Journal of Coatings Technology 1991 Vol.63 No.798

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1 1991 ICI Arnerlcal Inr PROYEL o a reqlrfered trademark of ~moenal cherntcal lndugtrter PLC Pan of ICI spec~alt~er A busmes* u n ~ of ICI ~ m e n c a s I ~ C

The CoUectibZe Intelligence.

The NEW Federation series on Coatings Technology

Protection by Coatings Zeno W W~cks , Jr.

Bruce N McBane Peter A Lewis Cl~fford K. Schoff S~dney B. Levlnson

andMarkR Zentner

COMPLETE LISTING OF TITLES AVAILABLE Sealants and Caulks J. W. Prane Aerospace and Aircraft Coatings A.K. Chattopadhyay 8 M.R. Zentner Film Formation 2. W. Wicks, Jr. Intro. to Polymers and Resins J. W. Prane Solvents W. H. Ellis Coatings Film Defects P.E. Pierce & C.K. Schoff

Application of Paint and Ctgs. S.B. Levinson Organic Pigments P.A. Lewis Inorganic Primer Pigments A. Smith Marine Coatings H. R. Bleile & S. D. Rodgers Radiation Cured Coatings J. R. Costarua, A.P. Silveri & J. Vona Coil Coatings J. E. Gaske

Corrosion Protection by Ctgs. Z. W. Wicks, Jr. Mechanical Properties of Ctgs. L. W. Hill Automotive Coatings B.N. McBane Introduction to Ctgs. Technology A. H. Brandau Cationic Radiation Curing J. V. Koleske

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 492 Norrlstown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350

Phone: (21 5) 940-0777lFAX: (21 5) 940-0292 Also available from: in me u.K.. Birmingham Paint. Varnish and Lacquer Club, Raymond 0. i n M e x i m . Miss Elia Gallegos, Mexim Society, Gabriel Mancera309 Col. m a r r s Paints LW.. Westminster Works. Alvechurch Rd.. Birmmg- Dei Vaile. 03100 Mexim, D.F., Mexica ham 831 3PG. England (British Pounds Sterling)

Make all checks payable In U.S. Funds

Join Up! The Federation's Paint Industries Show in

Toronto and the Joumal of Coatings Technology are a force to be reckoned with.

y combining the Federation's Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show with

an ad in the Federation's Journal of Coatings techno log^ you're joining the force of the future. JCT readers are the coatings industry: chemists, formulators, and technicians who specify the right products needed for today's coatings. The special Paint Show Issues are:

*SEPTEMBER '91 - Featured are the Preliminary Program of Technical Sessions, floor plan of the show exhibitors, registration forms, housing forms and hotel information, a s well a s general show information.

#OCTOBER '91 - This special Annual Meeting and Paint Show Issue, which is distributed a t the show in addition to our regular circulation, contains Abstracts of Papers to be presented; the Program of Technical Sessions; floor plan of show exhibitors; an alphabetical list of exhibitors and their booth numbers: a list of exhibitors classified by product/service; and general show information.

%wiUkwY '92 - This Annual Meeting and Paint Show Wrap-up Issue features inform; tion on all exhibitors, with emphasis on products and special booth features; photo displays of award-winning booths; a s well a s a complete review of important Annual Meeting and Paint Show happenings.

To make effective use of your marketing dollars, call today for details, or write:

Lorraine Ledford, Journal of Coatings Technology, 492 Morristown Road, Blue Bell, PA 19422 (215) 940-0777

TEcHnoLoGy Metro Toronto Convention Centre

Toronto Ontario Canada ~ovedber 4-5-6. 1991

JULY 1-1

I - OLUME f 33 NUM BER 798

Interactions of Associative Thickeners with Paint Components as Studied by the Use of a Fluorescently Labeled Model Thickener-B. Richey et al.

" Acrylic Melamine Coating Compositions Containing Polymer- Bound Hindered Arnine Light Stabilizer Acrylic Resins- FA Callais, V.R. Kamath, and J.D. Sargent

* Chemical Treatment of Overspray Paint-S.F. Kia et al.

" nt~~qr-n n';rlR, / - Prospects for Radiation Cured Coatings in Food Contact Applications--S.H. Nahm

- r , - . A r . . l R p l j n q *' Philadelphia Society Hosts Eighth Annual Spring Week "" Amendments to By-Laws and Standing Rules - Peter Newman to Present Keynote Address at Federation's

Annual Meeting r FSCT Visitors Tour New Headquarters at Open House During

Spring Week ^ S 1991 Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show Advance

Housing and Registration Forms -1 Current List of 1991 Paint Show Exhibitors

Shortsighted!

Government Industries from Mexico and U.S. Join Forces for a Free Trade Agreement

"Organic Coatings: Their Origin and Development" and "Polymers: Polymer Characterizations and Analysis" Solution to June's Puzzle

Sidney J. Rubin Receives New York Society's PaVaC Award

St. Louis and Kansas City Societies Hold Annual Meeting

7 Q

R ? "Life Begins at 8 0

THE XXlRNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY ISSN 0361-87'73) Is pubtlshsd mnthty the Federatlon ol n -ng ~ e c h n o ! a p 492 N o r i m Rdd Blue BeIL pA 19422 phone: $1 9 w m . d Class DOstoae WI ot Blue Bell. PA and at addltlonol molllno offices. POSTMASTER jre?d c h a 7 i 6 &RNIV OF COAllNGS TE-&~0~=492 iiorrl~bwiRi. Blue E e i PA 19422 lpIlOn% US ond Conoda-I year $30 2 years $57 3 yean $82 Euro [Alr M a l k l year. $60. tH7.3 yean $172 Other ~ountrl&-I &r. $45.2 &rr $87.3 yearn S%

\ JOURnRL OF

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

TECHnOLOGY BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1990-91

Blue Bell, PA 19422 PRESIDENT LOUIS F HOLZKNECHT

The JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY is published 'KURT F WElTZ Devoe Coatings Co. monthly by the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology at 30 Rogers Rd. Lou~sville. KY 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell. PA 19422-2350. Phone: (215) 940- Toronto, Ont., M6E IN7 0777. FAX (215) 940-0292. Canada

Annual dues for Active and Associate Members of the Feder- NORMAN A. HON

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publication. Membership in the Federation is obtained through Nat~onal Pigments & Chemicals, Inc. prior affiliation with, and payment of dues to, one of its 26 Constitu- 2913 Ridgedale JAMES E HUSTED ent Societies. Nonmember subscription rates are. Garland, TX 75041 Husted &Associates, Inc.

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'JOSEPH D. GIUSTO The JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY has first rights to Lenmar, Inc. LLOYD J. REINDL

the publication of papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Baltimore. MD Engelwood. OH Federation and at local and regional meetings of the Federation's Constituent Societies. GERRY J. GOUGH FRED G SCHWAB

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microfilm from University Microfilms, a Xerox Co.. Ann Arbor, MI 48106. ARTHUR K. HAGOPIAN

ICI Pa~nts, Inc. WILLIAM SHACKELFORD

The Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology assumes Concord. Ont., Canada

Gaco-Western. Inc no responsibility for the opinions expressed by authors in this Tukwlla. WA publication. NOEL L. HARRISON

Western Automotive Finlshes FEE,"hD:i UHLIG Grand Prair~e. TX

Copright 1991 by the Federation of Sociefies for Coatings Technology. All 'RICHARD M. HILLE 'JAN P. VAN ZELM

fights resewed. No portion of this publication may,be reproduced or utlllzed in any formor by any means, electron~c or mechan~cal, ~nciuding photocopy- General Paint & Chem~cal Co ~ s ~ ~ ~ e ~ f USA tng, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system withaul permission m writln fmrn the publisher. Authorization to photoco y items for

Cary, IL

lnternal or PersonaPuse, or the internal or personal use of speclfc clients s granted by the Federatton of Societies for Coatm s Technology for users RICHARD J. HlMlCS 'Executive Committee Members registered wlth the Copyright Clearance Center ( C ~ C ) Transactional Report- Danlel Products Co. i : g P 3 ~ $ ~ ~ ~ F g ~ ! $; b C a g $ S o f S $ t ! I . ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ &~,i5,gr,p: Jersey City, NJ EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT organlzatlons txat have been granted a photocopy license b CCC, a sepa-

ROBERT F. ZIEGLER

rate system of payment has been arran ed The fee code !or users of the JAMES A. HOECK FSCT Headquarters Transaction Repon~ng Sewrce IS: W323852i86 $1 .W + .25. Akzo Coatings, Inc. 492 Norristown Rd.

\ Louisv~lle, KY Blue Bell, PA 19422 J

6 Journal of Coatings Technology

iortsighted! The other oay, a coarlngs recnnulogist complained to a IIICIIU u1ar it was becoming

impractical to serve as a Federation Society Officer or as a member of Technical Commit- tees because local management was not supportive of these activities. At the last two annual joint meetings of the FSCT Publications Committee/Editorial Review Board, some members could not attend due to company edicts restricting travel, while others drove to the meeting for the same reasons.

,. In the cu 5 and the ne -0 Ao"a.,,a 0

lrrent busin1 xt "bottom I fo;r ah.- r

ess scene, I ine." While .n th&r ;nrm

itrong deny

,o.,o,.

