A#>3#8&4F4*e,#>)(8#8*(#3K)F34U),'*(#3,#8*(#3KF:&8'7',9A#n#*&U:'3#o#*&#(H3E!:*'3#!:&8#:H3(83EU:3#3,#:H3(734S&43#>38#<&):',98#3,#>38#F*(,4)8,38#8*(*438#VA#)l(#>3#:)'8834#8&4S'4#>38#!4*!4'9,98#'EE9>'),38#>3#:H)F,'*(#3,#>38#F*(>&',38#>38#8*(8#>)(8#&(#38!)F3#3,#>)(8#&(3#>&493"#Z'(8'#:)#!4983(F3#Q*&#:3#!4983(,T#>38#8*(8A#:3&48#9,3(>&38A#:3&48#)('E),'*(8A#:3&48#>g()E'<&38A#3,#:3&48#F*EU'()'8*(8A#8*(,#F*(8,',&,'738#b

1 >38 # 49)F,'*(8 # >3 # :H38!)F3 # Q3, # !:&8 # %&8,3E3(,A # >3 # :H3(7'4*((3E3(, # 3, # >3 # 838 # F*(lS&4),'*(8#F*(,'(&3::3E3(,#FR)(S3)(,38#3,#7)4')U:38#3(#d*(F,'*(#>3#F*(,'(S3(F38#3,#>H3K!94'3(F38#<&H*(#g#Eh(3T#i

1 >38 #E*>&:),'*(8 # >3 # >&4938 # Q>)(8 # :38 # 9,3(>&38 # 8*(*438 # <&' # 83 # !4*!)S3(, # >)(8 # :38 # 38!)F38#)F*&8,'<&38#3,#)73F#:38<&3::38#(*&8#'(,34)S'88*(8#3,#E*>&:*(8T#i

1 3, # >38 # 49)F,'7',98 # <&3 # (*&8 #E3(*(8 # 3, # 3(,43!43(*(8 # !*&4 #E*U':'834 # (*8 # !34F3!,'*(8 # 3, # (*8#!4),'<&38#>)(8#:3#8*(A#3,#F*EE3(,#(*&8#:38#)F,'7*(8#Q8g(,*('30IA#>9,)FR3E3(,0LA#'>'*44g,RE'30NA#3,F"T"

s'#:)#8',&),'*(#E&8'F):3#38,#8!),'):3#3,#,3E!*43::3A#3::3#38,#)&88'#n#!4983(,3#o#3,#>)(8#:3#!4983(,#Q,*&,#3(#9,)(,#)&88'#E)'8#!)8#3KF:&8'73E3(,#&(#38!)F3#>3#43!4983(,),'*(T"#Z'(8'#F3#!4983(,#38,#F3:&'#>3#:H)('E),'*(#>38#>g()E'<&38#3,#>38#'(,34)F,'*(8A#>3#F3#<&H*(#!4*>&',A#F3#<&H*(#43{*',A#>)(8#&(#n#>'43F,#oA#FH38,w5w>'43#>)(8#F3#<&'#38,#8'E&:,)(9#5#(*&8A#<&'#83#>94*&:3A#<&'#83#!4983(,3#5#(*&8A#3,#<&'#7'3(,#E*>'l34#(*,43#3K!94'3(F3#3(#F*&48#>*(,#(*&8#!*&7*(8#3(#43,*&4#E*>&:34#:H'(,3(8',9#Q8)(8#<&3#(*&8#:H)g*(8#!497&3#*&#)():g893#3(#!49):)U:3T"#|(#>38#3(%3&K#38,#>*(F#<&3#:3#!4983(,#8*(*43#8*',#)&88'#:3#!4983(,#E&8'F):"

0I # #s3:*(#J&Sh(3#;'(X*u8X'A#:)#8g(,*('3#>98'S(3#:3#!4'(F'!3#<&'#(*&8#!34E3,#>3#Y7'U434#5#:H&('88*(#)73F#:H)EU')(F3Y#)l(#>3#(3#!)8#F)&834#>3#!34,3#>&#F*(,)F,#7',):#Q>g()E'<&3A#83(8*4'3:T#)73F#:)#49):',9#V#@(#;@6`_�s`@#J&Sh(3A#n#C)#sFR'f*!R49('3#w#D8gFR*!),R*:*S'3 #>38 # 8FR'f*�>38 #3, #>38 #8FR'f*!R4h(38 # o # [/N-I\A # Q6*&73::3 # 9>','*( # 437&3 #3, # )&SE3(,93T !A #D)4'8A #M38F:93 #>3#P4*&u34A#/NB0#i#3,#)&88'#b#@(#;@6`_�s`@#J&Sh(3A#n#C3#]3E!8#y9F&#b#=,&>38#!R9(*E9(*:*S'<&38#3,#!8gFR*!),R*:*S'<&38#o#[/N00\A#M3:)FR)&K#i#D|pw~&)>4'S3A#/NNB#V"#^3#,34E3#!3&,#>98'S(34#)&88'#83:*(#Z:d43>#sFRa,fA#>)(8#n#;)X'(S#E&8'F#,*S3,R34#Qp)'43#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#3(83EU:3"#|(3#9,&>3#>38#4)!!*4,8#8*F')&KT#o#V#[/NB/\A#s*F'9,98#(v/A#D)4'8A#;)88*(A#/NL?#VA#:3#4)!!*4,#3(,43#:38 # '(>'7'>&8 # >)(8 # &(3 # 3K!94'3(F3 # 3, # &(3 # 8',&),'*( # E&8'F):38 # 79F&38 # 3( # F*EE&(" # V#R,,!b$$uuu"!34833"d4$u3U$437&38$R*E3$!438F4'!,$)4,'F:3$4d8*Fz..0Bw-NGNz/NLNz(&Ez0.z-z-BNN#

0L # ]*&%*&48#83:*(#J&Sh(3#;'(X*u8X'A#:)#8FR'f*�>'3A#)&#F*(,4)'43#>3#:)#8g(,*('3A#>98'S(3#:)#d)F&:,9#>3#Y(*&8#>9,)FR34#>3#F3,,3 #EjE3#)EU')(F3Y"#J::3#!4*Fh>3#>3#:H9:)(#!348*((3:A#!34E3,#>H)dl4E34#:3#E*'A#>3#>*((34#83(8#3,#>'43F,'*(#5#:H)73('4"#V#@(#n#C) #sFR'f*!R49('3#w#D8gFR*!),R*:*S'3#>38#8FR'f*�>38#3,#>38#8FR'f*!R4h(38#o#[/N-I\A#*!"#F',"

0N #s3:*(#t3(9#P)4,R38#V#P)4,R38#7*&>4)',#<&3#:�*(#!&'883#)7*'4#3,#!49834734#8*(#!4*!43#4g,RE3A#F*EE3#:�3(d)(,#<&3#:)#Eh43#,'3(,#!)4#:)#E)'(#(3#7'*:3(,3#!)8#3(#:&'#'E!*8)(,#&(3#U*((3#E)4FR3A#&(3#E)4FR3#(*4E93A#&(3#n#>'8F'!:'(3#o#�#^*EE3(,#83#>9F3(,434#d)F3 #5 # :) #(*4E3A # 8H*4S)('834 # '(>'7'>&3::3E3(,A # d)'43 #!*&4 #<&3 #F38 # d*4F38 #<&' # 8&'73(, # :) # ,)(S3(,3 #!&'883(, #7'743 #3(83EU:3A#F*EE&('34#�#P)4,R38#QF*EE3#M3:3&f3A#c&),,)4'#*&#p*&F)&:,T#FR34FR3(,#5#!3(834#:3#S4*&!3#3,#:�'(>'7'>&A#&(#S4*&!3#<&'#(3#8*',#!)8#E*:)'43#E)'8#E*:9F&:)'43A#<&'#(3#8*',#!)8#&(3#E)883A#E)'8#&(#3(83EU:3#>3#8'(S&:)4',98#*&#>3#:'S(38#>3#d*4F38"#C3#!*&7*'4#'E!*834)', # )7)(, # ,*&, #&( # 4g,RE3A # 4g,RE3 #>3 # 7'3A # 4g,RE3 #>3 # ,3E!8A # n # :) # 8&U,':',9 # >& #!*&7*'4 #!)883 #!)4 # :) #>g84g,RE'3A #:�R9,94*4g,RE'3 #o" #C3 #U&, #38, #!*&4 #P)4,R38 #>3 #>9F*&74'4 # :) #!*88'U':',9 #>�&( #8,g:3 #>3 #7'3A #&( #)4, #>3#7'743A #E9>')( #*k #>38#S4*&!3E3(,8 # >�'(>'7'>&8 # !*&44)'3(, # 7'743 # 3(83EU:3 # 8)(8 # 3KF:&43 # :) # !*88'U':',9 # >�&(3 # :'U34,9 # '(>'7'>&3::3 # <&' # (3 # :38#E)4S'():'834)',#!)8"#C�'>'*44g,RE'3#(3#>374)',#>*(F#!)8#(9F388)'43E3(,#j,43#F*(8'>9493#F*EE3#&(#43!:'#8&4#8*'A#E)'8#!:&,r,#F*EE3#:3#d)',#>3#!*4,34#&(#43S)4>#!)4,'F&:'34#8&4#:3#E*(>3"#!":$"8,$"/$"(&,;&*-"*'(&)$".;.2+"+&,+@"%W$)+",2"-B+='$"d0$"+&,+$)"%=&)$)"U "0$";*$@"0$"+$'()@"0$"($2)7$@"0$"0*)%&,-)e4"#."0$'.20$"0W*0*&--B+='*$")$"6.*+"+&,D&,-)"%&2+-$"/$"(&,;&*-"3�5@"%W$)+"/$"-B+='$")&,(/$@"0*)(&2*C/$@"'&C*/$@".0'$++.2+",2"(/,)"&,",2"'&*2)@",2$"*'($-6$%+*&2@",2"),((/7'$2+@",2"'.28,$"3�5")$,/",2"),D$+"($,+"T-$+.-0$-T"/$"-B+='$@"%W$)+A<A0*-$"/W.%%&'(/*-"9#V#PZt]OJs#t3(9A#n#^*EE3(,#y'743#J(83EU:3#�#oA#^*&48#3,#89E'()'438#)&#^*::hS3#>3#p4)(F3A#/NIGw/NIIA#]3K,3 #9,)U:'A#)((*,9#3,#!4983(,9#!)4#^:)&>3#^*8,3A#^*::3F,'*(#Y]4)F38#=F4',38YA#D)4'8#b#s3&':#$#@;J^#Q-..-T"

http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rfsoc_0035-2969_1989_num_30_2_2599

!"#Ti$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

c9(94):3E3(,A #5 # :H9F*&,3#>H&(3#E&8'<&3A #<&H3::3 #8*', # 'E!4*7'893#*&#'(,34!49,93A #(*&8#3(S)S3*(8#>38#!4'(F'!38#>3#!49>'F,'U':',9#3,#>3#!497'8'U':',9#3(#d*(F,'*(#>38#'(>'F38#)!!*4,98#!)4#:)#F*(>&',3#>38#8*(8#3,#>38#E*&73E3(,8#E&8'F)&K#b#(*&8#8&'7*(8#>38#)(,'F'!),'*(8#3,#&(#!4*S4)EE3#3,#(*&8#)(,'F'!*(8#>38#,3(8'*(8#3,#>38#498*:&,'*(8A#)&#,4)7348#>38#E*>&:),'*(8#R)4E*('<&38#3,#>38#>&4938#>3#F38#>g()E'<&38"#6*&8#)7*(8#)!!4'8#5#!34F37*'4#:38#8&FF388'*(8#>38#,3(8'*(8#QF:'E)KTA#>38#43:�FR3E3(,8#3,#>38#>9,3(,38#>)(8#:38#E*&73E3(,8#E&8'F)&K#Q83:*(#:38#8,g:38#>3#E&8'<&3T#)'(8'#<&3#:3&48#>&4938A#:3&48#)::*(S3E3(,8#3,#:3&48#l(8A#7*'43#!)4d*'8#:3&48#*U%3F,'d8#3,#:3&48#'(,3(,'*(8#>3#F4934#,3:#*&#,3:#n#F:'E),#o#!)4,'F&:'34"#6*&8#8)7*(8#<&H&(3#E&8'<&3#(H38,#!)8# '(l('3#Q<&H3::3 #83#498*&,#>)(8#>38#>9F'8'*(8#<&' #8*(,#>9%5#!4'838#5#:H)7)(F3T#3,#<&H3::3#38,#F*(,'(&3::3E3(,#n#)&>'U:3#o#>)(8#:3#83(8#<&H3::3#(3#>9U*4>34)#!)8#:H)EU',&8#8*(*43#Q3(#,34E38#>3#d49<&3(F38#)&>'U:38#!)4#(*8#*43'::38A#3(#,34E38#>3#8&FF388'*(8#R)4E*('<&38#3,#3(#,34E38#>H9F)4,8#>3#>g()E'<&38T#3,#<&3#l():3E3(,#(*&8#3(,3(>4*(8#F3#<&'#38,#),,3(>&#*&#!497&"#^38#!4'(F'!38#Q>3#FR)e(38#>3#!497'8'U':',9#>)(8#:3#>94*&:3E3(,T#8H)!!:'<&3(,#,*&%*&48#5#:)#F*(>&',3#R)4E*('<&3#3,#>38#'(,3(8',98 # 8*(*438A # 3, # 4)43E3(, # 5 # :H38!)F3 # b # :H9F*&,3 # d4*(,):3 # 38, # S9(94):'893 # 3, # :H&,':'8),'*( # >3 # :)#8!),'):'8),'*(#>)(8#:38#E&8'<&38#:38#!:&8#49F3(,38#Q9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&38#!)4#3K3E!:3T#*&#>)(8#:38#8g8,hE38#>H9F*&,3#)F,&3:8#QF'(9E)A#8g8,hE38#),--&,20A#.'C*(=&2*8,$)P\A#3,F"T#38,#,*&%*&48#U)893#8&4#:)#>'8,)(F'),'*(A#FH38,w5w>'43#<&3#:)#49d943(F3#38,#,*&%*&48#(*,43#!*'(,#>H9F*&,3#Q>3#E)('h43#8'E':)'43#)&#!*'(,#>3#7&3T"#CH)&>',3&4 # 8&4!:*EU3#3, # 83 # 43!h43 # 8)(8 #!4*U:hE38 # d)F3 #5 #&( #R*4'f*(# QE&8'F):T #<&' # 438,34) # ,*&%*&48#7'8'U:3A#EjE3#>)(8#:3#F)8#*k#':#83#43,4*&734)#8&UE34S9A#!)4#3K3E!:3A#!)4#:)#!&'88)(F3A#3,#)'(8'#!)4#:3#!:)'8'4#!4*F&49#!)4#F3::3wF'A #>H&(#>'8!*8','d #*4FR38,4):#*&A#)&,43#3K3E!:3A #!)4#:H97*:&,'*(#9E*,'*((3::3#>H&( #E*&73E3(, #E&8'F): #V#<&*'<&H': # 834)', #74)'E3(, # '(,94388)(, #>3 #>9l('4 # F3 #<&3 #(*&8 #)!!3:*(8#:H9E*,'*(#E&8'F):3"

!"#$")&2")*?2./$"%$"8,*"$)+"*''*2$2+@"%$"8,*";.".--*;$-"%&''$",2$"*20*%.+*&2"0$"%$"8,*";.";-.*)$'C/.C/$'$2+ ".--*;$-4"K$.,%&,("(/,)"8,$"/.";*)*&2@"*/"$)+"%=.-?7"0,")$2)"0$"%$"8,*";.".--*;$-"}".,+&,-"0$"%$"8,*"$)+"*''*2$2+ "*/"B"."+&,D&,-)",2$"Q&2$"0>*207+$-'*2.+*&2"$+"0>*2%$-+*+,0$"t"+&,+$)"%&20*+*&2)"8,*"6.;&-*)$2+",2"*2+$2)$ ".?*+.+*&2"7'&+*&22$//$4"34445"#$")&2".?*+"0*-$%+$'$2+"),-"/>&-?.2*)'$"%&''$",2$"%&''&+*&24"34445"#>&,J$"$)+"/$ ")$2)"0$"/>7'&+*&24PL"9#QMJ�Jq#2*R(A#YCHZ4,#F*EE3#JK!94'3(F3#QZ4,#)8#JK!34'3(F3TYA#/N0?T

?. # ZEU'*!R*('3 #*&#)EU'!R*('3 #*&#)EU'8*('3" #CH)EU'*!R*('3 #38, # :) # d)F&:,9 #>3#43!4*>&'43 #*&#>3#F4934 #>38#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#8*(*438#3(#0#>'E3(8'*(8A#83:*(#>38#,3FR('<&38#!)4,'F&:'h438"#^38#,3FR('<&38#*(,#9,9#!4'(F'!):3E3(,#>973:*!!938#5#:H*493#>38#)((938#L."#J::38#8*(,#5#:H*4'S'(3#>&#8*(#8&44*&(>#3,#>&#E&:,'F)():#B"/#!&'8#I"/#3(#R*E3wF'(9E)"

?/ #!"34445"q"%.,)$"0$")&2"$66$+"7'&+*&22$/"*''70*.+@"/."',)*8,$"."7+7"%/.))7$".,))*"C*$2"%&''$"/$"(/,)"C.)"%&''$"/$"(/,)"7/$;7"0$)".-+)4"34445"G+"*/ "2>$)+"8,$"0>&C)$-;$-"%$-+.*2)"$2+=&,)*.)+$)"0$"/."',)*8,$"0>,2"%$-+.*2"?$2-$"0.2)",2"%&2%$-+"(&,-"%&2)+.+$-"8,>*/)")$"/*;-$2+"<",2$"07C.,%=$ "0>7'&+*&2)@"<",2$"/*C7-.+*&2"0>*2=*C*+*&2)"&-0*2.*-$)"$+"<"/."07%&,;$-+$"0>,2"0&'.*2$"&b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a-@".,")$2)"&b"TC-,+./T")*?2*V$"TC$)+*./T@"'.*)".,")$2)"&b"/>&2"(.-/$"0$"6.*+)"C-,+)@"<"(-&(&)"0$"%$"8,*"$)+ "*2072*.C/$"$+").2)"7%=.((.+&*-$@"(.-%$"8,>*/"$)+"*27;*+.C/$4"9#QMJ�Jq#2*R(A#YCHZ4,#F*EE3#JK!94'3(F3#QZ4,#)8#JK!34'3(F3YT#[/N0?\A#F*::"#Yp*:'*#J88)'8YA#D)4'8#b#=>"#c)::'E)4>A#-./.T

!"#T"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

B"##5&6+7&'#<-(#1CD/,+(%//'E'/8

!"h&,+"'&,;$'$2+"0$"2.+,-$"$)+"/$"(-&0,*+"0$";*C-.+*&2)@"'.*)",2$"'1'$";*C-.+*&2"*2*2+$--&'(,$"2$"6.*+"(.) ",2")&2"}"(&,-"%$/."*/"0&*+"B".;&*-"*2+$--,(+*&2@"*'(.%+"$+"-7)*)+.2%$4"34445"#$)")&2)"T;*$22$2+T"0$"/>$R+7-*$,-"0, "%&-()@"'.*)"/$")&2"/,*A'1'$"$)+"(-&%=$@"*2+*'$"}"%>$)+",2$"$R%*+.+*&2"0$"/>&-?.2*)'$"}"2&,)")$2+&2)"/.")$%&,))$ "0$) " ;*C-.+*&2) " < " +-.;$-) " +&,+ " 2&+-$ " %&-()4 " 9# QMJ�Jq # 2*R(A # YCHZ4, # F*EE3 # JK!94'3(F3 # QZ4, # )8#JK!34'3(F3TYA#/N0?T

!"h&,+$)"/$)")+-,%+,-$)"),-"/."),-6.%$"0$"/."+$--$";*C-$2+@"-*$2"2W$)+"$2"-$(&)4"9# QcJ6MtJZ|#;'FR)3:A#YD)4),)K38YA#D)4'8#b#y)(#M'343(#9>',3&4A#-./.T

1 C)#E&8'<&3#38, # ,4h8 #4)43E3(, #n#,*!*:*S'<&3#o?-A # FH38,w5w>'43 #3(#!4'83 #)73F #838 # :'E',38A #)73F#838#3K,4jE38A#)73F#838#F*(,'(&',98#Q3,#>'8F*(,'(&',98TA#)73F#838#):3(,*&48#3,#838#7*'8'()S38"#

1 J::3#38,#9S):3E3(,#4)43E3(,#>)(8#n#:H)F,&3:#oA#FH38,w5w>'43#>)(8#:3#>'43F,#>3#838#,4)(8d*4E),'*(8A#>3#838#E*>&:),'*(8#3,#>3#838#'(,34)F,'*(8#<&'#7*(,#)S'4#8&4#8*(#!4*!43#>94*&:3E3(,"#_(#!)4:3#!:&8#)'89E3(,#>3#:)#!4'83#>3#F*(8F'3(F3#>&#>'43F,#>3#:H9F*&,3#V#(*&8#!34F37*(8#<&3#(*&8#8*EE38#3(#,4)'( # >H9F*&,34 # 3, # <&3 # :38 # )&,438 # d*(, # >3 #EjE3A # 3, # (*&8 # F*(F37*(8 # <&3 # F34,)'(8 # 9:9E3(,8#E&8'F)&K # !3&73(, # %*&34 # >3 # F3,,3 # !34F3!,'*( # 3( #E3,,)(, # 3( # F*4438!*(>)(F3 # :3 # ,3E!8 # >&#n#>'8F*&48#o#E&8'F):#3,#F3:&'#>3#:H)&>',3&4A#,4*&U:)(,#)'(8'#:)#:'E',3#<&3#(*&8#E3,,*(8#3(,43#(*,43#!4*!43 #!4983(, #3, # F3:&' #>H&(3 #E&8'<&3A #3,A #l():3E3(,A #!)4 #)'::3&48A #(*&8 #(*&8 # 43(>*(8 #7',3#F*E!,3#<&H&(3#E&8'<&3#38,#Q3(#,4)'(#>Hj,43T#%*&93#3(#>'43F,#*&#(*(#V"#

1 J,#3::3#38,#)&88'#4)43E3(,#n#'(,348&U%3F,'73#oA#FH38,w5w>'43#E*>&:93#3(#>'43F,#8&4#>38#>9F'8'*(8A#>38#9F)4,8A # >38 # !)4,'F'!),'*(8 # 3, # >38 # n#8g(,*('38#o # <&' # 8H*4S)('83(, # >)(8 # :3 # !4983(, # 3, # >)(8 # :3#>94*&:3E3(,#Q>*(,#!348*((3#(3#F*(()e,A#3(#!49):)U:3A#:H'88&3#3,#:H)::)(,T"#

1 Z # F*(,4)4'*A # 3::3 # 38, # :3 # !:&8 # 8*&73(, # d)E':'h43 # QF3(,493TA # R*8!',):'h43 # Q3E!),R'<&3 # 3,#n#F*44g,RE'<&3#o?0TA#>'8F&48'73A#3,#8&U%3F,'73#QFH38,w5w>'43#3K!4388'73#>H&(3#7*:*(,9#'(>'7'>&3::3#b#F*E!*8',3&4Q8TA#'(,34!4h,3Q8T#E)'8#!3&#d49<&3EE3(,#)&>',3&4Q8TT"

D)4#838#)8!3F,8#Q,*!*:*S'<&3A#)F,&3:A#'(,348&U%3F,'7',9TA #F3#8*(,#:38#F*(>','*(8#3(7'4*((3E3(,):38#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#<&'#(*&8#'(,943883(,#b#(*(#!)8#5#>38,'(),'*(#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#>3#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,A#E)'8#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#!)4#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,A#>)(8#:)<&3::3#:3#8*(A#:38#8*(*4',98A#:38#>&4938#3,#:38#,3E!*4):',98#8*(*438#>37'3((3(,#>38#9:9E3(,8#8,4&F,&4)(,8#>3#:H38!)F3??"#n#s3(,'4#o#3,#3K!:*434#:3#E*(>3#V#n#83(,'4#o#>)(8#:3#83(8#>3#83(8*4'):',9#3,#>3#<&):',98#83(8'U:38A#>38#!:&8#>*&F38#)&K#!:&8#d*4,38A#>)(8#:38#'(,34)F,'*(8#)73F#:3#E*(>3 # i # 3K!:*434 # F)4 # 83 #E*&7*'4 # 38, # 3883(,'3: #!*&4 #)F,'734 #>& # 83(8'U:3A # <&'A # >3 # 8*( # Fr,9A # 38, # (*(#49>&F,'U:3#5#>38#9,),8#lK38#V#!34E3,,3(,#)&88'#>H3(#)F<&94'4#>38#!34F3!,'*(8#3,#>38#3K!94'3(F38"#^38#>34('h438#8*(,#>3#:H*4>43#>&#!4983(,#3,#>3#:H'EE9>'),#Q>3#(*,43#F*(,)F,#'EE9>'),#)73F#:3#E*(>3T#>)(8#,*&,38#:3&48#>'E3(8'*(8#3,#3(734S&438A#F*3K'8,)(,38#3,#>'d}&3(,38"#

?- # C) # ,*!*:*S'3 # 38, #&(3 #U4)(FR3#>38 #E),R9E),'<&38 # F*(F34()(, # :H9,&>3 #>38 #>9d*4E),'*(8 # 8!),'):38 #!)4 #>38 # ,4)(8d*4E),'*(8#F*(,'(&38#Q8)(8#)44)FR)S38#('#43F*::3E3(,#>38#8,4&F,&438T"#V#�'X'!3>')"

?0 #]*&8#3(83EU:3#>)(8#:3#EjE3#4g,RE3"

?? #]O@PZ|M#23)(wD)&:A#YD3,',3#Z4FR9*:*S'3#>3#:)#6*,'*(#>HZEU')(F3YA#@(#437&3#^*EE&('F),'*(A#-./-A#(v#N.A#!!"#/BBw/I?"

!"#Tj$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"k.2)"/W$R(7-*$2%$")$2)&-*$//$@")$"07(/&*$2+"$2"'1'$"+$'()"/$"0$;$2*-"0,"),D$+"$+"/$)"7;72$'$2+)"0,"'&20$4"]$"2$"0$;*$2)"'&*A'1'$"8,$"0.2)"/."'$),-$"&b"8,$/8,$"%=&)$")$"(.))$"$+"*/"2$")$"(.))$"8,$/8,$"%=&)$"d(&,- "'&*e"8,$"0.2)"/."'$),-$"&b"D$"0$;*$2)4"#$"(-7)$2+"0,")$2+*-"2W.((.-+*$2+"2*"<"/W&CD$%+*;*+7"2*"<"/."),CD$%+*;*+7 ")$,/$@"*/".((.-+*$2+"27%$)).*-$'$2+"$+"+&,D&,-)".,R"0$,R"$2)$'C/$)4"k.2)"/$")$2+*-@"/$"m"]$"n"$+""/$"m"'&20$"n")$ "07(/&*$2+")*',/+.27'$2+"(&,-"/$ "),D$+ ")$2+.2+" } "0.2)"/$")$2+*-@ " /$ "),D$+")$2+.2+")W7(-&,;$")&*A'1'$"$+ "/$ "'&20$@")&*"0.2)"/$"'&20$@")&*".;$%"/$"'&20$4"9# Qs]tZ|sA#J4u'(A#YM&#83(8#>38#83(8#w#^*(,4'U&,'*(#5#:�9,&>3#>38#d*(>3E3(,8#>3#:)#!8gFR*:*S'3YA#[/N0B\A#]4)>"#>3#:�)::3E)(>#!)4#c3*4S38#]R'(h8#3,#23)(wD'3443#C3S4)(>"#=>','*(8#294rE3#;'::'*(A#c43(*U:3A#-...T

M)(8#F3#83(8A#&(3#>g()E'<&3#8*(*43A#V#&(3#)E!:',&>3#3K,4jE3#>&#('73)&#8*(*43A#>3#EjE3#<&3#F3::3#>&#43S'8,43#8*(*43#Q8!3F,43T#VA##(H38,#!:&8#)!!4*FR93#3,#9!4*&793#5#:H)&:(3#>3#8)#E&8'F):',9#n#!3(893#o#Q3,#>3#8*(#49S:)S3#>)(8#:3#>'8F*&48#E&8'F):T#E)'8#F*EE3#!)4,'F'!)(,#3,#F*::)U*4)(,#5#&( #.,0*+&-*,'# !:&8#:)4S3#Q3,#8)(8#>*&,3#!:&8#S4)(>T#V#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#V#3,#5#&(#4)!!*4,#9:)4S'#)&#E*(>3#<&'#(*&8#!34E3,#>H3(7'8)S34#3,#>H3K!94'E3(,34#&(3#E&8'<&3#!)4#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#3,#)73F#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,"#

x#!)4,'4#>3#:5A#':#38,#97'>3(,#<&3#d)'43#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#Q3(83EU:3A#3,#>)(8#>38#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#F*EE&(8T#)#&(3#>3(8',9#!*:','<&3#b#F*EE3(,#d)'43#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#)73F#>38#)&>',3&48#8'#(*&8A#E&8'F'3(8A#)&>',3&48A#E&8'F'3(8#3,#)&>',3&48A#(3#8*EE38#!)8#,*&8#F*(F34(98#!)4#:38#<&38,'*(8#3,#:38#!4*U:hE38#<&3#(*&8#(*&8#!*8*(8A#<&'#(*&8#E*U':'83(,#3,#<&'#(*&8#3(,R*&8')8E3(,#�#^*EE3(,#d)'43#3(83EU:3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#8'#F3#E*E3(,#3,#F3,#38!)F3#(3#8*(,#!)8#>3#!)4,'F'!),'*(#�#Z&,)(,#:)#E&8'<&3#(H3K!4'E3#!)8A#)&,)(,#3::3#E*>&:3#)73F#(*8#!49*FF&!),'*(8#F*EE&(38"#C3#E*E3(,#>&#F*(F34,#3,#:3#E*E3(,#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#(3#8*(,#!)8#'8*:98 # >38 # >g()E'<&38 # 8*F'):38 # 3, # 3(7'4*((3E3(,):38 # Q:'938 # )& # 8*(A # )& # U4&',A # 5 # :) # 49F3!,'*( # 3, # :)#!4*>&F,'*(#8*(*438A #5 #:H),,3(,'*(A#5# :H)F,'7',9 #E&8'F):3A #5 # :) #F*w!4983(F3 #3,# :) #F*::)U*4),'*(A #3,F"A #)'(8'#<&H)&K#(*4E38#3,#8,)(>)4>8#<&'#)(,'F'!3(,#:38#3K!94'3(F38#<&'#g#8*(,#'E!:'<&938T"^H38, #F3#<&3#83EU:3 #F*(7*<&34# :3 # ,34E3#>Hn#9F*49):',9#o#>H&(3#m&743#E&8'F):3 #83:*(# :3 #E&8'F*:*S&3#P34()4> # y3FFR'*(3 # Q@( # YC) # t9):',9 # ;&8'F):3YA # /NLBT?B" # |(3 # !4*>&F,'*( # E&8'F):3 # m&743 # >)(8 # &(#9F*8g8,hE3A#g#!)4,'F'!3A#8Hg#)('E3#3,#8Hg#3(S)S3A#>)(8#&(3#9FR3::3#U'3(#!:&8#S4)(>3#<&3#F3::3#>&#FR)E!#>3#:H)F,'7',9#E&8'F):3#5#!4*!43E3(,#!)4:34#i#3::3#834)',#5#:)#d*'8#F3(,4'!h,3#3,#F3(,4'd&S3#i#838#>3(8',98#3,#838#'(,3(8',98A#E&8'F):38#3,#8*(*438A#d*(,#*8F'::34#3,#l:,43(,A#)U8*4U3(,#3,#83#!4*!)S3(,#>)(8#>38#9,3(>&38#<&'#7'U43(, # E*'(8 # >)(8 # >38 # Y8)::38Y # <&H)& # 83'( # >H38!)F38 # 3( # n#!:3'( # )'4#o # *& # >3 # HHFR)E! # :'U43HHA#3(7'4*((3E3(,)&KA#8*F')&KA#!*:','<&38A#3,F"

!"G2")>&,;-.2+"*20,C*+.C/$'$2+".,".'C*.2%$)"$+".,R"/*$,R"d$+"$2"8,&*"%$,RA%*"'&0*V$2+"2&+-$"$R(7-*$2%$"0$ "%$"8,*"6.*+"!"',)*8,$"9e@"%$++$"&-?.2&/&?*$"%&'(/$R$"d0$"/."!"',)*8,$"7+$20,$"9@"%&''$"2&,)"/."2&''&2)e "(-&(&)$".,))*",2$"!"',)*%./*).+*&2"9")B2%=-&2$"$+".A)B2%=-&2$"0$"/W$)(.%$")&%*./@"%W$)+A<A0*-$",2$"-B+='*8,$ "0$) "-7?*'$)"0W.++$2+*&2"$+ "0W.0-$))$ ")*2?,/*$-) "$+ "%&//$%+*6) "8,* " *2+$2)*V$2+@ ".,"+-.;$-) "0$ " /W7%&,+$@ "2&+-$ "%&2)%*$2%$"d',+,$//$"$+"*20*;*0,$//$e"0>,2"%_+7@"0$"%$"8,*".--*;$"d$2"|,R@"$+"6&-+,*+$'$2+e"$+@"0>,2".,+-$"%_+7@ "0$"/."',)*8,$"8,$"/W&2"%&2)+-,*+@"6.C-*8,$"$+"%&'(&)$4"#."',)*8,$"7+$20,$"0$;-.*+"1+-$",2$"',)*8,$"(.- "/>$2;*-&22$'$2+4"9# Q2_q#294rE3"A# #YC38#=,3(>&38#s*(*438#V#Z&>',*4'&E#]3443$;)48Y"#@(#ZF,38#>3#:H9F*:3 # ,R9E),'<&3#^6ts#n #s*&(>8!)F3#� #s*&(>8F)!3#oA #J8!)F38A #JK!94'3(F38 #3, #D*:','<&38 #>&#s*(*43A # 8*&8 # :) #>'43F,'*(#>3#^:)'43 #c&'&#3, #;)4'3w;)>3:3'(3#;347)(,wt*&KA #*4S)('89 #!)4 #Js_#J8!)F38#�#s*F'9,98#|('7348',9#>3#6)(,38#3,#|('7348',9#>3#t3((38A#D438838#|('7348',)'438#>3#t3((38A#

?B #!"#."2&+*&2A%/7"$)+"%$//$"0>T7%&-7./*+7T"0$)"r,;-$)"$+"0$)".%+*;*+7)"',)*%./$)4"34445":>$)+".,))*"%$//$"0>,2$"6&-'.+*&2"0$"/>r,;-$"07+$-'*27$"., ")$*2"0>,2"7%&)B)+S'$".2+=-&(&/&?*8,$"$+"%,/+,-$/"0&2274"#$)"'7%.2*)'$)"0$"/>7%&6&-'.+*&2")&2+"7+,0*7)"(.-"/$"',)*%&/&?,$"-$/.+*;$'$2+"< "0$,R "8,$)+*&2)".,"'&*2)" U " dLe" %&''$2+ " />$2;*-&22$'$2+ ".2+=-&(&/&?*8,$ " )>*2)%-*+A*/ "0.2)" /$) "r,;-$)"',)*%./$)@ "8,$//$) " +-.%$) "0$ "%$+ "$2;*-&22$'$2+ " /$) " r,;-$) " %&2)$-;$2+A$//$)@ " $+ " )&,) " 8,$//$) " 6&-'$) "t "(-&C/S'$ " 0$ " />r,;-$ "',)*%./$ " %&2)*07-7$ " %&''$ " T6&))*/$T " 0$ "%*;*/*).+*&2@ ".B.2+" /."6.%,/+7 "0$ "-$2)$*?2$-" /$ "',)*%&/&?,$"),-" />7%&-7./*+7".2+=-&(&/&?*8,$"0$)"r,;-$)@ "7%&-7./*+7 ")&%*./$".,+.2+"8,$"0$ ")$2)*C*/*+7)"$+"0$"(-&C/7'.+*8,$)"=*)+&-*8,$)"0$"/."($2)7$"t"X@"dOe"%&''$2+"/$"',)*%&/&?,$"($,+A*/"-$%&2)+*+,$-"&,"*20,*-$"%$++$"7%&-7./*+7 "(.))7$"0$)"r,;-$)"0$(,*)"/."6.`&2"0&2+"%$//$)A%*"$2"&2+"%&2%-S+$'$2+"+=7'.+*)7@"*2)%-*+@"%&2)$-;7"/$)"+-.%$)@"/,*"8,*";*+"0.2)",2$".,+-$"7(&8,$ "0$"/>=*)+&*-$"8,$"/$)"'*/*$,R"(-&0,%+$,-)"0$"%$)"r,;-$)@"$+"0&2+"/$)")$2)*C*/*+7)@"/$)".)(*-.+*&2)@"/$)"-$(-7)$2+.+*&2)"0,"'&20$@"/>.R*&/&?*$@"/$) "'&0$)"0$"/."($2)7$@"/$)"+=7'.+*).+*&2)"0$"/."',)*8,$@")&2+"0*667-$2+)"t"(-&C/S'$"0$"/>*20,%+*&2"0>,2$"-7./*+7"0$"%,/+,-$@"8,$"0&,C/$"/$ "(-&C/S'$ " 0, " 0*./&?,$ " *2+$-%,/+,-$/@ " (-$2.2+ " *%* " /. " 6&-'$ " 0>,2$ " 0*./&?,$ " *2+$-=*)+&-*8,$@ " 0.2) " 0>.,+-$) " %.) " /. " 6&-'$ " 0>,2 " 0*./&?,$ "*2+$-$+=2*8,$ "t " X " 9# QyJ^^O@_6J # P34()4>A # YC) # 43FR34FR3 #E&8'F*:*S'<&3 # )&%*&4>HR&' # b # <&38,'*((3E3(,8A # '(,348F'3(F38A#E9,)E&8'F*:*S'3YA#'(#@(,34d)F38#-/A#Q0w?TA#/NN-A#!"#-LLT"

!"#SU$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

-./-#i #3, #)&88'# b # 2_q#2"A # #YZ&>',*4')#�#Z&>'3(F38#V#sR)XX3'#)(>#,R3 #*&,#'(# ,R3#*!3(#:'8,3('(S#3K!34'3(F3Y"#@(#n#_(#C'8,3('(S#oA#3>',3>#Ug#Z(S&8#^)4:g:3A#^t'sZD#|('7348',g#*d#,R3#Z4,8#C*(>*(A#-./0#Q3(#F*&48#>3#!&U:'F),'*(T#i #2_q"#2"A#YC)#;&8'<&3#=,3(>&3#V#YJ(#D:3'(#Z'4Y"#@(#n#Z4*&(>#oA #F),):*S#*d#,R3#8*&(>#d38,'7):A#Q!!"#/.?w/?NTA#]4)(8:"#Ug#^3:'(3#^4&'FX8R)(X8"#J>',3>#Ug#q)(S#q3&(SA#s*&(>!*FX3,A#O*(S#`*(S#Z4,8#M373:*!E3(,#^*&(F':A#O*(S#`*(S#QO`TA#-./.T

^3,,3#n#E&8'F):'8),'*(#o#8*F'):3A#*&#!:&8#%&8,3E3(,#:3#d)',#<&H':#(Hg#)#!:&8#>3#E&8'<&3#89!)493#3,#<&3#F3::3wF'#m&743#>)(8#:H38!)F3#9:)4S'#8*F'):A#3,#<&3A#>3#8&4F4*e,A#3::3#38,#3::3wEjE3#9:)4S'3#3,#9,3(>&3?GA#(H3(,43#!)8#>)(8#:38#!438F4'!,'*(8#R)U',&3::38A#FH38,w5w>'43#>)(8#&(3#8*(*4'8),'*(#S9(94):3#3,#>$)*?293#>3#:)#8*F'9,9A#('#>)(8#&(3#)!!4*FR3#38,R9,'<&3#F*8E9,'<&3#3,#438,4'F,'73"#@:#d)&,#43:'43#2*83!R#P3&g8#b

!"]$"),*)"0$"%$,R"8,*"%-&*$2+"8,$")$,/"/>p-+@"A"%>$)+A<A0*-$"/>.-+"%&2`,"<"/."6&*)"%&''$".,+&07+$-'*2.+*&2"%-7.+*;$"$+"%&''$"(-&%$)),)"8,*"$2?$20-$"/."%-7.+*&2@"A"$)+"<"'1'$"0$"2&,)"/*C7-$-"$+"0$"2&,)"%&20,*-$";$-) ",2$")&%*7+7"./+$-2.+*;$4"34445"Y.*)"/>.%+*&2"8,$"D$"(-_2$"2$")$"%.2+&22$"(.)".,")$,/"0&'.*2$"0$"/>.-+@"*/"/$ "07(.))$"$+"%&2%$-2$"/$"%&-()")&%*./"0.2)")."+&+./*+74"9#QPJ|qs#2*83!RA#F*(7348),'*(#)73F#J>>g#M37*:>34A#:3#-0#d974'34#/NLLT

M)(8#&(3#)EU','*(#>3#E*'(>43#3(734S&43#<&3#F3::3#>3#P3&g8A#3,#F',)(,#>3#:3&4#Fr,9#:)#8',&),'*(#>H9F*&,3#E&8'F):3#3,#:)#E)('h43#>*(,#3::3#8H38,#F*(8,4&',3#>)(8#(*8#8*F'9,98A#y:)>'E'4#2)(X9:97',FR#3,#c:3((#c*&:>#83#43%*'S(3(,#5#!4*!*8#>H&(3#)!!4*FR3#n#!4)K'<&3#o#>3#:H9F*&,3#3,#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):38#V#F3#<&3A#(*&8#:3#7344*(8#!:&8#:*'(A#^R4'8,')(#�*:dd#3,#:)#E&8'<&3#3K!94'E3(,):3#)(S:)'83#Q^)4>3uA#3,F"T#!4*:*(S34*(,#b#

!":&'(&)$-"0$"/."',)*8,$@"/."D&,$-"$2"/>*2+$-(-7+.2+@"/."%=.2+$-"&,"'1'$"/>7%&,+$-"$2"/."-$%-7.2+@"t"2$")&2+A%$"+-&*)"'&0$)"0>&(7-$-@"+-&*)".++*+,0$)"0-.)+*8,$)"C*$2"(/,)"8,$"?2&)+*8,$)"X"#$"%-7.+$,-@"/>$R7%,+.2+"8,*"$)+ "-$%-7.+$,- " %-7.+*6@ " />.,0*+$,- " 8,* " $)+ " -$%-7.+$,- " V%+*6 " (.-+*%*($2+ " +&,) " /$) " +-&*) " < " ,2$ " )&-+$ " 0>&(7-.+*&2 "'.?*8,$"U"/>$R7%,+.2+"%&&(S-$".;$%"/$"(-$'*$-"&(7-.+$,-"$2"6.*).2+"$R*)+$-"/>r,;-$"$66$%+*;$'$2+"0.2)"/>.*- ";*C-.2+"($20.2+",2"%$-+.*2"/.()"0$"0,-7$@"$+"/>.,0*+$,-@"-$%-7.+$,-"+$-+*.*-$@"%&&(S-$"$2"*'.?*2.+*&2"&,"(.-"0$) "?$)+$)"2.*)).2+)".;$%"/$)"0$,R"(-$'*$-)4"9#Q2Z6`=C=y@]^O#y:)>'E'4A#_!"#F',"A#!"#NN"T

! " f/ " )$-.*+ " .C),-0$ " 0>7%.-+$- " 0>$2+-7$ " 0$ " D$, " />*07$ " 8,$ " />.,0*+$,- " (,*))$ " V2*- " (.- " 0$;$2*- " )&2 " (-&(-$ "%&'(&)*+$,-4 "p, " %$2+-$ " 0, "07C.+ " +$%=2&/&?*8,$@ " &2 " +-&,;$ ",2 "2&,;$., " +B($ " 0>.,0*+$,-4 " f/ " )>.?*+ " 0>,2".,0*+$,- " 8,* " (.-+*%*($ " (/,) " $+ "'*$,R " < " />$R(7-*$2%$ "',)*%./$4 " 34445 "k>.-+*)+*8,$@ " )&2 " $R(7-*$2%$ " 0$;*$2+"$2;*-&22$'$2+./$4"34445"G2"6.*+@"+&,+$"%$++$"8,$)+*&2"0$"/>*20*;*0,./*+7"0$"/.")*+,.+*&2"%-7.+-*%$")$/&2"/.8,$//$ "/>.%+$"%-7.+$,-"$)+" /$"-7),/+.+"0>,2$"&(*2*&2"*20*;*0,$//$@ " />.C)&-C$"$+" /."%&20*+*&22$@ ")$-.")&,'*)$"<",2$ "-$%&2)*07-.+*&2"-.0*%./$4"34445"f/")$"(&,--.*+"C*$2@"<";-.*"0*-$@"38,$"/$"'&+".-+5"0$;*$22$"+&,+"<"6.*+"*2.078,.+ "(&,-"07%-*-$",2"$2;*-&22$'$2+"$+"0$)")*+,.+*&2)4"3�5"#>.,0*+&*-$")$-.*+"./&-)"0$;$2,".-+*)+$4"#.";*$")$-.*+ "0$;$2,$".-+4"9#Qc_|CM#c:3((A#Y]R3#D4*8!3F,8#*d#t3F*4>'(SYA#/NGGT?I

! " 3^$ " %&2)+-,*+ " ,2$5 " *0$2+*+7 " %-7.+-*%$ " 38,*5 " 0$;*$2+ " %&//$%+*;$@ " 3$+ " 8,*5 " )>$'(.-$ " 0$) " +$%=2*%*$2) " $+ " 0$"/>.,0*+$,-@"2&2"(/,)"%&2)*07-7"%&''$",2$"$2+*+7"%&//$%+*;$"'.*)"%&''$",2"%-7.+$,-"0*)(&).2+"0$)"'1'$) "(-7-&?.+*;$) " (.- " -.((&-+ " < " />*2+$-(-S+$ " 8,$ " %$//$) " 8,$ " %$/,*A%* " )>&%+-&*$ " (.- " -.((&-+ " ., " %&'(&)*+$,-4 " 9"Qc_|CM#c:3((A#YC3#6*&73:#Z&>',3&4YA#F>4*EA#=>"#sg4'(KA#/NNNT

?G ##J(#498*()(F3#)73F#:)#(*,'*(#>3#Y8F&:!,&43#8*F'):3Y#3,#>3#YF*(F3!,#9:)4S'#>3#:H)4,Y#>3#2*83!R#P3&g8"

?I #c_|CMA#c:3(("#/NL0"#YCHJ(43S'8,43E3(,#3,#838#D348!3F,'738Y"#@(#n#C3#M34('34#D&4',)'(#�#=F4',8#@#o"#t9&('8A#,4)>&',8#3,#!4983(,98 #!)4#P4&(*#;*(8)'(S3*("#!!"#B?wNN"#D)4'8#b#p)g)4>"#J,#)&88'#b#Y]R3#D4*8!3F,8#*d#t3F*4>'(SY"#@(#O'SR#p'>3:',g#;)S)f'(3A#(v#/GA#Z!4':#/NGG"

!"#S!$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

^_t6JC@|s#^ZtMJ�#�#s^tZ]Ô#_tÔJs]tZ#Q/NGNT?L

t@Ô;_6M#2_|t6Jq#Q/NI.T

^_t6JC@|s#^ZtMJ�A#]JZ]t@sJA#!"I0A#Q/NGBw/NGIT

?L #R,,!b$$3733883K"F*E$l:38$S'ES8$0Gz>4)d,wF*(8,',&,'*(w8E)::"%!S#

!"#ST$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

;Z]O@Zs#sDZOC@6cJtA#;|s@^Z#6JcZ]@yZOJC;|]#CZÔJ6;Z66A#;|s@~|J#^_6^t�]J#@6s]t|;J6]ZCJ

CJ#]Jt;J#MJ#Y;|s@^Z#6JcZ]@yZY#Js]#=y_~|=#DZt#^CZ|swOJ66@6c#PZÔ;Z66#J6#/NN.#x#Dt_D_s#MJ#CZ#;|s@~|J#MJ#;Z]O@Zs#sDZOC@6cJt?NA#]Jt;J#~|@#Dt_y@J6]#MJ#CZ#pZ;J|sJ#n#_DJ6#CJ]]Jt#]_#OZ6s#�Jt6Jt#OJ6�J#o#MHOJC;|]#CZÔJ6;Z66#Q/NL0TB."#OJ6�J#~|ZC@p@J #M_6^#MJ#n#6=cZ]@yJ#o #CHZDDt_ÔJ#;|s@^ZCJ#MJ#;_@6s #J6#;_@6s#^_6sJ6s|JCCJ # QJ]#MJ#DC|s #J6 #DC|s#Pt|@]@s]J #V # n#;|s@~|J # ^_6^t�]J # @6s]t|;J6]ZCJ#oT # MJ # CZÔJ6;Z66" # D_|t # sDZOC@6cJt # CZ#6=cZ]@_6 #6HJs] # 2Z;Z@s#6=cZ]@yJ#J]#6HJs]#DZs#t=M|^]t@^J#x#|6J#MJs]t|^]@_6A#J]#~|Z6M#@C#sHZc@]#MJ#M@ss_|MtJ#]_|]#ZsDJ^]#MJ#CH_tMtJA #@C #@6M@~|J #~|J # b # n # []O@s\ #;JZ6s # J6ZPC@6c #]OJ #tJc|CZ]@6c # p|6^]@_6 #_p #Z^]@yJ # C@s]J6@6c # @]sJCp # ]_ # PJ # JWDJt@J6^JM#]Ot_|cO#]OJ#MJ^_;D_s@]@_6#_p#_tMJt" #o#^JCZ#s@c6@p@J#Z^]@yJt#CZ#p_6^]@_6#MJ#t=c|CZ]@_6#MJ#CH=^_|]J#Z^]@yJ#J]#CH=Dt_|yJt#x#]tZyJts#CZ#M=^_;D_s@]@_6#MJ#CH_tMtJ#V#^J#~|H@C#pZ|MtZ@]#^_6pt_6]Jt#Z|W#Dt@6^@DJs#_PsJty=s#MZ6s#CHn#Z|M@]_tq#s^J6J#Z6ZCqs@s#o#MHZCptJM#PtJc;Z6#Q/NN.TB/"

?N #C'(34#(*,38A#:'743,#>&#>'8<&3#;),R')8#s!)R:'(S34A#J>"#t�#/..BA#P34:'(#/NN."

