KHAI QUAT VE NEN CONG NGHIEP MANGA CUA NHAT OAN* HA1HILANPHI'

Tdm tat: Tic nhieng nam 1990, khi nen kinh te Nhdt Bdn rai vdo tinh trgng khung hodng, thi Manga vd Anime (truyen tranh vd phim hogt hinh) cita Nhdt Bdn lgi tra thdnh vdn di thai stf vdn hoa dugc bdn ludn soi noi. Theo so lieu thdng ke cua Vien Nghien cicu xuat bdn Nhgt Bdn, vdo narn 2008, ngdnh cong nghiep Manga dd dgt dugc 448 ty yen, chiim khodng 40% thi phdn xudt bdn trong nuac. Ngodi nhiing lot ich kinh ti mang tinh trifC tiip. Manga cdn cd vai tro quan trgng trong thdnh cong cua nhOng ngdnh cdng nghiep vdn hda khdc cua Nhdt Bdn. Ngi dung bdi viet la mgt vdi net khdi qudt vi nin cong nghiep ndy.

Til khda: Nhit Bin, Cdng nghiep vin hda, Cdng nghiep Manga, Manga

1. Khai quit lich sir hinh thinh ciia Manga va cdng nghiep Manga Nh$t Ban

Manga li cich phit im tieng Nhit cua chii ^ i H (man hpa). Theo nghia chii Hin, thi M (man) cd im Hin - Viet li "man", cd nghia li ttio phung, trio long, vui nhpn, lan man, phiem, tinh nghich khdng gd bo, khdng cd chu dich, ngiu hiing...; iO(ga) im Hin -Viet cd nghia l i "hpa", chi buc ve. Nhu viy, ve mat ngii nghia cd the tam dich l i "nhirng birc hpa mang tinh trio long". Cic nhi nghien eiiu Manga Nhit Bin cho rang thu phip ve tranh ttong Manga da xuat hien d Nhit Bin ngay tir giiia thi ky thu VI vi VII, vi ro net trong nhtmg cudn giiy da co khic hinh dpng vit nhu cio, giu... dupc gpi l i giga, hay chinh xic hon la choju-jinbutsu-giga ttanh vui v i thu vit v i con ngudi cua nhi su Toba Souji d thi ky XII.

Nhung phii din thi ky XVIII thi thuit ngii "Manga" mdi chinh thuc xuit hien bdi hpa sT tranh bin gd ndi tiing Hokusai Katsushima (I760-I849). Ong l i ngudi cd biet tii quan sit, nim bit nhOng net chu yeu ciia sy vat, dung net vd don giin mang tinh cudng dieu, nhung lai cd hieu qui rit bit

' ThS, Vien Nghidn ciju Dong BSc A ^ " Nghien Cliu nay dli(rc tai trp biii QuJ phat trien khoa hoc cong nghS qu6c gia (NAFOSTED) trong de tii ma s6 Vl.2-2012.12.

ngd vdi ngudi xem. Tranh cua dng "ddng" vi chuyin hda lien tyc, md ta chuyin dpng ca bip con ngudi sic net, khoa hpc, nhu biic ve Yari no Keiko-zu, die bidt ttong Suzume Odori-zu (Dieu nhiy chim sd, tip 3). Hokusai quan niem rang, "Manga" khdng phai li nghe thuit ve nhin vit trong mpt ciu chuyen nio do, thuit ngir "Manga" dung de chi phucmg phip ve mpt hire ttanh dua theo net but dua phic hpa vii net ludt ngang trang sich, hoan toin ngiu hirng. Nhung in trong nhiing net ve phdng khoang, thoii mii lai la sy ti mi, chi tiit, chira dung su khic biet khi ngudi hpa sT phii nhan thdc dupc hp mudn ve gi trudc khi dat bdt xudng. Ldi tiep can vin di mdt cich tu nhien cua Hokusai di trd thinh nin ting co bin cho cac hpa si Manga hien d?i.

Vio nam 1877, khi cdng nghe in in cua Nhit Bin phat triin, tap chi "cudi" diu tien cua Nhit Bin do Kinkichiro Honda ve dupc phit hinh vdi ten "Murumaru Shimbun". Tap chi niy di hip thy phong cich ve tranh hii kiiu phucmg Tiy cua hpa si nguoi Anh Charier Wirgman (1835-1891) va George Bigot (1860-1927), ngudi Phap. Din nhttng nam diu thi ky XX, thi tranh hii Nhit Bin lai duac dinh gii la da cd budc ngoat chuyin tir phong each vd tranh biem hpa kiiu Chiu Au sang phong each ve tranh