These are not isolated incidents there is a s orientation towards short-term result no one will that profits are important, st~ckholde,~ UC.CI v C (I LIL+.I Illv,stment. Hou,.,,, many current managements cannot or will not look to the horizon to see the impact of shortsighted actions and their effect on long-term results which will dictate the welfare of the company-for stockholders, employees, and managers. Attendance at, and participa- tion in, technical meetings are examined in the microscopic myopia of their effect en the

current bottom line. Instead, the benefit of an industry ass( involved individual and the company is completely overlook

xiation to I ed.

problem on . . -7 .

:he growth I

a productio . . I can recall an incident where we had a serious yellowing and I was attending the FSCT Annual Meeting and Paint Show m wasnlngton. A namea manager called my hotel and told me to rush back immediately to work on the problem. I, in turn, told him that there were several thousand experts at this convention, and I could be of more value here than back at the laboratory. I found a German supplier who had just introduced a nonyellowing intermediate, got him involved with our supplier, and we s ' '

the problem. The cost of my attending the Annual Meeting was well worth the benef

3.. ...- ,f the

n line . .

At the St. Louis Annual Meeting, a major coatings company did not send a !

company representative as a cost savings measure. This action was so conspicuous became the talk of conT is no longe business.

vention atte

ation Annua . "..

ndees. That

d Meeting o . . .

. company

r participatir . . . .

r in the co:

y technical r . . Not attending a Feder ~g in Socier ties is no guarantee of busmess tallure, but it clearly lnalcates the sad state to wnl many managers have fallen to the det :ir companies and to the loss of thei~ valued assets-PEOPLE!

articipation

riment of thc

cte, we mu: ..... c., ..

olvea it.

single that it

If American business is to comp st recognize certain fur: ontribute to the foundation of any successrul comuanv. One of these is acnve sumon anu

in technical societies!

--- -- .most

which 4 ... 3

Vol. 63

homas J. Mi Technical I

randa 3ditor

i, No. 798, J uly 1991

INTERACTION OF ASSOCIATIVE THICKENERS WITH PAINT COMPONENTS AS STUDIED BY THE USE OF A FLUORESCENTLY LABELED MODEL THICKENER -B. Richey et al.

Journal of Coatings Technology, 63, No. 798,31 (July 1991)

A model associative thickener (AT) which is a hydrophobically modified polyethylene oxide urethane (HEUR) molecule in which pyrene groups serve as the terminal hydrophobes has been synthesized. This model thickener has rheological properties which are very similar to those of an important commercial thickener, with the advantage that the fluorescence of the pyrene hydrophobes is sensitive to their local environment and to their state of aggregation. From fluorescence studies of this model thickener we conclude: (1) The extent of AT-AT interactions increases monotonically over a wide range of thickener concentration in the water or continuous phase. At the concentrations normally employed in latex paints, nearly all of the terminal hydrophobes of thickeners in the continuous phase are aggregated in small clusters containing about six ends. (2) ATs interact predominantly through their terminal hydrophobes with the latex surface. The binding can be described by a simple Langmuir model and the free energy of the AT-latex binding interaction is about -6 Kcal per mole of bound thickener. (3) The presence of shear flow at rates as high as 1500 1s does not significantly alter the fluorescence of labeled thickeners present in AT-water or AT- latex-water mixtures. This suggests that these types of AT interactions may not be significantly altered by shear flows of this magnitude. These results provide new experimental constraints on the possible mechanisms by which ATs thicken aqueous polymer dispersions.

ACRYLIC MELAMINE COATING COMPOSITIONS CON- TAINING POLYMER-BOUND HINDERED AMlNE LIGHT STABILIZER ACRYLIC RESINS-P.A. Callais, V.R. Kamath, and J.D. Sargent

Journal of Coatings Technology, 63, No. 798, 41 (July 1991)

Unique acrylic high solids coating resins with attached hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) groups have been developed. They are readily prepared by reacting a hydrazide functionalized HALS with acrylic polyol resins containing anhydride andlor epoxy groups. As a result, the HALS moiety is rendered nonvolatile and nonextractable. The attachment of the HALS to the acrylic polymer allows the use of an unsubstituted HALS in acid catalyzed systems. Acrylic melamine coatings prepared from polymer-bound light stabilizer resins exhibit outstanding weatherability and durability in both accelerated and outdoor weathering.

PROSPECTS FOR RADIATION CURED COATINGS IN FOOD CONTACT APPLICATIONS--S.H. Nahm


The chemistry behind radiation cure technology has changed considerably during the last 20 years, presenting new opportunities for its application. Concurrently, the increasing pressures on industry to reduce energy costs and solvent emissions improve the attractiveness of this technology. This paper reviews the major differences and similarities between ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) curing of coatings from several points of view, including equipment and operating costs, cure initiation and chemical considerations, and some strengths and limitations of each technique. Distinctions are made between free radical and cationicallv initiated cure chemistw. includina cure characteristics and toxicology. While thereare curre;tly no Food and Drua Administration (FDA) aD~r0ved coatinas of this type, the iotential for their'deve~o~inent, with emphasis on interior can coatings, is discussed, along with related considerations. It is concluded that coatings which are based on cationic cure chemistry are the most promising candidates to satisfy both the technical and regulatory requirements. These efforts will be driven by more stringent legislation and more demanding coating performance requirements which may be difficult to satisfy through conventional coating techniques.

CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF OVERSPRAY PAINT-S.F. Kia et al.


Treatment of waterborne and solventborne overspray paints was investigated using three different chemical treatments categorized as melamine-, aluminum-, and silica- based. Detackification was found to be extremely important for the treatment of solventborne paints in the presence or absence of waterborne paints. While both melamine- and aluminum-based treatments successfully detackified various paints, the silica-based treatment failed to result in acceDtable detackification levels for solventborne paints. ~esul ts showed that the flocculation and dewatering of waterborne paints did not occur readily due to high dispersibility and water compatibility of the paints. The presence of waterborne paints did not adversely affect the treatment of various types of solventborne paints.

Journal of Coatings Technology

INTERACCIONES DE ESPESANTES ASOCIATIVOS CON COMPONENTES DE PINTURAS ESTUDIADOS USANDO UN ESPESANTE TIP0 CON MARCA FLUORESCENTE-B. Richey et al.


Se sintetizo un espesante Asociativo (AT) que es un oxido de polietileno modificado con una molbcula hidrofoba de uretano en la que las terrninales hidrofobas son grupos pireno, este espesante tipo tiene propiedades reol6gicas muy similares a aquellas de un espesante comercial importante con la ventaja de que la fluorescencia de 10s grupos hidr6fobos del pireno es sensible a su entorno y a su estado de agregacion. De 10s estudios de fluorescencia de este espesante tipo, concluimos: (1) La interaccion AT-AT crece linealmente en un amplio interval0 de concentracion del espesante en el agua a fase continua. A las concentraciones empleadas normalmente en pinturas de latex, casi todas las terrninales hidrofobas de espesantes en la fase continua se agregan en pequetios grupos que contienen unas seis terminales. (2) Los AT interactuan predominantemente

Papers Appearing in the August JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

"Analytical Studies of Llght Stabilizers in Two-Coat Automotive Finishes"-H. Blihnke, L. Avar, and E. Hess, of Sandoz Ltd., Basle, Switzerland

"Selection of Weatherable Coatings for Thermoplas- tic 0lefIns"-Rose A. Ryntr, of Akzo Coatings, Inc., Troy, MI

"Calculation of Boiling Points from the Number of Homolog Carbons"--Charles H. Fisher, of Roanoke College, Salem, VA

"The Influence of Coalescing Aids in Associative Thickener Dispersion"-Karu Alahapperuma and J. Edward Glass, of North Dakota State University

"Gloss of Paint Films and the Mechanism of Pigment Involvement"-Juergen H. Braun, of E.1, du Pont d e Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE

a traves de sus terrninales hidrofobos con la superficie del latex. La ligadura puede ser descrita como un modelo simple de Langmuir y la energia libre de interaccion en la ligadura AT- latex es casi -6 kilo callmol de espesante ligado. (3) La presencia de flujo cortante a valores tan altos'como 1500/S no altera significativamente la fluorescencia de 10s espesantes marcados presentes en mezclas agua-AT o agua-latex-AT. Esto sugiere que 10s tipos de interacciones de AT no se alteran significativamente por flujos cortantes de esta magnitud. Estos resultados proporcionan nuevas restricciones esperimentales sobre el posible mecanismo por 10s cuales 10s AT espesan dispersiones acuosas de polimero.

RECUBRIMIENTOS ACRILICO-MELAMINA A BASE DE RESINAS ACRlLlCAS QUE CONTIENEN ESTABILIZADOR A LA LUZ AMlNlCO BLOQUEADO LIGADO AL POLIMERG P.A. Callais, V.R. Kamath, and J.D. Sargent


Se han desarrollado resinas acrilicas especiales para recubrimientos de altos solidos que contienen grupos estabilizadores a la luz de base aminica bloqueada (HALS).