B. # #O3:E&,#C)FR3(E)((A#Y_!3(#C3,,34#,*#O)(8#�34(34#O3(f3AY#,4)(8:"#Ug#23dd43g#s,)>3:E)(A#'(#D348!3F,'738#*d#63u#;&8'F#Qy*:"#0BA # 6*" # -TA # !!" # /LNw-.. # V # C3,,43 # 9F4',3 # :3 # // # %&'( # /NL0 # 3( # 49!*(83 # 5 # :) # !&U:'F),'*( # >& # :'743 # >3 # O3(f3 # V#R,,!b$$uuu"%8,*4"*4S$>'8F*734$/."-0.I$L00GB.�&'>�-�&'>�?�8'>�-//.-?NN-B/0BI##V#R,,!b$$uuu"R'SRU3)E"F*E$>*F$/c/wB?LGN.?I"R,E:#

B/ ##R,,!b$$uuu"3E8w(3,u*4X"*4S$3E8.N$!)!348$E*&(,)'("!>d#

http://www.ems-network.org/ems09/papers/mountain.pdf

http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54869047.html

http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54869047.html

http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/833650?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102499251357

!"#SS$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

n#sHJWDt@;Jt#yJ|]#M@tJ#b#J6]tJt#J6#tJCZ]@_6#ZyJ^#s_6#J6y@t_66J;J6]A#Zppt_6]Jt#x#DZt]@t#MJ#^J#~|H_6#Js]#J]#MJ#^J#~|H_6 #y_|MtZ@] #�]tJ # CJs #~|Js]@_6s #MJ # s_^@=]= #J] #CJs #^Z]=c_t@Js #MJ #CZ#^_;;|6@^Z]@_6 #M=2x # JW@s]Z6]JsA # J6 # sJ #^_6pt_6]Z6]#ZC_ts#Z|W#yZCJ|ts#~|HJCCJs#tJ6pJt;J6]"#^JCZ#s@c6@p@J#Z|ss@#tJDt=sJ6]Jt#J]#pZ@tJ#ZDDZtZ�]tJ#CZ#t=ZC@]=#x # ]tZyJts #^J]]J #^_6pt_6]Z]@_6 #ZyJ^ # CJs #^Z]=c_t@Js # MJ # ]tZ6s;@ss@_6A # J] #MJ # s|t^t_�]A # tJDt=sJ6]Jt # J] #MJyJ6@t#^_6s^@J6]#MJ#^J#~|H_6#Js]#s_@w;�;JA#^_;;J#DZt]@J#@6]=ctZ6]J#J]#Dt_M|@]#MJ#^J]]J#;�;J#t=ZC@]="#sHJWDt@;Jt#yJ|]#M@tJ#J6p@6# b #sH_DD_sJt#Z|W#^Z]=c_t@Js#MJ#]tZ6s;@ss@_6#M_6]#_6#O=t@]JA #J6#]Z6]#~|H_P2J^]@yZ]@_6#MJs#6_t;Js#J6#y@c|J|tA # |6J # t=s@s]Z6^J # Dt_y_~|=J # DZt # CJs # ^_6]tZM@^]@_6s # J] # CJs # ZssJty@ssJ;J6]s # QZIE{GfwGfhGIT # ~|HJCCJs#^_6]@J66J6]"#^HJs]#Cx#|6J#t=s@s]Z6^J#~|@#tZDDJCCJ#x#CHO_;;J#sZ#^ZDZ^@]=#J]#sZ#tJsD_6sZP@C@]=#D_|t#sJ#M=]Jt;@6Jt#s_@w;�;J#J]#DtJ6MtJ#^_6s^@J6^J#MJ#s_6#ZC@=6Z]@_6"#o#QOJC;|]#CZÔJ6;Z66A#YCZ#~|Js]@_6#M|#PJZ|#Z|2_|tMHO|@YA#@6A#-..NA#D"#GNT

n#[2J#y@J6s\#x#CZ#^_6^C|s@_6#~|J#CH@6]=t�]#MJ#CZ#Y;|s@~|J#^_6^t�]JY#6J#t=s@MJ#DZs#MZ6s#CJs#Pt|@]sA#;Z@s#MZ6s#CH=6Jtc@J#MH|6#s_6" # ["""\ #^J]]J # @M=J #MH�IG{sfG# tJs]J #D_|t#;_@ #CZ#Ô_sJ #CZ#DC|s # @;D_t]Z6]J" #o # QOJC;|]#CZÔJ6;Z66A # YMJ#CZ#;|s@~|J#^_;;J#s@]|Z]@_6YA#J6]tJ]@J6#ZyJ^#ZP@cZ@C#OJZ]O^_]JA#@6A#-..NA#D"#-G-w-G0T

^3,,3#n#E&8'F):'8),'*(#o#8*F'):3#38,#&(#*U%3F,'d#3,#&(#F*(8,',&)(,#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#!)4#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,"C) # (*,'*( # >H3(7'4*((3E3(, # 38, # !4'83 # 'F' # 5 # :) # d*'8 # >)(8 # 8*( # 83(8 # :)4S3A #.'C*.2+./A # F*(,3K,&3: # 3,#'(,34)F,'*((3:A #3, #>)(8#:3#d)', #<&H3::3#'(F:&,#Q)&#83'(#>38#'(,34)F,'*(8T#F3::38#>H38!)F3A #>3#8',&),'*(A#>3#83(8*4'):',9A#>H3EU)4<&3E3(,#3,#>H'EE348'*(#>38#F*4!8#Q$'C&0*'$2+TA#>H)F*&8,'<&3A#3,F"#^H38,w5w>'43#<&3#!43(>43#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#>)(8#8)#>9(*E'(),'*(#>3#n#E*(>3#3K,94'3&4#o#(*&8#'(,943883#E*'(8#7*'43#!)8#>&#,*&,"#M)(8#&(#83(8#!:&8#C$,B)*$2#<&3#%.?*$2A#F3,#3(7'4*((3E3(,#(H38,#!:&8#7&#83&:3E3(,#

w#F*EE3#&(#49F3!,)F:3#Q&(#F)>43A#V#.'C*$2+.%*�2A#&(3#),E*8!Rh43A#&(#U4&',)S3TA#FH38,w5w>'43#:3#:'3&#*k#38,#Y43!4983(,93Y#:)#E&8'<&3#3,#*k#83#n#4)FF*4>3(,#o#>38#89!)4),'*(8#Q3(,43#:38#4r:38#49!)4,'8#b#)&>',3&48A # ,3FR('F'3(8A # '(,34!4h,38A # F*E!*8',3&48A # 3,F" # i # 49S:)(, # >38 # >'8,4'U&,'*(8 # >H38!)F38 # b#:H)&>',*'43A # :) # 8Fh(3A # :H)44'h43w8Fh(3A # :38 #E)FR'(34'38 # b # 3, # >38 # FR4*(*:*S'38 # '(7'8'U:38 # 5 # ,*&8 # b#F*E!*834A#!49!)434A#49!9,34A#E3,,43#3(#8Fh(3A#3K9F&,34A#43!4*>&'43TAw#E)'8#)&88'#F*EE3#:)#d)U4'<&3#n#!Rg8'<&3#oB-#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#3(#)F,'*("

C) #E&8'<&3 # (H) # !:&8 # (*( # !:&8 # 5 # !43(>43 # :3 # 8*( # F*EE3 # '(,34E9>')'43 # 3, # F*EE3 # 8&!!*4, # >H&(3#*4S)('8),'*(#!49wF*({&3#3,#F*E!)4,'E3(,93#>3#:H9F*&,3#3,#>3#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#8*(*43A#!&'8<&H':#(Hg#)#!:&8#>)(8#(*,43#F)8#>3#89!)4),'*(8#3(,43#:)(S)S3#3,#E9>'&E#3,#3(,43#'(,3(,'*(#3,#!4*>&F,'*(A#!&'8<&H':#8H)S',#>3#:)#49):'8),'*(#>H&(3#3K!94'3(F3#>'43F,3#8*(*43#3(#,)(,#<&H3K!94'3(F3#38,R9,'<&3#E&8'F):3"

B- #3,#E3(,):3A#)'(8'#<&H9F*(*E'<&3A#!*:','<&3#3,#8*F'):3"

!"#S#$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

F"##@CDG<2(+'/>'#9&#A(26'/8

!"#."',)*8,$"%&''$2%$".;$%"/>.%&,)+*8,$4"34445"3#.5"6-&2+*S-$"$2+-$"/$")&2"$+"/$"C-,*+"$)+".*2)*"+-S)"'&,;.2+$"} "0>.*//$,-)"/."6-&2+*S-$"$2+-$"/$"',)*%./"$+"/$"2&2A',)*%./"2>."D.'.*)"%$))7"0$")$"07(/.%$-"(.-"*2%&-(&-.+*&2"0, "2&2A',)*%./"0.2)"/$"',)*%./4"9"Q@)(('8#W3()X'8A#D4*!*8#43F&3'::'8#!)4#p4)({*'8#6'F*:)8A#//#E)48#/NLGT

CH&(3#>38#'(738,'S),'*(8#:38#!:&8#43E)4<&)U:38#>3#F38#>34('h438#>9F3(('38#38,#F3::38#>3#:H97*:&,'*(#>38#n#:'3&K#o #>3 # :) #E&8'<&3 # %*&93 #V#>3 # :) # 8)::3 #S4)>'(93 #7348 # :38 #!:),3)&K #('73:98 # 3, #E*>&:)'438A #>38#F*(8,4&F,'*(8 # 8'(S&:'h438 # )4FR',3F,&4938B0A # 7348 # >38 # >'8!*8','d8 # 3EU)4<&98 # >)(8 # :3 # n#!:3'( # )'4#o # 3, # :3#n#FR)E!#:'U43#oB?A#>38#>'8!*8','d8#3(#4983)&#%&8<&H5#:)#E*U':',9A#3,F"#V"#x#,4)7348#F3::3wF'#':#8H)S',A#5#:)#d*'8A#>3#!4*!*834#>38#>'8!*8','*(8#>'dd943(,38#>38#)&>',3&48#3,#>38#!34d*4E3&48A#>3#!)8834#>3#:)#d4*(,):',9#5#:)#8!),'):',9 #!&'8 #5 # :H*4S)('F',9 #>)(8# :H38!)F3A #3, #>3 #F*EU'(34#>38#4)!!*4,8 #7)4'98 #3, #7)4')U:38 #3(,43 # :38#8*&4F38#8*(*438#3,#:38#)F*&8,'<&38#Q!*&4#%*&34#>38#!4388'*(8#3,#>38#9,3(>&38A#>38#l:,4)S38A#3,F"T"#C*'(#>3#FR34FR34 # 5 # 49,)U:'4 # *& #5 #)%&8,34 #>38 #(*4E):'8),'*(8 # Qn#,3E!9434#o # :38 #38!)F38 #3( #<&3:<&3 # 8*4,3TA # F38#'(','),'738A#!*&4#:38#!:&8#)7)(F938A#FR34FR3(,#>38#E*>&:),'*(8#F*(8,',&,'738#5#:)#d*'8#>3#:H38!)F3A#>3#:)#>&493#3,#>3#:)#E&8'<&3"#^R)<&3#8',&),'*(#>3#F*(F34,#)Eh(3#&(3#8'(S&:)4',9#Q(*(#43!4*>&F,'U:3#�TA#5#!)4,'4#>3#:)<&3::3#:)#>'8,'(F,'*(#3(,43#F38#,4*'8#F*(8,',&)(,8#(H38,#!:&8#&(#!4'(F'!3#*!94)(,A#!&'8<&3#FH38,#:3&4#8g(34S'3#<&'#!4*>&',#:H3K!94'3(F3#>&#E*E3(,#E&8'F):#8',&9#>)(8#&(#!4983(,#F*EE&(#b#F3:&'#>3#:H9F*&,3"#Z'(8'#:H38!)F3#>H9F*&,3#38,#)&88'#:H38!)F3#>3#F*E!*8','*(A#3,#7'F3w7348)"#^3,,3#%*(F,'*(#8):7),4'F3#!*&4#:)#E&8'<&3#E)4<&3#:H3K!94'3(F3#>&#!4983(,#Q:3#438,3A#3(#)E*(,#3,#3(#)7):#>3#F3,,3#3K!94'3(F3A#38,#8&!34}&T"#

d:oY[o^G{ "p^ " [G{Eo{YG{ "p^ " #f^hGIG{ "p^ ":oY[o^G{ "p^ " [G{Eo{YG{ "p^ ":oY[o^G{"p^"#f^hGIG{"�e"Q2=t�;J#2_qTQCJ #^_;D_s@]J|t #J6 #]Z6] #~|J #DJtp_t;J|t #J6 #]Z6] #~|HZ|M@]J|t # J6#]Z6] # ~|J # ^_;D_s@]J|t # J6 # ]Z6] # ~|H@6]JtDt�]J # J6 # ]Z6] # ~|J#^_;D_s@]J|t#J6#]Z6]#~|HZ|M@]J|t#�T

d[G{Eo{YG{ " fIho " :oY[o^G{ " fIho " #f^hGIG{ " fIho " :oY[o^G{ " fIho"[G{Eo{YG{@"Gh:4e#Q^Ot@s]@Z6#�_CppTQ@6]JtDt=]Jt # J6 # ^_;D_sZ6] # J6 # =^_|]Z6] # J6 # ^_;D_sZ6] # J6#@6]JtDt=]Z6]A#J]^"T

;@^OJC#�Z@sy@s�A#^_;D_s@6c#]OJ#6_�A#-..0Q^_;D_sJt#CJ#Dt=sJ6]T

n # CZ # ^_6s]t|^]@_6 # MJs # s_6s # sHJppJ^]|Z@] # J6 # Z;_6]A # _| # DC|s#Dt=^@s=;J6]#b#ZyZ6]#CJ#;_;J6]#MJ#CZ#;|s@~|J"CJ|t#t=ZC@sZ]@_6#_^^|DZ@]#PJZ|^_|D#MJ#]J;Ds#MZ6s#CZ#^t=Z]@_6#MJ#CH�|ytJ"#[�\^_;D_sJt # MJ # CZ # ;|s@~|J # =CJ^]t_6@~|J # Z|wMJCx # MJ # CH@CC|s@_6 # M|#^_6]t�CJ#J]#MJ#CZ#;Z�]t@sJ"^_;D_sJt#MJ#CZ#;|s@~|J#=CJ^]t_6@~|J#J6#M@tJ^]#s|t#s^�6J#MZ6s#CJ#Dt=sJ6]A # ZyJ^ # MJs # s_6s # Dt=DZt=s # D_|t # �]tJ # 2_|=s # x # CHZ@MJ#MH_tM@6Z]J|ts#D@C_]Z6]#MJs#ZCc_t@]O;Js#J]#MJs#Dt_^Jss|s#^_6]t�C=s#DZt#MJs#^ZD]J|ts#J6#]J;Ds#t=JCA#J]#ZyJ^#|6#Z|M@]_@tJ#M=M@=#J]#^ZD]@p"#

sH@;DC@~|Jt#MZ6s#CZ#^_;D_s@]@_6#DJtp_t;Z]@yJ#MJ#CZ#;|s@~|J#J6#@6]=ctZ6]#MJs#@6s]t|;J6]s#MJ#DJtp_t;Z6^J#J]#MJ#^_;D_s@]@_6"CH@CC|s@_6#M|#^_6]t�CJ#yJts|s#MJs#t�cCJs#MJ#M@s^@DC@6J#J]#MHJ6cZcJ;J6]"#[�\

B0 #:38#YD*:g,*!38Y#Q/NGIw/NILT#>3#@)(('8#W3()X'8A#Y`&S3:Z&>',*4'&EY#Q/NI.T#>3#`)4:R3'(f#s,*FXR)&83(A#YD4*E3,3*Y#Q/NL/w/NLBT#>3#C&'S'#6*(*A#3,F"

B? # :38 # F*(F34,8 # >)(8 # :) # S4*,,3 # >3 # 23�,) # Qs,*FXR)&83( # [/NGN\A # P)g:3 # [/NGN\TA # Ys,34(`:)(S # QD)4X;&8'XTY # Q/NI/T # >3 #`)4:R3'(f#s,*FXR)&83(A#3,F"

!"#Sg$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

^_;D_sJt#DZt#CH_tJ@CCJ"^_;D_sJt#Js]#Z|wMJCx#M|#^_6]t�CJ#MJ#CHZ^]@_6#MJ#CZ#DJtp_t;Z6^J"#[�\�]tJ#OJ|tJ|sJ;J6]#Dt@s#MZ6s#|6#;_|yJ;J6]#MH@6^_6s^@J6^J#�|6J#Z]]J6]@_6#DC|s#@6]J6sJ#x#CZ#t=ZC@]=#;|s@^ZCJ#�#["""\#MZ6s#;Z#Dt_D_s@]@_6#CJ#Dt_M@cJ#t=s@MJ#MZ6s#CHJ6cZcJ;J6]#DOqs@~|J#J]#;J6]ZC#J]#MZ6s#CZ#^_6yJtcJ6^J#ZyJ^#MJs#@6s]t|;J6]s#;Z6@D|CZPCJs#J]#^_6]t�CZPCJs#DOqs@~|J;J6]#J]#=CJ^]t_6@~|J;J6]#]_|]#J6#@6]JtZc@ssZ6]#ZyJ^#MHZ|]tJs #;|s@^@J6s #C_ts #MH|6J#s@]|Z]@_6#MJ#^_6^Jt]#pZ^J#x#|6#D|PC@^#�#[�\MJs#@6s]t|;J6]s#~|@#y@PtJ6]#Z|#]tZyJts#M|#s_6iMJs#@6s]t|;J6]s#~|@#s_6]#x#CZ#p_@s#MJs#^ZD]J|ts#J6#]J;Ds#t=JCA#MJs#ZCc_t@]O;Js#J]#MJs#OZ|]wDZtCJ|ts"#[�\DJtp_t;J|t#J]#@6s]t|;J6]#s_6]#^_6p_6M|s#J]#^_;P@6=s#J6sJ;PCJ#MZ6s#|6#sJ|C#^@t^|@]#=CJ^]t_w;=^Z6@~|J"# ["""\#OZP@]|JCCJ;J6]A#MJ#;Z6@�tJ#^_6s^@J6]J#J]#@6s^_6s^@J6]JA#CJs#@6]JtDt�]Js#J6]J6MJ6]#J]#t=Zc@ssJ6]#Z|#;_@6MtJ#;_|yJ;J6]#_|#O|;J|t#MJ#CHZ|M@]_@tJ" #MZ6s#CJs#6_|yJCCJs#sZCCJs#MJ#^_6^Jt]#=~|@D=Js#MJ#OZ|]wDZtCJ|ts#6_|s#D_|y_6s#^t=Jt#MJs # @6s]t|;J6]s #~|@ #Z|c;J6]J6]#CZ#DJt^JD]@_6#MJ #^J]]J # @6]J6s@]=#MJ #^J]]J#s@]|Z]@_6#J] #M_6^#CHZ]]J6]@_6#MJ #CH@6]JtDt�]J #x #^JCCJw^@" # PtJpA # @C# sHZc@] #MHZ;DC@p@Jt #CZ#sJ6sZ]@_6#MJ #Dt=sJ6^J #MJ #CHZ|M@]_@tJ #D_|t#~|HJCCJ#MJy@J66J#DC|s#Dt=c6Z6]J#J]#M=^@s@yJ#MZ6s#|6#^_6^Jt]"#2_|Jt#;_@6s#p_t]#sJtZ#^Jt]Z@6J;J6]#MZ6s#CHZyJ6@t#|6#MJs#Dt_^OZ@6s#_P2J^]@ps"#["""\#oBB

Z'(8'#':#38,#)&88'#E*'(8#<&38,'*(#>3#>'dd&8'*(A#>3#8!),'):'8),'*(A#>H9F4',&43#>)(8#:H38!)F3A#3,#>H*4S)('8),'*(#!49):)U:3#>3#F3:&'wF'A#<&3#>3#!4*%3F,'*(A#>3#!4*!)S),'*(A#>3#!4388'*(8#3,#>3#498&:,)(,38#)F*&8,'<&38#>3#:)#E&8'<&3"#M3#:)#EjE3#E)('h43A#:H3K!4388'7',9#3,#:H9(*(F'),'*(#E&8'F):38#834)'3(,#97)F&938#!*&4#:)'8834#9E34S34#:)#!4983(F3#>'43F,3#8*(*43#3,#E&8'F):3#3,#!*&4#:)'8834#83#>94*&:34#(*,43#!4*!43#3K!94'3(F3#>&#8*("#^3F'#3(S)S3#:)#E*>&:),'*(#>3#:H)&>',3&4#>)(8#:H9F*&,3#3,#8)#!)4,'F'!),'*(#>)(8#:H38!)F3#>H9F*&,3A#:H3(F:3(FR3E3(,#>&#4)!!*4, #>3# :)#F*E!*8','*(#3, #>3# :H9F*&,3A #3, #l():3E3(,#F*EE3(,# :)#F*E!*8','*(#>37'3(, # :H9F*&,3" #M)(8 #F3 # 83(8A # :H3(83EU:3 #>38 # 43S'8,438 # 8*(*438 #3, #)'(8' # ,*&, # :3 # 8!3F,43 # 8*(*43 # 8*(,#'E!:'<&98"#@: #8H)S',#>3#d)'43#9F*&,34#n#,*&8#o#:38#8*(8#>)(8#n#,*&,38#o#:3&48#>'E3(8'*(8A#'(,34)F,'*(8#3,#9FR3::38A #EjE3#:38 #!:&8# '(8*&!{*((938A #F)4 # ': #)!!)4)e, #<&3#>)(8#(*8#43S'8,438 #3, #>)(8#(*,43#!4983(,#>H9F*&,3#,*&,#(H)#!)8#9,9#3K!:*49BG"#

^3 #E*&73E3(, #>H3dd4)(S3E3(, #>38 # :'3&K #>H9F*&,3 #>3 # :) #E&8'<&3 #8H38, # )FF*E!)S(9 #>3 #>3&K #)&,438#>g()E'<&38#<&'#83#8*(,#>973:*!!938#>3#E)('h43#,4h8#!49S()(,3#3,#>9F'8'73#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#b

� :H9:)4S'883E3(,#>38#9FR3::38#>3#(),&438#>3#8*(8#3,#>3#:3&48#!4*>&F,'*(8#!)4#:H)!!*4,#

� >3#8*(*4',98#(*&73::38A#>H3(43S'8,43E3(,8#>3#8*(8#3,#>H'(8,4&E3(,8A#>3#F*EU'()'8*(8#>3#8*(8#)F*&8,'<&38#3,#9:3F,4*('<&38#QE&8'<&38#'*R+$)TA#>H'(F:&8'*(8#>3#8*(8#F)!,98#>)(8#:3#<&*,'>'3(#3,#>)(8#:38#43S'8,438#(*(w)&>'U:38#5#:H*43'::3A#

� >3#:)#F*3K'8,3(F3#3,#>3#:H'(,34!9(9,4),'*(#>38#8*(8#83:*(#2*R(#^)S3#Q)!4h8#O3(4g#^*u3::BITA#

� >3#:H&,':'8),'*(#>3#:H3(43S'8,43E3(,#F*EE3#F)>43#>3#F*E!*8','*(#QD)&:#O'(>3E',R#V#3,#J4(8,#]*FR#V#3,#838#Y]4'FX)&d()RE3(Y#)&K#):3(,*&48#>3#/N0.BLTA

BB "!"h=$"C,*/0*2?"&6"+=$")&,20)"g.)"0&2$"&,+)*0$@"&-"'&-$"(-$%*)$"U"C$6&-$">',)*%"+*'$>4"t"f+)"%-$.+*&2"&%%,(*$0"."',/+*+,0$"&6"*+>)"($-6&-'.2%$ "+*'$4"3�5"t":&'(&)*2?"$/$%+-&2*%"',)*%"C$B&20"+=$"*//,)*&2"&6"%&2+-&/4"t":&'(&)*2?"$/$%+-&2*%"',)*%"&2")+.?$"*2"+=$"2&g@"g*+="(-$(.-$0 "%&'(,+$-)"+=.+"%&2+.*2")&,20)@"./?&-*+=')"=&&i$0",("g*+=")$2)&-)".20"+=$"(-$)$2%$"&6"."0$0*%.+$0".,0*$2%$4"t"f2;&/;$0"($-6&-'.+*;$ "%&'(&)*2?"&6"',)*%"g*+="2$g"*2+$?-.+$0"%&'(&)*+*&2".20"($-6&-'.2%$"*2)+-,'$2+)4"t"f//,)*&2"&6"%&2+-&/";$-),)"-,/$)"&6"$2?.?$'$2+4"3�5 "t":&'(&)*2?"CB"$.-4"t":&'(&)*2?"*)"'$+.")+$$-*2?"&6"($-6&-'.2%$".%+*&2)4"3�5"t"w.((*/B"C$*2?"%.,?=+"*2".")+-$.'"&6",2%&2)%*&,)2$))"X "t"p,?'$2+$0".g.-$2$))"&6"',)*%"-$./*+B"X"3�5"t"f2"'B";*)*&2"+=$"'.?*%"/.B)"*2"+=$"$2?.?$'$2+".20"+=$"%&2;$-?$2%$"&6"C&+="&,-"'*20 ".20"C&0B"g*+="$/$%+-&2*%H(=B)*%./"*2)+-,'$2+)"g=*/$"*2+$-.%+*2?"g*+="&+=$-"',)*%*.2)"(-$6$-.C/B"*2"+=$"(-$)$2%$"&6".2".,0*$2%$"�"3�5"t "f2)+-,'$2+)"+=.+";*C-.+$"+=-&,?="+=$")&,204"f2)+-,'$2+)"+=.+".-$")$2)&-)@"(-&%$))&-)".20"/&,0)($.i$-)".+"+=$").'$"+*'$4"3�5"t"[$-6&-'$- ".20"*2)+-,'$2+"'$-?$"+&?$+=$-"*2+&"&2$"$/$%+-&A'$%=.2*%./"%*-%,*+4"3�5"t"h-.0*+*&2./"($-6&-'$-)"=$.-".20"*2%/,0$"*2"+=$*-"($-6&-'.2%$ "$;$-B"'&;$"&6".2".,0*$2%$"%&2)%*&,)/B"&-",2%&2)%*&,)/B4"f2"+=$"2$g"($-6&-'.2%$"=.//)"g*+="/&,0"[p")B)+$')"g$"%&,/0"%-$.+$"*2)+-,'$2+) "+=.+".,?'$2+"+=$")*+,.+*&2./".g.-$2$))"&6"+=$"($-6&-'$-4"f2"&+=$-"g&-0)".'(/*6B"+=$"(-$)$2%$"&6"+=$".,0*$2%$"+&"=.;$"+=$*-"(-$)$2%$"C$%&'$ "'&-$"*2+$?-.+$0"*2"+=$"($-6&-'.2%$4"A"o6"%&,-)$"(/.B*2?"/$))"/&,0"g*//"(-&C.C/B"./)&"C$"&2$"&6"+=$"2$g"*2;$2+*&2)"&6"+=$"2$.-"6,+,-$"344454"9"Q�Z@sy@s� # ;'FR3:A # Y^*E!*8'(S # ,R3 # 6*uYA # 6*,38 # d*4 # ) # C3F,&43A" # @DJ; # sgE!*8'&E # '( # c3(,A # _F," # -..0 # V#R,,!b$$uuu"F4)FX:3"*4S$F*E!*8'(S,R3(*u"R,E##T

BG #@:#83EU:3#<&3#FH38,#:)#EjE3#4)'8*(#<&'#)#!34E'8#>3#F*(8,4&'43#:H),*():'8E3#F*EE3#F*(<&j,3#>38#,344',*'438#(*(#'(738,'8#!)4#:) #E&8'<&3#,*():3#)FF&893#>3#(H&,':'834#<&3#!)4,'3::3E3(,#:38#>*E)'(38#8*(*438"

BI # O3(4g #^*u3::A # YZ3*:')( #O)4!Y #!*&4 #!')(*A # /N-0A #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$?~p?�SqKG3F�43:�.# i #O3(4g #^*u3::A#YP)(8R33YA#!*&4#!')(*A#/N-BA#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$/W,-s<;R-S@�43:�.#

BL #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$uRCMO3'L!^.�43:�.##V#C38#Y]4'FX)&d()RE3(Y#*&#3(43S'8,43E3(,8#,4&<&98#9,)'3(,#49):'898#!)4 #>38 #3(43S'8,43E3(,8 #8&FF388'd8 #>H'(8,4&E3(,8 # QF:)88'<&38T #8&4 #>38 #>'8<&38 #3, #>*(()'3(, # :'3&#3(8&',3 #5 #>38 #E*(,)S38 #$#E'K)S38#5#!)4,'4#>3#F38#3(43S'8,43E3(,8#!*&4#F*E!*834#:)#E&8'<&3"

http://www.youtube.com/embed/whLDHei8pC0?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/1Xt2SqMh2gI?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/4QF4ZgYx6ec?rel=0

http://www.crackle.org/composingthenow.htm

!"#Sh$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

� >3 # :) # F*(8,4&F,'*( # 3, # >3 # :H&,':'8),'*( # >H'(8,4&E3(,8 # E9F)('<&38 # 3, # 9:3F,4'<&38 # Q:3#]3:R)4E*('&E #>3 #]R)>>3&8 #^)R':: # 3(,43 # /LNI # 3, # /N.GA # :38 # !')(*8 #E9F)('<&38 # Q^*(:*(#6)(F)44*u#3,#838#9,&>38#!*&4#!')(*#E9F)('<&3BNA#!')(*:)8G.A#3,F"TA#

� >3 # :) # F*(8,4&F,'*( # >H'(8,4&E3(,8 # Y)>wR*FY # *& # >H&,':'8),'*( # >H*U%3,8 # 3, # >3 # F*EU'()'8*(8#>H*U%3,8 # 498*()(,8 # 3, # 3KF',98 # Q:38 #*U%3,8 #E'8 # 3( # 498*()(F3 #>373()(, #R)&,w!)4:3&48 # #>)(8#Yt)'(d*438, # @yY #>3 #M)7'>#]&>*4A #/NGLw/NI0# i # :38 # '(8,4&E3(,8 #F*(8,4&',8 #>HO)44g #D)4,FR#5#!)4,'4 # >3 # /N00G/# i # :H'(8,4&E3(,):',9 # >38 # *U%3,8A # YWg:*!R*('3 # @Y # >3 # ^:)43(F3 # P)4:*uG-# 3,#YZF&8,'F)Y#>3#;)&4'F'*#`)S3:A#/NI.G0TA#

� %&8<&H)&K#>973:*!!3E3(,8#>3#:)#!R*(*S4)!R'3A#>3#:H9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&3A#>3#:H3E!:*'#>38#8*(8#>3 # 8g(,Rh83 #3, # 9:3F,4*('<&38A #)'(8' #<&3 #>38 # 8*(8 # Y)&,*wS9(9498Y #!)4 # :38 #E)FR'(38A #>3 # :)#8*('lF),'*(G?A # 3,F"A # 3( # !)88)(, # !)4 # :H&,':'8),'*( # >3 # 8*(8 # )('E)&K # Q@)(('8 # W3()X'8A#Y])&4R'!R)('3YA #/NLIGB# i #;)&4'F'* #`)S3:A # YP38,')4'&EYA #/NGIA # Y_4(',R*:*S'F) #;&:,'!:'F),)YA#/NGL#3,#838#7*:'h438#)E!:'l938A#3,A#>3#E)('h43#!:&8#8),'4'<&3A#Y`)(,4'E'&8'XYA#/NIBT#i#

� 3,#7'8)(,A#F*EE3#:3#(*,3#q*4X#O�::34A #!"/.";&/&2+7"0$"(-&0,*-$"0$)")&2)"2&,;$.,R@"*2=.C*+,$/)@ "(-7),((&)$"/."(&))*C*/*+7"0>$R(7-*'$2+.+*&2"9GG"

� :H3E!:*'#>&#,3E!8#493:#3,#>&#>'43F,#>)(8#:38#!4*F388&8#>3#%3&K#E&8'F)&K� F*EE3 # F3:) # ) # !& # :)4S3E3(, # 83 # >973:*!!34 # F38 # >34('h438 # >9F3(('38 # 3( # F*EU'()(,#

:H'E!4*7'8),'*(A # :38 # 8g8,hE38 #*&734,8 #3, # :38 #>'8!*8','d8 # 9:3F,4*('<&38 #3, # '(d*4E),'<&38 #>3#,4)',3E3(,8 # >38 # 8*(8 # QS94)(, # :38 # *FF&443(F38A # :38 # >g()E'<&38A # :38 # '(,34F*((3K'*(8 # 3,#'(,34)F,'*(8A#:)#8!),'):'8),'*(A#3,F"T#3,#F*(,4r:3#3(#,3E!8#493:#Q>3#F)!,),'*(A#>3#8&'7'A#%&8<&H5#:)#8*('lF),'*(T#V#)73F#(*,)EE3(,#:38#m&7438#>3#DR':'!!3#;)(*&4g#3,#>3#23)(w^:)&>3#t'883,A#!*&4 # (3 # (*EE34 # <&3 # F3&K # <&' # >)(8 # :) #E&8'<&3 # F*(,3E!*4)'(3 # *(, # )E*4F9 # >3 # ,g!3#>H'(738,'S),'*(8" #x# ,',43 #>H3K3E!:38 # b #)& #Fr,9#>3#`)4:R3'(f #s,*FXR)&83(#<&'A #5 #!)4,'4 #>&#E':'3&#>38#)((938#G.A#)#&,':'89#3(#>'43F,#)73F#:38#'(8,4&E3(,8#>38#l:,438#3,#>38#E*>&:),3&48#

BN # M3 #/N?L #5 #/NN0 #V #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$d-SyRPKut<S�43:�.# V #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$PWp'</Nw`sJ�43:�.#

G. #@S*4#s,4)7'(8XgA#=,&>3#!*&4#D')(*:)A#/N/I#V#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$IR&EGDStXGX�43:�.#

G/ # @(8,4&E3(,8 # F*(8,4&',8 # 8&4 # >38 # 9FR3::38 # E'F4*,*():38 # V #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$DL6@!DRW!d~�43:�.# VR,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$|fdf]-6(E�8�43:�.#

G- R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$�f~.g).D,E;�43:�.# ## V#R,,!b$$uuu"!)4'8,4)(8),:)(,'F"F*E$E)S)f'(3$'(,347'3u8$U)4:*u"R,E:##

G0 #R,# #,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$upSN�D3*.OX�43:�.# ##V#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$R~'_7@z,~EF�43:�.#

G? #^:)43(F3#P)4:*u#Ys'(*!R*(g#@@YA#/NI-A#V#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$3wU2y~4)D]|�43:�.##i#D3,34#s'(F:)'4A#Yt*)>;&8'FYA#-./.A#V#R,,!b$$4*)>E&8'F"d4$###

GB #M&#L#)&#-L#%&'::3,#/NLI"#Y])&4R'!R)('3Y#38,#7&#F*EE3#:3#>34('34#YD*:g,*!3Y#>3#W3()X'8"#^3,,3#m&743#38,#&(3#F*EE)(>3#>&#p38,'7):#>H9,9#5#;*(,!3::'34#3,#)#9,9#%*&93#>)(8#:38#)4h(38#>HZ4:38"#J::3#9,)',#!497&3#!*&4#j,43#Y%*&93Y#!)4#&(#,4*&!3)&#>3#,)&43)&K #9<&'!98#>3#E'F4*wF*(,)F,8#F)!,)(,#:38#8*(8#<&'#3(8&',3#9,)'3(,#,4)',98#3(#,3E!8#493:#!)4#:H|D@^A#F*EU'(98#5#>38#3(43S'8,43E3(,8#!49):)U:38 # 3, # >'dd&898 # 3( # >'43F, # 8&4 # R)&,w!)4:3&48 # >)(8 # :H)4h(3" # V#R,,!b$$uuu"d*(&4S')"&(',*"',$)(>43)$8,&dd$K7'''^'ED4*F33>'(S8"!>d##V#!"#&2?+$'()@"V2"D,*//$+A'*A.&a+"."7+7"(&,-"'&*"/$"+$'()"0$ "'$"-$+-&,;$-"U"6.'*//$@"i.B.i@"%.'(*2?@"2,0*+7@")&/$*/@"'$-4"h$'()"0$"/."(,-*V%.+*&2"0$"/."+1+$"$+"0,"%&-()4"Y.*)"%$++$".227$"%$"6,+@"/$"LM "D,*//$+@"p-/$)@")$)".-S2$)@")$)"+.,-$.,R"$+"%=$;.,R"0$":.'.-?,$@".D&,+7)"<"'."($-%,))*&2"D&,7$"(.-"'$)".'*)"0$"^+-.)C&,-?".,R8,$/)")>7+.*$2+ "D&*2+)"^B/;*&"s,./0."$+")&2"?-&,($"0$"V//$)"!"#$)"[/7*.0$)"94":$++$"h.,-=*(=.2*$"6,+",2$")B2+=S)$"0$"'$)"-1;$)"8,.2+".,"(.))7".-%=.J8,$ "'70*+$--.27$24"#$)"0*$,R@"K../@"p(*)@"/$"Y*2&+.,-$@"�$,)")$"+-.2)6&-'.2+"$2"+.,-$.,"(&,-"$2/$;$-"G,-&($@"'.*)"8,*".;.*+"?-.20*".;$%"/. "($-%,))*&2".))&,-0*)).2+$"0$)":&-BC.2+$)@"/$)"%=$;.,R"0*;*2)"$+"(.-/.2+)"0>p%=*//$444"K*$2")a-@"0$)"0$,R"%$2+)"+.,-$.,R"$)(7-7)@"D$"2>$2".* "&C+$2,"8,$"Oy"�"Z2")B'C&/$@"$+"$2%&-$").2)";&*R"�"Y.*)"%$++$"($+*+$))$"%&2+$'(&-.*2$"6,+"%&--*?7$"(.-"/$)"8,$/8,$)"D,'$2+)@";$2,$)".;$% "/$,-)"(&,/.*2)"$+"0$,R"'�/$)@"%=$Q"/$)8,$//$)"C$.,+7"0$)"&20,/.+*&2)@"%-.*2+$)"$+".++-.%+*&2)"7-&+*8,$)")$"'1/.*$2+@"$+"8,*@"+&,+$)"$6|$,-7$)"(.- "/."?-�%$@")$"%-&*).*$2+"$2",2$"($-6$%+*&2"*27?./7$"0$)"'&,;$'$2+)"}"$+"'."',)*8,$".;$%"%$++$"(.-+*%*(.+*&2".2*'./$"0$;$2.*+"./&-)"/."I.+,-$4 "q"/."',)*8,$"!"=,'.*2$"9"0$)"($-%,))*&22*)+$)@".,R".2*'.,R@")>.D&,+.*+"/."',)*8,$"%&'(&)7$"),-"/>Z[f:"<"/>.*0$"0>&-0*2.+$,-)4"9 ##Q@)(('8#W3()X'8T#V#R,,!b$$43d343(,'3:"(*&73:*U8"F*E$)4FR'738z!>d$_Ps//LBz/NLI.I-?$_Ps//LBz/NLI.I-?z.I?"!>d#

GG #O�CCJt#q*4XA#YC)#8',&),'*(#!4983(,3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#9:3F,4*('<&3Y#[/NL?\A#@(#J(,43,3E!8A#;&8'<&3#^*(,3E!*4)'(3A#p974'34#/NLLA#(vGA#D)4'8#b#t37&3#J(,43,3E!8A#!!"#/Iw-G"

http://referentiel.nouvelobs.com/archives_pdf/OBS1185_19870724/OBS1185_19870724_074.pdf

http://www.fonurgia.unito.it/andrea/stuff/xviiiCimProceedings.pdf

http://roadmusic.fr/

http://www.youtube.com/embed/e-bJVQraPTU?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/hQiOvI_tQmc?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/wFg9WPeo0Hk?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/wFg9WPeo0Hk?rel=0

http://www.paristransatlantic.com/magazine/interviews/barlow.html

http://www.youtube.com/embed/WzQ0ya0PtmM?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/UzfzT2NnmZs?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/P8NIpPhXpfQ?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/7hum6PgRk6k?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/BXFiq19-KSE?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/BXFiq19-KSE?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/f2gVhBxwRqg?rel=0

!"#Si$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!*&4#,4)',34#:38#8*(8A#q*4X#O�::34#49):'83#3(#/NI0#Y])(S3(8Y#!*&4#,4*'8#'(8,4&E3(,8#>*(,#:38#8*(8#8*(,#,4)(8d*4E98#!)4#>3&K#8g(,R9,'83&48"#

� CHRgU4'>),'*(#'(8,4&E3(,8#$#>'8!*8','d8#>3#E)FR'(38#d)',#!)4,'3#>38#43S'8,438#3K!:*498#>38#7)4'),'*(8#E&8'F):38#>&#!4983(,A#3,#>*(,#W3()X'8#!497*g)',#<&3#b!"f/")$-.*+")&,=.*+.C/$"0.2)",2".;$2*-"+-S)"(-&%=$"38,$"/$"-7),/+.+"V2./")&*+"*2%.-275"(.-",2$"'7%.2*).+*&2 "(&,))7$ " 8,* " ),((-*'$-.*+ " /$) " *2+$-(-S+$) " 0W&-%=$)+-$ " &, " /$) " '.?27+&(=&2$) " 3�5 " $+ " 8,* " .)),'$-.*+ " /. "6.C-*%.+*&2 " '7%.2*)7$ " 0$) " 1+-$) " )&2&-$) " $+ " 0$ " /$,-) " +-.2)6&-'.+*&2)4 " 9# Q@)(('8 # W3()X'8A # Y;&8'<&38#p*4E3::38YA#[/NG0\A#D)4'8#b#s,*FX$;&8'<&3A#/NL/A#!"#0?"TGI

GI ##R,,!b$$uuu"')(('8wK3()X'8"*4S$dK3$3F4',8$E&8zd*4E"R,E:#

http://www.iannis-xenakis.org/fxe/ecrits/mus_form.html

!"#S"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

H"##I&(2'6#'8#;/8'/6+826#.%/%('6

Z'(8'#:H'(,94j,#(H38,#!:&8#83&:3E3(,#:H3K'8,3(F3#>38#E*'(>438#8*(8A#F*EE3#>)(8#:)#l:'),'*(#F)S'3((3#Q<&'#83EU:3#!*&48&'743#&(3#9F*&,3#F*(d*4,)U:3#3,#>'8,)(F'93#b#j,43#l():3E3(,#,*&%*&48#d)F3#)&#8*(TA#E)'8#)&88'#>3 #E3,,43 # 3( # )F,'*( # ,*&8 # :38 # 43S'8,438 # >3 # :H'E!49S(),'*( #>& # 8*( #3, #>3 # 838 # 9,3(>&38 # )& # ,4)7348 #>3#:H'EE348'*(#3,#>38#)E!:',&>38#8*(*438GL"#^H38,w5w>'43#<&H':#8H)S',#>H3K!:*434#:H3(83EU:3#>&#FR)E!#)&>'U:3"

GL #^3F'#38,#:)#,*':3#>3#d*(>#>3#E)#43FR34FR3#3(#DRM#5#:H|('7348',9#C)7):#~&9U3F#3,#>*(,#:3#8&%3,#38,#Y:38#Z&>',*4'&E8#@(,34(3,Y#,4)',)(,#>38#<&38,'*(8#>38#E*>'lF),'*(8#>3#(*8#38!)F38#>H9F*&,3#3(#d*(F,'*(#>3#:)#F49),'*(#E&8'F):3#3,#3(#,)(,#<&3#8',&),'*(8#>H3K!94'3(F3#>3#(*8#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#QF3#<&3#!4*%3,,3#:)#!)4,'3#F49),'*(#>3#:)#43FR34FR3#5#!4*!*8#>H&(#)&>',*4'&E#]3443$;)48#>*(,#:H3(734S&43#>38#F*(>','*(8#3K,4jE38#<&'#g#8*(,#!*8938#!34E3,#>3#E'3&K#)():g834#(*8#!4),'<&38#<&*,'>'3((3#>H9F*&,3T"

!"#Sj$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

CZ#;_6]J#q_|6cA#Y]OJZ]tJ#_p#J]Jt6ZC#;|s@^Y#Q]OJ#MtJZ;#sq6M@^Z]JTA#/NG?QZyJ^#]_6q#^_6tZMA#;Zt@Z6#�Z�JJCZA#2_O6#^ZCJA#Z6c|s#;Z^C@sJA#]Jttq#2J66@6csA#J]^"T

!"3#G^":oI:G{h^"[G{Eo{Y�^"[p{"#G"hwGph{G"oE"GhG{Ip#"YZ^f:5"Zhf#f^pfGIh"s�I�{p#GYGIh"T#>pY[#fEf:phfoI"]Z^cZ>pZ"^GZf# "kG"#p"koZ#GZ{T4"Ypf^":G"IfuGpZ"ôIo{G"�#Gu�"[G{YGhhpfh"ZIG":#p{h�"pZsYGIh�G"kG^"E{�cZGI:G^"pfsZG^"kZ"^[G:h{G "wp{YoIfcZG"t":>G^hAqAkf{G"ZIG"[G{:G[hfoI"kG"k�hpf#^"ôIo{G^"cZf"I>pZ{pfh"[p^"[Z"�h{G"[{�^GIhG"pZh{GYGIh4"9GN# Q@6#M|^`�_t]O #�@CC@Z;A # pCJ;@6c #t@ÔZtMA # Ys_|6M #Z6M # C@cO]b # CZ#;_6]J #q_|6c #Z6M #;Zt@Z6 # �Z�JJCZYA #Zss_^@Z]JM#|6@yJts@]q#DtJssA#/NNG"#D"#/?-T

!"34445"#>fIhGI^fh�"Gh"#>pY[#fhZkG"kG^"oIkG^"^fIZ^"kpI^"#G^"{Gsf^h{G^"G�h{�YG^"pfs�"Gh"s{puG"kGYpIkG"ZIG"�cZp#f^phfoI "3[G{YGhhpIh "k>phh�IZG{ "oZ "k>p::GIhZG{ "ZIG "oZ "[#Z^fGZ{^ "KpIkG^ "kG " E{�cZGI:G^ ":oY[o^pIh "ZI "^fsIp# "pZkfo5 "^[�:fEfcZG"[p{"{p[[o{h"pZ�"[{o[{f�h�^"p:oZ^hfcZG^"k>ZI"G^[p:G4"34445"q"ZI"IfuGpZ"ôIo{G"h{�^"�#Gu�"oI":oYYGI�pfh"q "puof{ " #p"^GI^phfoI"cZG "kG^ "[p{hfG^ "kZ":o{[^ "�hpfGIh "GI "cZG#cZG"ô{hG " ^vI:w{oIf^�G^ "puG:"#G^ "oIkG^ " ^fIZ^ "Gh "cZ>G##G^"s#f^^pfGIh"hoZh"koZ:GYGIh"puG:"G##G^"pZ"EZ{"Gh"q"YG^Z{G"kpI^"#>G^[p:G4"9 I.#Q@6#M|^`�_t]O#�@CC@Z;A#pCJ;@6c#t@ÔZtMA#_D"#^@]"A#D"#-/GT

!"34445"G�[#o{G{"kG"YpIf�{G"Yf:{o^:o[fcZG"ZI"ôI":oY[#G�G"[p{"#>G�[o^fhfoI"q"ZI"IfuGpZ"ôIo{G"�#Gu�"Gh"ôZhGIZ"t "puG:"ZIG"phhGIhfoI":{of^^pIhG@"[#Zh�h"cZG"k�:{of^^pIhG@"kG"#p"[p{h"kG"#>pZkfhGZ{4"9I/#Q@6#ct@;sOZ�#2JtJ;qA#n#MtZ�#Z#s]tZ@cO]#C@6J#Z6M#p_CC_�#@]b#]OJ#;|s@^#Z6M#;qs]@^@s;#_p#CZ;_6]J#q_|6c#oA#_Wp_tM#|6@yJts@]q#DtJssA#-./-A#D"#I?T

!"34445"#>p::ZYZ#phfoI"q"Eo{h"uo#ZYG"ôIo{G"G^h"kZG"q"#>Zhf#f^phfoI"kG"[{o[{f�h�^"kG"#>p:oZ^hfcZG"cZf"I>pupfGIh"[p^ "]Z^cZGA#q"�h�"fIuG^hfG^"kpI^"#p"YZ^fcZG4"9#Q@6#M|^`�_t]O#�@CC@Z;A#pCJ;@6c#t@ÔZtMA#_D"#^@]"A#D"#/LLTI-#

GN "!"3h=$"($-6&-'.2%$)"&6"h=$"h=$.+-$"&6"G+$-2./"Y,)*%5"g$-$"?$2$-.//B"T.'(/*V$0"+&"+=$"+=-$)=&/0"&6".,-./"(.*2T4"K,+"g*+="+=*)"=*?="/$;$/"&6 ".'(/*V%.+*&2"%.'$"?-$.+$-"%/.-*+B"*2"+=$"(-&D$%+*&2"&6"+=$"=*?=$-"(*+%=$)"&6"+=$"=.-'&2*%")($%+-,'"t")&2*%"0$+.*/)"+=.+"g&,/0"2&+"&+=$-g*)$ "C$"($-%$*;.C/$"*2"."($-6&-'.2%$"%&2+$R+4"9#Q@(#M|^`�_t]O#�'::')EA#pCJ;@6c#t'FR)4>A#n#s*&(>#)(>#C'SR,b#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S#)(>#;)4')(#�)f33:)#oA#Z88*F'),3>#|('7348',g#D4388A#/NNGA#!"#/?-T