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biem hpa kieu My. Die diem cua franh biem hpa My li chu di it mang tinh chinh tri, hinh inh sdng dpng vdi cic ming ve lien tyc (tir I khung tranh di len 4-6 khung franh), cd qui bdng tir ghi ldi thoai, v i di dupc in miu. Diin hinh nhu cic loat tranh hii in fren bio vdi tieu di: "Togosaku vi Mokube tham quan Tokyo" (nim 1902). Vio khoing nam 1923. di bat diu xuit hien cic tranh hii dinh cho tte em fren bio. Sho chan no Boken cua tic gii Katsuichi Kabashima li mdt vi du, franh cua dng di kem theo ldi thoai. Den nhiing nim 1930, tap chi Shounen club dinh cho fre em do nhi xuit bin Kodansha in hinh di cd dp day len tdi 150 frang, cd bia rieng. Vio nam 1953, fren truyen hinh xuit hien phim boat hinh gin gidng vdi "Kamishi bai" dinh cho fre em, thu hut 5 trieu lupt xem mdi ngiy. Trong khi dd, truyen ttanh dinh eho tre em cua cic nha xuat bin lai gap khd khin, khdng thi phit hinh, bdi gii thinh qui dit. Dung liic dd, tai thinh phi Osaka di xuit hien mdt loai Manga dupe in bing mdt loai giiy chit lupng khdng tdt, dinh cho tre em dupc biy bin tran ngap cic phd, vdi gii thinh re. Tic gii ciia loai hinh Manga niy l i Osamu Tezuka, dng li mdt sinh vien khoa Dupc, dupc dinh gii la ngudi di md ra "frang sich mdi" ttong lich su Manga Nhit Bin, "Ii ngudi dinh thuc, ngudi mang Iai nhirng thanh cdng to ldn cho cic cdng ty xuit ban d Tokyo, li mot tiem ning cua cdng nghe truyen thdng Manga"' Vio nim 1947, khi 20 tudi, dng di cho ra ddi bp Manga Shintakarajima (Dio ving mdi) dii 200 trang. Osamu Tezuka di ip dyng thu phip ve don giin. phdng tung, hoang ting vdi lii diin djt cudng dipu, cuon hut ngudi dpc vio nhirng diem nhin ttong hue tranh cua lii ve

' Fr^erik L.Schodt (1988) MangalManga! The World of

Japanese Comics, Kodansha Intemational Ltd.

cd, ket hop vdi phong cich ve cua boat hinh Disney vi ky thuit chup anh, ky thuit quay phim ttong dien inh Due, Phip, nhu zooming (phdng to, thu nhd), close -up/ till (can canh/anh iTnh), paining (ky thuit may quay chim de liy inh toin cinh). La mpt ngudi dgc nhieu hieu rdng, dng mo udc ciu chuyen dinh cho thieu nhi cua minh se danh bai thu van chuang hay nhit, the hien dupc nhttng diiu tinh te nhit, ddc dio nhit Nhirng di tii tdn giio, phin biet chung tpc, mdi quan he con ngudi, rd-bdt, va th|m chi ci khiing bd cd ttr rit sdm frong nhiing tic phim viei cho thieu nhi cua dng d giai doan niy. Thu phip ve tranh cua dng di tao nen sue hut vi niem dam me cho khdng chi ban dpc, mi ca nhieu the he hpa si Manga sau nay. Han the ntta, dng dupc coi li ngudi dat nhiing vien gach dau tien cho cho sy hinh thinh ndn cdng nghiep Manga d Nhit Bin.

Tir thip nien I960, thi trudng Manga da dupc cdng nghiep hda, den nhirng nim 1990, khi nginh cdng nghiep niy phit friin d dinh cao, thi thuit ngir "Manga" di dupc dung nhu mdt danh tir rieng chi loai hinh tranh truyen cua Nhit Ban. Song song vdi do, thuit ngu "vin hda Manga" ( S B JC{t;), nin "cdng nghiep Manga"('^ V:tf fi^) cung dupe su dung nhiiu d Nhat Bin de tich bach vai frd cua nd frong nen vin hda vi nen kinh te Nhit Ban hien nay.

2. San pham va qui md ciia thi tririmg Manga Nhat Ban

Theo thdng ke cua Vien Nghien cira va xuit bin Nhit Bin, frong nhung nim 1990, doanh thu cua Manga .khoing 600 ty yen/ nam (gdm cd doanh thu tit tap chi Manga va sich Manga bia mem). So vdi tdng doanh thu khoing 2500 ty yen cua toan nginh xuat bin (khdng ki bio), thi xuat bin Manga chiem gin 1/4. Trung binh mpt ngudi dan Nhat Bin dinh khoing 2.000 yen mdi nim cho viec mua Manga. Nim 1995, doanh thu

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tit Maiiga len din 670 ty yen, chiim 40% tdng sd sich bio dupc in cua toin nginh xuit bin, chi tieu trung binh cua mdt ngudd din Nhat Bin ttong nim niy dinh cho Manga di ldn khoing 5.000 yen. Nhi nghien ciru Natsume Fusanosuke da timg noi: "Niu chung ta coi nginh xuit bin cua Nhit Ban nhu mpt chiec bin, thi mot ttong nhirng cii chin cua nd l i Manga". Nim 2002, doanh thu dat 22,6% ttong 2.311 ty yen cua tong doanh thu toin nginh xuit bin, 38,1% sd diu sich xuit bin dupc bin ra li Manga. Nim 2004, tdng doanh thu tir Manga dat 5.047 ty yen; nam 2013 dat 3.669 ty yen^.

Nhu viy. Manga Iudn chiem khoang 40% sd lupng diu sdch bin ra, chiem khoang 25% tdng doanh thu cua toan nginh cdng nghiep xuit bin cua Nhit Ban. Cdng nghiep Manga Nhit Bin dupe dinh gii li nginh cdng nghiep truyen franh ldn nhat thi gidi v i duoc van hinh het sue dpc dao.

Mpt trong nhirng die diem khic biet khiin Manga thinh cdng nhu viy la bdi sin pham cua nginh cdng nghiep niy khdng chi li loai hinh sich giai tri dinh rieng cho tre em nhu comics cua phuang Tiy, hay truyen tranh d Trung Qudc, Viet Nam vi cic nudc khic mi cdn nhim vio mpi lua mdi, mpi ting Idp ttong xa hdi, ttr cic em nhi ddng din cic cu gii, v i da dang vd chung loai.

