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4T0 b cboch pa6oTe ohh He aocrara ioT ucjih, TaK KaK iipeneGpeweHHe k Me-

lOflHKe m cth t 3a ce6a. A.BJlynaMapcKHH BcnoMHHaji cjioBa B .H . JleHHHa:

«...Heaocxaex opa-ropoB. H Bce ae jio crpaaaeT...»

MajioiKWOTOBjieHHhie JieKTopbi CHHwaiOT ypoBenb npeno^asaHHa, a no-

pofl h fli-icKpeAH XH pyioT ca M yro n a e io 06pa30BanHa. YMeHHe xopou io MnxaTb

JieKUHH He BXOJIHT y Hac, KaK STO HH CTpaHHO, B KBajlM(})HKaUHK) JieKTopa.

npHCBOeHHe flOUeHTCKHX H npO(J)eCCOpCKHX 3B3HHH KpHTepHeM CBOHM HMeeT

KOJiHMecxBO nenaTHofi npoflyK U H H h cTaw p a 6 oTb i b By3ax, a He J ie ic io p c K o e

M acTepcTBO . n ocK O J ib K y j ie ic r o p c K o e M acTepcTBO HiiKaK He n o o m p a e T c a , y

HeKoxopbix Mojioawx npenoaaBaTejieft HeT h wejiaHHa pa6oTaTb Haa c o 6 o h b

MeTOjiHMecKOM n jiaH e: « h TaK c o i in e T » n pH o 6 cy>KjieHHH jickuhh Ha Kacjiea-

pax no4TH B c e ra a cH H TaeTca H e y a o 6 HbiM h 3 jioh ch o n oH S T o fi «neaarornH e-

CKOft 3THKH» KacaTbCa M aCTepCTBa npOHTeHHH JieKUHH.

O SyneH ne h BocnwTaHHe npeanojiaraer KyjibTypy jieKUHOHHoro aeiia.

llp en oaaB aT eab ryMaHHTapHbix HayK aocTHraeT 3HaHHH h cji0BecH0ro Mac-

TepcxBa rojib.Ko k naxuaecaTii roaaM, b o tjih h h h , CKaweM, MareMaTHKOB, rae

aoKTopaMH HayK CTaHOBaTCa ropa3ao paHbiue, rae hvvkch xajiaHT, aap.

Uejiaa 3p M n a xopou io noaroTO B JieH H bix JieKTopoB iiywua c e fra c . JleK-

UHOHHOMy MacTepcTBy Heo6xoaHMO CHCTeMaTHMecKH, ao jiro h ynopHO ynnrb

h y m iT b c a Ha o6pa3uax opaTopcKoro HCKyccTBa r ip ou n ib ix 3n o x o t 3h tm h h oh

f'p eu H H ao HauiHX a n e ii . HcTopHa 3H aeT rui3MeHHbix op a T op oB , H a poaH b ix

xpHOvHOB. Ecxb CHJibHbie opaTopw cpean npo({)eccopcKO-npenoaaBaTejibCKoro

c o c t s b s h b HauieM y HHBepcHTeTe. 0 h h x TaKwe c t o h t oco6o cKa3aTb.

H a a o VMHXbca M a cx ep cT B y h Ha c o 6 c tb c h h o m jw k u h o h h o m o n b iT e , c o -

B epm eH C TB yacb b ch k h h p a 3 , a TaK ace Ha o n b iT e a p y rH X j ie m o p o B - x o p o u iH x

h a a w e n n o x iix . C jia 6 aa JieKUHa M o w e x noMOHb B jiym h h bom y nejiO Beicy n o -

Haxb, KaK He H a ao HHTarb jick u h h . M , HaKOHeu, yH H Tbca M acT ep cTB y c a e a y e T

n yxeM CH CTeM aTH H ecKoro 3naKOMCTBa c M eT o jn iH ecK o fi jn n e p a T y p o ft . H p o -

o .ieM b i j ie K u n o H H o ro H cn yccT B a a o j i * H b i cTaTb npeaM eTO M c a M o ro c e p b e 3HO-

r o h r j i y 6 o K o r o m yq en H H .

7

CaMO co6oh pa3yMeeTca, h to jieKTopy noaaraeTca otjihhho 3HaTb CBoftj

npeflMeT. H o hto6m CToaTb Ha Bbicore aeKuuomibix 3aaan, Heo6xoaHMO eme|

jiio6HTb HayKy h aioaeH, kotopwm tm Heceuib 3iiaHHa. Be3 3Toro aeKiuia 6yaeTi

cyxa, MepTBa JleKTOpCKHft TajiaHT h coc to h t, n0-BHaHM0My. b VBJieHeHHOCTjJ

cbohm ziejioM, Koraa JieKTop hcthhho «ayxoB iioH waacaoio tomhm» h noaoHl we;iaHH» «raaroaoM acenb cepaua jn oae fi». 3 t o cHJibHefimee hvbctbo rpaw aaJ

HHHa h nponaraHUHCTa 3HaHHM cocTaBJiaer xcHByio a y my JieKUHH, aBJiaeTca ee

amoicymeft canon. O ho ae jiaer B03M0acHbiM HHxaTb Kawayto jickuhio (nycrb b

coTbifl pa3!) c B00aymeBJieHHeM h nojmoiS caMOOTaaneH. Tojibko Toraa JieK-

Top ocTaeTca HHTepecHbiM h aceaaHHbiM a a » CTyaeHTOB. BcTynaa Ha jreKTop-

ckhh nyTb, neo6xoaHMO pa3BHBaTb b ce6e Bce 3th BaacHeinnHe KanecTBaf

Bo3paa<aa npoTHB yBJieneHHa «MOJioaocTbio» Ha ryMaHHTapHbix HayKax cKa-

a<eM, h to crioco6Hbix npenoaaBaTeaeft Haao 3aHHMaTb ucjihkom h 6epe>ib

cyry6o. CeroaHa, SoJibme neM Koraa-jm6o, Kaa<awtt JieKTop, Kaacawft npeno-

aaBaTeJib o6a3an 6biTb BSbicKaTeabHWM k coaepacaHHio cbohx jickuhh h no-

CToaHno coBepmeHCTBOBaTb CBoe MeToaHHecKoe h opaTopcKoe MacTepcTBo.Meraabi noaroTOBKH h 3aKOHOMepHOCTH nocTpoeHHa jickuhh no nojin-!

TOJIOrHH HMeiOT CBOH OCOOeuHOCTH, BblTeKaiOmHe H 3 MeTOaOJIOrHHeCKHX oc-

hob h coaeparaHna noaiiToaorHH.

B nojiHTojiorHH HeT eaHHoii yHHBepcajibHOH MeroaoJiorHH. C bob mcto-

aojiorHa coaepa(HTca b Kaacaofi nojiHTfiHCCKOH TeopHH. C kojilko MHp0B03-

3peHnecKHx napaanrM, CTOJibKo h cuocoOob o6-bacHeHHa aajienHH.

T e M ne MeHee, xapaKTepeH Ha6 op HanSoaee pacnpocTpaHeHHbix Me-

ToaoB c6opa, o 6pa6 oTKH, HHTepnpeTamiH HHibopMauHH. MeToaoaoniHecKHe

0CH0Bbi h coaep/KaHue nojiHTojiorHH, KaK HayKH, Tpe6yioT CTpororo co6jnoae- hhh OCHOBHbIX iipHHiiHnoB npenoaaBaHHa. P a c c M O T p H M HeKOTOpwe oouine

npHHUHiibi. co6jnoaeHHe KOTopwx 06a3aTejibH0 npH noaroTOBKe jickumM joo-

6oro BHaa.K o H K p eTHO-HCTopHHecKHfi no a x o a O o « 3aTeabHbiM Tpe6oBaHHeM,

upea'baBaaeMbiM k jieKiuwM no nojiHTojiorHH, KaK h no apyrHM ryMaHHTap- iibiM HayKaM, aBaaeTca CHcrerviaTHMecKoe h iiocaeaoBaTejibiioe co6aioaeHnc

KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpHHeCKOTO npHHUHna npH paCKpblTHH H 06-baCHeHHH nOJTHTH- necKHx MBaeHHii h coobnaifi.

Coaepa<aHHe jickuhh 3 to HCTopHHecKne npoueccbi, aB.neHHa, co6biTHa

npoHcxoaHBm He h n pon cxoaa iu u e b MHpe. TeoperaH ecK H H yp o se iib acKuuft

MO>KeT obiTb o o ecn eu en npn ycaoBHH KOHKpeTHO-ncTopHHecKoro noaxoaa

npH paCKpblTHH H o6T>aCHeHHH aBJieHHfi H COShlTHM. npH 3T0M TJiaBHblM KpH-

xepneM npiiH unna ncTopii3M a aBjiaeTca o6beKTiiBHoe O TKom einie k nojiHTH-

necKMM, HCTopHnecKHM ({jaKTaM, c ip o r o e npaBanBoe hx H3aoaceHHe. H M em io

noao6H bin n o a x o a no3BOJiaeT p em n rb M H orae npo6aeM bi KaK nayHHoro, TaK

h npaKTHHecKoro ruiana, b tom H iicae KyabTvpubie. HauHOHajibHbie, npoSjieMbi

(|)opMHpoBaHHa h pa3BHTHa noaHTHnecKoro co3HaHHa MoaoaeacH. TaK oii noa-

8

n V ! n03B0 JiaeT r j i y 6 * e BCKpw xb h a H aa m H p oB a T b B3aHMOCBH3b h b jich h h h

c o 6 b iT H ii , ( j o j i e e y S e z iH T e jib H O n o K a 3 b m a T b 33K O H O M epH O C TH h T e w ie H iU M

oo m e cx B eH H o ro p a 3B H Tra , o 6 ecneH H B aeT H3yn eH H e n o jiH m n o rH H Ha 6 o j ie e

BblCOKOM TeOpeTHHeCKOM yp oB H e .

jjo chx nop ocTaeTca b caiie jieHHHCKoe Ha3RaaHHe o tom, H ro6bi He 3a-

rep a T b ca b M a cce MejioneH hjih rp 0Maa,H0M p a 3H0 0 6 pa3HH Goproumxca MHe-

hhh, Haao He 3a6biBaTb ochobhom HCTopmecKofi cb«3h, CMOTpeTb Ha Kaac- UbiH Bonpoc C TOHKH 3peHHH TOTO, KaK H3BCCTHOe HBJieHHe B HCTODHH B03- h h k jio , KaKHe Jiaribi n pou u io h c tohkh speHtifl 3Toro e r o pa'iBHTHH CMOTpeTb,

neM aaHHaa Be m b cTajia Tenepb. 3 to t npHHUHn o6»3biBaeT npenoaaBaTejia

npn noaro roBKe JieKUHH no nojiHTOJioraH Bwaejiaxb masnbie Bonpocw, CMejio

h rjiy60K0 aHajiH3HpoBaTb hx, BcecTopoHHe pacKpbmaTb TeoperaHecKHe npo- 6jieMbi, HdopHHecKHe h nojiHTHHecKHe coobiTHa. Co6jiro/ieHHe 3Toro npHHUH- na noMoraeT HayHHTb CTyaeHTOB caMOCTOHTejibHO aHajncupoBaTb ofimecTBeH- Hbie HBjreHHH, rjiy6>Ke royHHTb reopexHHecKHH M a iep H a ji, onbiT hctophh.

H cT opH H ecK H fi n o f l x o a k H3y H en H io (J)3k to b h c o 6 biTHH n p o u u io r o 03Ha-

HaeT, HTO HeJIb3 H BbipblBaTb HBJieHHe H3 e r o nOJIHTHHeCKHX, HCTOpHHeCKHX

yCJIOBHH, M O£epHH 3HpOBaTb HCTOpHK) B COOTBCTCTBHH C COBpeMeHHblMH

B3 ra H fla M H h npeacTaB J ieH H «M H . M cTop H H ecK H e 3£C J iy ra c y a s T c s He n o T O M y ,

n e r o n e a a j iH h c t o p h h ecK H e, nojiH TH H ecKH e a e a x e jiH cpaBHHTejibHO c c o B p e -

M eH H b lM H T p e S o B a H H H M H , a n o T O M y , HTO OHH a a j IH H O B O rO CpaBHHTejibHO CO

c b o h m h n penm ecTB en H H K aM H .

ICoHKpeTHo-HCTopHHecKHH n o i ix o f l n o jia ra e T BbiacHeHHe ksk o 6 m n x , TaK

h C B oeo6 p a3H bix H epT, n p H cym H X cou n a jibH b iM hb jichhh m , pacKpbirae o S t e K -

th b h o c y m e c ib y r o i i iH x cB a3e f i M e * a y (JjaKTaMH, BbiacH eH H e h x cneiiH c()H K n c yneTOM n pocrpaH C TB eH H o-B peM eH H bix c B »3eH. «C jiyH a H H O C T b », «a jib T ep H a T H -

B a» h i ip y r n e BapnaTHBHbie (H a n p H M ep , p e ra o ira jib H b ie ) m o m ch tw , h c c o m h c h -

HO, HMeiOT MeCTO B peaJIbHOH JKH3HH. I IOZUTHHHblH HCTOpH3M He MO)KeT B03-

Bbim aTbca n a a ycJiOBHaMH M ecT a h BpeMeHH.

Fj i y 6 nHa HCTopHHecKOro noaxoaa o n p e a e jia e T c a He TOJibKO TeM , Ha-

CKoubKo B b iacH en a cneuH<}>HKa aaHHoro aBJieHHa, h o h TeM , HacKOJibKO wccjie- AOBaTejib cyMen oxB aTH Tb u e j io c r a o c T b o 6 m ecT B eH H oro op ra H H 3Ma, pacK p b iT b

OTae.ibHbie ero CToponbi, onpeaejiHTb B ea yu jH e T en a eH iW H n c T o p H H ecK o ro

npouecca. T o jib K O Ha s t o h 6a3e, T.e. yH H Tbm aa b nepByio o n e p e a t ocHOBHbie

H ep T b l p a3JIHHHa p a 3HbIX « 3n O X » ( a He OTaeJIbHbIX 3 IIH30A 0 B HCTOpHH OTfleJIb-

HblX CTpaH), MO>KeM Mbi IipaBHJIbHO IlOCTpOHTb CBOIO TaKTHKy. ToJIbKO 3H3HHe

o c h o b h m x nepT flaHHoft 3HOXH m ovk ct nocjiy>KHTb o a s o ft a n a y n e T a 6onee a e -

TajibHbix oco6eHHocreH t o ft mm h h o S crpaHbi. 3 th m T p e 6 oBaHHaM h yaoBJie- T B op aeT K O H K peTH o-H c iop iiH ecK H H npHHUHn riOHHMaHHH oS m e cT B e H H o ro n p o

uecca. flpHHUHn HCToproMa peajibHO yHHTbiBaeT CTeneHb o o lu h o c th , i i o b t o -

p a e M o c ra h cneuH(J)HKH b c o u n a jib iib ix aBJieHHax. H c T o p H 3M rio3B o x a e -r n o -

H STb B3aHM OCBH3b p a 3JIHHHbIX CTOpOH COUHaJIbHOH >KH3HH.

9

Cjiejtyiomaa ncnHaBaTejibnaa cpyHKLwa HCTopH3Ma 33KjnoH3eTC8 b tom I

hto 6naroflapa eiwy, bo3mo>kho K0HKpeTH3Kp0BaTb h yroHHHTb snaHna o Aefi. 1

CTBHTe.TbHOCTH. He06x0AHM0CTb TaKOTO yTOHHeHHH B03HHK3CT KaK B CHJiy* pa3BHTHa COUHaJIbHOft AeHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, IKKlBOJIflKHIietO m yfw e OUeHHTb®

(|)aKTbi npomnoro, OTflejibHbie nocAeACTBHH mynacMoro coobiTHH, TaK h b ch- 1

jiy pasBHTiw ca.Mott HayKH, ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHsr mctoahkh nojiHTOJioro-1

HCTopmteoKoro uccjieAOBamia. 1H cTO pm ecK H fi n pou ecc flHHaMiraeH. H cropn 3M Ka.K m cto AOJioni1-!?c kh8 I

npHHunn ri03B0_Taer noHSTb CTaAHio 3 Toro n pou ecca , e ro pea jibnyro ahhsm h- 1

Ky. O rctOAa BbircKaer saAana HccjieAOBanna Been C0B0KynH0CTH cocTaBJuno- I

mtix AaHHbiM n pou ecc (])3ktob , coo th o h ich h h o S m ero h o c o 6eHHoro, o 6i>eK-

THBHMX H Cy OT.eKTHFiHbIX (fjaKTOpOB oSujeCTBCHHOrO pa3BHTHH.

YacHeHne pojin HCTOpH3Ma b no3H3HHH - He0TAe;iHM0 o t HirrepnpeTauHH

onbiTa npoumoro, ero CB»3efi c coBpeMennocTbro, HCTopmecKofi npeeMCT- BeHHOCTH orrbiTa, OTHOinemra k H3K0imeHH0My onbiTy, TBopnecKoe ocMbicjie- HHe h npeBpsmeHHe ero b opyAMe counajibHOH npaKTHKH. On bit co3AaeT

CB«3b noKoneHHH. «yBaweHHe k MHHysuieMy - bot HepTa, oTJiHH3iomaa o6pa-1

30BaHH0CTb ot ahkocth», - nucaji A .C . IlynJKHH (ITymKHH A .C . ITojih. co6p. j com. M., 1950, t.5, c l 65). Fop/i HTbcs cjiasoio cbohx npeAKOB He tojibko mo>k- ho, ho h Hy*HO (t 3m ace c.165). ® M flocToeBCKHft BbicTynaji npoTHB HAeajra- 331THH cTapHHbi, cHHTas neo6xoAHMbiM «6paTb H3 npouuioro BCe HOJie3HOe, j hto noMoraeT jiynme BocnpHHMMaib Hacrosiaee». 3Ta mwcjib am y n n a bh - CKa3biBaHWK) H.C.TypreHeBa: Mbi icynaeM HCTopmo « b >khboh cb«3h c Aen- ! CTBHTejibHOCTbK), c HamHM naoTossuHM h HaniHM 6vAyiunM» (LJht. no: He- penHHH J7.B. McropnHecKne B3rjiHAb; wiaccmcoB pyccKoii jiHTepaTypw. M., 1968, c.l 13-114). H .B. ForoJii. b cboch paGore « 0 npenoAaBamm Bceo6nieft HCTopHH» nncaji o HeooxoAHMocra opraHHHecKoro coeAHHemw m y n e u m

BCeMHpHOft HCTOpHH C HaUHOH3JIbHOH HCTOpHeH OTAC.TbHblX H3POAOB H TOCy- AapcTB (TaM >Ke c.91).

3HaHHe Ae^icTBHTejibHOH HCTopim - kjhoh k no3H3Hiuo H acToam ero h

npeABHAeHHio SyAymero, k yacHeHHio 33K0H0MepH0CTH counajibH oro npo- j rpecca . «M b i aojihchbi m yn aTb (jjaKTbi nponuioft >km3HH HejiOBenecTBa, - nn-

caji F.B. lljrexaHOB, - a.™ T oro , hto6bi OTKpbiTb b hhx 3aKOHbi nporpecca . By- |

Aymce cnocooeH npeABHAeTb tot. kto noHjui npom eAuiee» (FI.tcxshob F.B. j

H36p3fflu»ie (})HJi0C0(|)CKHe nporoBeAemw. M „ 1956, t. 1, c. 537).HcTopiiH, nepecMaipHBaeT CBoe ncTopn>iecKoe nponuioe. «F l0CJieA0Ba-

Tejibiio orjiaAbiBaacb, - nncaji A .H . FcpueH, - mbi cmotphm H3 npouieAiiiee

BCHKHH p33 HH3He; BCSKHH p33 pa3r.nHAbiB.aeM B HeM HOByiO CTopoHy, bcskiiS

pa3 npHoaBjiacM k ypa3yMeHHio ero nech onbiT BHOBb npoftAeHHoro HaMH

nyTH» (repueH A.H . coh. b 30-h t., t.3, c.24). KpHTHHecKnti nepecMOTp pa3 j yTBepuHBiiiHxca tohck ipcHns Ha cjiaKTbi h coSbiraa npouuioro, nepeoueHKa

HCTOpmeCKHX ueHHOCTeM CBS3aHbI H c T3KHMH Ba>KHbIMH (J)3KT0paMH, K3K 06-10

Hapy>KeHHe H0BbIX HCTOpHHeCKHX HCTOHHHKOB, COBepUleHC,. norHH HCTOpHHeCKOft HayKH, MeTOflHKH HCCJiexiOBaHHH H T.fl.

COBpGMCHHOCTb - 3TO IlOJlMTMHeCKaH HCTOpHH. ripeACTaBJIt.

riOKpOBCKOrO O CBH3H HCTOpHH C I10JIHTHKOH nOJiyHHJlO y Hero KpaTK,

Btipa3HTeJibHyio cjjopMyJiy: ((Hctophh - sto nojiHTWKa, onpoKHHyTaa b nh

u ijroe » (Cm.: riporaB HCTopHnecKoft KOHuenuHH M.H. IloKpoBCKoro. C 6.ct.,s

v| 1990 nepeH3flaHHe. c .4 9 ). 0 6 3tom ace nwcan aHrjiHHCKHfi hctophk KOHua

XIX BeKa 3a. OpHMeH: «H cxop H H ecTb noJiHTHKa ripomefliuero, a noJinTM«a - MCTopiW HacToamero» (U,ht. no: MBaHOB B.B. CooxHomeHHe hctophh h co- BpeMeHHOCTH KaK M em noJion fH ecKaa npo6jieMa. M., 1973, c .69 ).

BpeMeHHoft pa36poc, KaK bhaho m3 npuBeaeHHbix BbicKa3bmaHHH, or- poMHtift, ho cyTb nOHHMaHHH KOHKpexHO-HCXopmecKoro noaxoaa K onbiTy

HCropHH - OflHa.B ayxoBHoH KyjibType nojiO/KHxejibHbic pe3yiibxaxbi xBopnecxBa Kawaofi

HCTopHHecKoft snoxH npeeMCTBeHHO nepexoaar k HOBOMy noKoneHHio b cboeft caM06biTH0H <})opMe. HaynHtie uchhocth He xepaiox nojiHocxwo CBoero

3Ha>ieHHH, ecjiH aawe ohh OTMeHeHbi nocneayiomHMH aocxiDKemiHMH HayHHofi MblCJlH. CoxpaHaeT UeHHOCXb CaM HCXOpHHeCKHH (|)aKT Toro HJIH HHOl'O OXKpbl- THa b HayKe, CBHaexeJibCxsyioinHft 06 HCT0pHHecK0M ypoBHe nayHHOH mhcjih.

YCHJTHaMH Bcex CBOHX [lOKOJleHHH MejlOBCHeCTBO HaKOnHJIO HeCMerHOe

6oraTCTBO ayxoB ffid x uenHocxeii. 3xo 6oraTCTBO c Kawaofi h oboh 3noxon

hctophh cTaHOBHTca Bee 6ojiee cmkhm, Macuixa6nbiM, n ocBoeHHe ero npea- cxaBJiaex co6oh cepbe3Hyio npo6jieMy opi aHHiauHM ayxoBHoro noTpe6nenHa

HejioBCKa. Map;i3 flHKKenc b caxupHqecKofi 3aMeTKe «IIpeano5KeHHa no nOBoay

TOIO, KaK I!03a6aBHTb nOTOMCTBO» pa3T.aCH^JI HHXaxeJIK) MOTHBbI CBOHX Hpo- HHMecKHx npeaaoweHHii: « A Beat noayMaxb TOJlbKO, KaKaa eMy (n oxoM cxB y )

npeacxonx yiiwa aea. TojibKo nponecxb bcc khhi h, nocMoxpexb Bee KapTHHbi h CTaTyn, nocjiyuiaxb bck> My3biKy, Koiopyro TaK weapo ocTaBJiaiOT eMy b

HacneacTBO rojinw Bocxnmennbix npeaKOB b xeneHHe M H orax noKOJieHHfl, h

t o 6yaex HejierKOH 3aaaHen. M y6eacaeH, mto aawe cthxob, HanncaHHbix cne- UHajibHo ana Hero, 6bmo 6bi aocTaTOHHO, hto6h jaM opow m b rojiOBy KOMy

yroaHo» (/Jhkkchc Llapn3. Co6p. com., t.28. M., 1959, c.228). K0HKpexH0- HCTopHHecKHii noaxoa k oueHKe HaKonneHHbix KyjibxypHiix uenHocxeii aojir

HccjieaoBaTejiefi, hojihthkob h npenoaaBaxejien. OxBexcxBeHHbift aHajiH3 npo- u u ioro pac4HiuaeT nyTb b 6y a y u ie e , a nojiyupaBaa top m o3 h t Bbipa6oTKy pe- ajIbHOH nojIHTHKH.

H a yn H o cT b . llpKnunn HayHHoro noaxoaa k myHeHino nojiHTOJiorHH

xpeGyex xaKwe, >no6bi npenoaaBaTeJiH yMejiH o6bacHHTb TpyaHOCTH, Heaoc- t3 tk h h oiuh6kh, h npHHHHbi h x nopoaMBiune; noKa3aTb nyra hx npeoaone- Hna. 3 t o 03Haqaei , h to npn n0ar0T0BKe k JieKunaM npenoaaBaTeab aoaaceH

npoayM aTb cHCTeMy aoKa3axejibcrB h BbiBoaoB. HayhHOCTb KaK ripHHimn hc-

4

11

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h o b h x 3HaHHft, aaex wuByio 3aHHxepecoBaHHOcxb b HayKe, hxo b cbo io onepeab B03Bbuu3ex b c io jieKUHOUHyio aeaxejibHocxb. Tsm , rn e ecxb HHxepec k

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12

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13

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14

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aojDKeH h o6a3an BbicTynaTb n ep ea ayam op H eH c onpeaejieH H oft n o 3Hunefl.

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15

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18

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19

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20

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TpH fleacK oro c o 6 o p a b xenem ie 400 c jihhihhm j k t (1 5 5 9 -1 9 6 6 rr ) BaxHKaH

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BKJnoHaji b ce6 a TbicaHH Ha3BaHHft, cpeflH Koxopbix 6m ah npoinBeaeHHSi bh- Aa iom axca MbicJiHxejieft, yneH bix, nHcaxejteii, HanpHMep fa jiH jiea , K onepnw -

Ka, CriHH03bi, KaHxa, Bajib3aKa, F ro ro , FeftHe h m hoi'hx A p yrn x . IloM eM y

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oTxecHsioxcfl Ha 3aAHHft nAaH hah BOBce jinm atorcH bosm ow hocxh (J>yHKUHO- HHpoBaHHa. TaK co3Aa ioxca 0nn03HUH0Hi«.ie chaw . M ceftnac npn nepexoae °T COIiHaAH3Ma K KanHX3AH3My COOXHOIHeHHe 3XHX HeHHOCTeft KOpeHHbIM o6Pa30M H3MeHHjiocb - 6ypwya3Haa cncxeM a uenHOcxefi 3aHHMaex rocnoa-CTByiomee noAWKeHHe, a counajiHcrHHecKaa oxxecHeHa h Hen36e>KHO c x o a h x

Ha Hex.

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J,K)6bix npoaBjieiiHH noAHXHHecKofl aKXHBHOCTH iiacejieHHH, MajieniuHe npoaB-

21

jieHHA 3THHMH0CTH b c<J)epe Kyjibrypw HcxyccTBa (KOMnaHHH BOKpyr ny6jiJ KauHH KHHr «Ka3axcTaH b 20-40-e roAbi X IX BeKa» E.BeKMaxaHOBa, «A s h a>> O. CyjiefiMeHOBa. «3THHHecKaa renoreorpa<j)MH Ka3axcTana», h «3THHMecKaj aHTponojiorna Ka3axcTaHa» O. HcMaryjioBa). CBH3b c coBpeMeHHOCTbio sto CKa*eM, 03HaHaeT noKa3aTb HaunonajibHyio nojiHTHKy CCCP h ee oramHe Ha coBpeMeHHOM 3Tane.

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cKofi 'ieMOKpaTHH. B 3to h CBH3H uejiecoo6pa3Ho OTCJienHTb aajibHewuiee

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pa3BHTHH nojiHTOJiorHH npeACTaeT riepeA ripenoflaBaTejieM h, c00TBeTCTBeHH0, nepeA CTyAeHTaMH b pa3Hbix acneKTax h riponBjieHHKx. f lp n TBopnecKOM

n o ax o ae k A e jiy nperioaaBaTejib HMeeT R03M0*H0CTb noKa3arb h t o o 6mee,

h to 3aKJiK)HeH0 b s to h npoS jieM e Ha Bcex STanax ee pa3BHTHfl h nenpepbiB-

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h o c th T o ro hjih HHoro jriojro/Kennfl, pa3yM Horo coothoiuchuh MarepnajiOB b

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b ry h jih HHyio n o jib3y . TaKHM 06pa30M, xopouiHH M exoa ncKaacaexca, ecan

bccxm neqecxHbiH npneM b BbmBJieHHH h cth hm . E cjih KpnxepHH HayHHOCxn b

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nojiHxojiorHH H 3o6m iyex xoMKa.vm 3peHH5i h aa w e B3aiiMOHCKJiiOHaK>mHMH. B nojiHXHKe He oonapytfXH bi 3aK0HH, Koxopbie 6 bi aeftcxBOBajiH xaioKe HeyMO-

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ro pa3Bnxna.

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23

pa3JIOTHMX TOHCK 3pCHH5i, paBHOIipaBHe pa3JIHHHbIX IIIKOJI, BOCriHTblB®

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ITOJIHTOJlOrHH. I

§2 . T e x n o jio n iH K on c i py H poB an n n j ic k u h h h cu cTeM aT ioau H H M a - 1

T e p n a jia k H eii I

FIjiaH jieKUHH. HoflroTOBKa k jicku hh BKjHonaeT b ce6a HecKOJibKO o c a

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jieKUHH h oroopa MaTepHajia. TeMy Ha.no c h ch oc tm o onpeaejiH Tb b ee Ha-* 3BaHHH h rpaitHuax, mto6bi cocxaBHTb ruiaH h uejieHanpaBjieHHO co6npaT«

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pa, Koraa b Heft ecTb TBep/thiw reopexHHecKHH cTepw enb. renepajibHaa jih-1

HHa MbicjiH. 3 th nojiO/KeHMH flOJiwHti 6 biTb Bceraa onopHbiMH b j ic k u h m

CTpoftHaa h CTporaa cxpyKxypa jicku hh h, npewae Bcero, ee xmaH ooecneHH-l BaeT neTKOCTb, acHOCTb h nocjie.aoBaTenbuocTb snjioweHHa H3ynaeM bix n p o -l

6jieM. I

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BaTbca o t Harpy30K h neperpy30K . n o iuiaHy jickuhh m o *h o cyzuiTb He TOJlbKO

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Bax G ya ym ero b uenoM rajioxceHHH h, cjie^oBaTejibHo, o TeoperaH ecK oft,

np0 (J)eccH0HajibH0H 3pejiocTM ee aBTopa, a rakvkc o KanecTBe B03fleHCTBiia H3

n pou ecc TBopnecTBa npenoaaBaTejia c o c to p o h w Kacjieapbi. Pa3pa6oTKa ae iicT -

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np0HHKH0BeHHH b caM yio cyTb TeMbi JieKUHH. ri03T0M y KawabiH npeno/xaBa-

Tejib a o jra eH cxpeMHTbca HenpeM eHno caM ocroaTejibno pa3pa6 oTaTb lu iaH j

24

ku hh , n p eo a o J ieT b B ce x p y a H o c n i b s to m o n e m . c jio w h o m a e j ie , a o

cB° e l nHTb c b o k ) n a u iy m vk h TepsaH H fi, Hen36e>KHbix npH caMOCTOflTejibHOM,

flHa HayMHOM, TeOpeTHHeCKOM peu ieH H H 3TOH -iaaaHH.

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biue 6yaeT oh o tc to « t i> o t c ym n ocT ii ee TeMbi.

3l pJiaH - 3to KOHCTpy KTHBHa3 (jiopMa JieKUHH, BbipawaromaH cyMMy “ B HX CBH3H H pa3BHTHH. ErO uejlb - KaK MOJKHO nOJIHee H JICHee BblHBHTb

tlm> b pacnoJioweHHH h nocjieflO BaTe.ibH O CTH n a c r e ft c o a e p w a m is . PaSoTa

Haa njiaHOM - TBopnectBO. Jleicrop BbicTynaeT b pojiH apxHTeKTopa, nuiy- mero HaHJiynuiHft BapnaHT sa/iyMaHnoro h m coopyaceHHa, hjih TexHOJiora, r o r o B s m e ro 6jiioao. r ijia H H a a o o6ayMbiBaTb TiuaTeJibHO, He pa3 B ce n e p e a e -

jibiBaa. B pe3yjibTaTe aoji*Ha 6i»iTb OTpa6oTaHa tohho xp0H0MeTpnp0Bannaa KOMno3HUHa, TaKaa cTpyK-rypa JieKUHH, b KOTopoft raaBHoe He 3acjioiwuiocb 6bi B TopocTeneH H biM , 6bwo oSecneneHo CBo6oaHoe TeneH H e M b icjiH h Ha Bce

XBaTHJIO BpeMeHH.Ecjih x o p o m e ro iuiaHa HeT, b JieKUHH ace paccbinaeTca, OHa - CJiyMaftnoe

c o 6paHHe UHTaT h cooopa>KeHHH, c ryaeH T y He 3a h to «3au en H Tbca ». H KaKofi

6bi coB epu ierab iH njiaH jicku hh hh c o 3/iauajics kcm -to, b m ccto caMoro npe-

noaaBaTejw , B jiaaerb no-H acToam eM y tcm oh oh Bce paBHO He Syaer h HHKa-

koh HacTOSiiueii jieKUHH Bce paBHO He HanHiuer; Bot noneMy onwTHbie yn e-

Hbie-uperioaaBaTe/ih Bceraa CTpeMHJiHCb h CTpeMSTCH k TOMy, 4To6h m ojio-

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njiaHbi cboh x JieKUHH, 4To6bi ohh coScTBeHHbiM yMOM Aoxo/iHjiH a o npa-

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MH CHJiaMH BblHCKHBailH, BblKOBblBajlH KOHUeniUIH, CTpOHJIH BblBOflbl, TO

ecTb orpaoaTUBajin cb o io T ex n o jio rm o .

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th k h co CTopoHbi MeTOfliiHecKOH ceKUHH npH pa36ope K aw floro H3 npeacraB- JiHeMbix BapnaHTOB raiaHa. Kawabin npenoaaBaTejib b xoae pa6oTbi Haa Te-

Mofl JieKUHH OTpaSaTbiBaeT He o jih h . He nsa h He Tpii BapnaHTa iuiaHa, noKa,

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ocHOBy. FIpHHeM, npu hobom MTeHHH JieKUHH, njiaH Bceraa nepecMaTpHBaeT- ca.

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nPenoaaBaTejib aocTaTOHHO yrjiySnjica b cyTb TeMbi jickuhh, hto oh nocTHr ociiOBbi TeopeiHHecKoro HayqHoro njiaHHpoBaHHa, hto oh HaKOimn onpeae- jieHHbie HaBbiKH h yMeeT npaBHjibHO «Hape3aTb» rjiaBHbie Bonpocbi h noaBO- npocbi JieKUHH HaH0o.nee cooTBeTCTByiomHM ee xapaKTepy MeToaoM (no npc- oJieMaM, no HCTopiiKo-xpoHOJioiHHecKOMy npHHUHny, nocpeacTBOM coMeTaHiin

Toro h apyroro), roraa, ho He paHee, yneHbie Ka<j>eapbi caamca paaoM c

MojioabiM npenoaaBaTejieM h noMoraK)T eMy b oKOHHaTejibHOH peaaKUHH ruiana JieKUHH.

25

llocjie 3ioro npeiioziaBaxe.ab nepexoziHT k peiueHiuo caMoii maBHofl aanh b nofli oTOBKe JieKUHH: k pa3pa6oTKe ran Ha3biBaeMoro «p a 6oHero rm J! Ha» hjih ripocneKTa jickuhh. Haao CKa3arb, hto ycneiuHoe pemeHHe

3aaaHH npeaonpe.aeJiaeT ycnex Bcefi pa6oTbi nan JieKUHeft. Bojiee Toro ■

koto ecTb «p a 6oHHH njiaH», to t (JmKTHHecKM ywe hmcct jickuhio. ' I«Pa6oHHH nJiaH» - sto noap oofib iii nepeneH b noxiB onpocoB no T ei^ fl

Kawaoro B onpoca a iiana, n o coBOKynHOCTb «3JieMeHTapHi>ix», T.e. oojiee y J

pa3.npo6HMbix, jioBeaeHHbtx no n p eaejia aejiHMOCTH qacTH bix 3aaan, n o a n e B w am u x pemeHHio; 3to noaJiHHHhift TeopeTHHecKH h «K apK ac» TeKCTa, o6pa| 3yeMbin MHOwecTBOM tohho HaMeneHHbix 3aaan, KOTopbie Heo6xoaHMO pejlUHTb.

He cTpeMacb k BHemHeMy peaaKUHOHHO-crariHCTHHecKOMy coBepineKCT* bv (jiopMyjiupoBOK Kawaoro Tanoro Bonpoca, npenoaaBaiejiH aojiwHbi cocpel flOTOHHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TOM, HTOSbl KaK M0>KH0 TOHHee Bbipa3HTb CyTb CBoero

iaMbicjia, h6o npn TaKOM o6hjihh naefi onenb Tpyano coxpaHHTb b iiaMHTil pa3JivrHHbie hx BapnauHH, acneKTbi h ottchkh, HaMeneHHBie nepBOHaMajibHol (DopMVJIHpOBKH we M O iyT OblTb H flJIHHHblMH, H HeVKJHOWHMH. HO 3TOro|

ooHibCH ue cjieayeT, TeM 6ojiee hto ohh aejiaioTCfl He Ha «bm hoc», He run

CTyaeHTOB, a juis ceoa, ajia Hcn0Jib30BaHHa b CBoew pa6oTe.

KaK noKa3biBaeT MHoroTpyaHbift om>rr pa6on>i sjnrrapHoft Hacra npeno-l aaBaie.ieH, ocymecTBHTb raKoe «pacmenjieHHe» Kawnoro Bonpoca jickuhh 4] aejio BecbMa h BecbMa HejierKoe. Oco6eHHo b caMOM nanaJie hhk3k He noa-j aaioTca «yjiaBJiHBaHHio» ee «3JieMeHTapHbie nacTHUbi», a ccjih noaaaeTCS

KaKaa, to aojiro noTOM He aaeT «cxBaTHTb» apvrne, HeoTcrynHo HaBa3bmaacb

caMa B pa3HbIX HOBbTX «oaeHHHax».

3aTo Koraa npouecc «pacmeiuieHHa», HaKOHeu, pa30Bberca bobcio, to-|

raa «3jieMeHTapHbie nacTHUbi», lipeacraujiHioiuHe coooh nacTHwe Boripocu

hjih 3aaaHH, nanHnaioT aoHHMaTb Teoa jihcm h nonbio. H b tb h h x cjiynaax

KaweTca, hto hct hh Konua, hh xpaa 3T0My upoueccy. B o t Toraa-To npHxo-0

AHTca nycKaTb b x o a MexaHH3M «T o p M o w eH H a », TaK KaK caM npen oaaB aT ejii

oSuhho OKasbiBaereji He b cunax BOBpeMa ocTaHOBHTbca. XojibKo peuiH-j rejibHbiM BMemaTejibCTBOM yaaeTca OcTaHOBHTbca h nepcKJHOHHTb ce6a wA pa3pa6oTKy npooJieM apyrnx BonpocoB.

X oT e jio cb 6m CHOBa h CHOBa noanepKHVTb, h to n o a « 3JieMeHTapHbiMh !

nacTHuaMH pa6oH ero n jiaH a» noapa3yMeBaiOTCa naen, nojioweH H a, cj)aKTbi,|

COOblTHa, HCTOpHHeCKHe CHTyaUHH H T.n., KOTOpbie «OTKpblBaiOTCa. BblHCHa- I

K )Tca», «yCTaH aB jiH BaioTca», «o6ocH O BbiBaiO Tca», «a 0 K a rib iBai0Tca». n 0 3T0 M yl

Kaw/ibiH nyHKT «p a 6 o n e r o n jiaH a» <})opM yjinpyeTca oosnaTejitH o b n oB e jiH -1 TejibHOM HaKJioHeHHH: «aoK a3aTb t o - t o h t o - t o » , «on p oB ep rH yT b t o - t o h t o - I

to » , «BbiacHHTb, K oraa hm chho s to 6 b u io », «ycTaHOBHTb aencTBH TejibH bixI

ynacTHHKOB TaKoro-ro HCTopHnecKoro co6 b iTu a », «yTOHHHTb a a ry T a K o ro -T o l

Co6bITHa», «BCKpbITb HeCOCTOaTeJlbHOCTb TaKHX-TO aaHHblX», « 060CH0BaTbj

26

Be HocTb TaKoro-TO BawHoro aoKyM eirra», «pa3o6jiaHHTb TaKyto-TO

fl0C 10 ecKy io (j)ajii,uib», «BbiHCHHTb nofljiHHHbie nejiH h CMbicji Bcett aea-

MCt° raKOH-TO nOJIHTHHeCKOH napTHH», «yCT3HOBHTb fleftCTBHTeflbHyiO

T£1 Hmo TaKoro-ro aeaTena hjih H33Banne opraHH3auHH, nenarHoro opraHa,

T3TbH» « BbiaCHHTb aBT0p3 TaKOTO-TO npoii3BeaeHHH MJTH AOKyMeHTa».

BCKpblTb T3KytO-TO TeHfleHUHK), 33KOHOMepHOCTb H T3KHC-TO CneUH(f)HMe-

cK«e 4>opMbi ee npoaBfleHHH» h t s k aanee. C jiobom , s t o ao jijk h o 6 biTb co- nepuieHHO onpeaeneH H oe h to h h o c 3aaaMne, o6fl3aTeabCTBO, acp3aHHe, a He

oo'i.eKTHBHCTCKoe, He n ycToriopow H ee «K0HcneKTnp0B3HHe» h «npocneKTHpo-

Ban n e» B HMeHHTejibHOM h npeiUTOVKHOM naaew ax. 6e3 CBoero co6cTBeHHoro

M rngm 6e3 CBoero coS cTB etm oro peujcHiia, 6e3 CBoeii c o o c tb ch h o h KOHuen-

uhh. B o bchkom cayn ae npenoasBaTeJib ooh 33h noK33aTb pa3AHHHbie tom kh

3peHHH paijTHMHbix yneHMX no Ka»caoH MHKponpo6aeMe Bonpoca jibkuhh.

OflHO 113 T3KHX Ba>KHeftUIHX npaBHJi, 0 KOTOpOM OTJiejIbHbie JieKTOpbl nopoft 3a6biBaioT, c jiea y ro iiiee : Haao He aemrapHpoBSTb hcthhm , 3 noKaibiBarb hx,

K3K aOK33blB3K)T TeopeMbI, K3K OTBCH3IOT H3 II0CT3BJieHHbie BOnpOCbl. He HMe-

eT 3H3HeHH», K3K n0CTp0eH3 JieKUHH, - ACAYKTWBHO HJIH HHflVKTMBHO. M/ieillb

JIH TbI B JieKUHH OT IipOCTbIX BetUeft K 6 oJiee CAOWHbIM HJIH, H3060P0T, OT

cjiO/KHbix k S o jiee npocTbiM , HywH3 He kohctstsum h h cth h , 3 c rp o ro n p oa y -

M3HHa« cH creM a aoKa33TejibCTB no cym ecTB y sens.

Pa3pa6oTaB, TaKHM 06pa30M, Bonpocbi ruiaHS jickuhh, npenoflaB3Tejib

npHBOflirr HSMeTHBiunecjf nyHKTbi «pa6oH ero njia ii3» b HaAJiewauiHfi jiorHMe-

ckhk nopaaoK b p3MKax Kawaoro Bonpoca h nocjie 3i o ro HyMepyeT hx He-

npeMeHHO apa6cKHMH UH<})paMH. 06bt'iHO no KawAOMV B o n p o c y na6npaeTca

OT 10 flO 20 T3KHX nyHKTOB, 3 nO BCeM B0np0C3M OT 40 AO 60, XOTH 3TO BCe

roabiukho. T3K3H noaBHacHaa pa6ow3a nporp3MM3 no KaatAOMy Bonpocy

aaeT B03M0»H0CTb coKpam aib ee 6e3 HapyineiiHa uejioro. Mctkhh iuish

JieKUHH npnaaeT eft pejibecjinocTb h KOHCTpyKiHBHVK) (})opMy, BecbMa yao6-

nyio AJia KOHcneKTnpoBaHHH h 3anoMHHamia. B otahhhc o t Bcex apyriix cno-

C060B H3J10)KeHHa H3yHHbIX 3H3HHft - A0KJ13A0B, pe(J)ep3T0B, C006meHHH H T.a.

- fleKima psccMHTaHa, n0MHM0 CJiyxoBoro BoenpHaraa, Ha 3anHCbiB3HHe, no-

TOMy hto oHa aaeT CHCTeM3TH3HpoB3HHoe, ynopaaoneHHoe 3H3HHe. CaeaoB3-

TeAbHo, aeKuna npeanaraeT 6oAee BbiaBJieHHyio, 6oAee ofiHaweHiiyio CTpyk-

iy p y M3TepH3ji3. B ueft Bce BpeMa aoa>kch « npocBenHB3Tb» nA3H, ee BHyT-

PeHHMH MeX3HH3M CO BCeMH 0n0pHbIMH nyHKTaMH, aeT3A3MH H CUenJieHHaMH.

Heaecoo6p33Ho noyioMv BbiaeaHTb b jickuhh pa3aeAbi h noapa3aeAbi, H V M e p y a H X U H (J )p3M H HJIH 6 y K B 3 M H . H e * e A 3 S B t l3 fl3 T b B n e a 3 H T H 3 M H 3 3 C y -

uiHBSTb A e K U H H p a c K A a a u B a i iH e M M a T e p n a A a n o n o j io i iK 3 M , H e K O T o p b ic ackto- Pw A3(ot ruiaH b caMOM Hanane hah BbiaBJiawT e ro , aeA3a BbiBoabi n o Kawao- M- P ^ a ea y , h a h npocTo o o p a m a io T c a k c T y a e H T 3 M : «n epeftaeM k CAeayiome- M y B o n p o c y H a rn e ft T e M b i» h T .a.

27

O MaTepna;ie k jickuhh. Bce 3xo HMeex 6ojJbiuoe npaKXHHecKoe

MeHne, ofoiernaa aeJio 0TM06Hjin3aunH k o6pa6oTKn HaKonjienHoro MaxepiJ

jia. H aeHCTBHTejibHo: KaK rojibKo 3aK0HHHTca pa3pa6oxKa «p a 6 o iiero n j ia iJ

iipeiioaaBaie;iL, ceiiMac w e pastH ipaeioi b HaKonjieHHbix Maxepnanax, r . e l CBOHX BbinHCKax, UH(j)pOBblX flaHHbIX H npOHee, LUJlHCfiyH HX Ha XOX HjJ

HHOfi nyHKT cooxBexcxByroiuero noaBonpoca h cooiBexcxByiom ero Boripofl JieKUHH. J

C ko jibko w e Bonpocos aoJiwHa HMexb jickuhh?

B JieKTopcKOM MHpe cjiowHJiocb nenucaHoe npaBHJio, Gyaxo bcakm jickuhh .aojiwHa HenpeMeHHO cocroHXb H3 xpex ( ? ) BonpocoB. M bi CHHxaeu

MTO B KaWflOH JieKUHH aOJIWHO 6bIXb CXOJlbKO BOfipOCOB, CKOJIbKO npeara jcU

BaeTCH caMHM cyiuecxBOM ee xeMbi, xeM caMbiM jioMaeM yK opeH H B u ieeJ

npeacxaBJieHHe.

PacicjiaflKa M axepnaiia no n aany aacx bo3Mo w h o c tb BbiacHHXb, KaKHe hi

3aroTOBjieHHbix MaxepHajioB npnroaH bi, a KaKHe - coBepuieHHO He HywHbi. Ho

caM oe rjiaB iioe, mto BbiacHaexca, HacKOJibKO o6ecneneH MaiepHajiaMH k d k I

abiH nyHKT n o bccm BonpocaM , a KaKHe nyHKTbi coBceM He oGecneneHbi. K

x o ra a cxaHOBHxca acHMM, h xo Haao aeaaxb aaab ine, KaKHe m m chh o Max®

pnajibi h n o KaKHM nyHKxaM Haao pa3bicKaTb. j

E aaroaap a xaKOH nocxanoBKe a ea a npeno.iaBaTe.TH He TpaTHT 3pJ

BpeMeHH Ha BbinHCbiBaHHe bchkhx neHywHbix aamu>ix, Ha H3BJieH8Hiie uh tm

h apyrHx MaxepMajioB, Koxopbie mcjiobckv, paSoraioiueMy 6e3 «pa6oHerJ

n jiaH a», motvt noKa3a ibca noJie3HbiMH, a noxoM OKawyxca H en p H ro jiiib iM *

iijih aejja . K poM e x o ro , itohxohh b ohGjihotckv. ohh (npH h3jihhhh « p a 6 o q e l

ro n j ia n a » ) 3Haiox, hto hm Haao nonpocH Tb, KaKyio sbhbkv caejiaTb. H b o ! o om e ohh y w e He n pon ycxax hh b riepHO/iHMccKOB nenaxH, hh b n o sB n a io l

iuhxch b CBeT hobhx KHHrax h opouuopax HHHero TaKoro, mto M ow ex iipn l roanxbca b hx jieKmwx.