Se preparan por reacci6n de HALS con funci6n hidrazida y resinas acrilicas Poliol que contengan grupos anhidridos o epoxi ambos. Como resultado el ntjcleo HALS se convierte en no volatil y no extraible. La adici6n del HALS (estabilizador a la luz aminico bloqueado) al polimero acrilico, permite el uso de un HALS no sustituido en sistemas catalizados con bcido. Los recubrimientos acrilicomelamina preparados con este tipo de polimeros exhiben durabilidad y resistencia a la intemperie sobresalientes tanto en exposicion acelarada como en exposici6n al exterior.

PERSPECTIVAS PARA LOS RECUBRIMIENTOS CURABLES POR RADlAClON PARA APLICACIONES EN CONTACT0 CON ALIMENTOS-S.H. Nahm


La Quimica tras la tecnologia del curado por radiation ha cambiado considerablemente durante 10s ultimos 20 atios, ~resentando nuevas o~ortunidades Dara su aolicaci6n. ~oincidentemente, el increment0 de la presi6n sobre ia industria para reducir el costo de la energia y las emisiones de solventes

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

ha hecho mas atractiva esta tecnologia. Este articulo revisa las diferencias y semejanzas mas significativas entre el curado de recubrirnientos por ultra viotela (UV) y radiacion por haz de electrones (EB), desde diversos puntos de vista, incluyendo equipo y costos de operacion, iniciacion del curado y consideraciones quimicas, asi como alcances y limitaciones de cada tecnica. Se hacen distinciones entre las iniciaciones de curado cationicamente y por radical libre, incluso caracteristicas de curado y toxicologia. Mientras que actualmente la Adrninistracion de Alirnentos y Drogas (FDA) no ha aprobado 10s recubrimientos de este tipo es discutido el potencial para su desarrollo, con enfasis en recubrimientos interiores para envases y solo con consideraciones relativas. Se concluye que 10s recubrirnientos que estan basados en la quimica de curado cationico, son 10s candidatos mas promisorios para satisfacer 10s requisitos, tanto regulatorios como tecnicos. Los esfuerzos que se realicen, seran conducidos por legislaciones mds severas y mayor demande de requerimientos de excelente comportarniento de 10s recubrimientos, 10s cuales quizas Sean mds dificiles de lograr siguiendo 10s rnetodos convencionales.

TRATAMIENTO QUlMlCO DE PINTURA SOBREE- SPREADA-S.F. Kia et al.


Se investigo el tratamiento de pintura sobreespreada a base de agua o a base de solvente, utilizando tres diferentes tratarnientos Qhmicos, categorizados por: melamina, aluminio y silice.

Lo onoontvo quo quitar la pegajosidad de pelicula es extremadamente importante para el tratamiento de pintura base solvente en presencia o ausenciade pintura base agua. Mientras que 10s tratarnientos a base de melamina y aluminio desprendieron exitosamente varias pinturas, el tratamiento a base de silice, fa110 para niveles aceptables de desprendimiento, en las ointuras base-solvente. Los resultados muestran aue la floculabi6n y el secado de la pelicula de pintura base ag;a no ocurre ra~idamente debido a alta disoersibilidad v com~atibilidad de las pinturas en agua. La presendade pinturas base agua no afecta de manera adversa el tratamiento de varios tipos de pintura base solvente.

f i 3 Special Upcoming Issues of the

JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY September '91-Featured are the Preliminary Program of Technical Sessions, floor plan of

the show exhibitors, registration forms, housing forms and hotel information, as well as general show information.

October '91-This special Annual Meeting and Paint Show Issue, which is distributed at the Show in addition to our regular circulation, contains Abstracts of Papers to be presented; the Program of Technical Sessions; floor plan of show exhibits; an alphabetical list of exhibitors and their booth numbers; a list of exhibitors classified by product/service; and general show information.

January '92-This Annual Meeting and Paint Show Wrap-up Issue features information on all exhibitors, with emphasis on products and special booth features; photo displays of award-winning booths; as well as a complete review of important Annual Meeting and Paint Show happenings.

For more information, contact Lorraine Ledford, JOURnAL OF JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, COFYTI~GS 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422 WHnOLOGY Phone: (2 15) 940-0777 FAX: (2 15) 940-0292 491 ~arlltawn ud., B~W B ~ I , m 18422

% #


Guesswhich d c t a n t line reflects everdine ibuwmt invumwa~r-based inks and &tinGa u V

What do you want from PUT surfac- you're looking for, induding superb 1 tant? Cxmerage over difficult towet dynamic Wtting, excellent coverage surfaces? Rapid wetting and color on contaminated surfaces, stable pig-

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development? Defaming? Low water ment dipetsions, reduced risk of I semitkitr and viscaity? All of the water sensitivity problems-and, 1 a h ? of course, foam control. I .

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Somewhere in the Surf5mol line C h m b l s Customer Service, 7201 you'll £ind a surfactant that provides Hamilton huld Allentown, PA precisely the combination of benefits 18195-1501.

Philadelphia Society Hosts Eighth Annual Spring Week In the shadow of Independence Hall and ing and registration forms have been mailed tain, Piedmont, and Toronto Societies for

the long past echo of the Liberty Bell, the to all members. their outstanding membership gains during annual Spring events of the Federation were Of/icer for 1991-92: The the year. Honorable Mentions went to St. hosted by the Philadelphia Society. Gather- slate for 1991-92, presented by the Louis, Louisville, and Southern Societies. ing in the historical city were attendees to the FSCT Spring Seminar, "Formulating for Committee is:

Society Officers Meeting the Future," on May 13-14; and the meet. PREslDENTBLECT'-Colin D' of

ings of the FSCT Board of Directors (May For the 15th consecutive year, the Fed-

15) and the Society Officers (May of ; o ~ ; ~ ; - T ~ ~ ~ s u ~ ~ ~ - J ~ h n Lanning, eration hosted its annual orientation meeting . <, for incoming Society Officers. All 26 Soci- 101. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE-JOS~D~ D. eties were represented at the meeting, which

FSCT Spring Seminar Giusto, of Baltimore (3 years). featured liveiy discussions of ~ederaiion and BOARD (AT-LARGE)-J.D. "Dick'* Society affairs.

Developed by the Philadelphia Society, ~ ~ l l ~ ~ , of ~~~k~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ , and orville the one-and-one-half day seminar focused Brown, of Philadelphia (2

* * * On the advances being made in BOARD ( P A S T - P R E S ~ D E N T ) - ~ ~ ~ ~ S E. We sincerely thank the Philadelphia SO- techniques and raw materials to meet the Geiger, of (2 years), ciety, in particular Orville Brown, for its current and future demands for environ- assistance in developing the seminar pro- mentally and performance engineered prod- By-Laws: Proposed By-Law revision to gram and social activities during Spring ucts. Keynoting the event was Donald W. allow Retired Members toretaintheir former week, s ~ ~ ~ ; ~ I thanks go to Dick Kiefer, Smith, Corporate Vice President, Safety & status (Active, Associate, etc.) was defeated led many on personal tours of Environmental Affairs, Pratt & Lambert, at its second reading. Philadelphia's historical areas. and the Inc., who spoke on "Environmental Issues Standing Rule revision proposed by Ex- ~~b~~ carp, a n d ~ a s t m a n ,-hemica) prod- Dominate the Paint Industry: Challenges and ecutive Committee to dismiss the Invest- ucts, ~ ~ ~ , f ~ ~ [heir hosting ~~~~d and Opportunities in the 90s." A total of 117 merit Committee, transferring its duties to society officers receptions, respedive~y. attendees heard speakers from various fac- the Finance Committee, was passed. Thanks, too, to the Philadelphia Convention ets the industry On such as, Society Business: FSCT Membership & Visitors Bureau who sponsored the cock- "Air Organic Mate- Chairman Brenda Cam presented Cenifi- tail reception held prior to the Board of

Lacquers cates of Appreciation to the Rocky Moun- Directors luncheon on Wednesday, May 15. with Lower VOC; Fluidized Polymer Sus- pensions; Waterborne Coating Resins that Penetrate Wood Surfaces; Propylene Gly- col Ethers as Coalescing Aids; A New Class of Associative Thickeners; Combined Cor- rosion~Weathering Accelerated Test for Coatings; "Non-Toxic" Corrosion-Inhibitive Pigments; Peroxide Curable Coatings; Wa- ter-Based Two-Component Polyurethane Coatings; and Waterborne Silicone-Based Coatings for High Temperature Service.

Board of Directors Highlights Attendance (51): Thirty-five members of

the Board, plus 16 guests (including 5 Past- Presidents and 7 Society Officers).

FSCT Financial Report: First Quarter 1991 Statement showed Income and Ex- penses well within the annual budget of $2.6 million. Balance Sheet showed a 25% increase over the First Quarter of 1990.