Nin cdng nghiep truyen tranh cua cac nudc khic chi xuit bin Manga dudi dang sich, nhung d Nhit Ban cdn phit hanh cic in pham Manga dudi daiig tap chi (cdn gpi li Mangashi). LTdc tinh din nhttng nim cudi thip nien 1990, d Nhit Bin cd khoang 298 loai tap chi Manga khic nhau. So vdi sach bia mim, thi doanh thu tir tap chi Manga bao gid cung cao hem (biiu 1). Tap chi Manga

y h i L T f i / . H * -

thyc chit la tuyen tip gdm series Manga ciia nhieu tic gii, mdi mpt series Ii mpt phin nhd (cdn gpi li chap) cd do dii tir 15 din 25 trang, ngoii ra con cd khoang 10 ttang ding cic thdng tin Uen quan den cic series dang ttong dd. Mdi mpt quyin tap chi thudng cd dp diy tir 250 den 700 trang. Trang bia vi trang diu cua mdi chap in miu, cdn cic frang khic li franh dan sac (den tring, hoic fring cung mdt miu khic), v i dupc m bing loai giiy chit luong thip (thudng l i giiy tai che). Mdi mdt quyin cd gii dao dpng til 250 den 400 yen. Cic nhi nghien ciiu kinh te cho rang vin de gia ci re ciing Ii mpt yeu td thu hut ngudi tieu dung. Dieu niy da dinh dung tim Iy ngudi tieu dimg li mdt tuin cd the bd ra 250 yen mua mpt cudn tap chi giii tri dpc fren tiu dien ngim khi di lim, dpc xong bd di se khdng cim thiy nudi tiec. Hon nua, tap chi li noi diu tien ding cac series truyen franh, nen dpc tap chi li co hpi dupe tiip c|ta nhttng in pham mdi. Mangashi dupc phit hinh dinh ky hing tuin, cich min vi hing thing, mdi mot ciu chuyen ding ttong do keo dii hing nim mdi ket thuc, nen nd rit thu hut ddc gii v i khien cho hp khdng the mua mpt lin.

Thdng thudng, thi cic truyen "in khich" sau khi dupc m tten tap chi, se dupc in thinh sich bia mim. Nam 2004, doanh thu tir tap chi Manga chiim 254,9 ty yen, 28% frong do li doanh thu cua 4 tuan san Shounen (biiu I). Mangashi duac danh gii li ttii cdt cua nin cdng nghiep truyen tranh Nhit Ban. Ngoai ra, cdn cd t?p chi Doujinshi, mdt tap chi dupc cic Mangaka dinh cho nhttng ngudi him md cua minh, nhung cung bin rit chay.

Manga dupe phin chia theo bdn nhdm ddi tupng ban doc chu yeu sau; (1) Jido Manga hay Kodomo Manga dinh cho lira tudi nhi ding (tir 6 din 9 tudi), diin hinh nhu truyen Chibi Maruko Chan (Nhdc Maruko),

HGHlilTcafl • ' * '" ' ^ •*• ^ * ' " * ' " " " 45

Nghien cihi khoa hpc

"Doremon"... (2) Shounen Manga danh cho liia tudi nam thieu nidn (tir 6 den 18 tudi), nhu: Dragon Ball (Biy vien ngpc rdng). Once Piece... Shoujo Manga dinh cho Ida tudi nir thieu nien (tu 6 den 18 tudi), nhu: Sailor Moon (Thuy thu mat fring)... (3) Semen Manga danh cho Ida mdi thanh nien (tu 18 den 40 tudi), the loai niy Iai dupc chia thinh nhieu lua tudi nhd hon, nhu tir 20 den 30 todi, 25 din 30 mil, tir 30 din 35 tail... (4) Otona Manga dinh cho lua tudi trung nien, frong do chia lim 2 loai Redisu Manga (Ladies Manga), dinh cho phy nu tudi trung nien va Seijin Manga dinh eho lua tudi nam trung nien.

Ngoii ra, cdn cd the phan loai Manga theo cic chu de, nhu: Manga viit ve truyen thuyet, lich su vi nhiing ciu truyen cd xua (Shikoma Manga, Reikishi Manga, Denki Manga); Manga viet ve cic ciu chuyen dien ra d trudng hpc cua cic em hpc sinh phd thdng (Gakuen Manga); Manga viet ve nhiing ciu chuyen chim biem hii budc giy cudi vi ndi dung phong phu bao gdm tit ci mpi mat cua ddi sdng sinh boat hing ngiy

(Gyagu Manga, Comedym Manga); Manga mang tinh chit giii tri (Hora Manga); Manga thi thao (Sopokon Manga); Manga vi nhirng ciu chuyen tinh yeu, thuin ii tinh nhtmg khdng nhudm mau cua tinh due (Reidies Manga); Manga dinh cho ntt gidi tip trung vio chu de mdi quan he ddng tinh nam lang man (Boy Love Manga hay Shonen-ai Manga/Yaoi Manga); Manga khdng liy chii de tu ddi sdng that, mi vd mdt the gidi theo tri tudng tupng cua tic gia (Fanstasy Manga); Manga hanh dpng (Battle Manga, Fighting Manga), nhan vit chinh li Samurai, anh himg; Manga noi ve kinh doanh, cac boat ddng frong mdi trudng kinh doanh, frong cae cdng ty (Business Manga); Manga ve khoa hpc vien tudng (science ficUon); Manga cd chu de lien quan den con ngudi cudc sdng sinh boat eua con ngudi (Ningen Dramar Manga); Manga bi in (Mistery Manga); Manga ndi ve cic robot khing 16 (Mecha); Manga tinh due (Ero Manga). Ngoii ra, cdn cd Ecchi Manga, Hentai Manga...