I. "!"34445"h=$".'(/*+,0$"%&'(&2$2+)"&6"+=$")*2$"g.;$)"*2"+=$"$R+-$'$"=*?=".20"/&g"6-$8,$2%B"-.2?$)"-$8,*-$")($%*./"$8,./*Q.+*&2"),CD$%+"+&"+=$ ".%&,)+*%)"&6"+=$")(.%$4"34445"p+";$-B"/&,0"/$;$/)"&2$".%+,.//B"C$?.2"+&"=.;$"+=$")$2).+*&2"+=.+"(.-+)"&6"+=$"C&0B"g$-$")&'$=&g"/&%i$0"*2")B2% "g*+="+=$")*2$"g.;$)".20"g$-$")/&g/B"0-*6+*2?"g*+="+=$'"*2")(.%$".20"+*'$4"9#Q@(#M|^`�_t]O#�'::')EA#pCJ;@6c#t'FR)4>A#*!"#F',"A#!"#-/GT

I/ # !"34445 "'*%-&)%&(*%.//B "$R(/&-*2?". "%&'(/$R")&,20"+=-&,?="),)+.*2$0@ "=*?=A;&/,'$"$R(&),-$ "t"g*+=" *2%-$.)$0@ "-.+=$- " +=.2"0$%-$.)$0 ".++$2+*&2"&2"+=$"(.-+"&6"+=$"/*)+$2$-4"9#Q@(#ct@;sOZ�#2343EgA#n#M4)u#)#s,4)'SR,#C'(3#)(>#p*::*u#@,b#]R3#;&8'F#)(>#;g8,'F'8E#*d#C);*(,3#q*&(S#oA#_Kd*4>#|('7348',g#D4388A#-./-A#!"#I?T

I- #!"34445"+&".%%,',/.+$".+"=*?=";&/,'$"*)"0,$"+&"6.%+)"&6".%&,)+*%)"+=.+"2&"$.-/*$-"',)*%"=.)"$;$-"%.(*+./*Q$04"9#Q@(#M|^`�_t]O#�'::')EA#pCJ;@6c#t'FR)4>A#*!"#F',"A#!"#/LLT

!"##T$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

M)(8#&(3#'EE348'*(#5#d*4,#7*:&E3A#:)#E&8'<&3#>37'3(,#d49<&3(,'3::3I0A#>3(8',9A#>&493#3,#)E!:',&>3#b#� <&3:8#43S'8,438#>3#d49<&3(F38#3,#>3#>3(8',98#Q>H*k#:H'E!*4,)(F3#>38#8*(8#9:3F,4*('<&38T#)!!*4,)(,#

:3&48#)S3(F3E3(,8#'(*&�8#7'3((3(,#>9:'7434#>38#3K!94'3(F38#n#(*&73::38#o#3,#'EE348'738#>&#8*(#3,#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#�#

� <&3::38 #F*(8,4&F,'*(8#>H9(34S'38A #>3# ,*48'*(8A #>3#>&4938#3,#>H9,3(>&38#>38#8*(8#!34E3,,3(, #F38#3K!94'3(F38#>'43F,38#�#

� F*EE3(,#!34E3,,3(,w3::38#>3#d*(>34#>38#8',&),'*(8#E&8'F):38#3,#3K!94'3(,'3::38#<&'#'(,344*S3(,#5#,*&,#E*E3(,#3,#3(#,*&,#:'3&#:)#!:)F3#8*F'):3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#3,#>3#8*(#9F*&,3A#%&8,3E3(,#>)(8#&(#n#!:&8#S4)(>#)&>',*4'&E#oA#>)(8#&(3#!:*(S93#>)(8#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#�#Q8)(8#&,':'834#>3#!4'(F'!38#3KF:&8'd8#8!3F,)F&:)'438#3,#8!3F,),*4'3:8T

� 3,F"#

~&)(,#)&#43S'8,43#8*(*43A#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#3,#:)#49F3!,'*(#Q:H9F*&,3T#E&8'F):38#83#8*(,#d*(>938#)&#d&4#3,#5#E38&43#8&4#:3#8!3F,43#8*(*43#'(8,4&E3(,):#QF3:&'#>&#43S'8,43#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#)F*&8,'<&38#5#!)4,'4#>3#:3&4#*4S)(*:*S'3T#3,#8&4#>38#4hS:3E3(,8#>H)S3(F3E3(,8#R)4E*('<&38#>3#8*(8#3,#>3#d49<&3(F38"#6*,43#9F*&,3#)'(8'#>'8,)(F'93#3,#>373(&3#)():g,'<&3#)#,4*&79#3,#FR34FR3#5#43,4*&734#d)F3#5#&(3#E&8'<&3#F3#F*(d*4,#E&8'F): # 3, # F*8E9,'<&3" # # C3 # 438,3A # )&w>3:5 # 3, # 3(w>3{) #>38 # :'E',38 #>& # 43S'8,43 # '(8,4&E3(,): # 3, # >3 # :)#43F*(()'88)(F3#>&#8*(#E&8'F):#V#F*EE3#:H*(,#9,9#)&,43d*'8#F34,)'(8#)S3(F3E3(,8#R)4E*('<&38#Q,4',*(TA#*&#F34,)'(38#,3FR('<&38#3,#F*(>&',38#>3#%3&K#!*&4#9F)4,34#:38#n#8*(8#8):'8#oI?# #3,#>38#)4,'F&:),'*(8#(*(#)&#8347'F3#>3#E*g3(8#>H3K!4388'*(#E&8'F):3#VA#)#9,9#*8,4)F'89#!)4#&(3#F*(8,4&F,'*(#F&:,&43::3#8!9F'l<&3A#3,#38,#E)'(,3(&#3(F*43#8*&8#:)#d*4E3#>3#(*4E):'8),'*(8#>&#8*(#Q49S:3E3(,)'438A#,3FR('<&38A#%&4'>'<&38A#3,F"T#3,A #3(#F*(89<&3(F3A #8*&8# :)#d*4E3#>3#8,)(>)4>'8),'*(#>3#:H9F*&,3" #6*,43 #)EU',&8#)&4):#8H38, #43,4*&79#>'7'89A #7*'43 #8&Uw>'7'89A #3, #49*4S)('89# b #>3# :)4S38#!)(8#>38#43S'8,438 #8*(*438 #8*(, #)'(8' #>9:)'8898#!)4#:H*4S)('8),'*(#F*E!*8','*((3::3 # 49S&:'h43 #3, #F*(89<&3EE3(,#!)4 # ,*&8 # :38 #F*(8,',&)(,8 #>38 #>'8!*8','d8#E&8'F)&K# Q:38 #*4S)('8),'*(8 #8!),'):38 #3, #)4FR',3F,&4):38 #>3 #(*8 #8)::38A #(*8 #)!!)43':8 #>3# :3F,&43 #3, #>3#438,',&,'*(#>&#8*(A#(*8#8&!!*4,8#>H3(43S'8,43E3(,8#>&#8*(A#3,F"T"#;jE3#8'#F3,,3#8,)(>)4>'8),'*(#(H)#!)8#9,9#)&88'#4)>'F):3#>)(8#:38#!94'*>38#R'8,*4'<&38# #V#:3#,3E!94)E3(,A#:38#,'EU438#!3&73(,#j,43#:9Sh43E3(,#)>)!,98#3,#'(,34!49,98#83:*(#F34,)'(38#7)4'),'*(8A#F3F'#8H9,)(,#F*(%&S&9#)73F#:H97*:&,'*(#F*(,'(&3::3#>38#d)F,&438#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#)&#d&4#3,#5#E38&43#>38#9!*<&38#3(#!34E3,,)(,#>38#(&)(F38#>H'(,3(8',9#3,#>3 #43S'8,43#>3#!:&8#3(#!:&8#)E!:38#VA# ': #38,#5#43E)4<&34#<&3#FH38, #>)(8#(*,43#!94'*>3#>3#!4*d&8'*(#>3#E)FR'(38#QE&8'F):38T #*dd4)(, #&(3#!):3,,3#9:)4S'3#3, #&(3#F*E!:3K',9#>3#>g()E'<&38A #>3#8!3F,43#3, #>3#,'EU438#'(9S):938#3,#'EE3(838#<&3#:)#8,)(>)4>'8),'*(#3,#:H9S):'8),'*(#8*(,#83EU:3w,w':#:38#!:&8#*!94)(,38"#CH3(%3&#38,#>3#7*'4#3,#>H38,'E34#*k#83#!:)F3(,#:38#<&38,'*(8#>3#F*(,4r:38#3,#>3#E)e,4'838#>)(8#&(3#7'893#E&8'F):3" #~&)(>#*(#!)4:3#>3#(&)(F38#5#!4*!*8#>3#FR)<&3#43S'8,43#8*(*43A#':#8H)S',#U'3(#>H'(>&'43#&(#F*(,4r:3#>3#F3::38wF'#Q(*,)EE3(,#!)4#:H9F4',&43#3,#:)#F*E!*8','*(T#!*&4#&(3#E)e,4'83#E&8'F):3"#J,#:H'(,94j,#>&#F*(,4r:3#8*(*43#38,#U'3(#>Hj,43#)&#8347'F3#>H&(3#'(,3(,'*(#E&8'F):3#3,#(*(#>H&(3#9S):'8),'*(#38,R9,'<&3"#CH3&4*!9*F3(,4'8E3 # *& # !:&,r, # *FF'>3(,):*F3(,4'8E3A # F*(%&S&9 # !)4 # )'::3&48 # )73F # :38 # 79::9',98 # >38#'(>&8,4'38 #E&8'F):38A #!4*7*<&3#!)4# :H9S):'8),'*(A # :) #F:)88'lF),'*(#3,# :) #8,)(>)4>'8),'*(IB# &(#>9d)&, #>3#!34F3!,'*(#>3#:H9,3(>&3#>38#43S'8,438#8*(*438A#9,3(>&3#>*(,#':#d)&,#U'3(#8H3E!)434#)&%*&4>HR&'"

x#F3#,',43A#':#438,3#>3#(*EU43&838#3K!94'3(F38#38,R9,'<&38#E&8'F):38A#)&4):38#3,#)F*&8,'<&38#5#3K!:*434#3,#5#9!4*&734# b #>)(8# :38#9FR3::38#>H'(,3(8',9A #>3#>3(8',9A #>3#>&493#3, #>)(8# :38 #43S'8,438#8!3F,4)&K#>&#8*("#CH)EU',&8 #>&#8!3F,43 # 8*(*43 #3(S)S3 # ,*&,3 #&(3 # 4'FR3883 #>3 #!4*K'E',98A #>H9F)4,8 #3, #>H)883EU:)S38 #>3#

I0 #>)(8#:3#%3&#>38#4)!!*4,8#>3#d49<&3(F38A#>38#F*EU'()'8*(8#>3#8*(8A#3,#>38#'(,34)F,'*(8#)F*&8,'<&38#3,#9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&38A#3,F"I? #p|s]@Jt#D)&:A#YC)#y'3::3#5#t*&3#>)(8#:)#;&8'<&3#P)4*<&3#p4)({)'83YA#]Rh83#>3#M*F,*4),#3(#;&8'F*:*S'3A#|('7348',9#C&E'h43w

Cg*( # @@A # -..GA # !!" # /I0w/IB # V #R,,!b$$,R3838"&('7w:g*(-"d4$>*F&E3(,8$S3,!)4,"!R!�'>�N-L�)F,'*(�!>d# i # Q3,A # 43E)4<&3#8&!!:9E3(,)'43A#8)(8#>*&,3#)&88'#!*&4#%&8,3E3(,#:38#)88)S'4#3,#:38#43(>43#!:&8#E&8'F)&KT

IB #Q7*'4#)&88'#:)#(*,'*(#>H3,R*8T

http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=928&action=pdf

!"##S$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

d49<&3(F38A#>H*8F'::),'*(8#QU),,3E3(,8A#d4*,,3E3(,8A#>9!R)8)S38A#>g8R)4E*('38A#F*EE)8T#3,#>3#(),&438#>3#8*(8#Q,4)(8',*'438A#)FF'>3(,3:8A#S9(94),'d8A#E)('!&:98A#,4)',98A#3,F"T"#6*&8#8*EE38#U'3(#3(w>388*&8#>3#(*8#:'E',38#)&>','738#QEjE3#>3#F3::38#9(*(F938#!)4#:38#49S:3E3(,),'*(8T#3,#>3#(*8#3K!:*4),'*(8#E&8'F):38#3,#)&4):38#Q!)4#:H*43'::3#3,#!)4#:3#F*4!8T"

;@ÔJC#^_ttJ]]JA#YD@�^Js#D_|t#CH_tc|J#MZ6s#|6#cJ6tJ#6_|yJZ|#ws|@]J#M|#-v#]_6#w#/.$#ctZ6M#2J|#ZyJ^#CJ#]_66JttJYA#/ILI

;@ÔJC#^_ttJ]]JA#YDtJ;@Jt#C@ytJ#D_|t#CJ#^CZyJ^@6#w#M@yJt]@ssJ;J6]s#D_|t#CJ#^CZyJ^@6#wCJ#^_;PZ]#6ZyZCYA#/IIN;@ÔJC#^_ttJ]]JIG# Z #=^t@] #MJs # C@ytJs # MJ # D@�^Js # D_|t # CH_tc|JA #6_]Z;;J6] # YctZ6M # 2J| #ZyJ^ # ]_66JttJY # J] # YMJ|W#_ppJt]_@tJs#ZyJ^#]_66JttJY"#MZ6s#CZ#DZt]@]@_6#MJs#_ppJt]_@tJs#@C#JWDC@~|J#b#!"#G"hoIIG{{G"^G"Epfh"GI"YGhhpIh"^Z{"#p"kG{If�{G"o:hpuG"kG^"[�kp#G^"kG"h{oY[GhhG^"Gh"KoYKp{kG^"ZIG"[#pI:wG"cZG"#G"[fGk"Kpf^^G"q"uo#oIh�4"GI"EfIf^^pIh@ "[oZ{"fYfhG{"#p":wZhG"kZ"hoIIG{{G@"oI"koIIG"ZI":oZ["puG:"#G":oZkG"^Z{"#G^"kG{If�{G^"hoZ:wG^"kZ":#pufG{"9II"#qyJs#2ZpptJsIL# ^_;;J6]J#^J#]JW]J#J6#@6M@~|Z6]#MH|6J#DZt]#~|J#CJ#Pt|@]ZcJ#MJs#6_]Js #MJ#D=MZCJs# YsJ #s|DJtD_sJ#x#CZ#y@yZ^@]= # M| # M@s^_|tsY # J] # MHZ|]tJ # DZt] # ~|J # CZ # D@�^J # sJ # ^_6^C|] # YDZt # |6 # yZ^Zt;J # Zss_|tM@ssZ6]Y" # MZ6s # CJs #YM@yJt]@ssJ;J6]s#D_|t#CJ#^CZyJ^@6Y#b#YCJs#=Ô_s#MJ#P_s]_6Y#J]#YCJ#^_;PZ]#6ZyZCYA#;@ÔJC#^_ttJ]]J#@6M@~|J#b#T#>pZhGZ{"koIIG"hoZh":G"cZ>f#"[{oYGh@"G�:G[h�"cZ>f#"I>G�[{fYG"[p^"hoZh"[p{"#>wp{YoIfG@":p{"f#"[{�ufGIh"cZ>q"ZIG":G{hpfIG "Yp{cZG"k�^fsI�G"!"f#"EpZh"E{p[[G{"hoZhG^"#G^"hoZ:wG^"k>GI"Kp^"kZ"[#ph"kG"#p"YpfI@"[oZ{"fYfhG{"#G":oZ["kG":pIoI"kG"OP "#fu{G^"kG"Kp##G"9T"sJC_6#qyJs#2ZpptJsINA #6_|s#s_;;Js#J6#Dt=sJ6^J#MJ#CZ#DtJ;@�tJ#M=p@6@]@_6#M|#Dt_^=M=#]JÔ6@~|J#~|@#sJtZ#ZDDJC=#Y^C|s]JtY #MZ6s#CZ#C@]]=tZ]|tJ#;|s@^ZCJ" #;Z@s # 2ZpptJs#6_]J#Z|ss@ #~|J#^J]]J#_D=tZ]@_6#Y]=;_@c6J#MH|6J#y_C_6]=#MH=;_|y_@t#CJ#D|PC@^#DZt#MJs#JppJ]s#sJ6s_t@JCs#J]#6_6#DC|s#DZt#|6J#sZyZ6]J#_tcZ6@sZ]@_6#M|#;Z]=t@Z|YL."

IG ##R,,!b$$uuu"E&8'F*:*S'3"*4S$P'*S4)!R'38$F$F*443,,3zE'FR3:"R,E:#

II ##R,,!b$$S)::'F)"U(d"d4$)4Xb$/-/?L$U,7/UN..NNINX"4�E'FR3:�F*443,,3":)(Spt#

IL #2ZpptJs#q738A#;'FR3:#^*443,,3A#8)#7'3A#8*(#m&743A#]Rh83#>3#>*F,*4),A#|('7348',9#C&E'h43wCg*(#@@A#/NLNA#!"#?BI"

IN #2ZpptJs#q738A#*!"#F',"#!"?.I"

http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9009979k.r=michel+corrette.langFR

http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/c/corrette_michel.html

!"###$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

P@J6#MHZ|]tJs#JWJ;DCJs#s_6]#Dt=sJ6]s#MZ6s#CHO@s]_@tJ#MJ#CZ#;|s@~|JL/A#~|J#^JCZ#s_@]#CH@6]t_M|^]@_6#MJ#]JÔ6@~|Js#MJ#2J|#=]J6M|Js#_|#MZ6s#CH@;@]Z]@_6#;|s@^ZCJ##b#^C=;J6]#2Z6J~|@6#QYCZ#PZ]Z@CCJYA#/B-LTA#]_P@Zs#O|;J#QYOZt`JA#OZt`JYA #p@ts]#DZt]#_p#ZqtJsA#/G.BL-TA#^ZtC_#pZt@6Z#QY^ZDt@^^@_#s]tZyZcZ6]JYA#/G-IL0TA#OJ@6t@Ô#@c6Z�#ptZ6�#P@PJt#QYMJt#;ZtsY#J]#YM@J#C@JMJtC@ÔJ#cJsJCCsÔZp]#y_6#ZCCJtCJq#O|;_tYA#PZ]]ZC@ZA#/GI0L?TA#2JZ6wptZ6�_@s#MZ6Mt@J|#QYCJs#^ZtZ^]�tJs#MJ#CZ#c|JttJYA#/I-?TA#c|@CCZ|;J#CZs^J|W#QY2|MJW#^tJMJt@sYA#]J#MJ|;A#/ILGTA#D@JttJ#Z6]_@6J#^=sZt#QYCZ#PZ]Z@CCJ#MJ#2J;;ZDJsA#_|#CZ#Dt@sJ#MJ#;_6sYA#^Z"#/IN?TA#2|s]@6#OJ@6t@Ô#`6JÔ]#QYM@J#M|tÔ#J@6#M_6Jt�J]]Jt#[s@^\#|6]JtPt_Ô6J#O@t]J6�_66JYA#/IN?TA # 2Z^~|Jsw;Zt@J #PJZ|yZtCJ]wÔZtDJ6]@Jt# QYPZ]Z@CCJ #MHZ|s]JtC@]�YA #/L.BTA # 2Z^~|Js#y_c]# QYpZ6]Z@s@J #DZs]_tZCJ#J]#_tZcJ#MZ6s#CJs#ZCDJsYA#^Z"#/L0.LBTA#2|CJs#PCZ6^#QYCZ#Dt_^Jss@_6YA#/LBNTA#PJt6ZtM#y@c|Jt@J#QYCZ#PZ]Z@CCJ#MJ#;ZtJ6c_YA#/LG/TA#C_|@s#2Z;Js#ZCptJM#CJp=P|tJw�=Cq#QYs^�6J#DZs]_tZCJYA#/LGILGT"##

C)#<&38,'*(#>3# :)#>&493#3,#>3# :H)E!:',&>3#>3#F3,,3#>34('h43A # :*48<&3#:H&(3#3,# :H)&,43 #8*(,# :*(S&38#3,#9:)4S'38A#8H38,#43,4*&793#F)(,*((93#>)(8#:H9('SE3#>38#E&8'<&38#3K,4)w*FF'>3(,):38#Q3,#7'F3w7348)A#:*48<&3#F38#F&:,&438#*U83473(,#F3::38#*FF'>3(,):38#V #;&*-"(/,)"C.)TA #>)(8#:H3KF3(,4'F',9#>3#F34,)'(38#!4*F9>&438#E&8'F):38 # Q>*(, # *( #(3 # 43:h73 #<&3 # :3 #!4*F9>9 #E)'8 #!:&8 # :H3K!94'3(F3 #>3 # F3::38wF'A # F38 #m&7438 # 9,)(,#)&%*&4>HR&'#3,#)g)(,#9,9#,4h8#4)43E3(,#%*&938#*&#'(,34!49,938LITA#*&#3(F*43#>)(8#:H97)(*&'883E3(,#>H&(3#9F*&,3#<&'#83#!34>#>)(8#:H3(,3(>43#%&8<&H5#>'8!)4)e,43#!)4#E)(<&3#>H3KF',),'*(#3,#>3#8*::'F',),'*(#!)4#F3#<&'#38,#3(,3(>&#3,#),,3(>&#F*EE3#E&8'F):#b#>)(8#F3#83(8A#>)(8#:3#F)>43#*FF'>3(,):A#&(3#E&8'<&3#>3#:*(S&3#>&493#!34>#3(#<&3:<&3#8*4,3#8*(#8,),&,#>3#E&8'<&3"#M3#EjE3#&(3#E&8'<&3#8*&,3(&3#5#d*4,3#'(,3(8',9#(3#49!*(>#!:&8#)&K#43!h438#F*(83(8&3:8#>3#:H9F*&,3#E&8'F):3#3,#>37'3(,#!34{&3#F*EE3#&(3#)F,'*(#3K,4jE3#>*(,#:)#l():',9#38,#:H)(9)(,'883E3(,A#>H&(#83&:#($.i">3#>9F'U3:8A #>3 # ,*&,3# :HR'8,*'43 #E&8'F):3" #D*&4,)(, # :H'(,3(,'*(#3, # :) #E*,'7),'*(#3(#8*(, #3K)F,3E3(,# :3#F*(,4)'43"#V#QF3F'#834)',#U'3(#3(,3(>&#5#!4*:*(S34#)&88'#)&#8&%3,#>38#E&8'<&38#<&'#!4*!*83(,#>38#8*(8#>*(,#:38#*FF&443(F38 # 8*(, #>'8,3(>&38A #>*(, # :H*4S)('8),'*( #(H38, #!)8 #3K!:'F',3 #>)(8 # :) #F*(>&',3 #>38 # 8*(8A #>*(,#:H)&>'U':',9#3,#:)#>3(8',9#(3#8*(,#!)8#8&4#&(3#E*g3((3#F*4438!*(>)(,#5#&(3#9F*&,3#8,)(>)4>'893A#3,F"T"

L. # p|s]@Jt#D)&:A #Y^*(,43E&8'<&3#3, #8*(#8):'YA # @( #n#C)#y'3::3#5#t*&3#>)(8# :) #;&8'<&3#P)4*<&3#p4)({)'83#oA #D)4'8 # b #=>','*(8#CHO)4E),,)(A # -..G # V #R,,!b$$!)&:"d&8,'34"!)S38!348*w*4)(S3"d4$>3!)4,zS3(34):$(*(z7'3::3$^*(,43E&8'<&3�-.3,�-.8*(�-.8):'"R,E##

L/ R,,!b$$uuu"<&'FX'u'X'"F*E$3($6*'83z'(zE&8'F# ##

L- R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$g%6M>pù)RJ�43:�.# ##

L0 R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$:(Z.Z:(;SK?�43:�.# ##L? R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$�NM2!)K]IuS�43:�.# ##LB R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$cU!dwZ^X@%F�43:�.# ##LG #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$!sBqRc!G;pu�43:�.#LI # JK3E!:38 # b # J4'X # s),'3 # Yy3K),'*(8Y # !*&4 # !')(* # Q/LN0TA # J4'X # s),'3 # Y])(S* # D34!9,&3:Y # Q/N/?T # ,'49 # >3 # :) # 894'3 # Ys!*4,8 # 3,#

M'734,'883E3(,8Y#Q8)&d #<&3#:H)8!3F, #!34!9,&3:#38, # ,4*(<&9#!&'8<&3#>)(8# :)#!)4,','*(#FH38, # :3#8'S(3#YM):#s3S(*Y#[t3(7*'A #<&'#'(>'<&3#&(3#49!9,','*(\#<&'#38,#&,':'89#3,#(*(#!)8#&(#YM)#^)!*YA#E)'8#':#38,#!*88'U:3#>H'(,34!49,34#:)#(*,),'*(#!*&4#&(3#49!9,','*(#'(l('3#!&'8<&H)&F&(#8'S(3#Yp'(3Y#(H38,#!4983(,#i#D)4#F*(,43#&(3#Y^*>)Y#38,#!4983(,3A#>*(F#':#8H)S',#8)(8#>*&,3#>H&(3#49!9,','*(#Q&(3#83&:3#d*'8T#>3!&'8#:3#>9U&,#3,#>3#,34E'(34#8&4#:)#^*>)T#i#3,#>)(8#:3#F)8#>3#E&8'<&38#F*(,'(&38#>*(,#:H3K9F&,'*(#38,#3(,43,3(&3#!)4 # >38 # E)FR'(38 # b # 2*R( # ^)S3 # Y_4S)(�$ZsCsDY # !*&4 # *4S&3 # Q/NLIT # [8&4 # &(3 # >&493 # >3 # G0N # )(8A #R,,!b$$uuu")8:8!"*4S$>3$R*E3"R,E:# #\A#23E#p'(34#YC*(S!:)g34Y#Q/NNNT#[8&4#&(3#>&493#>3#/...#)(8A #R,,!b$$:*(S!:)g34"*4S$# A#9F*&,3f #C*(S!:)g34 #3( #>'43F, # b #R,,!b$$:*(S!:)g34"*4S$:'8,3($:*(S!:)g34"E0&# # Q5 # :'43 #>)(8 #yC^TA #C) #;*(,3 #q*&(S #YM43)E#O*&83Y#Q/NGNT#&(#3(7'4*((3E3(,#F*(,'(&#'(F:&)(,#>38#m&7438#E&8'F):38#3,#:&E'(3&838#>3#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S#3,#;)4')(#�)f33:)#[6q^#G#O)44'8*(#s,433,#Q/NINwLBTA#6q^#--(>#s,433,#Q/NLNwN.TA#6q^#0hE3#9,)S3#-IB#^R&4FR#s,433,#5#;)(R),,)(#>3!&'8#/NN0#R,,!b$$E3:)d*&(>),'*("*4S$MO!4388pq/-"R,E:# # A # ;Z^ # Cg*( # >3!&'8 # /NNL #R,,!b$$43S3(U*S3(8,)>:">3$>43)EwR*&83$-# # A#t3S3(U*S3(8,)>: # D*::'(S # 3( # P)7'h43 # Q-...T #R,,!b$$43S3(U*S3(8,)>:">3$>43)EwR*&83#R,,!b$$uuu"34&>',"*4S$437&3$F'4F&',$-..I$7/I$(0$./IBNB)4"!>d##

http://www.erudit.org/revue/circuit/2007/v17/n3/017595ar.pdf

http://regenbogenstadl.de/dream-house

http://regenbogenstadl.de/dream-house/2

http://melafoundation.org/DHpressFY12.html

http://longplayer.org/listen/longplayer.m3u

http://longplayer.org/

http://www.aslsp.org/de/home.html

http://www.youtube.com/embed/yjNDdFKwahE?rel=0

http://www.quickiwiki.com/en/Noise_in_music

http://paul.fustier.pagesperso-orange.fr/depart_general/non_vielle/Contremusique%20et%20son%20sali.htm

http://paul.fustier.pagesperso-orange.fr/depart_general/non_vielle/Contremusique%20et%20son%20sali.htm

!"##g$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

J"#K+68%+('#9'6#;/8'/6+826#.%/%('6

M@^`#O@cc@6sA#YC_|M#sq;DO_6qYA#/NBL

n#s_6s#p_t]sA#^ZtZ^]Jt@s]@~|Js/"#JWJt^Jt#|6J#p_t^J#s_6_tJ#;Zss@yJ#-"#C|@#M_66Jt#|6J#s|Ps]Z6^J#;Z]=t@JCCJA#ZCCJ�#Z|wMJCx#M|#6_6wDOqs@~|J#0"#;J]]tJ#J6#DCZ^J#|6#JsDZ^J#Z^_|s]@~|J#MZ6s#CJ~|JC#CJ#s_6#Js]#tJssJ6]@#?"#CJs#y@PtZ]@_6s#s_6_tJs#s_6]#DJt�|Js#DZt#]_|]#CJ#^_tDs#B"#|6J#JWD=t@J6^J#DOqs@~|J#M|#s_6#~|@#^_;DC�]J#CHJWD=t@J6^J#MH=^_|]J#DZt#CJs#_tJ@CCJs#J]#CHJsDt@]"##oLL

M@^`#O@cc@6sA#=C�yJ#MJ#^ZcJA#pZ@]#ZDDJC#x # CZ # DOqs@^ZC@]= # MJs # s_6s # x # 6@yJZ|#=CJy= # DZssZ6] # DZt # CHJWD=t@J6^J#^_tD_tJCCJ #ZyJ^ #]_|]Js #CJs # pZ^J]]Js#MJ # ^J]]J # JWD=t@J6^J # Qp_t^J # s_6_tJA#;Z]=t@ZC@]= #M| # s_6A # JsDZ^Js # s_6_tJs#sZ]|t=sA # JsDZ^Js # y@PtZ]_@tJsA # J]^"T"#^_;D_s=J#J6#/NBL #sZ#YC_|M#sq;DO_6qY#^_6s@s]Z6]#J6#0.#;@6|]Js#MJ#pJJMPZ^`#MH|6 # ;@^t_DO_6J # pZ^J # x # |6 # OZ|]wDZtCJ|tA # Js] # sZ6s #M_|]J # CZ# DtJ;@�tJ#�|ytJ # ;|s@^ZCJ # Z;DC@p@=J # x # p_t]#6@yJZ|"

s]JyJ#tJ@ÔA#YDJ6M|C|;#;|s@^Y#Q/NGLT#b#t@ÔZtM#sJttZA#2Z;Js#]J66JqA#s]JyJ#tJ@ÔA#Pt|^J#6Z|;Z6A#;@ÔZJC#s6_�#QMJ#cZ|ÔJ#x#Mt_@]JT"#�O@]6Jq#;|sJ|;#_p#Z;Jt@^Z6#Zt]A#/NGN"

LL #!"#oZk"ôZIk^@":wp{p:hG{f^hf:^"t"L4".")&2*%"6&-%$"'.))*;$/B"$R$-+$0"t"O4"?*;$)"*+)$/6"'.+$-*./"),C)+.2%$@"?&$)"C$B&20"+=$ "2&2(=B)*%./"t"M4"$)+.C/*)=$)".2".%&,)+*%")(.%$".)"&2$"g=$-$")&,20"*)"6$/+"t"P4"+=$";*C-.+*&2)"&6"+=$")&,20"%.2"C$"6$/+"&2"+=$"g=&/$"C&0B"t"y4 "."(=B)*%./"$R($-*$2%$"&6")&,20"+=.+"%&'(/$'$2+)"+=$"$R($-*$2%$"&6"=$.-*2?"g*+="+=$"$.-)".20"'*204""9#QO@cc@6s#M'FXT

!"##h$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

ÔZ~|J#n#@6s]t|;J6]#o#Js]#PtZ6Ô=#x#|6#Z;DC@p@^Z]J|tA#C|@w;�;J#tJC@=#x#|6#PZppCJ"#ÔZ~|J#;@^t_DO_6J#Js]#M@sD_s=#x#~|JC~|Js#^J6]@;�]tJs#MJ#s_6#OZ|]wDZtCJ|t#^_ttJsD_6MZ6]#QCZ]=tZCJ;J6]#_|#Z|wMJss|sT"#ZyZ6]#CJ#^_6^Jt]A#_6#tJD�tJ#J] #t�cCJ#CJs#6@yJZ|W#MH@6]J6s@]=" #CH=y=6J;J6]#s_6_tJ#M=P|]J#C_ts~|J#CJs#JW=^|]Z6]s#C ÔJ6]#]_|s #CJs#;@^t_DO_6Js#J6#;�;J#]J;Ds"#|6J#D_CqDO_6@J#@;Dt=y@s@PCJ#MJ#CZtsJ6s#D|Cs=s#sJ#;J]#ZC_ts#J6#DCZ^JA#DZtp_@s#;�;J#x#CH|6@ss_6A # sJC_6#CJ #M=DOZsZcJ #ctZM|JC#ZppJ^]Z6] #CJ #PZCZ6^J;J6] #MJs # s_|t^Js" # YDJ6M|C|;#;|s@^Y # sJ #]Jt;@6J#C_c@~|J;J6]#C_ts~|JA#~|JC~|Js#@6s]Z6]s#ZDt�s#~|J#CJs#;@^t_s#sJ#s_@J6]#@;;_P@C@s=s#J6#=;J]]Z6]#|6#pJJMPZ^`#s_|s#CZ#p_t;J#MH|6#s_6#^_6]@6|A#CJs#Dt_]Zc_6@s]Js#M=PtZ6ÔJ6]#MJ#^_6^Jt]#CJs#p@Cs#=CJ^]t@~|Js#MJs#Z;DC@p@^Z]J|ts"QMHZDt�s#D@JttJ#ZCPJt]#^Zs]Z6J]A#Y;|s@~|J#J]#Pt|@]YA#J]#;@ÔZJC#6q;Z6A#YJWDJt@;J6]ZC#;|s@Â#^ZcJ#J]#Z|wMJCxYT

t_PJt]#ZsOCJqA#Y]OJ#�_Cp;Z6YA#/NG?

t_PJt]#ZsOCJq#Z#|]@C@s=#MJs#Dt@6^@DJs#MJ#pJJMPZ^`#s_6_tJs#MZ6s#CZ#DJtp_t;Z6^J#Y]OJ#�_Cp;Z6Y#Q/NG?T#^t=Z6]#MJs#s_6s#O|tCZ6]s#J6]tJ#|6#;@^t_DO_6J#J]#|6#OZ|]wDZtCJ|tA#J]#J6#ÔZ6]Z6]#M@tJ^]J;J6]#MZ6s#CJ#;�;J#;@^t_DO_6J#Zp@6#MJ#pZ@tJ#;_M|CJt#CJ#pJJMPZ^`#ZyJ^#sZ#y_@W"#CJs#s_6s#y_^Z|W#J]#CZ#DZt]@J#s|t#PZ6MJ#;Zc6=]@~|J#=]Z@J6]#Z;DC@p@=s#s|t#MJs#sqs]�;Js # @6M=DJ6MZ6]s # ;_6_tZ|W # MJ # OZ|]wDZtCJ|ts#Dt_M|@sZ6]#Z@6s@#|6#6@yJZ|#s_6_tJ#]t�s#=CJy=#M|tZ6]#CZ#DJtp_t;Z6^J" # CH@6]J6]@_6 # MJ # CZ # DZt]@J # s|t # PZ6MJ#;Zc6=]@~|J#M@pp|s=J#s@;|C]Z6=;J6]#ZyJ^#CZ#DZt]@J#y_^ZCJ#J] #CJs # pJJMPZ^`s # Q~|@ # =]Z@J6] #CJs #s_|t^Js #Dt@6^@DZCJs #MJ#^J]]J # DJtp_t;Z6^JT # =]Z@] # MJ # tJ;DC@t # CHJsDZ^J # J] # MJ#]tZ6sp_t;Jt # CJ # ]_|] # J6 # |6J # s_t]J # MJ # YMt_6JY#=CJ^]t_6@~|J"#CJs#Ô_@W#MJs#s_6s#MJ#CZ#PZ6MJ#;Zc6=]@~|J#_6]#=]= #Ô_@s@s #J6 #p_6^]@_6#M|#sDJ^]tJ#s_6_tJ#^_|yJt]#DZt # CJs # pJJMPZ^` # J] # MJ # ^_;DC=]Jt # ^J # sDJ^]tJ # DZt # |6J#]J;D�]J#MJ#s_6s#DC|s#^_|t]s#M_66Z6]#CH@CC|s@_6#MJ#s|tc@t#MJ#]_|]#D_@6]#MJ#CHJsDZ^J"LN

ZsOCJq#@6M@~|J#~|J#^J]]J#�|ytJ#M_@]#�]tJ#t=ZC@s=J#ZyJ^#|6#M@sD_s@]@p#MJ#OZ|]wDZtCJ|ts#M_6]#CJs#y_C|;Js#M_@yJ6]#�]tJ#;@s#MZ6s#|6J#D_s@]@_6#;ZW@;ZCJ#D_|t#~|J#]_|]#s_6#^ZD]=#DZt # CJ # ;@^t_DO_6J # Dt_y_~|J # Z|]_;Z]@~|J;J6] # |6#CZtsJ6"#CJ#ÔZ6]J|t#M_@]#ÔZ6]Jt#MJs#DOtZsJs#MH|6J#M|t=J#MJ #/0 #sJ^_6MJs #ÔZ^|6J" #M|tZ6]#CJs#0 #DtJ;@�tJs#J] #CJs# 0#MJt6@�tJs#sJ^_6MJsA#CJ#ÔZ6]#M_@]#�]tJ#]J6|#^_6s]Z6]A#J]#M|tZ6] # CJ # tJs]J # M| # ]J;DsA # @C # M_@] # �]tJ # ZC]=t=#^_6]@6|JCCJ;J6] # J6 # DtJ6Z6] #J6 #^_;D]J #x #ÔZ~|J # p_@s#~|H|6#sJ|C#MJ #^Js#~|Z]tJ#DZtZ;�]tJs # b #CZ#OZ|]J|t# QDC|s#MH|6#_^]ZyJTA#CH@6]J6s@]=#s_6_tJA#CZ#y_^ZC@sZ]@_6#QP_|cJt#CZ#CZ6c|J#MJ#CHZtt@�tJ#MJ#CZ#P_|ÔJ#yJts#CHZyZ6]#J]#y@^JwyJtsZTA # J] # CH_|yJt]|tJ$pJt;J]|tJ # MJ # P_|ÔJ # QC�ytJs#pJt;=JsA #P_|ÔJ;J6]#CZtcJ;J6]#_|yJt]JT" #CZ#P_|ÔJ#M|#ÔZ6]J|t #M_@] # tJs]Jt # ]t�s #Dt�s #M| #;@^t_DO_6J #Z@6s@ # CJ#;@WZcJ # J6]tJ # CJs # s_6s #y_^Z|W # J] # CJs # CZtsJ6s #^t=J #|6J#s_t]J # MH@CC|s@_6 # Z^_|s]@~|J # MZ6s # ]_|] # CHJsDZ^J" # s|t#CHZsDJ^] #]O= ]tZC#MJ #^J]]J #�|ytJA # @C#Js] # @6M@~|= #~|J #CJ#ÔZ6]J|t#M_@]#ZDDZtZ�]tJ#s|t#s^�6JA#=^CZ@t=J#^_;;J#|6J#s^�6J#MJ#^C|PA#^_;;J#|6#ÔZ6]J|t#MJ#6@cO]^C|P#DC|]�]#CZ;J6]ZPCJA # DZ]@P|CZ@tJ # J] # s@6@s]tJ" # Y]OJ # �_Cp;Z6Y # Z#Z^~|@s #x#CH=D_~|J#|6J#t=D|]Z]@_6#MH�|ytJ#;ZCyJ@CCZ6]J#J] # MJ # ]_t]|tJ # s_6_tJ # J6yJts # CJ # D|PC@^"Y # V # QcZ66 # `qCJA#Yt_PJt]#ZsOCJqYA#Z;Jt@^Z6#^_;D_sJts#sJt@JsA#|6@yJts@]@Js#_p#@CC@6_@sA#-./-"#DD"#0Gw0ITN.

LN "{&C$-+"p)=/$B",)$0".,0*&"6$$0C.%i"*2"=*)".;.2+A?.-0$"(*$%$"Th=$"N&/6'.2T"dLlxPe"CB")$++*2?",("."=&g/"C$+g$$2"+=$"'*%-&(=&2$".20 "/&,0)($.i$- ".20"+=$2")*2?*2?"*2+&"+=$"'*%-&(=&2$" *2"g.B"+=.+"'&0,/.+$0"+=$" 6$$0C.%i"g*+="=*)";&*%$4 "h=$";&%./")&,20)".20"+=$"+.($ "%&'(&)*+*&2".-$"+&"C$".'(/*V$0"*2"($-6&-'.2%$"CB")$(.-.+$@"'&2.,-./@".'(/*V$-A/&,0)($.i$-")B)+$')"%.(.C/$"&6"(-&0,%*2?"$R+-$'$/B"=*?= ")&,20A/$;$/)"+=-&,?=&,+"+=$"($-6&-'.2%$")(.%$4"h=$"*0$."&6"."+.($"%&'(&)*+*&2@"g=*%="*)"+&"%&'$"&,+"&6"+=$").'$"/&,0)($.i$-)".)"+=$";&*%$ ".20"+=$"6$$0C.%i"d+=$"'.*2")&,20")&,-%$"6&-"+=*)"%&'(&)*+*&2e@"*)"+&"V//A*2"+=$"&2?&*2?"($-6&-'.2%$")&,20".20"+&"+-.2)6&-'"+=$"($-6&-'.2%$ "*2+&".2"$/.C&-.+$";$-)*&2"&6"+=$">0-&2$>",20$-"+=$"*2|,$2%$"&6"$/$%+-&2*%)4"h=$"%=&*%$"&6"g=.+")&,20)")=&,/0"C$"&2"+=$"+.($"*)"0$+$-'*2$0"CB "+=$"2$$0"+&"=.;$"+=$"g=&/$"-.2?$"&6"6-$8,$2%*$)"C-&,?=+"*2+&"+=$"6$$0C.%i@"C,+"+&"?*;$"+=&)$")&,20)".")=&-+"0,-.+*&2A*2"&+=$-"g&-0)@"."C/*QQ.-0"&6";$-B")=&-+")&,20)".%-&))"+=$"g=&/$"6-$8,$2%B"-.2?$A)&"+=.+"+=$"*//,)*&2"&6"+=$")&,20)"%&'*2?"6-&'".//"(.-+)"&6"+=$"-&&'"*)"(-$)$-;$04"t "R,,!b$$uuu":*73:g"F*E$,',:38$F>):S)E)4SR3(-"R,E:#

N. #J,#)&88'#b#Z|s]@6#C)44gA#`ZO6#M*&S:)8#Q-.//T"#Ys*&4F3b#;&8'F#*d#,R3#Z7)(,wc)4>3A#/NGGw/NI0Y"#P34X3:3gA#^Zb#|('7348',g#*d #

http://www.lovely.com/titles/cdalgamarghen2.html

!"##i$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

C)#<&38,'*(#8&'7)(,3#38,#F3::3#>&#('73)&#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43"

M)(8#:HR'8,*'43#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#':#g#)#3&#&(3#:*(S&3#!94'*>3#>&4)(,#:)<&3::3#:)#>g()E'<&3#(H)#!)8#!&#j,43#3K!:*493#>&#d)', #<&3# :38# '(8,4&E3(,8#>3#!)4 #:3&4#d)F,&43#(3#!*889>)'3(,#!)8#&(3#!):3,,3 #>3#(&)(F38#8&dl8)(,38A # F)4A # !)4 # 3K3E!:3 #!*&4 # F34,)'(8 # '(8,4&E3(,8 # 5 # 73(,A # :3&4 # %&8,3883 # 3, # :3&4 # ,'EU43 # 9,)'3(,#>9!3(>)(,8#>&#>9U',#3,#>3#:)#!4388'*(#>3#:H)'4#3,#F38#>34('348#9,)(,#!:&8#*&#E*'(8#d*4,8#':8#'(>&'8)'3(,#>38#):,94),'*(8 # !34{&38 # F*EE3 # (*( #E&8'F):38 # Q:3 # >*&U:3E3(, # >38 # '(8,4&E3(,8 # *& # :) # F*EU'()'8*( # >3#>'dd943(,38#(),&438#>H'(8,4&E3(,8#!*&4#*U,3('4#&(3#!&'88)(F3#!:&8#9:3793#(H)#!)8#)!!*4,9#>3#8*:&,'*(#>3#F3 # Fr,9w:5T" # @: # 834)', # '(,94388)(, #>H9,&>'34 # F*EE3(, # :) #E&8'<&3 #7*F):3 # Q3, #&(3 #!)4,'3 #>3 # :) #E&8'<&3#'(8,4&E3(,):3T#)#!&#)F<&94'4#:*48#>3#!94'*>38#)(,94'3&438#>38#E*>38#F*(89<&3(,8#>3#!&'88)(F3#3,#>3#>g()E'<&3#3(#F*::)U*4)(,#)73F#:38#38!)F38#)F*&8,'<&38#3,#(*,)EE3(,#:38#S4)(>8#9>'lF38#>H)4FR',3F,&43#43:'S'3&83N/"#

x#!)4,'4#>3#:)#!94'*>3#U)4*<&3#:H&,':'8),'*(#>38#%-$)%$20*#3,#>38 #0$%-$)%$20*# F*EE3#E*>38#>3#7)4'),'*(8#!4*S4388'738#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#38,#&(#>38#E*g3(8#>3#>973:*!!34#:H3K!4388'7',9#3,#>3#>*E!,34#:38#!&'88)(F38#>3#F34,)'(8#'(8,4&E3(,8#Q!34{&38#F*EE3#n#U4&',8#o#3,#U4&g)(,38T#<&'#%&8<&H):*48#)7)',#!&#)!!)4)e,43#>)(8#F34,)'(38#d*4E38#E&8'F):38"#C)#>97):*4'8),'*(#>&#7*:&E3#8*(*43#9:379#3,#>&#U4&',#834)#5#!)4,'4#>3#:5#F*(,'(&3::3#>)(8#:H38,R9,'<&3#E&8'F):3#*FF'>3(,):3"#C3#U4&',#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#83#>9l('4)#!)4#8)#(),&43#>3#n#8*(#F*E!:3K3#oA#!:&8#*&#E*'(8#344),'<&3A#!:&8#*&#E*'(8#>'dlF':3E3(,#F*(,4r:)U:3#3,#>'dd943(F'9#>38#8*(8 #R)4E*('<&38 # '(8,4&E3(,)&K #V#>9l(','*( #<&' # 83 # %*'(>4) #5 # F3::3 #&8&3::3 #3, # 8&U%3F,'73 #>3 #n#8*(#'(>98'4)U:3#o#Q*&#(*(#>98'49N-TA#>9!:)'8)(,A#3,#>3#n#8*(#Sj()(,#o"#CH'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#)#&(#4r:3#3883(,'3:#>)(8#:) #>9l(','*( #>&#U4&', # F)4 #(*&8 #!*&7*(8 #43E)4<&34 #<&3# ,*&8 # :38 #8*(8A #EjE38 # :38 #!:&8 #)S49)U:38 #3,#!:)'8)(,8A#8*(,#!34{&8#3(#,)(,#<&3#U4&',8#:*48<&H':8#8*(,#,4*!#'(,3(838"#@:#!3&,#3(#j,43#>3#EjE3#:*48<&3#>38#8*(8#R)4E*('3&K#8*(,#F*EU'(98#3,#)88*F'98#QE'K98T#>3#F34,)'(3#E)('h43#<&3#:3&4#)88*F'),'*(#(3#83#,4*&73#('#R)4E*('<&3#('#R)4E*('3&83A#F*EE3#>)(8#:3#F)8#>38#F:&8,348#*&#>)(8#:3#F)8#>3#:)#F)F*!R*('3"#C)#>'7'8'*(#3(,43#:38#'(8,4&E3(,8 #C.)# 3,#:38#'(8,4&E3(,8 #=.,+)# Q)g)(,#&(3#!&'88)(F3#8*(*43T#V#FH38,w5w>'43#3(,43#:38#F*4>38A#:38#!34F&88'*(8#3,#:38#73(,8A#8'#*(#8&',#&(3#S4)>),'*(#>&#U)8#7348#:3#R)&,N0#i#F3#<&'#438,3#7'8'U:3#)&%*&4>HR&'#>)(8#:)#>'8,4'U&,'*(#8!),'):3#>3#:H*4FR38,43#V#!34E3,#>3#E)e,4'834#F34,)'(8#3dd3,8#3,#>H9(*(F34#>38#n#R&E3&48#o#>)(8#:38#m&7438#E&8'F):38A#EjE3#8'#F3:)#F*(,43>',#<&3:<&3#!3&#:)#49S&:),'*(#43:'S'3&83#<&'#38,#>H'(,'E34#)&#8':3(F3#3,#)&K#8*(8#C.)#b#

!"p,"�ff$")*S%/$@"]$.2"0$"^./*)C,-B"$+"/$"%*)+$-%*$2"p$/-$0"0$"{*$/;.,R"072&2%$2+"/$"!")&2"0$)"&-?,$)@"/$"C-,*+ "0$)"%B'C./$)"$+"*2)+-,'$2+)"',)*%.,R@"/W=.-'&2*$"0$)"m(B($)n"$+"0$)"%&-2$+)"9"8,*"2,*)$2+"<"/."07;&+*&24"9"Q@(#cJpJ6#c94)4>A#YO'8,*'43#>3#:)#;&8'<&3#Z(S:)'83YA#D)4'8#b#=>"#p)g)4>A#/NN-A#!!"#/Iw/L"T

J(#3dd3,A#':#>37'3(,#F*&4)(,#>H),,4'U&34#5#>38#F9:9U4),'*(8#>38#E*&73E3(,8#9F:),)(,8#b

� F*E!*89#>3#FRm&48A#>3#,'EU):38A#>3#,4*E!3,,38A#>3#}+,38#3,#3,#>3#R)&,U*'8#V#F*EE3#>)(8#:3#>9U&, #>3 # :HY_4),*4'* #>3 #6*¡:Y #P�y#-?L # Q/I0?T #>3 # 23)(ws9U)8,'3( #P)FRN?A # 3( # 8)FR)(, #<&3 #F3#E*&73E3(, # ) # 9,9 # F*E!*89 # !49):)U:3E3(, # (*( # !)8 # !*&4 # &(3 #m&743 # 43:'S'3&83 #E)'8 # !*&4#