Annual Meeting and Paint Show: The 1990 events in Washington were extremely successful: attendance (8,693) and exhibit space (82,090 sq. ft) set new records for the FSCT. Plans for the 1991 events in Toronto are progressing. Approximately 99% of the 82,000 net sq. ft. of exhibit space is reserved. The Program Committee, under the direc- tion of Chairman Geny Parsons, has scheduled approximately 60 presentations. Hous-

Amendments to By-Laws and Standing Rules PROPOSED BY-LAWS AMENDMENTSECOND READING

ARTICLE 111, SECTION (D)-"CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP"

That By-Laws Article In, Section D, Paragraph (4) "Retired Membership" be amended as follows:

Add the following paragraph: "A Retired Member shall be entitled to exercise all rights and privileges to which such

member was entitled based on his or her class of membership at the time of retirement." (Having passed an initial reading at the Fall 1990 Board Meeting, the amendment came

before a secondreading at the May 15,1991 meeting of the Federation's BoardofDirectors. On a motion, duly seconded, the amendment was defeated by a vote of 7 for, 21 against, with 7 abstaining.)

PROPOSED STANDING RULE AMENDMENT

ARTICLE SR VIII-4OMMIlTEES

On an action by the Executive Committee passed at its meeting of May 14, 1991, a motion was brought before the Board to dismiss the Federation's Investment Committee with its duties being performed by the Finance Committee.

The following amendment was considered: Be It Resolved that due to the current financial investment affairs of the Federation, it has

been determined that the function of the Investment Committee is redundant and that such duties may be fulfilled by the Finance Committee acting with the advice and counsel of the Federation Executive Vice President and Controller.

Therefore, that the Investment Committee be dismissed, and the duties and functions of that committee be transferred to the Finance Committee.

(Amendments to Standing Rules require only one reading. On a motion, duly seconded, the amendment was passed unanimously.)


Canadian Journalist, Peter Newman, to Present Keynote Address at Federation's Annual Meeting, in Toronto, Ont., November 4-6

The Federation of Societies for Coatings Today's Opportunity, Tomorrow's Chal- Technology is pleased to announce that Ca- lenge." nadian journalist Peter C. Newman will The theme reflects today's global coat- present the Keynote Address at Monday's ings environment and its challenging pro- Onenine Session at its 69th Annual Meet- active marketing and technology strategies. - r ~ - ing in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 4-6.

Described in the New York Times as "an unusual Cana- dian journalistic hybrid combining the behind-the- scenes-pol i t i ca l acumen and detail of a Theodore H. White, the inside business information of an Adam Smith, and the sweeping storyline of a James A. Mirhener. nunctu- . . . - . . . . . . . , r - - - ated by the New-man trademark-a touch of jelling trivia," Mr. Newrnan will speak on "Europe '92-World Economy."

In addition to his weekly columns. Mr. Newman is working on Merchant Princes. the third and final volume of his history of the Hudson's Bay Company, the world's oldest commercial corporation. Volumes I and 11, Companv ofAd~>enturers and Caesars of the Wilderness, each sold more than 100,000 copies in Canada.

He has written a two-volume examina- tion of the Canadian establishment that showed how Canada was really run by a handful of corporate families; a book on the Bronfman dynasty, the story of the Montreal family behind the Seagram empire; and a profile of Conrad Black, an obscure Toronto businessman who is now rapidly building an international press empire.

Mr. Newman's first job at The Financial Post consisted of writing summaries of corporate reports, which he found particularly revealing about the intricate connections among Canada's business and banking clans. He began to interview their leaders for background on their operations. He drew on his notes from these interviews as political correspondent and editor of The Toronto Star and then Macleans's, which he shepherded through the transition from general interest monthly to news weekly.

The Opening Session will be held on Monday, November 4, at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre.

An opportunity~today will be a challenge tomorrow if not addressed in a timely and effective manner.

To address this theme, programming will emphasize the international per- spective and will focus on such areas as quality improvement, cutting edge technology, and environmentally and performance engineered products.

Also included in the program will be Roon Awards Competition Papers and presentations from Fed- eration Constituent Societ- ies.

Manufacturing Committee Seminar- "Waste Minimization/Production Optimi- zation"

Profes.siona1 Development Committee Symposium-"Advanced Topics in Coatings Research" . Program Committee Seminar- "Quality Improvement."

Program Chairman Gerry Parsons, of DeSoto Coatings Ltd., Mississauga, Ont., and his committee are developing a full schedule of presentations. Serving on his committee are: John Lanning (Vice-Chair- man), Courtaulds Coatings, Inc., Porter Paint Div., Louisville, KY; Mary G. Brodie, Strongsville, OH; Bob Demiter, Reichhold Ltd., Toronto, Ont.: John Hall, Tioxide, Inc., St. Laurent, Que.; Peter Hiscocks, Ashland Chemicals, Mississauga, Ont.; George R. Pilcher, Akzo Coatings, Inc., Columbus, OH; and Roger Woodhull, California Products Corp., Cambridge, MA.

Paint Industries' Show Additional highlights include: To be held in conjunction with the 69th

Corrosion Committee Symposium- Annual Meeting, the 56th Paint Industries' "Coatings for Corrosion Control of Non- ~errous>ubstrates" (Conrinued on page 15)

FSCT Intermediate-Level SPC Seminar To Be Held September 24-26, in Toronto

The Toronto Society has scheduled an intermediate (Level 11) seminar on Statisti- cal Process Control for the Coatings Indus- try, sponsored by the Federation.

The event will be held September 24-26 at the Airport Hilton Hotel, Toronto, Canada.

Organized under the auspices of the Federation's Professional Development Committee, the three-day seminar stresses the practical application of statistical techniques to answer management concerns such as reliability of the test equipment, statistical differences between procedures, and use of correlated variables to control andlor pred~ct outcomes.

Discussions include the calculations involved in many statistical techniques. The calculations, however, are the easy part as they are most often performed on a computer or a pre-programmed pocket calcula- tor. What practitioners need to know is how to formulate the question (which dictates the type of data and data collection procedure needed), statistical procedure to be

Coatings personnel from Engineering, Quality Control, Research and Development, Production, and Management should all benefit from attending.

Registrants should have an understanding of Statistical Process Control and a working knowledge of algebra.

The semlnar will be conducted by Dr. Peter Hunt, President of Productivity Man- agement Consultants, who specializes in in- plant training and implementation of Statis- tical Process Control and who has conducted SPC seminars on behalf of the Federation for the past several years. A management consultant for 20 years, Dr. Hunt 1s a recognized authority on SPC and its application to batch operations.

Registration fees (in U.S. dollars) are: $350 for FSCT members; $450 for nonmembers. Fees include continental break- fasts, luncheons, coffee breaks, workbook, and reference materials.

To obtain complete information and registration/housing forms, contact Federa-

Technical Program Highlights employed, and what theres.ultsmean. These tion of Societies f i r Coatings Technology, are things a computer can not do, which a 492 Norristown Road, Blue Bell, PA 19422-

The theme of the Annual Meeting is "The manager must understand to properly use 2350 (Telephone: 2151940-0777; FAX: 2151 International Coatings Environment: statistical techniques as a tool. 940-0292).

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 13

FSCT Visitors Tour New Headquarters At Open House During Spring Week

While in Philadelphia to attend the The logo, an artwork constructed Also attending were members of Federation's Spring Week events, the of red oak, brass, and avonite, was the Ad Hoc Building Committee: members of the Board of Directors and commissioned by the Federation, in Chairman James Geiger, John Oates, Incoming Society Officers, along with part, with funds donated by its mem- Deryk Pawsey, and Colin Penny. many suppliers and other friends of bership, and is memorialized by a brass The catered reception included the Federation, visited the Federation's plate affixed near the logo reading: such Philly treats as cheese steaks, new headquarters offices in Blue Bell. "Donated by the Membership of the hoagies, and a six-piece Mummers The reception, co-sponsored by the Federation of Societies for Coatings String Band. FSCT and Eastman Chemical Prod- Technology ucts, Inc., also included a view of the As a Symbol of Their Loyalty and newly installed Federation logo in the Dedication. building's reception area. May 15. 1991"


Peter Newman to Present 1991 Keynote Address; Additional Federation Paint Show Highlights (Continuedflom page 13)

Show will feature the products and services of the suppliers to the international coatings industry. Currently, 247 companies have reserved over 82,000 net square feet of exhibit space-99% of the booth space available at the Convention Centre. (See list of exhihitors accompanying stor-d.)

Exhibit hours will be 10:OO a.m. to 5:30 p.m. on Monday, November 4; 8:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. on Tuesday, November 5; and.

The cut-off date for advance registrations is October 4. On-site reg~stration will be $75 for full-time and $55 for one-day for members. Nonmembers fees w~l l be $95 for full-time and $70 for one-day. Spouses' activities will be $60 on-site.

Host Committee

The Toronto Society will serve as the Host for the Annual Meeting. General Chairman of the 1990 Annual Meeting is

Larry Ham, of Stochem, Inc. Assisting him are the following sub-committee chairper- sons; Information Services-Sandy Palleschi, of Serif Coatings; Program Op- erations-Scott Harvey, of Chemroy Chemicals; Registration Area-Gordon Major, of Bethco Consultants; FSCT Ex- hib~t-Arthur Hagopian, of Bapco Inc.; FSCT Suitexaroline Bricknell, of DuPont Canada; and Spouses' Program-Marion Gauley, of L.V. Lomas.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 15

Revised and updated edition of this manual (previously titled "Exposure Standards Manual") has been compiled in conjunction with the American Society for Testing and Materials, and includes definition, description, and photographic standards for each of the following defects: Adhesion; Blistering; Chalk- ing; Checking; Cracking; Erosion; Filiform Corrosion; Flaking; Mildew; Print; Rust; Traffic Paint Abra- sion and Chipping.