Koraa Becb Heooxo/iHMbiH MaxepHan 0Ka3biBaexca oxMoSHJiraoBaHHbrMl npenoaaBaxejib npHBoanx sxox Maxepnaji b nopaaoK, cooxBexcxByiouiHH jio-l

rHKe H3JioweHHH xeMbi Kaxfooro aaHHOro Bonpoca h xeMbi b uejiOM, a noxoMj cajHxcH h nnuiex tckct jickuhh. O x xoro, HacKOJibKO rpaMOXHO, npoztyMaHnol MexoAHHecKH npaBHjibHO cocxaBJieH njiaH, bo mhotom 33bhchx ycnex co-j

cxaBJieHHH TeKCTa jickuhh. Ho aaa cocTaBjieHHa coaepwaHHa jickuhh HyweH

Jlo6poTHbiH MarepHaji. 4tooi>i cocTaBHTb coaepwanwe, Haao 3HaTb o neM pac- CKa3aTb, hto nepexuiTb, hto CKa3aTb, a jjia 3Toro Haao 3HaTb MaxepHaji xe- Mbi. 3naHHe - 3xo Kannxaji, 60raxcxB0 , oho npuo6pexaexca, HaKaiuiHBaexca

bo BpeMeHH. HoaxoMy npcwae Bcero uaao 3a6oTHXbca o nenpeMeiiHOM ua- KOiuieHHH MaxepnaJioB k JieKunaM. HaKaiuiHBaexca Maxepwaji pa3HbiMH nyxa- mh. n o Kawaoft H3 xeM Kypca nojinxojiornH caeayex 3aBecxn OfaejibHbie nan- kh, b Koxopwx h Hywuo xpaHHXb MaxepHajibi no TeMe: BbinHCKH H3 khht, bu - pe3KH H3 w ypnaioB h ra3ex, H3 npoH3BeaeHHH xyaowecxBeHHOH jinxepaxypbi;

28

[iH'repecnoro, ycjibimaHHoro no TeaeBraopy, paawo, Ha aeK- saflHCH hobo , noflaBaTejieft. Un(j)pbi, (j)aKTbi, nocaoBHUbi, noroBopKH, nec-

uhox noyHHTejibHbie npHMepbi, cocTaBaaa npn stom noaHyiohh , cthx Bonpoca, KoxopyK) caeayeT itoctohhiio nonoaHATb. 3anncbi-

0,IKH 6biBaeT n0Jie3H0 He TOJlbKO mucjih pasaHHHbix aBTopoB. ho

BaTb HS cogcTBeHHbie. HHKoraa h6 caeayeT oTKaaauBaTb stoto aeaa. noTOMy

H CB° qT0M Koraa HaBajiHTca bch rpoMaaa MaTepnaaa, co6cTBeHHbie MbicaH

4T° npKTona Morvr noTepHTbCH. Bce sto naao aeaaTb c oSasaTeabHWMHM CJlOBo Jau l( Ha hctomhhkm, He no jiaraacb Ha c b o k> naMHTb. UpH no^roTOBKe k

CCblJlKaMW naOMepeHHOH JieKUHH H>OKHO npOCMOTpeTb H 0T06paTh COOTBeTCTByiOmHH

MaTepHa.fl, oco6chho MecTHbiR - no ropoay, o6aac™, pecny6jiHKe; raynHTb

ero h ocMbicJiHTb, npoayMaTb, KaKOMy hmchho pa3aeay aeKUHH oh ooabiue

Bcero cooTBeTCTByeT.F]pn noar0T0BKe k aeKUHH npenoaaBaTeab He npocTO MHTaeT aHTepaTy-

py a HHTaeT c ueabio oToopa MaTepnaaa aaa aeKUHH. 3 t o 3HaHHT, h to MaTe-

puaa aoaxeH 6biTb He TOabKO Heo6xoaHMbiM no ochobhhm npH3HaKaM coo t-

bctctbhh TeMe aeKUHH, ho h oSteKTHBHO aocTOBepHbiM. Paoo'raa c amepaTy- pofi, npenoaaBaTeab aoaaceH noaxoaHTb o6ick th b h o , nocaeaoBaTeabtro oc- MbicaHBaTb HaKoiuieHHbiH onbiT, TeopHio, HamyntiBaTb raaBHbie h cneuncjm- qecKHe, ocooue tJiopMbr pasRHTjis HCTopHH noaHTHKii Ha KaacaoM srane.

ripn cocTasaeHHH TeKCTa Haao HMeTb HeoHpoBepacHMbie h aocroBep- Hbie (JiaKTbi. ripHMeM MaTepnaa Haao Hairra hobwh, MaaoH3BecTHbiw nan hh- KOMy ao stoto He H3Becrnbift, >KeaaTeabHO He H3 M0H0rpa(j)HH, a H3 hctohhhkob. JleKumo Haao CTpoHTb TaK, H7o6bi oHa bcskhA pa3 SBvnaaa CBe*0, HOBO, caM06biTH0. KoneHHo. oTKpbiTHH b HayKe coBepinaHrrcfl He KaacabiH aeHb, h JieKTop He M o*er Kaacabift pa3 nopasKaTb cbohx cayuiaTeaefl coBepmeHO

hobmmh KOHuenuHHMH. B.T. BejiMHCKHii roBopHa, hto HOBoe CKjiaubiBaeTCS no

KpynwnaM. OanaKo b npeTeraiMX Ha HOBH3Hy mhoto cnpaBeaaHBoro. Kaxaa

rioab3a h paaocTb aecsTKH pa3 caymaTb 0aH0 h to ace, a a *e ecaH sto caMas

HeonpoBep>KHMaa HCTHHa? CiyaeHT b npaBe Tpe6oBaTb, hto6m BpeMa, noTpa-

HeHHoe Ha aeKUHio, Sbiao K0MneHCHp0BaH0 hobmmh 3H3hhhmh, hobmmh (j)aK- TaMH HayKH.

HoBH3Ha TeMbi 33BHCHT npe>Kae Bcero ot noaHOTbi ee H3ao*eHHa h xopomero cnoco6a apryMeHTauHH. flawe caMaa «3aHHTaHHaa» TeMa 03apjieTca

aPKHM CBeTOM, ecaH aeicrop hmohcht ee no-CBoeMy, SHeprHHHO h Soaee ray- ooko. CTyaeHTbi 6biBaK)r 6aaroaapHbi, ecaH oh pacxpbia ee b HOBbix acneK- Tax- nponHCRbie hcthhm Bapyr nepecraioT 6biTb nporwcHbiMH. Floao6nbie

nPeo6pasKeHHH, Koraa npeaMery BosBpamaerca ero nepBonanaabHaa KpacoTa

M CBe*ecTb, Bceraa paaocTHbi. HoBH3Ha aeKUHH BbipaacaeTca h b nayHHOH

yuopaaoneHHOCTH ee coaepwaHita. Ecan aeKTop cyMea H3BecTHbie noaoaceHHa •ipHBecTH b CTpoHHyK) CHCTeMy, ero oyayT caymaTb co BHHMaHHeM. B TaKHX

ejl> 'taax roBopaT: 6biao HHTepecHO, noTOMy hto aeKiina co6paaa B0eaHH0 to,

29

HTO 6poflHJ10 B H3111HX l OJIOBax pa3p03HeHH0, XaOTHHHO, B BHAe O T^ejjt J

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ecjiH b Heft ecTb oaHH-flBa B onpoca, TpaKxyiom H e HOBenuiHe o tk p h th h H J

KH. 3 t h MOMeHTbi n()H06Hbi HpKHM M33K3M B KapTHHe. Ohm IIP HJiaK)T J ie K n l

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ao jdkch GbiTb cneunajibHO 0 TO6 paHHbiH, o6pa6oTaHHbiH b e ro nojiH xojiorH H ®

CKOH 3H3HHMOCTH h j io rm e c K o fi c y ra , r j iy 6oK o h bo Bcex cyiuecTBeHHbix c b J

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32

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33

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ycTHO, He no HaiiHcanHOMy. Ohh cMmajiH, mto npn Bcex ycJiOBHax naao k

jivo/iaM o6pam aTbca c jkhboh peMbio. TaM, rae peMb aojiwHa 3aweMb jn oae fi,

MTeHne ocTaBJiaeT hx paBHOjiyniHbiMH. B VMe h cepaue JieKTopa ecTb H3-

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abmwchhhx, oh roBopHT KaK JieKTop. y'cTHbie BbicTyiuieHHa, KpaTKne Bbipa3H- TejibHbie (j)pa3M, pa3 noHSTbie, 3anenaTJieBaiOTCH b naMaTH, OTaHOBaTca Jio3yH- roM, Mero HHKoraa He 6biBaeT c MHorocaoBHbiMH paccywaeHHaMH.

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Horo Bwaa aeKunH. 3aecb HyxceH KOHKpeTHbifi yMeT K0 HKpeTH0 ft cnryauHH.

T o jib K o 3To M ow eT npeaocTepeH b o t aoBeaeH na npaBHJibHoft m h c jih a o a6- cypaa. KpoMe T oro , nepe(J )pa3H pya H3BecTHoe saMenaHne BoJibTepa, c jiea yeT

noMHMTb, m to Bce «>KaH pbi xopou iH , KpoMe CKyM H oro». r ie p B o e h peu ia io iu ee

yc.iOBHe x o p o u io npoMHTaHHoft JieKUHH — 3 to TiuaTejibHaa noaroTOBKa, T.e..

Kf>K orMeMaji A .B . JlyHaMapcKHft, «H a a o roTOBirrbca bck> >KH3i ib » .

fljia naHHHaiomero jieKTopa BecbMa noae3Ha TaKaa (ftopMa, KaK npeasa- Pme.nbuaa nHCbMeHHaa iioaroroBKa BbicTyiuieHHa. IlHCbMeHHbift tckct aaeT

B°5M0>KH0CTb JlOFHMeCKH CTp0ftlI0 H3J105KHTb BeCb (JiaKTHMeCKHH MaTepHaJl H

il0tieeTn ao cjiymaTejia Kaacaoe no:io>KCHHe, o6o6meHiie h BbiBoa- Hannca-35

Hue TeKCTa n0Jie3H0 eme b tom CMMCJie, hto oho rpeoyeT BcecTopoHHero J neHHa H3JiaraeMoro Bonpoca h npeaynpexcaaeT ero o t Muornx ripcBpa1

CTeft, KOTOpbie HeH36e»cHO conyTCTByiOT BbiCTynaiomeMy « c nopora». Od ubie JieKTopa yTBepxaaioT, hto npn HariHcannH jickuhh b rorn> pa3 ooju H3ynaeTca Bonpoc. H to6h jickuhio HanncaTb, ana sto to Haao K a*aoe cjio] Kaacflyio Mbicjit npo/iyMaib , 3anumyTi> bo MHorae hctohhhkh. Flpn Hanvn

hhh JieKUHH iipopaoaTbiBaeTCH ropa^ao 6ojibme BonpocoB.

K poM e Toro, HairacaHHbifl tckct o frnaaaer em e paaoM jioctohhctb. J]d

Top, HMCiomHH n ep ea co6oh HanncaHHbift tckct, yBepeH, hto oh HHHero

laG y jier h HHHero ne ynycTHT b n p o u ecce htchhh. B c jiyn ae ace HeoGxoail c th noBTopnoro HTeHHa aaHHon TeMbi noATOTOBKa k Heft, pa3yMeeTca, Gyaej 6ojib iiieH CTeneHH o6jierneHa. H o sto BOBce He 03HanaeT, hto 3apawee hi nHcaHHbifi TeKCT Haao HenpeMeHHO nrnaTb c jiHCTa, ot nepBofi ao n o c »

Heft crpaHHUbi. HanpoTHB, JieKTop aoji/Ken oSpamaTbca k ayaHTopHH c >k|

bmm cjiobom, h6o HCHBoe cjiobo jivHiue aoxoaH T a o c jiym are jifl, neM khh: penb. npaBHJibHOCTb SToft tohkh ipeHHsi noaTBepacaaeTca orrbiTOM mhoH

BbicoKOKBajiH^HunpoBaHHbix JieKTopoB n o nojiHTOJiorHH. M o ry T c n p o cn i

saneM * e b TaKOM cayn ae HyaceH HarmcanHbiH tckct? Tckct HyaceH ana Tor HToobi 6 oa ee ycneuiHO HHTaTb aaH H yio reM y . He npnGeraa, kohchho, k saJ

TbisaHHJo nocTpaHhhho 3apaHee HanncaHHoro. H a nepBbift B3rasa, b r r J

yTBep>KfleHHH ecTb h ch to npoTHBopeHHBoe. H o s t o to jib k o Ha nepBbifi B 3 «

K HanncaHHOMy ace TCKCiy aeKTop npH6eraeT bo BpeMa 'irehhh ;uia toh

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ho sthm h on peae jiaeTca y c n e x jickuhh . A .M . FepueH roEopm i. h to Jiern

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CTyaeHTOB, ecaH jieKTop, He raaaa Ha CTyaeHTOB, HHTaeT, KaK noHOMapb, nfl HanncaHHOMy.

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CHBOCTH».

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36

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p a o o T b i. Tpe6 0 BaTejibH0CTb k ce6 e H e a a i o T eM y 0CH0 BaHHH h npaBa jsj13

qyBCTBa caMOo6oabiueHHa.

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Mbi npHxoaHM k BbiBoay, h to CKa3aTb xopouiyK) penb aerne, neM coHHHHTb

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3bmaeT, h to no npocb6e oaHoro acjjHiiMHUna oparop JlroHft Hanncaa eMy

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J1h3hjo h roBopHT: « C nepBoro pa3a penb noxaaaaacb MHe npeBocxoanoH, ho

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npouiyMeBiuaa Haa aecoM; BeTep, npo6e>KaBuiHH no CTenn. 3 t o npexoaam ee,

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oeccMepiHoe. BeHHoe. YcTHoe ca0B0 Bceraa naoaoTBOpHee nncbMeHHoro:

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01Pa6aTbiBaer reKCT cBoefi penn ao HCKyccTBa. B npouecce HanncaHHa TeKCTa

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ro auuib onepTaHMH oyaym eH jickuhh. nepBbifi ee BapwaHT. HeKOTOpbie

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^ ^ r0M CJ1y qae HanncanHbiH Bapnam aeKUHH aBaaeTca ee nepB00CH0-

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37

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H yio Kapiy.

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cjiynaHHO ero cpaBHHBajiH c H3BecTHbiM aKTepoM MonajioBbiM). Ha Tani

« reHepajibHbix peneTHUHax» cjieayeT xpoHOMeTpnpoBaTb jieKuwo, hto6u

CyMCTb TOH HO yJIOtfCHTCfl BO RpeMCHH.

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38

g bi HeHap0 K0 M sBHTca y6 e/iHTe;ibHOH h HanwaHoft aeMOHCTpa-

aeKUHH spyAHUHeft jieKTopa b cneunaabHbix Bonpocax TeMbi jickuhh.

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Hejibia ocHOBUBaTb npenoaaBaHwe na «HHaHBHayaubHbix TOHKax 3pe- hhji» t .k. cKOJibKO npenoaaBareaeH CTOAbKO h tohck 3penna. Ho HepeaKO

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39

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h c t KaK cepbe3HbiH yneHbiii. oojia.aatom Hii KBanH<|)HimpoBaHHbiMH H a B t iJ

caMOc roa rejibHOH HayHHo-HccjieaoBarejii.cKOH p ao o ib i. BHyuiamujHH CTyjl

raM nonH oe aoBepHe k CBoeMy cjioB y, n0T0My h to HHHero oh He BbiaBHraJ

He yTBepw aaeT 6e3 caMbix yoe/tHTCJibiibix h HeonpoBepwHM bix aoKasarejiiB

CryaeH Tbi, KaK G yayinne HccjieaoBaTenH, S yayT Gjraroaapubi jieK rcM ^

CTOJIb OOCTOaiCJThHVK) OpHCHTHpOBKy B COCTOHHHH HCCJlCaORaHHH TeM |

UHH.

B H3JioweHHH ueHipajibHOH H acra TeMbi jickuhh npenoaaBaTeab Ta ll

on n p aerca Ha aBTopoB HccjieaoBaTejicft, a raK w e npn KOHCTpyHpoBaHHH ■

hjih HHofi KOnueriuHH, npn (JiopMyaHpoBaHHH onpeaejieH H bix BbiBoaoB

o 6o 6meHHH. B cbji3h c BonpocoM o K0Mn03Hinra, nocTpoeHHH jickuhh hJ

CKa3aTb HCCKOJlbKO CJIOB H O MeTOaHKe OOOOIUCHHH H BbiBoaoB. JIorHHeC

3aK0HHeHHbie pa3aejiw acku h h aojDKHbi HMeTb K0HU0BKy, HToroBbie o6<l

m aiom ne <jjpa3bi. OTCyTCTBHe jiorH M ecKoro pacHJieHeHHa jicku hh 3aTpyaHl

ee ycBoeHHe h 3anHQj>. O o p M a bm boaob b pa3Hbix jjckh h sx ansi pa3JiHHi

ayam opH H ao jiw u a 6biTb pa3noft. H n o ra a - <fiopMVJinpoBKa och ob h oh na

JieKUHH, b ap yroM c jiyn ae - HeKOTopoe 0ueH0HH0e noaow eH H e, xapaKTdJ

3 y iom ee aaHHbift 3Tan pa3BHTH«.

rioaJiHHHbiM 3aBepmeHHeM jicku hh b o jiw h o 6biTb «3aKJiiO M eH H e». J m

U.m 6e3 33KaiOHeHHH - 3TO Bee paBHO, HTO aOM 6e3 KpblUIH, HTO aOKa'jaTeJIb®

Ba 6e3 cjjaKTOB. 3aKJUOHeHHe n o npocTOM y pyccKOMy cjiOBy 03HaHaeT: bmbOJ

noaBeaeHHe HTora, 0K0HHaTejibH0e onpeaeJieHHe T oro , h to HMejiocb b

aoKa3aTb, cBoa aoK a3a»H oro . 3aK.rnoHeHHe jickuhh - s to CBoa b oKOHnaxe^

hoh cJiopMyjiHpoBKH caM oro BawH oro h caM oro ueHHoro H3 B cero Toro, 1

neonpoBepwHM O JieKTopoM aoKa3ano. H 3 onbiTa pa6oTbi h 3bcctho , h to

ko He Bee upenoaaBaTejiH v m c io t aejiaTb 3aKjiioHeHHa. HeKOTOpwe ae J*3*!

CBOH «3aKJH04CHH5I», KOTOpbie B aCHCTBHTejIBHOCTH He OTBeHaK)T HCTHHH0!

40

cjioBa. B «Jiy4meM cjiynae» ohh npe/icTaiumoT coooh KpaTKoe

cMblcJiy 3T0r°aM 0ft r e Mbi jieKimH. Haiue we Bcero nepea HaMH hto-to BpoAe

B03MyTHTeJibna« 6ojitobh5i, CKaHKH no BonpocaM. TaK b

HoBoro H3BpaiuaeTCH cmwcji h H aiH aieH H e BawHeftmeft cocTaBHoft nacTii

paHe c;l' -lK)qeHna. HcKaweHHoe 3aKJiioHeHHe jickuhh 3to ecrecTBeHHbiH JieKUHH jjjdi Tex, KOMy Henero CKa3aTb b 3aKJiiOMeHHH cBoeii jickuhh. HHbie«BblX0,'I)> jjH npocTo BbuyMbiBaiOT TaK Ha3biBaeMbie Bbi bo a w . IloJiyHaeTca

npeI1^ Knns - ?T0 o ;ih o . a 3aKjiK)MeHHe k Heft - cobccm Apyroe.

T{,K M e*ay TeM no C0BePLUeHH0 ecTecTBeHHOMy npaBHjiy aojiwho 6birb TaK:noceeiHb» b JieKUHH, to «no>KHenib» b 3aioiioHeHHH. E cjih b jickuhh hm-

qT0 KDOMe 6eccMbicJieHHoro Ha6opa dmKTOB co6bnnft, cjiowchhwx bHero hci, va3HKH ww y;ioocTBa htchhh b oojiee hjih Menee aKKyparabie «uiTaoejia»

no BonpocaM h noflBoiipocaM, ecjiH b jickuhh huh ero He AOKa3HBaeTca h He

ooocHOBbiBaeTca. to HHHero He 6y.neT h b 33KjiK)HeHHH. B TaKOM cjiynae 3a- KjiioHeHiie oKaweTca nycTbiM h npoTHBoecrecTBeuHbiM npHBecKOM, paccHH- TaHHbiM Ha BHeuiHHH 3(j)(|jeKT, - h y Hac, moji, HMeeTCa 3aKjnoHeHHe, KaK no- JlOWeHO BO BCHKOH JieKUHH. B HaAyMaHHOM 3aKJIIOHeHHH BblBOAb] Bceraa HO- cht Ha3uaaTejibHbiH, AHpeKTHBHbifi xapaKTep. ABTopbi jickuhh noynaiOT, noBe- jieBaioT. noHCMy raK noJiyiaeTca? Ohcbhaho, TOJlbKO noTOMy, hto aBTopbi T3KHX BblBOilOB He AaiOT peKOMeHiiaUHH. B I'aCTOHIUeM 3aKJHOHeHHH JieKUHH, npejiCTaBJwioiueM co6on cbo/i AOKa3anHoro b jickuhh, b hi bo aw He MoryT ho- CHTb XapaKTepa Ha30ftjIHB0tt AHA3KTHKH H 6lOpOKpaTHHeCKOH AHpeKTHBbl. 3 to- HayHHbie peuieroia nocTaBAeHHbix npo6.rieM. AoSbiTbie b pe3yjibTaTe BcecTo- poHHero h rjiySoKoro royneHHa jiHTeparypw. npoBepKH, conocTanneHra

pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix AaiiHbix KOHKpeTHO-noAHTHHecKoro onbiTa h cijiopMyjiHpo- flaHHbie b bhac npeAejibHO tohhmx nojioweiiHH, Heya3BHMWX hh c KaKOH cto- poHM. B TaKOM cjiynae BbiBOAbi BcerAa d y n y i cjiywHTb hchhm h hctkmm no- HHMaHHeM TeMbi, npuBAeKaa cryAeHTOB CBoeii hobh3hoh.

IlpH TaKOM nOHHMaHHll 3aKJHOHCHHfl JieKUHH HeAOnyCTHMO CMemeHHe

ero c BbiBOAaMH no BonpocaM , cBeAeHHe e ro k cyMMHp0BaHH0My noBTope-

HHI° 3THX BbiBOAOB. n o caMOMy cym ecT B y AeJia - s t o pa3Hbie KaTeropHH. Bbi-

Bo/i.bi no BonpocaM, KaK h KpaiKHe p e3ioM e n o oTAejibHbiM n po6jieMaM B onpo-

Ca 0HH TaKwe, 6e3ycjiOBHO, neoGxoAHMbi, ecjiH c o A ep w a iw e npoS jieM He

nPeACTaBjiaioT c o 6o fi Ha6opa n ycTb ix 4>pa3), HBJiaioTca, c to h k h 3peHHa TeMbi

JioKajibHbiMii h 6 oJiee nacTiibiMH o 6o 6 meHHaMH, npH3BaHHbiMH KaK

M0/KHo n°JiHee HcnepnaTb cymHOCTb AeTajibHbix BonpocoB h la A a i, KOTopbie

’■BJiaiorca hx c io *e ra M H . B 3aKAiOHeHHH w e jickuhh CHHTe3HpyiOTca Bce a o -

^ ib H b ie h nacTHbie o 6o 6 meHHsi; Ha h x o ch ob c BbiBOAaTca Bbicm ne TeopeTH-

KKe ° 6o 6 m eHiia, Bbipawaiou iHe cyTb HaftAeHHoft AeKTopoM KOHiienuHH,

H° e peuieHHe Been npoGjieMbi. 3aKjnoHeHHe - s to , ecjiH m ow ho TaK Bbipa-

ohe C>1' BCHeu Jickuhh, ee reopeTHnecKHH «an ocj)eo3 » - t o caMoe, paAH H ero H3ynaeTca b tom nncjie 11 CTyAeHTaMH.

41

HeT cjiob, TaKoe 3aKjHOHenne aaeTcs He JierKO, hto mu oneHb xop0, J

3«aeM npewae Bcero no oiibiTy pa6oTbi. Bce mu uuih k TaKOMy 'iaKjiioHenS MiioroTpyflHbiM nyTeM, nocTeneHHO yrjiy6jiaacb b TeMy jickuhh, 6e3 k q 3

nepeaejiuBaa ee mian, npocMaipnBaa jim ep a iyp y b noMCKax hco6xo;xhmJ

HOCTOBepHux iianiihix h (})aKTOB, BCTpenaa HOBbie Bonpocu h HamynbiBag

jiee BepHbie pemeaiiH Kawaoro m hhx. H o aajieKO He Bce mm 0Ka3ajiHCb b

CTOHHHH XOTH 6bl IlpHOJlHJMThCSI K HOCTaBJieHHOH UeJHI, a He TO, MTOOb! Bn J

He ee aocTHrayTb. YcnexoM b 3tom OTHOiuenHH nonb30BajiHCb h n o jH ^ v to J

paa TajiaHTJiHBbix, HenpeB30H/ieHHbix jieKTOpOB TaKHX KaK O .K . KepHM6eKoJ

K .E . TeMnprajineB, Jl.A. EaficepKeep, y . 3yjiKapHaeB h ap. H x 3aKjuoHenn#

JieKUHH Bceraa roBOpHT caMO 3a ce6n h aocTatoH iio npocjiymaTb ero rojihJ

o£Ho, h to6 u cocTaBHTb npeacTaBJieHne 060 Been JieKUHH, 0 ee TeopeTnnecKoS

BOCiiHTaTejibHO-npaKTHHecKOH ueHHocTH, o tom KaK OHa orpawaeT HayKy nq

KOHKpeTHOM TeMe, MoweT jih OHa h b KaKOH Mepe noiiTH Ha nojib3y CTyaeHToJ

TaKne 3aKJiio4eHH5i jickuhh - s to noJiHbin Haeaji KOTopoMy Mbi Toraa, mojio-

Abie upenoaaBare.iH, cTpeMMJincb KOTOpbie cjieaoaajio 6bi nySjiHKOBaTtjl

xpaHHTt na Ka(|)eape KaK MeToamecKHe noco6na.

3aKJiioHeHHe- sto CBoero poaa 3epKajio jickuhh. B 3aKJiio>ieHHH, KaK 1 3epKajie, aojDKHa 6uTb BHana cyTb tcmm jickuhh.

3aKaHHHBaa H3Jio>KeHHe rmnaaoB no BawnenniHM BonpocaM TBopnecKo#

uocxaHOBKH paSoibi Mojioaoro npenoaaBaTejia Haa tckgtom jickuhh, cjieaytT

xoth 6bi KpaTKo ocTanoBHTbca Ha neKoiopux mo Me m ax pyK0B0acTBa Kacjiejl pu stoh paooTofi. HaM ripeacTaBJiaeTca, hto na stom 3Tane saHsiTHH, KaK hh |a

KaKOM apyroM, hcooxoahmo MOJioabiM npenoaaBarejiaM caMocrosnejibno a ffli

ro h ynopHO nopaSoTarb. KaK 6bi hh 6biJia 3aMenaTeabHO 0Tpa60TaHa Kaxcjfl

ero JieKUHH caMa no ce6e, CKOJib 6bi hh 6ujih bcahkh hx TeopeTHHecKne ueHl

hocth 11 BocnKTaTejibtian nojiesHocxb, oanaKG caMoe niaBnoe - sto «mKOJia» I

«cTn jib » JieKTopa, ero cnoco6HocTb roBopHTb, MbicjiHTb, e ro yMeHHe naxo-

aHTb, cTaBHTb h peinaTb npoojicMu. Kawabin HaqnHaiou:mi npenoaaBaTeiit

a o ji*eH oSpeMeHHTb ce6H - caMOMy «B b iC H a eT b » j ieK iu n o , oBjiaaeib cn oco6 -

HOCTbro «oxBSTbiBaTb» h aepwaTb b nojie CBoero 3peHHH uejioe, T.e. bcio toj My, a He TO/ibKO OTaejibHbie kvcohkh nojiowem w, OTaejibHbie Bonpocbi, oT' aeabHbie npoSjieMbi, KOTOpbie lacjiOHHiox TeMy jickuhh, cTepweHb ee. B pe' sy.TbTaTe HarpoMowaaeTca 6ecHHCJieHHoe mhokcctbo noBTopeHHH HaeHrinq" Hbix (JiaKTOB h pa3Hbix necorjiacoBaHHOCTefi b hx nocrpociiHH h HeT rjiySnHM

B paCKpblTHH TeMbl.

« E cjih pa6oTaTb Haa j ic k linen TBop'iecKH, t o Haao Bceraa aepwaTb e e l

uejioM, h nanpaBJiaTb ee no reHepanbHofl ck o k c th o h jih h hh BOKpyr KOTOpO”

yTOHHHTb peineHHe OTaejibHux TpyaH bix BonpocoB», - roBopirr 3H3tok Jie,{’

TopcKoro MacTepcTBa aoK Top HCTopHHecKitx HayK, npoijieccop K .E . TeMHpr3' JiHeB. I IpH TaKOH n0CT3H0BKe aeJia jien o p Bceraa S yae i 3HaTb, Ha KaKOM 3rafle HaxoaHTca ero jickuhh, KaKHe m om ch tu oh ywe 0Tpa6 0 Taa h k3khmh oh noM

42

eUie KanHTaribno saHHTbcn, mto6u npw oScyacaeHHH TeKCTa h jih noce- * eH - aeKUHH 6nTbca 3a Ka*ayK) (J)pa3y , 3a Ka*aoe c.iobo, a He TaK, MTo6bi u*eHHH6yW> cBepHVTb ee — h nycKafi, moji, pa36npaiOT, a ace noTOM B ce nopa-

^°T3 OTBeTbi Ha Boiipoci.i 3aKjnoqeHne.M JieKUHH He 3aK3HHHB3eTca. flpyraa

_ He MeHee, a MoaceT 6bitb, b h h w x cjiynaax 6ojiee TpyjiHaa h caoacHaa-

qacroTBeTbi Ha Bonpocbi. JleKmia 6e3 BonpocoB, KaK 6bi xopouio OHa h h 6wjia

3TQqHT3Ha, - He 33K0HHeHa. OHa - 3A3HHe 6e3 KpuniH. OrcyTCTBHe BonpocoB

^ HileTeJibcTBy eT nn6o o tom, mto jickuhh 6 h j i3 noBepxHOCTHOfi h CKynHOH,

1(Ig0 oHa, iipn Bcefl npaBHJibHOCTH h ceP be3HOCTH, He 3axBaTHJia CTyaeHTOB,

He BH3B3Jia acHBOH HHTepec, jih6 o , HaKOHeu, jickuhh nopoanjia cmubKO Heao-

VMeHHH. MTO CH iiXm He B 33Jie CMHT3J1H H3J1HUIHHM 33f l3BaTb BOITpOCbl.

HHor/ia crvaeHTbi He iaaaiOT BonpocoB noTOMy, mto yace HeT BpeMeHH

JWH OTBeTa Ha HHX, HJIH IIOTOMy, MTO He XOTHT laH H M aTL HMH BHHMaHHe Bcex

h oGpamatoTCH n 0 T0 M k JieKTopy b m scthom nopa/iK e. B peM a ana BonpocoB

JOJDKHO 6bITb OTBeneHO. JleKTOpbl, KOTOpbie HrHOpHpJ'IOT HJIH C03H3TeJIbH0

HapyuiaioT s t o Tpe6oBaHHe, ynpom aiO T c a M y io m ie io jickuhohhoh nponaraH -

flhl. FIpHHUHn ■ « OT3BOHHJI - H C KOJIOKOJIbHH flO JlO fi» HHCKOJIbKO He JIVMUie

iipeMVHero oObiEa'fejibCKoro npH H iw na « k 3k 6 bi M ero He Bbm uio». PaBHoay-

uine h ocTopoacuHMaHHe - uBe cTopoHbi oflH oft M ea am . H acrosm aa jicku hoh -

Han paSoTa n p e a n o jia ra e T CMe;ibiH , OTKpbiTbiH h npH M ofi pa3roBop c ayaHTO-

pHefl, HClTOJIb30BaHHe B ce x BOSMOHCHOCTeH flJIS OTKpOBeHHOTO H IUHpOKOrO

o6MeHa MiieiiHHMM. I l 03 T0 M y onb iTH b ie J ieK Top u cneuuanbH O oCTaBJiaior Bpe-

mh, a o c ia ro M H o e ana r o r o , MTo6 bi « p a 3roBopHTCH» c aviiHTopweM FIpn 3to m

OHH caMH 3KTHBHO no6yaca3K5T CTyaeHTOB HHTepeCOB3TbC» MHOrHMH B em a-

mh, cnpauiHBaa hx: « K a K bsm nonpaBH Jiacb raKaa-TO peMb n e n y T a T a ? » , «H h - TaJiH jih Bbi TaKyro-To KHHry, CTaTbto, peueH3H io? » h t .;i . K aK npaBHJio, c ry -

AeHTbi HHTepecyiOTCH m h ch h cm JieKTopa n o BceM s th m B onpocaM . H HaMHHa-

L’1CH *H B oft pa3roBop o H a cym H b ix ae jiax , KOTOpbie 6 oJiee Bcero BOJiHyioT.

ax H aao 6y£HTb Mbicjib, noaorpeBaTb jiK)6o3HaTejibH0CTb CTyaeHTOB. 3 t o

°c °6eHHo B3acHO b c j iy n a e , Koraa j ieK iu ia nocBameHa h c to p h h t o j ih t h k h , h jih

CjI1,w kom 3 KaaeMHMHa no C B oeM y coaepacaHHio h He MoaceT oxBaTHTb Tex c t o -

P°H IIOilHTHKH, O KOTOpbIX HaflO TOBOpHTb TOJlbKO CeroaHH , a He 33BTp3 . P 33TO-

P. n oM orsrou iH H C T y a e in a M h a t h no «rop»M eM y cjieay» c o S m th h h xopomo ,eirrHpoBaTbCH b aejiax h o j ih th k h He TOJlbKO aejiaeT jieKumo 3Jio6oaHeBHoft,

H aKTHBHO (j)O pM H pyeT nOJIHTHMeCKOe C03H3HHe. T3K K3w a a a JieKUHH MO-

T CTaTb J ieK iu ieu o H bm em H eM a n e .

^OHeM Ho, HeT HHMero naoxoro b tom , K oraa c iy a e H T tJ oK pya<a ioT jieKTO-

6t>i n° CJle BbICTyruieHHH, 33Cbinaa ero BonpocaMH. 3 t o - /io6pbift npH3H3K. Ho Jl° 6 bi e m e jiy H iu e , e c jiH 6bi s th B o n p o cb i h o tb c tw Ha hhx npo3ByM3JiH ana

11 ayaHTOpHH. HH01’a3 HOCJie JieKUHH CnpsIUHBSIOT O T3KHX B eiu ax , KOTOpbie

1111 y n y m e n b i b Heft, h jih o t o m , m to m o i j io 6 bi Bbi3BaTb H H Tepec, yK p acH Tb

43

jieKunio, npnaaTb efl 6oabiue nry6HHM, 6aeci<a, ocTpoTbi. OTBenaa Ha 3

npocbi, oObiMHO HcnbiTbiBaeuib cowajieHHe, hto ohh He obuiH laaaHbi g ■

HblH MOMeHT, HTO 3T0T CTYAeHT He IlOMOr Te6e AOnOJIHHTb JieKUHio H HTo«

mokhoctk ywe ynymeHa. B tbkhx cjiynaax npocmifb ero noBTopnTb c b c J

npoc Ha caeayromen jickuhh, ecjin oh He yTpaTHT eme CBoero 3HaHeHH» * *A jiynme Bcero npnynaTb CTyaeHTOB c caMoro H anajia pa6oTbi c h h * .

TOMy, HToSbi o h h cnpauiHBajiM 0 6 0 BceM BCJiyx h npH Bcex, u p e o iio jie a a J

cTeH'iiiBocTb. Jboaefi »eo6xoanM O y «u rn » He TojibKo t icT iw ic no ;; tou^ P

HaHJiynuiHM 0 6 p a 3 0M OBaaaeBaTb e io na jickuhmx.

Pa3roBop nocjie jickuhh - BecbMa OTBeTCTBeHHaa nacTb Bcero aeaa. PM

caMa acKuiia obiaa ooayMana ao MejibHanuiHX aeTaaefi, t o Bee, hto om 3

nocjie Hee, nojiHo HeowHaaHHOCTeft. H iiKoraa He 3Haeiiib (h He m o * J

3HaTb), KaKiie Bonpocbi Te6e 6yayT 3aaaHbi. Ecan aeKUHa 3aKpennaacb b tbI

naMHTK b oupeaejieHHoft nocaeaoBaTeabHOCTH, caoBax h aoKaaarenbCTBa®

oTBeT na jiio6oh Bonpoc - 3 to DKcnpoMT. TyT, TaK CKa3aTb, b hhctom an

o6napywHBaioTCH yM, 3HaHHa, spyam m a, HaxoanHBOCTb, TaKT, caMoo6jiaj|

HHe aeKTopa. Becb Tbi caoBHO Ha aaaoHH. 3 to HcnbiraHHe Ha 3peaocTb. I

npa'/KeHHC yMa h bohh He aoa>KHO noKHaaTb aeKTopa ao Tex nop. noKa He 1

HepiiaHb: Bee Bonpocbi. fla a o tb c tob Ha hhx Hvwua eme 6oabmaa

nocTb, neM ana HTeHiia aeKUHH.

J leK Top-noaH Toaor aoaxceH 6biTb roTOBbiM k OTBeTy Ha a ioSb ie Bonp«H

HeKOTOpbie H3 h hx m ojkho npeaBHaeTb, nocKoabKy oh h h o h th Bceraa 3al K)Tca CTyaeHTaMH, h 3apaHee oSayM axb OTBeTbi. K HHcay BnoaHe B e p o a T *

BonpocoB o th o c h tc s Bee CBa3aHHoe co CK0abK0-HH6yab 3HaHHTeabHbiMH I

6biTHaMH b nojiHTHKe. ri03T0M y K aw aw fi aeKTop aoJiweH He npocTO snaTbl

aHTHKy. O h o6a3aH oaHHM H3 nepBbix BHaeTb, HHTaTb h cabiuiaTb Bee nara

a e e BawHoe b noaHTHKe.

M o ry T cnpocHTb o caM bix rsawHbix Bemax. H a Kaxcabift Bonpoc 11a

yMeTb OTBeTHTb b M epy T o ro , h to o h 3acjry>KHBaeT, ho n o bo3mohchocth Kpl

ko h HeTK0*0CTaBnsa H aH6oaee HHTepecHbie n an 3a6aBHbie Bonpocbi HanocJi

aoK. B oTBeTax aoa>KHo obixb yBaweHHe k HeaoBeicy, 3aaaBmeMy Bonpoc, ecJ

KOHeHHO, Bonpoc HC TipOBOKaUHOHHblH H He 0CK0p6HTejIbHblft, HTO Ha npaK

Ke GbiBaeT oneiib peaKO. 3aH0CHHBbie OTBeTbi c oaepnraaHHeM c x y a e H r ff

npo3paHHbiMH HaMeKaM Ha ero 6eCT0aK0B0CTb nan anoaHTHHHOCTb H ea o n )!

THMbi. JieKTop b TaKOM c jiyq a e rp yS ocT b io npHKpbiBaeT cboio oecnoM ouiH O C*

H 3 JHoSblX CHTyaUHH H a a o yM eT b BblXOaHTb C aOCTOHHCTBOM. H e C M V lJ

acb h He p a 3a p a w a a c b , TepneaH B O , h o KpaTKO p a 3b a c H a rb c T y a e m y cyTfc

npoca. Ecan n a a o , n o B T op iiT b e m e pa3, noK a o h He y p a 3yM e eT hcthhW

noKa Bee He yBHaaT, h t o o h b aaHHbiH m o m c h t He cnoco6eH Ha 3to . M to ’■I

K acaeT ca a eM a ro rH H ecK H x 3aaBaeHHH, t o a y n in e B c e ro 0 TB0 aHTb h x m y Tf l

BblMH, HpOHHHeCKHMH peiUTHKaMH HJIH BCTpeHHblMH B on p ocaM H , oTBenafl

44

eHT HeH36e*H o ooHapy>KHT c b o io TeopeTHHecKyio HecocToa- KOropije ° n" ° vrIeT ocMeaH apyriiMH CTyaeHTaMH.TeJibH°cTI’ HaK'oHeU. Bonpocbi, KOTOpwe aarcrr m uiiy K>Mopy, h sthm Hejibsa

EcTb’ 0BaTbCfl Ba*H O BOBpeMH «HaHTHCb» H y.MHO, Becejio OTBCTHTb.

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aocTHHb TaKoro coBepuieHCTB3, K3Koe pnoyeTCH TBoeMy Boo6pa>KeuHio. 3 to -

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Bcex nejioBenecKHX cna b hx rapMOHmecKOM coeaHHeHHH. 3 to , noxcajiyft,

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npoHBaeHHft opaTopcKoro HOKyccTBa, o kotopom Hcxob cnpaBeaiiHBO cxa3aa,

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noaHTOJioriiii

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45

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6eHHO «MOAHbiM» cxajio renepb oiuapamHBaxb cxyaeHXOB h cbohx KOAAer 46

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47

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pwajia. na cosaaune; npKewieMoM g i i i Bcex nponopumi «noaowHrejibHoro>j "OTpHuare.TbHoro» h i.-i.kmh ecTb yc-TaHOBKa Ha fieiKVMhe. Ha OTB.ne'ieHHl aeHcrBHTejibHO’ TfiopMecKOrO'OCMbicjieHHfl n HaynHoro o6o6meHHa Toro ni HMecKoro MarepHajia, KOTopwttrioaAtewHT ocMbicneHHio.

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48

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49

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50

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51

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53

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ctpohkh, EabUHHy - CHMBoay paa KamrranroMa. A6coAK>TH3HpyK>T aiiaepoB. IHiMeHeiine BaacTH HacTynaeT Toraa , K oraa BbipacTaeT nojiHTiinecKal

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54

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nno6;ic’M no cpaBHeHmo c tcmh, Koropwe npHBoammcb

55

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56

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57

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58

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59

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60

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61

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62

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63

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65

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69

nac; coKpameHHbie c paooxbi paSoHHe, cjiyxcamHe. MapraHajibHbie cjtoh as j

thbho nozmep*HBaioT Te nojiHTtoiecKHe chji&i , Koropwe o6emaioT pem in3

hx MaTepHaribHbie npoSjieMbi.

CoBpeMeHHbiH cneKTp nojiHTmecKHx npeflnoMrenHH Ka3axCTaHCKoro oSmecTBa m o w h o ycji0BH0 ripeflcxaBHTb cxeMoft.

H3 3T0H CXeMbI BHUHO, HTO Ha IIOJIHTHHeCKOH CUeHe 0603Ha'ieHbl I

oTreHKH nojiHTHHecKoro cneKTpa, a cjieaoBaTejitHO h hochtcjih Hfleonor Eme onHoii 0C06eHH0CTbK) Ka3axcTaHCKoro nojiHTHHecKoro cneKTpa as

eTca HaiTHHHe b oom ec i Be ycTofiHHBoft 6a3bi jieBbix chjt. Mhcjio hx CTOp'

hhkob MoweT pacTH no Mepe yxyauieHHH SKOHOMmecKoft CHTyaiiHH b P

jihkh HaKoifHJiH npenoaaJaTejiH Ka([»enpbt no co3/iaHwo HayHHOH hcto{

cTaHOBJieHHH njuopajiHCTHHeoKoft HiieoaorHH. o6o 6meHHK) onbiTa pa6< nOHHTHHeCKHX JIHflepOB H IHHpOKOMy HCO0JIb30BaHHK) 3TOrO MaTepHajia B

openo/iaeai-nm. OpenonaBaTejiH aaiOT b jickuhh HeTo^ibKO OTnejibHbie (jjaKTbl a OCHOBHbie HTOl’H pa3BHTHH HfleOJIOrHH H HX HMHttHHHe 3aflaHH.

MsyneuHe oiibrra paooTbi npenoaaBaiejiett Kaijteapw riojiHTo.iornn yHit-

BepcHTeTa ii03B0jrHeT caejiaTb bmboa, h to 3(J)4)eKTHBH0CTb Hcri0Jib30RaHH#

MaTepHana HameH Pecriyo.THKH bo mhotom l a m c m o t njianoMepHoro noaxoflfl

k 3TOMy aejiy. OTaejibHbie npenoaaoaTejrn cocTaBjiHK>T MeToaHHecKHe n o c o i

6h». coflepwamwe peKOMeuaauHH no BonpocaM o tom, rae, KaK. b KaKoq

(})opMe npHBJieHb oTenecTBeHHMH Mare pH an, a Tarace yKa3aHHfl 06 ochobhwxj

HCTOHHHKaX H JJHTepaTVpe no KOHKpeTHbIM BonpocaM.

Ocb «H apacTa> iii« paan K a ju n M a»

JleBbie ripanhiePa/iiiKa.ibi(paCHCTbl)

PaiiiKa.Tbi

(KOMMyHHCTbi, anap. XHCTbl)

JleBOlieHTpHCTbl

(counaji-iieMOKparbi)

IlpaBtiH ueiiTp

YMepeHHbie iipasbie

(jra6epaji-

fleMOKparbi, hcokoh .

cepBaTopbi)

JleBbie(HAeaji comiaJiM3M

KOMMVHH3M)

«U e H T p KOHBepreH.

UHH»

(co«)3 JieBbix h npa.

Bbix)

IlpaB b ie

(HAeaji <Tcbo6o;ii>i»

Ha OCKOBe HHAKBH-

TyajTH3Ma)

nySjiHKe.

HHTepecHbift onbiT Hcn0Jib30BaHHH nojiHTHHecKoro MaTepHajia Pecn

70

Box, HanpHMep, oana ra crpaHHU mctoahmkh, pa3pa6oTaHHofi na Ka-

, efipe McTOpurH Ka3axcTaHa h nojiHTOJiorHH yHHBepcHTeTa. Ona onpeaeaseT

^TOflHKy Hcn0Jib30BaHH5i MaTepwaaa o tom, KaK ocymecTBJiaeTcs b Ka3ax- ,.Tane HauHOHanbHaa nojiHTHKa.

^eivia, nozneMa

„ „on p oc Kypca

H to n cn o jib 3y -

c tch H3 o ien e -

CTBeiiHoro Ma-

T epnajia

<PopMa HC-

n0jib30BanHa

JlHTepaTypa,

peKOMeHAO-

eaHHan cTy-

aeHTaM a/la

CPCHa uHOHajibHaa n0J]HTHKa, Ha-uHOnajibHbie

OTHOlIieHHR

HauidonajibHbiH

cocTaB Hacejie-

hhh Ka3axcTaHa

(TblC.)

1. PaccKa3 npe- noaaBaTeaa (15

m hh ).

2. rioKa3 ruiaKa-

TOB HaUHOHajIb-

Haa CTpyiaypa

HaceaeHwa Ka- 3axcTaHa

3. HcMaryjiOB

CyiUHOCTb HOBO-

ro MbinuieHHH B

HauHOnanbHOH

nojiHTHKe AjiMaTbi, 1997,

PMK.

OopMbi ncii0jib30BaHHH Ka3axcTaHCKoro MaTepMana na aekmuix moivt 6biTb pa3JiHMHbi. H o o6a3aTeabHbiM ocTaeTca xpeooBauHe TiuarejibHO ot6h- parb KOHKpeTHbie (j)aKTbi, ao6HBaTbca, hto6m ohh «cjiywHJiH», T.e. noMora- JIH, paCKpblTHK) TeOpeTHqeCKHX BbfBOaOB HJIH o6o6meHHH. B npOTHBHOM cnyqae oShjihc mcjtkhx aormecKH h reMaTHHecKH hc cB83aHHbix apyr c apy- roM diaKTOB He noMoraei. a saTpyanaeT BocnpuaTHe jieKHHOHHoro Kypca.I jiaBnhiM MeToaoM aanaeTca ncn0Jib30BaHne b jickuhjix nHChMenHbix, aoKy- MemajibHbix hctohhhkob.

Ha aeKu,HH npenoaaBaTeab peKOMeHayeT CTyaeHTaM:а) 3aaaHHe - 0aH0My-aBVM cayaeHTaM caMocroaTeabHO HaftTH H3 hcto -

Puh nonHTH4ecKnx npoueccoB ropoaa, noKa3aTeabHbie (fmKTbi ima naaiocTpa-

UHH T° r o nan h h o io reope rnqecKoro noaoweHHs Kypca noaHToaorHH;

б) H3r0T0BaeHHe HaraaaHbix iiocoohh (Ta6aHUbi, cxeMbi, awarpaMMbi,1)OTorpa(J)Hn h T.a.) c ripHBJieqeHneM MecTnoro MaTepnaaa;

B) noa6op (J)0T0K0nHH aoicymeHTob h apyrnx munocTpauHH.B Kypce noJiHTOJiorHH ecTb npo6aeMbi, KOTOpbie BbineceHbi KaK oTaejib-

Hblc caM°CToareabHbie Bonpocbi b TeMe. ABTopbi npeaaaraiOT k 3th m Te-

MaM MaTepHaa h ero MeToaHHecKyio noaany.Oanofi H3 TaKHx tcm aBaaerea BBoaHaa reMa. Bo BoaHoii TeMe paccMaT-

at°TCa aBa OCHOBHbIX Bonpoca.

! npeaM er noaHToaorHH KaK HayKH.

2- Meroabi HayKH noaHToaorHH.

71

B nanane JieKUHH npenoaaBaTejib noKa3biBaeT HCTopHio boihhi^-M HHH nOJIHTOJIOrHH. JleKTOp 3H3KOMHT CTyAeHTOB C nepHOAH3au,HeH HCTqB

iioah to jio ihh . ZtacTCH b Te.Me raKwe KpaTKax xapaKTepHCTHKa och o b ^

rp yn n hctohhhkob h jiH TepaTypbI no m yM em n o nan h tojio rnn. JieKTop pac

ibiBaeT 3naTte iin e caMOCTOHTcjibiiOH pa6oTbi CTyaeHTOB no royneHHio h cv

h h ko b h JiHTepaTypbI, peKOMcHAyer nan6ojiee acJxjieKTHBHbie ee 4)o p iJ MeTOflbl. ! 1

npH H3yneHHH Broporo Bonpoca t c m w otkpubsuotcji 6ojiec :'U[0oJB03M0>KH0CTH AAH OOBflCHeHHa MeTOAOB IlOJlHTOJlOrHH.

Oahiim H3 nepBbix BonpocoB Ha KOTopoM ocTaHaBJiHBaeT n pen o ja l

TCJlb BHHMaHHe CTyaeHTOB HBJlaCTCH OO'bflCHeHHe T oro , HTO KaKHX-JlH6o crit

UH(J)H4eCKHX MeTOAOB n03HaHHH nOJIMTHHeCKHX B3aHMOHeHCTBHH nOJIHTOJio.

i hh HectjjopMHpoBajia. a n cn o j]t3 veT MeTOAbi h npiieMbi cm okh b ix hjih 6^ . KMX OTpaCJICH 3HaHHa, KOTOpbie n03B0JlHK)T TJiy6)Ke Iip0HHK3Tb B npnpom

noAHTHKH. KaacAbiH MeTOA J(|)t|>eKTHBeH b HccAeAOBaHHH onpeAeAeHHbix L TyaiiHH.

M e io jb i

nOAHTOJIOrHHHa neivi aK ueH TH pyiO T

BHHMaHHe

K a K HsynajOT

r lo jlH T H K yj 1. H u cm u m yn u o -\ HOJlbHblU

H a BsaHMOAeSCTBHHX

HOJIHTHHeCKHX HHCTHTy-

t o b : npaBa, rocyAapcT-

Ba, noji HTHHeCKHx nap-

THH H AHH*eHKH H T.A.

AH3J1H3 O^HUHaJIbHHj I

CTpVKTyp H 4'OpMMbHbIxB

upaBHA npHHHiw i peine- ,

9 1

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Ha noAHrarcecKHx HBAe- hhsx h npoueccax bo

B p e M eiiH h npocTpaHCT- Be.

.*

Anauri HSMeneHHH no-j 1

JlHTH4eCKHX HOpM, OT-j 1

HOLUeHMM, HHCTHTyTOB B

KOHTCKCTe CBH3H FipO- 1

iiijioro. HacToamero h

6yAymero

3. C o itu o jw iu 'ie -CKUU

Ha 3aBHCH M 0 CTH nOAH-

THKH OT COUHajIbHbIX

(JjaKTopoa: 3R0h o m h k h ,

connaribHOH cipyKTypbi,

HAeOAOI'HH, KyAbTypbl H

T.A.