^):'d*4(')#D4388"#!!"#/?0w/?B"

N/ # C|^ # ^R)4:38wM*E'('<&3A # YZ(,R4*!*:*S'3 # O'8,*4'<&3 # >3 # :) # 6*,'*( # >3 # P4&',YA # @( # p':'S4)(3A # (v # IA # !!" # 00wBB" # -..L" #V#R,,!b$$%):*(3>',"&('F3"d4$3,R(*E&8'F*:*S'3$F*&48$lFR'348$)(,R4*!*:*S'3wU4&',##

N- #]34E'(*:*S'3#)F*&8,'<&3A#ZE34'F)(#s,)(>)4>8#Z88*F'),'*(A#/NB/"

N0 #<&3#:�*(#>*',#5#P*hF3#3,#5#^)88'*>*43#Qy3wy@3#8'hF:38T"

N? ##R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$_!Bp(O7MX@8�43:�.#

http://www.youtube.com/embed/Op5FnHvDkIs?rel=0

http://jalonedit.unice.fr/ethnomusicologie/cours/fichiers/anthropologie-bruit

!"##"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

:H*FF)8'*(#>H&(#E)4')S3#!4'(F'34#<&'#d+,#)'(8'#F9:9U49#R)&,#3(#F*&:3&48#3,#5#S4)(>#U4&',#i

� *&#3(F*43#:3#`g4'3#>3#:)#Y;3883#>&#s)F43#>3#C*&'8#Wy@Y#Q/IINT#>3#p4)({*'8#c'4*&8,NBA#3,#,*&,#&(3#894'3#>3#;)S('lF),A#c:*4')A#3,F"#,*&8#!:&8#9F:),)(,8#:38#&(8#<&3#:38#)&,438"

CH*4S&3#>3#8*(#Fr,9#)#3&#&(#,4)',3E3(,#>'dd943(,"#D34{&#F*EE3#&(#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#:38#!:&8#=.,+)#Q3,#>)(8#:H9!*<&3#E*>34(3#':#834)#F*(8'>949#F*EE3#:H'(8,4&E3(,#<&'#!3&,#'E',34#,*&8#:38#)&,438#'(8,4&E3(,8A#F3#<&' #)#!34E'8 # :3 #>973:*!!3E3(,#R'8,*4'<&3#>3#8)# d)F,&43#3, #>3#8*(#*4S)(*:*S'3TA # ': #) #U9(9lF'9 #>H&(3#97*:&,'*(#>3#8) #8gEU*:'<&3#3, # d+, #l():3E3(,# '(,9S49 #>)(8# :38 #9>'lF38#43:'S'3&K#3, #>)(8# :) #E&8'<&3#8)F493#b

!"[.-%$"8,$"/W&-?,$"$)+"T/W*2)+-,'$2+"/$"(/,)"?-.20")&,)"/$"-.((&-+"0,";&/,'$")&2&-$T@"8,$").")&2&-*+7"7;&8,$"/$"+&22$--$"0$"/.";&*R"0$"k*$,@"8,$")$)"+,B.,R"2$")&2+"(.)").2)"-.(($/$-"/$)"+-&'($++$)"0$"/Wp(&%./B()$@"*/ "0$;*$2+"(&-+$A(.-&/$"0,"'$)).?$"0*;*24"[&,-"%$/.@"/$)"+=7&-*%*$2)"07+&,-2$2+"/$)"7/7'$2+)"0$")&2"&-?.2&/&?*$ "$+ " 0$ " ). " )&2&-*+7 " 8,* " .,-.*$2+ " 0a " -$/$;$- " 0W,2$ " %$-+.*2$ " ! " 07'&2&/&?*$ " )&2&-$ " 9@ " %&''$ " /$ " +&22$--$ "d$R(-$))*&2")&2&-$"0,"0*.C/$e@ "/$)")&,6|$+)"d8,*"-$2;&*$2+"<"/."6&-?$"0*.C&/*8,$e@"/$ ";$2+"0$")."'7%.2*8,$ "d'.D&-*+.*-$'$2+"'./"%&22&+7e@"/$"'7+./"0$")$)"+,B.,R@"$+%4"9#QC|^#^R)4:38wM*E'('<&3A#YZ(,R4*!*:*S'3#O'8,*4'<&3#>3#:)#6*,'*(#>3#P4&',YA#@(#p':'S4)(3A#(v#IA#!!"#00wBB"#-..L"TNG

|(#)&,43#)8!3F,#38,#F3:&'#>3#:H&,':'8),'*(#>H'(8,4&E3(,8#n#)>wR*F#o#3,#>3#E)FR'(38#'(8,4&E3(,):38#5#d*4,#('73)&#8*(*43#>)(8#F34,)'(38#E)('d38,),'*(8#E&8'F):38#Q3,#8*F'):38T#5#!)4,'4#>3#:H9!*<&3#E9>'97):3#b

!"3k$ " />5$26$- " +,',/+,$,R@ " 30,5 " TC-,*+ "0W$26$-T@ " /$ "0-.'$ " /*+,-?*8,$ "'70*7;./ ";. " $2 " -$20-$ " %&'(+$ " $2 "*2;$2+.2+"0$)"'.%=*2$-*$)"$66-&B.C/$'$2+"C-,B.2+$)"0&2+"s,)+.;$":&=$2l�" &,"G/*$"�&2*?)&2lj" -7;S/$2+"/$)"0*)(&)*+*6)"U"?-.20$)"%,;$)"0W.*-.*2"6-.((7$)"&,"(/$*2$)"0$"(*$--$)"+&,-2.2+".,+&,-"0W,2".R$"?-�%$"<"0$"?-.20$)"'.2*;$//$)@"?-.20$)"(/.8,$)"0$"'7+./")&,(/$)"6-727+*8,$'$2+".?*+7$)@"07%=.-?$)"0$"%&,/$,;-*2$)"$+"0$"%.2&2)4 "#$"2&'C-$"0$)"($-)&22$)"27%$)).*-$)"<"%$++$"'.%=*2$-*$"($,+")W7/$;$-"<"(/,)"0$"8,*2Q$"�"34445"h,',/+$"0$"/. "/*%$2%$ " /. " (/,) " 07C-*07$ " $+ " C$)+*./$@ " %-*) " .2*'.,R "0$) " )&-%*$-) " $+ " )&-%*S-$) "'7+.'&-(=&)7)@ " ;.%.-'$ "0$) "*2)+-,'$2+) " =.,+)�").CC.+) " +,',/+,$,R@ " 8,$ " %$-+.*2) "0&%,'$2+) " $+ " -7%*+) "0$ " +-.0*+*&2 "&-./$ " .(($//$2+ "T%=.-*;.-*)T4"9#QC|^#^R)4:38wM*E'('<&3A#*!"#F',"T

C38 # n#FR)4'7)4'8#o # 8*(, # >38 # E)('d38,),'*(8 # 3, # >38 # 979(3E3(,8 # 8*F')&KA # !4*d)(38A # :',&4S'<&38 # 3,#!)4):',&4S'<&38#>*(()(,#:'3&#5#>38#!4),'<&38#E&8'F):38#3,#8*(*438#F*::3F,'738#Q)#F*(,4)4'*#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#d)',3#!)4#:38#F*E!*8',3&48#>3#E)('h43#8*:',)'43T#b#FH38,#:3#F)8#>3#:)#s3E)'(3#s)'(,3#!)4#3K3E!:3NNA#>&4)(,#:)<&3::3# :3#n#FR)4'7)4'#o #F*(8'8,)', #3(#>38#7)F)4E38#9!*&7)(,)U:38 #!4*>&',8#!)4# :38# %3&(38#R*EE38#5#:H)'>3#>3#4R*EU38A#>3#,)EU*&48#5#d4'F,'*(#3,#>3#F49F3::38#Q83:*(#:38#*U8347),'*(8#3,R(*E&8'F*:*S'<&38#>)(8#>38#F*EE&(38#>38#Dg49(938#^3(,4):38/..#i#*&#:*48#>H&('*(8#E),4'E*('):38#%&S93#)U&8'738A#3,#!*&4#

NB ##R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$|%IR?UB�FP@�43:�.#

NG #C|^#^R)4:38wM*E'('<&3A#*!"#F',"

NI #^_OJ6#c&8,)73A#YO'8,*'43#>3#:)#E'83#3(#8Fh(3#>)(8#:3#,R9�,43#43:'S'3&K#d4)({)'8#>&#;*g3(#ZS3YA#D)4'8A#^R)E!'*(A#/NB/"

NL #`_6@cs_6#J:'3A#YC�38!)F3#,R9�,4):#E9>'97):YA#D)4'8A#^6tsA#/NIB"

NN #C|^#^R)4:38wM*E'('<&3A#YC38#y)F)4E38#>3#:)#s3E)'(3#s)'(,3#3,#>38#^R)4'7)4'8A#>3&K#4',&3:8#:'98#5#:)#E*4,YA#@(#YC38#;&8'<&38#>3#:)#;*4,#3(#_FF'>3(,YA#^*&48#>HJ,R(*E&8'F*:*S'3A #R,,!b$$%):*(3>',"&('F3"d4$3,R(*E&8'F*:*S'3$F*&48$?"w:38wE&8'<&38w>3w:)wE*4,w3(w*FF'>3(,$FR)4'7)4'#

/.. #;Zt^JC�M|P_@s#^:)&>'3A#Ypj,38#7'::)S3*'838#3, #7)F)4E38#F949E*('3:8 #*&#&(3#E&8'<&3#3, #8*(#F*(,4)'43YA #C38#dj,38#>3#:)#43()'88)(F3A#D)4'8A#J>"#^6tsA#/NIB"#V#t3FR34FR38#F**!94),'738#8&4#!4*S4)EE3#8&4#:3#^R�,'::*(()'8#Q/NGGw/NGLT"#-hE3#E'88'*(#>H3,R(*E&8'F*:*S'3 # Q--w-N # E)48 # /NGITA # ^*EE&(3 # >3 # ;'(*,A # E3(93 # !)4 # ^:)&>'3 # ;)4F3:wM&U*'8 # i # # !R*,*S4)!R'38 # b#R,,!b$$uuu"F&:,&43"S*&7"d4$!&U:'F$E'8,4):$!R*F3Ezd4�Z^]@_6�tJ]t_|yJtz]@]CJ�p@JCMz0�]@]tJ�yZC|Jz0�^OZ]@CC_66Z@s�ctD�NG�sDJ^�N�sq6�/�@;Cq��;ZW/�/�;ZW-�/�;ZW0�B.�tJ~��-L�-L^OZ]@CC_66Z@s�-N�-.�0Z]@]tJ�-.�-N�M_;�Z::�|st6Z;J�(*U*>g�|stD�M�?�-?�-B0?D# i # ;'88'*( # >H3,R(*E&8'F*:*S'3 # F*(>&',3 # !)4 # ^:)&>'3#;)4F3:wM&U*'8 # 3, # ;)4'3w;)4S&34',3 # D'FR*((3,wZ(>4): # >)(8 # :38 # Dg49(938 # F3(,4):38 # 5 # P3,!*&3g # QE)48w)74': # /NBGT # i#!R*,*S4)!R'38 # b #R,,!b$$uuu"F&:,&43"S*&7"d4$!&U:'F$E'8,4):$!R*F3Ezd4�Z^]@_6�tJ]t_|yJtz]@]CJ�p@JCMz0�]@]tJ�yZC|Jz0�J]O6_;|s@^_C_c@J�-.J]

http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/phocem_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER_TITLE&FIELD_3=TITRE&VALUE_3=ETHNOMUSICOLOGIE%20ET%20PYRENEES&GRP=2&SPEC=9&SYN=1&IMLY=&MAX1=1&MAX2=1&MAX3=50&REQ=((ETHNOMUSICOLOGIE%20ET%20PYRENEES)%20%3ATITRE%20)&DOM=All&USRNAME=nobody&USRPWD=4$%2534P



http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/phocem_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER_TITLE&FIELD_3=TITRE&VALUE_3=CHATILLONNAIS&GRP=96&SPEC=9&SYN=1&IMLY=&MAX1=1&MAX2=1&MAX3=50&REQ=((CHATILLONNAIS)%20%3ATITRE%20)&DOM=All&USRNAME=nobody&USRPWD=4$%2534P



http://jalonedit.unice.fr/ethnomusicologie/cours/4.-les-musiques-de-la-mort-en-occident/charivari

http://jalonedit.unice.fr/ethnomusicologie/cours/4.-les-musiques-de-la-mort-en-occident/charivari

http://www.youtube.com/embed/Uj7h4b5WcBI?rel=0

!"##j$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

(*,43#!94'*>3#:)#!:&8#49F3(,3A#:*48#>38#FR)4'7)4'8#>H*&74'348#5#!),4*(8A#>38#FR)4'7)4'8#5#F)4)F,h43#:',,94)'43#Q!*:9E'<&38#3(,43#9,&>')(,8#3,#)&,3&48A#3,F"TA#3,#5#F)4)F,h43#!*:','<&3#Q:38#F*(F34,8#>3#F)8834*:38T#!)4#:)#E)('d38,),'*(#!&U:'<&3#>H&(#*4FR38,43#9<&'!9#>H3(S'(8#8*(*438A#>3#U)88'(38A#>3#U'>*(8A#3,F"#3,#>3#,*&,38#8*4,38#>�'(8,4&E3(,8#3,#>H*U%3,8#!4*!438#5#d)'43#>&#U4&',#&,':'898#>3#E)('h43#)U344)(,3#*&#>9,*&4(93"/./

cZt�_6s # pZ@sZ6] # p_6^]@_66Jt # ^t=^JCCJs # J]#]_|C_|O_|sA #PJ]D_|JqA#OZ|]JswDqt=6=JsA #;ZtswZyt@C#/NBG"

n#ZC_ts#~|J#C�OZt;_6@J#s_^@ZCJ #J]#D_C@]@~|J#Js]#p@c|t=J#DZt#MJs#@6s]t|;J6]s#OZt;_6@~|Js#x#^_tMJs#�#PZs#�#2_|=s#DZt#CJs#=C@]JsA #CJ #]t�s #p_t]#y_C|;J#s_6_tJA #6_]Z;;J6]#CJ#yZ^Zt;J#M@sOZt;_6@J|WA # Js] # |6 # D|@ssZ6] # ;Zt~|J|t # MJ # CZ # t|D]|tJ#M�OZt;_6@J # b # MZ6s # CJ # ÔZt@yZt@A # _6 # ]t_|yJ # Z|ss@ # MJs#@6s]t|;J6]@s]Js#^_6p@t;=s#2_|Z6]#CJ#DC|s#;ZC#J]#CJ#DC|s#pZ|W#D_ss@PCJ"#o#QC|^#ÔZtCJswM_;@6@~|JA#_D"#^@]"T

ÔZt@yZt@#V#@6s]t|;J6]s#M|#yZ^Zt;Jn#CJ # ]_|O_|C_| # M| # D_@6] # MJ # y|J # _tcZ6_C_c@~|J # Js] # |6#@6s]t|;J6] # pZ@sZ6] # DZt]@J # MJ # CHJsD�^J # ZDDJC=J # ]Z;P_|t # x#pt@^]@_6 # ]_|t6_qZ6] # QZ6cC" #Nwf{#fIs " E{f:hfoIAk{ZYA # ZCC"#^:wNZIs{GfKh{oYYG#IT" #CJ #]_|C_|O_|#Dqt=6=J6#sJ #^_;D_sJ#MH|6 # t=s_6Z]J|t # MJ # p_t;J # ^qC@6Mt@~|J # MHJ6y@t_6 # /.^; # MJ#M@Z;�]tJ#J] #/-^;#MJ#OZ|]J|t#ZyJ^#|6J#]ZPCJ #MJ #t=s_6Z6^J#^_6s]@]|=J#DZt#|6J#;J;PtZ6J#]J6M|J#s|t#CH|6#MJs#_t@p@^Js#M|#^qC@6MtJ" # MZ6s # ^J]]J # ;J;PtZ6JA # DJtp_t=J # Z| # ^J6]tJA # Js]#J6p@C=J #|6J #^_tMJ #y@PtZ6]J" #^J]]J #^_tMJ # QMJ # /.^; #MJ #C_6c#J6y@t_6T # tJC@J # CZ # ;J;PtZ6J # x # |6 # ;Z6@D|CZ]J|t # QP ]_6T#[Z|~|JC#_6#@;Dt@;J#|6#;_|yJ;J6]#c@tZ]_@tJ\" #CJ#s_6#Z#|6J#D_t]=J#MJ#CH_tMtJ#MJ#~|Z]tJ#^J6]#;�]tJs#J6y@t_6"x#y_C|;J#MJ#t=s_6Z]J|t#=cZCA#CZ#6Z]|tJ#MJ#CZ#^_tMJ#y@PtZ6]J#sJ;PCJ # J6]tZ�6Jt #MJs # s_6_t@]=s # M@pp=tJ6]Js # b # J6 # ^t@6A # JCCJ#Dt_y_~|J #|6 #s_6 #P_|tM_66Z6] #J] # J6 # p@^JCCJ #|6 # s_6 #DC|s#^t@ssZ6]" # MJ # DC|s # sZ # C_6c|J|t # 2_|J # |6 # t�CJ #Z@6s@ # ~|J # CZ#6Z]|tJ#MJ#CZ#c_tcJ#J]#CJ#MJct=#MHO|;@M@p@^Z]@_6#x#^J#6@yJZ|#i#^J]]J # MJt6@�tJ # ^_6M@]@_6 # Js] # JssJ6]@JCCJ # Z| # P_6#p_6^]@_66J;J6] # MJ # CHJ6c@6" # |6J # tJÔJtÔJ # JWD=t@;J6]ZCJ#]J6]=J # s|t # |6 # ]_|C_|O_| # MJs # Dqt=6=Js # Z # DJt;@s # MJs#DZtZ;�]tJs#DOqs@~|Js#M|#s_6#Dt_M|@]#DZt#^J]#J6c@6"#CJ#s@c6ZC#M|#sDJ^]tJ#Js]#]t�s#=]t_@]#tJs]J#MZ6s#CJs#pt=~|J6^Js#PZssJs"#CJ#sDJ^]t_ctZ;;J # _P]J6| # Z^^|sJA # J6 # JppJ]A # |6J # PZ6MJ # MJ#pt=~|J6^Js #M_;@6Z6]J # s@]|=J # J6]tJ # /.. # J] # 0.. #O�A #ZyJ^ #|6J#M@;@6|]@_6#]t�s#tZD@MJ#J6s|@]J" #CJs#DO=6_;�6Js#^_6s=^|]@ps#Z| #;=^Z6@s;J #MJ # CHJ6c@6 # J6 #;_|yJ;J6] # J] #MJ # CZ # pt@^]@_6#^@t^|CZ@tJ#MJ#CZ#^_tMJ#M_6]#CHZMO=tJ6^J#s|t#CZ#c_tcJ#6HJs]#DZs#^_6]@6|J#sJ#]tZM|@sJ6]#DZt#M@pp=tJ6]s#]qDJs#MJ#s@c6Z|W"#^J|Ww^@#sJ#M@s]@6c|J6]#DZt#MJs#DO=6_;�6Js#D=t@_M@~|Js#D_|t#ÔZ~|J # t=y_C|]@_6 # MJ # CHJ6c@6 # b # x # CH@6]=t@J|t # MJ # ÔZ~|J#;_|yJ;J6] # sJ # M=]ZÔJ6] # MJs # DZ~|J]s # MH_s^@CCZ]@_6s # ~|@#sJ;PCJ6] # ^_ttJsD_6MtJ #Z|W # Ô_^s # _| #Z^^t_ÔZcJs # MJ # CZ#^_tMJ # J] # s|t # CJs~|JCs # sJ # ctJppJ6] # CJs # pt=~|J6^Js # MJ#t=s_6Z6^J" # CZ # Ôt_6_ctZDO@J # pZ@] # ZDDZtZ�]tJ # |6J # M|t=J#;_qJ66J # MJ # /?$B.;Js # MJ # sJ^_6MJ # DZt # t=y_C|]@_6 # J]#CH_s^@CC_ctZ;;J#J6]@Jt #;_6]tJ#|6J#tJCZ]@yJ#s@;@C@]|MJ#MJs#DO=6_;�6Js#D=t@_M@~|Js#MJs#]tZ@6s#MH_6MJs"#J6p@6#CH@6]J6s@]=#M|#s@c6ZC#M|#]_|C_|O_|#;Js|t=J#Z|#M=^@PJC;�]tJA#x#B.#^;"#J6#ÔZ;PtJ#s_|tMJA#Js]#MJ#CH_tMtJ#MJ#/.B#MP"#["""\#s@#CH_6#D_|ts|@]#CHJWDC_tZ]@_6 # MJ # CZ # pZ;@CCJ # MJs # ]Z;P_|ts # x # pt@^]@_6#]_|t6_qZ6]s#O_ts#MJ#ptZ6^J#_6#tJD�tJ#^J#]qDJ#MH@6s]t|;J6]#

�-.DqtJ6JJs�ctD�-�sDJ^�N�sq6�/�@;Cq��;ZW/�/�;ZW-�/�;ZW0�B.�tJ~��-L�-LJ]O6_;|s@^_C_c@J�-.J]�-.DqtJ6JJs�-N�-.�0)]@]tJ�-.�-N�M_;�Z::�|st6Z;J�(*U*>g�|stD�M�?�-?�-B0?D#

/./ # ;Zt^JCwM|P_@s#^:)&>'3A #YC)#D)4)E&8'<&3#>)(8# :3#FR)4'7)4' #F*(,3E!*4)'(YA # @( #YC3#^R)4'7)4'YA #ZF,38 #>3# :)# ,)U:3#4*(>3#*4S)('893#5#D)4'8#:38#-Bw-I#)74':#/NIIA#F**4>"#2)F<&38#C3#c*dd#�#23)(w^:)&>3#sFRE',,A#=>"#=F*:3#>38#O)&,38#=,&>38#3(#sF'3(F38#s*F'):38#D)4'8A#;*&,*(#=>',3&4"#!!"#?BwB0#i#;Zt^JCwM|P_@s#^:)&>'3A/NIBA#n#pj,38#7'::)S3*'838#3,#7)F)4E38#F949E*('3:8#*&#&(3#E&8'<&3#3,#8*(#F*(,4)'43#oA#@(#2)F<&*,#23)(#Q9>"TA##$)"E1+$)"0$"/."{$2.*)).2%$A#D)4'8A#^6tsA#!!"#G.-wG/G#i#C|^#^R)4:38wM*E'('<&3A#YC38#y)F)4E38#>3#:)#s3E)'(3#s)'(,3#3,#>38#^R)4'7)4'8A#>3&K#4',&3:8#:'98#5#:)#E*4,YA#@(#YC38#;&8'<&38#>3#:)#;*4,#3(#_FF'>3(,YA#*!"#F',"#




!"#gU$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

sD_tZM@~|J;J6]#MZ6s#DtJs~|J#]_|]J#CHJ|t_DJA#MZ6s#CHZs@JA#J6#@6MJA#J6#^O@6JA#Z|#2ZD_6A#J6#@6M_6=s@J#Q2ZyZTA#Z|#y@�]w6Z;A#MZ6s#CHZpt@~|J # _t@J6]ZCJ # J] # MZ6s # CJs # =]Z]s # |6@s # MHZ;=t@~|J" # ["""\#@6s^t@] # M_t=6ZyZ6] # MZ6s # CZ # ^_CCJ^]@_6 # MJs # J6c@6s # MJ#]=6�PtJsA#CJ#]_|C_|O_|#MJy@J6]#CH|6#MJs#Dt_M|^]J|ts#MJ#^Js#^=C�PtJs # yZ^Zt;Js # ^=t=;_6@JCs # MJs # ]J;Ds # MH@6]JtM@]s #Z|ss@#P@J6#~|J#MJ#C@^J6^Js#]J;D_tZ@tJs#Q^Zt6ZyZC#J6#DZt]@^|C@JtT"#@C#DtJ6M#tZ6c#MZ6s#CHZtsJ6ZC#MJs#J6c@6s#M_6]#CZ#;|C]@DC@^@]=#tJpC�]J # CH@;Zc@6Z]@_6 # MJs # c=6=tZ]@_6s # Z;_6^JC=Js # MJD|@s#CH_t@c@6J # MJs # t@]Js # MJ # 6Z]|tJ # s@6c|C@�tJ;J6] # Pt|qZ6]J"#o#Q;Zt^JCwM|P_@s # ^CZ|M@JA # YCJ # ]_|C_|O_| # MJs # Dqt=6=Js#^J6]tZCJs#V#|sZcJ#t@]|JC#J]#DZtJ6]=s#MH|6#]Z;P_|t#x#pt@^]@_6#]_|t6_qZ6]YA # @6 # CJs # ^_CC_~|Js # MJ # �=c@;_6]A # @@@ # w # /NBGA#J]O6_;|s@^_C_c@J # @@A # P@PC@_]O�~|J # MJ # CZ # pZ^|C]= # MJ#DO@C_s_DO@J#J]#CJ]]tJs#MJ#CH|6@yJts@]=#MJ#C@�cJ#DD"#BBwLN"#/NG.T

^3 # n#43E!:'88)S3#o # >3 # :H38!)F3 # 8*(*43 # !)4 # :H&,':'8),'*( # >3 # E)FR'(38 # !4*>&'8)(, # >38 # 8*(*4',98#)88*&4>'88)(,38#3,#n#5#,&3w,j,3#o#38,#)&88'#!4983(,#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#U)4*<&3#!*&4#'(7*<&34#:38#E9,9*438#Q,*((3443A # *4)S3A # 73(,8A # 3,F"TA # F3F' # !)4,'F'!)(, # 5 # &(3 # (*&73::3 # F),9S*4'8),'*( #E&8'F):3 # b # F3::3 # >38#n#U4&',)S38#o#Q3, #9S):3E3(,#F3::3#>38#n#8*(8#8):'8#o#'(8,4&E3(,)&KA #<&3#(*&8#>973:*!!34*(8#>)(8#&(3#)&,43#9,&>3#F*(8)F493#5#:)#n#F*(,43E&8'<&3#oT#V#F3#<&'#834)#!*&48&'7'#!:&8#,)4>#!)4#s),'3A#y)4h83#3,#:38#E&8'F'3(8#d&,&4'8,38#)73F#:H'(,9S4),'*(#>H'(8,4&E3(,8#>&#n#<&*,'>'3(#o#QE)FR'(3#5#73(,#[*&#3*:'!R*(3A#R3:'*!R*(3\A#;)&4'F3#t)73:A#YM)!R('8#3,#^R:*9YA#/N.Nw/-#VA#E)FR'(3#5#9F4'43A#=4'X#s),'3A#YD)4)>3YA#/N/I#Q!:&8#&(3#8'4h(3#)'Sa3A#&(3#4*&3#>3#:*,34'3A#>38#})<&38#8*(*438A#&(#F:)<&*'4A#&(#437*:734A#&(3#8'4h(3#S4)73T#VA#8'4h(38A #J>S)4#y)4h83A #Y@*('8),'*(YA#/N0/#VA#3,F"T" #6*&8#(*&8#,4*&7*(8#:5#5#:)# :'E',3#3(,43#:H'::&8,4),'*( # 8*(*43 # !)4 # :H3dd3, # Q<&)8' # (),&4):'8,3A # !)4 # :H3(,493 # >& # U4&', # >3 # :H3(7'4*((3E3(, # >)(8 # :)#E&8'<&3T#3,#:)#!4'83#3(#F*E!,3#>&#!*,3(,'3:#'(8,4&E3(,):#3,#8*(*43#>3#,3::38#E)FR'(38"#

=t@`#sZ]@JA#YDZtZMJY#Q/N/IT

CH|]@C@sZ]@_6 # MJs # DJt^|ss@_6s # ^_;;J#@6s]t|;J6]s #x # Pt|@]s #MZ6s #YDZtZMJY # b#]@;PZCJA # s@t�6J # Z@c|JA # ]Zt_CCJ # Q|6J#^Z@ssJ # ^CZ@tJ # ]t�s # DCZ]J # J6#Dt_yJ6Z6^J#MJ#CZ#;|s@~|J#;@C@]Z@tJ#J]#MJ # CZ # ;|s@~|J # ]tZM@]@_66JCCJTA#^q;PZCJA#ct_ssJ#^Z@ssJ"

!"#gT$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

s3:*(#:38#(*,38#>HZ(>49#2*:'73,A#J>S)4#y)4h83#,4)7)'::)',A#)7)(,#8)#>'8!)4','*(#3(#/NGBA#5#F3#<&'#!3&,#j,43#F*(8'>949#F*EE3#&(3#Y!R':*8*!R'3#>&#U4&',Y"#^3#,34E3#)#9,9#>3!&'8#:)4S3E3(,#43!4'8#!)4#D'3443wZ:U34,#^)8,)(3,#3,#38,#43:)g9#!)4#:3#E*&73E3(,#49F3(,#>3#:)#).+,-.+*&2A#*&#:38 #2&,;$.,R"C-,+./*)+$)# 83:*(#O)44g#O):U43'FR/.-# Qp4)(FX#P3>4*88')(/.0A#t)!R)¡:#^3(>*/.?A #s9U)8,'3(#t'7)8/.BA #3, #3(#)E*(,#p)&8,*#t*E',3::'#Q/NG0w-..?T/.GT#>*(,#:3#!4*S4)EE3#3(,43#!3&#>)(8#:38#!4*U:9E),'<&38#<&3#(*&8#9(*({*(8A#F)4#':#438,3#>)(8#:3#!4'(F'!3#>3#:H3K!4388'7',9#>&#n"R*48w8*("o#Q^3(>*T#3,#>)(8#&(3#F*E!:)'8)(F3#>&#%3&#)73F#:38#3KFh8#F*(8)F4)(,#&(#n">9!:*'3E3(,#8*(*43#3K)S949#>)(8#&(#F*(,3K,3#:'E',9"o#Q@U'>"T/.I#b

!":$++$"-$%=$-%=$"0W,2$"72$-?*$")&2&-$"*2&,J$"$)+".,))*",2"'&B$2"0$"'$"-.((-&%=$-"/$"(/,)"(&))*C/$"0,")&2"0$"'&2"+$'()@"0W$2"-$)).*)*-"/.";*&/$2%$"(&,-"'*$,R"/W.((-7=$20$-4"9#Qt)!R)¡:#^3(>*T

!"]$"076$20)"/>*07$"8,>$2%&-$",2$"6&*)"/$"%&-()"0&*+"1+-$"(/.%7"$2"(/$*2"%$2+-$"0$"/>$R(7-*$2%$"',)*%./$4"#. "',)*8,$"$)+"($,+A1+-$"(-*2%*(./$'$2+",2$"-7.%+*&2"(=B)*8,$"),-",2"%&-()4"9#Qp)&8,*#t*E',3::'T

!"[/,)"8,$"/.").+,-.+*&2@"%>$)+"/$"(=72&'S2$").+,-7"8,*"'>*2+7-$))$4"9#Qp4)(FX#P3>4*88')(T

MH)&,438#'(','),'738#!*&48&'73(,#&(3#F34,)'(3#38,R9,'8),'*(#3,#&(#d*4E):'8E3#3K!:'F',3#>38#8*(8#U4&',98#F*EE3#>)(8#:38#m&7438#>3#^*:'(#t*FR3/.L#5#!)4,'4#>3#d*4E38#d4)SE3(,)'438A#*&#>)(8#F3::38#>3#p4)(F38F*#p':'>3'/.N" #J8,wF3 # F3F' #<&3 # ,3(,)', #>3 #!*&48&'743 #y)4h83 #3( #!)4:)(, #>3#n#!R':*8*!R'3 #>&#U4&',#o #� #s*(#'(,3(,'*(#>H)!!&g34#8&4#:H*4S)('8),'*(#>38#8*(8#)&#83'(#>3#838#m&7438#)#F*(,4)4'*#>H&(#>9!:*'3E3(,#>38#4388*&4F38#'(8*&!{*((938#>38#8*(8#(*,)EE3(,#>)(8#>38#>'E3(8'*(8#n#!)4*Kg8,38#o#Q>3#:H'(,3(8',9A#>38#

/.- #O)44g#O):U43'FRA#Y^9>4'F#M)EU4)'(#w#|(3#7'*:3(F3#3&!R*4'<&3YA#@(#YP3g*(>#w#J88)'8#3,#M*F&E3(,8YA#P4&K3::38A#Z48#;&8'F)A#-..NA#!"#/."#V#s3:*(#D'3443wZ:U34,#^)8,)(3,#!3&73(,#83#4),,)FR34#)&88'#5#F3#E*&73E3(,#b#^:)'43w;9:)('3#s'((R&U34A#y):94'* #;&4),A#M'E',4'#`*&4:')(8X'A#y)88*8#6'F*:)*&A#s9U)8,'3(#c)K'3A#q)((#t*U'(A#3,#3(#3K,3(8'*(#^*:'(#t*FR3#3,#p4)(F38F*#p':'>3'"

/.0 # R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$p�ZguP�qSdq�43:�.# R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$/.gCIBC~E~S�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$zEGNWWz6,0F�43:�.# R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$K.K,/*Lw7wL�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$|yJ0PILtNMZ�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$:ys2p2gJwZL�43:�.#

/.? # R# #,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$:4EJ>:ZDXWF�43:�.# ## R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$d~wZu.uDCEJ�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$,gw(P:.&&g?�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$G)]&U@|@f&S�43:�.#

/.B #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$cCGut(^S%X8�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$`DP6'PW;y&|�43:�.#

/.G # R# #,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$CEKf2~R67:S�43:�.# ## R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$L<`t;[email protected]�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$�XzwOtwF'SZ�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$pG]cB(XZ^|*�43:�.#

/.I ##@(8!'493#>&#R)4>#4*FX#3,#>&#R3)7gwE9,):A#*k#:)#8),&4),'*(#8*(*43#38,#>&3#5#F3::3#>�&(#)E!:'lF),3&4#3,#>38#3(F3'(,38#)F*&8,'<&38#<&'#:&'#8*(,#)88*F'938A#:)#8),&4),'*(#>)(8#:3#>*E)'(3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#F*(,3E!*4)'(3#49!*(>#5#&(#U38*'(#>3#4)>'F):',9#3,#&(#>98'4#>3#,4)(8S4388'*("#^3,,3#38,R9,'<&3#38,#(93#)&#,*&4()(,#>38#)((938#-...w-./.#>3#:�'E)S'(),'*(#>3#F*E!*8',3&48#!)8898#!)4#:)#y'::)#;9>'F'8"#J::3#>*((3#5#:)#E),'h43#8*(*43#&(3#4&S*8',9#d*(>)E3(,):3A#3(#!&'8)(,#>)(8#F3#<&'A#>)(8#:3#8*(A#38,#,)U*&#)&#!*'(,#<&3#:38 #E&8'F'3(8#8�3dd*4F3(, #S9(94):3E3(, #>3# :3 #S*EE34 #E)' #<&'A # F*(,4r:9 #)73F #)4,A #>37'3(, #9(34S'3 #!&43" #V#QP4&(*#s344*&A#R,,!b$$U4&(*8344*&"U:*S8!*,"d4$-./0$.-$:3w?3wd38,'7):wF*(,4*,3E!*w7'3(,w>3"R,E:#T

/.L # R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$6I;d*&�:dC|�43:�.# R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$Zu.f24z8u-L�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$`S>yEcD%`OF�43:�.# R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$2dS'^XU),6*�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$N�.>'`tE&I*�43:�.#

/.N #!"G)).B$Q"0W*'.?*2$-",2$"',)*8,$"8,*"."($-0,"/W7/7'$2+")&2&-$4":$"8,*"-$)+$"$)+"',-',-$@")8,$/$++$@"'.*)"-*%=$"$2")&2)"(-$)8,$"'7%.2*8,$) "%-77)"(.-"/$)"'.*2)"8,*"+&,%=$2+"$+"%.-$))$2+"/$)"*2)+-,'$2+)4"h$//$"$)+"/."',)*8,$"0$"E*/*0$*4"^&2")+B/$"+-S)"($-)&22$/"$)+").2)"%&'(-&'*)"$+ ".,"V/"0$)".2)"$//$")$"6.*+"(/,)".,)+S-$4"G2"07(*+"0$"/.")(=S-$".((.-$''$2+"/*'*+7$"0,"?$2-$"0$"C-,*+)"8,W*/",+*/*)$@")$)"r,;-$)"-$)(*-$2+"$+ "?.?2$2+"$2"(/72*+,>3"#o#Qs):7),*43#sF')44'(*T#V#n":$"+-.;.*/"),-"/W.C)$2%$"0,")&2"$)+"(&,-"'&*"%&''$",2"%.-1'$@"%.-"/W$R(7-*$2%$"2.F+"0$) "C&-2$)"8,$"D$"'$"VR$4"I,/"2$").*+"8,.20"2.F+",2")&24"]$"%=$-%=$"/$)"(-7'*%$)"0$")."?7)*2$"(&,-"%&'(-$20-$")&2"&-*?*2$@"%$"8,*"'$"%&20,*+"< "'W*2+$--&?$-"),-"'."(-&(-$"2.*)).2%$4"9#D49*FF&!9#!)4#:3#8*(#3,#8)#S3(h83A#p':'>3'#38,#)::9#%&8<&�5#F*(F37*'4#>38#!'hF38#(9F388',)(,#&(3#)&>','*(#)73F#>38#U*&FR*(8#>)(8#:38#*43'::38#!*&4#8&8F',34#:�9F*&,3#'(,94'3&43"#s)#!43E'h43#!'hF3#>�*4FR38,43#F*(8'8,)',#5#,*&4(34#:38#!)S38#>38#!)4,','*(8"#V#!"Y."',)*8,$"2W$)+"(.)"<"7%&,+$-"'.*)"(&,-"7%&,+$-4"^*"D$"%/.8,$"'$)"'.*2)@"D$"'$+)"/W.,0*+$,-"$2 ")*+,.+*&2"0W.++$2+$@"0&2%"0W7%&,+$4"Y.*)"/."(/,(.-+"0$)"?$2)".((-7=$20$2+"/W*2%&22,@"2W.*'.2+"(.)"1+-$"07)+.C*/*)7)4"#.")&%*7+7"2$"($,+"1+-$ "6&207$"),-"/W*2%&22,@"8,*"),)%*+$"/."($,-"0,";*0$4"kW&b"/W&'2*(-7)$2%$"0$"/."',)*8,$"0W.'$,C/$'$2+4"o-@"%$++$"',)*8,$"$)+"+-S)"6.)%*)+$"%.- "$//$"$'(1%=$"0$"(.-/$-4"I$"(.)"(.-/$-"($20.2+",2"%&2%$-+"%/.))*8,$"+*$2+"0,"-$)($%+@"'.*)"/<@"%W$)+",2$"8,$)+*&2"0$"0K@"8,*@"$2"&,+-$@"07+-,*+ "/W&-$*//$4 " :W$)+ " ,2$ " 0-&?,$4 " 9# V #R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$D4wqzpq&K8~�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$Z�,_-E4qGz~�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$Z6wF|XuCZ-?�43:�.#

http://www.youtube.com/embed/AN-cUkwLA24?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/AZtO2mrY6_Q?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/Pr-Y_FYuxsQ?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/9Z0diKRmu7o?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/JfgiCkbatNo?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/KgdVmGPjKHc?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/Aw0zJr_sw28?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/N7MfouZlfLU?rel=0

http://brunoserrou.blogspot.fr/2013/02/le-4e-festival-controtempo-vient-de.html

http://www.youtube.com/embed/F6TG5nkACUo?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/Zk_-HR-cigA?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/8qKRMeIc0bg?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/LmxzJQhNvlg?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/LmxzJQhNvlg?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/KPBNiBXMVuU?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/GL6wRnCgjks?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/6aTubIUIzug?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/ty-nBl0uuy4?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/fQ-Aw0wPLmE?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/lrmEdlAPkXc?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/lrmEdlAPkXc?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/lVSJFJyE-A8?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/UVE3B78R9DA?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/x0xt1o8-v-8?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/_m69XX_Nt3c?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/10yL75LQmQg?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/FZAywBZYgfY?rel=0

!"#gS$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

)E)8A#3,F"T#!3&,#:3#d)'43#F4*'43"#2*R(#^)S3#438,3#!34!:3K3#8&4#F3#!*'(,#b#

!":$"8,$"D>.*".((-7%*7"%=$Q"u.-S)$@"%>$)+"7;*0$''$2+")."/*C$-+7"0.2)"/$"%=&*R"0$)"+*'C-$)4"f/".@".;$%"w$2-B ":&g$//@ " +-S) " /.-?$'$2+ " %&2+-*C,7 " < " 2&,) " .%%/*'.+$- " < " />*07$ " 0>,2 " ,2*;$-) " )&2&-$ " ).2) " /*'*+$)4 " 34445 " f/ "2>$'(1%=$"8,>*/"B".")&,;$2+@"%=$Q"u.-S)$@",2"(.-+*A(-*)"0$"0&'*2.+*&2"0$)")&2)"&,"0$)"C-,*+)"U"*/"$)).*$"0$ "(/*$-"/$)")&2)"<").";&/&2+7@"<")&2"*'.?*2.+*&24"G+"%>$)+"%$/."8,*@"+-S)";*+$@"2&,)"."?127)"U"2&,)"%&'(-$2*&2) "8,>.;$% " /,* " /$) " )&2) " 2>7+.*$2+ " (.) " $2+*S-$'$2+ " /*C-$)4 " 9# Q^ZcJ # 2*R(A # YD*&4 # :38 # _'83)&KYA # [/NIG\A#J(,43,'3(8#)73F#M)('3:#^R)4:38A#CHO34(3A#D)4'8#b#P3:d*(>A#-..-A#!!"#L.wL/"T

;ZÔ@6J#x#yJ6]

;ZÔ@6J#x#]_66JttJ

;ZÔ@6Js#;|s@^ZCJs

C�=_C@DO_6J#_|#O=C@_DO_6JA#DC|s#^_|tZ;;J6]#ZDDJC=#;ZÔ@6J#x#yJ6]A#Js]#|6#_|]@C#|]@C@s=#MZ6s#CZ#;|s@~|J#J]#CJs#_D=tZs#M�s#CJ#Wy@@J;J#s@�^CJ#D_|t#tJDt_M|@tJ#CJ#s_6#M|#yJ6]"#CH=_C@DO_6J#sJ#Dt=sJ6]J#s_|s#CZ#p_t;J#MH|6#CZtcJ#^Jt^CJ#MJ#;=]ZC#_|#MJ#P_@s#s|t#CJ~|JC#Js]#]J6M|#|6#MtZD#~|J#CH_6#pt_]]J#DC|s#_|#;_@6s#y@yJ;J6]#MH|6#cJs]J#^@t^|CZ@tJ"

CH_D=tZ#MJ#2JZ6wDO@C@DDJ#tZ;JZ|#YCJs#@6MJs#cZCZ6]JsY#Js]#|6#pJ|#MHZt]@p@^J#PZt_~|JA#ZyJ^#MJs#s^�6Js#M@c6Js#MHZ6]O_C_c@JA#]JCCJs#^JCCJ#MJ#CZ#]J;D�]J#QYyZs]J#J;D@tJ#MJs#;JtsYT#_|#^JCCJ#M|#Y]tJ;PCJ;J6]#MJ#]JttJYA#ZyJ^#MJs#JppJ]s#sD=^@Z|W#s|DJtPJs#Q;ZÔ@6J#x#yJ6]A#t_|CJ;J6]#MJ#PZssJs#y=t@]ZPCJ;J6]#s@s;@~|Js#�TCJs#^Z]Z^Cqs;Js#_6]#=]=#JWDC_@]=s#s|t]_|]#DZt#CJs#;|s@^@J6s#PZt_~|Js#MZ6s#CJs#�|ytJs#MtZ;Z]@~|Js#y_^ZCJsA#J6#DZt]@^|C@Jt#MZ6s#C�_D=tZ"#n#CJs#sq;DO_6@Js#YMJs^t@D]@yJsY#~|@#Z^^_;DZc6J6]#MZ6s#C�_D=tZ#PZt_~|J#J]#^CZss@~|JA#CJs#^Z]Z^Cqs;JsA#]J;D�]JsA#ZDDZt@]@_6s#J]#tZyZcJs#MJ#;_6s]tJsA#M_@yJ6]#�]tJ#^_;Dt@sJs#MJ#^J]]J#pZ�_6#b#CJ#M=DC_@J;J6]#MJ#;_qJ6s#;|s@^Z|W#@6OZP@]|JCs"#DZt#JWJ;DCJA#C�J;DC_@#DZt#tZ;JZ|A#M�J6ÔZ�6J;J6]s#Z|MZ^@J|W#D_|t#CJ#]tJ;PCJ;J6]#MJ#]JttJ#MJs#Y@6MJs#cZCZ6]JsYA#Z#sZ6s#M_|]J#D_|t#_P2J]#MJ#DJ@6MtJ#CJ#DO=6_;�6J#J]#CZ#s@]|Z]@_6A#M�JWDt@;Jt#C�Jppt_@#tJssJ6]@#DZt#CJs#DJts_66ZcJs#J6#Dt=sJ6^J#MJ#^J#DO=6_;�6J#J]#MJ#Dt_y_~|Jt#|6#=]Z]#ÔJ�#CJ#sDJ^]Z]J|t#~|@#s_@]#C�@;@]Z]@_6#MJ#^J]#Jppt_@"#QM�ZDt�s#D@JttJ#sZPqA#Y@;@]Z]@_6YA#MZ6s#y_^ZP|CZ@tJ#MJ#C�_D=tZA#;@6JtyJA#/NNN"T

;ZÔ@6J#x#]_66JttJ########################################;ZÔ@6J#x#p_|MtJ

!"#g#$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

CH)!!)4','*(#>3#:)#U)883#F*(,'(&3//.#)&#Wy@@hE3#8'hF:3#)Eh(3#&(#)>*&F'883E3(,#8*(*43#3,#)FF*E!)S(3#:)#43FR34FR3#>38#F*:*4'8 #!4*!438 #5# :) #E&8'<&3#U)4*<&3#3, #)&K# d*4E38#>973:*!!938#5# :H9!*<&3#Q7*F):38A#E)>4'S)&KA#F*(F34,*8A#*!94)8A#3,F"T#V#:)#F*4(3E&83#>37'3(,#E&83,,3#>3#F*&4A#3,#>H)&,438#'(8,4&E3(,8#8&U'883(,#>38#E*>'lF),'*(8#*4S)(*:*S'<&38#3,#>3#%3&#b#:3#R)&,U*'8#>3#F*(F34,A#:3#7'*:*(A#3,F"#i#:38#)&,438#'(8,4&E3(,8#>',8 #=.,+)# 8*(,#>9:)'8898#5#:)#E&8'<&3#!*!&:)'43#b#F49F3::3A#F:'<&3,,38A#E*4,'34A#E)4,3)&#8&4#3(F:&E3A#7'3::3#5#4*&3A#834'(3,,3A #,)EU*&4A#S4*883#F)'883A#,4*E!3,,3A#R)&,U*'8A#F*48#>3#FR)883A#834!3(,A#F:*FR3#V#Q3,#(*&8#!*&44'*(8#>'43#%&8<&H5#:)#7&7&f3:)#)F,&3::3///T"#J(#!)4)::h:3#>3#:)#>9E38&43#*4FR38,4):3#Q3,#)4FR',3F,&4):3T#>3#:H9!*<&3A#F3F'#F*(>&',#7348#&(#4)dl(3E3(,#E&8'F):#3,#7348#:3#43%3,#F),9S*4'<&3#>&#U4&',#3,#'(>&',#:)#E)e,4'83#>38#!4*>&F,3&48#E&8'F)&K#Q'(,34!4h,38A#F*E!*8',3&48T#3,#>38#)&>',3&48#Q>)(8#&(3#8)::3A#)88'8A#!*8','*((9A#8':3(F'3&KA#3(#8*'493T"#CH),,3(,'*(#>37'3(,#!:&8#d*F):'893#8&4#:)#F*(>&',3#>38#:'S(38#E&8'F):38#3,#:)#83(8'U':',9#)&>','73#38,#E'83#3(#)7)(,#3,#F*(,4'U&3#)&#4)dl(3E3(,#43FR34FR9#<&3#(*&8#73(*(8#>H97*<&34" #^H38,#5#F3,,3#EjE3#9!*<&3#<&H)!!)4)e,#:)#(*,),'*(#>38#7)4'),'*(8#>H'(,3(8',9#Q0*'*2,$20&A# %-$)%$20&A #3,F"TA #3, #)&#Wy@@@hE3#8'hF:3A #F3::3 #>38#(&)(F38#Q>& #(*.2*))*'&# )& #6&-+*))*'&T #38,#9,)U:'3"#CH)!*S93#>3#:)#!&'88)(F3#8*(*43#834)#),,3'(,3#)73F#:H*4FR38,43#>3#:)#l(#>&#W@WhE3#8'hF:3#3,A#!)4#:)#8&',3A # :38 # F*(<&j,38 #>3 # :H),*():'8E3A #>& #>*>9F)!R*('8E3#3, #>&#894'):'8E3#!34E3,,4*(, #>3 #>9:'34 # :38#!)4)Eh,438#E&8'F)&K#8*(*438#3,#(*,)EE3(,#>H3(:3734#:38#!49!)4),'*(8#>3#>g()E'<&38#!*&4#:38#43(>43#F3::&:)'438 # 3, # F*(8,4)8,938 # 3, # (*( #!:&8 # *4S)('<&3E3(, # :'938 # 5 #>38 #E*&73E3(,8 # 3, # >38 #E*>&:),'*(8#R*E*Sh(38" # |( # )&,43 # %):*( # 'E!*4,)(, # >3 # :) # 4'FR3883 # E&8'F):3 # 834) # :H)!!*4, # >3 # :) # E&8'<&3#9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&3#3,#9:3F,4*('<&3#)&#E':'3&#>&#WWhE3#)73F#:H&,':'8),'*(#>&#R)&,w!)4:3&4#3,#>3#8*&4F38#8*(*438#3(43S'8,4938#3,#9:3F,4*('<&38#,4)',938#3,#,4)(8d*4E938"#