Bieu 1 : Bien ddng doanh thu tir Manga tir nam 2004 - 2013 Dan vi tinh: JOO trieuyen

6000 5000

4000

3000

2000 :53 iM

,000 W ' 2421 2.277 2,204 2 111 ,.9,3 , „ e ,650 1,564 1438 n . . . .. - ^ ^ a_- ^ .. .

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008.00 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

« Tap chi Manga • Sach bia m6m Manga

Nguon: Hiep hgi xudt bdn, Vien Nghien cicu Khoa hgc xuit bdn (2014), "Thi truang Manga ndm 2013 ", Tgp chi Thong tin xudt bdn hdng thdng, thdng 2/2014.

46 NGHIEH Cflu DOHG BflC fl. sd 8(174) 8-2015

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3. Doi ngu sang tac (Mangaka va cac phu ta)

+ Mangaka: Hien nay, d Nhit Bin ed khoing 4.000 hpa sT sing tic Manga, dupc gpi Ii Mangaka. Diiu kidn di trd thinh mdt Mangaka khi don giin: khdng cin bing cip, khdng cin qua dio tao chinh qui, chi cin hp cd kha nang ve, cd tri tudng tupng phong phu, cd the cho ra ddi nhiing tic phim dupc cdng chung cdng nhin. Trong khoing 4.000 Mangaka ndi tren cd rit nhieu ngudi chua tdt nghiep phd thdng, nhiiu ngudi da timg hpc chuyen mdn, hoic lim mpt cdng viec khic, nhung hp phii l i ngudi di cd it nhit mdt tic phim dupe phat hanh chinh thirc. C) Nhit Bin, in phim dinh ky dupe coi li xuong sdng cua nen edng nghidp Manga, dieu niy ddng nghia vdi viec cic Mangaka phii cd khi ning "sin xuit" ra nhttng ciu chuyen hip din.

6 mdt sd nin cdng nghiep truyen tranh ndi tieng khic, nhu d My, cic hpa sT truyen tranh lim viec theo nhdm dudi sy quin ly ciia nhi xuit bin, mdi ngudi dim nhan mdt cdng viec chuyen biet, nhu cdt truyen, ngudi di ndt, nguoi di miu... Niu nhu hpa si niy ngimg thi cd ngudi khic thay the. Nhung d Nhit Bin, Mangaka lim viec ddc lip vi chju trich nhiem ci nhin trong viec hinh thanh y tudng vi hoin tit tic phim cua chinh minh, cho du ho cd su giup dd cua nhung phu ti. Chinh vi viy, mi mdi mpt tic pham Manga cua Nhit Ban dupc dinh gii li cd nhung net khac biet, bdi nd thi hidn ci tinh, tri tue vi nhin sinh quan cua nguoi sing tao ra nd. Nhimg cung vi thi, neu nhu Mangaka gap ehuyen khdng may khdng thi sing tic dupc ntta, thi tic phim do cung dd dang, khdng thi hoin thinh dupc.

Mangaka d Nhat Bin duac trpng vpng, giau cd vi ndi tiing cung vdi tic phim cua minh. Hp dugc gidi truyin thdng vi mpi

ngudi xung quanh gpi l i "Sensei" (tien sinh, thiy - mpt tir thudng dimg di gpi giio vien vi bic si vdi y nghia tdn kinh), hg cd mpt lupng nguoi him md himg hiu, ndi tiing nhu cic ngdi sao dien inh vi ca nhac. Nhung de dat dugc vi fri do Mangaka di phii lam vide mdt each nghiem tue, cin min trong mgt mdi trudng rit khic nghiet ngay ci sau khi da ndi tiing. Thudng thi Mangaka se dupc nhan tu 15 din 250 USD tuy theo dia vj cua hp frong nen cdng nghiep. Ngoii ra, hp edn dupc nhin 10% lgi nhu^ tir nhiing cudn sich bia mdng vi viec cip giiy phep cho tic phim chuyen the sang phim boat hinh, cung nhu sin xuit cic sin phim lien quan. Chinh vi viy, nhiing hpa si cd nhiing tic pham "in khich" cd thu nhip vd cung ldn. Ching ban nhu hpa sT Shijin Mizushima da cd ten trong "cho- jabanzuke" nim 1978 (danh sich nhung ngudi cd thu nhip eao nhit Nhit Bin cdng bd hing nim). Ong cd thu nhip khoing 1,3 frieu USD/nim vdi tic phim ndi vi bdng rd. Tic phim niy cua dng dat con sd 25 tripu bin sich bia mem dupc bin ra trong nim. Nim 1980, hai hga sT Fujio - Fujiko cdng da cd ten ttong danh sich niy, vdi tdng thu nhip len gin 1,7 trieu USD, trong do chu yeu ttt tic phim Doraemon. Rit nhieu hga sT da cd thu nhip con sd thu nhip ttieu USD trudc tudi 30, nhu hpa sT Toriyama Akira di dat 2,4 trieu USD khi 27 tudi vdi bp truyen "Dr. Slump" phit hinh nim 1981... Di dat dupc danh tiing vi thu nhip nhu tren, cic hpa sT di phii lao dpng khdng cd thdi gian nghi. Ddi khi, cimg mdt luc hg phii sing tic 5, 6 truyen cho cac tap chi khic nhau, thudng xuyen ehi ngu 4, 5 tieng mpt ngiy, khdng cd thdi gian nghi cudi tuin, mpi sinh hoat hing ngiy nhu: in, udng, ngu nghi... deu tai van phdng.