AHajlH3 nOAHTHKH KaK I

c(}>epbi ue;ietianpaBJTeH- 1

HblX B iaHMOACiklBHK I

counajibHbix rpynn, npe- 1

cjieAVio lh h x cboh h h t « 1

pecw.XapaKTep H H TepecoB 1

oSycnoBJieH couHanb-j 1

HblMH (jiaKTOpaMH

72

^ ^ f m o p u c m -

y 1

Ha aHHHOCTHOM H3Mepe-

h hh noaHTHKH, rioBeae-

HHe OTaeabHoro neaoBe-

Ka

AHaaH3 CMCTeMaTimecKM

Ha6aioaaeM oro noBeae-

HHH HHaHBHaa, B03-

MOXCHOCTb H3MepeHHS

ero MOTHBauHH

L '^ ficuxoJiozune-

uHa cySieKTHbix Mexa-

BH3Max noaHTHHecKoro

noBeaeHHa: no6y»cae-

hhs, jKeaaHHa, crpacTH h

T.a.

AHajiH3 HHaHBnayanb-

Hbix Ka'iecTB, ,-iepr xa

paKTepa, 6ecco3HaTeab-

HblX riCHXHHeCKHX npo-

ueccoB, BawuoiUHX Ha

noaHTHHecKoe noBeae-

HHe

'fCucm eMHhiu Ha ueaocTHOcra noaH

THKH h xapaicrepe ee

BSaHMOOTHOIIieHHH c BHemneH cpeaott

AHaaH3 xapaKTepa 06-

MeHa pecypcaMH H HH-

(jjopMauHH Me>Kay noan-

THKOH H apyrHMH C(J)6-

paMH h cnocoSoB pac-

npeaeaeHHH pecypcoB

HHCTHTyTaMH BJiaCTH

. «[IepBOKanajibHO b nojiHTOJiorHH Hcnojibso.BajiHCb HHcrHryu h o aaabHbiM

H HCTOpuneCKHH MCTOabl.C noMouibK) HHCTMTyuHOHajibHoro MeToaa, ripeoSaaaaromero b iopH-

WiHecKHx HayKax, noaiiTmecKaa >KH3Hb aHaaraHpoBaaacb CKB03b npH3My

•KHTejibHocTH nojiHTHHecKHx HHCTHTyTOB: npaBa, rocyaapcTBa, napraii, oobe -

AHHeHHft, rpynn aaBaeHHH h T.a.HcTopHnecKHH M eroa npeanojiaraeT uccaeaoBaHHe nouHTHwecKOM >kh3-

1111 B KOHTeKCTe 3BOJIIOUHH nOJlHTHMeCKOTO np0U,eCCa, BblflBJieHHfl CBA3H npo-

ULl°ro , HacToamero h oyaym ero .B XIX BeKe 3aMeTHoe m m nm Ha nojiHTHHecKyio Mbrcjib 0Ka3ana co-

UHOjio ih h .

CouHojiorwHecKHH iToaxofl paccMaTpHBaeT nonHTHKy b KOHTeKCTe ee

°5ycaoBJTeHHOCTH COUHajlbHO-SKOHOMHMeCKHMH, HfleO.TOrHHeCKHMH, KyabTyp-

Hb|MH H apyrHMH OTHOUieHHSMH. Ha 3aBHCHMOCTb nOJIHTHKH OT COUHaJlbHbTX

yKa3biBan eme A p n c io rea b . TaK, b KanecTee sjieMCHTOB rocyaap -

C|,!:i oh paccMaTpHBaa SeaHbix h SoraTbix, 3HaTHbix h He3HaTHbix, peMecaen-

h KynuoB.

73

riOTpeOHOCTl. B TOM, HToGbl npeaCTaBHTb riOJIHTHHeCKHe HBJICHHM

KOHKpeTHO ocH’sacMo, oG yc jioB w ia BBeaeuHe b nayMHbiH oG opoT b 3 0 -x r o j »

X X Bexa G HxeBHopHCTCKoio iweToaa, c no3 im nn KOToporo nojiHTHKa

cMaTpHBanacb b k o h tck c tc noB eaeroifl k oh k pc th oh jih h h oc th . 1 )to u o s b o jijJ B

n c n 0iib 30BaTb KOJimecTBeHUbie h KanecTBenHbic noKasarejiu n 'tM c p en H a ^ H

jlMTHHeCKMX HBJICHUH. C TeX nop B nOJIHTHHeCKHX HCCJieflOBaHHaX CTajIH ■

tw b h o npnMen5irbca Maie.M aniHecKHe mcto/ibi, craTncTH 'iccKne n a u H b J

aiiKeTHbie onpoci.i, MoaejmpoBaHHe 11 T.a.C 6HXeBHOpH3MOM OpraHHMHO CBH33H IICHXOJIOrHHeCKHM Vie i O/1 H TaKai

ero pa3HOBH/lHOCTb, KaK IlCHXOaHa.THi. riCHXOJtOrHHeCKHH MeiCUl B aHailH3e

rioJiHTHKH oahhm H3 liepBbix cTaji ncn0Jib30BaTb H. M aK n a B e ju w - aBTop H3.

b cc th o to Tpyaa «r o c y a a p b » . 3 t o Ghji Gjicctsiuhh aHajnn cy6T>eKTHBHtij

MexaHH3MOB nojiHTHHecKoio noBeaeroia nepea ana;iH3 noGy*aeHHH, acejia-

HHH, CTpaCTeK, nopOKOB HH,TMBH,Ha (waaHOCTM, JieCTH, 33BHCTH H T.a.).

B paMKax ncHxojiori-iHecKoro M eroaa b KanecTBe npeanocwjiKH iio jIh H

qecKoro noBeaeHHH paccMaTpHBaeTca Becb cneKTp nojiHTHnecKHx m ot HBa-

huh, b ncuxoauann3e « e aKueHTHpyeTCji pojib 6ecco3HaTejibHoro b nojrHTaie-

ckoh aeaTejibHOCTH. JlocroHHCTBa nciixoanaiifna coctoh t b tom, hto c ero

noMoiubto mc»kho oGi.8CHMTb nppaiiHOHajibHbie, T.e. He oco3HaBaeMbie p a a

mom (jiai . rationalis - pa3yMHbm, irrationalis - nepasyMHbiii), MOMeHTbi iiou fl

THMecKoro rtOBeaeHHH, ^eHCTBinejibHO, b nojmTi-raecKOM noBeaennH aajieici

ne Bceraa yaaeTca bmhbhtb TOHHbie ucjih cyGteKTa, npoaHaji us up o p.aTb «r9

uaeajibi. KaK cam aji coaaaiejib ncnxoaHajiraa sbctphhckhh ncwxojior h new

xn arp 3 .0 p e u a ( '8 5 6 - ! 939), nocrynKH cyGteKTa oGycJtaBJiHBaioTCJi G cccM

nai ejibHbiM. T.e. tcmii BnenaTJieHiMMH, KOTopbie Gmjih nojiyneHbi hm eme I

Actctbc. Bchkhh paa b momohth 3Mounonajn.Hi.ix iianpHVKCHufi oGpasw a sne-

HaTJiCHua aerciBa ct3H 0bstc« mothbsmh noBeaenira. M eT oa ncuxoauaaii#

OKaaajica o'leiib s^eKTHBHbJM npu BbMBJieHHH npnpoaw TOT3JMTapH3M|

oGbHCHCHUH aecTpyKTHBHoro u arpeccHBHoro nojiHTHnecKoro noBeaeHW

naiipHMcp noBeaSHHH pa3meBaHH0H TOJinbi, nojinraKOB, npH3bi Baiom ux■

Boune KaK cnocoGy pemeHHH bo3hhkuihx npoGueM, BOJKaefi, KOTOpwe a a * y0" TanOBJieUHH eAHHOJIHHHOH BJiaCTH Cn0C06Hbl yHHHT05KHTb MHJTJIHOHbl CBO»

COOTeHeCTBeHHHKOB.

B 50-x ro a a x Ha BOJiHe k ph th k h aMnupmiecKHX M eToaoB aHajnrea np^

HCXOanT CTaHOBJISHHe CHCTeMHOrO n o a x o a s , B P3MK3X KOTOpOTO nOJIHTH*

paccmaTpsiBacrch KaK u eaocTu oe caMoaocTaTOHH.oe 0Gpa30BaHHe, a JiorHKa V

pa3BHTMH npeacTaBJiseTca oGycjioBJieHHon, c oaH o fl CTopoHbi, BiaHMO.ae^cJ

bhhmh c BHeuiHeii cp ea o ii, c a p y r o i i - xapaKTepoM BHyTpeHHHX cBa3e ii

Jiy C0CT3BJIHK>milMH nOJIHTHKV 3JieMeHTaMH.

V'BHibiBaa oGmHH M arepuaa c narneii crpaH o ii npenoassaTeJ ib p 33a aM

cryaeHTaM KapTOHKH c aou pocaM u jum caMOCTOHTejibnoft p a G o ra h n o a 1*

to b k h OTBeTOB Ha ceMHHapcKOM aanHTHH.

74 I

a) nccJie/ioBanMH noaHTHHecKHX HacrpoenHH H36HpaTejiefi nepea Bbi-

JXjlft i lunnmuiin/1 u.wiv'x* «v / iiv a « iiv v u i uviJuiiriivvnnA jii'ivu,V-'pV-/r»,

r) nflH onpeaeaewHfl uejiefl BueuiHefi noiHTHKH Ka3axctaHa b coBpeMeH-

0 co6o Ba>KHO noanepKHVTb B JieKUHH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH nOJIHTOJIOrHH

KaK h BCHKas HayKa, nojiHToaorafl CTpeMHToa c(J)opMyjTnpoBaTb cboh 3Ha-

HlW 0 nojiHTHKe B (})OpMe 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH, T.e. O&beKTHBHMX yCTOHHHBMX

B3aHMOCB»3eft, npHHUHIIOB, TeHaeHUHH. r ie p B b ie nonblTK H BblSBHTb TaKHe

3aK0HOMepHOCTH npeanpriHHMaancb H.MaKHaBejiaH h 111. MoHTecKbe (cjipan-

uy3CKHH nacaxejib, (Jjnriocof}), hctophk; 1689 - 1755), KOTOpbie o6pamann

BHHMaHHe Ha B3aHMOCBS3H nOJIHTHKH C npHpOaHHMH <|>aKTOpaMH, IiCHXOaOrH-

eft, KyjibTypoft HapoaoB.

06hhho BbiaejwnoT aBe rpynnw B3aHM03aBHCHM0CTeH: 1) oS'beKTHBHbie

B3an;v;ocBS3H nojuiTHKH c apyrm iH ccjicpaMH >kh3hh oomecxBa;

2)co6cXBeHHO IIOJIHTH'ieCKHe 33K0H0MepH0CTH, T.e. yCTOftHHBbie B3aHM03a-

BHCHMOCTH M OKay 3JieVCH'iaMH nOJIHTHKH. K nepBbIM OTHOCSIT 3aBHCHMOCTb

nOJIHTOTeCKHX (J)OpM OT 3K0H0MH4eCK0r0 Pa3BHTHfl; oSyCJIOBJieHHOCTb aeMO- KpaTHH ypoBHeM KyiibTypbi o6mecxBa, HaaHHHeM aeMOKpaTmecKHX TeHfleH-

uhS: BJiHdHwe ua c|>opMy npasaeHHa paswepa xeppHTopHH h T.a. Ko btopmm

othocht, HaupHMep, npHHimn JiernTHMHOCTH: juo6aa BaacTb Hy*aaeTCfl b

nPH3HanHH ee co CToponbi o6mecTBa; riojiHTHMccKHe pemennji npeanojiara-

101 Hajim He MexaHM3Ma peaan3auHH; nojiHTHHecKaa BJiacTb (J)yHKUHOHnpyeT,

Hb,X yCJIOBHSX?

J,HIUh oyayiH nepeaaBaeMoii ot cy6 ieKTa k oS-berry, h Hao6opoT; ycroHHH-

B°cib pe>KHMa o6ycaaBJiHBaeTca coGjiroaeHHeM uphhuhdob pa3aejieHHfl

BJ1acTen h oraeaeHHH noaHTHKH o t a p y ru x ccjiep h T.a.

Pa3aaercji cTyaeHTaM aHaaHTmecKaa KapTOMKa.

75

Ka3axcK0M xaHCTBe, )KeTi }K aprw , h nojiHmqecicoM m hcjih X IX BeKa p 1

KpblTHK) COiiep>KaHMH Ha3BaHHbIX BOnpOCOB reMbi M Oryi ch ocoG ctbob^B

HCTopHHecKHH h HarJiflflHMH MaTepnaji no HCTopHH Ka3axcTaHa. aTl

B Hanane jickuhh npcnoaaBaTejib aaeT oSiuenojiHTHHecKHfi M arepH ^B

ho vMer MecTHoro peruoHa - ofisnarejien.

JieKTop HMeeT B03M05KH0cn> ySeaHTejibHO aoKasaxb rocnoacTBo jhojjl

THMecKOH MbicjiH Boctok3 Ha 0CH0p.e npeflJiaraeM oro naivin Ma rep iia jia . 1

OopaiOBanne Ka3axcKoro axHoca h rocyaapcTBemiocTH o th ocst k 60j j f l

ii03HHeMy nepnoay. A b X -X IIIb b . Ha TeppHTopHH Ka3axciaHa npow ro J

Hapoaw h njieMeHa, oo ’beaHHeHHi.ie tiopkckhm jbmkom h no3>Ke BouieauiHe»

pa3Hbie rocyaapcTBeHHbie o6i»eaHHenn>i h cocTaBHBUiHe pa3nbie 3thocm Ohh

ocraB inn H3MK0Bbie h aHTepaTypHbie naMATHHKH, KOTOpbie npHHaaaewaT t

06mecTBeHH0My tiacjieauio h KOTOpbie M uixurro i hctohhhkom uoinaiiHa no-

jiHTHnecKHX OTHOLueHHH. YweHbie, JiHTeparopbi, nosTbi HHcaiiH Ha apa6cK0M

s?3biKe, nrpaBiiieM b t o t nepnoa pojib Me/KayHapoanoro «3biKa. KpoMe Toro,

apa6bl npHBHeCJIH B TK>pKOS3bIHHyiO cpeay He TOJlbKO «3bIK, HO H KyabTypy,

n03HaK0MuaH c aHTHHHOH KyabTypoH, KOTOpan Hapaay c apaGcKOH, OKa?ana

3HaMM'rejibHoe baHHuiie Ha rrepeaoByio Mbicjib topkoh3mhhi,ix HapoaoB.

K yica3aHHOMy nepnoay o th och tcs aejrrejibHOCTb KpyriHenmero <j)iuio-

co(J)a h yMeuoro-sh'UHKJioiieaHCTa, H3BecTHoro Ha B octokc KaK «B to p o h y hh*

Teab» (nocne ApucTOTejia) - A 6y H acp a,ib-t£>apaon (870-950rr\), HBJunoael

roca ypoaceHueM r.OTpapa. EMy npsiHsaaewHT noAHTHnecKHH TpaKTaT «Q|

B3r;waax HCHTeaeft ao 6poaeTeabHoro ro p o a a ». B stom TpaKTaTe a ;ib -® apa6H

nouHTaacK eoeaHHHTb rpenecKHH noAHTHHecKKft naean (naeaabHbift r o p o *

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CTOTejIH, (j)HJ10C0(j) iracan, MTO TOCVaapCTBO B03HHKaeT KaK OOteaHHeHHC TtOJ

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eTca TaKoe rocyaapcTBo, aeareabHOCTb KOToporo HanpaBaeHa Ha 3a6oTy 06®

Bcex rpawaanax h Ha co3aaHHe 3TMoct}>epbi noM om n ap y r apyry . /I.oSpoa®'

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HOMy rocyaapcTBy a jib -O apa6n npoTHBonocTaBJWJi «HeBexcecTBeHHbie ropoj

aa»,>KHTejiH Korapbix HMeiOT OTpHuaiejibHbie HpaBCTBeHHbie KanecTBa.

CBeaeHHH nojTHTHHeCKoro xapaicrepa aaeT 3HaMeHHTaa no3Ma «HayiJ 6biTi» cHacTJiHBHM» K)cy4>a BajiacaryHCKoro (X I b .), Bbixoaua H3 3HaTHoil

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iibie cocjiobhh h npaBHJia B3anMOOTHOiueHHH M eway npaB5imnMn h yripaal

JIHCMblMH. OCHOBHbIM npHHUHHOM, Ha OCHOBe K0T0p0r0 aOJDKeH , HO MbICJ*

lOcycjia BanacaryHCKoro, ynpaBaarb cnacTjiHBbiH h npaBaHBbiH rocyaapb, « ■ naeTCH npHHUHn co6aioaeHHH TBepabix 33Kohob b coK)3e c pa3yMOM, cnacTbeii

h npaBeaHoft WH3Hbio. B no3Me onHcaHbi KanecTBa, HeoSxoaHMbie Be3Hp)T

76

koboJIU>'> ceKpeTapio, nHCuy, noBapy, ynenoMy, jieKapio... IlosMa aaeT n° ' ictaBJieHHe o TorAaumeM o6mecTBe, ero HpaBax, o6biHaax.

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« C b o h imQjnoAeHHH o h 3annca ji b rjiaBHOM Tpyae «C ;iO B ap b nopKCKHx

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BeKOBb»-Bojib iuoe MecTo b KyjibTypHoii >kh3hh X I I b. 3aHajiH npoHSBeneHHH A x -

a ,ja /IcaBH, ypoxceH ua C aR paH a. Em v npHHaAJie>KHT coopHHK c th x o b ^ m a H -

u-XHKMaT (K H H ra rip eM yapo crH ), b K oropo fl m o x h o H a n ™ HH (})opM aurao

KyJlbTypHO-HCTOpHHeCKOrO H COUHaJIbHO-6 blTOBOrO nopaflKa.

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m n e XV b. OTHOCHTCa 0 6 p a 3 0BaHue n ep B o ro Ka3axcKoro ro cy aap cT B en n o ro

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Ka3axcsoe xaHCTBO CKJiaawBajiocb KaK b M esKfloycooHofi 6 o p t 6 e, TaK h b

eohhc c BHeuiHHMH BparaMH. YKpenHJiocb rrpw ,xaHe KacbiMe n ero cbme

XaK-Ha3ape (16b.) h npii xaHe TayKe (1680-17J8rr.). C hmchcm xaHa TayKe CBa3aHo npoBeaeHHe ue.noro paaa pe<{)opM nojiHxmecKoro xapaKTepa, koto -

pwe iiojiynHiiM HasBaHHe 3 aK0 Hbi T ayK e h jih )Keii >Kaprbi (CeMb ycTaHOBJie-

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HHKaMH )Keri )K ap rb i CJieayeT CHHTaTb c ra p o e o 6 biHHoe npaBO Ka3axoB, HeriH-

caH,i|e 3aK0 Hbi Ka3axcK nx xaHOB, npeAinecTBeHHHKOB TayK e h oSbiHHoe npaBO

M°Hro;ioB, cocTaBJieHHoe npH MHHrHcxaHe.

)KeTi >Kaprw co flepm rr HopMbi aAMHHHCTpaTHBHO-yrojiOBHoro, rpaac-

aancKoro npaBa, n o jtow en n a o Hanorax, pe jin ru H h t .a ., T.e. AaeT npeACTaBJie-

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BePxoBHbiM cyAben . /laa pe uremia AaHHbix rocyAapcTBeH H bix fleji peKOMenny-

«H T o 6 bi caM xan, paBHO KaK h Bee cyjnaHbi, cTapeflm nHbi h npaBHTejiH

P°Aob, coOnpajiHCb occH bio b oahom MecTe, B cepeAHHe CTeriH, AJia paccy »<A e -

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flJlaTHJiH xan y h e ro ripaBHTejiaM 2 0 -io n ac rb CBoero HMym ecTBa e * c r o A H o ) .

77

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aacTK ceMefiHO-GpaHHbix othou ichkh. TaK, xo th )K cri )Kaprw coxpaHneT 3g J

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non npHHazuie*HOCTH npecTynHHKa h noTepneBiuero. 3a v 6hhctbo cyaTaHjjB

pajMep KyHa cocTaBjian k3k 3a 7 mcjiohck, CTOMMOCTb paGa npHpaBHHsajiact k I

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ra). Coxpaiiajica npHHimn ko^jickthbhoh OTBeTCTBeHHOCTM 3a npecTynjieHHe. 1

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jien Han >KH3Hbio aeTefi. « PoaHTejiH 3a \’6hhctbo aeTefi cbohx hhhcm He HaKa-j

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iipaBonopnaKg, ocaaGanaa Me>Kaoyco6Hbie bohhu (n o npeaaHHio TayKe p a c j

npeaeam i paifoHbi komcbok no oraeabnw M naeMenHMM oGieaHHeHUHM).

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a o y c o 6HbiMH BOHHa.Mi-i h Gopb6ofl c BHeuiHHMH BparaMH. OcoGyio o n a c n o c T *

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M aaam ero >KV3a craji AGyaxanp, KOTopbifi crpeMHacn upeoaoaeTb iiojihtH1

CKyro pa3ap0GjieHH0CTb Mepe3 yKperuieHHe CBoen Bjiacrn. JJnft n o ro ny/KHj

Gbiaa noaaep>KKa H3BHe. H oh Hamea 3tv noaaepwKy b coK>3e c Poccne*l (1733r.). Ha d to Gbian h 3KOHOMHMecKHe npHMHHbi - pacuiHpeHHe komcbhA

Ka3axoB Ha 'lanaa, Heo6xoaHMOCTb b ToproBae. OaHHM H3 mothbob ra K o B

uiara Gbiao cnaceHne Ka3axoB o t nopaoomeHHH h vhhmtokchhh a^ynrapaM 1® 78 I

jjpyrHM npeacTaBHTejieM nojiHTHKM X V IIIb . hbjihjich xaH CpeaHero

3a AoJiaH, lOHbie ronbi KOToporo npoxoaHJiH b 6opb6e c jwcyHrapaMH. Oh qUIe AP>'rnx noHHMaji nojioaceHHe Ka3axcTaHa. CTpaHa 6buia pa3po3HeHa

'„pa3flP°6jieHa- He3aBHCHMOCTH yrpoxcauH Kpyniibie n canbutie rocyaapcTBa. g )Tom cjiovkhom 00CTaH0BKe ASjiafl nocTaBna 3aaany - yKpenHTb h ycHiinxb cB0(O BnacTb 3a cner naBHpoBanHH, 3a cneT coxpaiieHUH coto3a h apy»c6bi c poccnen h KwraeM. JlaBHpoBaHHe rue way asyMH KpynHbiMH aepwaBaMH no- MOrjio xaHy ASaaio yKpenHTb cboh anaaemra, Koiopwe nocjie ero CMepTH n3-3a pacnpefl h Mewaoycoonn pacnanncb h 6mjih BKjnoneHbi b op6HTy bjihh- hiw Pocchh. ripeacTaBjieHHe 0 nojiHTHHecKHX B3ragaax xaHa A6aaa aaioT

necuH Byxap-vKbipay (cHjibHaa xaHCKaa BJiacTb, HCJiaM, cok>3 c PoccneH h

KuTaeM).floJiHTHHecKaa M bicjib X IX b . noJiHTHnecKaa Mbicjib Ka3axcTaHa 3Toro

nepnoxa npeacxaBaena TaKHMh KpynHeftiUHMH HMeHaMH, KaK HoKan BanH-

xaHOB, A6aK KyHaH6aeB, H6patt AjiTbincapHH. H x B3nwabi (JjopMnpoBaancb

nofl BJiMHHeM He TOJibKO apa6cK0H KyjibTypbi, ho h pyccKoft, noa bjihshhcm

nepeaoBofl pyccKoft aeMOKpaTHHecKoft Mbic/iH.

H.BajiHxaHOB (1835-1865rr.) afiaaeTCH BbiaaiomeHca aHHHocTbio, chh- Taeica nepBbiM Ka3axcKHM y HCHbiM-jHiiHKJioneaHCTOM, Oh okohmhji Omckhh

KaacTCKHH Kopnyc, tkvui b nexep6ypre, BpamaicH b Kpyry nepeaoBoti hhtcji- jmreHUHH, vnacTBOBaji b 3KcneaHUMHX. b tom nncae b Kauirapmo. Ero o6m e-

ciBeHHo-noaHTHqecKHe Bsniaabi oTpaweHbi b pa6oxax «OnepKH flxcyHrapHH», «0 MycyjibMancTBe b CTenn», «3anHCKH o cyae6HOH pec})opMe».

3a6oT»cb o c y a t6e CBoero Hapoaa, H.BaiiHxaHOB oxeeHaeT Ha Bonpoc

«hto aeaaTb?», nocTaBJieKHbift b to BpeMs aeMOKpaTHHecicoB HHTejuiHreHUH-

6h. Oh cHHTaeT, hto nyxb Ka3axcKoro Hapoaa - 3x0 nyxb npocBemeHwr Ha

ocHOBe npHoGmeHHH k pvccKOH KVJibType h HayKe. O h nnuier, h to He rrpn-

HaajiexHT k nocaeaoBaxejiaM to h y3K0H TeopHH HapoaHoci H, xoxopwe ayMa-

hxo HapoaHocTb aojracua pa3BHBaTbca caMa H3 ce6a. «H anpoxH B,- nHuiex

4-BariHxaHOB, - Mbi ayMaeM, hto ycBoeHHe o6meeBponeftcKoro, 06meHeji0Be-

MeCKoro npocBemeHHa h SHeprHHecKaa 6opb6a c npeiwTcxBHHMH, MeuiaiomH-

MH fl0CTHweHHio 3toh uejiH, aoa>KHa cocraBaaTb KOHenHyjo uejib ana BCHKoro

HaP°aa, cnoco6Horo k pa3BHTHK> h K yjibiype».

Ho, ripHo6maacb k pyccKoft h oSmeeBponeftcKofi Kyabxype, Ka3axcKHft

gyP0Jl He ^oa*eH 3a6biBaTb o caM06biTH0CTH. HanpHMep, oh OTCTaHBaa caMo- TiiocTb b Bonpoce 0 cyaax. B to BpeMH uapcKoe npaBHTejibCTBo npoBoanao

j°PM y, iaMeHHH cya 6neB Ha cya npHcaacubix. B «3anHCKax o cyae6Hofl ^°pM e» M.BajiiixanoB OTMCwaji, hto oGbiHHoe npaBo Ka3axoB HMeex 6ojiec

p aHHljie CTopoHbi, neM 3aK0H0aaTeiibCTB0 MvcyjibMancKoe, KHTaRcKoe h

ca,M °HiiHcan, hto aaa HopManbHoro pa3BHTna Hapoaa, Heo6xoaHMbi: Pa3BHTHe, caMOsauiHuieime, caMoyirpaBaeHHe h caMocya.

79

YHenbiH He OTBepraji iHaneHHH pe.iHFHH B006me, ho oTphuaTejibHo 0|

nocHJica k B0CTO4HOMV penHrH03H0My o6yMeHH!o, CHH'raa, h to nepe3 Her0

H^eT HacawaeHHe oSbinaeB, nywawx Ka3axcKOMy iiapoay h TaHymax ero na 3an. I103T0MV OH OTCTaHBajl CBeTCKVK) (t)OpMV oSvHCHHa H 06pa30BaHWS.

IlepBbiM K33axcKHM npocBeraTeaeM, nepBbiM yMHTejieM Ka3axcKoro na, poaa Ha3biBaK>T HSpaa AjiTbiHcapuHa (1841-1889rr.)- Oh poanjica b6aij3

OpeH6ypra, 3Ukohmhji uiKOJiy. Ctbb yHHTeaeM, orepbui b Typrae Ha*iani,ny2

uiKOJiy juia Ka3axcKHx aeTeft, 3aTeM nepnyro jkchckvio uiKOJiy-HHrepnaT. 1KaK ynnTeJib h, 3aTeM, HHcneKTop Ka3axcKHx uikoji H.AjiTbiHcapiiH ao-

6HBaiica npocBemeHHa Ka3axcKoro Hapoaa Ha ochobc Ka3axcKoro «3biKa (a0

3Toro ooynenKe lujio Ha TaTapcKOM a3WKe). O h imcaa, h to b HHTepecax pa3.

BHTHa KasaxcKOH HapoflHOCTH h b uejiax pa3BMTna Ka3axcKoro a3biKa o6paiiQ.

eTca k onbuy pyccKHX neaaroroB. H a ochobc KHpiuuiimbi cocTaBmi 3H3MeHH-

tvk ) «KnprH3CKVTO xpecTOMaiMJO», no kotopoh ynm iocb He oano noKOJieHHe.

H6pafi AjiTbiHcapHH nouowHTejibHo oTHOcroica k pejiHrwn, ho b toh Me-

pe, B K3K0H pejlHTKa BOCnHTblBaeT C03HaTejlbH0CTb H HeCTHOCTb. OTCTaHB®

CBeTCKyK) 4>op\iy o6yHenna. Hopafi AjiTbiHcapHH H3BecTeH T aoce cBoefi 06-

mecTBeHHOH aeaTejibHOCTbK), KOTopaa Sbiiia HanpaBJieHa Ha 6opb6y c poao-

BblMH pacnpaMH, B3HTOHHHHeCTBOM.

3HaHKTejibHbiM aejieHneM b iiCToptiM Ka3axcKoro Hapoaa Shjlh scH3Hb{fl TBopnecTBo BCJiHKoro Ka3axcKoro no3Ta A6aa KyuaHSaeBa ( i 845-1904rt.).

nyTb A 6aa - 3to nyTb npocBemeHHa neaoBeKa, riyn> k 3HaHiiaM. HpaBCTVB-

HbiM BepuiHHaM. T p n hctohhhk3 HauHOKajihHOH h oSmeueaoBenecKott Kyjib-

Typbi nnT3Jin KopHH TBopnecTBa A6aa. 3 to K33axcKaa ycniaa peneBaa Kyjft- Typa, 3aneHaraeHHaa b <})0JibKJi0pe; jiynuiHe o6pa3Hbi KJiaccHHecKOH H033H*

BocTOKa, pyccKaa KyabTypa. H x oh aoHec ao Ka3axcKoro Hapoaa b cBoeM

TBopnecTBe.OcHOBHbiM coaepwanHeM no33HH A6aa aBaaexca >kh3hb Ka3axcKoro

Hapoaa, ero cyaboa. B cTHxax oh ocywaaeT h 6nnyeT nopoKH tjjeoaanbHO-

poaOBOii H HMHOBHHHbeH 3H3TH, npH3bIBaeT K npOCBemeHHK), npeoaoaeHM ffl

HHLUeTbl, HCBe'/KeCTBa. pOOKOH IlOKOpHOCTH, MOKpOAOBOH Bpawab! H paiOO-

uxeHHOCTH. A 6aw BOccTaeT npoTHB pa6cKOH noKopnocTH cyab6e: «Tbi aaa?*1

co3a3.i njioxoe h xopoiuee, h o He Tbi 3acTaBaaeuib aioaen coBepmaTb ao6p<w

3jio, Tbi ajuiax, co3aaa 6oae3HH, h o He tm 3acTaBJiaeiiib aroaeft MVHHTbca

Tbi aajiax, C03a3a pocKouib n iw m eT y , ho He Tbi npeBpamaeLUb jnoaeft b 6or®

neii h 6eaHaKOB)>.

LLIHPOKO H3BeCTHbl ei'0 « Ha3HaaHHfl» HJIH 44 CJIOB3 K Ka3aXCKOMy HaP j

ay, CBoa M yapocra h iipaBCTBeHHocTH. IlanpHMep, «)K nTb xnipocrbK ), CJie3JlHBblMM npOCb6aMH - 3TO He 3HaHHT WHTb, 310 3H3HHT CVIUeCTBOB^B

KaK cymecTByeT co6aKa». «Hcji0BeK, raymiBuiHH KyjibTypy h a3biK m ioro V

poaa. CTaHOBHTCa c hh m paBHonpaBHbiM h He SyaeT wHTb n030pH0».BeK - aHTs CBoero BpeMeHH. H o ecjiH Tbi aypeH, He oGbhhmh b 3tom c0° ™

80

c0BpeMeHHHKOB». «r ijio x o H A p y r KaK TeHb: b cojiHenHbifi Aem> S e ra - He y 6 e-

^ H.ijb, b nacMypHbiH aeHb h iuh - He cw m eu ib ».

B uejioM , paccMaTpHBas oSmecTBeHHO-nojiMTHHecKHe B3n i»a b i 'loKaH a

g^THxanoBa, A 6 aa K yiian oaeu a . H 6 paa AjixbincapHHa, m o *h o OTMeTHTb, mto

({X o6 beaMHaeT 3a6oTa o HapoAHon cyabS e, CTpeMJieHHe b h b cc th Hapon Ha

nyrb ripocBemeHHH h npnoom eH H a k pyccKOH h 3anaflH0eBp0neftCK0H KyjibTy-

pe npn coxpaHeHHH caMOObiiHOCTH; 6 opb 6 a b to h h jih hhoh 4>opMe (craxaM H

jjjjji npaKTHMecKoli jieaTejn .HoCTi.io) c TeM, h to M euiaex bm hth Ka3axcK0My

uapoay Ha nyTb n porp ecca .

ripH H3ymehhm TeMbi: «nojiHTHHecKne napTHH» 6ojibiiioft o6i.eM BpeMeHH

Bi)i;ie:ifleTCH Ha aHajiH3 B onpoca o coBpeMeHHbix TeaaeHUHax pa3BHTH» m h o to -

napTH0HOCTH b Ka3axcTaHe. 3/iecb pacKpbraaeTca cTaHOBJiemie M H oronapraH -

hocth b Ka3axcTaHe. CTaHOBjieHHe noaroTOBHAO pa3BHTHe nojinTH3HpoBaH-

Horo caMOfleHTejibnoro a b io k €HH3, KOTopoe, b cboio onepeflb, npow jio He-

CKOJIbKO 3TanOB.

I 3Tan - oceH b 1986 - (fieBpajib 1988rr. 3Tan KAy6 ffi.ix C T pym yp ( o 6 pa-

30BaHIie n0AHTKJiy6 0 B, aKTHBH3aiJHH SKOJIOTHHeCKOrO ABHyKCHHH, BblflejteHHe

nojiHTHHecKHX c ip yK T yp ).

II 3Tan - 4>eBpajib 1989 - n a ia jio 1990r. oSmecTBeHHoe ABimeHHe co-

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npOUeCCOM BO'JHHKHOBeHIM H pa3BHTH3 pa3JIH'IHblX 06meCTBeHHbIX H II0JTHTH-

necKHX o6teflHHeHHH. M h o rue H3 hhx, B03HHKiiiHe H3 Kjiy6oB, 3aHHMajiHCb

SKOJiorHiecKMMH npo5jieMaMH. HanpHMep, jieroM 1988r. noHBnnacb accouna-

iihji «3ejieHwR <hpoHT», 3aHHMaK>ma5»c» npo6jie^}aMH 3arpa3ueHHa B03/jyxa

Haji cTOJiHuen h onacnocxH npopbisa boa H3 03epa Cop6yAaK. iloHBJiaioTCH

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° 6mecTBa «M eM op n a ji» 6 biah 06pa30BaHbi ero OTAejieHita b ropoAax AAMaTbi,

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nPecci«ix CTaAHHCKoro nepHOAa, 0Ka3biBaK)T 6AaroTBopHTeAbHyio noMomb

PenPeccnpoBaHHbiM.

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Hb,e opi anH3aiiHH. 06m ecTBeHH0-n0AHTHM ecKa« opraHH3auna « O o p y M » 6bma

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aunn. Peciiy6jiHKaHCKHH CTyAenqecKHH coB er CTan 3aHHMan.cs) 3amHT0H

KaflbHbix npaB cryAeHTOB.

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8 .

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Ba, 00'bcjiHHeHHM HauHOHajibHbix iweHbiuHHCTB h apyrne.

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cxejwexca b MHHHcrepcTBe kkxmlihh pecny6jiHKH. 3xa npouenypa npn,laej|

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hhh rocyztapcxBa c oousecxBenHbiMH opram oam wM H n m irx c H m m i. a, 3Ha-‘

t o t , h c rpaacaaHaMH, bxoahujihmh b hx cocxaB. 06mecxaeuHi>iM oS'beflHHCHH-

eM C4HxaexcH ao6poBOJibnoe (})opMnponaHne, B03HHKinee b pe3yjibxaTe cbo-

ooiiHoro BOJiemtaBJieHHa rpawaaH, Ha ochobc o6hihocth HHxepecoB. OSiye-

cTBeHHbiMH o6rbe;jHHeHHaMH Ha TeppnxopnH Pecny6jiHKH Ka3axcxaH npraHa-

toxcH nojiHxnMCCKHe napTHH, MaccoBbte aBroKeHHH, ripo^eccHOHajibHbie coio-

3w, wchckhc, BexepaHCKHe opraHH3auHH, HaynHbie, rexHHMecKHe, Mojioaew-

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Bo.rTbiibie o6mecTBa, xBopnecKne coro3bi, seMJianecxfia, cjKHUibi, accoimauHH. B

ox jin roe ox napx™ , o6mecxBeHHbie opranHiamiH He CTaBsn Ha nepBMH miaH

nojiHXH'iec.KHe 3aaaTO, He pa3pa6axbiBaK>x nojiHXHHecKHX nporpaMM.

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60JIblHHX Macc Jl to/left, 0C03HaBUIHX OOUJHOCXb CBOHX COHHajlbHilX, 3KOHOMH-I

HeCKHX, nOJIHTMMCCKHX H flyxOBHbIX HHTepeCOB.

OcHOBHblMH npHHHHnaMH C03A3HHH H fleSTeJIbHOCTH oSmeCXBCHijtM

oSbeflHHCHHtt aBnmoxca: a 06p0B0JibH0CTh. paBHonpaBHe hx HJienoe (ynacxHwl

kob), caMoynpaBJieHi-ie, 3aK0HH0cxb, raacHocTb.

npHHUHnw 06pa30BaHHH o6mecTBeHHbix oSue/iHHeHHf!, a xaK *e npaBa ifl

ycjiOBHa npeKpameHHa h x aesTejibHOCTH H3Jio>KeHbi bo 2-ii h 3-h raaBax 3aK0§

Ha <<06 oSmecxBeHHbix 06 'beaHHemcix b Ka3axcKoft CCP». OSmecTBeHHbie

oGbenHHeHHa paBHbi nepea 3 aKOHOM. H x npaBa 3aKperuunoxcH b y c x a B a *

OSmecxBemibie o&beanHeHHH M oryT cb o 6oh h o pacnpocxpaH axb HH«J>opMa-

mno o cb oh x ueju x h aeaxejibH ocxn , ocymecxBJMTb 3aKOHOflaxeJibHyro hhh-

unaxi!By b jiHue* cboh x opraHOB, npeacxaBJiaxb h 3amnmaxb HHTepecbi cbohx

HJienoB h ynacTHHKOB, ocym ecTBJiaxb HHbie noJiHOMOTOJi, HenpoTHBopeHafflM

3aK0H0aaxejibcxBy. OxHom eHHa M ejKay o 6mecxBeHHbiMH oGheanHeiiHMMH 1

rocyaapcxBOM peryjinpyroTCH Ha 0CH0Be K o h c th ty u h h PecnySjiHKH Ka3ax-

craH, npHHaxoft 30 aB rycxa 1995r.. TaK, b craTbe 5 K o h cx h tvu h h OTMenaeTCffl

«06mecxBeHHbie otTbenHHeHUfl paBHbi nepea 3aK0 H0M. He aonycKaeTCH neW, KonHoe BMemaxeitbcxBo rocyaapcTBa b aeJia oom ecxBeHHbix oDx>e;x»Hennff 9

o 6 mecxBeHHbix o 6x>eflHHeHHH b a e jia rocyaapcxB a, B03Ji0 >KenHe Ha o 6 m eCJ

BCHHbie ooheaiinehiMa 4>yHKunK rocyaapcxBeHHbix OpraHOB, rocyaapcTBeHH<4

(])M»aHcnpoBanHe o6mecTBeHHbix o6beaHHeHHfi». 3anpemaexcH co3 a a H * * ileaicjibHocxb o6uiecrBCHiiHx oGbeziHHeHHfi, uejin h ;ichcxbh» KOTopbix liaj npaBJienbi na napymcuHe KOHcxHxyuHOHHbix HopM.

I l l —3Tan naqajio 1990r. — 0KTa6pa 1991 r. 3Tan noaHTHnecKoft antjitbe-

.jiauaiiHH (BbiSopHaa KOMiiaiiHa Banana 1990r., opraHmauHOHHoe o<j>opM-

gllne couHaji-aeMOKpaTHHecKOH napTHH h rpawaancKoro ABMwenHa «A 3 a T »,

IprH H « A a a m » h ap.).I IpenoaaBaTeaH noacHaioT. h to y xo a c nojiHTHHecKofi apeHti b aBrycTe -

ct,HTa6pe 1991r. KoMMVHHCTHMecKOH napTHH Ka3axcTaHa noTpe6oBajio o t

(OJIOflWX nOJIHTHHeCKHX napTHH aKTHBHbIX aeHCTBHH, HCHOfO o6o3HaHeHHH

,g0nx ueaeil h MexoaoB hx aocTHweHHs.

HeKOTOpbie M aTepnaabi m ow h o n o a a ib HCTopm ecKH, nanoMMnaa o

tom, 11X0 b SHBaPe 1990r. Ha 6 a3e rpynrib i «B n p a H K » (K a3 rY ) Obiaa conaana

BoeHHO-noaHTHnecKaa opraHH3aiijta h C 0103 He3aBHCHMbix cT ya em oB . C Bec-

HW 1990 ro a a HanHHaeTca n pou ecc BcsHHKHOBeuHa noaHTHHecKHX napTHH h

ODIUeCTEeHHO-irOaHTHHeCKHX aBH/KCHHH. B 3TO BpeMH OfJjOpMilHIOTCH TaKHe

oSteaiiHeHHa KaK Counaii-aeMOKpaTHHecKaa napxna, I'pawaaHCKoe aeMOKpa-

rpmecKoe aBHweHHe «A 3 a T ». B aripeae - Mae 1990r. B03HHKaK)T nauHOHajib-

Htie napTHH, TaKHe KaK napTiia « A aa u i», HauHOHaabHO-aeMOKpaTHHecKaa

napTHH «>KenroKcaH». OrawHHTeabHOM nepToft B03HHKaroniHX b 3t o t nepnoa

oSiaecTBeHHO-noaHTHHecKHX (jjopMHpoBaHHH asaaeTca HaannHe hobm x ao3yH-

roB 0 He3aBHCHMOCTH pecnyGanKH.

3HaHHTeabHUM maroM Ha craaHH pa3BHTHa MHoronap rHMHOCTH b Kasax- cxaHe asnaocb npHHaTHe 21 heoh« 1991r. 33koh « 0 6 o6mecTBeHHbix oSteafi- HeHHax b Ka3axcK0H C C P», B OKTa6pe 1991 roaa npoxoaaT perHCTpamno

noaHTmecKHe napTHH: HapoaHbul KOHrpecc Ka3axcTaHa h CorwaaHCTHHecKaa

napiHH KasaxcraHa. 3aTeM apyrne napTHH h oSniecTBeHHo-nojiHTHHecKHe o6teaHHenHH. Bce o h h b cBoeft nonHTHHecKofi paooTe Goahiuoe BHHMaHHe

yfleaatoT npoojieMaM counanbHOH iauiHTbi naceaeHHa, rocyaapcTBeHHoro

^UKa, rpa>KaaHCTBa.

' feaaraa Bonpoc 0 (j)opMHpoBaHHH noavrrHHecKHx napTHH caeayei oco6o

n°AMepKHyTb, h to c 1993r. B03H H K aeT TeuaeHUHfl k o6T>eaHHeHHio noaHTHne-

CK0X chji. B c})eBpaae 1993 roaa cosaaerca C 0103 «H apoaH oe eaHHCTBO Ka-

3aXCTana», KOTOpbiH rioaTBepana Kypc Ha noaHTHnecKoe 6aoKHpoBaHHe c apy-

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ibTypH oro MHpoTBopHecKoro, aHTHBoeHHoro h 3KoaorHHecKoro xapaKTepa.

° 'HHK-Ta a n r a w eH m H H - MycyabMaHOK, o T a ea eH H a oom ecTBa « K a 3aK T ia i» .

°A H aK o ra a B H y io poab b noaHTHnecKon whshh CTaaH HrpaTb napTHH h

CCTBt'HHhie aBHaceHHa aeM O KparaH ecKoro xa p a K T ep a .

83

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napTHSM COimaJlHCTHMeCKOH OpHCHTaUHH OXHOCHXCa CoUHajIMCXHHecK

napxna Ka3axcTaHa, CouHan-AeMOKpaxitHecKaa napraa Ka3axcTaHa h KomJv

HHCTHHecKaa napxna Ka3axcxaHa. #Be napTHn - CouMajwcxHHecKaa napJL

kaaaxcxana ( C r iK ) h KoMMyHncximecKaa napxHH Kaiaxcxana (K J IK ) bo3hhk

iia Ha ocHGBe SbiBnieii KomMyHHCxMHecKoS napxHH.

ComiajiHCXHuecKaa napxna KasaxcxaHa (txm aH a b 1991r., HacHHXbiBMk

50 xbic. mjichob) no CBoeMy HaefiHO-xeopexHHecKOMy o6jXHKy - s to HOBaj

napxna. OHa oxKa3aiiacb ox KOMMyHMcrnHecKoft HfleojiorHH, ho, b xo ace Bpe-

mh, no/ixBepxHJia cboio npiiBepaceHHOcxb couHajmcxuraecKOMy Bbi6opy. O^na

ko ee noHHMaHMe counanH3Ma He HMeex Hunero oGiuero c xpa/iHUHOHHifti

MapKCH3M0M-jieHHHH3M0M: couHajiH3M noHHMaexca KaK lunopariHCXHMecKoe

OOmeCXBO C pblHOHHOH 3K0H0MHK0H. IlpOrpaMMa COUHajlHCXHHeCKOH napXHH

Ka3axcxaHa npMHa ra Ha X IX cbe3ae CouHajiHCTvmecKOH napXHH Ka3axcTaHa.

B Hen roBopnxcs; «CointanHCTiniecKaa napxna Kanaxcxana b CBoeft ,xoaiejii-

hocxh ncxoan r H3 ryMaHHbix, coim anncxm ecKHx ueHHocxeit Lfcrcb napxHH -

o6mecxBo couwajibHOH ciipaBejuiHBocxn, cboSoaw h cojiniiapHocxH jho;kh».

CIIK sbipa>Kaex HHxepecbi Jiroaefi ipy/ja, co3,aaiomHx MaxepnajibHbie h ay-

xoBHhie uchhocxh oomecTBa. Hapxna cxpeMiixca oo ’be/iHHHXb nporpeccio-

Hbie, naxpnoxHHecKHe cn;ibi pecny6jiMKH Ka3axcxaH, Bcex croponnMKOB nepe-

xoaa ox TOxannxapHoi’0 k aeMOKpaxmecKOMy, npaBOBOMy rocyaapcxBy.

KoMMyHiicxiPiecKaa napxua Kasaxcxana saperacxpupoBaHa b (jjeBpajp

1995r. (HHCJieHHOCXb - ooziee 50 xbic. hcjiobck). B nporpaMMe napxHH nofl-

vepKHBaexcH, qxo KoMnapTHH Ka3axcxaHa aBJiaexca 06H0BJieHH0ii napxsiefi

o6be,XHHaiomeft npmepjKeHueB KOMMyHncxii'iecKoii h;ich. Com uubnyK ) 6a3y

ee cocxaBJiaiox juoah xpyaa: paSoHue, KpecxbaHCXBO, HHxejuiHreHUHa. Hflefi-

naa 0CH0Ba - xBop'iecKHH MapKCH3M, onnpaiouiHiica Ha KpHXHMecKHfi anaJHO

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HaunouajibHoro aocroHHcxBa Bcex Hapo.noB, a xaioKe 3K0H0MHiiecK0e, noJfl1"

xHHecKoe paBHonpaBne. Hejib KFIK — B03BpameHHe Ha nyxb couHaaHCXH^'

cKoro pa3BMxna. O opM on BjiaexH .hojukhm 6bixb CoBexbi HapoflHbix iienyxa-

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cyjiapcxBeHHOM peryjinpoBaHHH skohomhkh, b fhokom conexaHHH c pbiH0q'

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iuhx counaJibHyto cnpaBeaunBocxb h 3autmneHHocib juoaefi. Ilpn sxom

nocpeflcxBeHHoti uejibio npoH iBojcxBa aBJiaexca yaoB^exBopenne nocxoaHH0

pacxvinHx MaxepiiajibHbix h ayxoBHKix noxpeSnocxeH nejioBeKa.

[Ipn paccMorpeHHH npaKranecKott fleaxejibHOCTH Coim aji-

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cTaHa, KaK aapa oyayinero rocyaapcTBa - Bcjihkoi o TypKecTaHa.

IlapTHH 06meaeM0KpaTHHecK0H HanpaBaeHHOcra. K TaKHM n ap TH aw

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cum octh o t Hero n p aB sm ero KJiacca hbjih iotch CTpeMJieHHe k caKpajunaUW

(o t jiaT. sacer, sacri - CBsuueHHbiu, o th o c ju u h h ca k pejiiirH 03H0 My KyJit1®

Bo>Kaa, n ocT oam iaa aeM OHCTpauua jihmhoh jio a jibH o cra u T.a.

Bonpoc na CPC.KaK Bbi ciHTaeTe, HBJiaeTca bo>k;ih3m <|)CHOMeHOM KasaxcraucKOH n o ^ '

TuuecKoii >KH3HH hjih oh npucym h flpyniM oouiecxaaM? HpiraeflHTe KOHKpeT'

Hbie npuMepbi.