Also included is reference information on supplementary standards, along with sample record sheets for compiling exposure data.

Bound in handsome 10" x 111/2" x 11/2" three-ring, vinyl-covered binder which readily accommodates additional material as it is developed.

Complete manual . . . $100 lndlvidual Standards . . . $3 each, plus $3 for each photograph

Record Sheets (pad of 100 sheets) . . . $3.50

Please make all checks payable in U.S. funds. *Pennsylvania residents add 6% sales tax.

Send orders to: Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

Regulatory JULY 199 I

UPDATE This digest of current regulatory activity pertinent t o thecoatings industry is published t o inform readers of actions which could affect them a n d their firms, a n d is designed t o provide sufficient data t o enable those interested t o seek additional information. Material is supplied by National Paint a n d Coatings Association, Washington. D.C. a n d edited by members of the FSCT Environmental Affairs Committee.

Environmental Protection Agency May 13, 1 9 9 1 -56 FR 2 2 0 9 6 Comprehensive Review of Lead in t h e Environment

Under TSCA Action: Advance not ice of proposed rulemaking

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is requesting comments and information in an effort to determine the feasibility of various approaches under the Toxic Substances and Control Act (TSCA) to reduce health and environmental risks of lead. As pan of an agency-wide ini- tiative to control unacceptable lead risks, EPA is exploring ways to use TSCA Section 6 to determine if certain uses of lead present unreasonable risk.

The Office of Toxic Substances intends to "(1) control existing ornew uses of lead which pose unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment; and (2) explore the desirability and feasibility of discouraging overall consumption of lead in general, while encouraging environmentally sound recycling of lead products."

EPA will accept written comments until August 12,1991. Comments should be submitted in triplicate to the TSCA Docket Office (TS-793). Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Room NE-6004, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Attention: OPTS-62094.

Although issues relating to the abatement of lead are not included in this ANPR, they are discussed along with other agency-wide initiatives, in EPA's Strategy to Reduce Lead Exposures. For further information on the strategy, or to obtain a copy of the strategy document. contact David Kling, Acting Director, Environmental Assistance Division, Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Room E-543,401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, (202) 554-1404.

Environmental Protection Agency May 30 , 1991-56 FR 2 4 4 4 4 Land Disposal Restrictions; Potential Trea tment

S tandards for Newly Identified a n d Listed Wastes a n d Contaminated Debris

Action: Advanced notice of proposed rulemaking a n d reques t for c o m m e n t a n d d a t a

The EPA has published a notice asking for data and comments on possible best determined available technology (BDAT) for certain wastes that have been listed as hazardous

since the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) in November 1984.

EPA is in need of information regarding the development of treatment standards for two newly listed wastes generated from petroleum refining (F037 and F038). The agency is also requesting comments on the following: possible modifications to existing land disposal restriction (LDR) provisions that may simplify the implementation of the BACT treatment standards; possible universal treatment standards for various waste categories; conversion of treatment standards for various F and K wastes (standards based on scrubber waters to those based on conventional waste water treatment); and amendments to treatment standards for F001-F005 solvent wastes.

The EPA is also requesting comments and data on the following as they pertain to the aforementioned wastes: "state- of-the-an treatment and recycling technologies; waste characterization; waste minimization (as demonstrated both in the U.S. and abroad); factors that should be considered by the Agency during sampling/analysis process; on-site and off-site treatment capacity requirements; and information on the costs for set-up and operation of any current and alternative treatment technologies for these wastes."

Comments will be accepted until July 29, 1991. The original and two copies should be sent to RCRA Docket (0s-305), U.S. EPA, Room M2427, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. Comments should be identified by Docket number F-91-CDP-FFFFF.

For further information, contact the RCRA Hotline at (800) 424-9346. For technical information on BDAT, contact the Waste Treatment Branch, Office of Solid Waste (OS- 322-W), U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, (703) 308-8434.

Environmental Protection Agency May 13, 1 9 9 1 - 5 6 F R 2 1 9 5 5 Hazardous W a s t e Management System: Identifica-

t ion a n d Listing of Hazardous Waste; CERCLA Hazardous Substance Designation-Petroleum Refinery Primary a n d Secondary O i l N a t e r 501- ids Separation Sludge Listings (F037 a n d F038)

Action: Interim final rule

Last November, two F-Wastes, which are generated in the separation of oil/water/solids from petroleum refinery

TheRegularory Update 18 made avatlable as a sewlce to FSCT members, to assist them In maklng Independent lnqudrtes about matters of particular Interest to them Although all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure the rellablllfy of the Regulatory Update. the FSCT cannot guarantee 11s completeness or accuracy

VOl. 63, No. 798, July 1991 17

process wastewaters and oily cooling wastewaters were added to the list of hazardous wastes by regulations promulgated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The EPA has since acquired new information regarding the listings (F037 and F038) that indicate that the inclusion of noncontact, once-through cooling water (as opposed to once- through contact cooling water) in the definition of oily cooling waters unintentionally may extend the F037 and F038 listings to wastes that do not have the same constituent concentration as other wastes included in the listing.

As a result of the new information, EPA has promulgated an interim final rule (effective May 2, 1991). that amends the definition of wastes subject to the F037 and F038 listings. The new definition states that "sludges from noncontact, once-through cooling waters are not included."

For further information, contact the RCRAISuperfund Hotline at (800) 424-9346.

Moratorium o n C e m e n t Kiln B u r n i n g s S e n . Tim Wirth (D-CO) has introduced legislation (S. 1108) that requires a two-year moratorium on the burning of hazardous waste in cement kilns. The legislation also requires the EPA to conduct a study as to the effects of hazardous waste burned in cement kilns with regard to human health and safety. The study must be submitted to Congress before the end of the moratorium.

EPA has published regulations that go into effect on August 21 that will expand controls on these hazardous wastes. But Sen. Wirth reportedly feels legislation is necessary because "there are a significant number of cement kilns that are currently burning or planning to bum hazardous wastes as an alternative fuel." That. coupled with the notion that cement kilns are typically adjacent to densely populated areas, prompted the introduction of the bill.

W a s t e Export--On behalf of the Bush Administration, on May 15, Sen. John Chafee (R-RI) introduced the Hazard- ous and Additional Waste Export and Impon Act of 1991.

The legislation, S. 1082, which implements the conditions of the Basel Convention, would prohibit the export from and import into the United States of hazardous wastes except where specified by the requirements of the bill. By ratifying the Basel Convention, the United States will be able to play an active role in the initial development of protocols, and

perhaps lessen any unnecessary conflict in existing import- ing and exporting agreements. The legislation has been referred to the Environment and Public Works Committee, where action is expected during the next few weeks.

Rep. Norman Lent (R-NY) introduced the companion bill (H.R. 2398) in the House on May 20. That bill was referred to the Energy and Commerce Committee, but no action has been scheduled.

Clean W a t e r Act Reauthorization-Senators Max Baucus (D-MT) and John Chafee (R-RI) have formally introduced the long awaited Clean Water Act Reauthorization. The proposal (S. 1801) is a significantly scaled-back version of earlier drafts released by the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee. The legislation basically changes the focus of the current federal clean water law by strongly promoting pollution prevention. The measure includes provisions to expand EPA's pollution prevention authority by allowing the agency to regulate contaminated runoff from agricultural sources, impose significant new fees, and establish a strict national standard to "control discharges of combined sewage and polluted rainwater."

Reportedly, Sen. Chafee does not want the federal government to subsidize the clean water program any longer, and agreed to cosponsor the legislation only after he was assured that the $18 billion fund established for the construction of sewage treatment plants would be phased out by 1996. Sen. Chafee has also expressed the same concerns as EPA Administrator William Reilly over the combined sewer overflow provisions, fearing that they would force expensive and perhaps unnecessary elimination of these wastes throughout the country.

There are several parts of the bill that authorize EPA to use pollution prevention to promulgate clean water standards. In order to establish "best available control technology" (BACT) in effluent guidelines to monitor industry discharges, EPA would have to "rely upon and require, and to the maximum extent practicable. toxic use and waste reduction measures and practices, including changes in production processes." EPA would also be required to determine whether it is "technologically and economically feasible" to eliminate discharges for specific industrial categories.

The Environment and Public Works Committee plans to continue hearings on the reauthorization of the Clean Water Act through the summer.

States Proposed Legislation and Regulations

Arizona Air Quality-AZ H. 2490 (Mundell) authorizes the En-

vironmental Quality Department to analyze air samples to determine the source of pollution.

California Hazardous Waste--CA A. 1475 (Tanner) requires that a

person recycling the recyclable materials excluded from the hazardous waste control law to provide specified information to the local health officer or public officer by July 1, 1992 and annually thereafter.

CA A. 1520 (Sher) delays until July 1, 1992, the termination date of the statutory definition of "solid waste" for the purpose of determining the base amount of solid waste from

which source reduction, recycling, and composting levels are calculated.