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+ Dgi nga phu td: Khi da ttd thanh mdt Mangaka cd danh tiing, cdng viec ngiy cing nhieu len huge Mangaka phii nhd den sy giiip do cua ngudi khic. 6 thdi ky diu, cic thinh vien trong gia dinh se giup cic hpa si de lim cic cdng viec phy nhu tiy cic net thira, hoac ve cic khung ttanh. Nhung tu khoing giua thap nien 1960, khi cic nhi xuit bin ning cic t?p chi nhu Shonen Manga tir xuat bin hing thing len xuit bin hing tain, khiin viec nop bin thio trd nen ip Iyc, cic Mangaka da phii thue cic phu ta ben ngoii, tao thinh mdt "qui ttinh sin xuit" khep kin. Cic phy t i ddng thdi li ngudi hpc vipc, hp dim nh^n cic cdng vide nhu: td bdng, tao md, ve nen vi tia tdt tranh, siia ldi my thuit, ldi ky thuit, Idi chinh ti, ki ci viec dpn dep, niu in vi chay viec vit... Thdng thudng mdt Mangaka ndi tieng nhu Osamu Tezuka c6 khoing 10 phu ti; cd nhiing hpa Sl thanh lip cdng ty rieng va phu ta dupc tuyin dung nhu nhin vien, nhu: hpa si Takao Saito' cd 13 nhin vien chinh thuc lim viec trong cdng ty cua dng. Mdi mpt hpa si cd mdt cich thirc rieng trong viec su dung nhttng phu ti cua minh. Phu t i cua Osamu Tezuka chi phii lim nhttng cdng viec don giin, nhu: td den nhung phin dng dinh dau sin, ve cac chi tiet nhd tren xe d td, nhi ciia, trang phuc. Takao Saito, thi lai cd phuang phip lim gidng nhu ndn cdng nghiep tayen ttanh cua My, dng coi viec sing tic Manga nhu li viec sin xuit mdt bd phim mi dng li dao diin, dng ky hop ddng mua bin quyin vdi mdt sd nhi bidn kjch, su dyng cic phu ta cua minh theo ning lyc ci nhin cua timg ngudi. Phy t i cua dng cd thi chuyen ve vi nhi, chuyen ve vi nhin vit nam, ntt, hoic chuyen ve phong cinh,... Khi nhin dupc bin

T4c gia cOa b§ truyen "Golgo 13".

thio, dng se td chirc hgp nhdm di thio lu|n ve cdt truyen v i tranh ve.

Tuy nhien, du sir dyng phy t i theo hinh thdc nao thi cich thirc vi mdi quan h? Mangaka - phu t i cung dupc dinh gii ring day thyc chit l i mdi quan he gitta dng chu -mdn dd ttong xi hdi tmyen thdng Nhit Ban. Cdng vide phy t i dugc cho li mgt kinh nghidm qui bin cua mot ngudi mudn gia nhjp vio dpi ngu sing tic cua nen cong nghiep Manga. Cd nhirng ngudi suit cuOc ddi chi dimg chin d cdng viec cua mdt thp phu ttong day chuyen sin xuit, nhung ciing cd nhieu phy t i d i ttd thinh nhtmg Mangaka hing diu cua Nhit Bin, nhu No Nagai, Nobuhiro Watsuki, Miwa Ueda...

+ Nhd viet kich bdn: Nhu di trinh bay d tren, d Nhit Bin cic Mangaka lam viec dpc lip vi phii chiu trich nhiem ci nhin ttong viec hinh thinh y tudng vi hoin tit tic pham cua minh, da sd ty nghT ra cdt truyen ciJa chinh bin thin minh. Nhung, cd nhihig hpa si sau khi cd mgt tic phim dac sic, bin than hp khdng the nghl ra dupc nhung cdt tmy^n hay, dip ung ddi khdi ngiy cing khic nghiet cua thj trudng. Khi nang sing tao bj bao mdn, bupc hp phii kit hop vdi cic nhi viet kich ban. Chinh vi viy sau nay d Nhit Bin di hinh thinh nen mdt ddi ngu viet kich ban chuyen nghiep, ndi tieng nhu: Joro Gyu, Ikki Kajiwara, Kaiiiro Koike... Diiu ngac nhiSn Ii hp khdng phii l i nhung ngudi hpc ve vin hpc, hay ngdn ngtt. Joro Gyu li ngudi da tirng lim vide trong nhi miy Pachinko, dieu hinh mpt nhi hang vi choi saxophone be 2 ttong ban nhac jazz, l i nhi bio, vi la tic gia cua bd Manga ndi tieng "Kugushi Sabuyan". Ikki Kajiwara tic gii cua tic phim "Ashita no Joe" viit ve linh vyc the thao, dupc ua chudng, la ngudi rit hieu biet ve cic mdn v6 nhu karate, judo, aikido v i cac mdn thi thao khac. Kafiuo Koike tuy la nhin vien chinh

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thuc cua Bp Ndng Lim Nghiep, nhung lai li mdt ngudi ham me cd bac, dng dupc coi li "tay choi mat ehupe chuyen nghiep", chinh kien thuc ve linh vyc niy di dem din thinh cdng cho dng trong bd Manga "Golgo 13" vdi chu de ve mpt sit thu ndi tieng.