B c o B p e M e H H b ix y c j io B u a K a3a n o c b 6bi, M H o ru e a T p u o y rb i n e p c o H iK P j

U H p oBaH H O u BjiacTH ( b K a 3axc T a H e <})0pM anbH0 3t o iip e3Hzi.euT) TpaHCcjiop^

p o B a j iu c b H3 Bo>K;ui3M a b no jiH T H H e cK o e jiH flepcTBo. T a K , jie riiTUM HO CTb

iu a e in a Ka3axcTana npn o6p e ia e r pauuoHajibHO-aerajibHbie ueprbi: OHa <t)0y

M upyerca ua B ceoom iix Bbi6op a x ; pesyavraTb i CBoSoaHoro BOJien3t.aBJief*

96

BceM o6mecTBOM; aesrreabHOCTb anaepa omipaeTca Ha kohcth -

nP^3Ha a U eJieHHe b.hacreh h HajiHHHe Hapaay c npennaeHTOM KaK raaBHOH uhk'; P HHTe;ibH0tt BjiacTH rrpeacTaBmeabHbix OpraHOB b jinue napjia-

'■ ji OanaKO H3MeHHJiMCb ripeiiMyuiccTBeHHO BHeuiHiie aTpuSyTbi

vteHTa„' B iac rn. npaBHJia ee (J)opMHpoBaHna. B aeficTBHTeabHOCTH KOHueHrpa- B npe3naeHTa TaKoro o 6i>eMa 3aK0H0aaTeabHbix, HcnoaHHTeabHbix

ul,)18 raBHTeJibCKHX noaHOMOHHH (He cm m as BoeHHbix), OTCyTCTBHe peajib-

* "P* BOBHX pblMarOB KOHTpOJlH 3S CFO fleSTejTbHOCTblO, COXpaHfflOT B05K-

B*1* aK cyiUHOCTb riepCOHH(j)KU,HpOBaHHOH BJT3CTH, XOTfl H 06jieMeHHyK) B

■lHi H 3°BaHHyK> 4>°PMy (KOHCTHTyumo).111 ^ aMoaep>KaBne, bohcah3m npeacTaBaaioT coooh BnojiHe KOHKperaoe

0H[lMaHHe BJiacTH, BbiTeKaiomee H3 oco6oro nojiHTHHecKoro m hpoboc-

n hhths, Tuna nojiHTHKO-KyjibTypHOH opHeHTaiiHH h npeanonaraiomee onpe-

ejieHHbift cnoco6 couHaabHoro B3aHMoaeficTBHH jnoaeft. B crpaHax, rae ot-

cyTCTByeT 3peaoe rpawaaHCKoe oSmecTBO, BJiacxb paccMaTpriBaeTcn KaK

cp eacT B O noJiyMeHHH MaTepnaabHbix h H e M a x e p n a a b H b i x 6 a a r (cjiaBa, npe-

cth* , flocTyn b Bbicume cjioh o6mecTBa) h KaK cnoco6 rocnoacTBa Haa apv-

niMH jnojbMH. B 3tom caynae BJiacTb BbicxynaeT KaK caMoueHHocTb, no-

cKoubKy TOJibKO ona o rKpbiBaeT MHiuiBHfly iHHpoKHe bo3mo* hocth caMopea-

jnoauaii h nojiyMCHKfl cTarycoB.

Bonpocbi hu CPC.1. LleM oGycjxoBjieHbi aocojnoTHCTCKHe cpopMbi anaepcTBa b Ka3axcTane

(xaHbl H BO/Kaw)? B HeM 0C06eHH0CTb HX BJiaCTM H BJlHflHHa?

2. KaK0B0 cooTHonieHHe anaepcTBa h Boayunwa?

3. Ecjih Hcn0Jib30Baxb b KanecTBe KpnTepirs jiH/jepciBa hm na>K, to iione-

“ y B Ka3axcTaHe cpean jmaepoB Bceraa uemiaHCb o6pa3bi HacaeacTBeHHo-CTH B 3JlHTe?

OcoSeHHOcTH jiH aep cm a b coBpeMemiOM K a jax c ra n e , E cjih aaw e c

0npeaeaeHHOH aoaeri ycjiOBHOcra aaa xapaKTepHCTHKH nepcoHHcjnmnpo-

BaHHOH BaacTH b Ka3axcTaHe Hcn0ab30Barb TepMHH « noaHTHHecKoe anaepcT-

Bo>>> to m o w h o OTMeTHTb p a a ero ocoSenHocreH .

Bo-nepBbix, noaHTHHecKHe anaepbi b Ka3axcTaHe OHeHb caa6o nan npaK-

TH4cckh coBceM He ocyuiecTBJunoT cbo h (JiyHKUHOHajibHbie oSananHOCTH, k

K° ToPbiM o th o ch tcs n pew a e Bcero Bbipa6oTKa cipaTerHH pa3BHTH», HHTerpa-

bh* ViaC° B0KP y r ueae ft h ueHHOCTen, ocym ecTBaeHHe BsaHMoaericT-fiaacTH m o6m ecTBa, 3amHTa oSm ecTBa o t 6e33aK0Hna h caMoynpaBCTBa

POKpaTHH, HHHUHHpOBaHHe pe(j)OpM, MOOHJlM3alIHH Macc na HX OCymeCTB-

* Me H T.a. i IoaHTHMecKire a iia e p w 3anaTbi npc hm vu icctbch ho TeM, h to pea-

pyi° T Ha y * e CBepuiHBiiinecH coSbiTHa.

Bo-BTopbix, HOBbie ycaoBHa aeHreJibiiocTH aaa noamnmcckhx anaepoB

’^OMMynHCTHMecKoro THna 3acTaBa5noT hx H3MeHHTbca h npHcnocaSaH- •>ca K JTHM y CjioBn»M. Mho'/kcctbo (JiaKTopoB, KOTOpbie caeayeT ynHTbi-

97

Barh B nOJlHTHHecKOM WH3HH. (j)OpMHpytOT «nOJ!HTHHeCKHX

ejiHHHiomHX b ce6e n ep ™ pa3Jin<iHtix noiiHinqecKHx cTiinefi. C Ton B>' C(k HHfl reXHOJlOI HH npMHBTRH nOJIHTHHeCKHX peUieHHH JIHJiepbl „ o c tKomH

CTHHeCKOrO Tlina HBJDHOTCJI CTopoHHHKaMH HOMeHKJiaTypHOrO

ro CTHJIH, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpblM peillCHHH IipHHHMaHTTCfl y3KHM

jihu, 3aKpwT0. B ycjioBHHx nepexoflHoro coctosh h*. Kor.ua pa3p y , j ^ ^ B

npMBbiMHwe coimajibHbie crhbh h nosBJraioTca 3Ha'tHTe.ibHbie Mapi HHam ^B

rpvnnbi, « noTHTHHecKHe MyTanTbi» aeuatoT TOJiny cbocW couHant>Hoft

'K.ioiiBaio rcM ee DCioroBopouHOH no;uiep*KH. B stom CMHCJie ohh Bbicrv * K)i KaK iionyjiHCTCKHe Jivmepbi, crpeMfliuneca BbipawaTb pcanbHwe hv*

IXIHpOKMX Macc, KOTOpbie 3KTHBH0 BTfliHBaiOICM B IlOJlHTHKy. ‘

OxiHaKO opiienTaiiHH Ha cmoMHHyTHbie HHTepecw rojinbi He iKttBojUfj

nonyjitiCTCKHM jiHflepaM Ha npoT«>KeHHH xuiHTejibHoro BpeMeHH n o jm e p * i3 l

CBOIO JieFHTHMHOCTb. K TOMy >Ke C06CTBeHHVK) riO.U/lep>KKy 3TH JIHAepbl Mac.

t o ( 'o e c n e H U B a io r . B3biBaa k HH3MeHHbiM HHCTHHKT3M TOJinbi, n p H S e ra * K M. MarorHH n ooemaHHHM, SKcruiyarapyfl KaKyio-TO H/ieio (HanpHMep, Hfleio ot-

Menb! npMBHJierHft HOMeiiKJiaTypw), yrrpomaji cyTb npoSjieMbi h coi/rasaa 06- pa3 KDHKpeTHoro BHHOBHHKa Bcex oe.i HacejieHHH. TeM caMbiM ohh npejuia-

raK)T rtpocToe H 6biCTpoe pemeHHe Bcex npo6jieM.

B cxpaHax co spejibiM rpajK/iancKiiM oSiikctbom h y ctohbujhmhch hhUB

pecaMH nonyjiHCTCKHe Jinaepbi He hmctot noaaepacKH, nocKOJibKy npe/inarawl

HepeajiHCTHHecKne nporpaMMbi, hcxoah H3 ynpomeHHbix h npHMHTHBHWX

ouenoK peajibHOCTH h TeM caMbiM Bbi3biBaiOT Hacropo/KCHHoe oTHomeiwe k

ce6e. JImiib b e ipanax c 6ojii>iiihm yaeJibHbiw secoM MaprnnajibHbix rpynn, ripeoojraaanHeM nojnrraHecKoft HaHBHOCTH y mnpoKHX caoeB HacejieHHa. Bfci-

3BaHHbix .aoarnMH roaaMH hx OTHywueHHH o t BJiacTH, nonyjiHCTCKHe JiHflepu

JT0CT3T0HH0 pacnpocTpaHeHbi.

B-rpeTbHX, noaHTHKO-KyjibTypHaa opHenTainw jnmepoB H3 BJiacTb KaK

rxiaBHyio ueHHOCTb cjiyacHT npoflBJieHHeM hx sroneHTpmMa. O hh opHeHTH-

pyiOT Bjiacik H3 ce6a, Ha v jioB aei BopeHHe npeHMymecTBeHHO cbohx jthhhux

nOTpeSHOCTeH. I IpH OTCyTCTBHH COOCTBCHHOft COUHaJIbHOH 6a3bl uejlbio V

nOJIHTH^eCKOH aeHTe.nbHOCTH 0K33bJB3K)1'CH yKpenJieHHe BepXOBHOH BJiacTH’

KOHueHTpauHH nojiHTHHecKoro rocnoacTBa.

Jlnaepbi - «M yTaH Tb i» ab jih io tch cjieacTBHeM T oro oocToaTeabCTBa,

nojiHTHKa b Ka3axcTaHe ■ hh b cob c tckom , hh b C0BpeMeHH0M o6h icctb6 9

HHKor.ua He Dbiaa npocjieccHefi. H m chho no3TOMy b Heft uapaT atneraiiTH3M 11

3JieMeHT3pH3K nojiHTMHecKSH Herp3M0TH0CTb, 3 K3K cjieflCTBHe, H3o 6n>I,,e

lIOJIHTHSeCKHX 0UIH6 0 K H K0H(J)J1HKT0B. HaClOHieJlbHSH norpCOHOCTb BpeM^11*1

33KjiioH3eTca b tom, MTOObi nojiHTHKa HaKOHeu-TO CTajia yaejiOM npo(j)eccH0'

HaJIOB. 3 He HeBOCTpeOOB3HHblX H3 IlpOTOBOflCTBC HHWeHepOB, CTponTeJieJ

paooMHx, KpecTbHH h T.a. JIjih Toro, 4 to6 u nojiHTHMecKHH n pou ecc b KaaaJJ

cTaHe Bee oojibuie npnoSpeTaji 'lepTbi p3UH0HajiH3M3, 6mji anajioroM npocB®1

98 I

jiHTHKOB H nOJlHTHHeCKH aKTHBHbIX H'iGiipaTe.ieH H TeM CaMbIM

" ^ y e M U M H KOHCTpyKTHBHbIM, HeOOXOflHMO TOTOBHTb nOJIHTHHe-

CTafl tI >e. epoB h o b o h aeMOKpaTHHecKofi reHepauHH b cneuHajibHbix yne6Hbix

g cnoJi*»3V8 H3BecxHbie BaM ranojiorHH, onpeaejiHTe, KaKofi ran :inae-

„op sn oT B. >Khphhobckhh , E. TaKflap, B. HepHOMbipaHH, H. Pbi6-OJlHUe ^

p a . r ic G e ^ b '

k' H i KaKHe TeHaeHUHH b pa3Bnran jiHaepcTBa mowho OTMeTHTb b Ka3ax-

craHeceroflHa?

Bonpocbt u laOanuH1 B neM cm uc ji noH araa «nojiHTHHecKaa 3JiHTa»?

2 KaKOBM KpHiepHH aencHMsi o6mecTBa Ha « npaBamee MeHbuinncTBo» m

«ynpaBJiaeMoe 60JibiiiHHCTB0»?

3. B neM Ha3Halienne TepMHua <ojihth3m »?

4. noM eM y o6mecTBO He Mowex ooxo jin rca 6e3 sjthtm?

5. Hto HBjiseTca KpmepneM o ifiopa b 3 jim y? KaK 3th KpHTepHH H3MeHa-

jiHCb no Mepe pa3BH THa o6mecTBa?6. B HCM OTJIHHHa 3KOHOMHHCCKHX, SOeHHbIX, TBOp’iCCKHX, TeXHHMeCKHX

h no.iHTMMCCKnx 3j ih t iipyr o t apyra?

7. H to upe/icraBJiaeT coOoh coBpeMeHHaa nojiHTHMecKaa 3jiirra? KaKOBbi

ee naH6ojiee xapaK repH bie npn3HaKH?

8. B neM KopHH coBpeMeHHoro nojiHTHHecKoro HepaBeHCTBa?

9. HeM OTJiHnaioTca apyr o t apyra coBpeMeHHbie CHCTewhi ox6opa b 3jih-

Ty? ripn KaKoft cHCTeMe o6ecneHHBaeTca oojiee BbicoKoe KanecTBO sjihtm?

10. Hto r a K o e HOMeHKJiaTypa?

11 KaKOBbi npHMHHBi noaBJieHHa HHCTHTyTa JiHaepcTBa?

12.1la30BHTe (JiaKTopbi, oSycjiaBJiHBaiomHe <J>opMy JiHaepcTBa.

13. KaKOBa ripHpoaa JiHaepcTBa? KaKHe noaxoaw k stoh npo6jieMe cy - "lecTByioT b H ayne?

14. CpaBHHTe TeopHH JiHflepcTBa c tohkh 3penna hx cooTBeTCTBHa nojiH-

T|IMecK0H npaKTHKe h crioco6nocTH Sojiee nojiHoro pacKpwina coaepwaHHa^ep cT B a .

15. r io n e M y jmaepcTBO MoweT nepepacTaTb b KyjibT jihhhocth (Kpafi-

’ MaKCHMajibHO 3aBbiineHHaa oueHKa 4>yHKUHH h pojih nojiHTHHecKoro jih-

pCT»a )? i lpuBeflHTe KOHKpeTHbie npntnepbi KyjibTa jihhhocth b h cto ph h .

16 Ha30BMTC KpHTepHH, KOTOpbie HCnOJIb3yfOTCa JWH KJiaCCH(}>HKaUHH ^ P o b .

^ 17. B neM , Ha naui B3nwa, cocroaT aocTonncTBa h HeaocTaTKH chctcmw

'■'■cpManH? H cnojib3ya npHHiwnbi h M eToaojionao M . XepMaHH, BbiaejiHTe

l K'lcpiibie THrrbi cpeaw coBpeMeHHbix K33axcTaHCKHx jmaepoB.

99

18. KaKHMH KanecTBaMH, Ha Barn B3num, ao jiw ee oSjiaaaTb C0Bpe J j JTHflep? ’ 1' 4h

19. KaxoBbi cjjyHKijHH jinaepoB. KOTOpbie ohh BbinojimiioT b 0f)Ulet a

KaKHe (JjyHKUHH, na Baiu B3num, cjiaGo ocymecTBJiaioTCH K a 3 a x c T a ^ ^ B

J iH a e p a M H ? Ck,{Mi.

20. KaK Bbi AyMaerc. nonewy b Ka3axcTaHe nojiHTHiecKHe

craBJieHbi \anaMH h bohuwm h? B mcm 0C06eHH0CTb hx BJiacTH h

Tew a «nojiH TH iiecKasi counajin3aiiMs» paccwaTpniiaeT npouecc

iie iicT B H H HHflHBHfla h BJiacTH, b p e 3y j i b T a x e kotopoi o ocyu iec i B J T H io T c a ^ B

CMCTBeHHOCTb nOJlHTHHeCKOI'O pa3BHTHfl, IlCpC.iaMa lIOJIHTHHeCKHX u e „ J

o t oaHoro noKOJieHHH apyroMy.

X a p a K T e p B3aHM O,aeHCTBHH B JiacT H H HHZIHBH.Ta M C m eT 6 bTTb OCHOBan

A H a jio r e , K O H c e H c y c e h j i h KOHtjwiHKTe y q a cT H H K O B n o jiH iH H C C K o r o B3anmo.

/leflcT B H Ji. 3 t o o 6 y c J ia B J iH B a e T c a t h i i o m n o jiH T im e c K O H K y jib T y p b i, aomhhk

pyiomeft b o 6 m e c T B e , ee O flH o p oA H O C T b K ) h j i h c y m e c T B O B a m ie M paaiiopoflHbn

c y G K y jT b x y p B H y r p n H e e . C T e n e H b K y j ib T v p H o f i o a H o p o a H o c ™ b aonojmeHHH i

H C T o p H n ecK H M H , H au H O H an b H b iM H T p a a H rm a M H , K O H (|)cccifO H ajibH O H cpeaofi

n p H H3B eC TH 0 M BJ11WHHH 3 K0 H0 MH>ieCKHX H CO IIH aJlbH blX O THO UieHH fl nOSBOJH-

e T BM H BH Tb n a n o o j i e e y c T O H H H B b ie n e p T b i n o jiH T H H e c K o n c o u n a J !ii:s a m iH fo n -

K p e iH b ix o 6 m e c T B .

Bonpoc dun CPC.^BJiHeTca jih nojiHTHMecKas couMaiiH3auMH npouecco.M naccHBHoro yc-

BOCHUM JttRHOCTbJO TeX UCHHOCTeH, KOTOpbie aKTHBHO ITpOnaraHflHpyeT TJ0J1H-

T H M ecK a a c w c x e M a ?

MeTOflHHeCKH BaWHO BbUiejlHTb B JieKUHH THTIb! nOJIHTHHCCKOH cotma-

jiHjauHH. B 3anaflHOH nojiHTo.uorim Ha 0CH0Be xapaKTepa nojiKTiwecKHN

uenHOCTeft h H o p M , npe.aiiHCLiBaromirx HHAHBnaaM o n p e / ie j ie n H b ie o 6 pa3U«

rio;iHTHMecKoro noseaeHHH. BbiaejiaioTCfl HecKOjibKO t h iio b rioJiHTtwecKofl

COUHaJlH3aUHH.

F ap M O H H n e cK H H r a n c o u H a jiH 3au H H n p e a n o j i a r a e T H a s m m e K y jib r y p 110'

OflHOpOflHOH CJ feflbl, 3peJIbIX fleMOKpaTHHeCKHX TpaAHUHH H rpa»flaBCKor°

oom eci Ba, KOTOpbie oSecneHHBaror yBawmrejibHbift an a jio r HH/iHBH/ia H BJ,a’

cth. H en ro iro/iootioe Mbi M O *eM HaSjnoaaTb b 6pn rano-aMepnKaHCK<){i *0^

Type. BjiacTb h hhahbmji, Kan npaBHJio, npHBepweHbi o6menpnnwTMM ^ .

jiaM, HopMaM h ueHHOCTMM, hto n03B0JifleT hobhm noKOJieHHHM SoJiee

Menee 6e36ojie3HCHHo b x o jh tb b nojMTHHecKyio vkh3hb.

B CTpaHax 3anaaHOH E Bponw npeoSjiaaaeT njnopajTucTi-raecKHH run

JIHTH'tCCKOH COUHajlH3aUHH, KOTOpOMy CBOiiCTBeneH OHOCpeayKDEIHfl cB° f

boh xapaKTep b-1ahmo/iehctbhh jihmhocth c BJiacTbio. 3aecb HaJiHHHC 3fl1

rejibHoro HMCJia pa3HopoaHbix cy6Kyjibryp npeanojiaraeT nepBOHa'<a-nb I

nojiHTHMecKyio couHaimiauHKi HH/uiBiiaa b i-paHHuax i-iaeajiOB h

CBoefi KyjibrypHO-3THHHecKOH rpynnbi hjih napTHH. OimaKO icnmheccH0”^

100 i

0Hoe MHoroo6pa3He He n pen sn 'C TB yer aocraweHHio KOHceHcyca

„ nojiHTKnecKoro B3aHMO/ieficTBHH Sjiaroaapa cymecTBOBaHmo

v’qaClH Ky ^ TyP H0r0 <<Koaa>>’ npeiicTaBJieHHoro uchhocthmh JiH6epajibH0H (cB o6oaa , qacTHaa coocTBem iocTb, HHflHBMayajiHJM, npaBa

m®*1111 1 aeM0KpaTHJU njltOpariH3M H T .a . ) , H BblCOKOMy ypOBHIO HCH3HH

MeJ1° B HHCTBa couuanbHbix rpyn n . ripuB epw eH H O C Tb nueauaM jin6epajiH3Ma

6° ' lb cn ocoSn ocTb m a m u n a BoenpHHHM aTb u ch h oc th HHbix no-

° 6eC,"ecKHX cy6icyJibTyp, noflBHWHocib m h 3m c h h h b o c t i, nojiMTmecKHX ripH-

ClOaCTHH.06fflecTBa He3ana^ HOW UUBHJIH33UHH XapaKTCpH3yiOTCfl KOH(|)JlHKTHbiM

THHOM nOJIHTHHeCKOH COUHaJlHSaUHH. BblCOKHH ypOBeHb HHmeTbl SojlblUHH-

cTBa Hace;ieHH)), weCTKaa npHBepweHHOCTb HitziHBHzia mccthhhcckhm uchho-

cWm KJiaHa, poaa, njieMeHH 3arpy;iHHJiH uoCTt-i>KeHne corjiacua M eway hoch-

TejisMH pa3J!HMHbix ueHHOCTeft k BjiacTbFo. B 3 th x oGm ecreax BMCOKa CTeneHb

nOJIHTHHeCKOrO HaCHJIHH H3-3a 3H3MHiejTbHOH KyjlbTypHOft HeOilHOpOflHOCTH.

YcBOeHHe HHUHBHflOM MeCTHH'ieCKHX ueHHOCTeft H HOpM nOJIHTHHeCKOH )KH3-

hh QcyiuecTBJiHJiocb b >kcctkoh 6 opb6 e c hoch tcjihm h HHbix nojiHTHnecKHx

cy6KyjibTyp.

3ana4Hbie aBTQpw eiue BWflejiaiOT rereMOHHCTCKHH ra n nojiHTHHeckoh

couHanroauHH, npeanojiaraiom Hfi Bxoxc/ieHHe. He/iOBCKa b nojiHTHKy hckjho-

MHTejibHO Ha uem ocT flx Kaicoro-jiH6o KJiacca (HanpHMep, 6ypacya3Hii hjih

npojieTapwaTa), KaxoH-jmfio onpeaejieH H ofi penurHH (cKaaceM, HCJiaMa) hjih

no.iHTHMecKofl naeojiorHH (k npHMepy, komMyHH3Ma, jinSepajiinMa, (j>amH3Ma

M T.a.) 3 to t thii nojiHTnnecKoft c o iw a jiH 3 a ia n i xapaierepcH jxjm 3aKpbiTbix

nojiHTmecKiix chctcm, KOTOpbie aHTaroHHCTHHHM b OTHOiueHHH miimx uchho-

CTeH- ocymecTBJiajiacb nojiHTHMecKaa coim ajiH3auroi b Ka3axcraHe b co- BCTCKOe BpeMK, B CTpaHaX COUHajIHCTHHeCKOft CHCTeMbl.

Bonpoc O.IM CPC.

^tea 9° Ba *30Jlb Ky jIbTyPw B onpeaejieH H H xapaKTepa nojiHTHHecKofi couna-

Bon -VB5nKH c MaTepnajioM Pecny6 jiw K H Ka3axcTaH cjieayeT nocTaBHTb

e 0C06eHH0CTH nOJIHTHHeCKOH COUHaJimaUHH B Ka3aXCTaHe.

CKyn) HTepec nPeflCTaBjiaeT npouecc b x o j k u c h iis jihhhocth b nojiHTHHe- Pskt B nepexoAHbix o6mecTBax ( i i o /io 6 ho Ka3axcTaHy), KOTOpbie xa-eft rj0 ^TOTCH pa3MblTOCTbK) nOJIHTHHeCKHX HOpM H UeHHOCTefl, T.e. aHeMH-

HhcTc - X r ° aoB ^ [ieKa b cobctckom K a3axcTaH e flOMHHHpoBaji rereMO- B°no H ™ n nOJIHTHHeCKOH COUHaJlH3 aH K H , CBH33HHbIH C aKTHBHbIM npOTH-

TeMa n uchhoctch KOMMyHH3Ma m KaiiHTajiH3Ma. Bbijia cosflaHa chc-TpaHc iln niiecKOH counaJiH3auHH, no3 B O J i«io m aa KOHTpojiHpoBaTb npouecc

ell, NojiHTHMecKHX uejiefl K I IC C b o BHyTpeHmoio CTpyKTypy jihmho-3anHl1 Hllasi c CeMbH H KOHHaa B3pOCJIOii >KH3HbK). Bee HUCTHTVTbl COUHaJIH-

CeMba, aoiHKOJibHbie ynpew aeH H A , u iko jih , By3bi, aercKHe h mojio-

101

A«KHbie o p ram m m m , K r iC C - npe;i,cTaBJiH.in coooh Mexamt3Mbi e r n l

CHCTeMbi nojiHTHMecKoro BocnnraHMa. O n H a «o , HecMOxpa na

Tora jm rapH oro K om p o jia 3a npoueccoM coiiH a jin tauHH. npno6peTenne ° ^ 8

HOJIHTHHeCKOH cy6i>ek th b h o c th oMpe.'e.nenHbiMH couHajibHbiMH r p y n J ^ B

ocymecTBjiojiocb na ox.iHHHbix o t KOMMynroMa jn ioepa jit.H u x u e H H o c n j^ H

raKHM rpynnaM movkuo o th c c th TBopiiecKvi-o HHTeAAHreHiuno, pafiorHJ

TOprOBJlH, BIieiUTOpi OBTieB, HHrUIOMaTOB H X.A-

KpyuieHHe m ohoiiojihh K H C C na BJiacTb h komMyHMCTHHecKofi h^cojjo.

i hh KaK rocy.aapcTBeHHOH, 0(j)HUHanbH0H b Hanane 90-x t0;i0B npHBejio

JIHKBHAaUHH npCJKHCH CHCTeMbi nOJIHXHMCCKOH COUHajIH3aHHH. Ka3aXCTaHClfqt

ODmeCTBO HaXOAHTCH B COCTOflHHH 3HOMHH (6e3HOpMOCTH), KOIAa C Tap fl

CHCTeMa H eH iiocreii AncKpe/unnpOBana (x o x a Ha Hee opHeHTHpyjoTca inaMH-

TejibHbie rpynnbi nace.aenn!i), a HOBwe aeMOKpaiHMecKHe rrojumiHecKHe i}eH.

hocth noKa He boih jih b M accoBoe C03nanHe h noBeaeHHe. ! Ipe>KHHe areHiu

noAHTHHecKoft couHaiiHsauHH Tenepb H cnoB eaytor pa3JiH4Hbie nojiHTHHecKHe

npeiinoM ieH iw , npiraeM Macro KOH-biOHKxypHbie h sroHCTHMiibie. K npimepy, HHCTHTy'T CCMbH SBJMeTCH CerOAHS CJTHI1TKOM fievCTOHHHBhlM 06pa30BaiffleM. a

ero MJienb! - noAHTHnecKH HaHBHbiMH, 4 to o hi OKa3aTb cymecTBeHHoe BjiHaHne

Ha (JjopMHpoBaHHe noAH rm ecK H X npeAnoqxeHHH peSeiiKa. /lexcKHe. roHouie-

CKHe h MOJiOAeacHbie opram-isamiH caMH rrepeacHBaioT 3KOHOMHHecKHii 8

HAeOJlOrnqeCKHH KpH3HC M He HMCfOT B03M0/KHQCTH C6pbe3HO iaHHMaTbcl

noAHTHHecKHM BocimxaHHeM. f l a h n poo jiew a « H to cocxaB jifler uejib bociih-

raHHa?» noKa ocxaexcfl HepeuieHHOH.

Oxcy'TciBHe rpasKAancKoro oGm ecrsa b Ka3axcxaHe AeJiaeT noKa Majio-

3(|)c|)ck7hbhom b KaHecTBc HHexHxyxa coimajiH3auHH sapowAaiomytoca PP '

xiiHHyio CHCieMy. riapTHM 6oJibiue sanaxbi oScnywHBaHHeM rpynnoBbix wre-

pecoB pyKOBOACTBa, hokcjih cepbc^HOH no/ihxhKO-bocrnnaie.Ti,hoh pa6o r B

cpeAH Macc.

HanGojibume bo3mo>khocth <})opMHpoBaHHH nojiHXHHecKHX npeAnoHi*'

HHH HHAHBHAOB KSHUeHTpHpyiOTCS B pyKaX MaCCOBOH HH(j)OpMai[HH ( C M ®

OAHaKO b ycaoBHHx pbiHKa, KorAa cymecTBOBaHne nenaTHbix Herocy/xapcT'

BeHHbix C M H 3aBHCHT o r rapawa, a caMH ra3eTbi h wypHajibi hbasiotcJI c°^

CXBCHHOCXblO TpyAOBbIX KOjijiCKTHBOB, HX dpHMOC HaSHa'ICHHe BHAOH3MeHXeT'

cm. Mxoobi BbDKHXb, CMH 6oAbiue 3aHHxepecoBaHbi ne b iipenocraBJie^

00'beKXHBH0H h SecnpHcxpacrHofi hh(jtopManHh, a noroHen 3a cencauH**®

CKaHAaJiaMH, cnoco6m>iMH npHBJiewb h o b m x HHTaxejieK. r o c y . ia p c x B e H > 11’ie

cpeACTBa MaccoBofi HH(})opMauHH - KaK nenaTHbie, xaK h 3JieKxpoHHbie

BQAbHo OAHocxopoHHe ocBemaiox coubixHH b cxpaHe, 3aBbi ma* pe3yJik'raJ

pcc{)opM. Ohh oxpaSaxbiBaioi couHanbHbiH 3aKa3 npaBKuieft 3jiHXbi.

OTcyrcTBHe ueJiocTHofi cwcxeMbi nojiHxmecKofi couHajiH3aiXHH J

CXH IipHBOAKX K XOMy, 4X0 nOJ!HXH4eCKHe n03HHHH HHAHBHAOB o6>'CJla^ H

Baiorca He bjihhhh6m jiHAepoB, ra3eT, *ypnajroB, paAHo, TeneBHAeHiis,

102 1

3KOH0MMMeCKHM nOJIOHteHHeM. B 3THX yCJIOBHSX HaHOOJiee MOIfl-

th0- a Kl0poM noj]HiHMecKofi coimajimanHH 0Ka3biBatoTcs KOHKpeTHbie sko-

nb|Nf ^ cKHe (HanpHMep, Kypc aojuiapa) h nojiHTHHecKMe coSbiTHH, KOTOpbie hcv,,,m n o J iow en n e HiuHBKaa.

H3 e'l XaKOBbi. Ha Baiu B3rjian, (JjaKTopbi iiojih thhe c koh couHajiH3auHH cTy-

neHTos 0C0 6eHH0CTb n pou ecca nojniTHHecKoft couwajiroauHH b Ka3ax-

Ct3H£■ . ,3 CpaBHHTe, neM pa3JTmaK>TCH npoueccbi HojnmiHecKOH couuanroaunH

c-naeHTOB H neHCHOHepoB?' 4. CBUHCTejibCTByio'r jih nojiHTHHecKaa HecTa6 mibHOCTb, HapacxaHHe no-

jinTHMecKHX koh(|)jihktob o HapymeHHH npouecca nojiHTHHecKofi counajiM 3a-

UHH?

5 .17pou.ecc b x o w jk h jm jih h h o c th b nojiHTHicy b coBpeMeHHbix ycu oB n ax

B Ka3axcTaHe nacxo ocym ecTB jiaeTca Ha 0CH0Be Ka3axcKHX xpa/iHUHH. OflHa- ko Ka3axcxaH -M H 0 r 0HauH0HajibHaH CTpaHa. OsnaMaex jih s to , hxo nojiHXHne-

cKax couHajiH3auua 6vaer HMexb KOHijuiHKTHbifi xapaKTep?

6 . J],oji)KHa jih BJiacTb HaBH3biBaxb « c b o h » ueHHOCTH Hepe3 CHCTeMy ilO-

UIKOJlbHOrO, LUKOJIbHOro H By30BCK0r0 BOCnHXaHHfl, HJIH Bbl6op UeHHOCTeil H

naeajioB jo jtv k c h 6biTb cboSoahm m o t K aK oro-jm oo bjihshhh?

7. n o n p o o y f i r e mctoziom o n p o ca c rv jie iix o B BtiaBHTb, Ha KaKHe ueHHo-

cth ohh opueHTMpyroTCfl h rio'-ieMy, n oa h m im BJiHHHHeM.

HanhH as jickuhio no TeMe «noJiHTHHecica« KyjibTypa», npenouaBaTejit

oSpamaeT BHHMaHHe CTyaemoB Ha to , hto c MOMeHra CBoero B03HiiKH0BeHHs

nojiHTHKa, KaK o/iHa «3 rjiaBHbix nyojiHMHbix ct}>ep >kh3hh , HMejia uchhoctho -

nopMaTHBHoe H3MepeHHe, b kotopom Bbipa>KajiHCb upencTaBjiemw juoxiefi 06

lUecTBeHHOM 6jiare, o HanSojiee cnpaBetuiHBOM ycTpottcTBe oSmecTBa. B ce

PMHPOBaBijjHecj) noJiHTHMecKHe HHcraTyTbi, hx couHanbHoe npeflHa3HaMe-

HHe’ 4>°PMbi BsaHMOfleftcTBHM BjiacTH h jihhhocth onpeaejuuiHCb cym ecT- B-VK)ujeH nojinxHHecKofi KyjibxypoH oOmecTBa.

I jiaHHbifi Bonpoc - CBA3b c MecTHbiM MaTepnajioM. B cbh’sh c 3thm no-

mecTM BOnpoc <*O co 6eHHOCTH nojiHTHiecKofi KyjibTypbi b Ka3axcTaHe». Cy- nepK-H H °ft npo6jieMOH BbicrynafOT ocoSeiiHocxH KyjibTypbi nepexonH oro

^ a H a ^ 11PI1 0CBeiueHHH nojiHTHHecKofl KyjibTypbi nocTCOBeTCKoro Kaaax- u0;tii^ lia/KHo yacHHTb, hto OHa npeacTaBjiaeT coooii cHHxe3 pa3nopojiHbix

h0cth lfcCKMx ueHHOcxefi, ycxaHOBoK h cxaHiiaproB nojiHXHMecKoft uesTejib- KoMv, ^ u'h 6 ohho npejinojiaraTb, mto aeKJiapnpoBaHHe HecocTOJrrejibHOc™

XyJIbT " l,CTHMeCKlIX WHHOCTCH H HfleajIOB riOAflaHHHHeCKOH HOjiHIXmeCKOH Tu^e cOBeTCKoro ra n a M O*eT GbicTpo npHBecxn k 4>opMHpoBaHHK> nojiH-

MMeeT H Ky jn>xy P bI aKTHBHOH rpa^cjiaHCTBehhocth . FpaacaaHCKaa KyjibTypa

Mefjg Cb°® T CMn n jiHHaMHKy (JiopMHpoBaHHfl. Koxopbie He coBnauaiox c H3- 3mh 3KoiiOMHMecKoro h couHajibHoro xapaKxepa, xoxa h HcnbiTbiBaiox

103

hx BJWflHHe. B o t noMeMy eaBa jih c jieaye i n o a x a r iiBan, ecxecxBe f

KyjibrypHbix H3MeHeHHM k wejiaeMbiM. Hi'Ul \() j

O opM npoBaH ne p i.m o 'im .ix ox iio iu eiiH ft, caMocxoaTeJibHoro Xo, Jn oro cy6-beKxa, MHoroo6pa3MH ({xipM co6cxBenH 0cxn, couH aabH ux ,,

coixiaeT ycjiOBHH jjjih tBMeHenna Tuna nojmrnqecKnx opweHTaimg o t I

ooheKxiiHHo paiBHBaionuicc« nponeccbi comiajihiioH nn(})(t)upmiHHaunHI H

ku npeanojiaraiox xenaenuMK) ctcaaabiBaHna MHoioo6pa3H« hojihtip,

ryfiKyjit.Ty'p. no jk bc tk o npeanncbiBaxb ee He MOiyx. Cm w cjim h

nojIHXH'ieCKOH aKTHBHOCXH M O iyx (JjOpMHpOBaXbCH Ha OCHOBe KO H (bewH

HajibHbix h jxiiH’iecKixx npemioMxeHiin, npeacTaBjieHHH, KOTOpbie on p eT ^

ioxca c0unaubH0-3K0H0MHHCCKtiM nojioweHHeM KOHKpeXHOH rpynnbi, HUM

aa. OaHaKo, KaK noKa3biBaex npaKXHKa. H3MeHeHiia KyjibxypH oro K oja noS

riiH ecKoro noBeaenna npon cxoaax oweHb MeaneHHo, noaxoMy nacxo nojinxu.

MecKwe peineiiHH npaBawefi 3Jinxbi paccnnxaHHbie na K yjibxypy nojiHTHHecKo.

ro \ MacxHM He conexatoxca c peajibHO aoMHHHpyiomeH noanaHHHHecKoii nojig.

XHMecKOM Kyjibxypoft. 3 xo hecooxbetctbhe hoboH CTpyKxypbi nojiHXHiecKHx

HHcxHxyxoB cxaHaapxaM npewHen noaaaHHHHecKofi Kyjibxypbi HBjiaexca ocho-

BOH nOJIHXHHeCKHX KpH3HC0B H K0H(})JIHKT0B.

Bonpocbi na CPC,!. KaKOBbi 0C0 6eHH0 CTH nojiHTHnecKofi Kyjibxypbi Kasaxcxana?

2, KaK mowho oneHHXb cocxoaHwe nojiHXHHecKoii KyjibTypbi Kaa&xcTU CKoro o6iuecxBa?

3. HacK0JibK0 cymecxBeHHo, Ha Bam B3raaa, pa3JiHHHe b nojinxmecKOll K yjibxype K33axcxaHCKHx JiHaepOB h ripocxbix rpa>KxaH? Y K aw irre , b ueM koh-

KpexHO npoaBjiaexca sxo pa3Jinime. „C a ea y ex paccMOxpexb h a p y r y io n po 6 jicM y - TenaenuHH pasBirrnsi Hr

3aXCXaHCK0H HOJlHXHMeCKOH KyjlbXypbl. flpOUeCC pajBHXHX pblHOHHbiX OTHO-

rnenHH h nojiHXHMecKoPi aeMOKpaxHH M enaex hcxomhhkh h c n o c o 6bi (popMH-

poBaHHa liOJiHXM'iecKOH KyjibTypbi, a ea a ex sxqx n p oa ecc cxhxhhhhm , MeH*e

yripaBJiaeMbiN^ B xaKHx v c jio b iw x nojm xHnecKaa KyjibTypa Oo.xee an<t)(t,e'

penuHpoBana n o cpopMaM BbipawenHa h c y 6 beKxy-nocH xejiio . Cym ecxB# 110

pa3JiHHaioxca (popm u BbipavKCHiw nOJIHXHHeCKHX opiieirranHH (HacH.ibCTBSW

im e h MHpHbie), hx c oa ep w a im e y counajibH bix rpyn n c pasjiHHHbiM ypoBHeM

o il m e tt Kyjibxypbi, M aiepu ajibH oii o 6 e cn e iieHHocxH. coim ajibHbiM onbixoM. mB yarioBHHx pac iiinpa iom eH ca CBo6oabi ripoxHBopeniiBO B3aHM oae^cTBM

iox aBe xenaeH im n: c o a n o fi cxopoHbi, aoMHHHpyiomHM (})aKTopoM co iin ^ 11’

HOH H nOJIHXHHeCKOH aKXHBHOCXH CXaH0B8XC8 XBOpMeCKHe Hanana aHMHOCl*

m iipoxa ee K pyrosopa , CKJiomiocTb k n peo6pa30Bannaw; c a p y ro ft- u p c o ^ B

aa im e b peajibHo cymecxByiomeivi o6mecxBeHH0M C03H3HHH iiaceJieHHfl exp®

iibi ixeHHOcrefl paaeHciBa, K0JuieKxnBH3Ma. cnpaBeaJiHBocxn o6H apv#H ^B

BbicoKyio 3aBHCHMocxb riojiHxuMecKHX npeacxaBJieiiHfi o x KOHKpexHoro ^ a1J

pnanbHoro nojiO/Kemw HHaHBiiaa. O pueH xauna OojibuiHiicxBa HaceaeHHX ■

104 I

e cnioMHHyTHbix MurepecoB. aeaaer ero 3aji0WHHK0M nonyjiH-

* * * < fleMaroroB, wapjiaTaHOB o t hojihthkh.>,J1 .w ’ n Ka3axcTaHCKOM o6mecTBe c^yHaaMenrajibHbix h o6me-CfC" ./tCTBHC k

Otw 1 ^^HMecKHX ueHHOCTen, a TaioKe uejiocTHon chctcmm nojiHTHMe-

npHHsTblX ^ n a u H !!. Koropaa hx B0crip0H3B0flHT h TpaHCJiHpyer mnpoKMM

cKo# c0ll^ cHlW, n o p o *n aer h3bccthhc Tpyanocn i Ha nyra aeMOKpaTHHe-

cJl05iM HaC , ai0[iannH. Bo-nepBbix, 3aBHCHMOCTb npouecca (JjopMKpoBamw

cKh* nPe° ° 0f, KyjibTypbi o t MaTcpHanbHoro 6jiaronojiyHHJi KOHKpeTHoro hh-

no.iHT’,iM i aeT n0j]HTHHecKMH npouecc HenpeacKa3yeMbiM h He co3aaer

;»>BllJiacyJl0K ^ rmaaora BjracTH h o6mecTBa. Bo-BTopbix, CTHXHflHOCTb h

nI>eina B ^ M0CTb 4)° P MMPOBaHM5’ nOJIHTHHeCKHX OpHeHTaUHM pa3J!H4HbIMH "e' np c0unanii3auHH, KOTOpbie nacTo npeaaaraior BsaHMOHCKJiiowaroiunc

iT' " obi noJiHTHHecKoro noBeaennfl, aarpyaHHKn aocTH®eHMe coraacHH b

o6uiecTBe no 6a30BbiM uchhocthm. Be3 HanHHHs o6menpHHHTbix ueHnocTCH

iacTb 0Ka3biBaeTcs He b coctohhhh coiaanaTi. h noaaep>KHBaTb y HaceaeHHa

Bepy b co6cTBeHHyio .nernTHMHOCTb. TeM caMbiM noJiHTHMecKHH peacHM OKa-

3biBaexc» He criocoonbiM ocymecTBJiHTb HHTerpaumo ycrpeMaeHHft pa3JiHH-

hwx coiuiaiibHbix ip yn n BOKpyr o6me3Ha'!HMi,ix ueaefi h M06miH30BaTb Hace-

jiemie ea hx ocymecTBJieHne. IloaMTHMecnaH CTa6nabHOCTb b oSmecTBe

co3jiaeTC5! He TOJlbKO 6aaroaapa 3$<j>eKTH3goH couHaaiaiooKOHOMU'aecKOH

noaHTHKe, yaoBaeTBopjnomeH pacrymHe norpe6HOCTH hhahbhaob, ho h nyTCM

ueaeHanpaBaeHHoro (JjopMHpoBaHHa hx noanxMHecKoft KvabTypti. IlocKOJibKy

noaHTimecKafl KyabTypa aaaaeT HanpaBJieHHgCTb h xapaKTep nojuiTHMecKOH

aesueabHocTH, ee vpoReHb bo mhotom onpejjganeT cn0C0§H0CTb oomecTBa k

nporpeccy h cosiiaanHfo.Bonpocn na CPC.1. KaKHe cpeacTBa noBbim em w noamHHecKOH KyjibTypbi b Ka3axcTaHe

B|J BHflHTe?

2. KaKoe MecTo, Ha Barn B3raaa, 3aHHMaioT TpaamiHH b nojiHTtrcecKoii KyjIbrype Ka3axcTaHa?

3- Kax bu ay m acre, noneMy nojiHTHHecKaa HCTopna Ka3axcTaHa h3o6 h -

•'> eT BoftHaMH, BOCCTaHHMMH?KaKOBbi * e hctomhhkh HaKoruieHHS oTenecTBeHHoro MaTepnaaa?

% k h h h KOHKpeTHbifi M aTepnaji, pacKpbiBaiomHfi pasanHHbie cTopoHbi

fipe e'lbH0CTH nojiHTHHecKHX HHCTHTyTOB h npoueccoB b Hauiefi P e c n y 6jiHKe,

°aaBareab nafiaeT b c6opHHKax aOKyMeHTOB h MaTepnaaoB, b p e c n y 6an-

^ ueiiTpaabHott h m ccth oh nenaTH, b acypHaaax, b K0T0pbix coa ep -

55 ° 6ninpHbiK 4>aKTH'iecKHft Maaepnaa. pacKpwBaeTCfl cneuH(})HKa pa6oTbi

K0h CTax’ n0Ka3biBaeTC» KaK oom aa nojiHTHHecKaa jihhhh ocym ecTB aaeTca b

CKnx^eTH0 aeHTejibnocTH HHCTHTyTOB ueHTpa Ha MecTax. B pecnySjiHKaH-

■ ° 6aacTHbix H3aaTejibCTBax: ra3eTax, acypHajiax 0n y 6jiHK0BaH0 m hoto

105

S oraT o ro MaTepnaJia o npe.HBbi6opHbix kom n a h h a x , pajjiHHtibix aKTax j

MHHCCKOH. COUHajIbHOH nOJIHTHKH, B oSjiaCXH C)6pa30HaHHH H Up. K°Hr,.

npH riojii'OTOBKe JieKUHH npenojiaBaTejiH Hcnojib3VK>x HHTepecHbie d

Tbi h MaTepnajibi m h c to p h h ooaacTH , Pecny6jiHKH, c0cpca0T0'ieHHbie

tophh Ka3axcTaHa, KOTopbie CTyaeHXbi c o c o 6biM BHHMaHneM cnym ai0T^ B

■io6Hbie (JiaKTbi noaBo^HT cTvneiiTOB k He0np0Bep>KHM0My Bbrnoay cbs3H ^°"

pHH H npaKTHKH. ^

OcHOBHbiM hctohhhkom , orpajKaromuM nojTHTHHecKHe npoueccti

PecnyOJiHKii Ka3axcTaH h ee hhcthtvtob Ha MecTax, aBjiaeTca flOKyM em^S

ca.MHx HHCTHTyTOB. HacTHMHO 3TH MaTepnajibi ny6jiHKyiOTca, b paae c j i y 3

hx Ha;io HCKaTb b cjjoHflax ueHTpajibHbix h MecTHbix rocy >rapcTBeiiHbix apx*

BOB.

Ha Kacjpeape cjieayeT 0praHH30BaTb paSoxy rio nofl6opicfe HHTepecHyx

(JiaKTOB. npeHMymecTBO 0ny6jiHK0B3HHbix MaTepnajioB b hx JiHTepaiyj^B

06pa60TaHH0CTH, flOCTVnHOCTH.

IlInpoKoe h pauHOHajibHoe Hcn0jib30BaHHe MaTepuajiOB H3 nojiHTme- CKOH HCTOpHH OTCHeCTBa flaeT B03M0>KH0CTb:

a) flocTHrayTb TBopnecKoro ycBoeraw CTyaeiiTaMH Kypca nOJlHTOJlOrHH*5 ) TecHO yB33biBaTb npouecc npenoflaBaHHa c npaKxmecKHMH 3anana-

MH, B HaCTHOCTH npHBJieHb CTyaeHTOB K aKTHBHOH arHTaUHOHHOH paOOTe cpe-

;w Hace.neHHa b ripe/iBbiScpHOH KOMnainiH;

b) jiyquie noHHTb pojib CBoero ropoja. paftoHa, oSjiacrn b ocym ecT BjJ

hhh nojiHTHMCCKHX, rocy/iapcTBerm bix, counajibHbix h apyrnx saaan. !

PaccMOTpeHHbie HaMH Bonpocbi ho3boji5hot ctjjopMyjmpoBaTb paa bub# aoB h peKOMenaaiuifi:

1. CHCTeMaTHnecKoe, pauHOHaribHoe Hcn0jib30BaHHe OTenecTBeKHoro

MaTepHana - BaacHoe cpeacTBo BocnHTamia. /looKTbca, htoSm sto t MarepHaji

cran He TOJibKO no/rcnopbe.w b jickuhh, ho h cocraBHon, opramiHecKOH qacTWO

npouecca oSyneHHa. f

2. Jipvi 3(j)())eKTHBHoro npHBjieneHHa MarepnajiOB H3 hctophh MecTHtf*

HHCTHTyTOB ynpaBjiem ia uejiecoo6p33HO:

a ) cocTaBHTb MeTonHHecKyio pa3pa6oTicy o (JiopMax h MeToaax HcrioJfe

30B3HHH M ec ra o ro M aTepnajia b jieKiiHax. Ha ceMHHapax. a TaKace bo BHe

y n e 6Hoe BpeMa;

6 ) npaKTH K0 B3Tb na sa cefla H H flx Ka(j)eapb[ h mctojihmcckhx c e K u n a x & MeH onbiTOM no BonpocaM mctoahkh npHBJieneHHa MaTepnajiOH H3 nOJiHTfljM

CKOH HCTOPHH MeCTHWX OpraHOB npH H3VHCHHH nOJlHTOJlOrHH.

/JaHHoe H3Jio>KeHHe He a a e T n o K a K aK H X -n n So v c t s h o b h b u i h x c h Pe* ®

Mei(Z!3HHH. M b i h s 0CH 0Be HMeioriieHCfl' jiH T ep aT y p b i h n p a K T H 'ie c K o ro o r O ^ B

HaKonjieHHoro npciioaaBaTejiaMH nojiHTOJiorHH yHHBepCHTeTa, not-canaaH | H

Koropbie cjiopMbt h weTOiibi Hcnojib30B3HiiH OTeHecTBeHHoro M3TepHaJia B notarialihh nOJlHTOJlOrHH.

106

c o ^ e p v K a n H s i j i c k u h h no n o j i H T O j r o r H n c y n e ro M a y a H T o p M H h

§ ?• ^ B npo(|)njisi (J jaK yjibTera

ttbIM m e t o /!.hm e c k h m B o n p o c o w , H M eso in H M 3H 3M eH H e zsjih n p e n o a a -

33Hhma e T Bonpoc 06 yMeTe ayaHTopHH. B jickuhh Haao 3HaTb h t o h

BaTeJiy Be j a ' I'b T eM , k t o e e 6 y a e T cjiymaTb. rioTOMy m to b c h k o c H 0 B 0 e Bbiciyn-

KaK nC n0 o j h o h h t o h w e T e M e c o B e p iu a e T c a b a p y r o u ayaHTopiiH, n e p e a

c o c T a e o M C T ya eH T O B , a m o w x t S b iT b , T a ic w e b h h o A C H T yau H H . C a e a o u a -

o a n o 3 t o 06cT0HTejibCTB0 noacicaweT a e K T o p y BHOBb n o a y M a T b Haa

nepea hum BonpocaMH 0 cymecTBe h <j)opMe r ip e a c T o a m e r o n y 6 -

B urvm c jio B a . KpoMe Toro, BCHKoe noBTopHoe BbiCTymieHue aoawHO 6 b iT bSflF*** T-THe MexaHHHecKHM KonnpoBaHHeM y>Ke OflHaac^M cKa3aHHoro hm. JleKTop, b

ojihhx H Tex we caoBax noBTopmoiuHH to , h to yw e 6biao hm CKa'saHO, o6h3-

pywHBaeT HeKpHTHMecKoe OTHOiiieHHe k co6cTBeHHQH p a o o T e . M ew ay TeM

co.iep/KaHHe jieKUHH no oaHoft h to h we T eM e bchkhh pa3 aoawHO 6b iTb Bce we

B neM-TO HOBblM HJIH BO BCHKOM CJiyMae CBOQoaHbIM OT TCX HeaOCTaTKOB H

ynymeHHH. KOTOpbie oonapvwHa nocae CBoero nepBoro BbicTynaeHHa no a3H-

hoh TeMe. Ycnex jickuhh o6ecneMaT h T a K H e Bonpocbi KaK «KOMy?» - n e p e a

kcm npeacTOHT MHTaTb ee h «K3K0Ba u e j i b ? » - 6aHwaHuiaa h aaabHHH - OMe-

pe.JHOH JieKUHH.