Packaging and Labeling-CA A. 1609 (Cortese) enacts the Heavy Metal Packaging Waste Act of 1991 to prohibit the use, on and after January I, 1997, of package or packaging, in any bottling or manufacturing process for any product sold at retail or wholesale in California if it is composed of any intentionally introduced lead, mercury, cadmium, or hexavalent chromium. Prohibits local regulation on and after that date unless the local agency is in compliance.

Hazardous and Toxic Suhstances-CA A. 2 178 (Bmlte) makes a statement of legislative intent concerning the disposal of latex paint, defines the term recyclable latex paint, and generally prohibits any person from disposing of latex paint, unless authorized. Allows recyclable latex paint to be ac-

17A Journal of Coatings Technology

cepted at any location if specified requirements are met. Louisiana Exempts a person transporting recyclable latex paint from the manifest and hazardous waste hauler requirements, but

Hazardous and Toxic Waste-LA H. 303 (Holden) relates to offenses and quasi offenses; provides for solitary

requires the retention of a special bill of lading for three liability of those in the business of storing, handling, or years. transoorting toxic or hazardous substances who cause iniurv.

Connecticut M e r c u M T H. 7216 (Committee on Environment)

concerns certain products containing mercury; provides for a voluntary return program for certain products containing mercury in order to reduce the presence of this hazardous material in the waste system.

Delaware Transportation-DE H. 179 (B. Ennis) adopts Federal

Regulation regarding the transportation of hazardous materials in Delaware. Includes requirements governing the maintenance, use, inspection, repair, retest. and requalification of cargo tanks used to transport hazardous materials.

Hawaii Environmental Fines-HI H. 922 (Kihano) relates to en-

vironmental fines and penalties; clarifies the existing law on maximum amounts for fines or penalties, and requires all environmental fines and penalties to be deposited into the Environmental Revolving Fund; makes clear that violations of environmental laws that extend over multiple days will be penalized as a separate offense each day the violation remains unabated; allows the first $3 million obtained from fines and penalties to be deposited into the Environmental Revolving Fund.

Illinois Lead-IL H. 1852 (Ronan) creates the Lead Poisoning

and Lead Abatement Act; requires blood testing for lead poisoning for certain individuals; provides for inspection of dwelling units for lead and remedial action to remove lead from dwelling units.

IL H. 2295 (Stepan) amends Lead Poisoning Prevention Act; makes changes regarding permissible levels of lead in soil and drinking water, screening of infants and children for lead, lab fees, etc.

Solid Waste-IL H. 2253 (Kulas) amends Solid Waste Planning and Recycling Act; includes encouragement of source reduction among the purpose of the act.

IL H. 2462 (Hoffman) amends EPA Act; provides that in cases where aperson is convicted of (or agrees to a settlement in an enforcement action over) illegal dumping of waste on the persons' own property, the Attorney General or the agency may require notice of that fact to be recorded on the title to the property.

Hazardous and Toxic Substances-IL S. 388 (Karpiel) amends the Environmental Protection Act; requires the same k i d of manifests for shipment of nonhazardous special waste as is required for hazardous waste.

Indiana Hazardous Waste-By incorporating Federal standards,

new proposed rules specify standards for identifying hazardous wastes and for generators, transporters, and facilities that handle such wastes. A new permit program would be established, and new standards would be set for closure and post- closure operations. For further information, contact Dave Berrey, Department of Environmental Management at (317) 232-8896.

. - . ,. death, or loss by a reckless disregard for public safety.

Solid Waste Management-LA H. 18 17 (Siracusa) relates to solid waste management, recycling, and reduction; to provide for exclusions to the definitions of solid waste.

Air Quality--LA S. 875 (Crain) relates to the comprehensive toxic air pollutant emission control program; provides for consistency with federal standards.

Massachusetts Solid Waste-MA H. 1441 (Brewer) bill to protect the

environment through increased recycling and waste reduction.

Maine Air Q u a l i p M E H. 84 (Michaud) LD 112 establishes

an annual air emission license fee based on the amount of pollutant a licensee emits; increases the annual fee for the licensee to $60,000 per year; designates that the fees generated by this increase will be used to staff and operate the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality Control.

ME H. 987 (Marsh) LD 1432 provides for the conservation and protection of land, water, and other natural resources of the state from nonpoint source pollution. Gives the De- partment of Environmental Protection the authority to establish and implement a comprehensive statewide program to reduce and control nonpoint source pollution and its adverse effects. Amends the state's water quality laws to include nonpoint source pollution and to implement the Maine nonpoint source pollution management program.

Household Hazardous Waste-ME H. 13 17 (Butland) LD 1904 charges the Office of Sitting and Disposal Operations within the Maine Waste Management Agency with imple- menting a program to promote education and information about the proper disposal of household hazardous products; establishes community collection centers for waste oil, dry- cell batteries and paint and expands the recycling grant assistance program to allow these facilities to be eligible for grants.

Michigan Lead-MI H. 4878 (Stallworth) establishes lead poison-

ing screening program for children two to five years old and develops program for diagnosis and referral for children at risk.

Hazardous and Toxic Waste-MI H. 4895 (Dolan) re- vises the Hazardous Waste Management Act to comply with federal standards.

New Jersey Pollution Control--On May 6, 199 1, the Department of

Environmental ProtectionlDivision of Environmental Qual- ity proposed a rule that would enact amendments to the Spill Compensation and Control Act which provides stringent standards for discharge prevention and emergency response requirements for facilities storing or handling hazardous substances. For further information, contact Samuel Wolfe, Administrative Practice Officer, Office of Legal Affairs,

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, CN 402, Trenton, NJ 08625.

Nevada Hazardous Waste-NV A. 483 (Humke) relates to haz-

ardous waste: increases the penalty of violations of certain statutes relating to hazardous waste; provides a penalty for any unlawful disposal of hazardous waste.

New York Lead-NY S. 6101 (Saland) directs the Commissioner of

Health to establish a lead poisoning prevention and screening program for children.

Hazardous Waste-A Department of Environmental Conservation proposed regulation relates to hazardous waste management. Minimizes the time period during which the regulated community has to follow New York State's regulations for certain activities and the U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency regulations for the other activities; clarifies provisions and corrects errors in the existing regulations. For further information, contact Margaret E. O'Neil, Department of Environmental Conservation, 50 Wolf Road, Room 204, Albany, NY 12233-7253, (518) 457-3273. Hearing dates are July 15-17, 1991.

Rhode Island Water Quality--RI H. 6109 (E. Smith) relates to water

pollution; grants the director of the Department of Environ- mental Management additional power to control and protect groundwater underground storage tanks used to store petroleum products or hazardous materials.

South Carolina Air Qual i rySC S. 926 (Committee on Medical Affairs)

(Joint Resolution) approves regulations of the Department of Health and Environmental Control relating to air pollution control standards.

Texas Household Hazardous Waste-TX H. 1581 (Jackson)

relates to the inclusion of a household hazardous waste collection program in a local or regional solid waste management plan.

Combustion Controls-The Texas Air Control Board adopted final rules on May 10 requiring industrial furnaces, boilers, and cement kilns that bum hazardous waste to meet standards more stringent than federal standards issued earlier this year under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Under the rules, particulate emissions are limited to 0.08 grain 'per dry cubic meter). Hydrogen chloride emissions must be controlled with a minimum removal efficiency of 95%. Also required is a 99.99% destmction and removal efficiency for each principal organic hazardous constituent in each waste. Facilities will not be able to bum any chlori- nated hazardous waste or hazardous waste containing arsenic antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, silver, or thallium, unless enforceable limits are established designed specifically to protect public health. For further information, contact Steve Davis at the Texas Air Control Board at (5 12) 45 1-57 1 1.

Wisconsin Lead-WI A. 441 (G. Coggs) relates to establishing a

grant program for certain lead-poisoning or lead-exposure services.


Chemical Industries from Mexico and U.S. Join Forces for a Free Trade Agreement

The chemical industries of the U.S. and Mexico have joined forces to call for approval of "fast-track" authority to enable the countries to undertake negotiations toward a North American Free Trade Agree- ment (NAFTA). The announcement of the joint effort was made by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), Wash- ington, D.C.

According to officials at CMA, the agreement is viewed as "interdependent and vital to the Uruguay Round of the multilat- eral trade negotiations."

Mexican officials noted that both NAFTA and the Uruguay Round, if successful, will help achieve trade and investment liberalization and strengthen international consensus on codes of behavior and in other international trade-related areas.

The NAFTA proposal also includes Canada.

In other CMA news, a report has concluded that discharges of toxic chemicals into the nation's waterways have fallen

Eastman Chemical to Purchase ARCO Business

Eastman Chemical Company, a division of Eastman Kodak Company, has agreed to purchase the propylene glycol business of ARCO Chemical Company located at South Charleston, WV. Also, Eastman will license the polymer polyols technology.

Both the propylene glycol business and polymer polyols technology had been acquired recently by ARCO from Union Car- bide Chemicals and Plastics Company.

Eastman also has agreed to purchase the polyols toll and related assets, located at - conroe, IX.

The propylene glycol business has been operated independently under a hold separate agreement with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) since September 1990.