Hing nim, de cd the tdn vinh, khich le v i bd sung ngudn nhin lyc cho nginh cdng nghiep niy, cic nhi xuit bin, Hiep hdi Mangaka... d i dinh nhieu giii thudng cho cic hpa SI cd nhiing tic phim die sic, nhu giii thudng Tezuka vi Shogakukan... Ben canh dd, Hdi chp truyen tranh (dupe ggi li Comiket/ Comic Market) cung dupc to chuc mpt nim 2 lin vio mua he vi miia ddng, nhim tao ra mdt khdng gian de cic hpa sT tre vi cac hga si nghiep du cd ca hdi trung biy, gidi thieu cic tic phim cua minh. Ngoii muc tich tao sin choi cho cac fan cua Manga, diy cdn li noi nhieu tii ning dupc phat hien vi la noi tham dd thj hieu tieu dung cua cdng chung ddi vdi nhung sin phim mang phong cich mdi.

4. Qui trinh san xuat va luu thong san pham

Nhu da trinh biy d tren, d Nhit Bin, Mangaka lim viec doc lip vi chiu ttich nhiem ci nhin ttong viec hinh thinh y tudng vi hoin tit tic pham cua chinh minh. Tuy nhien, nhi xuit bin lai ed vai trd dua tic phim din ban dpc, v i md rdng lgi nhuin cho Mangaka. Tinh din nim 1984, cd khoing 70 nhi xuit bin d Nhat Bin xuat bin tap chi Manga cic loai, khoing 50 nhi xuit bin xuit bin sach Manga dang bia mem. Cung nhu cic nin cdng nghiep khic, cdng nghiep xuit bin Manga d Nhat Bin eung dupc phin ting. Ting tren li cic nhi xuit bin ldn ddc quyin xuit bin Manga dinh cho thiiu nien, nhi ddng vi nhung Manga "kinh

dien" - hai thi loai dupc dinh gii li mang lai nhieu lpi nhuin nhat. Dien hinh nhu, nhi xuit ban Kodansha, Shggakkan, Shueisha... Ting tiep theo la cic nhi xuit bin cd qui md nhd hem mdt chut, nhu: nhi xuit bin Shonen Gahosha, Hakusensho, Futabasha, Kobunsha... Tang duai cimg l i cic nhi xuit ban c6 qui md nhd. Cudc canh ttanh de tdn tai cua cic nhi xuit bin nhd het siic khdc Udt, thuang cic nhi xuit bin niy thudng xuit bin nhiing the loai Manga ehuyen biet eho mdt ddi tupng dpe gii nhit dinh, nhu Manga Ero (Manga tinh due dinh cho ngudi Idn).

Ddi vdi cac nhi xuit ban. Manga li thi loai in phim it phii bien tip nhit. Thdng thudng, d cic nhi xuit bin nhd, ngudi ta chi cin mpt bien tip vien chiu ttich nhiem cho toin bd mdt loai tap chi. Nhung d cic nhi xuit bin ldn cd loai tap chi Manga cin den 20 bien tip vien. Nhi xuat ban Kodansha cd khoing 150 bien tip vien. Hp khdng dan gian chi lya chpn, de xuit ding truyen, dpc sua ban in, ttinh biy,... mi cdn phai lien he, dit hing, thuc giyc va tao ip lyc vdi cic Mangaka. Bdi viy, bien tip vien Manga a Nhit Bin cd vai trd nhu li chiec ciu ndi gitta Mangaka va nhi xuit bin. Hp phii canh franh khdc liet trong viec ky ket hpp tic vdi cic Mangaka "in khich", nhit li frong mgt mdi trudng xa hdi dupc coi li nhiiu li nghia nhu d Nhit Bin. Bien tip vien Manga dugc phac hga li hinh inh mdt ngudi kheo leo, hieu le nghia, thin frgng, khdm ndm, nhimg cung cling rin vi rit quyet liet. Hg kheg leg, khdm ndm, hieu Id nghia. lich sy khi tiep can Mangaka vi nguai quin ly cua Mangaka, thin trgng trong ldi ndi v i hinh ddng khi giyc bin thio vdi cic

HGHIEN Cflu OONG BflC fl. s6 8(174) 8-2015 49

Nghien cihi khoa hpc

hga si danh tiing, ciing rin quyit lidt khi giim sit Mangaka quen hoac chim nop bai.

Bin thio sau khi dupc len khung, in thu di duyet lin cudi, se dupc chuyen den in tai cic nha thiu phy. Viec hoin tit ca quyin se khdng dupc thyc hien tai mdt nhi thiu, ma nd dupc chuyen nghiep hda, cd nhi thiu chi chuyen chiu ttich nhiem m bia, nha thiu phy trich in ndi dung, nhi thiu phy ttich ddng quyin... Nhitag cudn sach, tap chi hoan chinh se dupe chuyen ve cac kho cua nhi xuit ban, rdi dupc chuyen den cic dai ly phin phii. d Nhit Ban cd khoang 70 dai ly phin phii, nhung chi rieng hai nhi phin phdi Tohan vi Nippon Shuppan Hanbai di nim gitt 90% thi phin. Cic dai ly phin phdi se phan phii sich den tit ci cic nha sach, hieu sach, va tit c i cic ca sd bin le ttong toin qudc nhu: cda hing 24/24 gid, ciy bin tu dgng, quay sich big ttong cic nhi ga... Tinh den nim 2004, trdn toin Nhit Bin ed khoang 34.241 noi ban phit hinh Manga, vdi 208.458 laoddng (khdng ki nhin vidn cua hang 24/24)".