Hto we TpeOyeTCH a jw Toro, MToSbi jickuhh no noaH Toaonw HanSoaee

3(j)(i)eKTOBHo noaeHCTBoeana Ha CTyaem ecKyio ayaHTopmo?

flpewae Bcero aeKTop xopoino aoaweH 3iiaTb h noHHMaTb CTyaeHMecKyio ayflHTopuK). Tvt vMecTHO BcnoMHHTb cjioBa KaaccHKa pyccKoft neaaron-iKu K.Jt.yuiHHCKoro: «E cah neaarorHKa xomct BocnHTbiBaTb neaoBeKa bo Bcex oTHoiueHHHx, to OHa aoawna npewae y3HaTb ero Towe bo Bcex oTHomeHHHx» (K-A.yiUHHcKHft. C6op.coM., M., 1969, t .8, c.23).

Xopomuu, yGewaenHbiH JieKTop CTauMHo 3HaiomHfi cboh npeaMeT, see- raa oyaei aK)6nMueM cTyaeHMecKOH ayaHTopmi. B to we apeMH caeayeT vmh- y IBaTb, MT0 coBpeMennaH CTyaeHnecKaa ayaHTopua HMeeT cboh ocoochhocth. T TblBa’Ib oco6euHocTH b pa6oTe c Moaoaewbio o6H3aTejibHo Heo6xoaHMo,

•’ ohh CMorpHT Ha HCTopHio 3aMacTyio HHaMe, HayT He TeM nyTeM, He b toh e’ He B toh 06cTaH0BKe, K3K ee OTUbi.

Beer ^ C0®eHH0CTH coBpeMeHiiott cTyaeHMecKOH ayaHTopHH cBH3aHbi npewae

cKoro c TeM> HT0 rpaHaH03H3H 3iioueH 6opb6bi 3a yTBepwaeHne aeMOKpaiHMe-

^Jiom LTp° H HBJlaeTCH a a « MoaoaewH uenbio co6biTHH, KOTOpbie 6bum b npo- b03 ’ M 0Ha He pscnojiaraeT HenocpeacTBeHHbiM onbiTOM. CymecTByioT h

BaTb i ,Hble oc°5eHHocTH, Koropbie npenoaaBSTeJiK) caeayeT T3Kwe yMHTbi-

l,T06i)J .'V4eT CTyneHMecKou ayaHTopiiH He caMouejib, a cpeacTBO ana Toro, 1°P>k 00ecileHHTb nepBeiiiuee ycaoBiie ycnexa aeKUHH - ycTaHOBHTb, noa-

AHton H Pa3BHBaTb B TeMeHHe Bcefl aeKUHH neooxoanMbiH KOHTaKT c 3y- H H aao noMHHTb, mto npenoasBSTeab 4tiTaer aeKumo He a m ce6a, a

107

x ih ioi o , ‘-rroou ucpejiaTb ce co iiepaom ie c p ./ichucckoh ayan [op )1H '

ee npeaejibHO iiohhthoR u aoxoasm en ,ao ayawTopHH.

JieKTop o6n3aH He TOJibKo npeKpacHO BJiaaeTb MaTepnajiOM

KyCCTBOM BJ1H5ITL Iia ayflHTOpHJO, HO H HCIipeMCKHO y'iHTblBaTb Hepgr,

roBopm, to ecTb 3HaTb crieum])HHecKne oco6eHHocTH, x ap aK T ep m ,S ^ ^ M

ayflHTopHH, ee cocTaB, HHtcjiJieKryajibHbifi vpoBeHb, 3HaTb ee n o a r o T o ^

HOCTb. To, HTO Ba>KHO JU1S OflHOH ay/lHTOpHH, iVVA flpyrOH Gy/jeT n y c r ^ ^ H

T3Tb JieKUHH no TeopHH OTHOCHTejlbHOCTH B KCriO/irOTOBJieHHOfi a y j ^ j ^ B

laK/Ke OeccMbiciieHHo, KaK m peKaib a36yHHbie hcthhm Ha c o 6paHHH aKanS

kob. EcTb rpynnbi b ayflHTopnH - roTOBbie cne/iOBarb cjiOBaM, p a c c K a n ^ M

iopa. ApyraH rpynna cnocoGna rojibKo ycBaimait, 3HaHH>i. EcTb c o B e m jS

iiaa rpynna. Ecrb KaTeropn« ay;inropnn. oojiaaaiomaH TpoFiHoft MenHofl&tf

hch, - roBopHJi Kbhht TopauHH OjiaKK, - m e Bce KpacnBbie Bbipa*eHHji bi>

ojiaropoiiHbie HVBCTBa orcKaKHnaioi o t hx unipoKoft h TBepaoft rpynn He

npoH3Be4Ji HHKaKoro BneHauienna. 3a.;iaHa jieKTopa npn cocTaBjieHHH TeKcta

JieKUHH - yHHTMBarb ee cocTaB. 14 b coo tb ctctbh h c >thm n poB epm eme i

eme pa3 HayHHwfi rpys, KOTOpbifi oh HeceT eft. OntiTHwft JieKTop iapanee da.

c t ypoBeHb h HacipoeHHe ayjiHTopHH. O h coct3bht tckct jickuhh h oneHb oc-

MOTpHTeJlbHO riOBCflCT CBOK) peHb B COOTBeTCTBHH C VHCTOM ypOBHfl H ee 10-

crpoeHHs. Oh Kpaftiie caepwan ao xofi MHHyTH, noKa He noHyBCTByer hto »

jiaaeji hmh h noziHHHHji hx ce6e, xoth ayjHTopHH He cnycKaeT c Hero n m Ho

KaK rojibKo nonBHiiocb y Hero 3to co3iiaHne, oh yw e pacnopawaexca hx hybct-

BaMM KaK xonex h 6e3 rpv iia Bbi3biBaeT BOKpyr c e o « to nacrpoeHne, KOTopoe

eMy b aaiiHVK) MHHyTy Hywno.

CpbiBbi, nopoft rarocrnbie. npHBo/isuuHe k ayineBHbiM xpaBMaM h Hew-PHK) B CBOH CHJlbl, HCpC/lKO 6blB3K)X pe3yjIbXaX0M H60CM0XpHXeJlbH0CXH CaMO-

ro JieKTopa. BooaymeBJieHHbiH nepBbiM ycnexoM y MeHee B3bicKaxe.nuM

c iy iieH iOB, oh con iam aeT ca BbicTym rrb 6e3 flonojiHHTeJibHoft paooTbi hepefl 6ojiee noiU oiOBJieiiHOH ay/unopneH. B pe3yjibTaTe HeH36e>KeH npoBaJi. Ba#H<>

TaKwe 3HaTb, k to tbohm c r y /i.emain h h to ji jicku hh /jo Te6a, h to o w He cjihiuk0*1

\vk rip»HrpaTb o t cpaBH€HMH. «H36ajiOBaHHaH» xopouiHM H JieKTopaMH ay

p m ocoG chho tie iepm iM a k nocpeacTBeHHOMy jieKTopy.

KaK npHBjienb BHHMaHHe ay;inTopnn h nepe3 3t o riOfleftcxBOBaTb Ha *

bojho, lipeBOCxo.uHO ri0HCHeH0 b paccKa3e A .II .H e x o B a « f la M a »: HanaJio

iiepwaHHH AOJiHcHO 6biTb b cootbctctbhh c ayaHTopHeft, 3HaHHe ee heo 6 xo^

MO. A BejIHKHH HTaJlbflHCKHH nOJlHTOJlOr HHKKOJIO MaKHaBeJUIH B TpaKt*!

« f o c y a a p b » T a m e roBopHJi o 3H3HHH a yam op H u : «Kaac,nbifi HCTOpHHec^

MOMCHT rpeGyex cBoefi ocoG ofi (popMbi ero nepe/ia4 H h OHa aojiwHaa c o o tB j

crBOBarb cjiowHBuieftcfl 06cTaH0BKe, HacipoeHHio /iKmeii h xapaKTepy

ropHH». Cojiepw aH H e jickuhh aojdkho jiovkhtboi Ha cocTaB ayjjHTOpn^’ 1

ypoBeHb.

108

H ripvro e MneHne. « H xo w e TpeSyeTca ana t o t o , h to 6m JieKuna

H ° ecT,b 30M Bo 3fleHcTBOBana Ha ayaH Top ino , - roBopnn rio jib Jlacjiapr, -

0 a He 3a6oHycb o tom , h to oh h CKaw yr - nycTb roBopar,

qT0 0 C Q f{ Bceraa oTH om ycb k jickuhh, KaK cojijiar k OHTBe, uny na-

^ hm ^ ,cy iib 6e cpeflH jtc th iu hx rryjib. h to 6m nacTb h M ow eT 6biTb no-

BCTpeqy CB oCTaTbCH B WHBbIX H noSeflHTb, h6o a COJIflaT - uaCT3BHHK». rn6nyTb 1' raKH npenoaaBaTejib He ao jiw eH BHueTb b cboh x CTyaeHTax oah o -

I ^ BMaccW H HCJIb3H COCTaBJMTh TCCT JieKUHH OAHHaKOBO AIM HeTBepTOTO

p0jH°i> jjgpBoro, ana (JmKyjibTeTa MHpoBbix h3ukob h AJia (JiroMaTa, to b o -

K>'PCa cTy fleHHeCKOM Co6paHHH H CTyaeHHeCKOH KOH(j)epeHUHH. H o npH 3TOM

P ^ a nonxno 6biib MaKCHMyM nonynapHocTH, npocTo™ , jichocth, AOCTyn-

hocth.CpeHH pa;w m ctoah h cck h x BonpocoB, hm cioihhx 3Ha'ienne a t a npeno/ia-

xejiefl nojiHTOJiorHH, He n o c jie jH ee m ccto 3aHiiMaer h Bonpoc 06 yneTe

npo(j)M.ia 4>aKyjibTeTa b npenoflaBaHHH nojiHTOJiorHH. CB«3b npeno/iaBaHna c

npo<l>MeM <J)aKyjibTeTa h cneuHajibHocTbK) CTyaeHTOB - o a h o H3 BawHbix aK-

THBHbix cpeacTB y jiyH iu em ia H3ylteHHa noAHTOJiormi b yHHBepcHTeTe.

3tot Bonpoc zioBOJibHo pa3pa6oTaH no mhoihm ryMaHHTapHbiM HayKaM,

ho nojiHTOJiorHH - HOBaa AHCunruiHHa, BBeAeimaa b CHCTeMy npenoAaaauna,

noaroMV oTcyTCTByio'i MeroflHKH 3Toro Kypca. HpoSjieM ropa3no Sojibine, neM

Hapa6oTOK b npenoAaBanwi 3toh ahcuhidjhhm,-

BawHenmaa la/iaua oSyneHHH HbiHe - BOcriM-ranne TBopnecKoft aKTHBHO-

cth CTyaeHTOB h Bbipa6oTKa y hhx HaBbiKOB Hcn0Jib30BaHHK TeoperanecKHX

3HasfflH, nojiynenHbix b By3e, b SyAym en npaKTHHccKoft AeaTejibHOcm AHaiiH3

ycBoeHHa CTyaeHTaMH counajibHO-nojiHTHMecKHX ahcuhiuihh npn ripneMe

rocyaapciBeiiHoro 3K3aMena no HcropHH Ka3axcTaHa, noKa3biBaeT, h to npe-

noaaBauHe rvMannTapHbix HayK ocymecTBJiaeica noKa 6e3 AocTaTOHHoro y>ie-

Ta iipo^HJia (jjaKyjibrera, 6e3 B3aHMOCBa3H no.ioweHHH 3thx HayK c xapaiere-

Pom (JiaKyjibTeTa h 6yaym eH cneuuajibHOCTH CTyaeHTa. n osro M y MHorne cTy-

;JeilTU la'rpynH;!ioTca OTBeTHTb, KaK npHMeHaT TeopeTHHecKiie 3HaHHa b 6yay -

UJC11 CB°efi paSoTe. H e Bce CTyAeHTbi k MOMeHTy OKOHHaHHa yne6bi npnoGpe-

ra,° l UpaKTHMeCKHe naBblKH OOmeCTBCHHOH, nOJIHTHHeCKOH pa60TbI, OnbIT

°PraHH3aT0pcK0fi JleaTejIbHOCTH. B CBa3H C 3THM B03HHKaeT He06x 0flHM0CTb

PUJeHCTBoBaHHa t|)opM CBa3H npenoaaBaHHa ryMaHHTapHbix HayK c npaK-

° H oyaymePi ripo^teccHH cTyaeHia, c npotJ)HJieM ^aKyjibiera.

Hu ^ P 0 <t>,1J1HPOBaHHe y ^ e S H o ro npouecca no nojiHTOJiorHH h apv i HM ry 'M a-

KPb-pHblM Ha^ KaM n03B0jiaeT npenoiiaBarejHO n o jiH e e h aoxo/iMHBee pac- Hej.’ b c °a ep )K aH H e H H ra e M o ro mm K yp ca , n oK a3aTb ero 3HalieHHe fljia aanb-

j, et1 Pa6oTbi crieunajiHCTa, Bbi3BaTb y cry/iem a HHTepec k OBnaaeHHK) no-

ecKoft T e o p n eH nepe3 npH 3M y BbiSpaHHOH hm cneuHanbHocra.

6^ ^ < le i IIP ° 4)llJ,fl 6yaym eft cneunajTbHOCTH cTyaeHTa o6a3aTejieH ana Bcex

8 y’JebHOH m BHe yMeGnoH pa6oTbi, h npewzie Bcero - jickuhh, KaK ocho-

109

BaHHH (jjOpMbl OOVMeHHH CTyaeHTOB. ripn 3TOM I JiatiHOe BHHMaHHe n J

TCJib aoji*eH o6paTHTb Ha xapaKTep CneuHajibHOCTH, K0T0pyio no.-jy,!n°;ia fleHT, OKOHHHB y H HBepCHTeT. ' deT Cy

M u nuiaraeM HaKonjieHHMH iiexoTopbiH oh ijt TaKoro po;:a, e v 1 b npenoaaBawiH iio.'mio.iorHH. b ochobhom, Ha oiibrre Kaêapy i,0cTji KaâxcTana w n0JiHT0Ji0n iM » H am ero yHHBepcHTeTa. O p r a m m e c K a s '^ M

JieKUHH, niiaHOB CCMMHapCKHX 3aiWTHH. 3aaaHHH JUIfl âMOCTOHTejIbHoii Tbi CTyaeHTOB c np oq) hji Hpy to me ft cneUHanbHOCTbio no3BoaaeT

oojibmeft K0HKpeTH0CTH h y 6e*aeHHOCTH, noaHarb HHTepec cryaeHroR^B

JIHTOJIOrMH H. B KOHeHHOM MTOre, YCHJIHTb BOCnHTaTeJIbHOe B03HefiCTBH^B UHnjIHHbl. " Ic

H eo6xoanMocTb ;ui<t)'j)epcHHHpoBaHHoro noaxoaa b ripeno.iaaaHHa*

pa3 OTMenajiacb b MeTOaHHecKOH JiHTepaiype: yneT npo(j)naa By3a, c|)aKyni,~

ia . oyaym efi cneunaabHOCTH CTyaeHTa. Heab3« coraacnTbca c tcmh, kto <h|-

TmecKH BbicTynaeT npoTHB yqe ia npo<J)HJiH By3a b Kypce noJiHTOjiorHH. A*. cmomoh aaa Bcex npenoasBSTeaeii ^bjihctch y ie T ayairropHH, ee cneumbiiKH

ypOBHa noaroTOBKH CTyaeHTOB, yneT Toro, Kaxaa uejib ct3bhtc5I nepea xiaH-

HbiMH cTyaemraMH. Tot, kto paSoiaeT c jnoatMH, aoaw en 3HaTb oco6eHH0cn

aioaeft. ICBa3b c npo(})HJieM ijiaK y jib ieTa - aaeT B03M0>KH0CTb noKaiaTb c o u a f l

Hoe 3naneHHe n poêccH H , ee m c c to b oom ecTBenH ofi w v h h h , B o e w n J B

HeTepHHMOCTb K npOfpfCCMOtUUIbHOH V30CTH, 33MKHyTOCTH.

BMecre c TeM h3mh He pa3aejiaerc5i tohks 3peHHs rex, kto ciHTaer, to cB»3b npenoaaB3HH5i nojnrroJiornH c npo(j)HJieM By3a aoaacHa npoHHSSfflai Becb Kypc (cm. Yxtomckhh A.B . MeToaoaorna noaHToaonm, Omck, 195b c.26).

JieKTop B ceras aoaaceH noMHHTb, h to nraceHep npnaeT k noanTrace sepe aaHHbie CBoeft CneuHajibHOCTH, no CBoeMy npnacT k nojiHTiiKe arp0H0M , *

CBoeMy 6H3HeCMeH H T.a. ri03T0My C K>pHCT3MH H3a0 HH3'ie TOBOpHTb, HeM C (jju rioaora^H , a c (jw aoaoraM H HHane, neM c oh o jio ism h . flpen oaaB areab flo®-

*eH noaxoaHTb k K 3 *a o ft rp yn n e cryaeHTOB KOHKpeTHO, oaH y h Ty * e TeW pa3‘bHCHaTb c yneTOM Syaymeft CneuHajibHOCTH. O noanTMHecKoft cHCte** HanpnMep. Heab3a paccKa3biBaTb oaHHaKCBo b pa3Hbix CTyaeHnecKHX a y flf lg

pnax. C t o h t an aoKa3biBaTb, h to nejib3 « npenoaaBaTb n oaH T oaon u o a o #

ju o th o oanHaKOBO b MeaHHCTHTyTe h b ceabCK0X03aHCTBeHH0H aKaaeMH*1’

KOHCepBaTOpHH H B FlOaHTeXHHHeCKOM HJIH neaarOTHHeCKOM HHCrHTyTaX.^B ao chx nop h aabTepnaTHBHbix yneSH bix noco6nn no n o aH T oa o n w , npe'®*J

3HaMCHHbIX AXH pa3HbIX By30B.

I OBopHTb 06 3tom caeayeT . Pa3yMeeTCH. M eToaoaonm ecK aa , o 6w e1j

peTHHecKaa 0CH0Ba h oGmee coaepw aH H e Hamero Kypca o c ia io T ca

aJia Bcex (jiaKyabTeTOB. E annoH h raaBHOH aBaaeTca aaa Hac 3aaa43 B o c flt fj

hh« cTyacHiiecrB3. Eahhow h raaBHOH aBaaeTca ana Bcex Hac 3aaaHa Hay^fl

1 1 0

eHHTb Ha npaKTHKe nonHTHHecKne 3HaHH«, o6peTaTb h h tc ji-

„eH'r° B u c noM om bto cb oh x neiiiiocTeii bh och tb BKJiaa b pa3BHrae

5 ^ ^ " K 0H « 0er0 HaPOfla'fec tf o(hHfl« (JjaKyJibTeTa, m e jicku hh hht3K>tch, mmciot npaMoe o t -

V,qer g^Hpocy coflepwaHHH JieKUHH. KawabiH TBopnecKH pa6oTarouiHH h

HOuieHHe K aTM0C(j)epy xpaM a 3HaHHH, kb kh m hbjihctch By3, aojihcch h c x o -

xBa*af° ul )HMMaHH5i yHHKajibHOCTH nocjieaHero. Fl03T0My nporpaMMa KypcaM3 in aojiwna oTpaw aib ocooem iocTb aaiiHoro By3a, cpaKyjibTeTa h

(l0ll,fT0 HRHnyajibnoH, s to o jh h h3 pe3epB0B noBbimeHHH 3(})<{>eKTHBH0CTH OblTb HHaHB

„nenoflaBaHHH' -TeMa cneuH(})HKH npenoflaBamm nojiHTOJiorHH 3aKjiK3iiaeTCH b Heooxo-th npeJioMJiemw npeAM eTa npHMeHHTejibHO k peajibHoft KOHKpeTHKe

jibieTa. Cneun(j)HKa npeiiMeTa, 0C06eHH0CTb npenoaaBaHHH powaaioTca

m T me ecTb TBopnecTBO, KBajiH<}>HKauiui h np0(})eccH0HajiH3M. Cnoco6aMBHejpeHHH crieuH(j)HKH h ee co6 jnoaeHHH HBJiaeTCfl aeficTBeHHOCTb. flencTBeH-

HOdb flOJBKHa npoaBJiaeTca b Bbi6ope Tex cpeacTB h m ctoaob KanecTBeHHoro

ogyqeHM, K0T0pbie jxanyj MaKCHMajibHMft pe3yjibTaT na KOHKpeTHOM (j)aKyjib-

Teie. cneuHajibHOCTH, Kypce, b rpynne,BHyTpeiiHee coaepwaHHe jickuhh nproBaHO BbiCBeTHTb npo6 jieMbi cne-

wkJmkh, KaiecTBa, 0C06eHH0CTefi npenoflaBamui nOJlHTOJlOrHH. O chobhbim

Ha3HaneHHeM Bcex, k to pa6oTaeT b BV3e, SBJiaeTca npocJieccHOHajibHwfl ypo-

Beiib iipenoaaBanHH. KanecTBO h noHHMaHHe npo6 jieM, BOJiHyiomnx CTyneH-tob. He/iapoM bo Bce BpeMeHa npunaBajiH oco6oe sHaneuHe TiuaTejibHOMy o t-

6opy cocTaBa JieKTopoB. Hmcaicoft Konxpojib, HiiKaKHe nporpaMMbi h t.a. a6co-■HOTHO He B COCTOHHHH H3MeHHTb TOTO HanpaBJieHHH 3H3HHH, KOTOpblH Olipe-

lejisieTca cocTaBOM JieKTopoB. JieKUHH 3HaiiHTejibHO aocraraeT KanecTBa, ecjiH

cymecTByeT cBH3b HinaeMoro MaTepnajia c npocjmneM (jjaKyjibTexa. 3aaaHanPenoflaBaTejui coctoh t b tom, h to 6bi xopou io npo/iyrviaTb no icaKoM TeMe, no

KaKOMy Bonpocy npoBecTH TaKyio CB»3b, HTo6bi OHa He Hociuia HCKyccTBeHHO- xapairrepa, a opraHHnecKH BruieTajiaci. b aaiiHyio npo6jieMy.

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111

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" T TaHHe Onn03HUHOHHbIX H3CTpoeHHH, H TJiaBHOe - O HCB03M0WH0CTH B03- HM5I B «HHCTOM BHJie» K CT3JIHHH3My H MaCCOBblM penpeCCMM.

w npHBOJHM OTpblBOK H3 KHHTH «McnaHHfl: KOppHZIS H K3y£HJlbO».

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n0 06mecTBeHHocTb o 6peTaeT ro jio c - s to caMoe cym ecTBeHHoe, h to mow-

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H0 BO Bce 3T3WH 3A3HHS o6uieCTB3 ...

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117

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npeccMM. Tax noHBJiaexca Ha CBeT nojiHTHKa «JiH6epajiH3auHH» Tepp°P h I

Maa (JjpaHKMCTCKHMH BJiacTSMH... ')po3HH peacHMa pacnpocrpaHH1['On0BeJ\t M oro Bepxa. Ho KaKoi'i wanKHfl oxBex rmarcyr /iaxb iipe;icraHnTejiM aC!> a° c*. Ha Bonpocbi. HeoTBpaTHMO nocTaBJieHHbie >km 3hm o, 6 o p b 6 o H HapoflaiJB,* ^ B

ToTajlHTapHblH pe>KHM HaXOflHTCH B COCXOHHHH Kpn3MCa H pa3Ji<jS

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THmiHHbie ;na neK0T0pi,ix crpan JlaTKHCxoft AMepuKH. TpyaHo CKa3aTi ^ h Ky/ia c/ienac'i cxpana cboh cneriyioujHH mar; nejib’wi hckjiiohHTh h, ’ K°rili

H3J10M0B, nonblTOK >iaTb 3aAHMH XOH M BOCCTaHOBHTb MaCCOBblft Tenno m,

iiecoMHeHHO oaho: peaaiM He nepeaaiBex CBoero ocnoBaTenn. npouecct

ropbie Hiiyx b HcnaHHH, Heo6paTHMbi. B ot eme oaho oneBHflHoe AOKa3ip9 ctbo Toro, « t o c|)amH3M He HMeeT 6yaymero. Oh nporaBopeHHT o6mecTBen. HbiM noipeOHOciHM. BOJie HapoAOB, caMOH npwpoAe neAOBeKa, kotoplih xonei cboooali h ojiarococ roHHHH... (EypjiauKHH <J>. HcnaHHa: KoppHAa h Kayannto M., 1967. C. 14,33,36.37,46).

* * *

V4HTbiBa5? SyAymyro paSoxy yqHTejieft b mKOJie, c AeTbMH Ha neaarora xecKOM 4>aKyjibTeTe, npn paccMoxperara xeMw «HonHTH4ecKaa counajiHMUHa», coA epw aH iie n p o u ecca nojiHTHnecKOH cou n a j»i3au H n hcoSxcahmo my

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B03pacxe. n o jiM x m ecK a a cncTeM a B03AeftcxByex na nejiOBeKa b uejiax co3fl<

h im y n ero n o jiow H xejibH oft ycxaHOBKH Ha nee.

* * * *

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aBjraeTca onpeflejiaromeH b C03flannn nonoK H xe.ibH ofl ycxaHOBKH. n o aHa*

ran c 3,OpeHfl0M ohh HacxaHBaiox ua xom, 4x0 « 6a30Bbie flexcKHe 4yBCT xp y fln e e Bbixecnawxca h H3MeHaroxca, 4eM Te, 4x0 6mjih iip tioopexeH bi n03>

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118

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•iTO OHa MO>KeT riperennoBaib Ha yHHBepcajibHOCTb, bccooihhoct!., bo3mo»c- Hocrb ncn0Jib30BaHHH bo Bcex aeMOKpaTHnecKHX o6mecTBax. OaHaKO pe3yjib- Tarbl 3MnnpHMeCKHX HCCiieflOBaHHH, npOBOAHBIUltXCJl B eBponeHCKHX CTpaHaX no MeTOfluxe /t.Hcrona u flw.êHHHca, onpoBeprajm TeopeTHHecKHe nojiowe- hma KOHuenu.HH. Ohh yKa3biBajiH Ha to , h to npouecc ycBoeHMH nojiHTHHecKHX uejien h cTannapTOB nojiHTHHecKoro noBeachuh b KawaoM KOHicpeTHOM o6me- CTBe cneuH(j)H4eH, nocsojibKy ooycaoBJieH ocoGchhocthmh KyubTypnoH cpe- ®>i, onocpeaoBaH mhowcctbom <J)aKTOpOB, b tom HHCJie cjrynafiHbix (cm. A-Hctoh, /I/k.^chhhc « flerH h nojiHTHHecKafl CHCTeMa», M3B7ieseHHfl. M. 1996.).

Bonpocbi d.w CPC .1. KaKOB MexaHH3M nOJlHTHHeCKOfl CO UHaJlM3aUHH?

^ KaKOBbi, Ha Bam B3niaa, aocTonncTBa h neaocTaTKH TeopHH «nojiHTH-ckoh noaaep>KKH>>? M ovkho jih Hcnojib30BaTB ee b apyrnx CTpaHax?

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119

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poBbix H3biKOB:”PeKOMeHflyeM ncn0Jib30BaTb KHHry « o cch”11 uuuukiv^ Rnr h uarTHnrTH hto rnRnntiTpa n i.^x. UKflx *

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11 MHHMbIX». B o r . B MaCTHOCTH, MTO TOBOpilTCa B Heft: ' W-it -it -tr

II B03M(.»KHbi aBa noaxoaa, aBa OTHOiuenna k hum. o^ h h iobo^ t I

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HB.neHiiq. He nacoBaTb n ep ea HeGjraronpnaTHbiMH rjmKTaMH,

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Hbix b Harnett cucreM e bbicokhx npHHUHnoB...

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c th , nbrraiorca yKJioHHTbca o t cjiohchmx o tb c to b Ha c jiow hh ,1

pbie CTaBHTb >KH3Hb. cs0?. ^Ka>KiibiH reaTp - a hx a CTpaHe c o th h - HiueT cBoe Me

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vKiniibio H o ne oanaMaer jih ) t o , mto hm chho TeaTpy. er0 ciaenH ocT ii. cBHaaiiHofi c hhm. ao jijk h o npHHaflJiewaTb ^ ri|,ee «p * M .

cjjopMHpoBaHHH periepTyapa? I loaoon an npaKTHKa b n° i t| H306p a J f lM

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riOAJIHHHblH TBJiaHT OCTpO MyBCTByeT 0TBeTCT^ lf3HH, ,1Pa*

ctbo, cTpeMHTca HecTH b Maccbi BbicinvK) npaBay

120

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> Tcnbna«- n0ii;“ 1HH °pveT x yao *H H K a m n iy6 oK oe nponMKHOBe-

a opH 006pa3 nn; oHa He oraaeT npeanoMTeHMe 6iiaro-■ ot^ HC 0 »ccM M H 0 ,r t a nooiupHCT aapoBaHHC b e ro 6jiaroTBopm>ix

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^ eT° HlU.tpo^Mfi " f ^ c a u H f l x iio^ ihhhm x h mhhmmx» M. 1980. C .24).OP^cTBa( ‘ +++

eMbi «M e *a y H a p o ;iH b ie oTH on iem w h M Hposaa no-

[]pH paccM0TPel^ ^ HcTopH„ MnpHo ro cocym ecTBOBam w. B 3tom ruiane

^ ^ ^ t f ^ ^ b S O B a T b pa6ory A ./ I.CaxapoBa «Pa3M biiu ;ienne o iip o-

^ o o o p a s n 0 lK|JL.%mecTB0BaHHH h innejuieKTxajibHoii CBo6o a e » M .1997 .

fip*> ^ ^ ^ f l c K o r o Jl0Hfl0H. 1973) h a p y ry to KHHry: O .Eypnam cHH

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4 ryMamn-aphbix (fraKyabTCTOB.B hhx Hi.iarawTCi! KOHKpeTHbie npe/uiOKefiiw coTpyamwecTBa ynenbix

kc-p Mitpa no norranHOMy pa3opyweHHK). npeKpam eim io to hkh TepM oaaep-

B,oop>*iw H nepexoa k njiaHnpyeMOMy MHpy.

npHBOTHM lieKOTOpbie Bbiaep*KH H3 KHHI H.* * *

CT3BH Bonpoc 0 B03MO>KHOC'IMX HJiaHHpOBaHHH MHpa, M bl H M CeM B B fl.v .

«OB/icHHe BceoGmero MHpa, KOTOpblH noiiHMaercsi naMn KaK ofnueHejioBe- locTonHHe, KaK a6comoTHaH uenHOCTb b 0'i;mliHe ot OTHOcine.ibHbix

meioutHv iHaneHne jus OTacatiibix rocyaapcTn. naimfi. coiutajib- hochiuhx n orroM y oo.nee JioKa.ii.HbiR xapaKiep. T ep -

■*** h HejionvmeiaPOHHblfi BCK nojlH>i;i [,P °6ncM' coxpaHeHHH Bceoomero " “ PO-IHH B"jllc,6ofi Kf raCTp0(l)H4eCK0r0 KOH(j)JlHKTa Ha VpOBdlb UeilHOC l H ““"w orcsera Mbl Da~CpapXHH Me'K*iy,iapoaHbix ueHHOciefi, ne3aBHCHMO ot

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t n o ^ eHBBce Cboh onacnoc I T * * * * * " TexHHKa aeMOHCTpnpyFOT Bee

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133

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KpoMe Toro. npenoaaBaTejiw yHacTByiOT h b pecny6jiHKaHCKnx mJl rexHHHCCKHx. r-yMaHHTapubix KOHêpeHmiax. no kotopum Bbiuuu, T y',H°'« PbiHOK h Bbiciuee 06pa30Banne». MaTepnaiibi Me>KayHapoj,HOH Havmfl

npaKTHMecKofl KontjjepeHunH r.AjiMaTbi, nioHb, 1993; «HoBbie HHôpMaBml Hbie TexHOJiornn b 06pa30BamiH». AjiMaTbi, 1995; «O6pa30BaHHe Ha nopon X X I BeKa: «r ip o 6jieMbi h nepcneKTHBbi» Tapai. 1999. (cSxTaTbefi) h apyrne

B hhx npenonaBaTejiH nojiHTOJiormi HaftayT oorarbin Marepnaa h Merc- aimeCKHe Bonpocbi, CB<naimbie c He06x0/iHM0CTbi0 , TecHee yBa3biB3Tb JieKmn no nojiHTOjrorHH c 3aziaiia.MH npo(J)HJiHpyiomHx Ka(j)cap no noaroTOBKe mojio- flb ix cneuHaancTOB.

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na coBepmeHCTBCBaHne cb«3h npenoaaBaHHa rvMani-napHbix HayK c npo(j)HJieM (])aKyabTeTa. K hhm OTHOcaxca b tom racne: yneT npo(j)MJia By3a npH cocraB- aeHHH ruiaHOB ceMHnapcKnx jaiwTHii, noaroTOBKe cxyaeHnecKHX pcêpaTOB h aoKJiaaoB, KOHTpojtbHbix 3aaaHnft ana CTy aeHTOB 3ao'iHoro oxnejieKHa, paapa- SoTKa h 4TeHHe cnenicypcoB c yneTOM npo<j>Hria Bysa; noabinieHHe poJiH Ka6«- HeTOB Ka<|)eap rvMaHHTapm.ix ancuHnaiin b npo<j>HJiH3amra (noMouib b noflfio- pe 6n6anorpa<|)nn, oqiopMaeHHH crenaOB, BbicxaBOK, b Hcnoab30Bamw

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135

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136

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c hoboh ayaH 'iop iicH HanoMHHaeT Hanpa/KeHHtiH ncnxojionwecKHii no- eaHHOK. B nepBbie 5-10 MHHyx npHTHxmaa, nbiTJTHBas ayaHTOpwa HHTeH- chbho roynaeT JieKTopa, cxapaacb no ero BHettmeMy o6jimcy, peHH h xoay Mucjieft pasra/iaib, c KeM OHa HMeeT aejio. CnymaHHe jicku hh ecTb o a ro - BpeMenno no3iiam re caMoro JieKTopa. 3 t h « p 0K0Bbie» MHHyTbi, K oraa naei B3bICKaTeJIbHbIH H HHOI fla npHCTpaCTHBIH 3K3aMeH Ha JIOBepHe H CHMIiaTHH K JieKTopy, HMeeT noanac peuiaiomee 3HaHenne.

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137

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138 1

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139

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MeTOflHKa noM oraeT acH ee nepeziaTb jiyM m ne qep xb i opHnajjajia, 30

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140

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141

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142

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162 i

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224

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228

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229

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230

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Aejia ao Toro, KaK aeKTop roTOBHaca k ceroaHaumeMy BbicTynaeHHio. Hm l|y>KHo caMoe 3ByHamee caoBo - coaepwaTeabHoe, HHTepecHoe cBoeii xo- 151 6bi nacTHMHOH hobh3hoh h yBaeKaTeabHoe no (J>opMe. AyaHTopra 3a- HHrepecoBaHa b tom, HTo6bi aeKTopcKaa pcLib pa3BepTbiBaaacb nenpHHyw- ^ h h o . Peiib aoa>KHa ooecneMMBarb pocT koht3ktob Meway CTvaeinaMH h

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rocyaapcTB, jiyHiiiHe (|)hjioco(}>m, nosTbi, pe([»opMaTopbi 6mjih b t o we Bpe-

mn h jiyniuHMH opaTop3MH. « I I,BeTaMH» KpacnopeHHsi 6bui ycbinan nyTb K°

bchkoh Kapbepe, h ncKyccTBo roBopHTb CHHTajiocb oSasaTejibHbiM- Bbl1b Mo>KeT, h mm Kor/i3-Hn6yai> aowaeM cx, h to HauiH iophctm, npocjieccopa "

Boo6me flOJDKHOcTHbie JiHua, o6»3aHHbie n o c j i y * 6e roBopHTb He TOJitK° yn en o , ho h Bpa3yMHTejibHO h KpacHBO, He CTaHyT onpaBabiBaTbCS Te ’

hto ohm «H e yMeiOT» roBopHTb. B cyuiHocTH Be/ib oust mnejuiHreHTHOr°

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234

KpacHopeHHio cjieflOBajm 6ti cnHTaTt neH'i6 e>KiibiM» (cm . A.n. Me-

el1 (<X opou iaa H0 B0CTb» com., t.VIII, c.499-501).W)B- ‘ ' ' '

§ 5 , K yjibTypa p e w H u e e B b ip a 3 M T e j ib H 0 C T b b ii i . i o v K c im u j i c k u h h

KanecTBO jickuhh bo MHoroM aocTHraeTcs K yjibxypo ii p c n i 3HaMe- hctophk npo(|>eccop B .O . KjnoweBCKHH 06pa3H0 oxapaKTepmoBaJi

Ha>ieHHe cjioBa b jickuhh TaK: «FapMOHHa mmcjih h cuoBa - 3 to oneHb Ba)KnbiM h nawe nepe/iKO pokoboh Bonpoc jyia Haiuero 6para npenoxiaBa-

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cKa3aTb b uanHOM c jiyciae, h KopeHb uoKejibix Heyaan HauiHX - b HeyMe-

hhh Bbipa3HTb cboio MbicJib, ojieTb ee KaK cjieayex. H n o r ja 6eflneHbi<yio, xyaeHbKyio Mbicjib Mbi oSjieneM b TaKyio nbium yio (jiopwy, h to ona nyTa- ercfl h TepaeTca b nenywHbix cKJiaflKax coocxBemioii o6ojiohkh h flo Hee

ipyflHO aoGpaTbca, a H uoraa 3flopoByio CBe>Kyio Mbicjib Bbipa3HM TaK, hto

OHa BHHeT h 6jieKHeT b HarneM Bbipa*eHHH, KaK ubctok, nonaBiuHft non

xjDKejiyK) h McecTKyio no/ioaiBy. B o bccm, iyie cjiobo cjiyacHx nocpe/iHHKOM

MOacay JiioflbMH, a b iipeno/iaBanHH oco6eHHO, Heyjio6no KaK neperoBO- pmb, TaK h HeaoroBopHTb» (B.O. Kjhohcbckhh. OnepKH h penn. M ., 1968, c.92).

Eme 3aaojiro zio htchhk jickuhh, npenoaaBaxejib HaHHHaeT ayM axt o <J>opMe H3Jio>KeHHH cbohx Mbicjiefl. Bo BpeMH nojiGopa MaTepnajia, npn

inyienHH h KOHcneKTHpoBaHHH ero , npn cocTaBjieHHH njiaHa hjih n0JiH0- ro TeKCTa jickuhh, Ha npoTJiHceHHH Bcero nepwojia iio/hotobkh jickuhh, oh

flyMaeT O TOM, HTO Hy>KHO B JieKUHH CKa3aTb H KaK CKa3aTb.Mbicjib, na>Ke caMaa npociaa, caMaa npHMHXHBHaa b otjihhhc o t iy B -

CTBa Bcer.ua HyjK/iaexca b cjiobcchom o4>opMjieHHH. « IlpaB/ia, pa3Mbiuuiaa, Mb| 'ianacryio KaK 6y/no He 3aMCHaeM cjiob, noTOMy, hto mbicjih bo mho- lHx cjiynaax oneHb kopotkh, MHMOJieTHbi, a BHyrpenHKH penb npeaejibHO

c*aTa. KpoMe Toro, mwcjih to h jieno nepeMeuiHBaioTca c nyBCTBaMH, nPeAcxaBjieHHaMH, nepe>KHBannaMn, h, tbkmm 06pa30M, BHy rpeHHaa penb

K‘lK 6bi orreHaeTca Henocpe/iciBeHHbiMH o6pa3HbiMH BnenaTJieHHaMH, UCTaBaacb neomyTHMOM noa'iac h /via caMoro roBopaiuero. Ho 3Ta BHyT- P®HHaa p c ib HMeeT mccto h iicm 6ojibiue Harnn qyBCTBa, co3epuaHHa, ''^'icraBJieiiHa npeBpamaioTca b Mbicjib, tcm omyTHMee exaHOBHxea 3Ta ( ^Tpemiaa pciib, npecjieaya Hac nopoK h bo chc. Bojibuie Toro, ctoh t ^>J|OBeKy y Bjieq bc>i cbohmh MbicjiaMH hjih OKa3aTbca b nojio>KeHHH, Kor.ua

g TepaeT KOHTpOJlb iiaa co6oh /bcjicactbhh noBbiuieHHoro HepBHoro bo3- ^fleH H a, nojiycoHHoro cocToaHHa h t.uJ , KaK ero BHyTpeHHaa, 6e33ByM- ” PeHb nepexoflHT iaHacryio b 3ByK0ByK) penb. Bce 3to cbhjictcjibciBy ex

235

o to m , hto mmcjih CQBepmaiOTCfl, pacKpbiBaiorc!!, b cjioBax» (<j>3 . HcKyccTBo jieKTopa. ML, 1969, c.85). a,,kK°BHH

06biHHaH 6biTOBa» penb OTHOCHTejibHO npocTa, ii0CK0AbKy n

cipyKType OHa npnGAHacaeTca k BHyTpeHHefi penH, Hac™ coctoh° C8° e*i necjiowHbix, kopotkhx (|)pa-s, ro ra a KaK b jickuhhx ana p a c K p b i T H H 111 Heo6xoAHMbi nojiHbifi Ha6op cjiob, nonaTHbix KaaoiOMy CTyAeHTy Mb'CJl11

Penb jieKTopa ao jiw ua 6biTb 3apaHee 0Tpa60TaHa c HCKAioHHTeji TOHHOCTbK) H C T3K0M w e TOHHOCTblO npOH3HeceHa B ayflHTOpHH

oaho HeyaaHHoe caobo Moacer wcnopTHTb MbiCAb, a HenpoAyMaHHaaft

3a MOJKeT HcnopTHTb BnenaTAeHHe o Bceii ackuhh . HyacHo MHoro naR3

TaTb HaA H3bIK0M ACKHHH, AOSHBaflCb, HTo6bI OH 6bIA TOHHbIM, HchI]0 KpaTKHM, HO HarAHAHbIM H 06pa3HbIM. MhOTO nOAe3HbIX COBeTOB o JOb^e

h o KyAbType penn h ee coBepmeHCTBe AeKTop MoweT Haft™ b cneuH- ajibHofl AHTepaType, riocBameHHOH 3toh npo6AeMe.

H3BeCTH0, HTO B KAWAOM H3 COBpeMeHHbIX pa3BHTbIX a3bIKOB HaCMH- TbiBaeTca npHMepHo 250 Tbican caob. HanoMHHM, hto HiBecTHbift Tojiko- Bbiii CAOBapb B. J\ana HacHHTbiBaeT 200 Tbican, a coBpeMeHHbift pyccKHii «3 b iK coAep>KHT (n o c e mH H AnarnTO M homy cAOBapio /1..H. YmaKOBa) 120

TblCHH CAOB? A 3TOT a3bIK, KaK H A K )6 0 H ApyTOH HaUHOHdAbHblH a3blK, OCO-

Seim o b Hauiefi pecny6AHKe ooorainaexca h coBepuieHCTByeTca owc rpo.H hahbh/[y jui bhbi fi * e CAOBapubiii 3anac cpaBHHTeAbHO neGojibmoii h

KOAe6AeTca o t 1 a o 6 Tbican caob b 3aBHCHMOCTH o t yp oB H a K y iib iyp b i h

o c o 6eHHocreH npocj)eccHH. K oh ch h o , KaK ycT 3 H0BAeH0 , cpeAneKyAbTyp-

Hbitt nam coBpeMeHHHK o 6x o a h tc h 3anacoM caob b HecKOAbKO Tbican. Oa- naKo, AeKTop He MoaceT AepacaTbca Ha TaKOM «cpeAHeM » ypoB H e. E ro aK-

THBHbift CAOBapHbiH 3anac AOAaceH p a c ra h pacTH — -rro nepBOCTenennaH h

nocTOHHHaa 06a3aHH0CTb AeKTopa.

Ho caMH no ce6e CAOBa eme He roBopaT, aojdkhbim 06pa30M He 3By- naT h HyacHbix Mbicjieii h nyBCTB He BbipaacaioT. He06x 0AHM0 yMeHHe ot- 6 npaTb H3^fiHHHoro <:<3anacHHKa» Hya<Hbie CAOBa h 06pa30BbiBaTb neo6xo- AHMbie (})pa3bi, iipeAAO/KCfiHa, aepno Bbipa»caioiune jieKTopcKyio MbicJib MeAOBeK roB op H T He OTAeAbHbiM H c a o b a m h , x o t h h np0H3H0CHT hx b ° t "

AeAbHOCTH, a UeAblMH CAOBOCOHeTaHHHMH - (J)pa3aMH. n 03T0My Ha;I° yMCTb n0Ab30BaTbca b c c m h 6oraTCTBaMH, nopoio CKpbiTbiMH, o6ecneMHBa>i rn6KOCTb, nAacTHHHOdb, WHBOCTb a3biKa, ero H306pa3HTeAbH0CTb H Bb*Pa 3HTeAbHOCTb. ToAbKO HpH 3THX yCAOBHHX a3bIK CT3HOBHTCa AeHCTBeHHbl1'

JtebiKOBan K yA b T yp a K p oM e npaBHAbHOCTH p e n n H M eeT h in op os i a t'

rieKT - m acTepcTBO CAOBa. H a p a A y c sa A a n en n iic a T b h roB op n T b r p a ^ ° T

h o , upaBH AbH o, TaK, KaK ip e G y e r AaH H aa K yA b T yp H aa cp eA a , cy iu ec T B y eT

A p y ra a iajutMa: m ica T i. h roB op H T b yM eAO , M acTepcK H , KaK roB op a T H 11 ^

H iyx M a cre p a , xyAoacH H KH p e n n . O t a h h h c M acrepcK O H peHH o t n p ° c^

236

t o u t n pew ae B cero b ee aKTHBHOCTH, b ee TBopnecKOM xapaKTepe. Ha

C°Kropa BOiJraraercH 6o jib iu a » oTBeTCTBeHHocTb, e ro cjiym aiO T a cch tk h h

;,c c o th h CTyaeHTOB, nosTOMy e ro pen> jxo jm n a 6 m tb 6e3ynpeHHofi,

flaaBHJibHOH KaK b rpaMMaTHHecKH-KOHCTpyKTHBHOM njiaHe, TaK H B npo-

nPHo[iieHHH. ^3biKOBaa K yjibTypa HenocpeacTBeHHo noKa3biBaeT ypoBeHb

"eKfOpa h KOCBeHHO cKa3biBaeTc« Ha 3H3 hhhx n pe flM e ia cTyaenTaM H. E c-

H y JieKTopa HenpaBHJibHoe npoH3HomeHHe (roBopH T «n p o u e H T », «c o u n a -

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ni» h T.a. M coBceM pew eT c jiy x npoH3HomeHHe nenpaBHJibHO TaKHx c jio b :

<(e/inncTBO», «cp e/ icT B a », « M 0Ji0a e * b » , «n o p T (j)e jib » , «K B ap Tan », «m o -

jjgpw, « K 0 M n p0 M H C c», «a o K y M e H T b i» ) h t.jx ., noKa3biBaiomHe e ro oS luhh

neBbicoKHH ypoBeHb KyjibTypbi, cHHwaeTca He TOJibKO ncH xojiorH necK oe

BjiHHHHe JieKTopa Ha cJiym aTejieft, h o h 3 ita'[HTejibHO HHTepec k HHcjjop-

MauHH, k iip ejiM exy b uejioM .B peMH jieK T o p a He ao jiw ho 6 brrb jihiuhhx cjiob, TaK Ha3biBaeM bix

«cjioB napa3HTOB»: «H y b o t » , « t 3 k cKa3aTb», «KaK roBopHTca», «3HaHHT», «Boo6m e». X o th B ce irpeno/iaBarrejiH npeK pacH O noH H M aioT, h to n0Jib30-

BaTbCH 3 THMH MHHMblMH Cpe/ICTBaMH llOMOIUH npH BbipaWeHHH CBOefi

MbicjiH He c j ie a y e 'r , TeM He M eH ee , HeKOTOpbie He M o ry T H3 6 aBHTbcn o t

3T0H njIOXOH npHBblHKH. OGTjHCHJICTCH 3TO HeBHHMaTeJIbHbIM OTHOUieHHeM

k CBoeft peMH.

Bojib iuoe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT yMeHHe bo BpeMsi jicku h h c jiyu ia rb ce6a,

3aMe4aTb He/iocraxKH CBoeft peHH h HcnpaBJiHTb h x . n0Jie3H0, oco6chho

HannHaioiuHM jieKTopaM , c jiym aTb npaBHjibHO nocTpoeH H yio penb jihkto-

Pob pa/wo, TejieBHiieHHH, apTHCTOB TeaTpa.

HeKOTOpbie npenoflaBaxejm 6e3 bchkoh HeoSxo/iHMOcTH yBJieKaioTc«

HHOCTpaHHblMH CJIOBaMH, TeM CaMbIM 3aCOp!UOT CBOK) peHb, HanpHMep, BMecro pyccKoro «HeziocraTKH», roBopsix «jie(])eKTbi», hjih BMecTO «H e

PaBH03HanHbi» - «H e a,ueKBaxnbi» h x.fl.BbiBaioT c jiyn an , Kor/ia 6e3 HtiocxpanHbix cjiob o6oiixMCb iiejib3H. B

PycCKOM K3bIKe eCTb CJlOBa HHOCTpaHHOrO ripOHCXO/K/ieHHH H MOW HO HMHcbo6ohho nojibsoBai bCJi, ho bchkhh pa3, KOi/ia He nceH cmhcji T o ro hjih 1|,,0 I0 TepMHHa, c jie a y cT e ro BbinncbmaTb na /iocKe h noacRHXb (Hanpn-

MeP, «AeTepMHHHpoBaHHbiH», «(J)aTajibHbiH», «T e j ie o j io i HHecKHH h / ip .»).