The purchase of the businesses is subject to review and final approval by the FTC and the management of each company. Until the purchase is concluded, the businesses will continue to operate as units of ARCO Chemical. The propylene glycol business will remain subiect to the terms and condi-

sharply since Congress passed the Clean Officials have said that remaining water Water Act. pollution problems should be addressed,

Officials have stated that industrial dis- where necessary, on a localized basis. charges now account for less than 15% of The Chemical Industry reduces dis- pollutants waterways. Also, it was noted charges not only by treating pollution at the that the chemical industry is now coming end of the pipe, but by making appropriate into compliance with the newer technology- changes to manufacturing processes. based toxic control standards.

- - -

Women in Coatings Accepting Nominations For Annual Awards Presentations

Women in Coatings is accepting the names of all women for the 199 1 Women in Coatings Awards, to be presented during the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology Annual Meeting, in Toronto, Ont., Canada, on November 4-6, 1991.

The awards are presented to those women who have made a significant contribution in support of paint and coatings and/or related industries. Con- tributions can include the publication of technical or nontechncial papers, presentations of information, or any important accomplishment which benefits the industry in general.

The Women in Coatings Award categories are as follows:

Communications-OveraII contributions such as product information, pro- motions, advertising, and general public relations.

Management-Overall management of Droducts, ~roiects, customer accounts, department, b r staff.

LeadershipAbility to lead within the industry as in actively participating in professional and trade organizations.

Research & Development4verall contribution by way of research and development such as product innovation and processes.

Sales and Marketing-Overall contribution by way of sales and marketing as evidenced by increased recognition

by customers and business associates within the industry, significant increase in sales, and development of a certain market segment.

Purchasing-Overall contribution resulting in cost savings of purchased materials, improvement of product quality by purchasing from quality con- scious suppliers, and JIT inventory.

Industry S u p p o r t 4 t h e r branches within the companies that are not included in the preceding categories (e.g., laboratory technicians, secretarial and clerical help, customer service and order desk, shipping and receiving, and computer operators).

The Awards bring recognition to those who have contributed to the advancement of coatings and provide an incentive to those women striving for excellence in their fields.

The group attempts to unite women in coatings and/or related industries in a forum where support can be derived and common experiences can be shared in overall pursuit of creating a stronger, more versatile industry.

Nominations for the Women in Coatings Awards, along with the nominee's name, award category, and accomplishment(s) and appropriate date(s), should be forwarded to Eve De La Vega-Irvine, c/o J.M. Huber Corp., Clay Div., One Huber Rd., Macon, GA 31298.

tions of the hold separate agreement with the FTC.

~-

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 19

Rhone-Poulenc Forms Specialty Chemicals Div.

Rhone-Poulenc Inc., Princeton, NJ, has announced the formation of a Specialty Chemicals Division.

The new division includes eight operating groups: surfactants and specialties, food ingredients, latex products, fine organics, silicones and films, water soluble polymers, specialty resins and container coatings. Also, the division contains the Rhone-Poulenc Trading Group.

John A. Wichtrich has been named President of the new Specialty Chemicals Division. Mr. Wichtrich served formerly as Senior Vice President of the Formative Specialty Chemicals organization.

R-P business group leaders include: Se- nior Vice PresidentIGeneral Manager- Surfactants and Specialties: Senior Vice PresidentIGeneral Manager Richard V. Kennedy-Food Ingredients: Vice Presi- dentIGeneral Manager Barry W. Pemy- Latex and Specialty Polymers; Vice Preri- dent1General Manager James P. Reilly- Fine Organics; Vice PresidentIGeneral Manager Richard L. Boehner-Silicones and Films: Vice PresidentIGeneral Manager Pe-

ter A. Stevenson-Water Soluble Polymers; Vice PresidentIGeneral Manager Richard D. Grieb-Specialty Resins and Container Coatings; and General Manager Bob Stam- Rhone-Poulenc Trading Group.

The company's new administrative and research and development complex in Cranbury. NJ, is serving as headquarters for the new division.

Union Carbide Solvent To Be Marketed in Japan

Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. (UCC&P). Danbury, CT, Union Carbide Japan KK, and Showa Denko have announced plans to market ethyl-3- ethoxypropionate (EEP) in Japan.

Also, the companies will study the feasibility of forming a joint venture to license UCC&P process technology for EEP to produce the solvent in Japan at a later date.

Initial quantities of EEP for the Japanese market will be supplied from UCC&P's United States production facilities.

ASTM Group to Update Naval Stores Methods

ASTM Subcommittee D01.34 on Naval Stores is undertaking a major modification of all the standard testing methods under its jurisdiction. D01.34 is a subcommittee of standards-writing Committee D-I on Paints and Related Coatings and Materials.

Members of the Pulp Chemicals Asso- ciation have volunteered their research and development analytical chemists and quality assurance experts to serve on the D01.34.

The subcommittee plans to withdraw any obsolete methods, examine existing standard methods, and develop new standard methods based on modem analytical techniques. Also, the subcommittee has, and will continue, to run inter- and intralaboratory analyses (round robins).

Interested parties are welcome to participate in the activities of the subcommittee.

The next meeting of Committee D-I will be at the Embassy Suites, in Fort Lauderdale, FL, on January 19-22, 1992.

For more information, contact James Russell, 2938 Jenks Ave., Panama City, FL 32405 or Scott Orthey, ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

Construction Contracting for New Work Surges in April

The construction industry broke out of its deep recession in April when contracting for new work leaped 12%. according to statistics compiled by the F.W. Dodge Di- vision, of McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY.

Across-the-board gains in housing, commercial buildings, and public works projects in April lifted the Dodge Index of construction contract value to 145, reversing six consecutive quarters of deepening decline. The Dodge Index of 132, accumulated during the first quarter of 1991, was the lowest rate in seven years.

The report indicates that nonbuilding construction (public works and utilities) provided April's biggest gain as the start of several electric generating plants helped to boost the month's contracting total by 23%. Public works construction, which accounts for the largest share of nonbuilding work, advanced 10% after seasonal adjustment. April's public works contracting showed a decline of highway construction and a gain in sewer/waste treatment projects.

Contracting for nonresidential construe- left the annualized rate of total housing starts tion rose eight percent in April on the below one million units. strength of gains in commercial and indus- At the end of the four months, the unad- trial projects, while institutional building justed value of all newly started construction held high and steady. in 1991 was $65.1 billion. The year-to-date

The housing market delivered a gain in total trailed that of the same period of 1990 April. Balanced improvement of both one- by 17%. family homes and apartments/condos still

awards for tnri2 R r-

Pa En\

he Pacific Nc ..,-m-nt. in i f

f \

cific Northwest Society Presents rironmental Achievement Awards

T rrthwest Society for Coatings Technology presented achie.,..,,..., ... .inproving the environment to Ames Paints Ltd., V i a ,..-, -.-., Canada, the Portland Section of the Pacific Northwest Society, and Preservative Paint Company, Seattle, WA.

These coatings industry awards were presented during the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Society Symposium, in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, on May 2-4.

The awards were presented to selected companies or individuals in the coatings industry whose efforts to improve the environment were found to be outstanding.

Both Ames Paints and Preservative Paint were recognized for their major paint recycling programs, where they rework and reformulate old paint into a reuseable product. The member companies of the Portland Section have a program to recycle raw materials, thereby eliminating waste products.

J

--- rrc PAC, - --"r molecules - -owlved in vegerrblr only tw 0, thr*a -- Dr Pigment 2.

PAINT/COATINGS DICTIONARY

Which a , !hi'-h :- ..

An invaluable referenc source containing

definitions for more than 4500 terms actively

used in the paintlcoatings and allied industries. The only publication

The technical terms and jargon of coatings industry and its interfacing technologies are defined in this corn- prehensive work which contains more than 5500 entries compiled by the Defi- nitions Committee of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology. Over 4500 terms are defined, and more than 1000 additional entries are synonyms cross-referenced to the defined terms.

The broad scope of terms included reflects the obvious usefulness of the dictionary to a wide audience, ranging from the layman, to artists and artisans, to technicians in all the coatings- related fields.

A unique feature is classification of terms into one or more of 73 categories, which have been number coded and appear as superscripts following each definition. The terms are listed in their appropriate categories, making up a thesaurus which comprises the second section of the dictionary,

An extensive bibliography of more than 600 references forms the third section.

6x9 in. case-bound. 632 pages $30.00-Federation Member $50-Non Member

PLEASE MAKE ALL CHECKS PAYABLE IN U.S. FUNDS Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350

Pennsylvonlo resldents please odd 6% soles tax

AVAILABLE IN THE U.K. FROM: Birmingham Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Club

c/o Mr. Ray Tennant, Carrs Paints Limited, Westminster Works, Alvechurch Rd Birmingham 831 3PG, England

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

1991 Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show

Housing Information/Application Advance Registration Form

Metro Toronto Convention Centre Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday November 4 - 5 - 6

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY 1991 ANNUAL MEETING AND PAINT INDUSTRIES' SHOW

METRO TORONTO CONVENTION CENTRE MONDAY, TUESDAY, AND WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 4 , 5 , 6 , 1 9 9 1

The combined Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show is a major educational activity of the Federation. This international coatings manufacturing industry event consists of three days of technical program sessions and exhibits, running concurrently. Registration is required for admission.