Z^_|s;_6@|;#Q_t^OJs]tJ#MJ#OZ|]wDZtCJ|tsT

//. #C)#!)4,'3#>3#U)883#9,)',#%*&93#3( #%&2+*2,&# 83:*(#>38#4hS:38#>H'E!4*7'8),'*(#'88&38#>38#!)4,'38#9F4',38"#J::3#9,)',#%*&93#!)4#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#U)8#b#7'*:*(F3::3A#7'*:3#>3#S)EU3A#F*(,43U)883A#F:)73F'(A#,R9*4U3A#:&,RA#*4S&3A#3,F"

/// ## P@sJ] # s9U)8,'3(A # Y=:*S3 # ^'4F*(8,)(F'3: # >3 # :) # y&7&f3:)YA # -./." # V #R,,!b$$uuu"83U)8,'3(wU'83,"F*E$u!wF*(,3(,$&!:*)>8$-./.$.N$JC_cJzy|y|�JCZ"!>d#

http://www.sebastien-biset.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ELOGE_VUVUZELA.pdf

http://www.sebastien-biset.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ELOGE_VUVUZELA.pdf

!"#gg$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

]Y\I+[Jkf+f`+=GeI`fI@e`H+@YIYPf

l +J;$e`f;P +m +*+,-*+,./01 ' -2,3451 ' 62078,71089 ' *+,'

:/+1 ' /;8,7,< ' 9-,48=/70*+,>,78 ' 1+??=0>, ' 4@,<'

-2A+608,+= ' -A ' ?/110;0-089 ' >B>, ' 629?=/+:,= ' +7,'

9>/80/7 ' *+,-4/7*+,C ' ,--, ' 1+??=0>, ' -A ' ?/110;0-089 '

62+7,',3018,74,'A+'?-+=0,-C',18D4,'*+,'-A'8=A7*+0--089'

72,18'?A1'4/78=,608,'?A='-2078,71089'6,1';=+081'6,':/1'

E+:=,1'F

]Y\I+[Jkf+m+IYI:+f==f+@GfI+`PY;nf+J[[P;f+o

J;$e`f;P+m+-2078,71089'A44=/G8'-A'8=A7*+0--089'F

]Y\I+[Jkf+m+IYI:+f==f+J[[PYp`+=J+$e@[e,=eIf.+q...r+,=;@+

;I+@YI+f@`+LYP :̀+f`+,=;@+e=+IY;@+$YIIf+=GY[[J@eYI+$f+

IY;@+$e@[e,=eIfP.+q...r+>;f+=f+@YI+@Ye`+LYP`+Y;+LJeK=f:+

kPJnf+Y;+Jek;:+Y;+`Y;`+[f+>;f+nY;@+nY;$Pfs:+[f=J+

If +[YI@è`;f + ,J@ +;I +XYèL + @;LLe@JI`+,Y;P +If + ,J@+

@GY;nPeP+@;P+[f+>;Ge=+f@ :̀+[YXXf+@;P+`Y;`+@YI+>;e+f@`+

@;@[f,èK=f+$f+@;PkeP.+e=+LJ;`+=Je@@fP+t`Pf+=f@+@YI@.+

q...r + ]f + IGJe + ,J@ + fI[YPf + fI`fI$; + ;I + @YI + >;e + Lu`+

PHf==fXfI` + eI@;,,YP`JK=f. + KfJ;[Y;, + $f + kfI@+

[YI@e$vPfI` + >;Ge= + fwe@`f + $f@ + @YI@ + $JIkfPf;w. + ]f+

IGfI + Je + ,J@ + fI[YPf + fI`fI$;: + XJ=kPH + Xf@+

,HPHkPeIJ̀ eYI@. + q...r + ]f +If+Ief +,J@ + q=f@+J==fPkef@ +J;+

KP;e` + f` + =f@ + @;P$e`H@ + J[>;e@f@r. + ]f + [YI@`J̀ f+

@eX,=fXfI`+>;GYI+If+@Je`+,J@: +x +=G\f;Pf+J[`;f==f:+

XJp`Pe@fP + =f@ + KP;e`@ + $JI@ + =f + @fI@ + $;+

kY;nfPIfXfI :̀+$f+=J+,Y=e[f.+[f=J+If+nf;`+,J@+$ePf+

>;Ge=+IGy+Je`+,J@+=ef;+$f+=;``fP+[YI`Pf+=J+,Y==;èYI+

,JP+=f@+KP;e`@.+XJe@+[f=J+IGeX,=e>;f+,J@+IYI+,=;@+=f+

[Pe`vPf+f@`\Hè>;f+IHkJèL+>;f+@fPJe`+=f+PfL;@+$f@+

KP;e`@+fI+`JI`+>;f+`f=@.+KefI+J;+[YI`PJePf:+]f+[PYe@+

,Y;nYeP +èPfP+$f+XJ+,PY,Pf+fw,HPefI[f+=Ge$Hf+>;f+

IY`Pf+J̀ è`;$f+f@`\Hè>;f+$fnPJe`+$fnfIeP+$f+,=;@+

fI+,=;@ +Y;nfP`f+x+`Y;`+[f+>;e+,f;`+JPPenfP. + z + ZeI+

{,Y;P+=f@ +Ye@fJ;w{ + : + q!jihr: +fI`PfèfI@ +Jnf[ +$JIef=+

[\JP=f@:+,JPe@+C+H$.+Kf=LYI$:+H$.+$f+=G\fPIf:+!jjT:+,.+hU+

|+,,.+!U"V!Uj._

]Y\I+[Jkf:+nJPeJèYI@+n:+!jhh

l+=f+,;K=e[+H`Je`+J;+Xef;w+,fP,=fwf:+J;+,ePf+JkJ[H.+

{=J+XfP[f +[;IIeIk\JX+$JI[f +[YX,JIy+ ,f;` + t`Pf+

J[[;@Hf + $f + [Y;,@ + f` + K=f@@;Pf@ + @;P + =GeI`HkPe`H+

@fI@YPef==f + $; + ,;K=e[: + XJe@ + qe=@r + =Je@@vPfI`+

>;f=>;f@+[YI`;@eYI@+f`+f[[\yXY@f@+eI`HPf@@JI`f@+

z:+H[Pe`+KJPKJPJ+=fny+$JI@+=f+[\e[JkY+@;IVèXf@.+=f+

[YX,Y@e`f;P+]Y\I+[Jkf+J+Xe@+fI+,=J[f+$JI@+=f@+

nJPeJ̀ eYI@+n+KfJ;[Y;,+$f+KP;e`+>;e+IGJ``feI`+]JXJe@+fIèvPfXfI`+=f+

IenfJ;+$f+[f+>;GYI+,f;`+J,,f=fP+$f+=J+X;@e>;f.+Jnf[+;If+KJ̀ `fPef+$f+

`f[\Ie[efI@:+[JXHPJ@+XJIe,;=Hf@+f`+$f+XH=JIkf;P@+f`+$f+Xewf;P@+

,Y;P+[PHfP+$f@+eXJkf@+fI+[YI@`JI`f+HnY=;èYI+@;P+=J+@[vIf...+PefI+

$f+$e@[fPIJK=f+IGHXfPkfJe :̀+fw[f,`Hf+=G;è=e@JèYI+fI+,fPXJIfI[f+

fw>;e@f+$f+[YP,@+H`fI$;@+f`+[YI`PJ[`H@+fI +@J;`JI`+f`+`YXKJI`+

J;w + =eXe`f@ + $; + ,HPeXv`Pf + $f + =J + @[vIf. + ]Y\I + \eI`fPKfPkfP:+

[YXXfI`JI`+=J+PHJ=e@JèYI+$f+[f``f+};nPf+,Y;P+=f+@fJ̀ `=f+èXf@:+

H`Je`+KfJ;[Y;,+XYeI@+kHIHPf;w.+l+=J+[YX,JkIef+XfP[f+[;IIeIk\JX+

$JI[f + J + $HXYI`PH + >;f + $fnJI` + ;If + @J==f + [YXK=f + J; + [fI`fP+

,=Jy\Y;@f+=J+I;e`+$fPIevPf+>;f+\;e`+,fP@YIIf@+,f;nfI`+$HPY;`fP+

f`+ktIfP+"UU+J;`Pf@+m+`JI`+>;f+=f@+"UU+@,f[`J`f;P@+JefI`+,JyH+,Y;P+

=f + ,Pene=vkf + $Gt`Pf + =x + m + >;e + `fI`vPfI` + $f + Pf@`fP + nenJI`@ + z+

Z\eI`fPKfPkfP: + ]Y\I + !jhh. + ~XfP[f + [;IIeIk\JX + $JI[fP@ + ];X, + J`+

IYe@f@ + eI + $JP�.� + @fJ``=f +èXf@ + ZLfKP;JPy + "_. + [=JePfXfI` + eI$ekIH:+

\eI`fPKfPkfP+IGJnJe`+PefI+$f+,Y@eèL+x+$ePf+x+,PY,Y@+$f+=J+@YePHfC+l+

=J+[YX,JkIef +[;IIeIk\JX+ eI`vkPf+=f + ,PeI[e,f +JPè@è>;f +>;f +=f+

XYI$f + J[`;f= + f@` + IYIVJPè@è>;f: + eI;è=f: + ,=feI + $f + KP;e :̀ + =Je$:+

Pe$e[;=f + f` + fX,=e + $f + kf@`f@ + f` + [YX,YP`fXfI`@ + \;XJeI@+

[YInfIèYIIf=@... + $YI[ + =f@ + $JI@f;P@ + @GJ[\JPIfI` + x + LJePf+

`Y;PIYyfP+$f@+KP;e`@+H=f[`PYIe>;f@:+$f@+[Pe@:+$f@+kPYkIfXfI`@+f`+

KYPKYPykXf@: + fI + @fXK=JI` + [YkIfP + $f@ + `;yJ;w + $f + [\J;$evPf@+

];@>;Gx + [f + >;f + [\J>;f + I;XHPY + @f + `fPXeIf + @JI@ + LYPXf + z.+

\eI`fPKfPkfP+JwJ+@J+,=;@ +kPJI$f+[Y=vPf+@;P +=f +nY=;Xf+@YIYPf+

`Pv@ + H=fnH + f` + eI[YILYP`JK=f: + IY`JI` +>;f + ,=;@ef;P@ + @,f[`J`f;P@+

�kH@+ktIH@ +$;PfI`+H`feI$Pf+=f;P@ +J,,JPfe=@ +J;$eèL@: +`JI$e@ +>;f+

$GJ;`Pf@+$;PfI`+@f+,PY`HkfP+Jnf[+=f@+$Yek`@+$JI@+=f;P@+YPfe==f@.+

Hè>;f`JI`+=J+PHJ=e@JèYI+$G{YK@[;PJIè@`f{:+e=+J+L;=XeIH+[YI`Pf+=f+

LJe`+>;Gf==f+{[J[\f+=f+XJI>;f+$f+[YI[f,èYI...+f`+>;f+=f+KP;e`+f@`+

;I+KP;e :̀+PefI+$GJ;`Pf.{+KefI+>;f+=f@+$JI@f;P@+H`JefI`+>;f=>;f+,f;+

,PY`HkH@: + fI +H`JI` +$fPPevPf +=f@ +\J; V̀,JP=f;P@: +[fP`JeI@ +$GfI`Pf+

f;w + L;PfI` + HkJ=fXfI` + eI$ekIH@ + ,JP + =GJkPf@@eYI + @YIYPf + @;P + =f+

,;K=e[.+l+IY;@+JnYI@+`PJnJe==H+@e+$;P:+f`+=f@+X;@e[efI@+YI`+PfI$;+

[f=J + fI[YPf + ,=;@ + $eLLe[e=f + z: + fw,=e>;f + =J + $JI@f;@f + $e==fy.+

=GfI@fXK=f + $f + =J + `PY;,f + $f + @f,` + $JI@f;P@ + f` + =GH>;e,fXfI`+

`f[\Ie>;f: + =f@ +JI`fIIf@: + =f@ + [f==;=f@ + ,\Y`YH=f[`Pe>;f@: + f` + =f+

XJ`HPef= + $f + @YIYPe@JèYI + YI` + H`H + fX,=YyH@ + @;P + `Y;`f@ + =f@+

Pf,PH@fI`JèYI@+$f+=J+`Y;PIHf:+XJe@+$JI@+=J+,=;,JP`+$f@+[J@:+[Jkf+

f`+`;$YP +[YI@è`;Je` +=GH>;e,f +,PeI[e,J=f +[YX,Y@e`f;PVeI`fP,Pv`f:+

[YI`P�=JI`+f`+,e=Y`JI`+`Y;`f@+=f@+@Y;P[f@+@YIYPf@+JeI@e+>;f+=f@+

XewJkf@ + fI + $ePf[ .̀ + `;$YP + H`Je` + =J + [J;@f + ,PYKJK=f + $f + =GJ@@J;`+

@YIYPf + @;P + =f@ + `yX,JI@. + fXXYI@ + IY`f + >;Ge= + ,PfIJe` + ,=Je@eP + x+

{`J>;eIfP{ + [Jkf + fI + J;kXfI`JI` + =f + nY=;Xf + =YP@ + $f@+

Pf,PH@fI`JèYI@. + z + Z=fJ + f. + Xe==fP: + {[Jkf: + [;IIeIk\JX: + JI$+

[Y==JKYPJ̀ YP@C + `\f + Y$y@@fy + YL + nJPeJèYI@ + n{: + `\f + X;@e[J=+

>;JP`fP=y+"gZS_:+LJ==+TUU!:+,,.+g#gVghi_!!T

//- #!"p,0*$2%$)"g$-$".+"C$)+"C.6|$0@".+"g&-)+".22&B$04"Th=$"Y$-%$":,22*2?=.'"k.2%$":&'(.2B"'.B"C$".%%,)$0"&6".)).,/+".20"C.++$-B"&2"+=$ ")$2)$)"C,+"3+=$B5"/$.;$")&'$"*2+$-$)+*2?"C-,*)$)@T"g-&+$"K.-C.-."#$;B"*2"+=$":=*%.?&"^,2Ah*'$)4":&'(&)$-"]&=2":.?$"(,+"+&?$+=$-"."?-$.+ "0$./"&6"2&*)$"g=*%="2$;$-"8,*+$"-$.%=$0"+=$"0$V2*+*&2"&6"',)*%4"w$@"./&2?"g*+="."C.++$-B"&6"+$%=2*%*.2)@"'.22$0"%.'$-.)".20"'*R$-)"+&"%-$.+$"%&2)+.2+/B")=*6+*2?" *'.?$)"&2")+.?$444 "I&+=*2?"0*)%$-2.C/$ "-$'.*2$0"+=$ ").'$"$R%$(+ " 6&- "+=$ "%&2)+.2+/B"$R8,*)*+$ ",)$ "&6 "$R+$20$0".20"%&2+-.%+$0"C&0*$)"/$.(*2?@"6.//*2?".20"$0?*2?"+=-&,?="+=$")($%*./"-$./*+B")$+"CB"+=$")+.?$4"]&=2"w*2+$-C$-?$-@"-$;*$g*2?"+=$"(-&0,%+*&2"6&-"+=$ "^$.++/$"h*'$)@"g.)"6.-"/$))"?$2$-&,)4"Th=$"Y$-%$":,22*2?=.'"k.2%$"%&'(.2B"0$'&2)+-.+$0"C$6&-$"."6,//"=&,)$".+"+=$":$2+$-"[/.B=&,)$"/.)+ "2*?=+"+=.+"$*?=+"($&(/$"%.2"C.6|$@"%&26,)$".20".22&B"j\\"&+=$-)".20t.)"/&2?".)"+=$"j\\"(.*0"6&-"+=$"(-*;*/$?$t?$+".g.B"./*;$4T":/$.-/B "&,+-.?$0@"w*2+$-C$-?$-"=.0"2&+=*2?"(&)*+*;$"+&").B".C&,+"+=$"$2+*-$"$;$2*2?U"T:,22*2?=.'>)"?-&,("*2%&-(&-.+$)"+=$".-+*)+*%"(-$'*)$"+=.+ "+&0.B>)"g&-/0"*)",2.-+*)+*%@"(&*2+/$))@"6,//"&6"2&*)$@",?/B@".C),-0".20"6,//"&6"%&2;$2+*&2./"=,'.2"?$)+,-$)".2Bg.B4"^&"=*)"0.2%$-)"(-&%$$0444"+& "?B-.+$"+&"$/$%+-&2*%"2&*)$)@")%-$$%=$)@"?-,2+)".20"C.2?*2?"C&*/$-"(*($)",2+*/"$.%="6&-'/$))"2,'C$-"$20)4T"w*2+$-C$-?$-"6&%,)$0"=*)"?-$.+$)+"*-$"&2"+=$",2%&'6&-+.C/B"/&,0";&/,'$@"2&+*2?"+=.+")$;$-./"$/0$-/B")($%+.+&-)")%-.'C/$0"+&"+,-2"&66"+=$*-"=$.-*2?".*0)@"g=*/$"&+=$-)").+"g*+= "V2?$-)"*2"+=$*-"$.-)4"#.C$/*2?"+=$"(-&0,%+*&2"T&C)%,-.2+*)'@T"=$"6,'$0"+=.+"),%="g&-i)"T=*0$"/.%i"&6"0$)*?2444"p20"2&*)$"*)"2&*)$@"2&+=*2? "$/)$4T"h=&,?="+=$"0.2%$-)"g$-$")&'$g=.+"(-&+$%+$0@")*2%$"+=$B"g$-$"C$=*20"+=$"/&,0)($.i$-)@")&'$"&6"+=$'"./)&"-$)$2+$0"+=$")&2*%".)).,/+"&2 "+=$".,0*$2%$4"TN$"g&-i$0")&"=.-0".20"+=$2"+=$"',)*%*.2)"'.0$"*+")&"0*6V%,/+@T").B)"k*//$B"3&2$"&6"+=$"0.2%$-)54"h=$"+-&,($"&6")$;$2"0.2%$-)@ "+=$".2+$22.)@"+=$"(=&+&%$//)@".20"+=$")&,20"$8,*('$2+"g$2+"./&2?"&2".//"&6"+=$)$"+&,-)@"C,+"*2"'&)+"%.)$)":.?$".20"h,0&-"%&'(-*)$0"+=$ "$2+*-$"%&'(&)$-A($-6&-'$-"+$.'@"g&-i*2?".//"&6"+=$")&,20")&,-%$)".)"g$//".)"+=$"'*R$-"%&2+-&/)4"h,0&-"g.)"+=$"/*i$/B"%.,)$"&6"+=$".)).,/+"&2 "$.-0-,')4"G''&2)"),??$)+)"+=.+"=$"+&&i"0$/*?=+"*2"T+$.)*2?T":.?$"CB"+,-2*2?",("+=$";&/,'$4"9#QC3)#J"#;'::34A#Y^)S3A#^&(('(SR)EA#)(>#^*::)U*4),*48b # ]R3 # _>g883g # *d # y)4'),'*(8 # yYA # ]R3 # ;&8'F): # ~&)4,34:g # LBQ0TA # p):: # -../A # !!" # B?BwBGI" # V#R,,!b$$E&8'F"&F8F)4,8"F*E$8',38$>3d)&:,$l:38$y)4'),'*(8�-.y"!>d##T

http://music.ucscarts.com/sites/default/files/Variations%20V.pdf

!"#gh$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

]Y\I+[Jkf:+nJPeJ`eYI@+n+Z!jhgV!jhh_

� + XfP[f + [;IIeIk\JX + [YX,JIy + C+

[\YPHkPJ,\ef+

� +XfP[f + [;IIeIk\JX: + [JPY=yI + KPY�I:+

KJPKJPJ + $e==fy + ==Yy$: + @JI$PJ + Iff=@:+

J=KfP`+Pfe$:+,f`fP+@J;=:+k;@+@Y=YXYI@+C+

$JI@f;P@

�+]Y\I+[Jkf+C+X;@e>;f

� + $Jne$ + `;$YP: + kYP$YI + X;XXJ + C + =enf+

f=f[`PYIe[@

� + ]JXf@ + `fIIfy: + XJ=[Y=X + kY=$@`feI:+

LPf$Pe[ + =efKfPXJI + C + XJkIH`Y,\YIf@:+

PJ$eY@

�+XJw+XJ``\f�@+C+XewfP+$f@ekIfP

�+PYKfP`+XYYk+C+JI`fIIJ@

�+@`JI+nJI$fPKff�+|+IJX+];If+,Je�+C+Le=X+

LYY`Jkf

� + [f[e= + [Y�fP: + �e`` + �e``IfKfP` + C+

[YI`PY==fP@: + [f==;=f@ + ,\Y`YV

H=f[`Pe>;f@

2_O6#^ZcJA#MZy@M#]|M_tA#c_tM_6#;|;;Z

!"#gi$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

$Jne$+`;$YP:+KJI$YIfYI+Z!jhh_

KJI$YIfYI+f@`+;If+};nPf+X;@e[J=f+$f+$Jne$+`;$YP+PHJ=e@Hf+,Y;P+;If+$f@+@YePHf@+$f@+{j+fnfIeIk@{!!S+>;e+@f+@YI`+$HPY;=Hf@+x+

If�+yYP�+fI+!jhh+@Y;@+=GHke$f+$Gf.J. .̀+Zfw,fPeXfI`@+eI+JP`@+JI$+`f[\IY=Yky:+;If+@`P;[`;Pf+J@@Y[eJI`+JPè@`f@+f`+eIkHIef;P@+

J;`Y;P+$f+=J+=J+PHJ=e@J̀ eYI+f`+$;+$Hnf=Y,,fXfI`+$G};nPf@+f`+$f+,PY]f`@+JPè@è>;f@_.+=J+,JPè[;=JPe`H+$f+[f``f+};nPf: +

JeI@e+>;f+$f+`Y;`f@+[f==f@+>;e+nYI`+@;enPf+$JI@+=f+,JP[Y;P@+$f+`;$YP+ZPJeILYPf@ :̀+f`[._:+f@`+>;Gf==f+f@`+[YI@`P;e`f+@Y;@+=J+

LYPXf+$f+[eP[;e`@+$GeI`fPJ[èYI@+f`+$f+PH`PYJ[èYI@+fI`Pf+$f@+H=HXfI`@+@YIYPf@+:+PH@YIJI`@+f`+$GJ;`Pf@+IYIV@YIYPf@.+

JeI@e+[f@+[eP[;e`@+,fPXf``fI`+$GJ@@Y[efP+;I+eI@`P;XfI`+`PJ$eèYIIf=+Z;I+KJI$YIfYI+]Y;H+fI+$ePf[`+,JP+$Jne$+`;$YP_+Jnf[+

$f@ + @`P;[`;Pf@ +[YI@`P;e`f@ +H=f[`PYIe>;f@ + ZXY$;=J̀ f;P@: + Le=`Pf@: +JX,=eLe[J̀ f;P@: + f`[._ +>;e +`PJe`fI :̀ + [J,`fI` +f` + @YI`+

[YI`P�=Hf@+,JP+=f+]f;+eI@`P;XfI`J=+$YI`+=f@+{$YIIHf@{+@YI`+[YInfPèf@+fI+@ekIJ;w+H=f[`PYIe>;f@.+[f@+@ekIJ;w+`PJe`H@+

@YI`+$f+=GYP$Pf+$;+{KP;e`+K=JI[{+Z,PY$;e`+x+,JPèP+$f@+@YIYPe`H@+$f+=GeI@`P;XfI`_+f`+@YI`+J;`JI`+PfI$;@+[YXXf+@YI@ +

ZJX,=eLeH@_+>;f+[YXXf+@ekIJ;w+$f+[YI`P�=f+f`+$f+nJPeJ̀ eYI+$GJ;`Pf@+H=HXfI`@+;è=e@H@+,fI$JI`+=f+[YI[fP`+Z,e=Y`Jkf+$f+=J +

=;XevPf:+$f+\J; V̀,JP=f;P@+XYKe=f@+`H=Hk;e$H@:+$f+@ekIJ;w+ne$HY:+f`[._.+{KJI$YIfYI{+f@`+;If+$f@+,PfXevPf@+};nPf@+;è=e@JI`+

=f + {KP;e` + K=JI[{ + kHIHPH + fI + $ePf[` + x + ,JPèP + $f + @YI@ + eI@`P;XfI`J;w. + =GH=JPke@@fXfI` + $; + Pfke@`Pf + @YIYPf: + $; + @YI+

eI@`P;XfI`J=+J; +KP;e` +H=f[`PYIe>;f: +[YPPf@,YI$ +J; +$Hnf=Y,,fXfI` +$G;I +$e@,Y@eèL +X;@e[J=+$YI`+ =f@ + @YI@ +PHke@@fI`+

=GfI@fXK=f+$f+=GfInePYIIfXfI`+$;+[YI[fP .̀

H'A-/=1I'0>AJ07/71'+7,'JA>>,'/K'0-'L'A'-,'80>;=,'?A=.A08'M'+7,',38=9>089I',8'-,';=+08';-A74'M'-NA+8=,I',8'OCCCP'10'!,'?=,11A01'1+='?-+1 '

6,'8=/01'7/8,1'M'-A'./01'O1+='-,';A76/79/7PI'!N/;8,7A01'6+';=+08';-A74I',8'!,'?/+:A01'-NA+J>,78,='?/+='4@A7J,='-A'4/+-,+='/+'-,'

60>07+,=',7'=,-Q4@A78'4,=8A071';/+8/71C'R+Z$Jne$+`;$YP+m+eI`fPnef�+�e`\+$Jne$+`;$YP+D+eI`fPnef�f;P@+C+Ke==y+�=�nfP:+KJPKPY+

@[\;=̀ s+=;I$f@`JX:+!jjh:+!+[J@@f``f+J;$eY+Z[J+SU+XeI_+C+JIJ=Yke>;f�+!"+[X:+YPekeIJ=.+=J+LYI$J̀ eYI+$JIef=+=JIk=Ye@+,Y;P+=�JP :̀ +

=J+@[efI[f+f`+=J+`f[\IY=Ykef:+LYI$@+j+fnfIeIk@+C+`\fJ`Pf+JI$+fIkeIffPeIk._

I@+[f``f+};nPf:++$Jne$+`;$YP+;è=e@f+=f+@YI+,Y;@@H+x+=Gfw`PtXf+];@>;GJ;+KP;e :̀+HnJ[;JI`+=f@+Pf=JèYI@+fI`Pf+@YI+f`+X;@e>;f+

Z=f+$e@[Y;P@+X;@e[J=:+=J+,JPèèYI:+=J+IY`J̀ eYI_:+f`+,PY$;e@JI`+JeI@e+;If+@YP`f+$f+{X;P+@YIYPf{+$YI`+e=+@f+[\JPkf+,JP+=f+]f;+

eI@`P;XfI`J=+$GfI +fw,=YPfP+`Y;`f@ +=f@ +nJPeJèYI@: + =f@ +èXKPf@ +f`+ {[Y;=f;P@{. + ,JP + @YI + eIeèJènf: + =f +KP;e` +$fnefI`+;I+

XJ`HPeJ;+x+fw,=YPfP+f`+x+eI`fP,PH`fP+Z;I+KP;e`+{,Y@eèL{+LJ[f+J;+KP;e`+{IHkJèL{_.+

H';A76/7,/7S'7,'.A08'A??,-'M'A+4+7,'>98@/6,'6,'4/>?/1080/7T'-/=1*+,'!,'-A'694-,74@,I'-NE+:=,'1,'4/>?/1,'6N,--,D>B>,'M '

?A=80= '6,'1A'?=/?=, '7A8+=, ' 0718=+>,78A-, '4/>?/108,C ' R+ Z$Jne$ +`;$YP: + eI + {j +fnfIeIk@C +`\fJ`Pf +JI$+fIkeIffPeIk{: + @Y;@ +=J+

$ePf[èYI+$f+,YI`;@+\;=̀ HI+f`+LPJI�+��Iek@KfPk:+ qIf�+yYP�r:+fw,fPeXfI`@+eI+JP`+JI$+`f[\IY=Yky�+`\f+LY;I$JèYI+LYP+

[YI`fX,YPJPy+,fPLYPXJI[f+JP`@:+q!jhhr:+,.+!!.+

//0 ## R,,!b$$uuu"d*(>),'*(w:)(S:*'8"*4S$R,E:$d$!)S3"!R!�6&ED)S3�-N?# V #R,,!b$$uuu"d*(>),'*(w:)(S:*'8"*4S$})8R$d$'(>3K"!R!�6&ED)S3�BI/#V#R,,!b$$uuu"*:),8"*4S$!'*(('348$!!$3),$N373('(S8"!R!#

http://www.olats.org/pionniers/pp/eat/9evenings.php

http://www.fondation-langlois.org/flash/f/index.php?NumPage=571

http://www.fondation-langlois.org/flash/f/index.php?NumPage=571

http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/f/page.php?NumPage=294

!"#g"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"#gj$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!L"##;/8'/6+826#.%/%('6

H'O3&UVWXYP'Z(%%&'[&'YXZUV['&\'](%^(Y&'[&'_#`X\C'OCCCP'-2V#\'a`X'U&'#&\#(`b&'^VY']&\\&'Y`#cX\"'XUd(#%&[[&'&Y\'Ù '

_VbV#cVZ&'"[(a`&U\I'Ù'(èDcX#&C'R+ZX2&-/9+@/((/4:+{e*'/(E8(/*&/4{:+\/(3Q4+ee:+,)(24+C+H1.+1/+X2*02':+!jiT.+77.+

!"jV!jU_

`_6tZM#P_JO;JtA#YZsDJ`]Y#Q/NG?wGIT

YZsDJ`]Y//?# MJ # `_6tZM # P_JO;Jt # Js] # ^_6s@M=t=J # ^_;;J#|6J#MJs#�|ytJs#CJs#DC|s#tZM@^ZCJs#^_6�|Js#J6#;|s@~|J#=CJ^]t_6@~|J" # ^J]]J # �|ytJ # ^_;P@6J # |6J # s]t|^]|tJ#Q@6y@s@PCJT # ]t�s # =CZP_t=JJ # ZyJ^ # CH@;DZ^] # MH|6J # ]t�s#ctZ6MJ#D|@ssZ6^J":w{f^hfpI"�pI�^f " UuoZ^"puG�":oY[o^�@ "GIh{G"Llxx "Gh"Llxj "ZIG"�Zu{G"{pkf:p#G"U"p^[G�h4`_6tZM#P_JO;Jt#b#^HJs]#|6J#�|ytJ#~|@#sH@6s�tJ#MZ6s#CZ#]tZM@]@_6#MJ#^_C_c6J#J]#MZ6s#CZ~|JCCJ#2HZ@#JssZq=#MJ#;J#sJty@t #MJ # Dt_^=M=s # ]JÔ6@~|Js # ]_|] #x # pZ@] #6_|yJZ|W#D_|t #CH=D_~|J" #^HJs] #|6J #�|ytJ #]t�s #D|tJ #DZt^J #~|HJ6#/NGGA#CZ#DC|DZt]#MJs#^_;D_s@]J|ts#^_;D_sZ@J6]#M=2x#MZ6s#CJ#cJ6tJ#nct_|DJ#MH@6^@]Z]@_6#;|s@^ZCJo#J]#^J]]J#�|ytJ#Js]#ZPs_C|;J6]#O_ts #MJ #]_|]#^_;Dt_;@s" # 2HZ@ #M|#tJs]J#_P]J6|#J6#/NGL #CJ#DtJ;@Jt#Dt@W #MJ #CZ#B�;J#P@J66ZCJ#MJ#DZt@s # D_|t # ^JCZ" # JCCJ #;J # DCZ�] # PJZ|^_|D # DZt^J #~|H_6#=]Z@] # MZ6s # |6J # D=t@_MJ # _� # 6_]tJ # c=6=tZ]@_6 # sJ#tZM@^ZC@sZ@] #MJ#DC|s #J6#DC|s #x#^Z|sJ #MJ#CZ#c|JttJ#M|#y@�]w6Z;#J]#JCCJ#JWDt@;J#]_|]J#;Z#p|tJ|t#s|t#CJ#;_6MJ#MJs#Z66=Js#G.#sZ6s#CJ#pZ@tJ#s_|s#|6J#p_t;J#sq;P_C@~|J#_| # ZyJ^ # MJs # ^@]Z]@_6s" # ^HJs] # |6J # ^_;D_s@]@_6w^_;D_s@]@_6":4�4"U":oYYGIh"#G"[ZK#f:"#>pAhAf#"p::ZGf##fG"X`"P" # CJ # D|PC@^ #ZCCJ;Z6M # =]Z@] # ]t�s # Ô_~|=" # @C # q #Z # J|#PJZ|^_|D # MJ # s^Z6MZCJ # MZ6s # CJs # ^_6^Jt]s # 2|s~|HZ|W#ZctJss@_6s # DOqs@~|Js #;Z@s # 2J # s|@s # ]t�s #P_6 #J6 #`ZtZ]="#Q@6]Jty@J� # MJ # `_6tZM # P_JO;Jt # DZt # Ôt@s]@Z6 # �Z6=s@A#tJy|J#Zts#s_6_tZA#6v/A#2|@6#/NNBT

@Z66@s#WJ6Z`@sA#YCZ#CJcJ6MJ#MHJJtY#Q/NIIwILT

@Z66@s#WJ6Z`@sA#YCZ#CJcJ6MJ#MHJJtY#Q/NIIwILT

n#CZ#;|s@~|J#MJ#CZ#C=cJ6MJ#M�JJt#Js]#pZ@]J#MJs#pZ;@CCJs#s|@yZ6]Js#MJ#s_6s#bZT # @6s]t|;J6]Z|WA # DZt # JWJ;DCJA # CJs # =]_@CJs # p@CZ6]Js#s_6_tJs # M| # M=P|] # J] # MJ # CZ # p@6A # _| # CJs # s_6s # MJs#c|@;PZtMJs#Zpt@^Z@6JsA#CJs#]s|�|;@s#2ZD_6Z@s�PT # Pt|@]sA # DZt # JWJ;DCJA # Ô_^s # MJ # Pt@~|Js # sD=^@ZCJsA#pt_]]J;J6]s#s|t#^Zt]_6�^T # t=ZC@s=Js # DZt # MJs # p_6^]@_6s # ;Z]O=;Z]@~|Js # x#C�_tM@6Z]J|t#J]#^_6yJt]@Js#MJ#M@c@]ZC#x#Z6ZC_c@~|J#Z|#^J6]tJ # M�J]|MJs # MJ # ;Z]O=;Z]@~|Js # J] # Z|]_;Z]@~|Js#;|s@^ZCJ#Q^J;Z;|T"#o

//? #R,,!b$$uuu"XU*3RE34"(:$>38F4'!,'*("!R!�!)S36&Ez48>38F4'!,-�/#

http://www.kboehmer.nl/description.php?pageNum_rsdescript2=1

!"#hT$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

Z'(8' # 9,&>'34 # :H)EU',&8 # >H'(,3(8',9 # 8*(*43 # >38 # '(8,4&E3(,8 # 83 # U)83 # 8&4 # :H*4S)(*:*S'3 # Q8F'3(F38 # >38#'(8,4&E3(,8 # >3 #E&8'<&3A # 9,)U:'3 # !)4 # ^&4, # s)FR8A # /N/0T # 3( # d*(F,'*( # >38 # F*(>','*(8 # 38,R9,'<&38 # 3,#F&:,&43::38#)'(8'#<&H3(#d*(F,'*(#>3#:H97*:&,'*(#>3#:H'(8,4&E3(,)4'&E"#Z&88'#:H*4S)(*:*S'3#834)#43>9l('3#!)4 #Z(>49 #sFR)3dd(34 # 3( #/N0/ # F*EE3# :H9,&>3 #>38 #n#*&,':8 #&8&3:8 #>38 #E&8'<&38#o #*&74)(, # )'(8' # 838#FR)E!8#>H9,&>38#3,#838#F:)88'lF),'*(8#)&,)(,#)&K#'(8,4&E3(,8#<&H)&K#*U%3,8#!4*7'8*'438#3,#)&K#9:9E3(,8#>38#:'3&K#3,#>38#38!)F38#'(,3(,'*((3::3E3(,#'(F:&8#>)(8#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):3"#M37'3(,#>*(F#'(8,4&E3(,#>3#E&8'<&3A#,*&,#*U%3,#U4&,#*&#d)U4'<&9A#&,':'89#5#>38#l(8#E&8'F):38//GA#<&3::3#<&3#8*',#8)#:*F):'8),'*(#S9*S4)!R'<&3A#838#E*>38#>3#F*(8,4&F,'*(#3,#>H&,':'8),'*(#Q:&,R34'3#3,#d)F,&43TA#8)#(),&43#3,#838#97*:&,'*(8#!4*!438A#3,F"#Z'(8'#5#:)#l(#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3A#:H*4>'(),3&4#3,#,*&,#:H)483():#9:3F,4*('<&3#3,#)&>'*w(&E94'<&3#8*(,#F*(8'>9498#F*EE3#>38#8*&4F38#8*(*438#3,#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#5#!)4,#3(,'h43"#M3#EjE3A#:H*U8347),'*(#>38#E&8'<&38#3K,4)w3&4*!93((38#Q!)4#:H3,R(*E&8'F*:*S'3T#3,#>38#E&8'<&38#:38#!:&8#F*(,3E!*4)'(38#!34E3,#>H'(F:&43#>)(8#:H*4S)(*:*S'3#>38#9:9E3(,8#%&8<&H):*48#9F)4,98#F)4#E*E3(,)(98A#F*(,3K,&3:8#3,#89!)498#>3#F3#<&'#38,#R)U',&3::3E3(,#>98'S(9#F*EE3#'(8,4&E3(,#>3#E&8'<&3#*&#3E!:*g9#>)(8#:3#%3&#R)U',&3:#8&4#&(#'(8,4&E3(,"#C3&4#'(F:&8'*(#3,#:3&4#F:)88'lF),'*(#8*(,#9,)U:'38#>)(8#:H*4S)(*:*S'3#5#!)4,'4#>&#E*E3(,#<&3#>38#49F&443(F38#8*(,#F*(8,),938#3,#8*(,#F*(8,',&,'738#>3#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):3A#F*EE3#!)4#3K3E!:3#>38#,3FR('<&38 #>3 # %3&K#9,3(>&38 # %&8<&H)&K#9:9E3(,8 #>H&( #38!)F3 #>)(8 # :3<&3: #38, #>*((93 # :) #E&8'<&3#3,#%&8<&H)&K # !4*>&F,'*(8 # 8*(*438 # F*(8'>94938 # F*EE3 # U4&',8 # *& # !)4)8',38 # 8&4 # &( # '(8,4&E3(, # b # 5 # ,',43#>H3K3E!:38A#&,':'834#:3#!:)(FR34#>3#:)#8Fh(3#F*EE3#!34F&88'*(#3,#F)'883#>3#498*()(F3#Qd4)!!34#>38#!'3>8TA#&,':'834#:38#E9F)('<&38#3,#:38#!4*!4'9,98#)F*&8,'<&38#>H&(#'(8,4&E3(,#F*EE3#E*>38#>H3KF',),'*(#8*(*438#)&w>3:5#>38#!49*FF&!),'*(8#R'8,*4'<&38#3,#>3#49!34,*'43A#3,F"#C)#<&38,'*(#>3#:)#d)F,&43A#3,#(*,)EE3(,#F3::3#>38#9FR3::38#>3#!&'88)(F38#!4*!438#5#>*((34#>38#'(,3(8',98#7)4')U:38#3,#8&4#>38#43S'8,438#9,3(>&8A#*&743#&( # FR)E!#U3)&F*&! #!:&8 #9:)4S' # 3, #E*'(8 # :'E',9 #*& # :'E',),'d #<&H*( #(3 # :3 #!3(83A # 3, #<&' #!*&4,)(, # 83#F*(d4*(,3#)&K#4hS:38#38,R9,'<&38#3,#)&K#49S:3E3(,),'*(8#>H&(3#9!*<&3#>*((93"#

|(#*4FR38,43#8gE!R*('<&3#!3&,#*U,3('4#&(3#'(,3(8',9#3,#&(3#!&'88)(F3#8*(*438#)&w>388&8#>3#/-.#>P//I#V#F3 # <&3 # !3&, # ),,3'(>43 # 9S):3E3(, # >38 # '(8,4&E3(,8 # ,3:8 # <&3 # Kg:*!R*(38A # ,4*E!3,,38A # F)'8838 # F:)'438A#FgEU):38A#8)(8#!)4:34#>&#S*(S#*&#,)Ew,)E"#J(#-..LA#&(#>9F43,#>3#:H|('*(#J&4*!93((3#lK)',#:)#:'E',3#>&#7*:&E3#!4*>&',#!)4#&(#,3:#*4FR38,43#5#LB#>P#Q8&4#>38#,3E!8#!4*:*(S98T#i#)'(8'#':#834)',#'E!*88'U:3#>3#43(>43#:38#!&'88)(F38#*4FR38,4):38#>3#sF4')U'(3#!*&88938#!)4#J7S&3('#s73,:)(*7#*&#:38#%-$)%$20*#>3#P34S#>)(8#�*ff3FXA#*&#U'3(#3(F*43#:)#!:&!)4,#>38#6&-+*))*'*#8gE!R*('<&38#V#&(#6&-+*))*'&#Q66T#38,#97):&9#5#N.#>P"#C3#>973:*!!3E3(,#>38#8Fh(38#)E!:'l938#Q>3#8&4F4*e,A#8,'SE),'8938#!)4#:38#F'4F&',8#>38#d433#!)4,'38T#)#!4*>&',#&(3#49S:3E3(,),'*(#>&#U4&',#8&4#:38#:'3&K#E&8'F)&K#V#':#3(#38,#>3#EjE3#!*&4#:38#)!!)43':8#>3#:3F,&43"#^3,,3#49S:3E3(,),'*(#4'8<&3#>3#E*>'l34#:38#3K!94'3(F38#E&8'F):38#>)(8#:38#8)::38#>3#F*(F34,#V#EjE3#!*&4#:3#49!34,*'43#F:)88'<&3A#F*EE3#(*&8#!*&7*(8#:3#7*'4#VA#)'(8'#<&3#:)#!4),'<&3#'(8,4&E3(,):3#>38#E&8'F'3(8#8H':8#>37'3((3(,#9<&'!98#>3#n#3)4!:&S8#o#Q&+&(/.)+*%)TA#F38#>34('348#d)'8)(,#d*(F,'*(#>3#l:,438#3,#),,9(&)(,#:)#!4388'*(#)F*&8,'<&3"

J8,wF3 # <&3 #>)(8 # F3 # F)8 # Y2*(FR)'38Y #>3 # @)(('8 #W3()X'8 #(3 #!*&44)', #!:&8 # j,43 # %*&93 # � #Z'(8' #<&3 # 8*(#n#D*:g,*!3#>3#;*(,49):#o#!*&4#<&),43#*4FR38,438#3,#U)(>38#E)S(9,'<&38#�

Y2*(FR)'38Y//L#E*U':'83#F3(,#(3&d#E&8'F'3(8A#:38#'(8,4&E3(,8#5#73(,#!)4#<&),43A#F:)4'(3,,38#3,#F*48#!)4#8'KA#:38 # F*4>38 # 9,)(, # 8*'K)(,3w>'K # )l( #>3 # d)'43 # d)F3 # 5 # :) #E)883 # >38 # 73(,8 # 3, # !34F&88'*(8A # 438,)(, # )'(8'#

//G #;@^OZ|MwDtZMJ@CCJs#^),R34'(3A#YCH_4S)(*:*S'3YA#^*::3F,'*(#~&3#s)'8w23#�A#D)4'8#b#D438838#|('7348',)'438#>3#p4)(F3A#/NL0A#!"#B"

//I #^*EE3#>)(8#F34,)'(8#!)88)S38#>3#:)#YsgE!R*('3#p)(,)8,'<&3Y#>3#P34:'*f"#C38#E3EU438#>38#*4FR38,438#8gE!R*('<&38#834)'3(,#3K!*898#,*&8#:38#%*&48#5#>38#83&':8#8*(*438#7)4')(,#>3#L/#5#N/#>9F'U3:8#3,#!:&8A#F3#<&'#38,#7)4')U:3#3(#d*(F,'*(#>3#:)#!*8','*(#>3 #:H'(8,4&E3(,'8,3#>)(8#:H*4FR38,43A#):*48#<&�':#38,#'(,34>',#>3#>9!)8834#:3#83&':#>38#LI#>9F'U3:8#3(#p4)(F3#>)(8#:3#F)>43#>&#,4)7)':"

//L ##R,,!b$$uuu"3E8w(3,u*4X"*4S$3E8.L$!)!348$!'438"!>d#

http://www.ems-network.org/ems08/papers/pires.pdf

!"#hS$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!)4d)',3E3(, # )&>'U:38" # W3()X'8 # g # 3K!:*43 # :H*8F'::),'*( # >38 # ,'EU438 # *4FR38,4)&KA # 5 # :) # 8&',3 # >38#'(738,'S),'*(8#E3(938#>)(8#YC)#C9S3(>3#>HJ34Y#b#

@Z66@s#WJ6Z`@sA#Y2_6ÔZ@JsY#Q/NIIT

n"MJ#Y;J]Zs]Zs@sY#x#Y2_6ÔZ@JsY#b#^HJs]#CZ#;�;J#C@P=tZ]@_6#MJs#p_t^Js#Dt@;@]@yJs#M| # s_6A # CJ # ;�;J # M=s_tMtJ#s|Dt�;J;J6] # _tM_66=A # CJs # ;�;Js#;_|yJ;J6]s #MJ #;ZssJs #J6#=y_C|]@_6A#CJ#;�;J#s^@6]@CCJ;J6]#^_;DCJWJ#;Z@s#=y@MJ6]A # CZ # ;�;J # t|c_s@]=A # CZ # ;�;J#y@_CJ6^J#MH|6J#6Z]|tJ#DC|s#6Z]|tJCCJ#MH�]tJ # t=@6yJ6]=J # MZ6s # s_6 # JssJ6^J#DZt#CJ#^ZC^|C#^_62|c|=#x#CH@6s]@6^]"o#Q;Z|t@^J # pCJ|tJ]A # @6 # CJ # 6_|yJC#_PsJtyZ]J|tA # C|6M@ # B # M=^J;PtJ # /NIIA#D"/.-T//N

M=2x #~|JC~|Js #Z66=Js #Z|DZtZyZ6] #CJ#;�;J # ;Z|t@^J # pCJ|tJ] # M=^t@yZ@]#2|s]J;J6]#bn"["""\ # CJs # 6_]@_6s # s@ # 6_|yJCCJs # J6#^_;D_s@]@_6 # MJ # MJ6s@]=A # MJ # MJct=#MH_tMtJA#MJ#y@]JssJ#MJ#ÔZ6cJ;J6]#~|@#^ZtZ^]=t@sJ6] # ^J]]J # ;|s@~|J # MJ#;ZssJs # s_6_tJs # J6 # ;_|yJ;J6] # ~|@#sH_DD_sJ # ZC_ts # Z| # M@s^_|ts # C@6=Z@tJA#MHJssJ6^J # ;=C_M@~|JA # ~|@ # Z # Dt=yZC|#MJD|@s #]_|2_|ts #J] #q#^_;Dt@s #MZ6s#CJ#sqs]�;J#=;@6J;;J6]#D_CqDO_6@~|J#M|#M_M=^ZDO_6@s;J#s=t@JC#["""\#@C#Dt=^_6@sJ#|6J # @6M=DJ6MZ6^J #ZPs_C|J # MJs # s_6s#CJs # |6s # DZt # tZDD_t] # Z|W # Z|]tJsA#CHZP_C@]@_6#MJ#]_|]J#Dt=s=Z6^J#MJ#CZ#OZ|]J|t#s|t#CJs #Z|]tJs #^_;D_sZ6]Js#M|#s_6A#CZ#^_6^JD]@_6#J]#CJ#^_6]t�CJ#DZt # CJ # ^ZC^|C # MJ # ]_|] # JppJ]#;Z^t_s^_D@~|J"#o # Q;Z|t@^J #pCJ|tJ]A # @6#CJ # 6_|yJC # _PsJtyZ]J|tA # C|6M@ # 0 # 2|@6#/NI?A#D"#I?T/-.