>KnBa5i penb jieKTopa ziojiwua 6bixb acna. jioriiHHa, npocTa, ecxecx- lle,1Ha, ripefljioweHHH KopoTKHe. Penb JieKTopa He aojiwHa 6biTb MHoro- Cj,OBHa. JlHLUHHe cjioBa MeuiaioT HCHOMy BbipaweHHio mucjih. IleaapoM °BopjjT «BCHKoe jiHiuiiee cjiobo b peHH - napa3HT». CjieayeT BcnoMHHTb

^H bie cjioBa H .A . HeKpacoBa: «npaB H jiy cjieayH ynopHo, nxo6bi cjioBaM

1J>o TecHO, a MbicjiH np0CT0pH0» . « r o j io c Myapeua y3HaexcH no KpaxKO- ClH c jiob », - rjiacHT apeBHHH nocjioBHiia. H o SJioyno rpeSjiHTb KpaTKOCTbro

237

n e c j i e a y e r , i ie j ib ia y n o ,n o 6 jia T b p e n b le jie ip a c fiH O M y »3 b iK y . B JieKunH

IIOJIHTOJIOI HH, KaK h n o ,'ipyi'U M ryM aH H TapH biM jin c u n iu in n a M , n p n xon n°

ca M H o ro e pa3-bacHHTb, apryMeHTnpoBaTb, flOKa3biBarb CTyaemaM )TO M y 6e3 0 6 cT 0 HTenbHbix y 6 e jiH T e jib H b ix p en eH oSowTH Cb HeB03M05KHo°

B KyjibTypH on penn He zio jdkho 6biTb m aSjiona, H36im>ix Bbipa)K

hhh. HanpHMep, e c jw roBopaT 06 yn acraH , t o o6a3aTejibHo (okthbhom ))

jaaanax, t o «H CTopH H eoKH x», ec jin penb HiieT o [ipe;iaH nociH Po,HHHe Tq

06a3aTejibH0 « 6ecnpe;xejii>uoH », ecuH o ip y a e , t o o «ca.MOOTBep>KeHHOM»T.fl. ripH H p e 3 M e p n o M y n o T p e6 iieH H H j i i in e T O B H uon ia c iH paeTca CaMo

3 H a H C H H e OCHOBHbIX CMBICJIOBblX CJIOB, OHH CTaHOBaTCa H e B b ip a 3 H T e jT b H b I

mh. J ieK T op a o j iw e H H 36eraTb TaKtfce k h h ^kh w x h , TeM 6 o jie e , KaHuejiap-

c k h x o S o p o r o B penn: «H a o c h o b c B b iiu ec K a 3 a H H o ro », « b cb33h c . . . » ; « b

c jie a cT B H e r o r o » , «B isn / iy T o r o » , « c o i jiacn o n0CTaH0BJieHHa» h t . j j .

Bbipa3HTejlbH0CTb peHH. riOHCK >KHBOIIHCHOrO, XyflOHCeCTBeHHOro, Bbipa3HTejibHoro cnoBa po/uiHT Bce bham cuoBecHoro TBopnecTBa, Syjji, to

i pyzi poMaHHCTa hjih nosTa, ny6jiHuncTa-ra3eTHHKa hjih VHHTejia, cyjieo-

H oro opaTopa hjih JieKTopa. K o h c h h o , pa3jiHHHa Mepa xyao'/KCCTBCHHoii

Bbipa3HTejlbHOCTH BO BCeX 3THX BHflax p aS oT b l, HO HeCOMHeHHO OflHO: TaM,

rjie cjiobo H cnojib3yeTca He TojibKo b u e jiax h h c to h KOMMyHHKaTHBHocTH,

ho h juia B03jieHCTBHtt Ha a p y ro ro nejioBeKa, B03HHKaeT npoGjieMa noncKa

n an oo jiee to h h o t o , eM Koro, 3 p H M o ro cjiOBa. 3 i a npoGjieMa cto h t h nepea

JieKTopoM, nocKOJibKV JieKUHa - s to He TOJlbKO AOCTOBepHaa MH(jjopMaun>i. ho h ypoK BoenHTaHHa, h b h a nony jiap raauH H HayHHbix 3HaHHH. A hcthh- Hbiii nony jiapH 3arop , n o cn p aB e jy iH B O M y m h c h h io JlHcapeBa, «He-npeMeHHO jio jiw eH 6biTb x y j i0>KHHK0M cjiOBa» (FlHcapeB J \ .H . H36p. npo-

H3BejieHHH. JI., 1968, c.358).Bbipa3HTejibHOCTb, o6pa3HocTb, jMOHHOHajibnocTb aibiKa Bcer/ja co-

CTaBjiajiH oTJiHHHTejibHbie KanecTBa xopoiuero nySnHHiioro BbicTyruieHiw h CBn;ieiejibCTBOBajin o M acTepcTBe JieKTopa. OGparuMca k iipHMepy B°T 0TpbiB0K H3 peHH JieKTopa: Hac He iio/ijiokht COMHCHHIO, HTO MHp>uepoKHBaa Hecypa3HocTb, HepaBeHCTBO, ypoacTBO, KOTopoe Mbi bh^hM b icH eiiu e Bcefi hctophh nejiOBenecTBa Ha Ka>i<;iOH ee cTpanmie roSaBHTC o t hhx. McHe3Hyr, ncnapaica, H3MeHHTca, pacrBopaTca nopoKH b h0B° onm ecTue, KOTopoe He TojibKo Gyaer, ho He Mo>KeT He GbiTb BeJU'K JipyWHhIM COTpyjIHHHeCTBOM ITOfl 3H3MeHeM HayKH H TeXHHKH, KOTOPn o S e a a T r ip i ip o j iy h c o j j ja / iy T H3 Hee TaKHe h c to h h h k h H a c J ia * W 1fi ’ KOTOpbix Mbi cefinac h M b icjiH Tb He M O >KeM ». (J lyH an ap cK H H A.B. O Pa

paGonero KJiacca. M., 1990, c.415).K aK bhahm, M bicjib M o w e i 6b iTb B b ip aw eH a necKOJibKHMH CJI0B‘illlt-

3HaHHT JIH 3T0, HTO BCeiO HeCKOJIbKHMH CJIOBaMH JieKTOp MOr 6bl OfP 9 HHTbca? O neBH flH O , H e i. < tpa3a : « n o p o K H H eraG ew H O no6e,HHM » ° TP H

238

TO;lbKO MaCTb Toro, HTO fleHCTBHTCJlbHO 6bl.no CKa3aH0 JieKTopoM H boc- ° hhhto cry;ienTaMH. X ota jioranecKHH KapKac BhiCKa3biBanHH h 6 bui 6 bi

oXpaHeH’ HCMe3JIa ®bI 3M0UH0HajibH0CTb peHH, yrac ee nacjioc, nepecTano gb, oiuymaTbca KHneHHe powflaiomerocH criJiaBa mhcjih h CHOBa.

B npHBeAeHHOM n p H M ep e JieKTop HcnoiibsoBaii c jie / iy io m n e , b nacT- h0c th . npneMbi flocTHweHHa pcHCBoii Bbipa3HTejibH0CTH: rpaaaum o

. uecypa3Hocmb, Hepaeeiicmeo, ypodcmeo... ucne-inym, ucnapxmcn, u3Me- H0 icn, pacmeopnmcn), M era (| )op y ( . . . s meneuue eceu ucmopuu uenoeeue- cinea »a KaoKdou ee cmpanuife; ...nod jncmeHeM HccyKu). 3 t h m aH anorH H -

Hbie cpe/icTBa, n o c y m e c T B y , h o n p e a e ju n o T xa p a K T ep peHH, n03B0 JiHH o t -

jiHiaTb ee o t p e n n o 6 b ifleH H on , He iipeaH aanaH eH H O H a jih B03flencTB H a

HaiunpoKyro a ya H T o p H io , o t peHH H eo6 p a 3Hon.

Mmaw mHOrne tckctm jickuhh h ziOKjia/ibi, a TaKwe cjiyinaa BbicTyn- jieHiw MHornx JieKTopoB, HeBOJibHO ycTaHaBjiHBaeuib oaho h to we HBJie- hhc— 6e33a60TH0CTb 0TH0 CHTej]bH0 co6cTBeHHoro H3biKa hjih we, b Jiyn- meM cuynae, - neziocTaTOHHoe BHHMaHHe k TOMy, hto mowho Ha3BaTb toh- HOdbK) n Bbipa3HTejibH0CTbK) H3biKa. /Jawe TaKHe, Ka3ajiocb 6bi npocTbie, ho BecbMa iiHiiaMHHHbie H3biK0Bbie cpe/icTBa, KaK rnaroji, o6o3naiiaiO[UHH neticTBHe hjih npnjiaraTejibHoe, yKa3biBaiomee Ha KanecTBo, cbohctbo hjih npn3HaK npe/iMera, He TaK yw nacTo Hcnojib3yeTca b jieKTopcKon npaKra- Ke. JleKTop o 6i.HBJi5ieT: yacHeHHH npo6 jieMbi He o6ohthci> 6e3 pac-cMOTpeHna Bcex CTopoH 3Toro HBjieHHH», xoTa acnee, 3K0H0MHee h Bbipa- 3HTejibHee cKa3aTb TaK: «H to 6m yacHHTb CHOWHOCTb npo6 jieMbi, HaM He- o6xoahmo paccMOTpeTb ero co Bcex cTopoH». MHbie jieKTopbi, o6 jno6oBaB MOBa «H e», noBTopsioT ero nyr b jih He nepezi Kaw/ibiM hobmm tc3hcom h Aawe npocTon KOHCTaTauneH KaKoro-jin6o <f>aKTa: «nejib3a He npH3Harb», <<HeBo3MowHo He aonycKaTb», <oto He Morjio He HMeTb cepbe3Horo 3Hane- HHa», «noiio6naH nojiHTHKa He Morjia He Bbi3BaTb ycMJieiiHH abhwchhh nPOTecTa» h T.fl. b 3tom pone. A Bens mowho 6 bijio 6bi BbipawaTbca TaK: “,la;v> npH3HaTb» hjih <oto Morjio HMeTb cepbe3Hoe 3HaHeHne». Kohchho, °blHai(ri cjiynan, Kouia JieKTop Bbinyw;ien c msbccthoh odopowHOCTbio ”UCHHnaTb t o t hjih hhoh (})aKT h Tor.ua ynorpefijm b (j'pasy «nejib3a He Ho illaTI>>>- Ho h b TaKHx npefljioweHHHx aojiwiia 6biTb Mepa. B npoTHB- j, CJ7yHae y cTyaeHTOB B03HHKaeT comhchhc 0TH0CHTejibH0 xapaKTepa

Kai< IH0C™ 3HaHHfl -r|eKTopa, ero y 6ewaeHH0CTH b tom, hto oh yrBepwaaerHeHTo n o jio w H T e jib H o e h jih w e KpH TH KyeT.

iigj. ^Jlaro jib H aa (JiopMa - o z ih o h 3 T e x cp ea cT B , K O Topoe r ip n z ia er peHH

l]p(iCTBeHHbin xa p a K T ep , a e j ia e T e e b h 3b c c t h o h M ep e jiHHaM nnecKOH.

/ie;i ,a ra rejibH h ie w e , KaK 6 bi xa p a K T ep H 3y a MBJieiiHe, c o 6 biTHe h jih o n p e -

4>aKT, o6ecneHHBaioT hm on p e fleJ ieH H y io 3pHM 0 CTb, nepejiK O

lia!l Hy>KHbie J ieK T op y accou H an H H . B c e ; ie j io b to m , h t o 6 w r ip n jia ra -

239

rejibH oe obuio upHHejieno k M ecTy to e crb to h h o B b ipa *a jio CMbicji

B0Cnp0H3B0flHJ10 JieKTOpCKyiO OLieHKy.

YM eHHe roB op m b c M ojion ew b io apico, jio xo jih h b o , HaxoanTb cj,

KOTopbie c HaiiGojibiueH ch jio h BbipawaiOT Mbicjib, nojib'soBaibCH rinu Ba'

mh o 6pa3HOH, >khboh, BiienaTJiHiomeH peHH - 3 to HCKyCCTBO. Ha nepBb

B3l'JIHfl Ka'/KCTCH, HTO TyT y M \7ipeHH0 I 0 : BCJIb HejIOBeK C flByx JleT HaMHn"1 eT roBopHTb. H a caMOM ziejie 3 to 6o jib in oe h rpyjiH oe ae.no. B neM >Ke 3

rpyflH ocTb? JieKTop ao jiw eH nepeaaTb cb o io Mbicjib apKO, HTo6bi

npoH3Bejra BnenaTJieHHe h hm chho TaKoe, KaKoe xoneT JieKTop. B to >Ke

BpeMH JieKTop ;ioJi>Ken HStJioxcHjb Mbicjib KpaTKO. M b ic jib a o jw H a 6t ,Tli

HCHOH flJIH CTyaeHTOB H nOHHTHOfi K a*flO M y H3 HHX. B ee 3TO OHeHb Tpyfl

ho. M ibiKy na.no yHHTbCH y KJiaccHKO®. TTycTb iipevu iow ar KawjroMy H3 Bac

onncaTb cb o io MaTb h jih OTi;a. Bbi x o p o u io 3HaeTe 6 jih 3 k oto nejiOBCKa, ho rie Kaxcflbifi cyM eeT 3 to caejiaTb. x o th 3HaeT 6jiH3Koro HejiOBena onem, xo- p o iu o - H annuiyT o 6m n e cjioBa. A Be/ib o t npenojiaBaTejia TpeSyeTca

6ojib iuee: Hy>KHo HTo6bi onneaHHe noJiyHHJiocb y H ero KpacoHHbiM.

il3biK fljia riperioaaBaTejia - sto Bee. B w pa3roBapHBaeTe c o CTyaen-

T3MH 06 H3BeCTHbIX HM BemaX. CjieflOBaTeJIbHO, Bbi TOJibKO ror/ia 3aHHTe- pecyeTe hx, ecjiH paccKax<ere 06 sthx Bemax xopouio h hpko. B.r. Ee- JIHHCKHH TOBOpHJi: MCJIOBCHeCKaH peHb Hpe3BbIHaHHO MOrymeCTBeHHa, 3T0 HCKyCCTBO. ripn noMouiH cjiob nepeflaioTCH BJia/ieioiuHe npeno/raBaTCJieM HyBCTBa, nOflBOflHTCH OTflCJIbHbie HBJieHHH no/1 o6 lHHC nOHHTHfl, CTpOHTCS

Teopna MHpocosepriariHsi. TaKHM 06pa30M mw MoaceM jieHCTBOBari> Ha bojho jnoflen, npH3biBan hx, npe/iocTeperaH. Cjiobo h nncbMeiiHoe 11 ycT

Hoe HpeiBbi'iaiino Moryne. Bojibinoe i i ia 'i e m ie CHJie cjioBa npn;iaBaji A .®

Kohh: « B peHH nazio ouenHnaTb Bee Ka>K;ioro cjioBa h pacnojromeHHe cjiob hx B3aHMOOTHOiueHHH c A p y i HMH». O h npHBo/iHT TaKofi npHMep: «HeflaB ho b ra3eTe 6bijio HanenaraHO «aKTepw-co6aKH» bmccto ((coSaKH-aKTepw* C toh t n e p e c T a B H T b cjioBa b napozinoM B b ip a w e H H H «KpoBb e m o jio k o m »T

cKa3aTb «mojioko c KpoBbio», HTo6bi VBHiieih 3HaneHHe O T/ie jii.noro cjio®3 nocTaBJietiHoro Ha CBoe MecTO» (Kohh A.O. Ha »H 3HeHH0M nyTH. t.4, M- W79, c.26). Hniiepon roBopuji o pacnojioweHHH cjiob TaK: «C jtobo lia;1° H 3o6pecTH , c j io b o na/io - pacn o jio>K H Tb , c j io b o na/io - ripe/uio>KHTb:’

( P o c n a p o B M ., H ,H uepoH M .T . T p n TpaK TaTa 0 6 0 p a T 0 p cK 0 M HCKyccTB

M „ 1972, c. 114).'^C j io b o Ha3biBaiOT B e jim a fi i i iH M o p y w n e M H e jio seK a . EeccH JibH oe ca

n o c e 6 e - o h o c t3 h o b h tc h M oryn H M h HeoTpa3HM biM , cKa3 aH H oe ) 'Me

HCKpeHHe h BOBpeMH. O h o c n o c o S H o yB jieK a T b 3 a C0 6 0 H c a M o ro ro® °j B

m e r o h o c jien jiH T b e r o h 0 Kpy>Kai0 inHX cb oh m 6 jiecKO M , apKO fi 4)0 P |Vl0 ’B-

k o t o p o h cB epK aeT n jiaM eH b m w c jih h HCKpeHHOCTb nyBCTB. H o s to m Y .

CTBeHHbiir f l o j i r j ie K T o p a - o c t o p o w h o h yM eJ io o R p a m a rb c n c 3 THM

rteM h zieiTaTh CBoe c jiob o Jinuib c jiy r o io r a y 6o K o ro y 6e *a eH H a , He noa-

aBaacb co6jia3H y KpacHBOH (})opMbi. C jio b o m ojkct aaTb m hcjih CHJiy h

'^H3Hb, OHO MO/KeT yKpacHTb MbICJIb HH3KyK) H OCJia6HTb BblCOKyiO. H3-

pecTHbi’e JieKTopbi hh b neM apyroM bcjihkh, a b cjioBe. O hh oneHb MHoro

goraKiT Haa tcm, htoSm Hapa/iMTb <jipa3bi HywHbiMH cjioBaMH. CjioBa

ppaBHJibHO noao6paHHbie co3;iaiOT Bee, TpofiHyio cnjiy cKa3aHHOMy. Ecjih

CJl0Ba no/io6paw>i ne6pe>KHo, ohh 3aTeMH5HOT Mbicjib. O jihh 6eJibrHHCKHH

HCTopHK-aaBOKaT nncaji: «K o ra a Bbi npnyiHTe ce6a o6o3HanaTb KawayK) bciiu, TeM caMbiM cjiobom, KOTopoe Ha BauieM H3biKe b toh hocth nepejjaeT

ee cymHOCTb, bw y b h/ihtc c KaKOH nerKOCTbio tmchhh cjiob SyayT HBJiaTb- c5) B Bame pacnopaweHHe, KOJib CKopo b yMe BauieM bo3hhkjio cooTBeTCT- Byiomee npeacTaBJieHHe». Fpaiinn peHH co3aaeTca Toi/ia, norfla ripn naH- MeHbiuHX 3aTpaTax chji aocraraeTca H3BecTHbiii s<j)(j)eKT: Bbipa3HTb Mbicjib

aciio, K0p0TK0, npocTo. I IpHHTiiocTb peHH aaeT HacjiawaeHHe. Hacaawae- HHe, Hapaay c y6eaHTejibHOCTbK), HBjiaeTca (J)aKTopoM noaHHHeHHH cry - aeHTOB. B noflHHHeHHH cxyaenTOB - rio6ejia JieKTopa, b 3Tom bch cHJia

MacTepcTBa.A .B . JlyHanapcKHH roB opn ji: «J ieK Topy Ba>KHo npocjieaH Tb c ya b 6y

cjioBa He T0JibK0 b B03ayxe, h o h b ay rn ax Tex, KOMy s to c jiob o o6pameno. BOH3HHOCb STO CJIOBO B HeJIOBeKa HJIH OHO BblKpHKHyTO B B03ayX. H e

oco3HaBaa s t o - Tbi He Mo>Keiub c e 6a Ha3bmaTb JieKTopoM, nejib3H, b cymhocth, CKa3aTb h to Tbi yMeeuib roB op H T b ». (JlyHanapcKHH A .B . CTaTbH o coBeTCKofi jiHTepaType. 4 H3fl., M ., 1991, c.291). BjiaaeTb H3biKOM s to 3Ha-

hht b cnope, b H0Ka3aTejibCTBax yM eTb noTpacTH SMOUHOHanbHO a p y ro ro

‘lejioBexa. A aa a s t o i o Haao yM eTb pa3MepHTb Bee, CHJiy, ocTpoTy T oro

GJioaa. KOTopoe Tbi 6pocaeuib - s t o ecTb nacToniuee BiiajieHbe penbio. E c-

jih JieKTop 3HaeT m h oto c jiob , ecjiH y H ero 6oraTaa BOKa6yjia , ecTb GoraTbifi

rojioc, ecjiH roBopHT 6e3 3anHHKH - s t o eme He 3HaHHT h to oh yM eeT r o

BopHTb. Y M eeT roBopHTb JieKTop t o t , k to M ow eT BbicKa3aTb cboh m wcjih

c nojiHOH HCHOCTbK), Bbipa3HTb Te apryM eHTbi, KOTOpbie o c o 6chh o noaxo- npnaaTb hm sMounoHajibHbift, ySeaHTejibHbin xapaKTep. Y M eeT

rOBOpHTb TOT, KOTOpblH yM eeT B MaKCHM3JIbHOH CTeneHH riepe/iaTl) cboh

nepe>KHB3HHa, y 6eaHTb ayaH Topm o, ecjiH HywHO Bi.t/iBwiyTb spryMCHTbi

HJin pacceaTb hx ria6iiy>KfleHH(i, n oB jin a ib Ha ayaHTOpHio nyTeM B036yw-

AeHHa b iieft cooTBeTCTByiom nx nyBCTB - s t o t JieKTop oS jiaaaeT b nojiH on

N’ epe penbio.

JleKUHa BnenaTjiaeT, ecjiH OHa b aoxh ob ch h o h MacTepcKH npoHHTa-

Ha- H o s ro HCKyccTBO, KOTopoe He aa erca cpa3y. SToro cy in ecTB yer

^Huib o/nio ycJiOBHe: pa6oTaTb Haa jieK n n eii Bceraa, iio c to h h h o roTOBHTb-

Csi A . ,fl,eHH b cb oh x BocnoMHHaHHHX 06 A .B . JlyHanapcKOM paccKa3biBaeT:

"^ - ’ina/Kabi npw MHe k A n a ro jim o Bacm ibeBHHy n oao iu e ji KaKOH-TO boc-

241

TopwemiMH nejiOBCK h BocKJiHKHyn: - E o * e moh, aa Koraa bu ycnea

npwroTOBHTb raKyio GjiecTHiuyio jieKnmo. Be;u> b hch CTOJibKo 3pyaHl^ T

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242

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243

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247

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248

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249

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250

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251

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252

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254

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rparmecKOM roBopnTb xpaiHMno, o kommhcckom - komhhho, o repouHe- ckom - i epoHHHo h T.a. BoBce HeT. H o TeM He MeHee Kawaoft H3 3th x npo- gjieM aojiwHbi 6biTb npncyiUH oco6aa acKCHKa h noao6aioiunfi toh . Kaac- flbifl cnoco6 peaeuoro oGmenHJi, HanpHMep, npHBeTCTBeHHoe cjiobo, anc- rvcchh, BbicTynaeHHe Ha coSpaiwn, 3aayuieBHaa 6eceaa h T.a-, HMeeT cboh

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cxpoM. EcTb 06pa30BaHHbie a roan, KOTOpbie yMeiOT aeaaTb npeKpacHbie HayiHbie cooomenna h riaoxo BbicTynaiOT Ha co6paHHax. n03T0My yMeTb xopouio roBopnTb - sna'iHT c oaHHaKOBbiM ycnexoM BaaaeTb bccmh ccjie- paMH ynoTpe6aeiina whboto caoBa.

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cjiyiuarejiaMH h BMecTe c hhmh.

nucbMeHHbiH BapnaHT aeKUHH He aoa/Ken noBTopHTbca aeKTopoM, noroMy h to npHnoMHHaiiHe CKOBbiBaeT a3biK h c6HBaeT Mbicab. KpoMe [ °ro , nacTO OKa3biBaeTca, h to caoBecHbie o6opoTbi, cocTaBaeHHbie 3a pa- ®omhm cToaoM, He 3BynaT b ayaHTopHH, ohh cauuiKOM JiHTeparypiibi. pac- 151 HvTbi, He C00TBeTCTByi0T pHTMy BbicTynaeHHa. noaxoM y ohh aoawHbi PacuenHBaibca JiHiub KaK nepHOBbie 3aroaoBKH, KOTOpbie aojiwubi niiTaib11 noaaepwHBaTb WHByio penb. Ohh - cupbe aaa nocaeayiom eH nepepa- ®°tkh. CaMa we aeKuiia - 3to caoBecHaa MMnpoBH3auna.

257

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c o 6 o ii cjiob, KOTopBiH yB jieKaeT roB op am ero . c ian ou acb B ce BAOXHOBel

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bo! J lnua m hofhx CTyaeHTOB npH stom c n eT jie io i, a p y rn e b 3H3k o;io6pe- HHa naKJioHaior ro jioB y , y jib i6aacb, TpeTbH cneiuaT 3anncaTb CHJibHo CKa- 3aHHoe cjiobo, B ocnpH H H M aa e ro KaK oTKpoBeHHe. O cTpoTa BoenpnaTM H

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naHHHaeT HCKaTb ny>Kiioe eM y c jiobo , B 3t h a o jih ceKyHAM Bce 3axBaHCHW

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c jiob o - 3 to t o w e Aeno, 0C06eHH0 k M ecTy cKa3aHHoe c jiobo .

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258

g3faiBaeTC5i c aKTyanbHbiMH BonpocaMH ooLuecme h ho- i io)i im i'iec ko m

JleKTop CTaHOBHTCH nOJIHTHHeCKHM OpaTOpOM. flaBaa CTyACHTaM

BbIe 3HaHHH, OH OflHOBpeMeHHO (j)OpMHpyeT HX MHp0B033peHHe, yGew- );ieT h no6ywaaeT k onpeaeaeHHbiM nocTynKaM. E ro jioraHHOCTb ycHJiH- B3eTCH ero y 6 ew ae h hoctm o , CTpacraocTbio, KOTopwe 3apawaioT h cryaeH- tob- OnbiTHbifi JieKTop 3HaeT, KaK BawHbi anKmia, 3B\'Manne rojioca, p m - VIl1l[HOCTb pe^H, Bbipa3HTejibHbie wecTbi, nacjioc peHH - 3th HeorbeMaeMbie

upH'iiiaKH JieKTopcKoro CTHJia.Bee ripneMbi m em ™ jickuhh no/iHHHeHbi ee xeke: He HymHbi naTera-

neCKHe BOCKJIHUaHHfl B JieKUHH 0 BblBejieHHH HOBbIX COpTOB OBOIIieH, HO 0hh MoryT OKasarbCH yMecrabiMH b paccxa3e o Tpyae ynenbix, rioay'iHB- mux 3TH HOBbie copTa; BHemHe cyxo 6ya e r 3BynaTb H3Jio>KeHHe npHHnH- noB ycTpoHpTBa KOCMmecKoro Kopa6aa, ho o nojieTe neaoBeKa b kocmocHeyMeCTHO I'OBOpHTb npOTOKOabHO-CyXHM H3bIKOM flOKyMeHTOB.

JleKTop bo MHoroM noaoGeii nncaTeaio. O h Towe aoaweH Gbrrb hh- >KCnepoM HejiOBenecKHX aym . H aflo xoporno 3HaTb nyBCTBa Jiro/iefi, moGbi yMeTb B036y 3KMTb 3th nyBCTBa. 0 6 stom m ean eme M .B . JIomohocob. O h

co3,'UaJi nenyio Teopmo sto to Bonpoca. « I ia/uie>Km o6cToaTeabHo 3HaTb

HpaBbi HejioBenecKHe, - riHcaii oh, - ... o t kohx npe/icTaBJienHH h naeii Ka*aaa CTpacTb B036y/Kaaerca, h H3BcaaTb Hepe3 iipaBoyneHHe bcio ray - 6miy cepaen HejiOBenecKHX». JIomohocob CHHTaJT HeoGxoaHMbiM cnenH- ajibHo H3ynaTb ayweBHbin CKaaa MywHHH h wchiuhh, noMTeHHbix h Baw- Hbix oco6 , npocTaKOB h rp y 6w x jnoaen. BcaKaa pent, 3aBHCHMa o f xoro. KOMy OHa aapecoBana, h neoGxoanMo x o p o m o 3HaTb iipaBCTBCHHykj h

ricHXHHecKyHj npnpoay 3Toro aapecaTa.KaK Mbi y w e roBopHJiH, cryae iiT b i H eoanopoanb i no CBoeMy xapaKTe-

py h cocTaBy. H03T0M y. ecTecTBeHHo, nojiHTOJioraio na lopHannecKOM

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x« f ly aeaa.

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My «P 0CTb uiacHT: m hoto roBopHTb h m hoto CKa3aTb - He 0aH0 h t o w e.

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259

ciaHOBHTOi nano;iHenHOH co;iep>KanncM, ueccx b ce6e eMKyio h h *

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hocth iipeiiMcra, a TaKwe HinejuieKTyajibiibiM iiotchuhhm CTyAeHToB8*

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<<TaK cKa3aTb», «3h 3h h t», o r o BopKH BpoAe «BepHee CKa3aTb», « t o ecib a xoreji CKasaTb, h to » h t.a . pasapa/ioioT CTyaeHTOB, KOTOpbie Hacro ayMa-

io t npn 3tom : «Pa3 xoTeji, TaK cpa3y 6bi h ro BopHJi». IIjio xo TaKwe, Koraa ynoTpe6jiHK)TCH He6jiaro3ByHHbie cjiOBa hjih cjiOBa, /lonycKaiomne «By- cMbicjieHHoe hx noHHMaHHe, a JieKTop s io r o He saMenaer. MiGaBHTbcx ot

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4 0 C06eH H0CTbK) JieKUHH. HBJIHeTCH npOCTOTa peHH. fOBOpHTb npOCTO

b JieKUHH BOBce He 03iiaLiaeT roBopHTb TaK, KaK mm o6t>hchhcmc5i A °m3 hjih na yjiHue. C to hjih 6o;iee hcjiobck , chahiuhx b 3ajie, h JieKTop, oTiie' jiemibiH o t hhx KatjicApoii, - TaKaa 06cTaH0BKa HCKJiionaeT noAo6ny!° npocTOTy. YcjioBHocTb jieKUHOHHoro H3biKa cocraBjiaeT ero cymecrBeH-

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260

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npenoaaBaxeaax, o6uaaaioiunx TeMnepaMeHTOM, ayuieBHoii Moaoaocxbto, khbhm Boo6pa>KeHHeM h BnenaTaHTeabHOH HSTypoft.

JleKUHa no noamoaorHH aoaacHa hccth Ha ce6e oxnenaroK ahhhocth aeKxopa, ero TBopnecKott HHaHBHayaabHocTH. JieKTop aoa/KCH 6biTb

Bceraa cbmhm co6oh, He npaTaTb cboio aHHHOCTb noa iua6a0HH0H (j>pa3eo- MnieH. KaK xopouio CK33an A . Miocce o cBoeM TaaaHxe: «M o h cxaKaH He BejIMK, ho a mao h3 CBoero cxaKaHa» (TexepeBHHKOBa A ., A ae M iocce, b Kh-: nHcaxean OpauuHH, M ., 1986). H aao nHXb H3 CBoero hcxohhhk3, PacKpbiBaacb HanayniuHM 06p330M b Kawaoii aeKUHH K3K vhchlih , neao- 8eK m Macxep. flpKyio MaHepy htchhh aeKUHH, b Koxopoft Bee 3xo npwcyx- CTByex, cTyaeHTbi BOcnpHHHMaioT c paaocTbio h Hacaa>KfleHHeM.

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261

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AHTopHK) HeBbiroflHoe BneMaTJienne.

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TaK flocTHraeTca om ymeHne HcqepnaHHocra MaTepwajia. Oho Hbnbmaer

cryaeHTOB nyBCTBo yuoBjieiBopeKHH. K KOHuy Haao «n p n 6eperaTb» caMbie

CHJibHbie apryMeHTbi, caMbie apKHe iipnMepbi h ccmjikh, 3axBa'ihiBaioinnt B000pa>KCHHe ayiwTopnH, h HHTaTh jieKumo b HecK0JibK0 noBbitueHHOM Tone, ;jo6nBasici> cHJibHoro, jnep i H'iecKOi o 3Bynahum Ka>KAoro cjioBa n KaK 6bi CTaBfl reM eaMbiM ncnxojiorm ecKyK ) h CMbicjiOByK) TOHKy. KoHeu

JieKUHH iiojDKen 6biTb BnenaTjifliouiHM. H e Haao «cpbiBaTb» anjiOAHCMen- Tbi, ho ecjiH ohh npo3ByiiajiH, - s ro 3acjiyweHHaa naipaaa 3a rpyji, 3Ham« H MaCTepCTBO.

F ojiocoBasi KyjibTypa. M .B . JIomohocob nncaji: «TpoMKHH h npmrr- Hbiti rojioc, ziojirHH uyx h KpenKaa rpyflb b KpacHopeHHH ... TaKwe uopoa-

CTBO H OCaHKOBaTblH BHA npHJIHHHbl, OKCJIH CJIOBO Iiepe/I HapOAOM TOBO-

pHTb fl0Ji>KH0» . Ecjih tojioc He nocTaBjieH npupoAOM, ero Haao cTaisim.. HTo6bI OH 3ByHaJI JierKO, pOBHO H TBepAO, 6bIJI HHCTbIM H CHJibHbiM. JleKUH

oim aa pa6oTa Tpe6yeT BbicoKoii io jiocoboh KyjibTypbi, yMenwa npaBHJib- ho n o jib iO B a r b c a tojiocom, 6epeiib 3to 6 o r a T C T B O . H aao He n e p e rp y w a T b

ero HacTOJibKO, HTo6bi oh HinauiHBajica, cjiaSeji h caanjica ao toto, hto

HywHbi uejibie HeAejiH AJia ero B0ccTaH0BJieHHa hjih jieneHHa; TpeHHpoBaTb

A b ixaH n e, Miofibi ero AOCTaTOHHo 6wjio AJia ajihhhw x cJiOBecHbix nepno-

aob h HTo6bi oho He Hapyuiajiocb ipe3MepHbiM 3anacoM B03Ayxa.EbiBaeT, K o rA a MejiOBeK, CTaBuiHH np0(J )eccH 0H ajibH biM jieKTopoM, He

O A ap e jj iBV'iHbiM rojiocoM. H o n p u sth x o6cToaTejibCTBax, omcbhjiho, we cjieAyeT 0TKa3biBaTbca o t 6epe>KjiHBoro OTHouieHHa k CBoeMy rojiocy. npoTHB, Heo6xoAHMO BceMepHO pa3BHBaTb h coBepmeHCTBOBaTb, p a 3 y M 6 "

eT ca , n p n noMomH cneunajiHCTOB-BpaqeH, rojiocoBbie CBa3KH h h o c o d i o t -

K y , n0CT0aH H 0 o 6 e p e ia n > h x ra K , KaK s to A e jia e T n p o (J ie c c H o n a n b i i b i n e

Beu. H e jib 3 a 3a6biBaTb HCKJiioMHTenbnoH 3H3iihmocth rojioca a jih jieKtop3 T0JIbK0 HHCTblH TOJIOC 0 6 eC neH H B aeT 3ByHHOCTb JICKTOpCKOH peHH, 3

3ByHHOCTb - 3TO B3>KHbIH XVAO>KCCTBeHHbIH 3JieMeHT JieKUHH.Hpo(|)eccop /J,. 14. TapacoB, Bpan no cneunajibHocTH, coBeTyeT

c 6ojibmoH rojiocoBoii Harpy3KOH npewAe Bcero o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha

npaBHjibHyio nocTaHOBKy rojioca. « FOBopHTb TOJibKO Ha BbiAOxe, 3T°

262

nee (j)H3Ho;iorHmio. I lpn 6o;imiiom peneBOH Harpy3Ke ne Haao Hanpa- Tb [Oiioc, crapaacb iiepeKpuqaxi. ayaHTopmo. Haao h3hth c Hefi TaKOH

’ MOn „0HaAbHbiH KOHTakT, 3anHTepecoBaTb coaepwaHHeM, htoSm cTyjien-

bi cHfleJm thxo. r ioc jie 1-3 nacoBoff rojTOCOBOH Harpy3KH n0jre3H0 no-

N(OJiL|aTb- Pe>KHM MOJiHaHMa c npocJ)HjiaKTHqecKOH uejibio pcKOMen/iyeToi nl0jx»M peMCBhix npof|)eccHH, Kor.ua ohh 6ojibHbi rpHnnoM, ocTpbiM KaTa- poM BepxHHx abixaTejibHbix nyTeft» ( tk. «3 ao p o B be » -N°3, 1993, c.13).

Muor/ia JieKTop caM He 3HaeT, hto He yMeeT npaBHJibHO a win ax b opn

qrenHH jreKUHH. H ah 6biBaiOT cjiynaH, Koraa jieKTop He M ower ynpaBJiaTb

pojiocom, roBopHT bo BpeMa jieKUHH Ha BbicoKHX TOHax, o6r>acHaeTca sto

TeM, 'n o rojioc y aaHHoro JieKTopa He nocTaBjieH h b t3khx cjiynaax Haao

06a33TeAbHO oGpaxHTbca k cnenHajiMCTy.^ p y ra a M3Hepa - c jih u ik o m rpoMKoe, HaapbiBHoe m euHe, o t k o t o p o -

ro CKopo yTOM JiHeTca yxo, 0C06eHH0 ecjiH JieKTop b nojiHyio CHjiy C B oero

ro ;io c3 HHTseT a n x A ecH T H -n a ra a A u aT H neAOBeK, KOTOpbie h 6e3 T o r o ero

npeKpacHO cA b iu iaT .

HeoSxoflHMo T3K*e bchkhh pa3 coH3MepaTb to aoc c MacnnsGo.M ay- iiHTopHH h AeKUHH, A a6 b i ero XB3THA0 Ha t o h Apyroe. OneHb Bawiio b

caMOM H3HaAe ackuhh H36paTb npaBHAbHyio BbicoTy h HanpaxceHHOCTb

rOAOCa, HT06bl riOTOM Sblfla B03M0>KH0CTb AAH ero B3AeT0B B KyAbM HH3-

uh>ix . no3TOMy A eK u ra o nyMiue B c e ro Ha'iHHSTh He o n e n b rp0 M K 0 ( ho h

He th x o ), HToSbi no Mepe HaaoonocrH ycHAHBaTb toaoc h caMHM ero

BocxowaeHHeM h pa3Hoo6pa3HeM yAepw m aTb BHHMaHHe CTyuenTOB.O lieHb BawHo TaKwe 3HaTb CHAy CBoero roAoca , npHBecTH e ro b co-

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CTBeHHaa HeKOTOpbiM npenoaaBaTeASM, He cooTBeTCTByeT hh HayHHOMy coAepwaHHio, hh TpeGoBaHHfo By30BCK0H ackuhh h ocTaBAaeT nAoxoe linenaTAeHHe y CTyAeHTOB. HaAO noMHHTb, h to c jiym arb AeKunro, cne-

ilHTb 3a Mbicjibio AeKTopa h ycBOHTb ee - 3to 6oAbiuoe yMCTBeHHoe na- npaweHHe h npenoAaBaTeAb aojdkch CAeAaTb Bee, irro6bi o6 jien in n > s to t TpyA CTyAeHTaM. Bb icoKaa KVAhrypa H3biKa, e ro TOHHOCTb, npaBHAbHbifi Phtm peMH h xopou io nocTaBAeHHbiH toaoc AeKTopa noM oraior CAyuiaTb ■HeKuHio 6e3 HanpaweHHa.

KaK nacTO, CAyrnaa nySAHMHyio penb, KawAbiH H3 nac nyBCTByeT, mto neKTop KpHHHT, a He roBopHT, 4> op cH p yeT 3ByK, He cHHTancb He TOAbKo c

KOHKperabiM coAep'/KaiiHCM co6cTBeHHoro BbiCTynAeHHa, ho h c TeM, hto fliOAeft b H eS oA b iu oM 3aAe He TaK y w M H o ro . A KaK SbiBaeT HenpHarao,

263

npocro nejcreTHHHO Koma JieKTop, to jih saToporiHB cbo io penb

nepeHa>KaB Ha SM0UH0HajibH0CTb, HanHHaeT 3a/ibixaTbCH.

B JieKUHH HyweH iu h po k h h 3b y k o b o h jiHana30H. H3JiHuiHe rn0

Hanajio HCKjnonaeT rojiocoByio nepcneKTHBy. B TaKOM cjiynae ° enpoxoam 0flH006pa3H0, Ha oahoh HOTe, KaK cj)a6pHHHbiK ryflOK mv

TejibHo ana JieKTopa h CTyaeHTOB. M H oroe m owct SbiTb HcnopHeil0 H

BepHo B3H i biM tohom. K o ra a Hanajio rpoMKoe, a npoaoji>KeHHe Tpefiv

h o bh x rojiocoBbix sTaweH, to HaMHitaiOTCH HenpHsrraocTH: JieKTop buh T >KfleH roBopHTb nepe3 CHJiy, HaTywHO, SarpoBes. y Hero cpbmaeTcs rojioc

>Kejiaa 3axBaraTb CTyaenTOB c nepBbix » e cjiob «CHJibHbiM HaHajioM» JieKTop TaKHM 06pa30M caM oro ce6n CTaBHT rio;i yaap.

MHoroBeKOBbiM onbiTOM np0BepeH0 h ,noKa3ano, mto b JieKTopcKOM

HOKyccTBe peajibHbifi cmmcji HeceT He TOJibKO c jiob o , h o h ero 3BynaHHe

e ro Bbicora h Hanp«>KeHHOCTb, TeMSp rojioca: M arKoro, Tenjioro, JWKyio-

m e ro hjih i p y 6o ro , M pa 'in o ro h jih w e npocBexneHHoro, osaSoMenHoro hjih

Top>KecTByiouiero, aoB epH TejibH oro h jih HacTopojKeHHoro.

f l j ia CTyaeHTOB BOBce He 6e3pa3jiHMHO, KaK 3ByHHT to jio c roBopame-

ro c TpH6yHbi. CHJibHbitt, h o He pe3KHH h TeM 6oJiee He 3biHHbift, He Tpec-

KyHHH h jih xpnnjib iH , a m hikhh h iicbhhh to jio c , KaK y KDpua JleBHTaHa, -

s to npHpoaHbiH flap, HHHeM He 3aMeHHMoe f l0CT0HHHe aKTepa h xy/iowe-

CTBeHHoro HTeua, pa/iHO-rejieflHKTopa h, koh ch ho , JieKTopa. 06jia/iaioniHit

TaKHM ro jio coM h roBopaiuHH co/iepvKarejibHO, JieKTop Bceraa yBjieneT ay-

ZlHTOpHIO. ripHHTHO CJiyiliaTb XOpOUIO 3ByHaiUyiO peHb H BHfleTb, K3K CBO-

SoaHO roBopsuuHH ynpaB jiaeT cbohm ro jiocoM .

HenpaBHjibHoe yn oTpeftneuH e rojioca Bpeaiio bjihhct na MaHepy wre- hhh JieKUHH. TaK, M0H0T0HH0e roBopeiine, THXoe, yHbiJioe HaBeBaeT flpe- MOTy. B stom cjiynae y » e HCBa>KHo, o hcm roBopHT JieKTop: ero to j io c

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c jiyn aax 'iHTarb jickuhh pa3MepeHH0, nonra juiKTOBaib. HbiHe npHHHiia Hcqesjia. ho npHBbiHKa roBopHTb 3aMCfljieHiio, 6e3ynacTHO, 6e3WH3HeHH0 K oe-rae coxpaH aeTca.

IljiaMeHHbiH JieKTop BosjieiicTBycT Ha cry/ieHTOB BceMH cbohmh Kane- CTBaMH, cbohmh nepe'/KHBaiiHflMH riepeAaBaeMOH hm TeMbi. E ro crpacTh- ero rHeB, ero paaocTb ecjiH ohh HCKpeHHH - oS-beflHHaioT h noKopfl*°| ay/iHTopHio. CymecTBO bhthhctb3, ncKyccTBa BbicTynjieHHH ocHOBaHO Ha

CTpaCTHX, Ha Hapy>KHOCTH. FOJIOC, *eCTbI, MHMHKa - 3TO HaCTb HCKyCCTB3,W-. „crpacTH, noTOMy mto ohh npoHHKaioT b cep/me CTy/ieHTOB. Tojioc "

M y3biKa. B npoH3HomeHHH, b peHH - s to M y3biKa. H e n p a B H jib H o e rip0113 nom eHHe - s to HCKavKae r h otw b M y 3 b iK e . MoayjiauHa rojioca - c npeKpacHaa H3 Bcex n pe jiecT e fi KpacHopenHa. M o fly jia u n a - s to ue°

264

uMoe npeHMymecTBo ajih JieKxopa. HeBepHo b3hxmh toh Mo>Kex nory- g1)Tb nejiyio JieKUHio hjim HcnopTHTb ee oxaejibHbie nacxH. B sxom njiaHe

ujia ronoca, toh Hrpaex orpoMHyio pojib. Ilo/t itohhthcm «CHjia rojioca» pa3yMeeTca He ero rpoMKOCTb, BbiKpHKH, a yMeHHe JieKxopa MaHeBpn-

Batb ronocoM. HeooH jarejibHO roBopwxb oneHb rp0MK0 - jia h ne Ha.no

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g/ioxHOBCHMe, ho co3;taex TOJibKo HanpHweuHe, h jxame orjiyuiaeT, yxoM- ji»eT cxyaenTOB. Ba>Kno, nxo6bi Bee cjibiuianH, bo3m o*ho, aa>Ke BCJiyuiH- BaJiiicb. M o w h o roBopHXb hh3khm tojiocom, ho Bpa3yMHxejibH0.

JleKxop aoji)KeH HayHHXbca Bjiaaexb cbohm tojiocom , nxo6bi BHHMa- HHe cxy^enxoB He oc jia6eB ano ao KOHua JieKUHH. HaAO HaftxH xaKoft xoh, qro6bi noxoM mojkho 6biJio noAHaxb to jioc, oco6eH H o k KOHuy, Koraa HacxpociHHe avA H ropn n noAHaxo. H u o n ia x o p o u io «y n a c x b » b xoHe: c

BbicoKoro BApyr nepeiixH Ha hh3khh, caejiaB nay3y. T oh noiiLiepKHBaex

Benmue MOMeHxa. Penb He AO jm Ha npoH3HocHXbca ojiiihm MaxoM, ona

iiojDKHa 6bixb penbio, 5khbmm cjiobom. JleKxop aojhkch oxpa6oxaxb xexHH-

Ky peHH, HHXOHaUHK), AHKUHK), XeMnOpHXM, VKeCXbl H MHMHKy. BejlHKHH

nnnjTOMaT F. H m epH H BcnoMHHaex, hxo Ha reHy33CKOH KOH(j)epeHUHH e ro

iipeBocxo/ic'TBO Has ApyrHMH AHruioMaxaMH 6bino b HHXonanHH, b yBejiH- qeHHOH 3M0UH0HaJlbH0CXH H ITOBbllUeHHOH 3KCnpeCCHBH0CXH (CHJie Bbl- pa*eHHH nyBCXB, B3rjiHA0B) pen m.

HsMeneHHsi chjim h xeM6pa ro jio ca , Bbicoxbi ero 3By4anna hosbojihiox

roBopnxb o thSkocth, iioabh>khocth ro jio ca . I'h6khh tojioc jierKO boc- npiiHHMaexcH, He yxoMJiaex, Bbi3biBaex omymeHHe npHaxHocxH, yflOBOJib- CTBHH y CXyaeHXOB.

B ro jio c e JieKxopa pa3JiH'iaK)r x a o c e xaK iie KanecxB a, KaK n o jie x -

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aHnoe uepeHanp;i>KeHHe ro jio coB b ix cbsbok M0* e x npHBecxn k xpu n ore ,

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Hocxb oSecnenHBaexcH npe>Kae B c e ro c o 6 p a H H o c x b io 3ByKa, npaBHjibHO-

ct l i o AuxaHHH, aKXHBHOcxbK) peneBbix opraHOB, uejieHanpaBjieHHHM no-

cWjiom 3ByKa b ayflH xopH io.

Bjiar03ByHH0cxb rojioca cB«3aHa, Bo-nepBbix, c oxcyxcxBHeM b HeM 3ByKoBbix noMex (xpw noB , THycaBocxH, uiyM a ox HenpaBRribnoro AbixaHHfl H T.n.), Bo-Bxopbix, 6jiaro3ByHHOcxb — 3xo nexKOCXb, ncnocxb, cjiaweH- Nocxb pa6oxbi Bcex nacxeft peneBoro annapaxa npn 06pa30BaHHH h npora- HeCeHHH OXflejlbHblX 3ByK0B h hx co'texaHHH.

A .C . ManapeHKO yKa3biBaex, hxo «nocxaHOBKa ro jio ca , m h m h k 3, yM e- " He Bcxaxb, yMeHHe cecxb - Bee sxo onenb Ba>Kno ana n eaaro ra . f le z ia ro r

265

o6fl3aH HMeTb « napa/i na jiH ue», h toS h Bauia 4)H3hohomh», BamH , 1 "Bam rojioc SbuiH b HCKoropbix cjiynasx aBTOHOMHbiMH». (MaKapenko^*

COM., T IV, 1985, c.50). Hejib3fl n 03B0JiHTb ce6e, htoSm to jioc o t * Baum jiHMHbie HacTpoeHHH (rope, 6eua h np.). 1

le iw n ln/iosKCHiisi Y cn ex jickuhh 3aBHCHT h o t TeMna ee

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3biBaeM0H «peHeBOH pa3pHflK0H» noOTepKHBaeT 3T0 rjiaBHoe b jickuhh^HeKTop AOJDKeH aoSHTECH, HT06b[ CTyaenTbi, c.nymaa JieKUHio noB,

MajTH h ocMbicjiHBajiH ee co;iep*aHH e, ayMajin BMecTe c np en oaaB aT fl Ecjih we rjiaBHOH uejibio craBHTb rojibKo lanncb jickuhh, to CTyaeHT J

xaiiHMecKH 3anHCbiBaa ee, npeBparaTca b CTeHorpaf[)HCTa, a npen o jiaB a*

b aHK-ryromero tckct. B TaKOM cjiy-iae cTy/jenT h Ha 3K3aMeHbi npnAeT [ 3imHHeM TOJibKO Hacnex 3ariHcaHHoro KOHcneKTa, 6e3 niy6oKoro ocM«t jiHBanHH h TeopeTHnecKoro ycBoeHHa yne6Horo MaTepnajia.

Henb3fl JieKUHio HHTaTb Me;uienHo (40-50 cjiob b MHHyTy), ho nejiuB.'iaBarbC!) b ap y ry io KpamtocTb - HHTaTb CKoporoBopKoft, oneiib Sucm

(100 cjiob B MHHyTy) B TaKOM cjiynae CTy/iein He cm owct hh 3anH<§ OCHOBHblX riOJIO*eHHH, HH 3KTHBHO CJiyiUaTb H nOHHMETb H3JiaraeMU MaTepHaji. HopMajibHbiH TeMn penH Ha jickuhh ao jw eH cocTaBjiflTb 70-8 cjiob B MHHyTy. B Tex cjiynaax, Koraa caM neKTop He b coctohhhh onpi

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TeM n peHH 3TO CKOpoCTb, 6bICTpOTa, C KOTOpOH JieKTOp npOH3HOCD

cjioBa, 4>pa3bi H Becb tc k c t b uejiOM. CKopocTb penn 3aBHCHT o r hh^hbh

ayajibHbix oco6chh octch JieKTopa, ero TeMuepaMeHTa, o r waHpa BbicTyr JieHHfl H COflep*aHHH peHH, a TaK'/KC OT yCJIOBHH, B KOTOpbIX HHiaCTC

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Ilo fl /iMKUHeH noHHMaioT OTHeTJiHBoe npoH3HeceHHe Kawaoro of acjibHoro 3ByKa h 3ByKOBbix coneTaHHH. ripe>Kfle hcm noHHTb pent., e£

266

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267

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268

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269

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270

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cbohm npo(J)eccHOHajibHbiM MHTepecaM h HaK0njieHH0My hmh onbiTy. r io - pa3HOMy 3BynaT He TOJibKO hx rojioca - ziajicKo He o/iHiiaKOBa TaK>Ke MaHe- pa Ka>K/ioro /iep/Karbcn Ha TpnGyHe. ripw BHHMaTeiibHOM OTHOinenHH k hx JleKTOpCKOMy CTHJIIO MO>KHO yCT3H0BHTb, HTO B BblCTyriJICHHHX, CKaWCM,K.P. PbicnaeBa h ,3,.H. ^yuaTOBOfl CHJibHee cicasbiaaeTca aHajiHTHMecKoe Hanaro b HCTonKOBaHHH pa36HpaeMoro npe/i.vieTa; K .M . EaftnaKOB h >K.M. HopaiueB - Gojibuine jno6 nxejin iiojicmhkh, b kotopoh ohh name Bcero noKa3MBatoT h oiibiT, h 3HaHHe ceKpeTOB cnopa; b penax 111.A . AflHjiOBa h K.E. TeMMpranneBa - HecoKpyuiHMaa jioriiKa; b jieiciu«rx M .K. Ko3bi6aeBa11 ^K.K. KacbiM6aeBa apne CKa3biBaeTCfl JieKTopcKHH nac})oc h SMOUHOHajib- ho ct l; MacTepcTBo K)Mopa nyTb jih He b jiioGoh pe'in /leMOHcrpupyeT A .)K .^KypreHOB h T.fl.