Thdng thudng cic xuit bin "phim ndi chung cda Nhit Bin trudc khi dua ra phat hinh di dupc nhi xuit bin in dinh mdt gia cd dinh vi thdng nhit tren ci nudc, viec bin hing li theo dang ky giii. Nhung gin day, do nhieu nguydn nhan, trong dd ndi bit li do sy phit triin cua mang Intemet vi xuit bin dien tu, nen cic in phim ddng dang phat hanh tten msmg cd gii re han in pham giiy 2-3 lin. Cdng vdi dd, li sy xuit hien cua he thdng cua hang "sich mdi da qua su dung", bin nhttng in phim mdi nhung gii re da

y l-t L X a t B * (van h6a Manga oNhat Ban: Nhin tir thj tiuimg Manga, 2006).

khien cho die trung "gii ca cd djnh" ttong he thing phin phdi xuit bin phim cua Nhat Ban bi phan hda. Trudc tinh hinh do, vao nim 2004 cic td chiic, hiep hdi cua nganh cdng nghiep xuat bin di ldn tieng phin dii viec ban giim gii, dua ra yeu ciu gift nguyen gii cd dinh. Bp Kinh ti, Thuang mai vi Cdng nghiep ciing da md nhiiu hdi nghj bin ve vin de niy, nhung cung chua dua ra dupc giii phap hull hieu cho viec djnh gia in phim khi luu thdng tren thj truong.

5. Sir lien ket giira cdng nghiep Manga vdi cac nganh cdng nghiep van hda khac

+ Lien ket vdi cong nghiep Anime (hogt hinh): Khi ndi den Manga, cic nha nghien Cliu, kinh t i Nhit Bin thudng dung cum tii "Manga - Anime" bdi khd ed thi tach roi lpi ich kinh te cua hai nginh nay. Tir nhttng nim cua thip nien I960, tic phim Manga ndi tieng, dupc nhieu ngudi yeu thich thudng dupc ehuyen the thinh Anime (hoat hinh, thudng ggi li animetign), ndn cd the ndi hai nginh niy cd mdi quan hd tuong ho vdi nhau. Cd mdt dieu die Met li thu phip d Manga hien dai cung dugc ip dung vao Anime, vide don gian net ve, chu trgng xay dung cdt truyen, don giin hda cic chuyen dgng, giim khung hinh xudng dudi con so 24 hinh/I giiy di lim cho nginh cong nghiep boat hinh cua Nhit Bin giim dupc rit nhieu chi phi sin xuit. Cd the ndi. Manga di ciing vdi truyin hinh giup cho nganh cdng nghiep Anime Nhit Bin phat triin ldn manh khdng chi ttong nudc mi ci tren thi trudng the gidi. Vi du, vio thing 2 nam 1964, Manga Obake no Q Taro (Con ma Q Taro) cua hpa si Fujio Fujiko lin diu tien dupe dang ttdn tap chi Shonen Sunday ciia nhi xuat bin Shogakukan, truyen dupc yeu thich nen da dupe ding tten 7 tap chi khac

50 NGHIEH Cflu {>6HG BflC fl. Sd 8(174) 8-201!

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danh cho ddc gii nhd tudi hon, ning tdng sd phit hinh len den 5,7 trieu bin, dupc chuyin the sang Anime phit tren cic kenh boat hinh. Bg phim di tao nen can sdt luc biy gid vi dupc 40 kenh ky hgp ddng phit sdng. Bp Manga di dem lai Igi nhuin to ldn cho nha xuit ban Shogakukan va tic gii luc biy gid.

Vio nam 1981, trung binh mdt tuin cd hon 100 chuang trinh boat hinh tren cac kenh truyen hinh cua Nhat Bin. Theo thing ke eua Vien Nghien cim su phit trien cua truyen thdng dai chung thi qui md cua thj trudng Anime cua Nhit Bin nam 2003 dat 191,2 ty yen, bao gdm doanh thu tir cic phdng chieu, cho thue va ban video, DVD

Anime. Rieng trong nim niy cd 20.659.179 ngudi (khoing 1/6 din sd) din rap xem phim boat hinh, khdng ki xem trdn cac kenh truyen hinh. Hiu hit cic phim hoat hinh diu li chuyen the tu Manga. Theo diiu tta cua Bp Kinh te Nhit Ban, thi ttong nhirng nim cudi thip nien 1990, doanh thu tir Anime cua Nhat Bin ludn chiem 65% ting doanh thu cda thi trudng Anime toin the gidi. Hieu ling tir Manga di dem I i nhiing khoin doanh thu khdng nhd cho nginh cdng nghipp Anime, ngupc lai cing nhd sdc hut cua Anime nen lugng tieu thy Manga cung khdng ngimg tang len.