C)#EjE3#)((93#<&3#:3#>9F43,#3&4*!93(#>3#-..LA#FH38,#:H_4FR38,43#8gE!R*('<&3#>3#:)#t)>'*#U)7)4*'83#<&'#43d&8)', #>H)88&434 # :) #F49),'*( #>3 # :Hm&743 #YO):), #O'8)4YA #!*&4 #}+,3 #U)883A #!')(*#!49!)49 # 3, #*4FR38,43#8gE!R*('<&3A # >& # F*E!*8',3&4 # '84)9:*w8&9>*'8 # M4*4 # p3':34 # 3( # 4)'8*( # >3 # 8*( # n#>9FR)e(3E3(, # >3#>9F'U3:8#o/-/"#C38#'(8,4&E3(,'8,38#>3#:H*4FR38,43#83#!:)'S()(,#>3#E)&K#>3#,j,3#3,#>3#,4*&U:38#>3#:H)&>','*(#:*48#>38#49!9,','*(8#*(,#,3(,9#>3#!*4,34#>38#F)8<&38#!*&4#F*(,'(&34#>3#49!9,34#3,#%*&34#F3,,3#m&743#)l(#>3#83#!4*,9S34 #>38# '(,3(8',98 #),,3'S()(, #/0.#>P#>)(8#F34,)'(8#!)88)S38" #C3#F*E!*8',3&4#)#F*EE3(,9 #3(#)dl4E)(,#<&3#8*(#m&743#(H)7)',#!)8#&(#7*:&E3#8*(*43#8&!94'3&4#5#F34,)'(38#F*E!*8','*(8#>3#�)S(34#*&#^R*8,)X*7',FR"#C)#F49),'*(#>3#YO):),#O'8)4Y#d+,#>*(F#)((&:93#3,#43!*4,93#)&#-#*F,*U43#-..N"

//N ##R,,!b$$43d343(,'3:"(*&73:*U8"F*E$)4FR'738z!>d$_Ps.GL-z/NII/-.B$_Ps.GL-z/NII/-.Bz/.-"!>d#

/-. #R,,!b$$43d343(,'3:"(*&73:*U8"F*E$)4FR'738z!>d$_Ps.?NNz/NI?.G./$_Ps.?NNz/NI?.G./z.I?"!>d#

/-/ # # @( # ^R4'8,')( # ;34:'(A # YZ& # ^m&4 # >3 # :H_4FR38,43Y # [/NLG\A # D49d)F3 # >3 # t'FF)4>* # ;&,'A # D)4'8 # b # =>" # p)g)4>A # -./-T # V#R,,!b$$uuu"S&)4>')("F*"&X$E&8'F$-..L$)!4$.N$)4,"S34E)(g# V #R,,!b$$uuu"d*4U38"F*E$-..L$//$//$3&4*!3w(*'83w43S&:),'*(w*!3>wFKz%}zS)!z////:)&48*(!'3:34"R,E:# V #R,,!8b$$u"8*&(>F:*&>"F*E$!:)g34$�&4:�R,,!�0Z�-p�-p)!'"8*&(>F:*&>"F*E�-p,4)FX8�-pLLB0./IB#

https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F88530175

https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F88530175

http://www.forbes.com/2008/11/11/europe-noise-regulation-oped-cx_jfl_gap_1111laursonpieler.html

http://www.forbes.com/2008/11/11/europe-noise-regulation-oped-cx_jfl_gap_1111laursonpieler.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/09/art.germany



!"#h#$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"Z2"0$)"(-$'*$-)"%&''$2+.*-$)"6.*+)"),-"'."',)*8,$"."7+7"-70*?7"(.-"#&,*)"p20-*$))$2@"$+"/,*".,))*"*/".*'$ "C*$2"8,$"%$/."D&,$"6&-+"�"]>.*'$"C*$2"D&,$-"6&-+@"'.*)"D$"2$"0$'.20$".,R".,+-$)"0$"6.*-$"/."'1'$"%=&)$4":$/."."<";&*-".;$%"2&+-$"'.2*S-$"0>7%&,+$-4"I&,)"$2"+.2+"8,$"',)*%*$2)"2&,)"%&'(.-&2)"+&,D&,-)"/$)"%=&)$)"$2+-$"$//$)@"$2",2"%$-+.*2")$2)"2&,)")&''$)"/$)"(*-$)".,0*+$,-)@"2&,)".;&2)"+&,D&,-)"8,$/8,$"%=&)$"<"0*-$"/&-)8,$"2&,) "7%&,+&2)",2$"',)*8,$@"Tp="&,*@ "%$/."'$"6.*+ "($2)$-"<444T4"Y.*) ")* "D$ "D&,$";-.*'$2+" 6&-+"%$/.";&,)"(-$20 ";-.*'$2+@ " ;&,) " .--1+$Q " 0$ " ($2)$-@ " 0>.2./B)$-@ " 0$ " %&'(.-$- " $+ " ;&,) " 7%&,+$Q " ;-.*'$2+4 " f/ " B " . " ,2$ " +$//$ ".+'&)(=S-$";*%*7$"0.2)"/."2&,;$//$"',)*8,$@"$+"%>$)+"(&,-8,&*"D>.*"+&,D&,-)"7+7".++*-7"(.-"/>*'(-&;*).+*&24"k$-$i"K.*/$B@"p2+=&2B"K-.R+&2@"G;.2"[.-i$-@"+&,)"%$)"',)*%*$2)"8,$"D>.0'*-$4"#>*'(-&;*).+*&2"/*C-$"%-7$",2$ "*2+$2)*+7")(7%*V8,$@"8,$/8,$"%=&)$"0$"C-a/.2+"$+"0$"6&20,"%&''$"0$"/."/.;$4"]>,+*/*)$"/>7%-*+,-$"$+"/$)"(.-+*+*&2) "(&,- ".++$*20-$ "%$++$ "'1'$" *2+$2)*+7 "'.*) "(.- ",2".,+-$ "%=$'*24 "9# # QM4*4#p3':34A #J(,43,'3(8 #)73F # @7)(#O3u3,,A#-..L"T/--

!"Y."',)*8,$"$)+",2"|,R"0$")&2)@"0$"C-,*+)@"0$"+$2)*&2)"$+"0$"6&-%$)@"$//$")$"07;$/&(($"<",2"(&*2+"&b"$//$";. ".,A0$/<"0>$//$A'1'$4"#$)";*+$))$)"<"/.8,$//$"/$)")&2)")$"),%%S0$2+"$+"/."0$2)*+7"%-77$"(.-"/$,-"),($-(&)*+*&2")&2+"+$//$'$2+ " 72&-'$) "8,>,2$ " )&-+$ "0$ " ),-%=.-?$ " 7'$-?$ "8,* " +-.2)%$20$ " />$R%*+.+*&2 "0$ " />.?*+.+*&2 "?727-./$@ "%&''$",2"V/'"D&,7"< ",2$";*+$))$"+-&("-.(*0$4 "34445 "#."C-,+./*+7 " *2+,*+*;$"0$ "%$"'7+./ "$2"6,)*&2"$'(&-+$ "/>*2+$-(-S+$"0.2)"/>72$-?*$"C-a/.2+$"0$"/>*'(-&;*).+*&24"p*2)*",2$"2&,;$//$"',)*8,$"2.F+@"%&''$",2$"2&,;$//$ ";*+$))$"0$"/."($2)7$"$+"0$"/.")$2).+*&2"0.2)"/.8,$//$"/>*2+$//$%+"-$D&*2+"/$"T-.;$-T"*2;7+7-74"I&,)"7(-&,;&2) "0.2)"%$++$"',)*8,$"/>72$-?*$"27$"0$)"'&,;$'$2+)"-.(*0$)"$+"$R(-$))*6)"0$)")&2)@"0$)"C-,*+)@"$+"0$)"|,R4"#."',)*8,$"0&22$"8,$/8,$"%=&)$"0$"(./(.C/$"$+"0$"(=B)*8,$".,R".,0*+$,-)@"&,".,"'&*2)"/$)"*2%*+$"<",2$"6&-'$"0>.%+*&2"$+"0>7;$*/4 "#."%.-.%+7-*)+*8,$" /."(/,)" *''70*.+$'$2+".,0*C/$"0$"'."',)*8,$"$)+")."C-,B.2%$@ ")."(/&2?7$"0.2)"/$"C-,*+4"p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|*%+,$//$)@ ".66$%+*;$) "$+"+-.2)6&-'.+-*%$)4"f/".",2$"(,*)).2%$"0>*'(.%+"8,*"076.'*/*.-*)$"/>.,0*+$,-"0$"%$"8,>*/".++$20"0,"(/.*)*-"6.%*/$ "0>,2$ " ',)*8,$@ " 0>,2$ " 6.'*/*.-*+7 " 8,* " )7%,-*)$ " d'1'$ " )* " %$//$A%* " $)+ " T'&0$-2$Te@ " &, " 0$ " +&,+$ " )&-+$ "0>.(.*)$'$2+4"#$"C-,*+@"%>$)+"%$"8,*"(&/*+*)$"2&+-$"$2;*-&22$'$2+".,-./4"34445"#."',)*8,$"$R*?$",2$"7%&,+$ ".%+*;$"$+"%&2%$2+-7$@",2$".++$2+*&2"+-S)".*?,*)7$"<"/."',/+*(/*%*+7")*',/+.27$"0$)"'&,;$'$2+)@"0$)"6&-%$)"$+"0$) "+$2)*&2)@"$//$"$R*?$".,))*"0$"-$2&2%$-".,R"C78,*//$)"=.C*+,$//$)"0$"/>7%&,+$"8,*").*+"+&,D&,-)"<"8,&*")>.++$20-$@ "$+"0$'.20$",2$"($-%$(+*&2"*2+$2)*;$"0$"/>,2*8,$@"0,"(.-+*%,/*$-"$+"0$"/>$2)$'C/$4"[/,)"/."',)*8,$"0&22$".,R".,0*+$,-)@ "'&*2) " $//$ " /$,- " &66-$ " 8,$/8,$ " %=&)$4 "G//$ " $R*?$ " )(&2+.27'$2+ " 0$ " />.,0*+$,- " 0$ " %&'(&)$- " )&2 "'&,;$'$2+"*2+7-*$,-"$+"$R*?$"0$"/,*"2&2"(.)",2$")*'(/$"%&2+$'(/.+*&2"'.*)",2$"(-.R*)4"9 # QM4*4#p3':34A#YZU*&,#Eg#E&8'F#)(>#(*'83YA#/NNL"T/-0

/-- #!"v&,"i2&g"&2$"&6"+=$"V-)+"?&&0"-$;*$g)"&6"'B"',)*%"g.)"6-&'"#&,*)"p20-*$))[email protected]"=$"/&;$)"/&,02$))"+&&�"f"/&;$"+&"(/.B"/&,0/B"'B)$/6@"f "0&2>+"D,)+".)i"&+=$-)"+&"0&"*+4"K,+"./)&"*+>)"+&"0&"g*+="+=$"g.B"g$"/*)+$24"N$"',)*%*.2)"./g.B)"%&'(.-$"+=*2?)@"*2"."g.B"g$".-$"+=$"g&-)+ "/*)+$2$-)@"./g.B)").B*2?"g=$2"g$"=$.-")&'$+=*2?@"�p=@"B$)@"+=.+"-$'*20)"'$"&6444>"K,+"*6"f"(/.B"-$.//B"/&,0"*+")=&%i)"B&,@"B&,")+&("+=*2i*2? ".20"%&'(.-*2?".20"-$.//B"/*)+$24"h=$-$"*)"),%=".")+./$".+'&)(=$-$"*2"2$g"',)*%"g&-/0@"+=.+>)"g=B"f"=.;$"./g.B)"6&,20"*'(-&;*).+*&2 ".++-.%+*;$4 "k$-$i "K.*/$B@ "p2+=&2B"K-.R+&2@ "G;.2"[.-i$-@ " +=$)$ "g$-$" +=$ "($&(/$ " f " -$.//B ".0'*-$04 "E-$$ " *'(-&;*).+*&2 "%-$.+$) ". " )($%*./ "*2+$2)*+B@")&'$+=*2?"=&+".20"'&/+$2"/*i$"/.;.4"f",)$"g-*++$2"2&+.+*&2".)"."g.B"&6".%=*$;*2?".")*'*/.-"*2+$2)*+B"CB"."0*66$-$2+"-&,+$4"9 #QM4*4#p3':34A#J(,43,'3(8#)73F#@7)(#O3u3,,A#-..L"T#V #R,,!b$$uuu"RFEd"F*"&X$P3'(Sw)7)(,3S)4>3w'8w(*4E):#V #R,,!b$$uuu",*FR(',w):3!R"F*E$>4*4d3':34$#

/-0 #!"YB"',)*%"*)"."|&g"&6")&,20)@"2&*)$)@"6&-%$)@"*+"0$;$/&()"+&"."(&*2+"g=$-$"*+"?&$)"C$B&20"*+)$/64"h=$")($$0"g*+="g=*%="0*66$-$2+")&,20 "$/$'$2+)"6&//&g"$.%="&+=$-@".20"+=$"0$2)*+B"g*+="g=*%="+=$B"),($-*'(&)$";$-+*%.//B@".-$")&"?-$.+"+=.+".")&-+"&6"&;$-/&.0"&%%,-)@"&2$"g=*%= "+-.2)%$20)"+=$"-$)+/$))2$))"&6".-&,)./@"/*i$"."V/'"-,2"+=-&,?=".+"."+&&"=*?=+")($$04"34445"h=$"*2+,*+*;$"'&/+$2"'$+./"C-,+./*+B"&6"+=$"',)*% "C-*2?)"+=$"(/.B$-"*2+&"+=$"$2$-?B"&6"."=&+"*'(-&;*).+*&24"p"2$g"',)*%"*)"%-$.+$0@"."2$g")($$0"&6"+=*2i*2?".20"6$$/*2?"g=$-$"+=$"*2+$//$%+"'$$+)"+=$"'.2*%"-.;$-4"N$"$R($-*$2%$".2"$2$-?B"C&-2"&6"-.(*0"'&;$'$2+@")&,20@"2&*)$@"|&g".20"$R(-$))*&24"h=$"',)*%"0&$)")&'$+=*2?"(./(.C/$"+& "*+)"/*)+$2$-)@"&-".+"/$.)+"*2%*+$)"+=$'"+&"."6&-'"&6".%+*&2@"&6".g.i$2*2?4"h=$"'&)+"*''$0*.+$".,0*C/$"%=.-.%+$-*)+*%"&6"'B"',)*%"*)"*+)"2&*)*2$))4 "pC-.)*;$@"/&,0@"6.)+4"34445"YB"',)*%",)$)"T2&*)$T"+=.+"*)"T2&*)$"*2"*+)$/6T"C,+"2&*)$@"*2"+=*)"%&22&+.+*&2@"*)"2&+")*'(/B"."=.(=.Q.-0"&-"2.+,-./ ")&,20@"+=$".,0*C/$"TC.%i?-&,20T"+=.+"$2%-&.%=$)"&2"."g&-i"),%=".)":.?$>)"P>MM@".)"+=$".,0*$2%$"*)"6&-%$0"CB"+=$"+.%*+"(*.2&"+&"/*)+$2"+&"*+) "&g2")=,6|*2?)@"&-"+&"+=$",-C.2")&,20)%.($)"+=.+"$'$-?$"+=-&,?=".2"&($2"g*20&g4"f+"*)"."2&*)$"+=.+"*)"./g.B)"*'(,-$@"+.*2+$0@"0$-*;.+*;$ ".20@"*2"+=$"{&'.2+*%")$2)$"&6"+=$"+$-'4"34445"h=$".C-.)*;$"-.,%&,)2$))"*2"+=$"',)*%"*)".2".++$'(+"+&"./+$-"=&g"($&(/$"=$.-4"I&*)$@".)")&,20"&,+"

http://www.tochnit-aleph.com/drorfeiler/

http://www.tochnit-aleph.com/drorfeiler/

http://www.hcmf.co.uk/Being-avantegarde-is-normal

!"#hg$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

@: #(3#d)&,#!)8#*&U:'34#<&3#:)#83(8),'*(#3,# :) #!34F3!,'*(#>H&(3#'(,3(8',9 #8*(*43#9:3793A #3, #>*(F#>H&(3#!4388'*(#)F*&8,'<&3#'E!*4,)(,3A#*&,43#8)#F*(8,',&,'*(#3(#!:&8'3&48#d)F,3&48#Q)E!:',&>3A#43S'8,43A#>&493TA#!4*7'3(, #>&# 498&:,), #>3 #F*EU'()'8*(8 # b # F*EU'()'8*(8 #>H&(3 #8*&4F3 #8*(*43 # Q*&#>3 #!:&8'3&48 # 8*&4F38#8*(*438T#)73F#>38#!4*!4'9,98#>3#:H)F*&8,'<&3#>3#:H38!)F3#>H9F*&,3#3,#)73F#:38#>'8!*8','*(8#>&#F*4!8#>&#49F3!,3&4#Q:H)&>',3&4T" #D)4#3K3E!:3A#:3#F)4)F,h43#>3#Sj(3#38,#8',&),'*((3::3#!)4#4)!!*4,#5#F3#<&3#(*&8#97):&*(8#F*EE3#n#U4&',#o#Q>)(8#:3#83(8#(9S),'d #>&#,34E3T#3, #'(>&',#&(3#49):',9#F*E!:3K3# b # :3#('73)&#8*(*43#>H&(3#F)8F)>3#*&#>38#FR&,38#>&#6')S)4)#!3&, #d4'834# :38#/0.#>PA # :H9FR)!!3E3(,#,4)l<&9#>H&(#79R'F&:3#5#E*,3&4#!3&,#4973'::34#!:&8'3&48#E'::'348#>3#!348*((38#>)(8#&(3#7'::3/-?A #:)#!&'88)(F3#>H&(3#F:*FR3#Q>H9S:'83T#:&'#!34E3,#>Hj,43#3(,3(>&3#5#!:&8'3&48#X':*Eh,438#Q,*&,#F*EE3#:38#)E!:'lF),'*(8#>38#E'()43,8/-BTA#&(#'(8,4&E3(,#%*&9#>)(8#&(#)!!)4,3E3(,#!3&,#'44',34#:3#7*'8'()S3A#:)#F*(>&F,'*(#>H&(#8*(#7'U4)(,#*&#>H'E!)F,#9E)()(,#>H&(3#E)FR'(3#!)4#>38#8,4&F,&438#QE&48A#!:)(FR348A#!:)d*(>8A#3,F"T#!3&,#83#!4*!)S34 #5 #>38 #>'8,)(F38 #<&' #>9!)883(, # :) # 8'E!:3 #!4*K'E',9A # 3,F" #M&#Fr,9 #>38 # '(8,4&E3(,8A # F34,)'(8#3(S)S3(, # &(3 # !&'88)(F3 # 8*(*43 # 'E!4388'*(()(,3 # <&' # F*(>&', # 5 # &(3 # 4'FR3883 # 8!3F,4):3 # 8*(*43A#!)4,'F&:)4',9#<&'#:3&4#38,#!4*!43#b#C3#S*(S#*&#,)Ew,)EA#!)4#3K3E!:3A#!*88h>3#&(3#7'U4),'*(#>3#,4h8#:*(S&3#>&493#3,#!3&,#9E3,,43#&(#8*(#>H&(3#!&'88)(F3#F*(8'>94)U:3"

s3:*(#:)#4hS:3#>3#:H),,9(&),'*(#3,#>3#:H)U8*4!,'*(#8*(*43A#:38#8*(8#:38#!:&8#S4)738#!*4,3(,#:3#!:&8#:*'(#Q3,#8*(,#E*'(8#>'43F,'*((3:8#<&3#:38#8*(8#)'S&8T"#M3#EjE3#:38#'(d4)w#3,#:38#&:,4)w8*(8#(*(#!34F3!,'U:38#5#:H*43'::3A #>*(F#(3#F)&8)(,#!)8#&(3#Sj(3#)F*&8,'<&3#>&#d)', #>3# :3&4# '(,3(8',9A #F493(, #&(3#!34,&4U),'*(#E)%3&43#8&4#:H)&>','*(#Q8&4#:3#F*E!*4,3E3(,T"#D)4#)'::3&48A#:)#43FR34FR3#>&#8':3(F3#)#)&88'#8)#F*E!:3K',9#b#>38#3K!94'3(F38#5#:)#6ZsZ#*(,#>9E*(,49#<&H&(3#!348*((3#(3#!3&,#!)8834#!:&8#>3#<&3:<&38#>'f)'(38#>3#E'(&,38 # >)(8 # &( #E':'3& # ,*,):3E3(, # 8':3(F'3&KA # 8)(8 # j,43 # 8&%3,,3 # 5 # >38 # 734,'S38 # 3, # >38 # 83(8),'*(8#>H*!!4388'*( # <&' # 8*(, # 7',3 # '(,*:94)U:38/-G" #Z'(8' # (*,43 # >'8!*8','*( # >)(8 # &( # 38!)F3 # 8*(*43 # *& # &(3#n#)EU')(F3#o#43FR34FR3#>38#83(8),'*(8#>H38!)F3#QF3#<&3#(*&8#E3,,*(8#8*&8#:38#,34E38#>3#E*>&:),'*(#>3#:H9F*&,3A#>3#l:,4)S3A#3,F"#!4983(,8#>)(8#:)#!34F3!,'*(A#:)#>'8F49E'(),'*(#3,#:)#89:3F,'*(#>38#8*(8#>)(8#&(#3(7'4*((3E3(,T"#

M3#:)#8*4,3A#)&w>3:5#>3#:)#E38&43#)F*&8,'<&3#Q>PT#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#Q<&'#)#8*(#4r:3#U'3(#3(,3(>&#>)(8#:)#!498347),'*(#>3#:H'(,9S4',9#!Rg8'*:*S'<&3#3,#!8gFR*:*S'<&3#>3#:H)&>','*(#>H&(#)&>',3&4A#<&'#:*48<&3#>38#:'E',38#8*(,#),,3'(,38#3,#<&3#:H3K!*8','*(#38,#F*(8,)(,3A#>37'3(,#8&%3,#5#>38#!34,&4U),'*(8#<&'#%*&3(,#8&4#:)#,3(8'*( # )4,94'3::3 # 3, # :H9,), # >H)(K'9,9A # %&8<&H5 # :) # >9,94'*4),'*( # >3 # :H)!!)43': # )&>','dT # #V # 5 # :H)'>3 # >3#8*(*Eh,438A#>H3K!*8'Eh,438#VA#FH38,#:)#!34F3!,'*(#!8gFR*)F*&8,'<&3#<&'#>37'3(,#!49!*(>94)(,3#>)(8#:)#83(8),'*(#8*(*43#3,#E&8'F):3" #M)(8#F3#F)8#FH38,#:H'(,3(8',9#8&U%3F,'73A #*&#n#8*('3#oA #<&'#83EU:3#:)#!:&8#)!!4*!4'93/-I"#Z'(8'#>38#!R9(*Eh(38#)F,'d8#83#E3,,3(,#3(#!:)F3#,3:8#<&3#:H)>)!,),'*(#3,#:H)FF*EE*>),'*(#

&6"*+)"6.'*/*.-"%&2+$R+@"*)"%&26-&2+.+*&2./@".66$%+*;$".20"+-.2)6&-'.+*;$4"f+"=.)")=&%i";./,$@".20"0$6.'*/*.-*Q$)"+=$"/*)+$2$-"g=&"$R($%+)"6-&' "',)*%".2"$.)B"|,$2%B@".")$%,-$"6.'*/*.-*+B"d*+"%.2"C$"."T'&0$-2T"&2$e@"&-".2B")&-+"&6"'&//*V%.+*&24"I&*)$@"+=.+"*)@"(&/*+*%*Q$)"+=$".,-./ "$2;*-&2'$2+4"34445"3h5=$"',)*%"0$'.20)"6-&'"+=$";$-B"C$?*22*2?".%+*;$".20"%&2%$2+-.+$0"/*)+$2*2?@"+=$"'&)+".%,+$".++$2+*&2"+&")*',/+.2$&,) "',/+*(/*%*+B"&6"'&;$'$2+@"6&-%$)".20"$R(-$))*&2@"+=$"-$2,2%*.+*&2"&6"+=$"%,)+&'.-B"%-,+%=$)"&6"/*)+$2*2?"g=*%="./g.B)"i2&g)"g=.+"+&"$R($%+ ".20"+=$"*2+$2)*;$"($-%$(+*&2"&6"+=$",2*8,$@"+=$")($%*V%".20"+=$"?$2$-./4"h=$"'&-$"+=$"',)*%"?*;$)"+&"/*)+$2$-)@"+=$"/$))"*+"&66$-)"+=$'4"f+ "-$8,*-$)"+=$"/*)+$2$-")(&2+.2$&,)/B"+&"%&'(&)$"*+)"*22$-"'&;$'$2+".20"0$'.20)"&6"=*'"2&+"'$-$"%&2+$'(/.+*&2"C,+"(-.R*)4"9#QM4*4#p3':34A#YZU*&,#Eg#E&8'F#)(>#(*'83YA#/NNL"T#V#R,,!b$$uuu",*FR(',w):3!R"F*E$>4*4d3':34$)U*&,EgE&8'F"R,E:#

/-? ##p_t]@Jt#M3('8A#YC38#;*(>38#s*(*438YA#^*::3F,'*(#JK!:*4)A#D)4'8b#D438838#D*FX3,A#/NN-A#!"#/B

/-B #R,,!b$$uuu"U:*S"8)E'w):>33U"F*E$-./-$.I$0/$4)E)>)(w:3w7*:&E3w>38wR)&,w!)4:3&48w>38wE*8<&338w8&8F',3w:3w>3U),$#

/-G ##p_t]@Jt#M3('8A#*!"#F',"A#!"#/G"

/-I # #C)#E38&43#!)4#>*8'E9,4'3#Q*&#)73F#&(#3K!*8'Eh,43T#F*EU'(3#!:&8'3&48#!)4)Eh,438 #Q>'8,)(F3A # d49<&3(F38A# '(,3(8',9A#>&493#>H3K!*8','*(A#3,F"T"#Y_(#!3&,#,4h8#U'3(#j,43#>)(8#&(3#>'8F*,Rh<&3#*&#&(#F*(F34,#5#/B#*&#-.#Eh,438#>3#:)#d){)>3#8'#)&#U*&,#>H&(3 #R3&43#!)4#3K3E!:3#*(#d)',#&(3#!)&83#Q,*':3,,38A#F'S)43,,38#*&#)&,43T #>3#/.#*&#/B#E'(&,38#i #F3:)#!3&,#8&dl43#5#:H*43'::3#!*&4#49F&!9434"#@:#8&dl,#<&3#:3#F':#8H)44j,3#>3#7'U434#<&3:<&38#'(8,)(,8A#<&H':#49F&!h43#8*(#9:)8,'F',9A#<&3#:H9FR)&dd3E3(,#8H)44j,3#!*&4#<&H':#(3#F)883#!)8"#Z'(8'#:)#>&493#>H3K!*8','*(#38,#)&88'#'E!*4,)(,3#<&3#:)#>'8,)(F3A#3,#*(#!3&,#F*EU'(34#:38#>3&K"#QZ438X'#s)>'A#YC�)&>','*(#&(#83(8 #7',): #5 #!4*,9S34YA #n #CH=F*&,3 #oA #t3(F*(,43 #!4*d388'*((3::3A # -0 # %)(7'34 #-..L # w #y)(>*3&743w:h8w6)(Fg#V#

http://www.blog.sami-aldeeb.com/2012/07/31/ramadan-le-volume-des-haut-parleurs-des-mosquees-suscite-le-debat/

http://www.tochnit-aleph.com/drorfeiler/aboutmymusic.html

!"#hh$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!*&4#)(,'F'!34#&(3#d),'S&3#)&>','73#Q<&'#'(>&'4)#&(3#49F&!94),'*(#3,A#>)(8#:38#F)8#:38#!:&8#897h438A#>3#:)#>'!:)F*&8'3#*&#E*>'lF),'*(#>3#:)#!34F3!,'*(#>3#:)#R)&,3&4#>38#8*(8A#>38#)F*&!Rh(38A#>3#:HRg!34)F*&8'3A#3,F"T"#6*,43#F*4!8#49)S',#F*(,'(&3::3E3(,#)&K#3KF',),'*(8#3K,94'3&438#QEjE38#:38#!:&8#d)'U:38T#3,#5#:3&48#7)4'),'*(8A#F*EE3#:)#>&43,9#>3#F34,)'(8#8*(8#'E!&:8'*((3:8#3,#:)#83(8),'*(#,)F,':3#>38#7'U4),'*(8#>)(8#:3#43S'8,43#S4)73#3,#>38#U)8838#d49<&3(F38"

!!"##;EE'(6+%/=#M(&+8=#;/8'/6+826

!"#. "',)*8,$ ". "V2./$'$2+ "07%*07 "0$ ")$ ")$-;*- "0$ ")$) " &-$*//$)@ " $+ "2&2"(/,) ")$,/$'$2+ "0$ "). "'7'&*-$4 "9 "QyZt�sJ#J>S)4A#/NG0A#@(#Y=F4',8YA##D)4'8#b#P*&4S*'8A#/NL0T

!":&2+$'(&-.-B " 2&*)$ " ',)*% " *) " &6+$2 " .))&%*.+$0 " g*+= " $R+-$'$ " ;&/,'$ " .20 " 0*)+&-+*&24 " 9/-L# QD@J`|]#P3(%)E'("#YJK!34'E3(,):'8E#_,R34u'83b#]R3#63u#q*4X#Z7)(,wc)4>3#)(>#@,8#C'E',8Y"#-./-"#!"#/N0"T

!"]$ " %-&*) " 8,$ " />,+*/*).+*&2 " 0, " C-,*+ " 0.2) " /. "',)*8,$ " ;. " %&2+*2,$- " $+ " .,?'$2+$- " D,)8,>< " %$ " 8,$ " 2&,) ".++$*?2&2)",2$"',)*8,$"(-&0,*+$"?-�%$"<"/>.*0$"0>*2)+-,'$2+)"7/$%+-*8,$)"8,*"-$20-&2+"0*)(&2*C/$)"<"0$)"V2) "',)*%./$)"+&,)"/$)")&2)"8,*"($,;$2+"1+-$"$2+$20,)4"9#Q^ZcJ#2*R(A#Y]R3#p&,&43#*d#;&8'Fb#^43>*YA#/N0IT/-N

CZ#;_6]J#q_|6cA#]OJ#]OJZ]tJ#_p#J]Jt6ZC#;|s@^#Y]OJ#]_t]_@sJA#O@s#MtJZ;s#Z6M#2_|t6JqsYA#/NGG#sJss@_6s

n # Qx #Dt_D_s #MH|6J #DJtp_t;Z6^J #MJ #CZ#;_6]J#q_|6cT #V# H["""\ #2H=]Z@s #ZssZ@CC@ #J] #J6yJC_DD=#DZt#|6#Pt|@]#Zss_|tM@ssZ6]#J]#^_6]@6| # [~|@ # J6]tZ�6Z\ # |6J # ^_6M@]@_6 # DOqs@_C_c@~|J#DZt]@^|C@�tJ #MJ #;_6#^_tDs" # ["""\ #MZ6s #^J] #J6sJ;PCJ#MJ #s_6s#Zss_|tM@ssZ6]sA # MZ6s # ^J # ^_6]@6||; # =CJ^]t_6@~|J#JWZsD=tZ6]A#MZ6s#^J#;Zc;Z#MJ#s_6s#J]#MJ#Pt|@]s#s|tZ@c|s#~|@#D=6=]tZ@J6]#6_s#_s#J]#~|@#;Z]tZ~|Z@J6]#6_s#]J;DJsA#["""\#CZ#M|t=J#MJyJ6|J#O_;_c�6J#MJ#CH=^_|]JA#Z|#]tZyJts#MJ#sJs#s_6s#x#|6#6@yJZ|#s_6_tJ#s@#=CJy=A#ZyZ@]#DtZ]@~|J;J6]#M@y@s=#;Js#sJ6s#CJs#|6s#MJs#Z|]tJs#[^J#~|@#^Z|sZ#J6#tJ]_|t#CZ#M@pp@^|C]=#MJ # s]t|^]|tJt # x # 6_|yJZ| # CH@6]=ct@]= # MJ # ;_6 # ^OZ;D # MJ#DJt^JD]@_6\"#2J#;J#sJ6]Z@s#^_;;J#@s_C=A#^_;;J#^C_|=#Z|#s_CA#CH=^_|]J#sJ#pZ@sZ6]#x#Dt=sJ6]#x#DZt]@t#MJ#CH@6]=t@J|t#MJ#;_6#^_tDs#J]#6_6#DC|s#sJ|CJ;J6]#DZt#CHZ@MJ#MJ#;Js#_tJ@CCJs"#["""\#o/0.#

Q;Zs_]]ZA#_s^ZtA#Y@ #^_;;@]]JM#Z#OZDDJ6@6cYA # @6#C@s]J6#OJtJA#6_��b #ZtcJ6]@6J #Zt] #_p #]OJ# /NG.Hs # b #�t@]@6cs #_p #]OJ#ZyZ6]wcZtMJA#D|PC@=#DZt#@6=s#`Z]�J6s]J@6A#D"#/G-#�#DD"#/NBw/NG"T

R,,!b$$uuu"*(>)"d4$zlFR'348$>*F&E3(,8$lFR'348$lFR'34z0?zd4"!>d#

/-L #!"#."',)*8,$"2&*)$".%+,$//$"$)+"/$"(/,)")&,;$2+".))&%*7$".,R";&/,'$)"$+"0*)+&-+*&2)")&2&-$)"$R+-1'$)4"9

/-N "!"f"C$/*$;$"+=.+"+=$",)$"&6"2&*)$"+&"'.i$"',)*%"g*//"%&2+*2,$".20"*2%-$.)$",2+*/"g$"-$.%="."',)*%"(-&0,%$0"+=-&,?="+=$".*0"&6"$/$%+-*%./ "*2)+-,'$2+)"+=.+"g*//"'.i$".;.*/.C/$"6&-"',)*%./"(,-(&)$)".2B".20".//")&,20)"+=.+"%.2"C$"=$.-04"9

/0. #!"34445"3:&2%$-2*2?"."($-6&-'.2%$"CB"#."Y&2+$"v&,2?"5"t"p6+$-"%/*'C*2?"+=$"/.)+")+.*-%.)$"3*2+&"."0&g2+&g2"I$g"v&-i":*+B"/&6+5@"f"g.) ".)).,/+$0".20"$2;$/&($0"CB"."%&2+*2,&,)"0$.6$2*2?"2&*)$"3+=.+"%.,)$05"+=$"(=B)*&/&?*%./"%&20*+*&2"&6"'B"C&0B4"34445"f2"+=*)"),'"&6"0$.6$2*2? ")&,20)@"*2"+=*)"$R.)($-.+*2?"$/$%+-&2*%"$20/$))2$))"3%&2+*2,,'5@"*2"+=*)"'*R"&6"=*?=A(*+%=$0"2&*)$".20")&,20"+=.+"($2$+-.+$0"&2$>)"C&2$)".20 "(,''$/$0"&2$>)"+$'(/$)@ "34445"+=$"=&'&?$2*Q.+*&2"&6" +=$".,0*+&-B"+*'$@"+=-&,?="+=$"(-$)$2%$"&6"+=*)")&,20".+"),%="."=*?=";&/,'$@"=.0 "(-.%+*%.//B")(/*+"&2$"&6"'B")$2)$)".g.B)"6-&'".//"+=$"&+=$-)"3g=*%="*2"+,-2"%.,)$0"."0*6V%,/+"-$)+-,%+,-*2?"&6"+=$"+&+./"($-%$(+,./"V$/054"f"6$/+ "*)&/.+$0@".)"+=&,?="2.*/$0"+&"+=$"|&&-@"+=$".,0*+&-B"-$./*+B"2&g"g$2+"T*2)*0$T"'B"C&0B@".20"0*02>+")*'(/B"(.))"+=-&,?="'B"$.-)4"4"34445"9"Q;Zs_]]Z#_8F)4A#Y@#^*EE',,3>#)#O)!!3('(SYA#@(#C'8,3(#O343A#6*u�b#Z4S3(,'(3#Z4,#*d#,R3#/NG.H8#b#�4','(S8#*d#,R3#Z7)(,wc)4>3A#!&U:'9 # !)4 # @(98 # `),f3(8,3'(A # !" # /G- #� # !!" # /NBw/NG"T #V #R,,!b$$Kw,4)*(:'(3"*4S$'88&38$7*:&E3w/?$(&EU34w0$)38,R3,'F8w*dw43!3,','*(w)wF)83wd*4w*8F)4wE)8*,,)$##V#]R3#u*4X#u)8#YIYA#d4*E#Y]R3#]*4,*'83A#O'8#M43)E8#)(>#2*&4(3g8YA#Ug#C)#;*(,3#q*&(S"#V#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$6BESt](?U;S�43:�.##V#D34d*4E3>#Ug#]R3#]R3),43#*d#J,34():#;&8'Fb#C)#;*(,3#q*&(SA#]344g#t':3gA#7*'F38i#;)4')(#�)f33:)A#7*'F3A#:'SR,#!4*%3F,'*(#>38'S(i#]*(g#^*(4)>A#7'*:'(i#;)47'(#^)4!3(,34A#M)7'>#O)g38A#2'E#`'4X34A#!4*%3F,'*('8,8i#p3U4&)4g#-?A#-BA#-GA#)(>#-IA#/NGGA#),#C)44g#D**(8�8#]R3#p*&4#O3)73(8A#-NB#^R&4FR#s,433,A#63u#q*4XA#6q" #ZFF*4>'(S#,*#q*&(SA#�,R'8#u)8#(*,#)#£R)!!3('(S�#U&,#)#834'38#*d#E&8'F#)(>#:'SR,#F*(F34,#!34d*4E)(F38�#Q3E)':#F*4438!*(>3(F3#u',R#,R3#3>',*48A#6*73EU34#IA#-.//T"

http://www.youtube.com/embed/N5mgRTn4bMg?rel=0

http://x-traonline.org/issues/volume-14/number-3/aesthetics-of-repetition-a-case-for-oscar-masotta/

http://x-traonline.org/issues/volume-14/number-3/aesthetics-of-repetition-a-case-for-oscar-masotta/

http://www.onda.fr/_fichiers/documents/fichiers/fichier_34_fr.pdf

!"#hi$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

n # CZ # DJtp_t;Z6^J # sJ;PCZ@] # ^t=Jt # |6 # JsDZ^J # MH=^_|]J#^_;DtJ6Z6] # sJs # Dt_DtJs # M@;J6s@_6sA # y_C|;Js # J]#Dt_p_6MJ|tsA #Z|#sJ@6#MJs~|JCCJs#CZ#;|s@~|J#=y_C|Z@]" # ["""\#~|Z6M#CZ#DJtp_t;Z6^J#sHZtt�]ZA #ZDt�s #MJ|W#OJ|tJs #sZ6s#Ztt�] # MJ # s_6s #Z;DC@p@=s # x # p_t] # y_C|;JA # |6J # t=s_6Z6^J#Z@c¤J # DJts@s]Z # MZ6s # CJ # s@CJ6^J" # ^H=]Z@] # |6 # s@c6J # MH|6#]tZ|;Z]@s;J # x # CH_tJ@CCJA # ;Z@s # sZ # OZ|]J|t # =]Z@]#=]tZ6cJ;J6] # Dt=^@sJ # ^_;;J # s@ # JCCJ # t=s|C]Z@] # MH|6J#OZt;_6@~|J # Z@c¤J # @6]Jt6J # M=C@yt=J # DZt # CH=^_|]J # MH|6J#s_@t=J # J6]@�tJ # DZss=J # x # =^_|]Jt # ^Js # s_6s # ^_6]@6|s#@6yZt@Z6]s # Dt_M|@]s # DZt # CJs # @6s]t|;J6]s # Z^^_tM=s#sD=^@p@~|J;J6] # sJC_6 # CJs # t�cCJs # |]@C@s=Js # DZt # CZ # ;_6]J#q_|6cA # ]_|] # ^J^@ # ZDDZtZ@ssZ6] # ^_;;J # |6J # Ys@c6Z]|tJY#|6@~|J #MJ # CZ# DZt] #MJ # ^J # ^_;D_s@]J|t" # o/0/# QtJy@J�$;|s@î#t_]Os]J@6#JM�ZtMA# #YCZ#;_6]J#q_|6c#PZ6M#JWDC_tJs#s_6@^#sDZ^JYA#QZP_|]#]OJ#p_tJyJt#PZM#PC|Js#PZ6M#DJtp_t;Z6^J#Z]#]OJ # `@]ÔJ6TA # D|PC@sOJMb # 2Z6|Ztq # /-A # /NN0A # ]OJ # 6J� # q_t`#]@;JsT

DO@CC#6@PC_^À#YO|tMq#O|ttqYA#/NNNYOZt;YA#-..N

n#["""\#s@#y_|s#=^_|]J�#^Js#D@�^Js#x#;_qJ6#_| # pZ@PCJ # y_C|;JA # y_|s # J6]J6MJ�#CH@6s]t|;J6]#J]#y_|s#6HJ6]J6MJ�#DZs#CJs#;_]@ps # OZt;_6@~|Js" # ;Z@s # s@ # y_|s#CH=^_|]J� # DC|s # p_t]A # CJs # OZt;_6@~|Js#MJy@J66J6] #ytZ@;J6] # Dt=sJ6]Js" # @C #q #Z#|6J #Z|]tJ #�|ytJA #~|@ # Js] #;Z#DtJ;@�tJ#D@�^J#~|J#2HZ@#t=ZC@s=J#J6#/NI?#ZyJ^#MZy@M#c@Ps_6#Z|#y@_C_6^JCCJ#[@6]@]|C=J#Y0#]_#I#w#/NGY\ # J] # ~|@ # Js] # 2J # DJ6sJ # |6J # D@�^J#;Z�]tJssJ # D_|t # ;_@A # J] # P@J6 # s@ # y_|s#CH=^_|]J�#]t�s#p_t]A #y_|s#J6]J6MJ�#^J]#@6^t_qZPCJ # 6|ZcJ # MHOZt;_6@~|Js#s|D=t@J|tJs"#J]#CJ#y@_C_6^JCCJ#M@sDZtZ�]"#o#Q6@PC_^`#DO@CCT/0-

/0/ #!"h=$"(/.B*2?")$$'$0"+&"%-$.+$".2".,0*+&-B")(.%$"g*+="*+)"&g2"0*'$2)*&2".20"0$(+=@"g*+=*2"g=*%="+=$"',)*%"+&&i"(/.%$4"34445"N=$2"+=$ "(/.B*2?")+&(($0@".6+$-"+g&"=&,-)"&6"%&2+*2,&,)"(-&D$%+*&2".+"=*?=";&/,'$@"."=*?=A(*+%=$0"-*2?*2?"%&2+*2,$0"0$)(*+$"+=$")*/$2%$4"f+"g.)".")*?2 "&6"+-.,'."+&"+=$"$.-@"C,+"*+)"(*+%="g.)"$$-*/B"(-$%*)$@".)"*6"*+"g$-$"."=*?="*2+$-2./"&;$-+&2$"%-$.+$0".20"-$*26&-%$0"CB".2"$;$2*2?"&6")&,20)".// "*2"+=$").'$"',)*%./"'&0$@"(-&0,%$0"CB"*2)+-,'$2+)".//"+,2$0",)*2?"#."Y&2+$"v&,2?>)")*?2.+,-$"'$+=&049#Qt37'3u$;&8'Fi#t_]Os]J@6#J>u)4>A# #YC)#;*(,3#q*&(S#P)(>#JK!:*438#s*('F#s!)F3YA#Q)U*&,#]R3#p*43734#P)>#P:&38#P)(>#!34d*4E)(F3#),#]R3#`',FR3(TA#D&U:'8R3>b # 2)(&)4g #/-A # /NN0A #]R3 #63u#q*4X #]'E38 #V #R,,!b$$uuu"(g,'E38"F*E$/NN0$./$/-$)4,8$437'3uwE&8'Fw:)wE*(,3wg*&(SwU)(>w3K!:*438w8*('Fw8!)F3"R,E:##

/0- #!"34445"f6"B&,"(/.B"+=$"(*$%$)".+"."/&g"+&"'*00/*2?";&/,'$@"B&,"=$.-"+=$"*2)+-,'$2+".20"B&,"0&2W+"=$.-"+=$"&;$-+&2$"(.++$-2)4"K,+"g=$2"B&, "(/.B"*+"/&,0$-@"+=$"&;$-+&2$"(.++$-2)"-$.//B"C$%&'$";$-B"(-&'*2$2+4"h=$-$W)".2&+=$-"(*$%$@"g=*%="*)"+=$"V-)+"(*$%$"+=.+"f"V2*)=$0"g=*%="f"+=*2i "*)"-$.//B"."%/.))*%"(*$%$"6&-"'$@"'.0$"*2"W�P"g*+="k.;*0"s*C)&2"&2"%$//&"3,2+*+/$0"TM"+&"�"A"LlxT54"N=$2"B&,"(/.B"*+"-$.//B"/&,0@"B&,"=$.-"+=*) "*2%-$0*C/$ " =*?= " %/&,0 " &6 " &;$-+&2$)4 " p20 " +=$ " %$//& " 0*).(($.-)4 " 9# QDR':: # 6'U:*FXA # @(,347'3uA#R,,!b$$uuu"(3uE&8'FU*K"*4S$)4,'F:38$!R'::w('U:*FXwF*((3F,'(Sw,R3w>*,8$# # T # V #R,,!b$$uuu"8,4)3U3:">3$!4)K'8$,3K,$!>dw_4S)('83>s*&(>z6'U:*FX"!>d#

http://www.straebel.de/praxis/text/pdf-OrganisedSound_Niblock.pdf

http://www.straebel.de/praxis/text/pdf-OrganisedSound_Niblock.pdf

http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/phill-niblock-connecting-the-dots/

http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/12/arts/review-music-la-monte-young-band-explores-sonic-space.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/12/arts/review-music-la-monte-young-band-explores-sonic-space.html

!"#h"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

tOqs#ÔZ]OZ;A#YMtZs]@^#^CZss@^@s;YA#/NL/D_|t#~|Z]tJ#c|@]ZtJs#=CJ^]t@~|Js#Z^^_tM=Js#J6#@6]_6Z]@_6 # 2|s]JA # |6J # c|@]ZtJ # PZssJ # J]#DJt^|ss@_6s#QPZ]]Jt@JT"

n # ["""\ #DZt^J#~|H|6J#P_66J#DZt]@J#M|#;_|yJ;J6]#;=C_M@~|J#MZ6s#YMtZs]@^#^CZss@^@s;Y#tJD_sZ@J6]#s|t#CJs #OZt;_6@~|Js #s|D=t@J|tJs #c=6=t=Js #DZt#CJs # c|@]ZtJs # =CJ^]t@~|JsA # J] # DZt^J # ~|J # ^Js#OZt;_6@~|Js#=]Z@J6]#DC|]�]#MH|6#6@yJZ|#pZ@PCJA#CJs # ;|s@^@J6s # MJ # ;_6 # J6sJ;PCJ # ZyZ@J6]#]J6MZ6^J#x#;J]]tJ#x#p_6M#CJ|ts#Z;DC@s#2|s~|Hx#MJs # 6@yJZ|W # JW]t�;J;J6] # =CJy=s # Zp@6 # MJ#tJ6p_t^Jt # CHZ;DC@]|MJ # MJ # ^Js # OZt;_6@~|Js#DCZ^=Js # OZ|] # MZ6s # CJ # tJc@s]tJ # s_6_tJ" # o/00#

QÔZ]OZ;#tOqsA#@6]Jty@J�#/NNGT

n # 2H=]Z@s # [x #CH=D_~|J\ #|6#;@6@;ZC@s]J#p|t@J|W#J]#2HJWD=t@;J6]Z@s # ZyJ^ # MJs # s_6s # @6]J6sJs # x # p_t]#y_C|;JA # ^J # ~|@ # Js] # |6 # MJs # pZ^]J|ts # ~|@ # Z#^_6]t@P|=#x#;Z#M=p@^@J6^J#s=y�tJ#J6#y@]Z;@6J#P#J]#Z#^_6M|@]#x#|6J#DJt]J#DZt]@JCCJ#MHZ|M@]@_6#J]#MJ#;Z#;=;_@tJ#x#^_|t]#]Jt;JA#^J#~|@#pZ@]#Z|ss@#~|J # 2J # ^_;D_sJ # Dt@6^@DZCJ;J6] # MJs # �|ytJs#PZs=Js#~|J#s|t#|6#sJ|C#Z^^_tM"#J]#2J#6HJ6]J6Ms#t@J6 # sZ6s # 6@yJZ| # s_6_tJ # =CJy=A # 6@yJZ| # ZyJ^#CJ~|JC#2J#2_|J#Z^]|JCCJ;J6]"#2J#6H|]@C@sJ#DZs#|6#]JC#6@yJZ|#s_6_tJ#D_|t#ZctJssJt#CJ#D|PC@Â#;Z@s#sJ|CJ;J6] #Zp@6 #MHJ6]J6MtJ # ^J #~|J # 2J # 2_|J" # o/0?#

QÔZ]OZ;#tOqsA#@P@M"T

cCJ66#PtZ6^ZA#s_C_A#C@yJ#¥#cJpptJq#C_O6Hs#C_p]A#6qÂ#/B#2|@6#/NIL"

cCJ66#PtZ6^Z

n#PtZ6^Z#;Z`Js#Z#6_@sJ#q_|HyJ#ZC�Zqs#@;Zc@6JM#P|]#6JyJt#JWDJ^]JM#]_#OJZt"#o#Q`t@s]@6J#;^`J66Z#C"Z"]@;JsT

n # PtZ6^Z#s]tJ]ÔJs #O@s #;|s@^ # p|t]OJt #]OZ6# @s#6_t;ZCCq#MJJ;JM#Z^^JD]ZPCJ #_t #JyJ6#D_ss@PCJ#@6#]OJ#�_tCM#_p #t_^À # ptJ~|J6]Cq#tJZÔ@6c#Z#DCZ]JZ|#_p#s|s]Z@6JM#@6]J6s@]q#tZtJCq#ZÔ@JyJM#_|]s@MJ#_p#]OJ#sD@t@]|ZC#_t#sJW|ZC#J6^_|6]Jt"#@p#Z6q_6J #JCsJ #MJs^t@PJM # ]OJ@t #;|s@^ #Zs # p_t^@6c#q_|#HpZt#PZ^`#@6]_#]OJ#s|P^_6s^@_|s#]_#p@6M#_|]#�OZ]#@]#@s#q_|#ZtJ#OJZt@6cH#]OJq#;@cO]#ZDDJZt#DtJ]J6]@_|si #�OJ6 # PtZ6^Z#;Z`Js # ]O@s # `@6M # @p#s]Z]J;J6]#@]#;JtJCq#sJJ;s#;_MJs]A#@6ZMJ~|Z]J"#o#QCq6MJ6#PZtPJt#;JC_Mq#;Z`JtT

n#cCJ66#PtZ6^Z#@s#Z#t_^`#H6#t_CC#tJ6JcZMJ#�O_#OZs#CJp]#]OJ#s]Z6MZtM#t_^`#^@t^|@]#PJO@6M#]_#PJ^_;J #Z# ]tZ@CPCZ�@6c #6J� #;|s@^ # @^_6_^CZs]"#PtZ6^ZHs#;|s@^#@s#ZPs_C|]JCq#OqD6_]@Â#P|@CM@6c#�@]O#Z6#J6_t;_|s #^Zs^ZM@6c #^tJs^J6M_#]OZ]#sJJ;s # 6_6s]_D # Z6M # 6_6s]_DDZPCJ" # @]Hs#ZPs_C|]JCq#t@yJ]@6cA #^_;DCJ]JCq#MJyZs]Z]@6c" # o#Qt_P#PZt`Jt#6J�#q_t`#MZ@Cq#6J�sT