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271

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280

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4H5i h cjisGocth, nowHbie nocbiJiKH h BbiBOflbi, KOTOpbie H3xoflHT y ouno- HeHTa, oh jienaeT co6cTBeHHbie Hjien HeH3MepHMo 6ojiee apryMeHTHpo-

BaHHbiMH, y 6ejiHTejibHbiMH, a noTOMy jiep ie ycBo«eMbiMH w TBepwe 3ano- MHnaeMbiMH. KaK yw e roBopHJiocb paHee, JieieropcKOMy ncKyecTBy h Mac- repcTBy ycTHOH npoiiaran/ibi Hy w ho yHHTbca. Tan we mowho h HywHO OBJia;ieBaib ncKyccTBOM nojieMHKH, cnopa. Kskhx pe3yjibTaTOB jiociH iaer

iipnMeHeHne mcto/iob nojieMHKH, OBjiajieiiHC wcKyccTBOM cnopa?B o -n e p B b ix , n o jieM H K a n 0 3 B 0 ji«e r y S e flH T e jib H ee noKa3aTb cT y jie in a M

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282

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r eiomHH 6ojibLuoe o6m ecTBeH H oe 3HaneHHe.

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^eHHeM nacb iTH Tb jieK n m o -j- iH a jio r c o 6 cTB ennb iM TeM nepaM eH TO M , bw-

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j epoB riepea )k h b o h CTyaeHMecKOH ayjiMTopHCH.

ripe3HaeHT CLUA B. Kjihhtoh, HanpHMep, 0i|)niiHajibH0 saaBHji: «M o - paJibHaa ofonannocTb Harnett a;i.MHnncTpanHn - 6opoTbca 3a npaBa nejio-

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qacTHbie xo3»HCTBa. Tenepb mm y nopora OKOimanHH ziejia. Mbi xopoHHM

HHuiery. >1 o6euiaio CBoeMy aoporoM y h MymecTBeHHOMy napo/iy- 3a

6jiH>KaHiuHe MecHnw peuiHTb Bee counajibHbie npo6jieMbi».BbiCTynaa b Pocchhckom napjiaMeHTe B .B . >Khphhobckhh o 6ocho-

BWBaji: «M b i pa3pyuiHjiH cTepeoranbi. Co3Aajm npaB0B0e rocyAapcTBo. Pocchh He yrpo'A 'aer CLUA. Pa3opy>KHTb cTpaHy, iiOKOHMHXb c tohkoh noopy>KeHMH... Pa'iaep'/KaBMTb AepwaBy... HoBoe MbiuuieHHe h noBaa no-

JiHraKa ,aoj»KHa AenaTbca hobhmh jiio/ibMH, HecymnMH HOBbie hach h ho- Byio HpaBCTBeHHOCTb... JlHKBHflHpoBaTb Bee ycTaHOBKH, wejie3Hbie 3aHa- Becbi pa3AejiHioiuHe Hac c jin6epajibHbiM MHpoM. PasopymeuHe crpaHbi,

nojiHbifi 0TKa3 o t nojiHTHKH cHjibi, nepexoA k (JiopMHpoBaHHK) o6pa3a "apmepa. HeT bochhoh yrpo3bi AJifl Hameii CTpaHbi. n opa HayHHTbca no- HOBOMy MbICJIHTb» (CM. B. )KHpHHOBCKHH «H3BeCTHfl» 21 (j)eBpajIfl 1994).

Bee 4>aKTbi, Bee HenpaBAbi H3 hojihthmcckoh >kh3hh. H o jieKTopy, nPenoAatomeMy upeaMeT nojiHTOJiornio, Majio CKa3aTb, h to 3to HenpaBAbi. Cviy HaAO eme BbiaBHTb KOHKpeTHbitt cm ucji KaacAoii H3 hhx, OTBeraTb Ha

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ntoTaTb, noxHinarb, yfinBaib fiopnoB 3a HCTHHHyio /leMOKparHio, b otk33 o t

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ca 3a6orHTca b o c o 6c h h o c th HOBOHBJieHHbie X03HeBa. 0 6 e iu a jia jiobko *

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cow aneH H io napoa He H3BJieK ypoKH, o neM HCTopna 6yn er BcnoMHHaTt co CTbiaoM h npoKjiHTHeM iiepHO/i 6ecco3HaTejitHoro, aoBepHHBoro OTHOiiie- hhh k jnoSoMy o6emaHHK> JiHflepa.

A H36aBHjiHCb jih mm o t nepBoro whphhobckoto nocTyjiaTa - CTepeo- ran oB ? HeT. Mbi n o-npew H eM y naxoziHMCH b nueHy CTepeoranoB. llpon-

Hbie B3rJiH/n>i co BpeMeHeM npeBpamaiOTca b CTepeoTHnbi co3HanH5!. b yooK/ienwi. y 6e>K,aeHHH craHorssncH aopoiHMH, neripHKOCHOBeHHbiMH. Mbi jierKO CBeprajiH o/ihhx KyMnpoB, ho BbiflBiiraeM - apyrax . YHHHTOwaeM chmbojiu, KaK pa H b in e KpyniHJiH uepKBH. M eH seM njnocbi Ha MHHycbi, ho

caMH 0CTaeMCH tcm h w e caMbiMH n o crepeoTHnaM . H e H36aBHJiHCb o t He- TepilHMOCTH, WeCTOKOCTH, OT nOHCKOB Bpai a, npeCJieflOBaHHfl HHaKOMHC"

J1HUIHX. M n p BH/JHM TOJlbKO B ABy XHBCTHOM H3o6pa>KeHHH. fleJIHM JllOfle11 na jieBbix h npaBbix, KpacH0-K0pHHHeBbix h 6eJibix, k to He c naMH, to i

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caMiix ceosi. B ce CHCTeMbi hcxo/ih t o t Jiio/ieii, jifo;ih hx co3flaK)T.

284

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8bi0°^bl’ M05KeT nejiOBeK He yMeiomHH hjih hc wenaioiHHH flHaneK-frtqecKH MbicjiHTb. H jih hmckmhhh ne/ib npoBecTH HOByK) KOJioHraaumo, Ho He cTpaHbi, a aym , MOHonojiH3HpoBaTb iiyxoBHyro >KH3in>, co3HaHHe. 3aBJia^eTb Jiyuioti Macc ii0->KHpHH0BCK0My cnoco6y MbiumeHHa, MbiuiJie- Hl)[o KarerapH'iecKOMy, 6e3anejuiflHHOHHOMy, neflonycKaiomeMy hhk3khxcy>KfleHHH.

B oTHomeHHH jiHKBHflanHH ycraHOBOK, pa3;iejiHiomHx Hac c jm 6e- pajibHbiM MHpoM, - t o 3flecb B. )K h p h h ob ckh h npaB. O wejie3HOM 3aHaBe- ce rincaji Becb MHp Tan ace KaK o 6epjiHHCKOft CTeHe. nopTyrajibCKHH nnca- Tejifc M . KauiTpHH ripwsoziHT npHMep B03MymeHH3 oflHoro H3 paoo'iHx- )Kejie3HOH 3aHaBecbio CCCP o t innpa: «O h aojivKen 6bixb onenb TH*ejibiM.

6w xoTe ji 3HaTb, KaK pyccK H e rioflHHMaioT h on ycK a ioT e ro - t o jih npo-

cto pyHHofi ;ie6ejiK0H, t o jih ecTb y h h x cneunajibHbiH MexaHH3M?» M o * e T

noKasaTbca, h to 3 to aHeK/ior. Ybm , s t o ()>aKT. H T3khx 4>aKTOB Bepbi jiio -

aeii m ojkho npH B ecra HeMano.

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aapcTBa, - p accyw aa eT JieKTop, t o Bo-nepBbix, Meacay np0B03rjiauieHHeM h

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(nojiHTHHecKan BJiacTb 3aKOHOM noMbiKana). O KaKOM npaBOBOM rocy/iap-

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napo/ie. BpeM s MeHsieTCfl, a HpaBbi ocTaK>Tcs. A b B onpocax p a3 op y *eH H »,

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He y rp o w a eT , t o B .B . >Khphhobckhh jiHueMepHO ycwnjisui 6flHTe;ibHOCTb

Hapo.ua.Ero 3aMbicen T3K>Ke acen: npoaeMOHCTpHpoBarb CBoe «noHHM anne»

npo6neM poccHSH, noKa3aTb cboio «6jiH30CTb» k hhm TOJibKO jijih Toro, HToSbl TOHKO, BKpa/l'IHBO, 3aByajlHpOBaHO IipOTamHTb CBOH H/ieH, paflH XOTOpbIX OH H HBHJ1CH K TpH6viie. nOJiyHHJIOCb TaK >Ke, h to y

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toHmypy, to He ocTaHercsi nnliero, KpoMe caMOH TpHBHanbHOH 6ojitobhh, nycTb - oxoth o flonycKaeM 3to - 6ojitobhh uiHpoKoro pa3Maxa h bmcoko- ro MacTepcTBa. ,Q,Jia hhx raaBHoe - 3to n p o ra B ecra BnenaTJieHHe Ha ay jih-

Topnio 3a cneT BueuiHero o(|)opMjieHHH penn, yMejioro Hcn0Jib30BaHHa ro- Jl(>ca, >KecTOB. y u an ii a si (jjopMa noMoraeT B03fleftcTB0BaTb Ha Jiio/ieii Hesa- bmchmo o t coaepwanHJi penn.

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285

cuoBa, crpeMjieHHe npoH3BecTH 3M0UH0HajibH0e BnenaTjieHHe, OKa3aT BHymaromee, KaK 6bi rnnH0TH3Hpyiomee B03,neHCTBHe Ha ncHXHKy, CTe k MTofibI IipOTaiUHTb H/jeHKy. npH 3T0M JIHflepOH HHCKOJlbKO He CMymae^

HHueMepHe 3aMbicjia, nonniomec npoTHBopeHHe c.iona h aejia.

ripn 3TOM B3WHO yHHTblBaTb H MeTO/I, KOTOpblH 11CnOJlb3yeT, HanpH Mep, )Khphhobckhh, h toS u pacnojiownrb /lenyxaroB k ce6e, CKjioHHTb hx Ha cbok) CTopoHy - mcto/i yooKiicHHH, BiiymenHH h rnaBHbiH TpioK ( t e

npucM) b y 6ewaeHHH: oh nepea aenyTaTaMH HapoHHTO BOJiHyeTca, KOHcfiy' 3HTCA, oi op'taeiCH, HaaeeTca, H3BHn;rercH, BbiKpHKHBaeT. FjiaBnaa we uCjtB

3Toro reaxpajibHoi o cneKTaKJia - nporauunb cboio h/icio nepes napjia- MeHTCKoe peiueHHe.

B.r. BejiHHCKHH roBopnj:: «C n jia mmcjih He TaM, rne o 6 iime Mecia BbiToneHHbie (Jipa'ibi, 3aanbH Tponbi, rae HeT mwcjih b Koropon hojihthk xoneT yfieaHTb TOJiny, rae Mbicjib iiepe/nco noaaeHbKaa, a uejib raaetaKaa rae KpHKyHbi h Kpacno6aH». (B .r. Bcjihhckhh. 06m aa pHTopHKa H. Ko- uiaHCKoro. riojiH .co6p.coM., t . 8, c.506). CHJibHefiiuee cpeacTBO ySewaeHHs no ApncTOTejno saKJifonaeTCM b HCKpeHHOCTH roBopamero, b npaB/jnnoci H (J)aKT0B (cm. floBaTyp A ., IlojiHTHKa nojiHTHH ApHCTOTejia. M ., 1991, c. 18).

H TeM He MeHee, KpeH b CTopoHy cj)opMbi, Hcn0Jib30BaHHe MaHHnyjia- TopCKOfi TexHHKH — n03B0JiaeT oBJiafleTb Maccofl, KOTOpbie yBJieKaacb (|)op\ioH, 3a6biBaioT o ([jajibniHBOH cymHOCTH peneft s th x nojiHTimecKHX

jiHaepoB:GoObiraa b H e in e noKa3ajiH HacKOJibKO )Khphhobckhh weJiaa Pocchh

;io6pa. TaKOBa noaunHnaa H/ieHiiaa cymHOCTb BbiCTynjieHHH HOBOflBJien-

Hbix nojiHTHKOB, hx Mopajib, hx HacToamee jihuo, CTpeMamHxea MacKiipo- Baxbca, 3aTymeBaTb KopeHHbie cboh mrjia/ibi. Hm bmio/iho oTpbiBaTb Me- Toabi h uejiH cbohx BbicrynjieHHH o t ee cym n ocm . - jaKjno‘iHJi jieKTop.

Ilpeno/iaBaTejib JiHuib roivia aoSbeTca pe3yjibTaTa, Koraa HayMHT cTy-aeHTOB 3a J11o 6blMH HpaBCTBeHHblMH, peJ!HrH03HbIMH, IlOJlHTHHeCKHMM,

cOunajibHMMH (})pa3aMH, saHBJieiiHJiMH, oSemaHHaMH pa3bicKHBaTb hx co6-

CTBenHbie HHTepecw h HHTepecbi Tex hjih hhmx cuoeB iiacejieiiHH, pa-111 K0T0pbix ohh MaHHrryjiHpyioT MaccaMH. BoszieiiciBHe jieKTopcKoro cuoBa

He ycTyriaeT no cnjie CM M . IIosTOMy no TpaanunaM By30BCK0H MeTOflHKM

JieKTop no ryMaHHTapHbiM HayKaM ao jiw en 6biTb npewae Bcero onwTHWM m )py;jnpoBannbiM yqeHbiM, MacTepoM ySoKaeiiHa h BHyuieHHa, HCKycHb|M nOJieMHCTOM, HHTeHCHBHO HCn0JIb3yi01II,HM B03fleHCTBHe peMH, HanpaBJlSH' hoh Ha oGecneneHHe wejiaeM oro B03fleftcTBHa, HHliero He yTpannBaH » nojiHTHiecKOH toh h octh , ae/iaior jieKUHK) npoHHOH h yGexiHTejTbnofi-

nojieMHKe Hejib3a oSoiiTHCb 6e3 smouhh. Ee3 HejiOBenecKHx smouhh hhko raa He6biBaJio, HeT h SbiTb He MoweT >iejioBeiiecKoio HCKaHHH ncrnnbl (B.M. JleHHH. nCC, t. 19, c.108). B nojieMHKe HywHa SMouHOHajibHod1”

286

Boe cyoteKiHBHoe oTHoiueHHe k BonpocaM, no kotopwm tbi 6opeuibca,c ^Hbl MVBCTBa, HO Hejlb3H nOnE/iaTb BO BJiaCTb 3MOUHH, HejIb3H ZiaBaTb^ rb Bepx Ha a pa3yMOM MyBCTBaM. Ecjih noaaaTbca smouhsm, noTepaTb0 co6oh KOHTpojTb, b nojieMHKe mo>kho He3aMeTHO fljia ce6a aonycTHTb

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efjcTBHTejibHOH riosHUHeii, cK a *eM )KnpHH0BCK0r0 , a c apyroR, toh , ko- TOpyio caM eMy ripnrincaji. A s to HeaonycTHMO, h He TOJibKo no Mopajib- HbiM coo6pa>tceHHHM. /I,ejio b tom, h to pa36HTb no'iHumo, KOTopyio JieKTop npitiiHcaji onnoHeHTy, o iienb npocTO, ho Heab ecjut onnoHeHT He 3aoHHbift,

aoMHbin, npH cyxcTByeT b ay;iH ropH n oh cpa3y AOKaweT, hto jieKTop boio-

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Jiy HOJieMHKH, - 3TO Cepbe3HbIH npOMaX, KOTOpblH MOWHO COBepiIIHTb. noa- jaBLUHCb 3MOUHKM, h KOTOpblH aen co H cnojfbsyeT onnoHeHT. Ha jickuhh

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nojieMHKe.

B nojieMHKe ao jm en HenpeMeHHO aePtcrBOBaib HpaBCTBeHHbifi npHH- UHII - 3TO HeCTHOCTb H lipHHUHriHajlbHOCTb B BeaeHHH HOJieMHKH. flpOKae

4eM onpoBeprarb onnoHem a, Haao tohho ccfiopMyanpoBaTb no3HUHK>, c

lcoTopoH noaeMM3Hpyeuib.nojieM H Ka, 6yayH H h cc th o h h npHHUHnHajibHOH, ao;i>Kiia b t o * e

speMa 6biTb rH6Kofl. F h 6 k o c ti., ecjiH aeKTop He xoneT , h to 6 h OHa nepe-

Pocjia b 6ecnpHHUHnHocTb, aonycTH M a to a i,k o b upeaeJiax npiiHumiMajn,-

HOCTH H HeCTHOCTH. H HeCTHOCTb 3aecb COCTOHT He B OTKa3e OT BCHKOH

XHipocTH. XurpH Tb c np0THBHHK0M h cTpeMHTbCH nepexHTpHTb e ro cae-

Jyci, ho, KOHeHHO, aocTOHHbiMM cpeacTBaMH. HpeHcae Bcero ne;ib3si HCKa-

*aTb n o iu u H io onnoHeHTa. 3 th m aeKTop noapbiBaeT aoB epne k c o6 c tb ch -

H°ti H03HUHH y CTyaeHTOB. H a a o BbiaBHTb aeftcTBHTejibHbie h noaJiHHHbie

Cjia6ocTH no3HUHH onnoH eH Ta h yM eTb 3 th c jiaoocrH pacKpHTHKOBaTb,

'•PH'le.M 1103 H HUH OTinOHeHTOB HH I HpOBaTb TOHHO.

XapaKTepHOH HepTOH noaeMHKH SBAHeTCa BbiaBaeHHe jioihhcckhx Hecoo6pa3HocTeft h npoTHBopenHfi bo B3raaaax onnoHeHTa, BbiaBaeHne °Aho6okocth , 0aH0CT0p0HH0CTH ero no3HUHH. KoHenHo, TaKoe BbiaBaeHHe ^PeSyeT BJiaaeiiHa anaaeKTHHecKOH jio ihkoh , (j)opMajibnoH aoi-hkoh, Tpe- ^eT BbicoKoH KyabTypbi MbiinaeHHa. Ecjih aeKTop ra y 60K0 h ao kohiui

■ '^''KaeH b npaBHjibHOCTH CBoeft no3HUHH (a iinane h CMbicaa Hex ee o t- t|;iHBaTb), t o Haao yMeTb BbiaBHTb caa6ocxb [103HII.HH onnoHeHTa, noKa- !;ii h cryaeHTaM, rioneMy OHa Kaweica hcthhhoK, npHBaeKaTeabHOH, ho b

287

iieM ee riQflJiMHuaa HencTHHHOcTb, pacKpbiTb, ripn noM oiun KaKoro

co(J)H3mob. cojHaTejibHbix hjih HenaaHHbix, KaKoro po;ia JiorHnecKofi0^ bhjihSphcthkh, apyrn x MeTOflHHecKHX npneMOB onnoHeHT cyMeji ca 3K' CBOK) 1103HUHK) BHeillHe >'6eflHTejlbHOH H JTOrHHHOH.

TaK, nanpHMep, B.B. >Khphhobckhh uinpoKO ncnojib3yeT Meioji TymeBaHHM paiHHUM Me w a y npaBAOH cjtaKia h npaa/iOH ero HCTojiKoBaH^

Oh HepeaKo ccbuiaerca Ha cjiaKTbi, /lewcium ejii.iio hmcbiiihc mccto, ho *

hx iiOA6npaeT, rpynnnpyeT, « HHTepnpeTHpyeT)), mto y cjiymaTejia CKjiaabl BaeTca coBepmeHHo npeBpaTHoe npejcraBJieuHe o cymHocTH h no,ojU1H HOM XOfle Co6bITHH.

i [pHBeaeM / ipyro ii MerojiMMecKHH npHMep MaHHnyjiHpoBamiH co3Ha- HHeM Macc. BbiBuiHH ceKpeTapb U,K K n C C A jieK caH ap HHKOjiaeBHn Hkob-

jicb c noiiHbiM 3naHHeM aejia yTBepwaaji, mto nponaraHaa - «opyaHe Ma- HHnyjinpoBaHna o6mecTBeHHbiM M iienneM h couH ajibH oro koh tpo jw ».

I Ip onaran aa a o jW H a 6biTb H eyjioBHM ofi h npm Bana « Hay mho o 6ochobu-

Baxb» jho6 oh (j)aKT, SbiTb «cn oco6H O H bbo/im t ii b sao jiyw aeH n e jnoaefi»,

ycbinjiHTb h x h TaK jja jiee b s t o m p oae . ,H,e3HH(j)opMauHH h ;ie3opneiiTami!i

oO m ecTBeiiH oro m h c h h h - o a n a H3 AaBHeftinnx H aeo jio rm ecK H X ycTaHo-

BOK H MOpajlbHblX npHHUHnOB T ex HHCTHTyTOB «M03T0BbIX UeHTpOB)), K0-

TOpblM lipHXOJIHTCH oO paSaTblBaib H COOTBeTCTBeHHO (J)OpMHpOBaTb o6me-

cTBeHHoe MHeHHe.

A .H . M kobjicb, H cnojib3ya K u m y y . TaMHJibTOHa «napjraMenTCKasi

ju )i nKa» c n oTpaca iom eft oTKpoBeHHOCTbto coB eTyeT pa6oTHHKaM CMH h

jieKTopaM Hcn0Jib30BaTb npneMbi o6MaHa Macc, yunrbiBax ee ncnxojiorm o.

Oh coB eTyeT HHKoraa nejibaa aeftcTBOBaTb TOJibKO Ha yM , Ha 3apaBbiii

cm u cji rojinbi, na/io aneju inpoB arh k ee C Tpad ’HM, omymeHHHM, MyBCTBaM

h Kawym wM ca BbiroaaM. y TOJinbi b uejiOM HeT paccyan a, ho Jinuib rjra3a h

yuiH, K0T0pbiM Ha/jo jibCTHTb h KOTOpbie Haao o6o jibm arb . A 3 T o r o m o w h o

aOCTHTHyTb JIHIUb KpaCHBblMH 060p0TaMH peHH, 3ByHHbIMH nepHOaaMM,

KpaCHBhlMH >KCCT3MH H BCflKHMM iipyTHMH Cpe/JCTBaMH.

HTo6bi HCKa3HTb peajibHoe nojioweHHe Bemen, CKpwTb cboh noaJiHH' Hbie HHTepecbi h HaMepeHna, BonpeKH 3aKOHy jiothkh A .H . ^Ikobjtcb cobc- r y e r ncn0Jib30BaTb neonpeaejienHocTb, TyMaHHocTb, HenocjieaoBaTeJifc'

HOCTb BbICKa3bIBaHHa.Cjre/iyer HayMHTb cry/jeiiTOB eme o/inoMy MeT0annecK0My npHCM)

npne,viy TaK Ha3biBaeMoro nojieMHHecKoro 3aocTpeHHa. HojieMHHecKoe

3aocTpeHHe - co3HaTejibHoe yxpupoBaHHe noiHUHH npoTHBHHKa hjih cB° cl1 c o o c tb ch h o h c uejibio flocTHweHHa w e jia eM oro pe3yjibTaTa. 3 to onpa®

JiaHHbiH, uiHpoKO npHMCHaioiUHnca napTHHHWMH jiH/iepaMH noJieM,,lie

ckhh iipneM. O/uiaKO ero Hcri0jib30BaHHe rpeoyer co6jno/ieHHe onpe#e jieHHbix npaBHJi.

288

IIpewAe Bcero BawHO ynHTbiBaTb, hto a io Soc noAeMnnecKoe 3aoCTpe- l)lte MMecT npe/ieji, Aa/ibme K oroporo h a t h neAbssi. l ie o 6xoAHMo noxa'iaTb.

KvAa BefleT jiorHKa paccywaehhm onnoHeHTa. OnpoBepraa onnoHeHTa, Hy*HO noKa3aTb CTyAenraM, bo h to BbijibeTCH ero itoshuhh b Konne ko h -

uob, ccjih ee npHAepwHBSTbca h Bnpe/ib. E c ah s to yaacTC«, 3HaHHT, nojie- ^HnecKoe 3aocTpeHHe 6bijio onpaB/taHO.

MpKHe MeTOflHHecKHe npHMepbi MaHHnyjiHpoBaHHsi m sccsmh noK33a-

ffbi b cTaTbe, noMemeHHott b aHrjiHHCKOM xcypHaJie «J ln cH ep », rae 6buio npiiHCAeno HHTepBbfo, Aaiiiioe «Aeft6-nepeBOAHHKOM » THTJiepa UImhatom. Ha Bonpoc, KaKHMH cpeACTB3MH h s ljh c tck h h (jjropep B03AencTB0BaA Ha

MaCCbl, LLlMHflT OTBeTHJl: «rHTJiep BbiayMblBajl (J)aKTbI H Ha HHX 06bIHH0 dpoHJi cboh nporH03bi h TeopHH». A . MaKOBCKHH, npHBOAH 3 to t npHMep B CTaTbe « B noroHe 3a MH<j)aMH», numer. «J Ihhho h He Aywaio, h to Bee 4>aK- Tbi, KOTOpbie rHTjiep Hcnojib30Baji b cbohx riponaraHflHCTCKHx penax, 6w-

jih cnjroiub BbiAyMamibiMH. Ha npaKTHKe Bee o6cto5ijio cjioacHee. HepeflKo THTJiep npnSeraji k nojiynpaBAe. B 3thx CAynaax TOHHee Sbijio 6bi roBO- pnrb He 06 « H3o6perenHM» (J)aKTOB, a 06 hx nacKB03b a w h b o h HHTepnpe- xau,HH» (w . «KoMMyHHCT», 1970, 11). HojiyripaBiia iunpoKO npMMenfl- Jiacb (J)auiHCTCKOH nponaraHAoft, KaK s to aejiaeTca h b Haiue BpeMJi BceMH

(jlOpwaMH o6pa6oTKH M03r0B. npHHeM, KaK 3TO riO;(TBep>KAeHO npaKTHKOH, no.nyripaBiia n epeaK o np0H3B0AHT 6 o jie e CHAbHoe BnenaTjieHHe Ha 3HaHH- TejibHbie c jioh o 6 mecTBa, neM BbiAyM am ibie (jrnKTbi. CeKpeT TaKoro n cn xo-

JiornHecKoro 3(})(})eKTa - b h3jihhhh xoth 6bi riph6jiH3HTe;ibhoh flocTOBep- HOCTH HAH IIOAylipaBAbl, KOTOpOH 06bIHH0 nOAb3yfOTCH HCnOAHHTeAH HC-

KyccTBa a>kh, He ocTaHaBAHBajomneca hh nepeA KaKHMH HHCHiiyauHsiMH. r AC-TAe, HO HMeHHO B npaKTHKe HAeOAOrHHeCKOrO H nOAHTHHeCKOro B03- AencTBHa Ha Maccbi nparMaTH3M Ae ftcTB yer bo Bcex cb oh x bosm otkhocthx.

Bo bchkom c;iynae, h AejibUbi TaK oro peM ecAa x o p o u io 3HaioT, KorAa hbao upocTo c(j)anra3H poBa[b weAaTeAbHbie nnn « o iiepeA iioro A eA a » ({jaKTbi, a

KorAa - npn6eraTb k noAynpaBAe. TeM 6oJiee h to He BcerAa b yAoGnbih

MOMeHT oG iiapywH BaercH a o 3ape3y neo6xoAHMasi noAHTHHecKHM cHAaM

noAynpaBAa.CpeAH MeTOAOB B03AeHCTBHH He HCKAfOHaiOTCH H npHM3H Ae3HH(|)Op-

Mauna, oTKpoBeHHan Aow b h MHcjjoTBopnecTBo, h x co3HaTeAbHoe pacnpo-

CTpaHeHHe h Hcn0Ab30BaHHe, OTpaBAHiomee o6m ecTBeHHoe C03H3HHe.

H anpnM ep, CLL1A H yw eH SbiA n0B0A aah apTHAAepHHCKHX o 6crpeAOB

TeppHTopHH AeMOKpaTHHecKOFO B b e i iiaMa, a 3aTeM 60M6apAHp0B0K c 3Me-

PHK3HCKHX C3MOAeTOB. H TorAa 6biAa BbiAyM3Ha «y rp o 3 a Hsria/icnnH ceBe- PO-BbeTH3MU,eB Ha (j)AOT CLLIA B TOHKHHCKOM 33AHBe». HHHHHHblfi BblMbl-

CeA H SblA HCn0Ab3OB3H JlHHAOHOM fl)KOHCOHOM, TOrAaWHHM npe3HAeHTOM

CI11A, HTo6bi pa3AyTb novKap boh h w b HuAOKH'rae. /ImiAOMarH'iecKHe

289

3aaBjieHHfl, iipecc-Kon(|)epeiinnH, iipoBOKauHomihie pa3rjiarojibCTBOBcenaTopoB h KOHrpeccMeHOB 06 y ipoae WH3HeHHbiM HHxepecaM AMen^ 51 pajtno- h icjieiiepe/ia'iH, He roBopa yw e o « 6ojibmoft npecce», - Bca c H’

Haa MauiHHa ycxHoft h nenaxHOH nponaranjibi 6bijia nymeHa Ha nojiHv

MomHOCTb, HToSbi onpaB/iaTb rpa3Hyto BOHHy npoxHB napoaa, wejiaiomer

*HXb b MHpe h a p y w 6e co bccmh. Becb cbct 3Haex, hto HHKaKofi y rp03^

co cxopoHbi HeSojibiuoR cxpaHbi Kojioccy, JiHflepy KannxajiH3Ma He 6bi.no

He Morjio 6bixb. H o jiwHBaa uponaraH.xa CBoe ae.no caejiajia, h Bapaapcxaa

Haa repoHnecKHM HapoaoM He npeKpamajmcb hh /ihcm hh Honbio.

n p ecca b npoiiaraH/ie /loxojiH.-ia a.o KomyHCTBa, 3aaBjiaa hto aejia

Am cphkh roBopax 0 ee mhpojhoGhh, a MHp cojiporajica ox 3BepcxB aMepn- KaHCKOH BoeHmHHbi bo BbexHaMCKoM aepeBHe COHrMH. JIwHByio npona- ramiy oGmecxBeHnocrb MHpa jierKO pacno3HaBajia cymHocxb h AaBajia efl

;ioji>Kny(o oueHKy. CneKyjiHpya Ha 3aK0H0MepH0cxax HejioBenecKoro MbiiujieHHa h cxapaacb ripHjiaxb ySeanxejibHOCXb paccy>KziennaM CM H

C II IA upHOerajiH k MexaHH3My AOKa3axejibcxBa, a b xo * e BpeMa Hapymaa npaBHJia sto h jiorn'iecKOH onepauHH h xeM caMbiM 6e33acxeHHHBo o6Ma- HbiBaa riyojiHKy. I IocjieflOBaxejibHO pa36nBaa (|)aKxaMH apryMeHTbi CM H

C11IA, npenoztaBarejiL. noKa3biBaeT HecocToaTejibHocxb Bcero « # 0Ka3a- ie ;ih c iB a » h, ciie;i0BaiejibH0 , ji>khbocix. bbi/ibhhvtoio xeiHca.

Bojibuiaa jio>kb /JwoHCOHa 6bijia noBTopeHa na 3TOT pa3 b othoiuchmh

HeftrpajibHofi KaMSo/ixcH: cuanajia BbiayMana «y rp o 3 a » co CTopoHbi stofo

He6ojibiuoro rocyaapcTBa aMepHKaHCKHM apMHaM, opyayioiUHM b Mh#o-

KHTae, a 3axeM 0praHH30BaH0 hx BXopweHHe b HCHxpaJibHyio CTpaHy. Kan 06biHH0 b no;io6nbix cHxyauwax, h Ha sxo t pa3 b Ha6aT yaapHJiH MacTepa

6ojibiuoii ji>kh. OHa ycHJiHnacb em e 6ojibuie, Koraa HeKOTOpbie pyKOBO/iH- TejiH C l l iA Ha cbohx npecc-KOH^epem m ax h no TejieBH/ieHHio yBepaJiH

o6mecTBeHHocTb, hto BTopweHHe aMepHKancKHx bohck b KaMoo/iwy aKO- 6bi vBejiHHHBaer rnaHCbi na ycTaHOBaenne npoHHoro MHpa b HHflOKmae.

A H a jio rH H H O CLU A H H cnH pH poBajiH c o 6biTHa b lO ro ca a B H H b 1999 ro.ny, 4 )H n a n c n p y a a ji6aHCKHx jiH a ep o B npoTH B c e p 6oB iipoBHHUHH K o co -

bo , n y ra a c b o h x n a p jiaM eH Tapn eB h M H p oB y io o 6m ecTB eH H ocTb « n p e o 6aa-

j a i o iu e r o o p y w n a p yccK H X b K o c o b o , r a e a 6co jn oTH b iH BoeH H biii nepeBec

c e p 6o B » . H c n o jib 3 y a c o u n a jib H y io f le M a ro rH io , n r p y c jioBaM H B. KjWHTOH

w acK H poB a jica c jioB aM H : « r e p p n x o p n a j [b n o e 06pa30BaH H e a j i6a im e B » , « ca "

M o o n p e f le j ie H H e » , B03M0W H0CXb y n a c x n s a ji6aH ueB « b on p ea e jieH H H cbo-

e r o 6y a y m e r o » h np.

OflHH oTBe'rcrBCHHbiH rocyAapcxBeHHbi h Aeaxejib 3aaBHJi: «•# cTa' pajica noBciofly... noanepKHBaxb KOHuenu,HH HpaBcxBeHHocxH, aocxoHHCi' Ba, a o 6poxbi, apywSbi h npaB HejioBeKa». H xyx we npoaojiwaji: hhko- r;ia He avMaji h He ,nywaio, hxo ana Hac, /uia rorocjiaBOB h aaa Bcero MHpa

,ie;iec()06pa3H0 hmcti. He3aBHCHMoe cep6cKoe toc>7iapcTBo». BcTynaa b )l0jieMHKy c AOBOflOM /laimoro 3aoMnoro onnoHeHTa cJie/iyeT noKa3aTb cTyrieHTaM KaK oiipoBcprnyrb ero cyw,aeHne: o KaKHx w e npaBax HeuoBCKa

BeAeT Pe 'n’ iiaHHbiH onnoHeHT, Korna caM we BTanTbiBaeT b rpasb npaBa uejioro napozia?

I 'pd in b ie , MouieHHHMecKHe ripneMbi paccHHranw Ha cnaG yio ocBe-

joMJienHOCTb ayA H top n n , Ha jierKOBepHbix HHTaTejieft, c jiym are jieH , 3pn-

TeJien. (A M ow eT 6biTb, aeHCTBHxejibno s to TaK? - ziyM aer napozi. - Be/ib

BCe 06 3tom roBopsrr, Bee ra3eTbi nHiuyT. H to w e MHe coMHeBaTbca?..).

(cm. 3 a y a p a P o 3eHTaiib. B jiacTb h jtjiio3hh. M ., 1978, c .192-193).

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ncm.rraHHhfe cpejicTBa n/ieojiorH'iecKofi jjeaTejibHOCTH. H e cjiynafiHO, h to

xepMHH « riponaranzia» b npaKTHKe mho rax riyGjmnHCTOB MHpa - chhohmm

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oHa npecjieAyeT? OHa onpe/iejiaeTca cymecTBOM, npnpo/ion h eoBpeMeH- hoh H/ieojioi HMecKon crpaTeraeH, b oco 6chhocth.

B 0CH0Be TaKOM MopanH - npanwaTHHecKaa (JmjiococjjHH, oripaB/jbi- Baioman jiio6oe cpeacTBO ann flocraweHHa npecjieayeMOH uejin. 3Ta mopajib ofiecne'iHBaeT HHTepecw HaH6ojiee orojrrejibix KpyroB coBpeMennoK 6ypwya3HH, ee nojiHTHKH, t3ktmkh h cTpaTenra. HaxoHen, Mopaub, jie-

wamad b ochobc nponaraHflbi, BbicTynaer KaK «aHTHMopanb», aHTHryMa- hh3m. 51cho, h to TpeSoBaHHe npaB/ibi h npaB/iHBOCTH aria raKOH nponaraH- flbi nonHTHHecKaa nanBHOCTb, npoBHiiUHajinsM, /iorMaiH3M. poMaHTHKa h Bee. h to yroflHO, ho He peaiiH3M, He «i'H 6KOCTb MbiujjieHHa» h He aejioBH- TocTb. MopanbHbiH w e flOJir jieKTopa npaBjiHBO 06'bacHarb TaKHe nojiHTH- 'lecKwe npoueccbi.

HouHTOJiorMa - /leHCTBennaJi HayKa, OHa aojrwHa oTpawaTb coBpe- MeHHbifi KOH(j)jiHKT b ofnnecTBe no HOBO/Iy HfleaJioB h s to hojiwho npoHH- !|>inaTb h oKpauiHBaTb Beeb nponecc HSJioweHHa TeMbi. HHTejuieKTyaj!- "penojjaBaxejib ziojiweH Hcn0Jib30BaTb cboh 3HaHHa h 6biTb 6opuoM. n o - ^HTH3auMa ripocjieccHH TaK w e HeH36ewHa, KaK h wejiaTejibHa. H o nojiHra- 3auna He oiHanaeT no/inenaTb, BoexBajiaTb nojiHTHKOB aepwam nx BJiacib.

'iojiHTMsanna 03Hanaex 6opb6y 3a ueHHocTH, 3a Mopajib, 3a HCTHHHbie 3Ha- Mll>l - O UeHHOCTaX, HpaBHTCa 3TO HOJIHTHKaM HJIH HeT.

BbiBuiHH uietj) aMepHKaHCKOH e jiyw 6bi 6e30nacH0CTH A . /Jajuiec c 0co6eHHbiM y/iOBOJibCTBHeM cMaKOBaji BbiCKa3biBaHHe r e 66ejibca o t o m ,

^to , m oji, b ra30Byio KaMepy 3apa3 yMecTaTca «jin u ib » HecKOjibKO c o t ne- ^OBeK, jiobko we cocTpanaHHofi jiow bio « m o w h o OTnpaBHTb M H junioH bi».

1 '<>/io6nyio «ycT3H O B K y» pa3BHBaeT Gmbuihm anpeKTop « r o j io c AMepHKH» A- MeHcnep: «HauiH nporpaMMbi na/io c tp o h tb TaK, h to 6h oh h 6panH jtkj-

291

zieM 3a ro p jio , jih iiu u ih hx CHa h noKoa, bbibozjhjih H3 paBHOBecHa He

nycKajiH hh na MHHyTy. A ;uifl 3Toro roaa'rca Bee ciu icthh, KOTOpbie fi°T a «T ceroflHH, h Bee cjiyxH, KOTOpbie noiiom jiH eme B4epa» («K p a c

3Be3a a », 28 Maa 1977r.). O chobhoh ripHHunn ncnxojiorHHecKofi B o tin ,^ aepwarb Hapoa b hoctohhhom nepBHOM HanpaweHHH, CTpaxe, HeyBepeH hocth b jaBrpaiuHeM aHe. CHanajia npHiiHcarb HenenocTb, a noTOM no6e aoHocHO onpoBepraTb Hejienmibi.

3aaa'ia npenoaaBaTejia b Ka>KiiOM kohkpcthom cjiynae cpwaarb Bee cuoBecHbie npHKpbiTHa, paioG jia 'iarb Bee yxHiupenna, mothbm h TexHojio rmo, nonbiTKH nanojiiiHTb nojiHTHKy C IL IA ripHBJieKare;ibHbiM HpaBCTBeH- hwm coaepmaHHeM, a TaKwe 0TBJieLn> oSmecTBeHHoe MHeHHe o t Hapyme.

hhh qeflOBenecKHx npaB CULIA k apyrHM HapoaaM. YMeTb yjiHHHTb b Ha- pyuieHHH 33K0H0B jiorHKH, npaBHji jiorHHecKoro aoKa3aTejibCTBa, npo^e- MOHCTpMpoBaTb nepea cTyaem aM H jio iH ‘iecKyio HecocToaTejibHocTb hx cy>KaeHHH - 3HaHHT HaHecTH nopa>KeHne b nojieMHKe. 1 jiaBHoe - nepeoc- MbiCjiHB&Tb coSbiTHH. He yxoaHTb o t aHaJiraa TeKymHX co6biTHH. He fle-

JiaTb OTCpOHKy B npHMeHeHHH 3HaHHH. H e OTCTpaHflTbCa OT 3apaB0ro CMbicjia. Bojibiuyio nacTb BpeMeHH HanpaBHTb Ha n3ycienHe Heriocpejcr- BeHHbix npo6fleM, HHaue npenoaaBaHae SyaeT 6jiH3opyKo.

CoOTHOliieHHe ITOJIHTHKH H MOpajIH 33BHCHT OT nOJIHTHHeCKHX jlHije-

poB, hx MopanbHoro o 6jiHKa. CoBpeMeHHbie aeMOKpaTbi LLleBapHaa3e 3., Mkobjicb A .H ., Ap6aTOB F. aoKa3biBanH, h to K n C C - npecTyrmasi opraHH- 3aum. H o ohh caMH coctoa jih b npecTynHOH oprann3annH h He TOJibKo

coctoa jih , ho h npaBH^H, SbiJiH b K H C C JiHaepaMH. Bnepa ohh coctohjth b K n C C , b npecTynHOH opraHmauHH, a ceroflHH CTajiH JiHaepaMH Jin6e-

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292

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M--JI-, 1967, c. 153).AHajioi HHHo Bbipa3HJi cboio no3nuMio o6o3peBaTejib ra3eTbi «M3Bec-

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293

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xuia o tb c to b Ha Bonpocbi, h zuia BeaeHHH nojieMHKH;

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npaKTHKa BbicTynjieHHH. n p n LiCM 3 th nepTbi hc npocTO OTpaacaJiH npHH" UHriHajlbHOCTb, BblCOKyiO HpaBCTBeHHOCTb, JIHHHyK) HeCTHOCTb BO *fleV)

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294

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295

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Jibifl, Heo6xoAHMbiH, none3HbiH, 6jiaroAeTejibHbiH y p o K » . A s t o t ypoK co-

CT0HJ1 B TOM, HTOObI B TpyAHeftlUHX yCJIOBHflX yMeTb oGeCneHHTb 3KOHOMH- lecKHft noAi>eM CTpaHbi, najia/KHBarb >Kejie3Hbie Aopora, o6ecneHHTb bcio- Ay h Be3Ae CTpoHcafimyto AHcunnjiHHy h caMOAHcuHruiHHy.

HcKyccTBo JieKTopa yBHAeTb npaBAy, HMeTb acHyio h iBepAyio no3H- UHio, BepHTb b pa3yM HapoAa, ero cn0C06H0CTb uonHMatb h oco3HaBaTb caMbie cjiowHbie hbjichhh h AeftcTBOBarfa b Ayxe hctophhcckoh hcoSxoah- m o cth , aohocsi npaBAy cryAeHHecKofi mojtoa6>kh.

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y iiiaaaTb, nonHTb, 0xapaKTepH30BaTb h BepHo oijeHHTb. H 3Aecb yMecTHo

"OMHHTb o pojin JieKTopa: ero spyAHnna, MHpoB033peHHe h mctoa, TajiaHT n MacTepcTBo, a CBepx Toro HepeAKO h CMejiooTb, MywecTBO. B caMOM Ae- Jie, mo>kho xopou io 3HaTb cboM npeAMeT, o6naAaTb onbiTOM, xopou io noA- 1 OTOBHTbCJI K OHepeAHOH JieKIIHH, HO HHOH pa3 CMyTHTbCH HeM-TO y>KC «H a HySjiHKe*)), HeBOJibHo npH6erayB k HenpaBAe.

297

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napxannapaTa. H o nocne no6eabi Ha Bbi6opax: caMH 6epyT ce6e Jibron,i

npecjieayioT onno3HHHio, yMHOwaroT K0MaHaH0-3aMHHHCTp3THBHyio chc T eM y».

JleKTop pacrepajica h otbcth ji: y Bac HeT /i0Ka3aTeiibCTB. 3aji 3aiUy

Meji. JleKTop ym ea o t OTBeTa. A noncMy 6bi, b aaiinoM cjiynae, He o6i a c.

HHTb Bonpoc HaUICH IiaCCHBHOCTblO, O TOM, HTO Hapojl - flOCTOHHblM CBOHX Bowaeft. Maccbi 6e30TBeTCTBeHHbi. ^OBepaiOT oHepejinoMV Jinaepy m cjieno npeKJionaroTca, KaK paHbine: OrajiHHy - cHMBOJiy counajiM3Ma, Fop6a- neBy - CHMBOJiy nepecrpoHKH, EjibUHHy - CHMBOJiy KanHTajiH3Ma. A6co- jiiOTH3HpyK)T jinaepoB, a H3MeHeHHe BjiacTH HacTynaeT Toraa, Koraa bw- pacTaeT KyjibTypa, jnoan npo3peBaioT: «K o p o jib - t o rojibift, BJiacTb h3*h - jia ce6a h HeaocToiiHa n0BHH0BeHHa».

BbicTynaa nepea JieKTopcKoft ayaHTopHefi, B. BojioaapcKHH cobcto-

Ban: « l 1to6i>i y 6e;iHTb Hapoa naao MecHTb HejioBenecKoe Tecro b cnjiaB, a

cruiaB iaiBep/jeeT noa BauiHMH pyKaMH h npeBpaTHTca b neo6xo/inMyio

naTpnoTHHecKyio cn jiy » (C obokhh A .B . BojioaapcKHH B., b kh.: BeHHaa cuaBa, H3fl. 3-e, M .1979. c.92). He yxoaHTb o t OTBeTa, a Tbicany pa3 06b- acHaTb h aoK33biB3Tb cryaeHT3M, y6ewa3Tb h y 6eaHTb - 3aaana npenoaa- Barejia.

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C 06biHH0 CBa3aHO acejiaHHe yiiTH o t OTBeTa? JIh6o npenoaafia-

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TeMe 3aHaTHa, 3T0 n jio xo , h o h b TaKOM cjiyn ae jiyn m e cKa3aTb 06 stom

Hecrao, He neTJiaTb h He BbiKpyHHBaTbca.

OnbiTHbie npenoAaBarejm-MCTO/iHCTbi C0BeTyi0T: «H n K o raa He c Jie-

a y e r yxoaH Tb o t nocTaBjieHHbix ocTpb ix BonpocoB, hh b KoeM c jiyn ae »e cMa3biBaTb h x h He yKJioHaTbca o t OTBeTa Ha h h x » . E c jih He M ow ere TyT

we oTBeTHTb Ha t o t h jih h h oh B onpoc, npaMO h CKawHTe: «B o n p o c HHTe-

pecubiH h BawHbiii, a 6w Ha H ero c yaoBOJibCTBHeM o tb c th ji, ho cennac K

298

HeM y He rio jiroTO fu ieH , o h m h o h He npo/tyM aH , 3 aT p y flH flio cb , KaK Ha H ero

QTBeTHTb. M BbiHCHJO, H0C0BeTyK )Cb c KOJiJieraMH h T o r j ia BaM OTBeny. A m ow eT 6biTb, H3 Bac H a ttfleTca KT0-n n 6y/ib, k t o M o w e T s t o t B o n p o c p a vb -

jjCHHTb?».M ro6bi b JieKUHH ripaB/iMBO noaaTb M arepna:i Ha/io paecMaTpHBaTb

npe;iMer BcecTopoHHe, b e ro crshhx c /ipyrHMH npe/]MeraMn; 6paTb npeji-

ivieT b e ro pa3BHTHH, H3MeHeHHH; aHajiH3HpoBaTb n io6 oe HBJieHHe b cb »3h c

[ipaKTMKOM; yHHTblBaTb npHHUHn KOHKpeTHOCTH HCTHHbl. OTCyTCTBHe I'Jiy-

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KH HJIH HOKejiailMH CMHTaTbCH C HHMH.

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{JiaKTOB KaK epeflCTB a apryM eH T H poB aH H a. B (JiaKrax — caMa peanbHOCTb,

caM a >KH3Hb. H o (j>aKT craTHMCH, b HeM fleHCTBHTejibHOCTb y w e 3acTbm a, a

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npecjieaoBaTb uejib - aaxb cxy,nenTaM hcthhhmc 3Haiin«. Bo-BTopbix, ([)aK- Tbi npH3BaHbi o 6ycjiaBJiHBaTb nponaraHflHpyeMyio HCTHHy. J]j\x r ro ro , b -

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B on p ocb i. C h j io h m w c jih npoH H K H yTb b (JiaKTbi. B ca K a a n e p e a a n a (JiaKTOB,

299

KaK y w e oTM e'ia iiocb , Tpe6yeT Mo^anKn, opHaMeHTa, xyaowecTBeHHocTH (DaKibi 6e3 omymeHHH MepTBbi, nepeaana hx aonwHa yBjicKaTi, Boo6pa>|(e HHe cTyaeHTa.

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hoh MOHonojiHH Ha HCTHHy. CTyaemr t o w e HMeeT npaBO Ha cbo io oueHKv

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pHHeCKHX J1HU.