So' do 1: Qui trinh san xuat va phan phdi Manga

IVIangaka Len ke hoach san xual

Nha xuat ban

Hieu sich

Hieu sach

In dn, ddng quyen Nha thau phu

Ciia hang

24h

Phdn phoi Cac dai ly

He thong ban le

Cira hang hgp tac

Gian

hang mdi

Nu6c

ngoai

Dpc gia/ Ngutri tieu diing

Ngudn: Ro Reirei ( 2006). Vdn hda Manga a Nhdt Bdn: Nhin tie Thi trudng Manga

HGHIEH Cflu DdHG BflC fl. Sd 8(174) 8-2015 51

Nghien cihi khoa hpc

So dd 2: Mdi lien kit ciia cdng nghiep Manga vdi cac nginh cdng nghiep khic

DVD

NguSn: 'PWm^ff (2004) ^ > - ^ » J f , ^ < . tr.79)

+ Lien ket vdi dien dnh: Nhieu tic phim Manga cung da thu dupc thanh cdng khi chuyen the sang phim dien inh. Vi du, nhu bd phim Oldboy (2003) dupc dao dien Park Chan Wook Han Qudc chuyen thi tir loat manga ciing ten cua Garon Tsuchiya. Bd phim dien inh chinh phuc hoin toin khin gii the gidi, gianh giii thudng ldn tai Lien hoan phim Cannes 2004 vi dupc CNN xip vio danh sich 10 bd phim Chiu A hay nhit mpi thdi dai. Uzumaki (2000), dupc chuyin the tir mdt ttong nhirng loat Manga kinh dj

M0tMo P79 (Cong nghiep Manga 2004,

cua tic gii Junji Ito, phidn ban dien inh gin nhu truyen tii dupc ttpn ven bp Manga goc. Die biet bp phim Nana yori Dango (Boy over Flower/Vudn sao bang) dya tren bo Manga cimg ten cua tic gii Kamio Yoke di dupe sin xuit tai Nhit Bin, Dii Loan va Hin Qudc di trd thinh mdt trong nhttng bp phim thin tupng thu hut dgc gii ntt tre toan Chiu A.

Ngoii ra. Manga cung cd siic inh hudng ldn tdi dipn inh the gidi. Phim Pacific Rim (ten cd nghia diing l i Vanh dai Thai Blnh

52 HGHIEN Cflu D O N G BflC fl. Sd 8(174) 8-2015

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Duang, dupc phat hinh d Viet Nam vdi ten Sieu dgi chien) nhin vat chinh cua bd phim nay li Kaiju v i Jaeger. Ci hai cii ten niy deu cd cii gi do quen thupc vdi nhirng ai say me cic bd truyen Manga cua Nhit Bin. Dao dien ngudi Mexico, dng Guillermo del Toro, ciing thu nhin ring dng chju inh hudng tu y tudng cua ngudi Nhit ve cic cupc dai chiin cua sieu nhin robot loii ngudi vdi cic loii quii vit den tir hinh tinh khic; phim Vua su tic cua Walt Disney thyc hien cdng dupc phdng tic tir truyen cua Tezuka Osamu. Cd the ndi, nhieu tic phim cua cic tic gii thi loai SF Manga (the loai Manga khoa hpe viin tudng) nhu Miyazaki, Katsuhiro Otomo, Taiyo Matsumoto vi Naoki Urasawa... di trd thinh ngudn cam himg sang tao cho cic dao diin dien inh the gidi.

+ Lien ket vdi cdc ngdnh sdn xudt hdng tieu diing: Thdng thudng hinh inh cua cic nhan vat trong cic tic pham Manga ndi tieng nhu: meo may Doraemon, Kitty, nu Thuy thu mat tring. Dragon ball... se dupc su dung lim hinh anh trang tri trong nhieu sin phim tieu dung. Vi dy, nhin vat chu meo nhd Hello Kitty, biiu tupng cho tinh chit kawaii Nhit Bin (xinh xin, nhd nhin, de thuong) do Hang Sanrio chi tao nim 1974 da dem vi cho nudc Nhat 700 trieu euro...

dinh Manga xiing dang dupc ngudi Nhit Bin coi nhu l i mdt phit minh cua hp sau Chiin tranh Thi gidi hai.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Paul Gravett (2004), Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics, Laurence King Publishing Ltd.

2. Frederik L.Schodt (1988), MangalMangal The World of Japanese Comics, Kodansha Intemational Ltd.

3. tBKtt* (2010, "tiifis.mm^m loor (Nien bieu xuat ban nam 2009).

4. XW9??.Wf (2014) , ^^yf^ — e iy:^Mzm-t?>m^i^^ 2014 (Diiu tta lien quan den kinh doanh hinh tupng nhan vat 2014).

5. S^J^(2Q06),B^iCtini,^yifX it : -7'^ji^—fry Yk l ^ r a f c H * (Van hda Manga d Nhat Ban: Nhin tir thi trudng Manga).

6. iplfBftf (2004) ,-7V1i!mtWi (.Cong nghiep Manga luan), ^ ^ # . ^ .

7. Hiep hpi Xuat ban, Vien Nghien ciiu Khoa hpc Xuat ban (2014), Thi trudng Manga ndm 207J, thing 2/2014.

Thj trudng Manga d Nhit Bin di dupc cdng nghiep hda vio nhung nim 1960. Trii qua gin 60 nim, nin cdng nghiep niy di ttd thanh mdt nin cdng nghiep truyen tranh thinh cdng nhit thi gidi. Thinh cdng niy khdng chi cho thiy vai trd cua nd ttong nin kinh ti , mi cdn li mpt minh chirng khing

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