/00 #!"34445"K$%.,)$"."?&&0"0$./"&6"+=$"'$/&0*%"'&;$'$2+"*2"k{p^hf:":#p^^f:f^Y"-$)+$0"g*+="+=$"=*?=$-"&;$-+&2$)"?$2$-.+$0"CB"+=$"$/$%+-*% "?,*+.-)@".20"C$%.,)$"+=$)$"&;$-+&2$)".-$"-.+=$-")&6+@"+=$"',)*%*.2)"*2"'B"$2)$'C/$"+$20$0"+&"+,-2"+=$*-"?,*+.-".'(/*V$-)",("+&"&C)%$2$/B"=*?="/$;$/) " &6 " )&,20 " *2 " &-0$- " +& " -$*26&-%$ " +=$ " .'(/*+,0$ " &6 " +=$ " =*?=$- " =.-'&2*%)4 " 9# QÔZ]OZ; # tRg8A # @(,347'3uA # /NNGT # V#R,,!b$$uuu"4Rg8FR),R)E"(3,$('(,'38tû3U8',3$t3F3(,z@(,347'3u"R,E:##

/0? #!"f"g.)"."=.-0A%&-$"'*2*'./*)+".20"g.)"$R($-*'$2+*2?"g*+="$R+-$'$/B"=*?="/$;$/)"&6"(,-$")&,20@"g=*%="g.)"&6"%&,-)$"&2$"&6"+=$"6.%+&-)"+=.+ "%&2+-*C,+$0"+&"'B"'.))*;$";*+.'*2"K"0$V%*$2%B@"g=*%="/$.0"+&"+=$"(.-+*./"/&))"&6"'B")=&-+"+$-'"'$'&-B".20"0.'.?$"+&"'B"=$.-*2?@"g=*%="*) "./)&"g=B"f"%&'(&)$"+=*2?)"+=.+".-$@"C.)*%.//B@"&2$"%=&-04"f+"g&,/0"C$";$-B"0*6V%,/+"6&-"'$"+&"(/.B"+=*2?)"+=.+"%&2)*)+$0"&6"'&-$"+=.2".")*2?/$ "%=&-04"p20"f"g&,/02>+"=$.-"pIvhwfIs"g*+=&,+"+=$";&/,'$"/$;$/)"f"%,--$2+/B"(/.B".+4"f"2$;$-"%-$.+$0"+=$"/$;$/)"&6"/&,02$))"+=.+"f"($-6&-' "g*+="+&".)).,/+"($&(/$}"f"%-$.+$0"+=$'"*2"&-0$-"+&"=$.-"'B)$/6"(/.B4"9#QÔZ]OZ;#tRg8A#@U'>"T

http://www.rhyschatham.net/nintiesRCwebsite/Recent_Interview.html

!"#hj$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

n#]O@s #;JcZ;|s@^ # @s #6_]# 2|s]#Z6#Z|tZC#ZssZ|C]#P|]#Z#^Z]OZt]@^ #^_62|6^]@_6#_p #DCJZs|tJ#Z6M#DZ@6 # @6]J6MJM # ]_ # M@st|D] # p@WJM # @MJZs # Z6M#J;_]@_6s"#@]#^_6p|sJs#]OJ#M@s]@6^]@_6s#@6#@6]J6]#Z6M # JWDJt@J6^J # ]OZ] # ZtJ # ^_;;_6Cq # |sJM # ]_#ÔZtZ^]Jt@�J # Z6M # ^CZss@pq # Zt]" # @] # @s # Z] # _6^J#y@s^JtZC # Z6M # ^JtJPtZCA # Z6ZtÔ@s]@^ # Z6M#^_6]t_CCJMA # OJCC@sO # Z6M # s|PC@;J" # PtZ6^ZHs#J6]@tJ#^tJZ]@yJ#_|]D|]#OZsA#@6#]O@s#�ZqA#Z#ctZsD#_p # sZ6@]q #Z6M #Z# ]_|Ô #_p #;ZM6JssA #Z #�Zq #_p#s]Z6M@6c#DJtpJ^]Cq#s]@CC#Z6M#qJ] #PJ #]Ot_PP@6c#ZCC#]OJ#�O@CJ"#o#Q^ZtC_#;^^_t;@^`#Zt]p_t|;T

n#]OJ#|6DtJ^JMJ6]JM#Z|tZC#MJ6s@]q#sJ]s#|D#6J�#Z^_|s]@^ # Z6M # Zt]@s]@^ # tZ;@p@^Z]@_6sb # t@6c@6c#OZt;_6@^sA # M@tJ^]@_6ZC # ^_|6]JtD_@6] # pt_;#M@ppJtJ6] # C_|MsDJZ`JtsA # ]OJ # @6OJtJ6] # ]OJZ]Jt#_p # ]O@s #6J� #`@6M # _p # c|@]Zt # _tÔJs]tZ" # @6 #Z6#@;D_t]Z6] # sJ6sJA # ;t" # PtZ6^Z # @s # DtJsJ6]@6c#6J@]OJt#^CZss@^ZC#;|s@^#6_t#@6s]t|;J6]ZC#t_^`#P|]#Z#6J�#`@6M#_p#C@yJ#JCJ^]t_6@^#;|s@^"#OJ#|sJs#JCJ^]t@^#c|@]ZtsA#6_]#Zs#Zt]@pZ^]s#_p#t_^`#P|]#Zs#JCJ^]t_6@^w;|s@^#@6s]t|;J6]s#PJ6]#]_#|sJs#]OZ]#OZyJ#]OJ@t#t__]s#@6#p|]|t@s;A#MZMZA#yZtJsJ#Z6M#]OJ #G.Hs # s_|6Mw^_C_t@s]s #Zs #�JCC#Zs #sq;DO_6@^#;|s@Â#ptJJ#2Z��#Z6M#OJZyqw;J]ZC#t_^`"#O_�JyJt#_6J#Ô__sJs#]_#^Z]Jc_t@�J#]O@s#;|s@Â#]OJ#pZ^]#tJ;Z@6s#]OZ]#@]#@s#DZt]#_p#Z#;_yJ;J6]#Z6M#]OZ]#@p # Z6q_6J # ^Z6 # ^CZ@; # CJZMJtsO@D # _p # ]OZ]#;_yJ;J6]A # @] # @s #;t" # PtZ6^Z" # o # Q2_O6 # t_^`�JCC#6J�#q_t`#]@;JsT

n #|6#Z^^_tM#DZtpZ@] #~|Z6M# @C#Js] # 2_|=#DZt#|6#@6s]t|;J6]#p_t]#Z;DC@p@=#DJ|]#DtJs~|J#MJyJ6@t#|6#n#^C|s]Jt#o#|6#^C|s]Jt#Js]#M|#Pt|@]#PCZ6^#D|t#w#@C#6Hq#Z#DZs#MJ#DCZ^J#D_|t#Z|]tJ#Ô_sJ"o#QPtZ6^Z#cCJ66A#@6]Jty@J�T/0B

/0B #!"p")*'(/$"+-*.0"g=$2"(/.B$0"CB"."/&,0/B".'(/*V$0"*2)+-,'$2+"%.2"./'&)+"C$%&'$"."%/,)+$-".+"+*'$)4"p"%/,)+$-"C$%&'$)".")=$$+"&6")=$$- "g=*+$ " 2&*)$ " A " +=$-$ " *) " 2& " -&&' " 6&- " .2B+=*2? " $/)$4 " 9# QPtZ6^Z # c:3((A # @(,347'3u # !)4 # P4')( # M&S&'>T # V#R,,!b$$E3>')"Rg!3443):"*4S$f'(38$38,$'(,3478$U4)(F)"R,E:# V # D*&4 # !4*:*(S34 # b # n#t*FX # ;g # t3:'S'*(#o # >3 # M)( # c4)R)EA#R,,!b$$7'E3*"F*E$LING-?-#Q)73F#>38#3K,4)',8#>38#E&8'<&38#>3#c:3((#P4)(F)T"#C)#7'>9*#Yt*FX#;g#t3:'S'*(Y#3K!:*43#%&8,3E3(,#:38 #!)4)::h:38 # 3(,43 # 4*FX # 3, # 43:'S'*(A # 3( #!4*>&'8)(, # *& # 8&SS94)(, #>38 # F*((3K'*(8A # d&8'*(8 #*& # 43(73483E3(,8 # '(9>',8 # 3(,43#>'dd943(,8 # 9:9E3(,8 # F*(8,',&,'d8 # >3 # :HR'8,*'43 # 3, # >3 # :) # 8*F'9,9 # )E94'F)'(3 # b # :3 #!&4',)('8E3A # 838 # FR�,'E3(,8 # 3, # 8*( # 3(d34A # :3#E*&73E3(,#R'!!'3#>373(&#g&!!'3A#:3&4#!)4)>'8#Q973(,&3::3E3(,#)4,'lF'3:TA#:3#E*4):'8E3A#:3#F)!',):'8E3A#:)#43!4*>&F,'*(#8)(8#83K3A#:3#83K3#8)(8#43!4*>&F,'*(A#:3#!9FR9#'(>'7'>&3:A# :)#!&43,9#F*::3F,'73A#:38#8*4F'h438#>3#s):3EA#D),,'#sE',RA#:38#sR)X348#>&#Wy@@@3 # 8'hF:3 # 3, # :3&4 #E388')('8E3# )& # d9E'('(A # :) #M)(83 # 3( #^34F:3 # 3K,),'<&3 #3, # 4',&3::3 #<&H':8 #!4),'<&)'3(,A # :) # d3473&4 #>38 #)883EU:938#U)!,'8,38A#:3#!*S*#!&(XA#:)#M)(83#>&#p)(,rE3#>38#s'*&KA#:)#F)(*('8),'*(#>38#4*FX#8,)48A#:38#8gEU*:38#Eg,R'<&38#3,#83K&3:8A # :3 # F&:,3 # >& # �d&(� # >38 # ,33()S348A # :) # 7):3&4 # ,4)7)':A # :) # 43FR34FR3 # >H&(3 #E'88'*( # 8!'4',&3::3A # :) # F*(8*EE),'*(A # :3#d)E':'):'8E3A#:H9S):',9#83K&3::3A#:3#83F,)4'8E3A#:38#!R9(*Eh(38#F*EE&()&,)'438#:'98#)&#4*FXA#:38#38!)F38#):,34(),'d8#3,F"#Q=>*&)4>#;*((3,A # y'>9*FR4*('<&38A # ;)483'::3T # V #R,,!b$$uuu"R)4,f'(3"F*E$S:3((wU4)(F)w:'(,347'3u$# R,,!b$$uuu",R3w>4*(3"F*E$E)S)f'(3$S:3((wU4)(F)w'(,347'3u$#

http://www.the-drone.com/magazine/glenn-branca-interview/

http://www.the-drone.com/magazine/glenn-branca-interview/

http://www.hartzine.com/glenn-branca-linterview/

http://vimeo.com/8796242

http://media.hyperreal.org/zines/est/intervs/branca.html

!"#iU$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

;Jt�P_�#Q;ZsZ;@#Z`@]ZT

n #Z|# 2ZD_6A #CJ #D|PC@^ #MJs #DJtp_t;Z6^Js # Y6_@sJY#Js]#ZssJ�#_tM@6Z@tJ"#2J#DJ6sJ#~|J#CZ#DC|DZt]#s_6]#MJs # sZCZt@=s # MJ # ^CZssJ # ;_qJ66J" # DC|s#t=^J;;J6]A#CJ#D|PC@^#sHJs]#tZ2J|6@A#tJ2_@6]#DZt#CJ#D|PC@^ #MJ # CZ#;|s@~|J # Y|6MJtct_|6MY" #Z| # ]_|]#M=P|]A # CJs # t=Z^]@_6s # =]Z@J6] # @6JW@s]Z6]Js" # CJ#D|PC@^ # DJ6sZ@] # s@;DCJ;J6] # ~|J # ^J]]J # ;|s@~|J#=]Z@]#]t_D#^_;DCJWJ#J]#]t_D#p_t]J"#;Z@6]J6Z6]A#DC|s#MJ#cJ6s#^_;DtJ66J6]#^J#]qDJ#MJ#;|s@~|J"#^Jt]Z@6s #MHJ6]tJ # J|W #M@sJ6] #~|H@Cs # J6]tJ6] # J6#]tZ6sJ # J6 # =^_|]Z6]" # ^HJs] # |6J # MJs #;J@CCJ|tJs#;Z6@�tJs # D_|t # ^_;DtJ6MtJ #;Jt�P_�" # o # QZ`@]Z#;ZsZ;@A#@6]Jty@J�#DZt#^OZM#OJ6sCJqA#@6#Js_]JttZ#�LA#/NNNT/0G

y_@t # Z|ss@ # b # O@2_`Z@MZ6A # `J@2@ # OZ@6_A # ]OJ#@6^ZDZ^@]Z6]sA #;Zs_66ZA #]OJ#OZ]JtsA #DZ@6 # 2Jt`A#J]^"

M)(8#:3#F)8#>&#n#(*'83#o#3,#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#9:3F,4*('<&3#F*({&3#F*EE3#=.-)="2&*)$A#:)#(9F388',9#>&#('73)&#8*(*43#9:379#83#F*EU'(3#)73F# :H&,':'8),'*(#>3#8*(8#8),&498#9:3F,4*('<&38#3,# ,4)',98A # :) #F*(8,4&F,'*(#>3#E),'h438 # 8*(*438 # 3, # E&8'F):38 # <&' # %*&3(, # 8&4 # :) # !4388'*( # )F*&8,'<&3A # :) # F*E!:3K',9 # >38 # 8*(8 # 3,#:H'E!4*7'8),'*(#!*&4#%*&34#:3#!4983(,#>3#8*(8#b#:)#E&8'<&3#F*EE3#E),'h43A#m&743#E&8'F):3#%*&93#>)(8#:H'(8,)(,#F*EE3#&(3#3K!94'3(F3#&('<&3#>H38!)F3#3,#>H9F*&,3"

C)#F*(,4)>'F,'*(#>3#7'8'*(8#38,#8*&73(,#)E3(93#F*(F34()(,#:H3dd3,#>H)S4388'*(#8*(*43#3,#>3#n#!4'83#3(#*,)S3#o # >H)&>',3&48 # >)(8 # &( #E)3:8,4�E # 8*(*43A # 3, # F3,,3 # F*(,4)>'F,'*( # 83 # ,4*&73 # d*(>93 # 8&4 # &(3#F*(8,4&F,'*(#F&:,&43::3#>3#:H9F*&,3"

� :3#:'3&#>H9F*&,3A# :)#8)::3#>3#F*(F34,A# :3#43(>3fw7*&8#F*::3F,'d#5#&(#F*(F34,A #)#'E!*89#)&#d&4#3,#5#E38&43#>38#4hS:38#8*F'):38#b#:H)&>',3&4#)#9,9#E)e,4'89#>)(8#&(3#!*8','*(#>H9F*&,3A#:)#!:&8#8*&73(,#d4*(,):3A # <&' # 49S&:3 # &( # F*::3F,'d # >)(8 # &( #E*E3(, # 38,R9,'<&3 # >3 # :) # 49F3!,'*( # >H&(3 #m&743#E&8'F):3" #^R)<&3#)&>',3&4#38,#!:)F9#3,#83#,'3(,#>)(8#&(3#!*8','*(#<&'#(3#Sj(3#!)8#:38#)&,438#)&>',3&48"#@:#38,#,3(&#>H)88'8,34#5#:H'(,9S4):',9#>H&(3#m&743#<&'#38,# %*&93#E)'8#8' #F3:)#!3&,#:&'#83EU:34#>9!:)'8)(,#38,R9,'<&3E3(,#QF*EE3A#!)4#3K3E!:3A#(3#!)8#,4*&734#>H'(,94j,#>)(8#:H9F*&,3#>H&(3#m&743T

� :38#8)::38#(*&73::38#3,#:38#F*(lS&4),'*(8#>H9F*&,3#49F3(,38#!4*!*83(,#>38#38!)F38#>H9F*&,3#>)(8#:38<&3:8 # :H)&>',3&4 # !3&, # j,43 #E*U':3 # 3, # %*&34 # )73F # :38 # 3dd3,8 # )F*&8,'<&38 # >3 # 7'U4),'*(8 # 3,#>H*8F'::),'*(8#8*(*438A#3,#%*&34#8&4#>38#49S:)S38#>3#7*:&E3#8*(*43#83:*(#:)#>'8,)(F3#5#:)#8*&4F3#Q*&#)&K#8*&4F38TA #3, #!3&, #)'(8' #8H9:*'S(34 #7*'43 #<&',,34 # :) #8)::3 #!*&4 #g #4373('4 #!:&8# ,)4>#!)4#3K3E!:3#!*&4#49S:34#3,#E*>&:34#8*(#9F*&,3"

� :)#(*,'*(#>H)S4388'*(#38,#8*&73(,#)88*F'93#5#F3::3#>&#('73)&#8*(*43#3,#>*(FA#)&88'A#F*EE3#(*&8#:H)7*(8#7&#!:&8#R)&,A #>3#8)#E38&43#*U%3F,'73#3(#(*EU43#>3#>9F'U3:8"#D*&4,)(,#&(#F*(F34,#>3#E&8'<&3#n#4*FX#o#!)4#3K3E!:3#QS&',)438#9:3F,4'<&38T#38,#8*&73(,#!:&8#d*4,#Q//.>PT#<&H&(#F*(F34,#>3 # E&8'<&3 # 3K!94'E3(,):3 # U4&','8,3 # >*(, # :H'(S9('3&4 # >& # 8*( # 8H)!!:'<&3 # :) # 4hS:3 # >3 # (*(w>9!)883E3(,#>3#/.B>P"

/0G # !"f2"].(.2@"+=$"I&*)$".,0*$2%$"/&&i)";$-B"2&-'./4"f"+=*2i"'&)+"&6"+=$'".-$"'*00/$A%/.)) ")./.-B"'$24 "{$%$2+/B@"g$"=.;$"'&-$"B&,2?@ ",20$-?-&,20"',)*%"+B($)"%&'*2?"+&".")=&g4"f2"+=$"$.-/B"0.B)@"+=$"-$.%+*&2"g.)"2&+=*2?4"[$&(/$"+=&,?=+"+=.+"+=$"',)*%"g.)"D,)+"+&&"0*6V%,/+ ".20"/&,04"{$%$2+/B@"'&-$"($&(/$"i2&g"=&g"+&"%&'(-$=$20"'B"',)*%4"Y.2B"($&(/$"=.;$").*0"+=$B"%&,/0"?$+"*2+&"."+-.2%$"6-&'"+=$"',)*%4 "h=*) " *) " . "C$++$- "g.B"&6 ",20$-)+.20*2? "Y$-QC&g4 "9 "V#QZ`@]Z#;)8)E'A # '(,347'3u#!)4#^R)>#O3(8:3gA # @( #J8*]344) #�LA #/NNN #V#R,,!b$$uuu"38*,344)"*4S$E34fU*u"R,E# #V #R,,!b$$uuu"/B<&38,'*(8"(3,$'(,347'3u$ld,33(w<&38,'*(8wE34fU*u$!)S3w/$# #V#R,,!b$$uuu"d&4'*&8"F*E$!34d3F,$E34fU*u"R,E:#

http://www.furious.com/perfect/merzbow.html

http://www.15questions.net/interview/fifteen-questions-merzbow/page-1/

http://www.esoterra.org/merzbow.htm

!"#i!$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

^3,,3#<&38,'*(#>&#('73)&#8*(*43#d)',#>9U),"

@:#(3#8H)S',#!)8#>&#('73)&#8*(*43#9:379#&,':'89#>)(8#:)#8*(*4'8),'*(#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#<&'#!3&,#8H9F*&,34#!)4#)'::3&48 # 5 # &( # ('73)& # 8*(*43 # >*E38,'<&3A # FH38,w5w>'43 # >38 #E&8'<&38 # >',38 # n#)E!:'l938#oA # EjE3 # 8'#:H)E!:'lF),'*(#)Eh(3#&(#8&4F4*e,#>3#83(8),'*(#!Rg8'<&3#8*(*43#V#3KF3!,98#8)(8#>*&,3#:38#)&,20A)B)+$')">38 #-.;$)#3, #6-$$A(.-+*$)# )73F#:38#E&48#>3#R)&,w!)4:3&48A#<&'#!3&73(,#43%*'(>43#F3,,3#'(,344*S),'*(#8&4#:)#!&'88)(F3#8*(*43#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#3(S)S93#>)(8#&(3#>98*4'3(,),'*(#>3#(*,43#F)!)F',9#)():g,'<&3#!4*!43#5#:H9F*&,3#)88)S'3#i#E)'8#>)(8#F3#F)8#(*&8#!*&7*(8#43E)4<&34#<&H':#8H)S',#)&88'#>3#:H#9F*&,3#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#<&'#!3&,#83#49!:'<&34#3,#j,43#43!4*>&',3#)73F#&(#)&,43#8g8,hE3#3,#5#&(3#!&'88)(F3#E*'(>43"#C3#F)8#:3#!:&8#'(,94388)(,#438,3#F3:&'#>3#:H3K!94'3(F3#!Rg8'<&3#8*(*43#'E!:'<&93#>)(8#:H9F*&,3#3,#'(R943(,3#5#:H3K'8,3(F3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#EjE3A#FH38,w5w>'43#>*(,#:3#('73)&#9:379#38,#F*(8,',&,'d"

@:#(3#8H)S',#!)8#(*(#!:&8#>H&(#3K34F'F3#>3#>*E38,'F),'*(#>&#n#(*'83#oA#>&#U4&',"#|(3#)8834,'*(#38,#>3#>'43#<&H5#!)4,'4#>&#E*E3(,#<&3#:)#E&8'<&3#n#(*'83#o#E3,#3(#)F,'*(#:3#U4&',A#':#83#,4*&73#>*E38,'<&9#3,#:)#(*,'*(#>3#U4&',#43,*&4(3#>)(8#8*(#'(F*((&"#D*&4,)(,#:38#7)4')U':',98#>3#:H'(F*(,4r:)U:3#>&#U4&',#3,#>3#838#F*E!*8)(,38#)Eh(3(,#3(#3dd3,#:3#E&8'F'3(#>)(8#&(3#!4),'<&3#>&#F*(,4r:3#)l(#<&3#:3#8*(#438,3#>)(8#:38#:'E',38#>3#:H)&>'U:3#3,#>3#:H9F*&,)U:3"#^3,,3#!4),'<&3#>&#F*(,4r:3#>9l(',#:)#!4),'<&3#E&8'F):3A#8'(*(#3::3#(3#834)',#<&H&(#&8)S3#9FR)!!),*'43A#&(#S38,3#S4),&',#>3#!34,&4U),'*(#3,#>3#>98*4>43#>&#!4983(,#Q%&8<&H5#:H3(>*:*4'4T"

Ww]tZ@]sA#MJ#^Ot@s]_DOJ#OZyZtM/0I"#;Zts#-..?"�|ytJ # =y_C|]@yJ # 2_|=J # s|t # sZW_DO_6J # s_DtZ6_ # J6 #Z^_|s]@~|J # J] # |]@C@sZ6] # CJs # DO=6_;�6Js#MHZt]JpZ^]s # @6ptZwPZssJ #c=6=t=s #DZt #CJs #yZt@Z]@_6s # s|tZ@c|s" #;|s=J #MJs #PJZ|WwZt]s #MJ #6Z6]Js"#_tcZ6@s=#DZt#CJ#DZ66_6@^Z"#V#|6#Ys@Y#x#?...O�#2_|=#s|t#|6J#M|t=J#C_6c|JA#J6y"#0.;6#MZ6s#|6J#sZCCJ#6_@tJ" #D_|t]Z6] #s@]|= #MZ6s #CJ #tJc@s]tJ #MJ #Dt=M@CJ^]@_6# n#;JM@|;#o #MJ #CHZ|M@]@_6A #|6 # ?...O� #J6#^_6]@6|#J]#x#QDZs#]t_DT#p_t]#y_C|;J#s_6_tJA#Js]#DJt�|#MZ6s#^J]]J#�|ytJ#^_;;J#]t�s#DJt]|tPZ6]#x#CH=^_|]JA#J]#sZ6s#M_|]J#DC|s#DJt]|tPZ6]#~|J#CJs#;ZssJs#s_6_tJs#DtJss|t@s=Js#J]#^_;DCJWJs#2_|=Js#x#|6#6@yJZ|#JW]t�;J#DZt#CJ#]t@_#D@�;_"#V#duof{"[#Z^"Kp^"#G"kG^:{f[hfE"kG":GhhG"�Zu{Ge"

C3 #('73)& # 8*(*43 # 9:379 # 38, #!34{& # F*EE3#!34,&4U)(, # F)4 #(*&8 #)>*!,*(8 # F&:,&43::3E3(, #&(3 # 9F*&,3#'(,3::3F,&3::3#3,#)():g,'<&3#*&#<&'#8H38,#'(,3::3F,&):'893"#Z'(8'#:)#E&8'<&3#8H38,#)88)S'3/0L# 3,#:38#('73)&K#8*(*438#83#8*(,#8,)U':'898#>)(8#&(3#YE*g3((3YA#<&'#83#,4*&73#)FF3!,)U:3#!*&4#(*(#!:&8#F*(8,',&34#:)#E&8'<&3#E)'8#:H3K!4388'7',9 #>'8F&48'73#<&'#:) #8*&,'3(, #3, #:) #8,4&F,&43" #^&:,&43::3E3(,#8' # :H)&>',3&4#(3#F*E!43(>#!)8#:)#8,4&F,&43#E&8'F):3#':#9FR)!!3#5#F3,,3#E&8'<&3/0N"#]*&,3d*'8#:)#E&8'<&3#*FF'>3(,):3#438,3#)EU'7):3(,3#b#5#:)#d*'8#,3K,&3::3#Q3,#!49F*({&3TA#3,#3K!94'3(,'3::3#QU)893#8&4#:H3K!94'3(F3#8*(*43#>3#8*(#9F*&,3T"#

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`=C=y@]^O#y:)>'E'4A #YC)#;&8'<&3#3, # :H@(3dd)U:3YA#[/NG/\A#D)4'8#b#=>','*(8#>&#s3&':A#/NL0"#!"#LL#3,#!"#NI"T

^34,)'(38#E&8'<&38#)&#F*&48#>&#WWhE3#8'hF:3#*(,#,3(,9#>H9FR)!!34#!:&8#*&#E*'(8#5#:H9F*&,3#)():g,'<&3A#3,#:38#49d943(F38#R'8,*4'<&38#8*(,#43%*'(,38#)&88'#!)4#:38#E*&73E3(,8#49F3(,8#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#9:3F,4*('<&3#b#

/0I #R,,!b$$FR4'8,*!R3wR)7)4>"(3,$#

/0L #Q7*'4#!:&8#R)&,#:)#!)4,'3#R'8,*4'<&3T

/0N #Q(*&8#!)4:*(8#'F'#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#9F4',3#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#*FF'>3(,):3T

http://christophe-havard.net/

!"#iT$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

� !)4#:)#>'8,3(8'*(#>)(8#:3#8':3(F3#Q�3U34(A#%&8<&H5#6*(*A#sF')44'(*A#3,F"#i#:&g$-%.)$")&,20"�"',)*%T� !)4#:H&,':'8),'*(#>3#8*(8#U4&',98#Qy)4h83A#E&8'<&3#9:3F,4*('<&3A#E&8'<&3#9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&3#i#?/*+%=A#

2&*)$T

� !)4#:H'E!497'8'U':',9#>38#*4S)('8),'*(8#3,#>38#F*(>&',38#>3#8*(8#<&'#>37'3((3(,#'(),,3(>&8#Q^)S3A#�*:dd#i#*'(-&;*).+*&2"/*C-$T

� !)4#:)#>&493#:*(S&3#<&'#d)',#9FR)!!34#5#&(3#F*E!49R3(8'*(#d34E93#QC)#;*(,3#q*&(S#i#0-&2$"',)*%T� !)4#:)#49!9,','*(#3,#:38#>'8,*48'*(8#<&'#3(#498&:,3(,#Qs),'3#i#',)*8,$"-7(7+*+*;$@"(&g$-"$/$%+-&2*%)T� !)4#:H3(,493#>&#>3R*48#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#<&'#>37'3(,#)'(8'#!34E9)U:3#3,#E*'(8#>9l('3#3(#,)(,#<&3#

,3::3#QE&8'<&3#9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&3#i#V$/0"-$%&-0*2?T"

M)(8#F3#83(8A #F3#<&' #)#F*EE3(F9#>Hj,43#3K!:*49#>)(8# :38#E&8'<&38#3K!94'E3(,):38#>38#B.#>34('h438#)((938A#38,#89E'():#E)'8#8H38,#43,4*&79#!3&#5#!3&#'S(*49#b#F38#E&8'<&38#(H*(,#!:&8#9,9#43%*&938A#:3&48#l:'),'*(8#8H3dd4)(S3(,A#:3&4#49!34,*'43#)!!)4)e,#F*EE3#&(3#8'(S&:)4',9#<&'#8H38,#9!&'893#3,#(*(#!)8#F*EE3#&(#)73('4 #3, #&(# d)'8F3)&#>3 #!348!3F,'738A #3,F" #J( # d)',A #!)4 # :3 #U')'8 #>&#('73)&#8*(*43 #9:379A # ': # 8H)S',#)&%*&4>HR&'#>3#43>9l('4#3,#>3#49'(8&d}34#:H3K!94'E3(,):#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3"

D*&4 # *&74'4 # &(3 # ):,34(),'73 # 5 # :) # F*(8,4&F,'*( # R'8,*4'<&3 # >38 # 43!4983(,),'*(8 #E&8'F):38 # U)8938 # 8&4#:H3K!4388'7',9A#8&4#:H9(*(F'),'*(A#8&4#:H'(,3::3F,&):'8),'*(#>3#:H9E*,'*(A#8&4#&(3#9F*&,3#)():g,'<&3A#8&4#:)#E)e,4'83#E38&493#Q>3E)(>93#)&,)(,#5#:H)&>',3&4Q3T#<&H5#:H)&,3&4Q3TTA#3,F"A#':#8H)S'4)',#>H9:)U*434#)&88'#&(3#E&8'<&3 # *8F'::),*'43 # 3, # 7'U4),*'43A # d*(>93 # 8&4 # :H*8F'::),'*( # 3( # !4'83 # )73F # :38 # 38!)F38 # Q)F*&8,'<&38A#9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&38A#9:3F,4*('<&38A#4983)&,'<&38A#3,F"T#3,#3(S)S3)(,#(*,43#F*4!8#>)(8#&(3#3K!94'3(F3#'(*&�3#)73F#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#Q3K!94'3(F38#>3#l:,4)S3A#>3#U4*&'::)S3A#>3#E)8<&)S3A#>3#d33>U)FXA#>3#>'8,*48'*(A#>3#>9!R)8)S38A#3,F"T"#^3F'#!34E3,#l():3E3(,#>3#43!*8','*((34#3(l(#>)(8#:)#!4*>&F,'*(#E&8'F):3A#:H9F*&,3#)&#F3(,43#b#:H9F*&,3#'EE348'73#3,#!Rg8'<&3"

Z'(8'A#d*4E34#:H9(34S'3#3,#,3(>43#3,#>'8,3(>43#:38#,3(8'*(8#3,#:38#9<&':'U438#8*(*438#>)(8#&(3#E&8'<&3#>&#!4983(,#3,#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43A#43%*'(,#&(3#(9F388',9#>3#7'743#>38#3K!94'3(F38#>'43F,38A #3,#8)(8#>*&,3#E*'(8#E9>'938#3,#49S&:938#8&4#>38#E*>h:38#Q:)(S)S38T"

CH3E!:*' #>3#('73)&K#8*(*438 #9:3798#(H)#!)8#!*&4#*U%3F,'d #>H3K!&:834 # :H)&>',3&4#E)'8 #)&#F*(,4)'43 #>3#:H'EE34S34A#3,#<&H)'(8'#:Hm&743#(3#8*',#!)8#&(#:'3&#89!)49#3,#>'8,)(F'9"#@:#(3#8H)S',#!)8#!*&4#F3,,3#E&8'<&3#>3#d)'43#d&'4#:3#!&U:'F#*&#>3#d)'43#E):A#*&#>3#:H3K)8!9434#Q<&*'<&3#!)4d*'8#:38#m&7438#<&'#d*(,#d&'4#*&#<&'#d*(,#!*:9E'<&3#!*&4#:3#!&U:'FA#7):3(,#:3&4#!38)(,#>H*4T"#@:#d)&>4)',#4373('4#8&4#:)#>'8,'(F,'*(#<&3#43:h73#y:)>'E'4#2)(X9:97',FR#:*48<&H': #>'8,'(S&3#3(,43#n#7'*:3(F3#>38,4&F,4'F3#o#3,#n#7'*:3(F3#S9('):3#o/?.A #F3,,3#>34('h43#9,)(,#7&3#3,#9!4*&793#F*EE3#8!*(,)(93A#d*(>),4'F3A # '(3K!4388'73A#3, #'(d*4E3/?/A #n#8*&4F3#>3#,*&,38#:38#d*4E38#o/?-"#@:#(3#8H)S',#!)8#>H&(3#n#)(,'wE&8'<&3#oA#3,#':#834)',#'(,94388)(,#>3#:)#F*E!)434#)73F#F3#<&' # 38, # (*EE9 #!)4 # :38 # 3,R(*E&8'F*:*S&38A # :) #%&2+-$',)*8,$# Q*& #-&,?= "',)*%LPMT # 3, # 8*( #!R9(*Eh(3#

/?. #2Z6`=C=y@]^O#y:)>'E'4A#_!"#F',""#!"#BB"

/?/ #!"#$")&2"*26&-'$/"&,"/>*26&-'$"0.2)"/$")&2".",2"*'(.%+"),-"2&)"-7.%+*&2)"7'&+*&22$//$)"8,$"/."',)*8,$"T6&-'$//$T"2>."(.)@"$2"%$"8,$"%$+ "*26&-'$".?*+"0$"'.2*S-$"),C/*'*2./$"(/,+_+"8,$"),-"/$"(/.2"%,/+,-$/4":>$)+",2$"07V2*+*&2"(&))*C/$"0$"/>$)(.%$"$R(7-*'$2+./"8,>$R(/&-$"pYY "320/-"U"%&//$%+*6"0>*'(-&;*).+*&2".%+*6"0$(,*)"Llxy54"I&,)"T-$%=$-%=&2)T"0$)")&2)"$+"0$)"-7(&2)$)"8,*"B")&2+".++.%=7$)@"(/,+_+"8,$"0$"/$) "($2)$-@ " 0$ " /$) " (-7(.-$- " $+ " 0$ " /$) " $R7%,+$-4 "#. " -$%=$-%=$ " )$ " 07;$/&(($ " ., " )$*2 "0, " )&2 " $+ " /$ "',)*%*$2 " /,*A'1'$ " $)+ " ., " %r,- "0$ " %$++$ "$R(7-*'$2+.+*&24"9# Q^ZtMJ�#^*4(3:'&8A#Y]*u)4>8#)(#J,R'F#*d#@E!4*7'8),'*(YA#@(#Y]43),'83#O)(>U**XYA#/NI/A#J>','*(#D3,348T#V#!"f26&-'./">)&,20>"=.)"."(&g$-"&;$-"&,-"$'&+*&2./"-$)(&2)$)"+=.+"6&-'./">',)*%>"0&$)"2&+@"*2"+=.+"*+".%+)"),C/*'*2.//B"-.+=$-"+=.2"&2". "%,/+,-./"/$;$/4"h=*)"*)"."(&))*C/$"0$V2*+*&2"&6"+=$".-$."*2"g=*%="pYY"*)"$R($-*'$2+./4"N$".-$")$.-%=*2?"6&-")&,20)".20"6&-"+=$"-$)(&2)$)"+=.+ ".++.%="+&"+=$'@"-.+=$-"+=.2"+=*2i*2?"+=$'",(@"(-$(.-*2?"+=$'".20"(-&0,%*2?"+=$'4"h=$")$.-%="*)"%&20,%+$0"*2"+=$"'$0*,'"&6")&,20".20"+=$ "',)*%*.2"=*')$/6"*)".+"+=$"=$.-+"&6"+=$"$R($-*'$2+4"9

/?- #2Z6`=C=y@]^O#y:)>'E'4A#_!"#F',"A#!"#BG"

/?0 # #t|ss_#;)4g#�#�Zt6Jt#M)('3:A # Yt*&SR#;&8'FA#p&,&4'E8A #)(>#D*8,!&(X#@(>&8,4'): #6*'83 #P)(>8Y #[/NLL\A # @(#M'8F*&483b#2*&4():#d*4#]R3*43,'F):#s,&>'38#'(#;3>')#)(>#^&:,&43b#y*:"#/.b#@88"#/A#Z4,'F:3#0#i#3,#)&88'# b# #@(#^_W#^R4'8,*!R#Q-..?T"#Z&>'*#

!"#iS$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

F*4438!*(>)(,A#:3#%=.-*;.-*A#E)4<&)(,#&(3#49!4*U),'*(#8*F'):3#!)4#&(#,)!)S3#,3E!*4)'43/??#b#&(3#E&8'<&3#Q'E!4*7'893A # 8!*(,)(93T # >)(8 # :)<&3::3 # :H'(,3473(,'*( # >& # U4&', # 38, # '(,3(,'*((3:A # 3, # F*E!43()(, # >38#n#!R9(*Eh(38 # 8*(*438A # '(,3(,'*((3::3E3(, # 8,4&F,&498 # 3, # )883EU:98A # 8',&98 # 5 # :) # d4*(,'h43 # >38 # 8*(8#E&8'F)&Kw7*F)&K#3,#'(8,4&E3(,)&K#3,#>38#8'S()&K#U4&g)(,8#o#Q83:*(#^:)&>'3#;)4F3:wM&U*'8T/?B"#;jE3#8'#:H*4'S'(3A#:H*U%3F,'dA#:)#8,4),9S'3A#3,#:)#>38,'(),'*(#>3#,3::38#!4*>&F,'*(8#8*(*438#3,#E&8'F):38#V#%=.-*;.-*)A#-&,?= "',)*%A # 3,F" # ,*&, # )&,)(, #<&3 # :38 #E&8'<&38 # 3, # 979(3E3(,8 #>3 #7)F)4E3 #>)(8 # :38 # F&:,&438 # 3K,4)w3&4*!93((38#8*&73(,#:'98#5#>38#E)('d38,),'*(8#>3#,4)(83#3,#>3#!*88388'*(A #3,F"A #7*'43#!*,3(,'3::3E3(,#:3&48 # 498*()(F38 # >)(8 # :38 #E*&73E3(,8 #E&8'F)&K # !:&8 # 49F3(,8A #(,2i@ " (&)+(,2i@ "',)*8,$ " *20,)+-*$//$@"=.-0%&-$@ "?-*20%&-$@ " )+&2$-@ "0&&'A #3,F" #V#8*(, #U'3(#>'dd943(,8A #F*(8'>9434# :3&4#E)('h43 #>H*FF&!34 #3, #>3#43E!:'4 # :H38!)F3 # 8*(*43 # Q!*&4 # :3 # 8),&434T # !3&, # E*(,434 # <&3 # F3::38wF' # !)4,'F'!3(, # 9S):3E3(, # >38#3K!94'3(F38 # >H9F*&,3 # !Rg8'<&3 # >)(8 # &(3 # 'EE348'*( # 8*(*43 # 5 # d*4,3 # 7*'43 # 3K,4jE3 # '(,3(8',9" # 6*&8#!*&7*(8#)&88'#43F*(()e,43#F34,)'(38#F*(S4&3(F38#>*(,#(*,)EE3(,#&(3#*4S)(*:*S'3#8!9F'l<&3#49F&443(,3#U)893#8&4#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#F*(8,4&',8#3,#d)U4'<&98#8!9F'):3E3(,#!*&4#:H979(3E3(,#3,#8&4#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#>9,*&4(98#3,#n#E98&898#o#Q8*',#>38#*U%3,8#4)!!*4,98A#8*',#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8#8),&498T#3,#>*(,#:H*U%3F,'d#3,#:3#!*,3(,'3:#8*(,#:)#F)!)F',9#>3#F38#'(8,4&E3(,8#5#!4*>&'43#>38#8*(8#>H&(#d*4,#('73)&#8*(*43A#<&'A#3(83EU:3A#!34E3,,3(,#>3#d)U4'<&34#&(#3(7'4*((3E3(,#8*(*43#'EE348'd"

C)#<&38,'*(#>3#:H'EE348'*(#8*(*43#38,#!4'E*4>'):3#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#n#(*'83#o#Q3, #83#>'dd943(F'3#>3#:)#8!),'):'8),'*(#E&8'F):3T"#C38#F*(>','*(8#>3#:H3K!94'3(F3#>H9F*&,3#(9F388',3#:)#!34F3!,'*(#F*(,'(&3#>3#:)#!4388'*( # )F*&8,'<&3 # 3, # >Hj,43 # !:*(S9 # 5 # :H'(,94'3&4 # >3 # :) # F*E!:3K',9 # 8*(*43" # M3 # d)', # :38 #E&8'F'3(8#!34d*4E3&48#3,#:38#)&>',3&48#8*(,#>)(8#:3#EjE3#38!)F3#)F*&8,'<&3A#>)(8#:38#EjE38#F*(>','*(8#>H9F*&,3#Q': # (Hg # ) #!:&8 #>3 # 8Fh(3A #(' #>3 # d){)>3A #(' #>3 # 43,*&4 #>3 # 8Fh(3A #(' #>H)!!)4',3&48A #(' #>3 # ,3FR('F'3(8 # 3,#>H'(S9('3&48#8*(A#3,F"#TA#3,#)'(8'#>)(8#&(3#'EE348'*(#F*EE&(3##i#>3#EjE3A#!*:','<&3E3(,#3,#8*F'):3E3(,A#': # 8H)S', # >H9FR)!!34 # 5 # &(3 # F34,)'(3 # 9F*(*E'3 # 3, # '(>&8,4'3 # Q!:&8 # >H9>',3&4A # (' # >H*4S)('8),3&4A # (' # >3#!4*>&F,3&4A#('#>3#F*(8*EE),3&4A#('#>3#S38,'*(()'43A#('#>3#!438F4'!,3&4A#3,F"T"#^3#(H38,#!:&8#&(#38!)F3#>H9(*(F'),'*(#Q>3#43!4983(,),'*(#E&8'F):3T#E)'8#&(#38!)F3#>H'EE348'*(#8*(*43#3,#E&8'F):3"#^3,#38!)F3#'EE348'd#38,#F3:&'#>3#:H9F*&,3#F*E!*893#3(#>'43F,#Q3,#(*(#!:&8#>3#F3:&'#>3#:)#49):'8),'*(#8*(*43#>H&(3#F*E!*8','*(#E&8'F):3#!49wF*({&3T"#@:#8H)S',#>H&(#794',)U:3#38!)F3#>3#F*E!*8','*(#>H9F*&,3"#

MH)&,43#d*4E38#3,#!4),'<&38#>H'EE348'*(#83#8*(,#>973:*!!938#F38#>34('h438#>9F3(('38#b

� >)(8#:3#>*E)'(3#'(8,4&E3(,):A#(*,)EE3(,#>)(8#:)#!4*!*8','*(#<&3#:H'(8,4&E3(,'8,3#d)883#n#F*4!8#o#)73F # 8*( # '(8,4&E3(, #>)(8 # :3 # F)8 #>& #>9!:*'3E3(, #>3 # ,3FR('<&38 # 9,3(>&38 #>3 # %3&K # Q8&4 #>38#F*E!*8)(,8#>3#:H'(8,4&E3(,#(*(#%*&)U:38#!49):)U:3E3(,#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3A#8&4#>38#8*(8#'(&8',98A#8&4 #>38 #E)('h438 #>3 #!4*>&'43 # :3 # 8*(A #>38 #!49!)4),'*(8 # 8!9F'l<&38 #>3 # :H'(8,4&E3(,A #7*'43 # 8)#>9F*E!*8','*(#3,#>98)4,'F&:),'*(A#3,F"TA#3,#(*,)EE3(,#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#'*R+$#*k#38,#<&38,'*((9#:3#>973:*!!3E3(,#!4*,R9,'<&3#>3#:H)&SE3(,),'*(#>3#:H'(8,4&E3(,A#>3#8*(#!4*:*(S3E3(,A#*&#>3#8*(#*4S)(*:*S'3 # !)4 # :) # F*EU'()'8*( # 3, # :H'EU4'F),'*( # )73F # >38 # 9:9E3(,8 # 9:3F,4*)F*&8,'<&38 # 3,#9:3F,4*('<&38#Q3,#'(d*4E),'<&38TA#>*(()(,#&(#8&4F4*e,#>3#8!),'):',9#3,#>3#8!),'):'8),'*(#8*(*438#3,#E&8'F):38#i

� >)(8#:3#>*E)'(3#>3#:H9F*&,3#� )73F#:H9F*&,3#)&#F)8<&3A#E)4<&)(,#&(3#>*&U:3#'EE348'*(A#F3::3#'(>'7'>&3::3#3,#E*U':3A#3,#

F3::3 # >3 # :) # ()7'S),'*(A # !&'8<&3 # F3,,3 # 9F*&,3 # 38, # >38,'(93 # 5 # j,43 # E*U':3A # >)(8 # :38#

^&:,&43"#C*(>*(b#^*(,'(&&E"#!!"#?I�?L"#V#]O_;Ds_6A#J"#D"#Q/NN-T"#Yt*&SR#;&8'F#t3F*(8'>343>YA#@(#p*:X:*43#/.0b#!!"#0�-G"#i#7348'*(#d4)({)'83#b#]R*E!8*(#J>u)4>#D"#n#t*&SR#;&8'F#o#b#:3#FR)4'7)4'#)(S:)'8"#@(b#Z(():38"#=F*(*E'38A#s*F'9,98A#^'7':'8),'*(8"#-I3#)((93A#6"#-A#/NI-"#!!"#-LBw0/-"#]9:9FR)4S3)U:3#b #R,,!b$$uuu"!34833"d4$u3U$437&38$R*E3$!438F4'!,$)4,'F:3$)R388z.0NBw-G?Nz/NI-z(&Ez-Iz-z?--B./##V#R,,!b$$uuu"(*,U*43>"*4S$4*&SRwE&8'F"R,E:#

/?? #Q7*'4#!:&8#R)&,#V#3,#:H)4,'F:3#F*4438!*(>)(,#<&'#834)#49>'S9#>)(8#<&3:<&38#,3E!8T

/?B #;Zt^JC�M|P_@sA#^:)&>'3A#Ypj,38#7'::)S3*'838#3, #7)F)4E38#F949E*('3:8#*&#&(3#E&8'<&3#3,#8*(#F*(,4)'43YA #C38#dj,38#>3#:)#43()'88)(F3A#D)4'8A#J>"#^6tsA#/NIBA#!!"#G.0$G/B"

http://www.notbored.org/rough-music.html

http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_0395-2649_1972_num_27_2_422501

http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_0395-2649_1972_num_27_2_422501

!"#i#$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

3(7'4*((3E3(,8 # 3, # )EU')(F38 # ,4)734898A # 3( # :)'88)(, #&(3 # F34,)'(3 #!*4*8',9 # 3(,43 # :38 # 8*(8#73()(,#>3#:H3K,94'3&4#3,#F3&K#9F*&,98#)&#F)8<&3#i

� )73F # :3 #>973:*!!3E3(, #>38 #8g8,hE38 #!348*((3:8 #>3 #>'dd&8'*( # Q>3 # ,g!3 #=&'$ " %*2$'.A# yULA#),--&,20A#E&:,'F)():A#3,F"T#F*E!43()(,#:)#8'E&:),'*(#>H&(#3(7'4*((3E3(,#8*(*43#F*EE3#3(#n#8',&),'*(#493::3#o#!)4#>38#3dd3,8#>3#>'8,4'U&,'*(#8!),'):3A#>3#8!),'):'8),'*(#3,#>3#43(>&#8*(*43#Q8&4 # :H3(83EU:3 # >& # 8!3F,43 # 8*(*43T # %&8<&H5 # >38 # 83(8),'*(8 # ,)F,':38 # 8*(*438 # Q!)4#:H)FF4*'883E3(, # >38 # 43S'8,438 # >3 # d49<&3(F38 # U)8838 # 3, # '(d4)wU)8838T #V #<&3 # :H*( # 43,4*&73#9S):3E3(,#>)(8#:3#n#,&('(S#o#>38#7*',&438"