BcnoMHuaercH ziaBHHiiiiiHH cJiynaH. Ha o jhoh jickuhh riepe/i cTyaeH-

TaMH-BenepHHKaMH BbicTynan JieKTop o BHeuiHefi nojiHTHKe. ToBopHJi flo- BOJibHO yBepeHHO h, KaK fiy jn o , ySewaenno. YBJieMenHbiH co6cTBeHHoft penbio, oh, bhahmo, He saMenaji KaKOH-TO HacTopoweHHocTH b avanTopnu E ro penb pa3BopaHHBajiacb 3HeprHHH0, noKa H3 3ajia rp0MK0 He ripo3Bywaj: Bonpoc: « A 3a rpaHHuy npo/iyKTbi bmbo3ht? OGnacTb ckot BbipamHBaex, a M »ca He HMeeT b Mara3HHax». BpcMH SbiJio tpyaH oe - sacxoa, MHororo

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no BceH BepoaTHOCTH, He npe/uiojiaraji TaKoro Bonpoca h, He 3aayMaB" uiHCb, OTBeTHJi: «H eT , He bmbo35i t » . H b to we MraoBeHHe 3an 6y/rro B30-

pBajica: C T y j i e n r b i noBCKaKHBaJin c MecT, pa3;iajinch cepaHTbie p e n J iH K H 11

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ho JieKTop He 3Haji o tom, hto GbiJio xoporno bc/iomo cTyaeHTaM BenepHHKaM? KaK BbiHCHHJiocb — 3Haji. H o noneMy He 3axoTeji cKa3ao> npaB/iy? H cnyrajica otbctctbchhocth 3a iipaBiiHBOCTb b otbct Ha 3aK°H

huh Bonpoc hjih w e He aoBepHJica «iioh 5 itjih bocth » CTyaeHTOB? A mo 6biTb, hcho ne npencTaBJiHJi CBoen KOHKpeTHOH uejiH? TaK hjih nuane, neK rop 0Ka3ajiCH HcnpaBAHBhiM, oSpeKaH CBoe BbiCTynneHHe Ha Heyaany-

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300

m 3THKo-MopajitHoe 3HaneHHe HMeeT hx npaBflHBocTb. Bee aejio b tom, KaK

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301

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acKUHH >k h b o paccKa3braaaocb o t o m , KaK 3apy6e>KHbie u c p k o b h h k h nojib-

3yiorcH TeaeBnaeHHeM, pa/uio, MariiHT0(|)0H0M, aBTOMauiHHaMH h apyrHMH

cpeacTBaMH coBpeMeHHOH TexHHKH aa a 6orocay>KeHHa. H 3areM aeaaaca

BbiBoa o pe3KOM h Bee yob icrpaiom eM CH ocaaSaeHHH bjihhhhh pcanrnn Ha

Maccbi. H o ynacTHHKH o6cy>KaeHHa TeKCTa jicku h h a e ra o , T a K *e Ha ochobc

(j)aKTOB, aOKa3aaH, HTO npOHHKHOBeHHe aOCTHVKCHHH HayKH H TeXHHKH B

uepKOBHbifi o o H x o a K oe -ra e He iio ap u B a er , a, HanpoTHB, yK penaaeT BaacTb

ayxoB encTB a cp ean h 3b ccth oh n ac iH nacejieHHa. K p h th k h s to h aeKUHH

cnpaBeaaHBo l OBopnjiH o tom , h to p ocT 6e36o>KbH, a TeM S oaee aTeH3Ma -

n pou ecc 6 oa ee cjio jkhm h, npoTHBopeHHBbin, neM 3 to npeacraBaaeTca JieK

Topy. O h h onupajiHCb b ao B o a ax Ha coB peM enH yio Tary H apoaa k pejiH iiin

n pen oaaB aTeab * e * r ip u cocTaBaeHHH TeKCTa jicku hh noab30Banca cTapoH

H aeoaorH H ecKoii ju rrepaTypo ft, 6e3 ee KpHTHHecKoro anaaraa, n03T0My

TeKCT n ee b ce6 e cTepeoTnnbi n p om a o ft waeoaorH H : oaHocTOpoHHero toji-

KOBaHna, oGiuenpHiiMibiMH ro ra a MbicaaMH. O T c ioaa e ro Bbrnoa B T eK d 1-

aeKUHH He c a y * H a npaBae t.k . aeK Top 3HaHHa He nepeocM bicaw a, TBOpllt

ckh He nepeaoMHa k coBpeMeHHbiM n0Tpe6H0CTaM.B apyroft aeKUHH By30BCKHH npenoaaBaTeab Ha och obc oaHOCTOp°H

He noaoSpaHHbix (J)3ktob «aoKa3biBaa», h to npHHHuy pa3Baaa COUHaJ1l1jV]bi yKa3aa rocceKpeTapb BeflK ep /J,*eHMc. Oh 3aaBHa Bnaay KaHHTOHy: < HcrpaTHan TpHaaHOHbi aoaaapoB , HTo6bi lib m rp a ib «x o a o a H y io

10% Ha B oopy*eH M e, 9 0 % Ha n oaK yn h pa3ao>KeHHe BepxyuiKH U K M 0,

Hbix cny>K6, xo3aeB skohom hkh , b cio aoG aecTH yio Bepxyu iKy « c a y r

; ia » . B K llC C He 0Ka3ajiocb jinuepoB, KOTOpbie 6bi zioGkjihch nepecrpoMKM

caMOH napTHH, OTCioaa HTor - KFICC 6e3 conpoTHBjieHHa norn6jia paHbiue CCCP. M bi H3MeHHJiH MHp 6e3 BOHHbi, no/iKynoM» ( « I IpaRjjaw, 5 ceHTaSpa,] 992 c.8.). Ha 0CH0Be o ;m oro 3Toro (JiaKxa jieKTop caejiaji bmboa: HauiH xojiyn H3 I IK c noMombK) CIJJA totobhjih nepecipoHKy couHanroMa bKanHTaJiH3M.

Mohoiiojihh npeiioaneceiiHM iotobom, saKOHHcuHOH «h c th h w » Ha

jieKUHH ctojib * e na ry6Ha, KaK h MOHonojina b HCTopHMecKoii HayKe. H aao

pa3JiHHaTb, a He cMeuiHBaTb. PeajibHoe flBHweHne HayKH bo3m o *h o Ha oc- HOBe AHCKyCCHH MHO*eCTBa MHeHHH, COnOCTaBJieHHa pa3JIHHHbIX KOHUen-

hhh. H 6o yMeHbmeHHe MHeHHft, aoBoaoB, pa3Hoo6pa3Ha - eme He npHBo- flHT K HCTHHe. E/lHHOrJiaCHC, OilHH flOBOfl - 3T0 eme He HCTHHa. B /laHHOM

cjiy'iae jieKTop ckjiohch 6mjj k onHoo6pa3HK), bhahmo, TaK chht3ji yaofino, h to moji, c oflHHM flOBOflOM B ee acHO. B o t noneMy >KHnyn cTepeoTHn earni- c tb o , roTOBaa cxeMa.

ripHnoMHHaeTca jieKuua, Ha KOTopoft npenoaaBaTeiib npocHJi CTy/ieH-

tob nanucaTb otkjihkh Ha CMepTb EpewHeBa, MepneHKO 60JibH0 0T03BaB- luweca b cepauax cobbtckhx Jiioxtefi. 3 t o 6buio jiHne\iepne. 3 t o t >kc jieK- Top b apyroe BpeMa o 6paTHJica k c ry jic ura.m - HanncaTb noaaepwKy k 06-

pameHHio Bcex KOMCOMOJibueB HeoGbarnoH cipaHbi, 06pa30BaBuiee hx i « 6paHHe M.C. FopfianeBa TeHepajibHbiM CeKpeTapeM UK KI1CC. 3 to

TaK>Ke obuio jiHneMcpnc h BocnHTbiBajio jiHueMepHe. I IpenoaaBaTejib c TaKofi HH ieju ieK iyajibiioH coBecTbio BocnHTbmaji CTy;ien roB, na/iojiro 3a- KJiaflbiBajr CTan/iap r hx fleaTejibHocra.

C to h t CKa3aTb, h to 3th npHMepbi jio>khoh HHiJiopMauHH, HenpaBHjib- Horo hjih o;mocTopoHHero mriKOBaHHa TCHaeituwmio noaoGpaimbix

(j)aKTOB HHHero oom ero He hmcioi hh c noncKaMH aeftcTBHTejibHOH hcth- Hbi, hh c TeM, h to mowho 0xapaKTepH30BaTb KaK npaB/iy h npaBflHBOcTb. H

neT najioGnocTH roBopHTb 0 tom, h to TaKoe noBepxHocTHoe hjth oah octo - poHHee OTHOHieHHe k TOJiKyeMbiM b jtckhhh (JiaKTaM oSycjioBjreHO Henpa- BHjibHoii MeTOfloJiorneH hjih xoTa 6bi MeToaHKofl. He 6y/ier npeyBenHHe- (ineM cKa3aTb h o tom, h to BepxoniaflCTBO b jho6om jiejie nepe/iKo « o 6opa- 'HiBaeTca» h CBoeii cjiopMaiibHOH cTopoHoii, TaK KaK cjiaKinnecKH Bbipa>KaeT

SeiOTBeicTBenHOCTi. hjih bo BcaKOM cjiynae He/ioopocoBecraoe OTHOuie- n«e k acjiy.

Ha oflH oft H3 KoncjiepeiiuHH jieK Topy, Bb icTynaiom eM y no TeMe 06 °co6eHHOCTax jieK TopcK oro ncKyccTBa, 6biJia no/iana Tanaa 3anncKa: ^UpaBflHBocTb jieKUHOHnoro M aTepnajia - BawHeftiuHH npHHunn jickuhh. ,Jo He 3arpyflnaeM jih Mbi cboio pa6o ry , Koraa o tk p h to He roBopHM cry - ^eHTaM o M H ornx cjiaKTax Harnett >kh3hh?». K cowaneHHio, b 3anHCKe He

° TM e'iajiocb, KaKne « mHorne 4>aKTbi» HMeeT b BHjiy ee aBTop. Ho oTBenaB-

303

iuhh 6biji npaB, roBopa: «/I,a, ecTb TaKHe bcihh, o KOTOpbix ncjib3H pacnpo-

CTpaHaTbCH b jik )6om MecTe, He cHHTaacb co BpeMeHeM h TeM, KaK caMH sth

([laKibi M oryT 6biTb HCTOJiKOBaHbi. Bbirb ripaBflHBbiM, BOBce He o ’iHaHaet oGH'sarejibHo pasuiau iaTb xiio6bie CBe/ieiwa, 0TH0cam Heca k TeMe flannoro

BbiCTynjieHHH». C ym ecTB yeT n p w m w i KpHTHHecKoro OT6opa h CHCTeMa- TH3aUHH HH(j)OpMaUHH, M orv iu e il CTaTb OCHOBOH JieKUHH, HayHHOrO C006- meHHa, flOKjia/ia. H o SbmaioT h xaKHC M arepHajibi, KOTOpbie, opneHTHpyj, jieK ropa , KaK 6bi HanpaBjiaa e ro raaBH yio Mbicjib b upezicToaiuHX BbicTyn-

jien n ax , He M oryT , 0flHaK0, noKa h to o6napo,noBai bCH. M oxceT jih s to 03-

HanaTb, h to BB icrynaioijjHH b t o h h jih h h oh ay a n ro p n n h He cooGiuaioniHti

eft Bee eMy no aannoH TeM e H3BecTHoe TeM caMbiM cranoBHrcH HenpaB- jlHBbiM? T aK oe yM03aKJiK)HeHHe, kohbhho, 6bijio 6bi ouiH6oHHbiM. He pa3- rjiam aTb aoB epennbie jinu ib aan n oM y jieKTopy HayHno-rexHHHecKHe ceK-

peTbi, nojiHTHHecKHe h jih iimuioMaTHHecKHe h o b o c th h roBopHTb saBeao-

Myio neiipaB;iy - ;iajiCKO He o a h o h t o we. 3 t o ripHHUHiiHajibiio pa3Hbie Benin. TeM 6ojiee He HMeeT HHnero o 6m ero c npaB/iHBOCTbio, a 3iiaHHT, npHHUHnaMH H HOpMaMH JieKTOpCKOrO HCKyCCTBa.

HTaK, SbiTb upaB/jHBbiM - nepBeftinaa o6»3aH H ocTb h n o jir jieKTopa.

H o npewjie neM roBopHTb o tom, h to KOHKpeTHO 03Hanai0T caMH 3th 06a-

3aHHocTH h a o jir KaK MopaubHbie npHHunnbi h HopMbi, He06x0flHM0 cnep-

Ba paccMOTpeTb TaKoe n ou jn n e , KaK npaBo b npenoaaBaTejibCKon pa6ore.

r ip a B o yHHTb. Kawflb iH jih iiperro/iaBaTejib MoweT SbiTb jieKTopoM?

Mro6bi 3TOT Bonpoc cTan mchbim, yM ecrao nocTaBHTb apyro ft Bonpoc: Ka- KHe cjiaraeMbie bxo/jht b TaKoe MopajibHoe npaBo hjih, TOHHee, ripe/inojia- raiOTCH HM?

roBopHTb O HeM-TO CymeCTBeHHOM, 06meCTBeHH0M, HHTepeCHOM -

3H3HHT, opueHTHpoBai b cb oh x cTyfleHTOB b oripeiiciienHbix ripoSjieMax hjih

BOJIHyiOLUHX Co6bITHflX, HO TaK, HTOSbl OHH CaMH B3BOJIHOBajlHCb, 3aHHTe-

pecoBanncb, npoHHKJiHCb MbicjiaMH h nyBCTBaMH JieKTopa. H e TaK npocTO

s t o flocm raerca , ,aajiei<o He JierKO 3apaHee, eine ; io b ctpch h c ayziHTopnen

caMOMy JieKTopy, OTBeTHTb na HemGewHbie « h t o » h «K a K » , hcho onpefle-

jihb jih h hk ) cBoero noBezienHsi na xpnGyHe. ,3/ia 3Toro KaK yw e oTMena-

Jiocb, Tpe6yercH sp y jm iyu i, oo jib in aa KyjibTypa h siianna n o K pyry Tex bo-

npocoB TeopHH h npaKTHKH, no KOTOpbiM npnxojiH Tca BbtcTynaTb. A ecJin

oSpa iH Tbca k TaKOMy onenb eMKOMy h cjiowHOMy bhziv ncKyccTBa, KaKHM

c nojiHbiM 0CH0BaHHeM CHHTaeTCA jieKUHa Ha jn o S y io TeM y, t o m owho cKa- 3aTb: oHa B cenejio HanpaBJieHa Ha t o , HTo6bi ynmrb, hm chho yn iirb ee cTy-

aeHTOB, iiopoK ) n ep eyG ew fla ib b HeM-TO, a nepe/iKO h BOcnHTbiBaTb. B ° T

noneMy ecTecTBeHHo, h to Te 3TH K o-M opanbH b ie Tpe6oBaHHa, kotop*,iC

upe/ibaBJiHioTca k nejioBeKy, npHHacTHOMy k TBOpnecTBy ycTHoro cjiOBa. B

304

oco6eHHocTH k jieKT0pcK0My, nperio/iaBaxejibCKOMy xpy/iy, B03pacxaex B/iBofiiie h 6o;iee.

MHxepecHO b sxoii cb jb h , h to AeBHHOcxo ABa BbinycKHHKa jichhh-

rpaACKHX By iOB Ha Bonpoc: «KaKHe xmibi iipeno/iaBaxejreH cymecTByioT?»

oxMexHJiH xaK: « . . . xopouiHH Jiexxop, ho ruioxoii yneHbift; 6oju>iuoii yneH- Hbift, h o njioxoft jieKxop; ruioxoii neKxop, ho xopouiHH nejioBeK; nejroBek

raK ce6e, ho nperiojiaBaxeJib xoponm ii; iiucioH iun ii n e jioB eK , S o jib iu o ii

yHCHbiii h xopou iH H n penoA aB aTe jib » (Eepe30BCKaa C .C . KaK Mbi Bbinra- iiHM co cxopoHbi. «JInxepaTypnaH ra3exa », 5 aB iyc ia 1970).

.Hcho, hxo HMeHHo b aoflHepKHyxbix HaMH cjioBax c HaH6ojibiueil nojiHoxoH BbipavKenbi xe KpiixepHH, 6e3 Koxopwx Bpa/i jih m ow ho npejicxa-

BHXb 3XHKy b JieKxopcKOM TpyAe, ocoSeHHo b By3e.06pa3UOBbiu rnn npenoiiaBaxejXH Hauieu CTyacH'iecKOH m o jio a o k h

npcjicxaB.iHexcji b xpex Hepa3pbiBHbix Meatfly coooio KanecxBax: nacxoji- m ero nejiOBCKa. 6oubm oro ynenoro h xopouiero npenoAaBaxejia. H o ;iyMaf i c ji, hxo xaKHe BbicoKHe xpe6oBaiiHJi k npenoaaBaxejiHM npefl-bHBJiHiox Bce

jiio ah , Ka'/KJIOAHCBHO lanojiiiHioiuHe MHoroHHCjreHHbie ayAHxopim b Hauinx

By3ax.

Ilpocjieccop B . OpeHKenb b ra3eTe «H paB/ia» (o x 18 Mapxa 1970) Ha- neHaxan cxaxbio no a xapaKxepHbiM Ha3BaHHCM: «JIeKxop: npotjieccHOHan

hjih jiio6Hxejib?». He AaBaa npnMoro oxBexa Ha s t o t Bonpoc, aBxop cxaxbH, OAHaKO, c nojiHbiM 0CH0BaHHeM roBopnx, h to « xopouiHH iipenoAaBaxejib co3AaeT 6e3MepHbie HejiOBenecKHe uchhocth h, cjieAOBaTejibHO, MaxepH- ajibHbie uenHocTH, b xo upeMH KaK nocpeAcxBeHHbiH He b cocxohhhh pa3- oyAHXb yM h cepA U e».

B ox HMeHHo: «pa36yAHTb yM h cepAue!». A s to no CHJiaM TojibKo

3pyAnp0BaHH0My, bw coko KyjibTypHOMy h onbiraoM y TpuSyHy, Hcnoji- HeHHOMy BbicoKoro ryMaHH3Ma. Hpn stom HaM AyMaercsi, hto «npocj)ec- CHOHajl» H «JIK>6HTejIb» B JieKTOpCKOM HCKyCCTBe He HCKJIIOHaiOT Apyr

flpyra, ecjiH noA « jn o 6 HTejieM» noApa3yMeBaTb HejiOBCKa, AeiicTBHTejibiio

BJiio6jieHHoro b HCKyccTBo nySjiHHHoro cjiOBa, oxH ocam eroca k HeMy c

TBOpneCKHM BOJIHeHHeM, c HeH3MeHHbIM BAOXHOBeHHeM. BojIHeHHe HCnbl- 'Mnaiox Bce nepeA BbicrynjieiiM eM . BojmeHHe, cxpax xopouio 3HaKOMbiii Aawe onbixHbiM jieKxopoM, opaxopaM. BjieAHeji nepeA 0HepeflH0ii penbio

UmiepoH, KaK npusnaBaxoi caM. H e oahh pa3 ncnbixbiBana HyBCXBo 6oh3- kh Kjiapa HexKHH - njiaMeiuihiH xpn6yH.

H o eme Jiynuie, KorAa ucKyccxBO jieKTopcKoro cjiOBa cxanoBHxca

r,pH3BaHHeM, KOTopoe name Bcero h o6napy>KHBaercH b xBopnecxBe xoro -xopou iero npenoAaBaTejia», o KoxopoM roBopm ca b cxaxbe npo({>. OpeH- ^ejib. H o BHe CB5I3H c xeM, BbinojiHHex jih jieKTop onpe;ieneHiii>ie o6a3aH- '•OCTH HJIH BAOXHOBeHHO XBOpHT — OH HenpeMeHHO BblCTynaeT H KaK HOCH-

,

305

Tejib onpenejienHOH Mopajiw, 6e3 KOTopofi neB03M0WH0 npeflcTaBun,

«6e3MepHbie HeJiOBenecKHe u ch h octh ». 3 ia nocTonHHaa iipaBctBeHnaa jihhhh - b cym eciBe, b 6jiHwaHiiiHx h jiajibHHx ue;iHX pena b jijo6om BHfle.

ri03T0My cjieziyer cKa3aTb, h to Ta Kyjibrypa Tpyjja, o Koxopoti roBo-

pnjiocb paHbine, KyjibTypa, He ocTaiomaaca c y ry 6o HHflHBHAyajibHofi, a b n3BecrHOH Mepe cTaHOBamaaca aoctojuihcm zipyrHx, co Bcero ohcbh/iho- CTbio BbicTynaeT h b cBoeM HpaBCTBeHHOM acneKTe. B caMOM ziejie, BHyx-

peHHaa co6paiiHocib h 0praHH30BaHH0CTb, npuBbiHKa TpyflHTbca c onpe- ;iejiCHHbiM n0CTOHHCTB0M, Bceryia hmch b BH,ny HHTepecbi Tex, k KOMy 06-

pamaexca c jiob o , - 3 to to>kc oiipeaejiennaa Mopanb, b h 3bccthoh Mepe - KOfleKC Mopajin.

B b l C O K O H p a B C T B e H H b l H CMblCJl H 3 H a H e H H e H M e e T H TO, KaKOBbJ y S e w -

A e H H a JieKTopa, B b i c T y n a t o m e r o c T p n 6 y H b i . KoneMno, n p o 6 j i e M a y 6 e w a e - hhji - HfleojiorHHecKaa no C B o e M y c y m e c T B y ; O H a 3 a H H M a e T B a m n o e Me-

c t o T a K w e b itchxojioihh j n o 6 o r o T B o p n e c T B a . Ho y 6ew/ienHe - s t o h <))aK-

T o p MopajTbHbiH. r o b o p h t jih J ieKTop c y6e-/KjienneM hjih npe/icTaBjisierc!i

«y6e>i<;ieHHbiM». B e p H T jih o h b w r a H e H H O C T b np0B03rjiauiaeMbix hm jio-

3 y H r o B , n o j i o w e H H H hjih H e T - 3 t o B o n p o c n p H H i t H n n a j i b H b i H K a K c tomkh

i p e n n a HfleonorHMecKoii, T a K h b a c n e K T e 3 T H K 0 - M 0 p a j i b H 0 M . noji H T H K a H -

C T B O H H e n p a B H J I b H O C T b , H e H C K p e H H O C T b H p a 3 n n a r O J l b C T B O B a H H H OflHHaKO-

b o n p o T H B o n o K a 3 a H b i .

JieKTop He MoweT aonycKarb pa3pbma M eway cjiobom h aejioM. EflHHCTBO cjioBa h aejia - b o t t o , 6e3 nero h cbo3m ow ho ripeTeH/ionaTb na

MopajibHoe npaBo 6biTb ripenoaaBaTejieM, a 3HaHHT, ynnxb, B b in o JiH H T b

pojib o6mecTBeHHoro BocnuTarejifl. PeMb naeT o tom , h to 6m, HanpHMep, jieKrop BHe ayflHTopHH b cb oh x y6e*aenHHX, naM epetinax, MopanbHbix

npHHunnax h HopMax 6mji TaKHM we, k3khm oh upe/icxaBJiHexca c TpH6y- Hbi, b cb oh x o 6pamenHHx k ay/jnxopHH, m to - to OTBepraa h BMecTe c tcm

yTBepwaaa h ch to ap yroe , no3HTHBHoe. Hepa3pbiBHOCTb Meway c j i o b o m h

flejiOM - 3 to npHHunn h HopMa fljia jieKTopcKoro aejia. H e 6yaeT n p e y s e -

JTHMeHHeM TOBOpHTb o HejlbHOCTH JieKTOpCKOH JIHHHOCTH, flJTS KOTOpOH

c jiob o ecTb cepbe3Hoe ziejio, KOTopoe HywHO coBepuiaTb He npocTO ao6p°- coBecTHO, h o h c nojiHOH OT^aHeH Bcex c b o h x chji h Bceraa c bmcokhm

nyBCTBOM h co3HaHHeM coBepiuaeMoro.Y 'lH Tb Ha JieKUHH - 3HaiIHT pa3'bHCHflXb, 3T0 S yfleT ZiaHO HeCKOJIbKO

no3flnee. H t o w e K a c a e T c a M o p a j i b H o r o n p a B a BbicTynaTb, H a n p H M e p , B

pOJIH JieKTopa, T O O H O H e p a 3 p b l B H O C KipH/IHMeCKHM n p a B O M . Ho, B OTJIH1!*12 o t Hero, T a K o e M o p a j i b H o e n p a B o n e cTOJibKO n p e a o c T a B j i a e T c a n o 3 a K 0 Hy>

CKOJibKO i i p n o o p e i a e T c a o n p e a e j i e H H b i M n p H 3 B 3 H H e M , j i h m h m m h KaMecxBa-

MH H C n Q C 0 6 H O C T 3 M H , O T B e H a i O l U H M H T e M 0 C 0 6 e H H 0 C T H M JieKTOpCKOr0

306

nci<yccTBa, o KOTOpwx roBopHJiocb b aanhoh KHHre. H o KaK h bcm koc

npaBO, MopanbHoe npaBO 6b ixb JieK-ropoM, n p ea ycM a x p H B a ex hjih o6y- cjioBJiHBacx onpe/ ie jieH H b iH a o j ir .

HpaBCTBeHHbiii a o jir JieKTopa - H3Jiaraxb Marepnaji, Bo-nepBbix, ;u)croBepBo; Bo-Bxopbix, no Meiif.iueR Mepe npoKOMMeHxnpoBaxb noaa- BaeMyio HHtjiopMauHio, a em e jiynuie - b aoJiwHofi Mepe oueHHXb ee; b-

xpeXbHX, BbICKa3aXb (eCJIH 3X0 B 03M 0W H 0) MHeHHe O B03M0W H0M pa3BHXHM

H a n S o jie e 3H aH H xejibH bix c o S m x h h , o c B em eH H b ix b o 6 3 o p e .

n e p B e ftu ia a M o p a iih n a a 06 a3 aH H 0 cxb jie K x o p a 6b ixb o6T>eKXHBHbiM,

cnpaBeajiHBbiM, oh o o s n a n KaK MHHHMyM c o o 6 m n x b c iy / ie n ra M H en xo h o -

Boe, c y m ec x B eH H o e . 3 x o M o w e x 6b ixb oxK pb ixH eM b H ayK e hjih xexH H K e,

0 'ie n b H yK H b iM o 6 o 6 m eH H e M HCCJieaoBaxejibCKHx ycHJiHH h h x nepBOHa-

'lajibHhix pe3y jibxaTO B hjih w e H H xepecH O H i H noxe30H .

JleKHHH npH3BaHa B b in o jm a x b x y c a M y io c^yHKUMio, K o x o p y io mowho na3Baxb: y>inn>. He noBxopaa yw e cK a3 aH H oro o j ic k u h h , c jio vK n eiiiu eM

BHae jieKxopcKoro ncKyccxBa, h ee npaM OM H asiiaqeH H H , xoxhm cKa3axb xojibKo: a o j i r J iio 6 o r o J ieK xopa o c o 6 c h h o b h c o k , o c o 6 c h h o s n a 'iH ie j ie n h OXBeXCTBeH.

Y cn ex ycxH oro cjiOBa, a xeM 6ojiee cnowHbix ero bhaob, o 6ecneHH- Baexcs paaoM cjiaraeMbix. H xaKHe BecbMa eMKHe iiohsixhh, KaK «nyBcxBO oxBexcxBennocxH)) h « a o 6pocoBecxHocxb», cpean hhx — nepBocxeneHHbie, h 6 o oxpawaiox MHowecxBo KaMecxBemibix noKa3axeaefl oxHomeHHa jieKxo- pa r< CBoeMy xpyay. H b aannoM cjiynae HecymecxBeHHO, kxo Bbicxynaex c xpH6yHbi - npo(t)eccHonaji-ripo([)eccop hjih accncxenx. Bo Bcex cjiynaax

xpe6oBaHHa Mopajjn, bmcokoh oxBexcTBeHHOcxn nepea cxyaenxaMH oah- HaKOBO BaxcHbi. Huane roBopa, ocHOBHoe ycjiOBHe xoro, nxoSbi c iaxb JieK- ropoM, aaBaxb jiioamm nianHH - npoaBJiaexca He xojibKo KaK xpe6oBaHHe nenpepbiBHOH np0tj)eccH0HajiH3auHH. O ho aencxByex h KaK nepBocxe- lieHHblfi 3XHMCCKHH npHHUHn, KaK MOpajlbHO-HpaBCXBCHHblH (J)aKXOp.

TmaxejibHaa no ju o 'ioB K a k Kaw aoM y HOBOMy, n ycxb aawe HeSojib-

tuoMy BbicxynjieHHK), n ycxb aaw e HeoanoKpaxHo npoHHxaHHon jickuhh HJIH o6o3peHHKJ - XaKOBO OaHO H3 TJiaBHblX Xpe60BaHHH H HOpM 3XHKH

JieKxopcKoro xpyaa .

O iib ix u b iH jieK T o p , ro ioB M C b k cb oh m Bbicxyru ieHHHM xm a x e jib H o , r o -

x o b h x He (j)pa3bi, a n jiaH p e n n , o S a y M b iB a ex c o a e p w a H H e h MbicuH, k o to -

p b ie o h c o o n p a e x c a pa3BHBaxb n e p e a cb o h m h CTyaeH xaM H . X o p o u io n p o -

ayM aH H b ifi ru ian h jih KO H cneKx 6 y a e x b p e n a x cx p eM H xe jib H o p a cK pw B axb -

ca r jiyS oK H M H w aeaM H h c b o k h m h m m cjihm h, b HecKpbiBaeMbix nyBCXBax,

pea jiH 30B biB axbca b w h b o m h CHK)MHHyxHOM c jio b c c h o m XB opnecxB e. 3a -

paH ee n p o a y M a H H o e cxaHOBHTca hchm m , H C iep n b iB a io m e H3JioweHHbiM h

aoB eaeH H b iM a o m v b c tb h coiHanna cx ya eH x o B .

307

B JieKUHH Bee A0J15KH0 HCHTb, AbiuiaTb, ABHraxbca: naTeTHKa, JiHpnKa

capKa3M, 3aayuieBH0CTb, crpacxi,, y 6e>K;icnH0CTb, Bepa b nepejioBbie ilCH

hocth BeKa roTOBHocTb k nojieMHKe, 3HaHHe iipeziMera, ero accouHaxHs Hbie cbh3h, KOJTflOBCKaa npHxararejibHoexb, noMoraiomHe rjiy6>Ke nocTHr HyTb cyTb npenJioaceHHOH xeMbi.

JieKTopy neo6xo;iHMa 6ojibUiaa Kyjibxypa, 06pa30BaHH0CTb, iioajimh Has spyAHiiHH, 3HaHHe hctophh, Bcero Toro, hto paHbiue Ha3biBajiocb 06- pa30BaHHeM KJiaccHHecKHM. B ee 3to aocTHraexca roflaMH h roxiaMH xpyaa

B o t noneMy TaK b3>kho pasniaAeTb jieKTOpa. H e bchkhh, pasyMeeTcn, h

oeyiijecTBHToi, KaKHe 6bi ycjiOBHa eMy He C03;jaBajin. T o ro >Ke, k to cyMe- e r y 6e;iHTejibHO 3aaBHTb o CBoeM ranaHTe, hco6xoahm o bobpcmh noAAep- *axb.

Bee 3th jieKTopcKHe TpaflHUHH pa3BHBaioTCH b HameH npeno/iaua- TejibCKOH npaKTHKe. M ow h o npnBecTH HeMajio npHMepoB, h to6h noa-

TBep/iHTb 3 to nojio>KeHHe. 3anoMHHJiacb jno6onbiTHaa cuenKa. 3aBeayio- iuhh Ka(})eapoH nojiHTOJiorHH HHCTHTyxa npeAJiaraA cBoeMy Kojijiere bw- CTynHTb c jieKniieH Ha cepbe3Hyio TeMy, a t o t He xoTeji «pH CKOBaTb», oh

ne 6biji roTOB ajih BbicrynjieHMfl. PyK0B0/iHTejib Ka^eapbi 6biJi yAHBjieH,

xaK KaK penb uijia o noBxopeHHH yw e npoHHxaHHoft jickuhh, a ee aBxop He xoxeji KorinpoBaxb co6cxhchhvio >Ke jieKUHio. O h naviepeBajicH ioxoBHib-

ca k JieKUHH, KaK 6bi npoayMbiBaa Bee ee 3JieMeirrbi 3aHOBO h oco6eHH0 xiuaxejibHo, aaBaa bmxoa nyBcxBaM co6cxbchhoh HeyflOBjieTBopeHHOCTH

TeM, hxo OAHa>KAbi, ecjiH He flBa*Abi yw e 6mjio ripe/icxaBjieHO KBajiH(j)H- UHp0B3HH0H ayjIHXOpHH. JieKTop CHHXajl CBOHM npHHUHnOM H MOpajlbHOH

HopMon: jiio6oe, aa>Ke noBxopHoe BbiCTynjieHHe aoahcho coAepacaxb h 60- jiee cBewyio HH(|)opMauHio, h HOBbie pa3MbiuiJieHHa, cywAeHHa h, KOHei- ho, HOBbie oueHKH, a M o *ex 6biTb, h peKOMeH/iauHH.

3 t o - xopouiHH npHMep sthkh b jieKT0pcK0M Tpyae. H c yAOBJieTBO- peHHeM MOWHO OTMeTHTb, HTO OH - He eAHHHHeH, a THnHHeH. npHBefleM jiHiub ijpKOTopbie 4>aKTbi. n po(j)eccopa A.)K. )KypereHOB, III.A . A ahjiob, K.E. TeM HprajineB , K.P. PbicnaeB, )K.K. BoAaHOB, JI.A. EaficepKeeB , H.O. CHBKOBa, B.K. BHiuHM6aeB, LU.M. KanaHOBa - pa3Hbie no cneunaAbHOCTH

h Kpyry HayHHbix HurepeeoB, o6 iuch KyjibType, onbiTy npenoAaBaxeJibCKoft

AeaTeAbHOCTH. Ohh HeoAHHaKOBbi h no CBoeMy jieKTOpcKOMy ctha io. Ho t o o6iuee, h to AaeT ocuoBaiiHe npeACTaBHTb hx BMecTe, - s to h cth h h o

TBopnecKoe h oxBexcxBemioe oTHouieHHe k HCJierKOMy AeKTOpcKOMy xpy- Ay. H h oahh H3 hhx HHKorAa He nojiaiaexca Ha cboh 3Hanna h onbiT, ho

nenpeMeHHo npeABapuxejibHO h o6cToaxejibno to tobh tch k OHepeAHOM)

BbicxynAeHHio. O h h He riosBOJiatox ce6e npocxo noBTopHTb 0AHa*Abi hmh >i<e cKa3aHiioe, a TeM 6ojiee - xoporno H3BecTHoe. Ka>KAaa hx HOBaa jickuhh

308

HOBan c ry rien b b h x TBopnecTBe. HeyflHBHTejibHO, h to jickh h h s th x jieK-

ropOB nojib3yioTcsi ycn exoM .

HHTepecHo (ibmaer cjiymaTb jickhhh, naynHbie jioKJia/ibi hjih coo 6- meHHfl MJiena-KoppecnoHneHra AH Pecn y6jiHKH Ka3axcTaH B.K. Ehihhm- oaeBa. h6o oh ziawe no xopou io 3H3komoh TeMe CKaweT hch to H0B0e, no-,'ieJIMTCH CBOHMH OpHrHHcLHbHblMH C006pa>KCHH»MM H oGpaTHT BHHM3HHe

cbohx CTyAeHTOB Ha He Bceraa jierKO 3aMenaeMbie HBjieHHH. Cjiym aa npo()). BHiiiHMSaeBa, iioimMaeiiib. h to oh B3omeji Ha TpH6yHy BnojiHe roTOBbiM juih cepbe3iioro pa3roBopa h He 3a6biji o bhcokom MopajibHOM ao jire xotm

6bi iicpe/i TeMH, k to 6y;ieT cjiymaTb e ro . BecbMa MoSanbHbiH no HaType h

MacTep cjioBa, EnuiHMOaeB B.K. HBjiaeT npHMep T o ro OTHOineHHa k ncKyc- cTBy ny6jiHHHoro cjioBa, b kotopom 3HaHHe CBoero iipe/iMera, nyBCTBO

0TBercTBeHH0CTH h CTporaa iiejioBHTOCTb enHHbi h cocTaBjisnoT tu ieH iio-

M opajibHoe KpeAO e ro jieK TopcK oro h Boo6m e opaTopcK oro TBopnecTBa,

KaK h HayHHo-HccjieAOBaTejibCKOH pa6oTbi.

B CBH3H CO BCeM CK33aHHbIM JIOTHHHO KOpOTKO paCCMOTpeTb HeKOTO- pwe [IOMMTHH MopajibHoro nop«AKa.

JlHHHOCTb JieKTopa. I lo f l HHflHBHflyajibHOCTbKi o6mhho noipa3yM e- BaeTca coBOKyimocTi, cbohctb h nepr, iipncyniHx hmchho xmhhoh jihhho

cth h OTJiHHaromeH ee o t ;ipyrnx jihh. Mbi w e b aaHHOM cjiynae, roBopa 06 JieKTOpCKOH HHflHBHflyaJIbHOCTH, HMeeM B BHfly Te HenOBTOpHMbie CBOHCT- Ba h nepTM xapaKTepa, KOTOpbie CKa3MBaiOTCH b ee TBopnecTBe, b CTRiie BbicTynjieHHH b onpeaejieHHofl 0pnrHHajibH0CTH. JleKTOpcKaa HuaHBH/ty- ajibHOCTb OTpawaeT cneitMc|)MHecKoe iiapoRaime h spyannHio, sibjimhcb nep-

BocTeneHHbiM ycnoBHeM ycn exa b ncKyccTBe cjioBa.KaK H BCHKafl HH/lHBHJiyajIbHOCTb, TaKOe CBOftCTBO B JieKTOpCKOM HC-

KyccTBe cTHMyjiHpyeTca ycjioBHHMH peajibHofl jieHCTBHTejibHocrH. X op o

uio H3BecTHO to orpoM noe BHHMaHHe, KOTopoe OKasbiBaeTCH cHCTeMe uojiGopa jieKTopcKHx KaapoB. Bbipawaacb Mera(|>opH'iecKn, jieKTopcKaa fle«TeJibiiocTb BecbMa noneTna h Mopajibiio OTBeTCTBenHa.

OCHOBHbIM yCJIOBHeM BblCOKOH HayHHOCTH JieKUHH no ryMaHHTap-

HbiM HayKaM HBjiaeTCH, n p ew a e Bcero, pocT Teop eraH ecK oro ypoBHH h

M eio/iMHecKoro macTepcTBa npenoziaBareneH. A s to 33bhcht o t no,n6opa

KajtpoB na ryManHTapHbix Ka(|)enpax: hx cneunajim auH H , ooyH en im h no-

TOMy Mbi npoTHB o6biH H oro nepenojiHeHHH 3Toft npo(J)eccHH M ajiocnocoS -

HblMH JIIOHbMH H ripMHH/KeHHfl 3THM ypOBHH npeilOJiaFiaUHH. fleHCTBHTeJIb-

ho Bi>mep>KauHWX upHHUHHHajibHO h cn oco6n b ix npeno/iaBaTejieti oneHb

HeMHoro (h h to 6 h CTaTb TaKOBbiM, na/io nopaflOHHO noyHHTbca h noHa-

6paTb onbiTa). TaKHX jiioneH ria.no 3aHHMaTb uejiHKOM h 6epenb c y ry 6 o .

C)B;ia,ueHne TeopeTHHecKHM M aTepnajioM , yMeHHe He TOJibKO ;iouecTH

ero co/iep'/KaHwe no K aw a o ro cry/iem a, ho h Bbi3BaTb n iySoKH H HHTepec

309

k npeflMeTy, navMMTb caMocToarejibHOH pa6oTe naa nojiHTHHecKoft jinTe_ parypoii - s to cero jH a oaho H3 ochobhmx Tpe6oBaHHH k npeno;iaBaIe_ mo, a 3 to nocHJibHo He KawaoMy.

3Ta pa6oTa xpeGyeT HiiHUHaxHBbi h cmcjiocth, o6mecxBeHHoro tcm- nepaMeHxa. y Monoflbix w e 3aMacxyro HeT wH3HeHHOH MyapocTH, xacxaii- jiaiomeR coMHCBaTbCH b cbohx bo3mowhocthx; h cnocoGnocxeH nepe/iaTt cxy/ieiiTaM cripecconaHiibiH HcropHefi MaTepnaji noKOJieHHH, n03T0My ee 3a;iana nocxnraxb Myvxpocib, HapauiHBarb onbiT; noMHa, KaK CKa3aji A

JlynaHapcKMH, - «n jio x o paSo iarb - s to bopobctbo b 3aKOHe». Hjioxaa pa-

6oxa - pe3yjibTax orpaHHHeHHOCTH MHp0B033peHHH nejiOBeKa, hjih Hexpe- 6oBaxenbHoro oTHouieHna k ce6e.

H e 6ya eT ouihGkoh cKa3aTb: HHAHBHflyajibHOCTb, Bbiaejiaiomaacs b

KOJiJieKXHBe, b Macce jiioaeH, TeM 6orane h apne, neM TecHee, opraHHHHee ee CB33H H OTHOUieHHH C 3TOH MaCCOH. H e CJiyMaHHO HHflHBHHyaJIbHOCXb He

xojibko oxpawaeT xapaKxep KOjuieKTHBa, (jiopMnpyioinero ee, ho h b H3- BecTHOM Mepe OTpawaeT ero HHxepecbi, Hpn stom cxoh t noBTopHTb ywe

cKa3aHHoe 06 HHjjMBH/iyajihHOM xapaKTepe JieKTopcKoro rpy/ia. K.C. CTanHCJiaBCKHH Bcer /ia roBopHJi, h to h3ctohluhh apTHCT aojiw en nio6nTb

ne c e 6a b nci<yccTBe, a ncKyccTBo b ce6e. flyM aerca, h to 3th 3aMenaTejib- Hbie QJiOBa uejiHKOM m owho OTHecTH k jno6oMy JieKTopy. B o t noneMy yMecTHo, yTBepwaaib, h to SecKopwcTHe - oziHa H3 Tex MopajibHbix HopM, KOTOpas zioji/KHa c iH ia ibcs i caMO C06010 pasyMeiomefica b jieKTopcKoii pa6ore. npoBepeHo roBopHTb TaKwe 06 o 6ocTpeHHoB cobccth , kotopoh

floJiwHa oTjiHHaTbcsi jieKTopcicaH jjHHuocxb. CoBecTb, He MHCTH(|)HHHpye-

Maa, He <J)aTajiH3HpyeMaa, a noHHMaeMaa b cbhsh c aojtiom , c MopanbHott

OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbK) nepea oOiucctbom. He aonycTHT HHHero TaKoro, hto

M orao 6bi xoTb b MajieHUiefi Mepe CBH/ieTejibCTBOBarb o KapbepraMe, 0 CTpaCTH CJiaBOJIIo6na, O CaMOMHeHHH, HBaHCTBe.

HpOCTOTa H eCTeCTBCHHOCTb BO BCeM, CKpOMHOCTb H 06 lUHTCJlbH0CTb BOT Te CBOHCTBa HJIH K3HeCTBa, KOTOpbie BCCI'fla npOMBJIHJIHCb B JieKTOp-

CKOH HH/JHBHayajIbHOCTH BblflaiOLUHXCfl flCSTCJieH. 3 th CBOHCTBa ripOHBJI»-

jiHCb n0-pa3H0My, Hii/iHBH/jyajibno, ho bo Bcex cjiynaax orpawajiH aeMO-

KpaTH3M H HapO;lHOClb, BHe KOTOpbIX HeB03M0WH0 Iipe/lCTaBHTh 3THKy H

MopajibHbie npHHunnbi JieKTopcKoro ncKyccTBa. Hmchho npocTOTa h ec- TecTBeHHocTb, o6ycnaBJiHBaeMMe npaB/iHBocTbio h peajiH3M0M rro ro Tpy- a a, HeH3MeHHO h flOBojibHO jierKO npeoaojieBaK>T t o t ncnxojiorHHecKMH

6apbep, kotopw h 06HHH0 6biBaer b nanajie ny6jiHHHoro BbicTynneHHa Mt’ ' w ay He3H3KOMbIM HJIH MajlO3H3K0MbIM HeJIOBeKOM Ha Tpn6yHe H JIIO/lbMH- chjih iuhm h b 3ajie. TaKHM 6apbepoM Mbi CHMTaeM Ty H3BecTHyio 3acTeHHH"

BOCTb HJIH HyBCTBO BOJIHCHHH, KOTOpbie HCnblTblBaeT nOflHaBOIHHCM ,ia TpnGyny HejioBeK, a TaKwe Ty HacTOpoweHHOCTb hjih w e owH,nanne, k o t° '

310

pbiMH o6biHHo GbiBaeT HcnojiHeHa ay/iHTopusi. ripocTO Ta h ecTecTBeH-

HOCTb, O KOTOpbIX I'OBOpHICH 3fleCb, H MOryT SblTb OTHeCeHbl K TeM 3Jie- MeHTaM JieKTopcKoro cm ria, KOTOpbie noMoraioT GbicrpoMy ycTpanenHio ucHXOJiormecKoro Gapi.epa h ycTaHOBJieHHK> oGiuhocth , ; ia * e ayxOBHoro eaHHeHHa roBopam ero h e ro CTyaemoB. TaKoe e/iMHCHne mo» cho paccMaT- pMBaTb H KaK OaHH H3 npHHUHnOB 3THKH JieKTOpCKOl’O Tpy/ia H KaK neoG- XO/IHMbltj M HenOCpe/ICTBeUHblH H/XCHHblH H HpaBCTBeHHblH pe3yjIbTaT

nyGjiHMHoro BbiCTyuneHHa.ripocTOTa h ecTecTBeHHOCTb — HopMbi RbicrynnenHH, b HacniocTH,

oflHoro H3 naHOOJiee BHynmTejibiibix bh/iob aicaaeMHHecKoro JieKTopcKoro HCKyccTBa - By30BCK0H JieKUHH. H e r KaKoro-jinoo Gapbepa, KOTOpblH oGbiHHO, nyBCTByeTCH h co iH ae ica Me>K/iy npoiJjeccopoM h cjyacHTaMH yHHBepcHTeTOB. B tom e/iHiieHHH, KOTopoe cymecTByeT b Bbicmen uiKojie MOKiiy ooyMaiomHM h oGynaeMbiM, CKa3biBaiOTca xpa/iHUHH nporpeccH B-

Horo yHHBepcHTeTCKoro KpacnopeHna. TpaaHUHH, 3ajiOHceHHbie Bbi/iaro- mHMHca yqeHbiMH. 3 th rpa/iHUHH b By3e o6orameHbi npHHUHriaMH h HopMaMH, a TaK *e onbiTOM JieKTopcKoro HCKyccTBa.

OcoGenno HeaonycTHMbiMH Hy>KHO npH3HaTb TaKHe aBJieHHa b xa- paKTepe h uo b c a c h h h Toro hjih hhofo npraHaHHoro JieKTopa KaK anecTBo,

3a3HancTBO, HeyBa>KHTeJibHoe OTHOiueHHe k CTyaeuraM. HeyBaaceHHe m o - * e T Bbipa>KaTbca b pa3Hbix (JiopMax, HanpHMep, b ono3aaHHH k Hanajiy

JieKUHH, b HapyuieHHH ycTaHOBJieHHoro peniaM em a, khhjihbocth h aMGu-UH03H0CTH B lIOBCfleHHH Ha TpilGvHe, B CKOpOIOBOpOMHblX HJIH (})OpMaj!b-

Hbix oTBerax Ha Bonpocu ayauTopHH h T.a. H o caMoe Gojibuioe HeyBa>Ke- HHe b iiaHHOM cjiynae m okct BbipawaTbca b HenoaroTOBJieHHOCTH k one- pejjHOMy jieKTopcKOMy BbiCTynjieHHio. H e «C 06paBuiHCb c MbicjiaMH», neKTop 3aHHMaeTca 3i<cnpoMioM, HeyMecTHbiMH HMnpoBraauHaMH, pa3- ruarojibCTBya o pa3Hbix pa3HOCT«x. H caMoe aocaaH oe b TaKOM OTHOiue- hhh k T p ya y cKa3HBaeTca b tom, hto «HMnpoBH3aTop» He nyBCTByex y rpw -3eHHa COBeCTH.

B TaKHx cHTyaunax H3JiuuiHe loiiopnTi, o GecKopbicTHH, o aejie mcc-

th , o c03HaTejibH0M BbinojiHeHHH MopajibHoro jio ju a , aocTaBJiaiomeM pa- AOCTb, a iiepeflKO — h cnacTbe. Me>i</iy TeM M ybctbo h co3HaHHe on peae-

JieitHoro c liacTba — TaKHe HHaHBHayajibHbie MopanbHO-ncHxoaoiHHecKHe cocroanHH, k o to p h m h Haao aopoacHTb. /I,opo>KHTb noTOMy, h to cnacTbe

KaK npeKpacHoe nepewHBaHHe b jieKTOpcKOM ncKyccTBe aaeTca He KaHeao- wy h He caMO coG oio. O h o TpeG yeT n oc ioaH H oro , HanpaweHHoro h uejie-

ycTpeMjieHHoro, necTHoro bo Bcex OTHOiueHHax Tpyaa. flopo>KHTb h BMe- CTe c TeM BaoxHOBJiaTbca B03MO*HOCTbK) h co3HaHneM raKoro cuacTba

HeoGxoaHMO H noTOMy, h to o h o - GoJibuioH h ocoGeHHo ueHHbifl Mopajib-

iibiK cTHMya Tpyaa.

311

3aKJiioMenne

Mbi oSemajiH bo BBeaeHHH o iincaib komito3hlihk> nocrpoenHa jieK- uhh h Mexo/iHKy ee paccKa3a. M bi He ayMaeM, h to HaM yaajiocb Hcnepnti- uaiome paccMOTpeTb flawe Kpyr BonpocoB, KOTOpbie 6bijiH iia.MeHenu Ha- MH. JleKTOpCKOe HCKyCCTBO 3TO [ipO/iyKT HCTOpHHeCKOrO paSBHTHH, ripo- meauiee pa# sxanoB h HHflHBHflyajibHO. Cjiobo TaKwe aBjiaeTca opy;ineM

o6mecTBeHHoro nporpecca, oco6eHHo iiojihthkh, ccjih oTBeHaer iiapon-

HbiM HHTepecaM. C jiobo jiei<ropa - opyane no3nanHH h npocBemenna, pac- ripocTpanenHH 3HaHHH, pa3BHTHa ayxoBHoft Kyiibxypbi, yKpenJieHHe o6me- CTBCHHOH HpaBCTBeHHOCTH, BOCIIHTaHHe JIIOfleH B flyxe ryMaHH3Ma H ;io6- pa.

BbicTyarceHHs jieKTopa Tpe6yiOT caMOCToarejibnoro TBopnecKoro no- HCKa, nocTOHHHoro ooiioBjieuHa (j)opM oSmemui co cry/iemaMH, cnocoSoB

h ripneMOB y 6e»c;jaioinero B03aeHCTBHH Ha hhx. JleKTopcKaa aeaTejibHocTb onHpaeTca Ha BJiaflenne mcto/jhkoh jieKUHOHHoro rpyfla - T.e. npHKjiaflHoft HayKH, Hepnaromeii cboh riojioweHHa h peKOMCH/iaiiHH KaK H3 pa3Hoo6pa3- Hbix o5nacreH leopeiH 'iecKO io 3HaHHH, TaK h h3 whboh npaKTHKH li/ieii- HOH, IlOJIHTH'ieCKOH, BOCTIHTaTeJlbHOH.

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314

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