CH'EE348'*(#!)4,'F'!3#>H&(3#3(,493#!:3'(3#>)(8#:3#,'88&#3,#:)#E),'h43#8*(*438"#M)(8#:H9F*&,3#R)U',&3::3A#F*EE3#>)(8#&(3#8)::3#>3#F*(F34,#!)4#3K3E!:3A#FH38,#:)#d4*(,):',9#<&'#>9l(',#:3#!94'Eh,43#3,#:)#S9*E9,4'3#i#!*&4,)(,A #FH38, #U'3(#:H38!)F3#,*&,#)&,*&4#Q:) #!4*!)S),'*(#E&:,'>'E3(8'*((3::3 #>&#8*(#3,# :38#49!*(838#)F*&8,'<&38T#<&'#!34E3,#F3,,3#!*8','*("#Z'(8'#(*&8#!498347*(8A#(*&8#83EU:3w,w':A#(*,43#8!Rh43#>H9F*&,3#'(>'7'>&3::3"#C38#8*(8#!)47'3((3(,#%&8<&H5#(*&8#Q8H9,3(>3(,T#E)'8#(*&8#8*EE38#>)(8#&(3#E*g3((3#>3#:)#49F3!,'*( #<&' #>3E)(>3 #3dd3F,'73E3(, #&(3 #>'8F'!:'(3 #>&#8':3(F3 #!*&4 #U'3( #3, #E'3&K #3(,3(>43" #^3,,3#>'8F'!:'(3#38,#8*F'):3#QF*EE3#:H)#>9E*(,49#Y?H00Y#>3#2*R(#^)S3TA#E)'8#>)(8#F3#F)8A#:3#8':3(F3#(H38,#!)8#E&8'F):A#':#(3#d)',#!)8#!)4,'3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3A#':#F*(>','*((3#8*F'):3E3(,#:H9F*&,3#F*::3F,'73#U)893#8&4#:3#438!3F, #E&,&3: # 3, # 8&4 # :3 # F:*'8*((3E3(, #(9F388)'43 # 5 # :) # 49F3!,'*( #>H&( # n#E388)S3#o #&('d*4E3 #>3 # :)#E&8'<&3" # ]*&,38 # (*8 # 8)::38 # 8*(, # F*(8,4&',38 # 8&4 # F3 # !4'(F'!3 # 3, # 3(S3(>43 # >38 # E*>h:38 # E&8'F)&K#Qd4*(,):',98A # 8!3F,)F&:)4',9A # 3dd3,8 # 8!3F,),*4'3:8A # 3,F"T # <&' # (3 # F*E!43((3(, # !)8 # :H9FR)!!3E3(, # 3,#:H'EE348'*(#8*(*438"J::3#!4*7*<&3#!)4)::h:3E3(,#&(3#8&8!3(8'*(#3,#&(3#3(,493#!:3'(3#>)(8#:H'E)S'()'43#F499#!)4#:H9F*&,3"#C)#F49),'*( # >3 # :H'E)S'()'43 # >)(8 # :H9F*&,3 # 38, # :'93 # 5 # &( # :)'8834w!*4,34 # 3, # 5 # &( #E*>3 # >3 # }*,,)'8*( # 3,#>H'EE348'*(#8*(*438#<&3#:H*(#,4*&73#4)43E3(,#Q*&#!:&8#>&#,*&,#i# #5#!)4,#)&#F'(9E)#3,#5#:H9F*&,3#>3#:)#4)>'*T#>)(8#:)#8*F'9,9#<&'#8H38,#!*&4,)(,#>3#!:&8#3(#!:&8#E&8'F):'893/?G"#69)(E*'(8A#:H3E!:*'#>3#('73)&K#8*(*438#9:3798#83EU:3(,#8&8!3(>43#F3,,3#97)8'*(#'E)S'()'43#!*&4#<&3#:H)&>',3&4#8*',#>3#!:)'(w!'3>#>)(8#:) #F*(8F'3(F3 #>3# :) #83(8),'*(#!Rg8'<&3#!4*7*<&93 #!)4# :38 #E*>&:),'*(8#3, # :38 #!4388'*(8#)F*&8,'<&38"#;*'(8#<&H&(#3dd3,#>3#F*&!&43#Q(3#!:&8#j,43#3(#F)!)F',9#>H)():g834TA#':#8H)S'4)',#!:&,r,#>H&(#>9!:)F3E3(,#>3#:H),,3(,'*("#

CH'EE348'*(#8*(*43#!)4,'F'!3#>*(F#>H&(3#n#8g(,*('8),'*(#o#>38#)&>',3&48#3,#(*(#!:&8A#>H&(3#!)4,A#>H&(#F:*'8*((3E3(,#'(>'7'>&):'8,3#(9F388)'43#!*&4#)():g834#Q:'9#5#:)#F*E!49R3(8'*(#>'8F&48'73#3,#:)(S)S'h43A#3,F"T#<&3#>98'S(3#:38#8)::38#QFR)F&(#8*(#d)&,3&':A#:)#S9*E9,4'3#>38#!*8','*(8#3,#>38#)(S:38#>H9F*&,38A#:38#R'94)4FR'38#>3#7'8'*(A#3,F"TA#('A#>H)&,43#!)4,A#>&#4)883EU:3E3(,#>H)&>',3&48#8&4#&(3#38!:)()>3#*&#>)(8#&(3#8)::3#*&734,3#!*&4#!43(>43#!:)'8'4#5#:)#43!4*>&F,'*(#3,#5#:)#49!9,','*(#8&4#8Fh(3#>3#E&8'<&38#<&3#(*&8#9F*&,*(8#>9%5#!)4#)'::3&48"CH'EE348'*(#F493#>3#:)#!)4,'F'!),'*(#3,#>3#:)#F*::)U*4),'*(#Q:*48#>H&(3#!34d*4E)(F3#E&8'F):3T#3(,43#:38#)&>',3&48 # Q3(,43 #3&KT #3, #3(,43 # :38 #)&>',3&48 #3, # :38 # '(,34!4h,38w!34d*4E3&48wF*E!*8',3&48A #3, #3(,43 # :38#!34d*4E3&48"#^3,,3#!)4,'F'!),'*(#3,#F3,,3#F*::)U*4),'*(#5#:H'EE348'*(#>)(8#&(3#E&8'<&3#n#8g(,*('8)(,3#o#8*(, # F3::38 # >H&(3 # 3K!94'3(F3 # F*EE&(3 # 3, # F*::3F,'73 # E&8'F):3A # (*(w43!4*>&F,'U:3A # 5 # FR)<&3 # d*'8#43(*&73:93"#CH'EE348'*(#>)(8#:3#8*(#5#d*4,#('73)&#(3#83#U)83#!)8#8&4#:H3KF:&8'*(#3,#8&4#:3#43%3,#b#3KF:&43#:)#d)'U:3883#>3#:H)&>',3&4#F4)'(,'dA#3KF:&43#:38#F*E!*4,3E3(,8#)():g,'<&38A#3,F"#@:#(3#8H)S',#!)8#>3#>'7'834#3,#>3#89!)434"#^3,,3#3K!94'3(F3#3K,4jE3#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#5#('73)&#8*(*43#9:379#!34E3,#>H9F:)'434#:H3KF3!,'*(#>3#(*8#3K!94'3(F38#<&*,'>'3((38# b #3::38 #8*(, #3( #l(#>3#F*E!,3# ,*&,38 #3KF3!,'*((3::38 #3, #3(S)S3(, #(*,43#3K!94'3(F3#5#,*&,#E*E3(,#>&#n#!4983(,#o#Q5#:H3(F*(,43#>3#F3#<&'#(*&8#83EU:3#:)#U)():',9#>3#(*8#)F,'7',98A#*&#>*(,#(*&8#83EU:*(8#j,43#>98)!!4*!4'98A#3,#<&'#!3&73(,#(*&8#)!!)4)e,43#49S:938#!)4#>H)&,438#3,#!*&4#>H)&,438T"#C)#E&8'<&3#n#(*'83#o#38,#3K!94'3(,'3::3#b#3::3#83#>9F*&743#!)4#:H3K!94'3(F3#<&3#(*&8#3(#d)'8*(8#

/?G #^3#,g!3#>H'EE348'*(#F*::3F,'73#38,w':#)():*S&3#5#F3:&'#>38#'EE348'*(8#83(8*4'3::38#Q5#7'893#8!'4',&3::3T#>38#E&8'<&38#7*F):38#3, #!*:g!R*('<&38#!497&38#!*&4#3,#%*&938#>)(8#:38#)F*&8,'<&38#5#S4)(>3#9FR3::3#Q9S:'838T#�

!"#ig$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

3,#<&3#FR)F&(#3(#d)',"#J::3#*dd43#&(#E)K'E&E#>3#:'U34,9#3,#>3#!:*(S93#Q'EE348'73T#>)(8#:3#E*(>3/?I"#^H38,#&(3#E&8'<&3#!)4#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,A#(*(#!)8#>)(8#:3#83(8#>3#!)g8)S3A#E)'8#>3#:)#F*E!49R3(8'*(#>3#(*8#38!)F38#Q)F*&8,'<&38A#8*(*438T#F*EE3#>38#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#>3#8*(8#<&'#8H9,3(>3(,#3,#>)(8#:38<&3:8#(*&8#E*>&:*(8 # F*(,'(&3::3E3(, # !*&4 # (*&8 # 8g(,*('834 # 5 # >38 # '(,3(8',98 # Q7*'43 # 5 # >38 # 9E*,'*(8 # 3, # 5 # >38#!34F3!,'*(8#'(*&�38T"#

Z'(8'#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#)!!)4)e,#F*EE3#:3#43S'8,43#:3#!:&8#'E!*4,)(,#5#,4)7)'::34#)&%*&4>HR&'#3(#,)(,#<&3#8,4&F,&43#EjE3#>3#:)#E&8'<&3A#7&3#F*EE3#'(3K!4388'73#Q'(>9!3(>)(,3#>H&(#,3K,3A#>H&(#:)(S)S3#i#3(#<&3:<&3#8*4,3A # '(83(893A # '(d*4E3A #3, #!*&4#8&'743 # 2)(X9:97',FRA # '(>'F'U:3 #3, # '(3dd)U:3A # '(>38F4'!,'U:3 #3,#'(3K!4'E)U:3T" #C)#F*E!:3K',9 #>3 #F3 #<&'#8Hg # %*&3#3, #8Hg #)('E3#)&,)(, #3(# ,34E38#>3#!4*>&F,'*(#3, #>3#49F3!,'*(A # )& # ,4)7348 #>38 # )E!:',&>38A # >38 # *!)F',98 # 3, # >38 # ,4)(8!)43(F38A # >38 # 8g(FR4*('F',98 # 3, # >38#>9!R)8)S38A#>38#!49F'8'*(8#3,#3K!:*4),'*(8#>3#E)8<&38#3,#>3#l:,438#>)(8#:38#)E)8#8*(*438A#<&H3(#,34E38#>H)!!49R3(8'*(#3,#>3#!34F3!,'*(#>3#(*8#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#8*(*438#3,#>38#E)('h438#!)4#:38<&3:8#(*&8#3(#d)'8*(8 # :H3K!94'3(F3A # <&3A # l():3E3(,A # 3( # ,34E38 # >H&,*!'3 # E&8'F):3 # 3, # 8*F'):3A # *&743 # &( # FR)E!#3K!:*4),*'43#'::'E',9"

Ww]tZ@]sA#MJ#Ôt@s]_DOJ#OZyZtM/?L"#;Zts#-..?"|6J#JWD=t@J6^J#JW]t�;J#M|#s_6A#tJCZ]=J#DZt#Ôt@s]_DOJ#OZyZtM"n#x#CHZ@MJ#MH|6#sZW_DO_6J#s_DtZ6_A#2J#Dt_M|@s#|6J#pt=~|J6^J#Z|]_|t#MJs#?...#O�"#2J#pZ@s#_s^@CCJt#^J#s_6#Qx#|6J#pt=~|J6^J#J]#|6J#Z;DC@]|MJ#yZt@ZPCJT#~|@#sJC_6#CHJsDZ^J#ZyJ^#CJ~|JC#JCCJ#@6]JtZc@]A#Dt_M|@]#x#6_|yJZ|#MHZ|]tJs#s_6s#Qt=s|C]Z6]JsTA#~|J#2H@MJ6]@p@JtZ@s#^_;;J#MJs##oNAYp^^#D_|yZ6]#sJ#M=DCZ^JtA#M@sDZtZ�]tJA#t=ZDDZtZ�]tJA#sJ#]_tMtJA#sJ#[fh:wG{"""#PtJpA#CZ#t@ÔJssJ#MJ#^J]]J#D@�^J#Js]#P@J6#=y@MJ;;J6]#^Js#s|tDtJ6Z6]Js#p_t;Js ##oNAYp^^# Q_|#MJ#n#pZ@PCJ#;ZssJ#oT" #CZ#D@�^J#Js]#]J6M|JA#CJs#s_6s#Dt_M|@]s#s_6]#JW]t�;Js#Q|6#s_6#Z@c|#�#|6#;_|yJ;J6]#MJ##oNAYp^^#DOqs@~|J;J6]#Dt=sJ6]#J]#M_6^#tJssJ6]@#;Z@s#M@pp@^@CJ#x#~|ZC@p@JtT#J]#CJ#]_|]#Js]#2_|=#J6y@t_6#0.#;@6|]Js"#CJ#s_6#Z@c|A#^JC|@#~|@#ZDDZtZ�]#@;;=M@Z]J;J6]A#yZt@J#DJ|#J]#Js]#2_|=#x#|6J#@6]J6s@]=#p_t]J"#6=Z6;_@6sA# 2J#M=DCZ^J#pt=~|J;;J6]#CH@6s]t|;J6]#MZ6s#CHJsDZ^JA #6_]Z;;J6]#D_|t#^t=Jt#MJs#yZt@Z]@_6s#MH@6]JtZ^]@_6#ZyJ^#^JC|@w^@#Q^J#~|@#Z#D_|t#^_6s=~|J6^J#MJ#pZ@tJ#yZt@Jt#CJs##oNAYp^^G^T"#D_|t#2_|Jt#^J]]J#D@�^J#2J#M_@s#;Z�]t@sJt#s|t#|6#]J;Ds#C_6c#CZ#Dt_M|^]@_6#MJ#s_6s#s|tZ@c|sA#@6]=ctJt#CJs#tJsD@tZ]@_6s#MZ6s#CJ#pC|W#Q2H|]@C@sJ#~|Zs@;J6]#DZs#CZ#tJsD@tZ]@_6#^_6]@6|J#DZt^J#~|J#;Js#s@6|s#s_6]#CZ#DC|DZt]#M|#]J;Ds#P_|Ô=s#iwT#;Z@s#Z|ss@#DZt^J#~|J#2J#M_@s#sJttJt#p_t]#CHJ;P_|Ô|tJ#Q2J|#MHZCCJtwtJ]_|ts#J6]tJ#|6#tJCZ]@p#tJC ÔJ;J6]#J]#|6#sJttZcJ#p_t]#MJ#pZ�_6#x#_P]J6@t#MJs#_s^@CCZ]@_6s#MJ#s_6s#tZD@MJs#J]#D_|yZ6]#Z]]J@6MtJ# #|6J#Z;DC@]|MJ#MJ#DC|s#MH|6#/$-#]_6T"#^HJs]#|6J#D@�^J#]t�s#n #DOqs@~|J#o#;Z@s#~|@#;J#MJ;Z6MJ#MJ#^_6]t�CJt#^ZC;J;J6]#]_|s#CJs#DZtZ;�]tJsA#Z|#t@s~|J#MJ#6J#]J6@t#~|J#~|JC~|Js#;@6|]Js #J] # s|t]_|] #MJ #6J #DZs # 2_|Jt #^_6s^@J;;J6] #CJs #yZt@Z]@_6s #MJs ##oNAYp^^G^" # CJs # 2J|W #MJ#DJt^JD]@_6#MJ#^J]]J#D@�^J#QDsqÔ_Z^_|s]@~|J;J6]#DZtCZ6]T#;H@6]=tJssJ6]#PJZ|^_|D"#CJ#s_6#Z@c|#Js]#p_t]A#^Jt]JsA#;Z@s#sZ#D|@ssZ6^J#6HJs]#DZs#^_;DZtZPCJ#ZyJ^#|6#s_6#Z|#sDJ^]tJ#CZtcJ#M@pp|s=#x#p_t]J#@6]J6s@]="#CJs ##oNAYp^^G^# s_6]#=]_66Z6]Js#^Zt#JCCJs#s_6]#J6yZO@ssZ6]JsA#=6@c;Z]@~|JsA#J]#MJss@6J6]#ZssJ�#P@J6#CJs#^_6]_|ts#MJ#CHJsDZ^J#MZ6s#CJ~|JC#JCCJs#s_6]#J;Dt@s_66=JsA#;Z@s#s@#_6#q#Dt�]J#DZs#]t_D#Z]]J6]@_6#y_@tJ #s@ #_6#CJs #2|cJ#n#;ZC#oA # # JCCJs#D_|ttZ@J6]#ZDDZtZ�]tJ#^_;;J#MJs#DO=6_;�6Js#n#DZt#M=pZ|]#oA#MJs#Zt]JpZ^]s#@6M=s@tZPCJs"CJ#^_6]JW]J#=]Z@]#^JC|@#MH|6J#DJtp_t;Z6^J#Z|W#;|s=J#MJs#PJZ|WwZt]s#MJ#6Z6]JsA#CJ#/N#;Zts#-..?A#@6y@]=#DZt#ptZ6�_@swWZy@Jt#t|Z6#ZC_ts#M@tJ^]J|t#M|#DZ66_6@^Z"#2J#6J#;J#s_|y@J6s#DC|s#M|#6_;#MJ#CZ#sZCCJ#~|J#2HZ@#Ô_@s@J#D_|t#^J]]J#DJtp_t;Z6^JA#JCCJ#^_ttJsD_6MZ@]#x#~|JC~|Js#^t@]�tJs#~|J#2J#;H=]Z@s # p@W=s # b # =y@]Jt # CJs # JsDZ^Js # @;;J6sJs # ^Zt # 2HZyZ@s # tJ;Zt~|= # ~|HZ|wMJCx # MH|6J # ^Jt]Z@6J#M@;J6s@_6A#CZ#Dt_M|^]@_6#MJs##oNAYp^^G^#MJyJ6Z@J6]#M@pp@^@CJ#x#_P]J6@t#ZyJ^#;_6#@6s]t|;J6]"#2J#y_|CZ@s#Z|ss@#~|J#CHJsDZ^J#s_@]#|6#DJ|#^_6p@6=A#n#@6]@;J#oA#J]#MJ#Dt=p=tJ6^J#y@MJ#D_|t#Dt@y@C=c@Jt#CZ#P_66J #Dt_DZcZ]@_6#MJs #_6MJs" # CZ# sZCCJ # pZ@sZ@] #J6y@t_6# --;# s|t # L;#J] #CJ #DCZp_6M#=]Z@] #OZ|]A#DZtpZ@]#�#2J#D_|yZ@s#_P]J6@t#CJ#6_@t#^_;DCJ]A#Z|]tJ#^t@]�tJ#@;D_t]Z6]#D_|t#;_@A#^Zt#2J#s|@s#]_|2_|ts#@6]=tJss=#DZt#CH=^_|]J#Z^_|s;Z]@~|J#J]#~|J#^J#6_@t#^_;DCJ]#D_|yZ@]#Z^^J6]|Jt#^J]#ZsDJ^]#MJ#n#;ZCZ@sJ#o#M_6]#2J#yZ@s#P@J6]�]#DZtCJt"D_|t#^J]]J#tJDt=sJ6]Z]@_6A#J6#DC|s#MJ#CHZsDJ^]#D|tJ;J6]#s_6_tJ$;|s@^ZCA#2J#y_|CZ@s#JWD=t@;J6]Jt#MJ|W#Z|]tJs#Ô_sJsb#Q/T#CZ#pZ�_6#M_6]#CJ#D|PC@^#tJ�_@]#|6J#_J|ytJ#n#JW]t�;J#o#J]#^_;;J6]#@C#sJ#^_;D_t]J#pZ^J#x#^JCCJw^@#i#Q-T#J]#^_;;J6]#s|@]J#x#CZ#Dt=sJ6]Z]@_6#MH|6J#]JCCJ#�|ytJ#pZ^J#x#J]#ZyJ^#|6#D|PC@Â#2HJ6#pZ@s#CHZ6ZCqsJ#MJ#pZ�_6#ZPs_C|;J6]#@6M=DJ6MZ6]J#MJ#]_|]#^_;;J6]Z@tJ#JW]=t@J|t"Q/T#V#CJ#D|PC@^#Q0.$?.#DJts_66JsT#sHJs]#@6s]ZCC=#sZ6s#;Z#Dt=sJ6^J"#CJs#ÔZ@sJs#=]Z@J6]#sJtt=Js#CJs#|6Js#MJs#Z|]tJs#J]#M@sD_s=Js#pZ^J#J]#Dt�s#M|#;|tA#JW^C|Z6]#Z@6s@#CHJsDZ^J#s^=6@~|J#pt_6]ZC"#|6J#p_@s#CJ#

/?I #3,#(*(#!)8#>3#83#U)834#8&4#>38#43!4983(,),'*(8#>&#E*(>3#3,#8&4#:38#3dd3,8#>3#F3&KwF'#>)(8#(*8#F*(>&',38#Q)&>','738A#8*(*438T#>)(8#:3#E*(>3"

/?L #R,,!b$$FR4'8,*!R3wR)7)4>"(3,$#

http://christophe-havard.net/

!"#ii$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!3"#5&6+7&'6#)#;/8'/6+826#ND8O/%E&6+>%1%P+'Q

C38#E&8'<&38#>H)&,438#F&:,&438#(*&8#83EU:3(,#>H3EU:93#,4*&U:)(,38#F)4A#*&,43#:38#)!!4*FR38#>&#8*(A#>38#'(8,4&E3(,8A #>38#>&4938A #>38 #*4FR38,4),'*(8A #>38#F**4>'(),'*(8#3, #>38#)4,'F&:),'*(8A #>38#),,)<&38A #>38#E9:'8E38 # 3, #>38 #E9:*>'38A # 3,F" # <&' #(*&8 #)!!)4)'883(, #U'3( # 3(,3(>& #9,*(()(,38 # 3, #>'dd943(,38A #(*&8#43E)4<&*(8#)&88'#<&3#:38#('73)&K#8*(*438#8*(,#S9(94):3E3(,#U'3(#!:&8#9:3798#<&3#>)(8#:38#F*(73(,'*(8#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#*FF'>3(,):3"#^3:)#F493#&(#49}3K3#>H)&>',3&4#b#83(,'4#>Hj,43#3(#d)F3#>H&(3#E&8'<&3#<&'#(*&8#!4*!*83#&(3#9('SE3"#

^3!3(>)(,#(*&8#!*&7*(8#(*,34 #<&3#F3,,3#43E)4<&3#8&4# :38 #7*:&E38#3, # :38#)E!:',&>38#8*(*438 #!3&,#8H)!!:'<&34#)&88'#)&K#E&8'<&38#,4)>','*((3::38#3&4*!93((38#3,#*FF'>3(,):38"#C3#d)',#<&3#:)#!:&!)4,#>3#F38#E&8'<&38#3,#F38#979(3E3(,8#8*(*438#8*',#!497&3#!*&4#j,43#3(#!:3'(#)'4#3,#n#>3#FR)E!#:'U43#oA#3(#!:&8#>Hj,43#F*::3F,'73#3,#49):'893#5#!:&8'3&48A#%*&3#U'3(#8+4#&(#4r:3#8&4#F3#!*'(,"#;)'8#3::38#(3#:3#8*(,#!)8#,*&,38"#^34,)'(38#>H3(,43 #3::38 #8*(, #)&88' #3, #5 # :) # d*'8 #>38 #E&8'<&38#>H'(,94'3&4A #>38 #E&8'<&38#8*:'8,38 #3, #>38#E&8'<&38 # >H3(83EU:3" # J::38 # 3(S)S3(, # F34,)'(3E3(, # ,*&,38 # >38 # E)('h438 # >3 # F*::)U*434 # )73F#:H3(7'4*((3E3(, # 3, # )73F # :3&48 # F*(,3K,38 # 3(7'4*((3E3(,)&K # 8*(*438 # Q3( # :)'88)(, # :) # !4'83 # 5 # ,*&,3#'(,3473(,'*(#3,#5#,*&,#8*(#3K,34(3A#3,#3(#:)'88)(,#:38#'E!49S(),'*(8#8H3dd3F,&34T"#CH'8*:),'*(#8*(*43#<&3#(*&8#F*(()'88*(8#)73F#(*8#8)::38#(3#83EU:3#!)8#*!94)(,3#>)(8#F38#E&8'<&38"#J::38#83EU:3(,#)'89E3(,#>9!:){)U:38#>H&(#:'3&#5#&(#)&,43A#3,#8H)>)!,34#*&#8H'E!*834#5#&(3#)EU')(F3A#7*'43#8H)E9()S34#4)!'>3E3(,#3(#&(#3(>4*',#<&'#)FF&3'::3#)'(8'#:H*FF)8'*(#>3#n#E&8'<&34#o"C3 # U&, # (H38, # !)8 # >3 # 8H),,)FR34 # )& # n#,4)>','*((3:#o # >3 # F38 #E&8'<&38A # :38 # >9E)4<&)(, # )'(8' # >3 # :3&4#n#)F,&):',9#o#3,#:38#4)E3()(,#7348#F3#<&'#834)',#FR3f#3::38#'EE&)U:3A#E)'8#!:&,r,#>3#F43&834#3,#>H3K!:*434#:3&48#)8!3F,8#n#7'7)(,8#oA#:3&48#>g()E'<&38#3,#:3&48#'(F*4!*4),'*(8#>38#F*4!8#!)4,'F'!)(,8#3,#)F,)(,8A#F)4#F3 # 8*(, # ,*&, # >H)U*4> # >38 # E&8'<&38 # 7'7)(,38 # ,*&,38 # )&88' # )F,&3::38 # <&3 # :38 # E&8'<&38 # :38 # !:&8#F*(,3E!*4)'(38#>3#(*8#8*F'9,98"#@:#g#)#8)(8#>*&,3#)&,)(,#>3#n#,4)>','*((3:#o#>)(8#:38#(r,438#<&3#>)(8#F38#E&8'<&38A#>)(8#:3#83(8#<&3#(*8#E&8'<&38#8H)!!&'3(,#)&88'#8&4#>38#,4)(8E'88'*(8#>3#F*>38#3,#>3#S38,38#3, #8&4#>38#)K38#<&'#>9l('883(,#>38#)(,94'*4',98#3,#>38#F*(,'(&',98#V#83&:38#:38#>),),'*(8#8*(,#>'dd943(,38#8)(8#<&3#:38#F*E!)4)'8*(8#>38#)(,94'*4',98#3(,43#:38#E&8'<&38#8*'3(,#&(#F4',h43#b#':#(Hg#)#!)8#!:&8#>3#E&8'<&38#!43E'h438#Q<&'#'(>&'4)'3(,#>38#n#>34('h438#oTA#<&3#>3#!4'E','738#QF*({&38#'(d94'3&438#5#F3::38#7&38#F*EE3#9:)U*4938TA#3,F"#V"#CH'(,94j, # 834)', #>Hg #>'8F34(34 # Q)&,)(, #>)(8 # :38 #E&8'<&38 #>H)&,438 #!3&!:38 #<&3 #>)(8 # :38 #(r,438T # :3&4#n#)&,*FR,*('3#oA#FH38,w5w>'43#:3&4#*FF&!),'*(A#:3&4#F*::)U*4),'*(#3,#:3&4#>g()E'<&3#F*(8,',&)(,3#>3#3,#)73F#:3&4#!4*!43#3(7'4*((3E3(,"#

^38#E&8'<&38#>H)'::3&48#(3#8*(,#!)8#)#!4'*4'#>9l('38#,3::38#<&3::38#3(#,)(,#<&3#n#E&8'<&38#o#Q!)8#!:&8#<&H3::38#(3#8*(,#*U:'S),*'43E3(,#d*(F,'*((3::38#3,#&,':',)'438#i##3,#*k#>H)'::3&48#:3#F*(F3!,#>H)&,3&4#&('<&3#(H38,#!)8#&(#!4'(F'!3T#>)(8#:3#83(8#*k#(*&8#3(,3(>*(8#:)#E&8'<&3#F*EE3#&(#)F,3#3, #&(#979(3E3(,#89!)498#Q>3#:)#7'3#*4>'()'43TA#5#d*4,3#'>3(,',9#8gEU*:'<&3A#!*&4#!4'7':9S'34#&(3#3K!94'3(F3#38,R9,'<&3#3,#8*F'):3#F*EE&(3"#Z&88'#F38#E&8'<&38#(3#!*8','*((3(,#!)8#d*4F9E3(,#>38#)&>',3&48#3,#>38#8!3F,),3&48A#EjE3#8'#3::38#*(,#3,#!3&73(,#)7*'4#&(#F)4)F,h43#8gEU*:'<&3#!4*9E'(3(,"#C)#!*8','*(#>H)&>',3&4#<&3#(*&8#)>*!,*(8A#3,#<&'#!3&,#U')'834#(*,43#4)!!*4,#5#3::38A#498&:,3#>&#d)',#<&3#(*&8#g#)FF9>*(8#U3)&F*&!#!)4#>38 #3(,4938#>*F&E3(,)'438#Q>38#3(43S'8,43E3(,8A#F*EE3#F3&K#:'8,98#F'w>388*&8T#*&#!)4#>38#F*(F34,8#*4S)('898#!*&4#>38#)&>'3(F38#b#(*&8#(Hg#8*EE38#%)E)'8#!)4,'F'!)(,8#>3#!:)'(w!'3>A#3,#(*&8#(3#8*EE38#!)8#!4983(,8#>)(8#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#>)(8#:3<&3:#3::38#8H)('E3(,"##J::38#83EU:3(,#j,43#F*(8,',&938#>3#,3::3#E)('h43#<&H3::38#!)4)'883(,#(Hj,43#!)8#8)'8'88)U:38#n#R*48#8*(#oA#

!"#i"$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

R*48#>3#:3&4#49):'8),'*(#8*(*43#)l(#>H3(#d)'43#:H3K!94'3(F3#!:3'(3A#Q*&#U3)&F*&!#E*'(8#<&3#>)(8#(*8#E&8'<&38#>*(,#:HR'8,*'43#8H)!!&'3#8&4#&(3#n#8F'3(F3#o#>3#:H9F4',&43#3,#8&4#8)#7):*4'8),'*(/?NTA#F3#<&'#(H3KF:&,#!)8#<&H3::38#!3&73(,#d)'43#)!!3:#5#>38#8g8,hE38#>3#(*,),'*(A#>H'(8,4&F,'*(8A#3,F"#Z&w>3:5#*&#3(w>3{5#>3#:3&48#)8!3F,8#8gEU*:'<&38#3,#3K!4388'd8A#!*&4#:)#!:&!)4,#>3#F38#E&8'<&38#:)#8&U8,)(F3#E&8'F):3#498'>3#>)(8 # :3 # 8*(A # >)(8 # 838 # 498*()(F38 # 3, # >)(8 # 838 # 'E!)F,8/B.A # F3 # <&' # (3 # 73&, # !)8 # '(>&'43 # <&3 # :H9F*&,3#Q'(>'7'>&3::3#3,#F*::3F,'73T#(3#!&'883#!)8#'E!:'<&34#3,#!4*7*<&34#>38#9E*,'*(8"#;)'8#F*EE3#(*&8#:H)7*(8#>',#)&#,*&,#>9U&,#>3#F3,#)4,'F:3A#':#38,#'(,94388)(,#>3#<&38,'*((34#3,#>3#8)7*'4#8'A#:*48<&3#:3#8*(#38,#)E3(9#5#838#3K,4jE38#Q8!3F,43A#,'EU43A#>&493A#'(,3(8',9T#3,#:*48<&H':#38,#!4983(,9#3,#%*&9#>)(8#8)#!:9(',&>3#3,#8)#!4*!43#*4S)('F',9A#38,#!4983(,3#&(3#F*&!&43#!),3(,3#)73F#:H9F*&,3#)():g,'<&3#)l(#>H*&74'4#&(3#F*(,'(&',9#)73F#:H9F*&,3#!Rg8'<&3#3,#F*(89<&3EE3(,#)73F#:H9F*&,3#<&3#(*&8#!*&48&'7*(8#>3#:H3(7'4*((3E3(,#,*&,#3(#9,)(,#:'93#5#(*,43#!*8','*(#3,#8',&),'*(#>)(8#F3:&'wF'#Q:) #!:)F3#3,#:3#E*&73E3(,#>&#F*4!8A #:3#F*4!8#l:,4)(,#3, #49F3!,3&4#>H9,3(>&38#8*(*438A#3,F"T" #s' #>3#,3::38#E&8'<&38#(*&8#9,*((3(,#!)4#:3&48#('73)&K#8*(*438#3,#:3&48#)E!:',&>38#Q:)#!4983(F3#>&#%-$)%$20&"?727-./*)7#>)(8#:)#E&8'<&3#*4'3(,):3/B/TA#FH38,#8)(8#>*&,3#5#F)&83#>3#:3&48#!4983(F38#3,#3dd3F,&),'*(8#>)(8#>38#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#3,#>3#:3&48#F*(8,',&,'*(8#!)4#3&K#Q3(#F*::)U*4),'*(A#3(#>'8,'(F,'*(A#3(#F*(d4*(,),'*(A#3,F"T"#s3:*(#p4)({*'8#D'F)4>A#

!"#W$)+=7+*8,$"+-.0*+*&22$//$")$"+-&,;$"0.2)"/$")&2@"0&227"(.-"/."2.+,-$"$+")%,/(+7"(.-"/W=&''$@")+-,%+,-.2+"/$ "+$'()4"9#QD@^ZtMA#p"#Q-..0T"#C)#E&8'<&3#FR'(*'83"#q_|wpJ6cA#D)4'8A#-(>#9>','*("#!"#G"T

^38#E&8'<&38#8*(,#8)(8#>*&,3#3,#3(#<&3:<&3#8*4,3#>38#979(3E3(,8#3,#>38#43:'3d8#>)(8#&(3#F*(,'(&',9#8*(*43#3,#>)(8#&(#F*(,'(&&E#>3#!34F3!,'*(8#3,#>H)F,'7',98#b#>38#)F,'7',98#R&E)'(38A#>38#3(7'4*((3E3(,8#8*(*438A#>38#)EU')(F38A#>38#38!)F38A#>38#:'3&KA#>38#E*E3(,8A#>38#,3E!*4):',98A#3,F"#@:#38,#!*88'U:3#)&88'#<&3 # :38 #!4'*4',98 #>3 #!34F3!,'*( #>)(8 # :H9F*&,3 #!3&73(, #>'dd9434A # F*EE3#!)4 #3K3E!:3 #>)(8 # :) # F&:,&43#%)!*()'83#b

!"T3#.5")$2)*C*/*+7"3.,"+*'C-$"',)*%./5"$)+"/*7$"<"/."+$20.2%$"8,W&2+"/$)"].(&2.*)"<"27?/*?$-"/$)"=.,+$,-) ".C)&/,$) "$+" /$) " *2+$-;.//$)"0.2)"/$,-"($-%$(+*&2T"3ho�ZYp{Z@"v4"dLllLe4 "T#$"+*'C-$"0.2)"/. "',)*8,$ "D.(&2.*)$T4"f2""T#$"+*'C-$@"'7+.(=&-$"(&,-"/."%&'(&)*+*&2T@"f4{4:4p4Y4@"[.-*)"U"�04"K&,-?&*)@"LllL@"(4"l\454 "G//$ " $)+ "(-&C.C/$'$2+ " 7?./$'$2+ "$2 " /*$2".;$% " /. "2.+,-$ "0$ " /$,- " /.2?,$ "&-./$ "8,* " -$(&)$ " ),- "0$ " ),C+*/$) ";.-*.+*&2) " )&2&-$)4 " #. " +$20.2%$ " 8,W&2+ " /$) " ].(&2.*) " < " 27?/*?$- " /$) " =.,+$,-) " )$ " -$+-&,;$ " 0.2) " /. " 6.`&2 "0W$2+$20-$"/$)")&2)"2&2"',)*%.,R4"#$)"].(&2.*)"-$(-7)$2+$2+"(.-"$R$'(/$"/$)"%-*)"0$)"&*)$.,R"$+"0$)"*2)$%+$) "(.-"0$)"%&'C*2.*)&2)"0$";&B$//$)"$+"0$"%&2)&22$)"d$+"0&2%"0$"+*'C-$)@"%&''$"2&,)"$2".;&2)"0*)%,+7"%*A0$)),)e@ " $+ "2&2"0$) "-$/.+*&2)"0W*2+$-;.//$)4 "9# QPZt]OJ]#;),R'3&A # YM3# :H'(,34!4h,3#5# :H)&>',3&4b #&(3#)():g83#)F*&8,'<&3#3,#!34F3!,'73#>&#,'EU43#E&8'F):YA#]Rh83#>3#M*F,*4),#3(#ZF*&8,'<&3A#,4)',3E3(,#>&#8'S():#3,#'(d*4E),'<&3#)!!:'<&98#5#:)#E&8'<&3A#8*&8#:)#>'43F,'*(#>3#t'FR)4>#`4*(:)(w;)4,'(3,A#s�:7'#q8,)>A#DR':'!!3#c&'::3E)'(A#C)U*4),*'43#>3#E9F)('<&3#3,#>H)F*&8,'<&3#Q;)483'::3TA#|('7348',9#>3#D4*73(F3A#Z'Kw;)483'::3#@A#-..L"#!"#/?T

!"3#."8,./*+7"0,")&2"*2)+-,'$2+./5"$)+"$))$2+*$//$"(&,-"/$)"].(&2.*)"8,*".++.%=$2+"C$.,%&,("0W*'(&-+.2%$"<")$) ";.-*.+*&2)"0$"+*'C-$)4"#W&-$*//$"&%%*0$2+./$"2$")WB".%%&,+,'$"(.)"6.%*/$'$2+4"o2"."'1'$"(,";&*-"0.2)"/$")&2 ")$% " $+ " -.%/7 " 0$ " /W*2)+-,'$2+ " T/W.2+*+=S)$ " 0$) " )&2) " =.-'&2*$,R " ?727-./$'$2+ " ,+*/*)7) " (.- " /. " ',)*8,$ "&%%*0$2+./$"0,"�f�$")*S%/$T"d:,22*2?=.'e4"9# QCZ6MqA#D"#Q/NNGT"#Y;&8'<&3#>&#2)!*(Y"#C38#]4)>','*(8#;&8'F):38#>3#:�@(8,',&,#@(,34(),'*():#>�=,&>38#^*E!)4),'738#>3#:)#;&8'<&3"#P&FR3,$^R)8,3:A#D)4'8"A#

/?N # s3:*(#=C_q#23)(w^:)&>3A#YCYZ&,43#y348)(,#>38#s*(8#Qy348#>38#(*&73::38#d4*(,'h438#>38#,344',*'438#>3#:)#E&8'<&3#�YA #@(#YC)#;&8'<&3#3,#C3#;*(>3YA#@(,34(),'*():3#>3#CH@E)S'()'43A#(v?A#D)4'8#b#=>"#P)U3:#Q(v#/G-TA#;)'8*(#>38#^&:,&438#>&#;*(>3A#/NNBA#!" #-.B"

/B. # s3:*(#p4)({*'8#D'F)4>"#^3#<&'#43%*'(, #:38#9(*(F98#>HZ4(*:>#sFR*3(U34S#Q!"#."',)*8,$"(.-/$"0.2)")."(-&(-$" /.2?,$"0$"'.+*S-$) "(,-$'$2+ "',)*%./$)"9T # 3, #>H@S*4 # s,4)7'(8Xg # Q!"]$ " %&2)*0S-$ " /. "',)*8,$ " (.- " $))$2%$ " *'(,*)).2+$ " < " $R(-*'$- " 8,&* " 8,$ " %$ " )&*+ " 344454 "#W$R(-$))*&2"2W."D.'.*)"7+7"/."(-&(-*7+7"*''.2$2+$"0$"/."',)*8,$4"#."-.*)&2"0W1+-$"0$"%$//$A%*"2W$)+"0W.,%,2$"6.`&2"%&20*+*&227$"(.-"%$//$A/<4 "^*"%&''$"%W$)+"(-$)8,$"+&,D&,-)"/$"%.)@"/."',)*8,$"(.-.F+"$R(-*'$-"8,$/8,$"%=&)$@"%$"2W$)+"8,W,2$"*//,)*&2"$+"2&2"(.)"-7./*+74"9T"

/B/ #=C_q#23)(w^:)&>3A#_!"#F',"A#!"#-./#�#!"#-.L"

!"#ij$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!"#/-?T

C) # (*,'*( # >3 # n#F438F3(>* # S9(94):'89#o # 43E)4<&93 # !)4 # 23)(w^:)&>3 # =:*g # 5 # !4*!*8 # >38 # E&8'<&38#*4'3(,):38/B-# 834)#74)'E3(,#'(,94388)(,3#5#9,&>'34#>3#!:&8#!4h8" #^H38,w5w>'43#<&3#>)(8#F38#E&8'<&38#:3#%-$)%$20&# (3#,*&FR3#!)8#83&:3E3(,# :3#('73)&#8*(*43#E)'8#)&88' #,*&8#:38 #F*E!*8)(,8#>&#8*(#3, #>3#:)#E&8'<&3" #Z'(8' # :3 # ,3E!8#>3#!49!)4),'*(#3, # :) #>&493 #>38 #>9U&,8 #!4*!438 #5 # F38 #E&8'<&38 # d*(, #!)4,'3#'(,9S4)(,3 #>3 # :) #E&8'<&3 # QF*EE3# :H./.(# >)(8 # :38 #E&8'<&38 #>3 # :H@(>3T # 3, # F*4438!*(>3(, # )&,)(, #)&K#F*(,4r:38 #>38 #>g()E'<&38 #<&3 #>3 # ,*&8 # :38 #!R9(*Eh(38 #)F*&8,'<&38 #!4*%3,98 #>)(8 # :3 # %3& #3, #>)(8 # :3#>9!:*'3E3(,#E&8'F)&K#b#&(3#8*4,3#>H)44)'8*((3E3(,#>38#9(34S'38#3,#>38#F*(,3(&8#!*,3(,'3:8"#Z'(8'#(*&8#!*&44'*(8#)7)(F34#<&3#>)(8#:38#E&8'<&38#n#5#d*4,#7*:&E3#o#QF*EE3#:)#E&8'<&3#=.-)="2&*)$TA#:H3(83EU:3#>3#:)#!34d*4E)(F3#F*4438!*(>4)',#5#:)#*&#5#&(3#n#!49!)4),'*(#o#F*(,'(&3#3,#'E!4*7'893A#8)(8#<&3#:H*(#F*({*'73#<&H':#d)'::3#n#!49!)434#o#:H)&>',3&4A#)&#>9U&,#>H&(3#!34d*4E)(F3#!)4#3K3E!:3#!)4#&(3#E*(,93#97*:&,'73#>&#('73)&#8*(*43A#3,#>*(F#n#7'834#o#&(#F:'E)K#QF*EE3#>)(8#:)#!:&!)4,#>38#E&8'<&38#4',&3::38#3,#3K!4388'738T" # ^3,,3 # (*,'*( # >3 # n#F438F3(>* # S9(94):'89#o # !34E3, # 9S):3E3(, # >3 # 43R)&8834 # F3::3 # >3#n#F*(,'(&&E#o # 3( # ,)(, #<&H):,34(),'73 #>3 # :) #7)4'),'*( #!34E)(3(,3 #<&' # 38, #7):*4'893 #>)(8 # :) #E&8'<&3#*FF'>3(,):3"

Z((3K3#bc,$/8,$)"$R$'(/$)"0&22.2+",2".($-`,"0$)"',)*8,$)"+-.0*+*&22$//$)".B.2+",2"2*;$.,")&2&-$"7/$;7"d%7-7'&2*$@ "',)*8,$"0$"+-.2)$"$+"0$"(&))$))*&2@"-*+,$/@"0.2)$@"$+%4e4

JsDZc6J#b#RS5ADR#@T#KSRT

CJ#yJ6MtJM@#sZ@6]A#x#.#OJ|tJsA#MJs#^J6]Z@6JsA#y_@tJ#MJs#;@CC@Jts#MJ # 2_|J|ts # _^^Zs@_66JCs # MJ # ]Z;P_|ts # J] # ct_ssJs # ^Z@ssJs#^_;;J6^J6]#|6#@;;J6sJ#yZ^Zt;J#^=t=;_6@JC#DZt#^J]]J#D@�^J#@6]@]|C=J#n#t_;DJt#CZ#O_tZ#oA#C@]]=tZCJ;J6]#n#t_;DtJ#C�OJ|tJ#o#J] # ~|@ # Z66_6^J # CJ # M=P|] # M| # yJ6MtJM@ # sZ@6] # J] # MJ # sJs#yZ^Zt;Js"

R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$Z%08)Z4UW2*�43:�.�8,)4,�BNB#

@6MJ#M|#s|M#b#ADR;UT#5V@T5

n#DJtqZ#;¦CZ;#o#QC@]]=tZCJ;J6]A#n#P@c#PZ6M#oT#Js]#|6J#;|s@~|J#]tZM@]@_66JCCJ # ^Zt6Z]@~|J # ^_;DtJ6Z6] # DC|s@J|ts#@6s]t|;J6]s # b # 6§cZs�ZtZ; # Q@6s]t|;J6] # x # yJ6] # x # M_|PCJ#Z6^OJTA#]Zy@C#Q]Z;P_|t#M_|PCJTA#]§CZ;#Q^q;PZCJ#M_|PCJTA#st|]@#DJ]]@#QZqZ6]#CJ#t�CJ#MJ#]Z;D|tZTA#J]^"#CJ#n#DJt@qZ#;¦CZ;#o#Js]#^J6s= #J;D�^OJt#CJs#M@pp=tJ6]s#s_6s#^|C]|tJCCJ;J6]#M=p@6@s#^_;;J# @6M=s@tZPCJs #J6 #CJs #=^tZsZ6] #J6# 2_|Z6] #CZ#;|s@~|J#JW]t�;J;J6]#p_t]"

R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$q)DEpsE?IZu�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$0%^<L8B`~~|�43:�.#

/B- #=C_q#23)(w^:)&>3A#@U'>"

http://www.youtube.com/embed/3jCq8s5KQQU?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/YaPmFSm47Aw?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/Aj3saArbXJo?rel=0&start=595

!"#"S$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

_ZÔ#Qt_|;Z6@JT#b#deAWR;fWRg

ÔZ6] # J] # ]J6|J # ^t@=J # x # ]|Jw]�]J # MZ6s # C�Z@c|" # ÔZ6]=J#p_t]@ss@;_#x #DCJ@6J #y_@W #J] #x #C�_^]ZyZ#PZssZ#M| #y@_C_6A # CZ#DZt]@J # y_^ZCJ # Js] # ^Z6]_66=J # s|t # |6J # DCZcJ # MJ # OZ|]J|ts#JW]t�;J;J6]#Z@c|ªA#~|@#^_6]tZ@6]#]_|]#|6#ÔZ^|6#x#p_t^Jt#sZ#y_@W#Z|wMJCx#M|#ytZ@sJ;PCZPCJ"

R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$�/Nt>sSc_Gq�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$>t%M&0R;K,F�43:�.

Z'(8'#<&3#<&3:<&38#3K3E!:38#>3#E&8'F):'8),'*(#>&#<&*,'>'3(#Q3,#>3#FR)(,8#>3#,4)7)':A #u*4X#8*(S8# 3,#Yu*4X'(S#E&8'FYTA #3(#<&3:<&3#8*4,3#d)U4'<&34#>38#3K!94'3(F38#38,R9,'<&38#>&#<&*,'>'3(#3(#%*&)(,#>3#:H'(,3(8',9#8*(*43#Q3,#4g,RE'<&3T#>H)F,'7',98#%*&4():'h438#b

=^_ssJ#b#`TW@Z;*X#.S*X

ÔZ6] #MJ # p_|CZcJ # QZ^]@y@]= #;Z6|JCCJ #~|@ #Z# C@J| #MZ6s #|6#p_|C_@t#D_|t#M=ctZ@ssJt#J]#pJ|]tJt#CZ#CZ@6J#J6#tJssJttZ6]#CJs #p@CsT #ÔZ6]= #DZt#`Z]J #6@^_Cs_6#J] #MHZ|]tJs # Yp_|CJ|sJsY#M|tZ6]#CJ#CZyZcJ#M|#]�JJM"#

R,,!b$$7'E3*"F*E$-.?GIL?-#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$dp*_GZI*tO.�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$|F@pI~66?/u�43:�.#

cOZ6Z#b#`SRZ#.S*X#AS.f#Shh;[D

tq]O;Js#J]#ÔZ6]#Z^^_;DZc6Z6]#CJ#]@;PtZcJ#MJs#CJ]]tJs"#

R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$.>u?Id�C!su�43:�.#R,,!b$$uuu"g*&,&U3"F*E$3EU3>$@`Wu-~Eu2pS�43:�.#

http://www.youtube.com/embed/W19RdSgGO6Y?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/IKXw2QmwJFg?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/0dw47fZLpSw?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/UcIF7QNN41w?rel=0

http://www.youtube.com/embed/fFoO6A7oRH0?rel=0

http://vimeo.com/20467842

http://www.youtube.com/embed/dRjDu3hMxtc?rel=0

!"#"#$"# %&'($)*+,#-./0

!4"##@-#1+i2(-8+%/#9&#6%/#+/8'/6'=#&/'#'G<2(+'/>'#'68O28+7&'

!"L4"I$g"p-+"',)+"-$%&?2*Q$"+=$"*'(&-+.2%$"&6"-$)+-,%+,-./*Q*2?"+=$")$2)*C*/*+B4"t"O4"h=$"2$g".-+"6&-'"+=.+ "*)"-$8,*-$0"*)"&2$"&6"T.2+*A.-+T4"34445"9"QPZ]]^_^`#c43S*4gA#Z(,'wZ4,#)(>#_&,:)uwZ4,A#/NGNT

!"3�5"�(&/*+*%./".-+W"*)"."'&2)+-&,)"%&2%$(+@".20".-+"CB"*+)$/6"%&,/0"2$;$-".%=*$;$"+=*)"+-.2)6&-'.+*&2@"C,+"*+ "%&,/0 " 6-$$ " +=$ " ($-%$(+*&2 " .20 " )$2)*C*/*+B "2$$0$0 " 6&- " +=$ " +-.2)6&-'.+*&24 "p20@ " &2%$ " . " )&%*./ " %=.2?$ "=.)"&%%,--$0@".-+@"E&-'"&6"+=$"*'.?*2.+*&2@"%&,/0"?,*0$"+=$"%&2)+-,%+*&2"&6"+=$"2$g")&%*$+B4"3�5"h=$"-$./@"-$./*+B@ "*)"C$%&'*2?"+=$"(-&)($%+*;$"0&'.*2"&6".-+@".20".-+"*)"C$%&'*2?"+$%=2*8,$"*2"."/*+$-./@"�(-.%+*%./W")$2)$U"'.i*2? ".20"-$'.i*2?"+=*2?)"-.+=$-"+=.2"(.*2+*2?"(*%+,-$)}"$R($-*'$2+*2?"g*+="+=$"(&+$2+*./"&6"g&-0)".20")&,20) "-.+=$-"+=.2"g-*+*2?"(&$')"&-"%&'(&)*2?"',)*%4"9 "Q;Zt^|sJ#O34U34,A#YZ4,#'(#,R3#_(3wM'E3(8'*():#s*F'3,gYA#@(#Z4,8#;)S)f'(3#?/bIA#;)g#/NGIT

Q5#49>'S34#b#&(#FR)!',43#5#!)4,'4#3,#)&w>3:5#>HO34U34,#;)4F&83T

La Musique à Niveau Sonore Élevé - Musique-Environnement / Études sur la musique noise

Documents

Transcript of La Musique à Niveau Sonore Élevé - Musique-Environnement / Études sur la musique noise