The theme of the 1991 Annual Meeting underscores that today's coatings environment requires pro-active marketing and technology strategies. An opportunity today will be a challenge tomorrow if not addressed in a timely and effective manner. To address this theme, programming will emphasize the international perspec- tive and will focus on such topics as quality improvement, cutting edge technology, and environmentally and performance engineered products. Also on the program will be the Mattiello Memorial Lecture, Roon Award Papers, Society Papers, and Seminars. Speak- ers will come from throughout the world of coatings science and manufacture.

The Paint Industries' Show - the largest and best international exhibit of its kind in the world - will feature attractive exhibitor displays devoted to a wide variety of raw materials, production equipment, containers, laboratory apparatus, testing devices, and services furnished to the coatings manufacturing industry.

The purpose of the Show is to provide attendees with an opportunity to learn of the latest developments in these products and services. Key personnel from the top technical and sales staffs of exhibitors will be on hand. More than 230 exhibitors from the U.S., Can- ada, and Europe will utilize over 82,000 net square feet of exhibit space at the Show.

Exhibit hours will be: .......................... 10:OO-5:30 Monday, Nov. 4

............................ 8:OO-5:30 Tuesday, Nov. 5 ...................... 8:OO-Noon Wednesday, Nov. 6

The Paint Show will be held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, and exhibitors who have reserved space in the Show are listed on page 11 in this brochure.

American Airlines and Air Canada, in cooperation with the FSCT, are offering special discounted fares which afford passengers a 25-40% minimum savings off their round trip, undiscounted day coach fares for travel to the FSCT Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show on the airlines' domestic systems.

To take advantage of these discounts, you must: (1) Travel between October 2SNovember 12, 1991; (2) Purchase tickets at least seven days in advance; (3) Phone 1-800-433-1790 (for American Airlines) or

1-800-361-7585 (for Air Canada) for reservations. Immediately reference the FSCT file number: Star File #S-0201CN (for American Airlines) or File #917086 (for Air Canada). The special fares are available only through these numbers.

Discounts are good for both direct and connecting flights to Toronto. If you use a travel agent, have your reservations placed through the toll-free number to obtain the same fare advantages. Both American Air- linesand Air Canada have avariety of other promotional fares, some of which may represent even greater savings. When you phone for reservations, ask for the best discount applicable to your itinerary.

The Board of Directors of the Federation will meet on Sunday, November 3, at 9:00 a.m. in the Sheraton Centre Hotel.

The annual Federation Luncheon will be held on Wednesday, November 6 , at the Metro Toronto Con- vention Centre.


SHERATON CENTRE (Co-headquarters) Toronto's largest convention hotel located downtown opposite City Hall. The two-acre property contains four restaurants and two lounges as well as indoor/ outdoor pool. Non-smoking rooms and facilities for the disabled available. 416-361-1000

ROYAL YORK (Co-headquarters) Large convention hotel connected to the city's underground shopping network. Six dining spots and non- smoking rooms available. Gymhealth club on premises.

416-368-2511

WESTIN HARBOUR CASTLE Nestled on the shores of Lake Ontario, the hotel offers a resort setting. Three restaurants and two lounges are on the premises. Non-smoking rooms and rooms for handicapped available. 416-869-1600

MARRIOTT EATON CENTRE Newest hotel in Toronto, next to Eaton Centre, offers two restaurants, two lounges, and complete health club with indoor pool. 416-597-9200

HILTON INTERNATIONAL Downtown hotel connected to miles of underground shopping malls and restaurants. Indoor pool and health club plus two restaurants and two lounges.

416-869-3187

HOLIDAY INN DOWNTOWN CITY HALL Adjacent to City Hall, this downtown hotel has three dining spots. Non-smoking floors and full fitness facil- ity on premises. 416-977-0707

BOND PLACE Situated in the heart of downtown. Non-smoking floors available. Wheelchair access and ample parking. Fea- tures cafe and lounge. 416-362-6061

KING EDWARD Located in heart of the financial district, this historic landmark hotel features world-class elegance. Con- tains health spa, two restaurants and piano bar.

416-863-9700

L'HOTEL

Spouses activities will begin on Monday with an after- noon social in the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. OnTuesday, followings continental breakfast, registered spouses will take a guided tour of the city in a deluxe air- conditioned motorcoach. Included will be such famous landmarks as the prize-winning City Hall, Osgoode Hall, the spectacular Eaton Centre, quaint old St. Lawrence Market, Harbourfront and Queen's Quay, the SkyDome, the gracious University of Toronto Cam- pus, and Casa Loma, Canada's only castle.

An elegant three-course luncheon will be served at famous Ed's Warehouse. After lunch, the tour will continue to the magnificent Royal Ontario Museum. The Museum offers visitors a unique combination of earth and life sciences, fine art and archaeology. The internationally acclaimed collections include Egyptian mummies, Chinese artifacts, and Ming Tomb and even twelve complete dinosaur skeletons. Following the tour of the museum the spouses may either shop in the chic boutiques of Hazelton Lanes or return by motorcoach to the hotel.

Wednesday morning will be a free morning for spouses to continue their exploration of Toronto on their own. The Federation luncheon will be held in the Convention Centre at noon. Tickets will be available at the registration area.

Connected to Convention Center. Features health club Metro Toronto canvent~on 8 VISIIO~S Assn

with pool, three restaurants, and a lounge. Casa Loma, a 98-room "dream castlen- one of the many 416-597-1400 attractions to be enjoyed in cosmopolitan Toronto

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 25

Suites Map Key Hotel Singles Doubles/Twins 1 BR 2 BR

1 Sheraton Centre $140 $155 $300-412 $360-700

Towers 152 183

2 RoyalYork 140 155 425-875 565-1,425

3 Westin Harbour Castle 140 160 250 375

4 Marriott Eaton Centre 139 149

5 Hilton International 140 155

6 Holiday Inn 99 109 Downtown City Hall

7 Bond Place 89 89

8 King Edward 165 165 360-485 525-650

9 L'Hotel 145 160 295-400 375-490

'The rates are quoted in Canadian funds. At the present time the U.S. dollar is worth $1.13 Canadian. (To determine the rates in U.S. dollars multiply by .87). The ratesare subject to Provincial and Goods and Se~cesTaxand other applicable taxes.

Shuttle bus service will be provided between the cooperating hotels and the

Metro Toronto Convention Centre beginning Sunday, November 3


APPLICATION FOR HOTEL ACCOMMODATIONS

Mail to: FSCT Housing Bureau P.O. Box 1 2 6

By 10/4/91 207 Queen's Quay West Toronto, Ont., M5J 1A7

1 Canada I Fax: 416-367-9088

Please indicate below the type of accommodations desired and choice of hotels. (Refer to hotel map and rates on opposite page). All reservations will be processed by the FSCT Housing Bureau. Hotel assignments will be made in accordance with prevailing availability. You will receive an acknowledgment from the Housing Bureau. This is not the hotel confirmation. That will come directly to you from the hotel to which you have been assigned. Prior to October 4, all changes must be made, in writing, through the Housing Bureau. After October 4, all modifications should be made directly with the hotel.

A one-nights' deposit MUST accompany each housing request. Checks or credit cards may be used. Checks must be made out to FSCT Housing Bureau.

Single (1 person, 1 bed) Twin (2 people, 2 beds) Double (2 people, 1 bed) Suite (parlor and 1 bedroom) Suite (parlor and 2 bedrooms)

Type of Dates Room Name Arrive Depart

I

Please Type Additional Reservations on a Separate Sheet and Attach to This Form

Name Telephone Company FAX Address City, State, Zip Country Name of Credit Card Signature Credit Card Number Exp. Date

Note: Requests for accommodations at either the Sheraton Centre or the Royal York will be limited to 10 rooms per company. A parlor counts as one room.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

HOW TO MAKE YOUR ARRANGEMENTS

1. To place AIRLINE reservations, call the toll free numbers for American Airlinesand Air Canada.

2. To make HOTEL reservations, mail or fax the housing application to the FSCT Housing Bureau. Housing cut-off date is October 4.

3. REGISTER IN ADVANCE for the Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show by filling out the form and mailing it as instructed with your registration payment.

4. To register your SPOUSE or GUEST, fill out the spouse portion of the advance registration form.

5. Mark NOVEMBER 4-6 on your calendar. Don't forget--you get a discount if you register by October 4.

(1) Reservations must be made by October 4, 1991. Reservations may be mailed or faxed. Phone calls will NOT be accepted.

(2) Acknowledgments will be mailed. Please allow 30 days for receipt of acknowledgment. Hotel confirma- tions will follow the Housing Bureau acknowledgment.

(3) A one-night's deposit must accompany each housing request. Requests will not be processed without deposit or credit card. Acceptable payments include: personal check, bank draft, and certified check. Checks should be made payable to FSCT Housing Bureau. Credit cards may be used.

(4) Keep a photocopy of your housing request

(5) Prior to October 4, all changes must be made through the Housing Bureau. Changes should be made in letter form. Phone calls will be not accepted. After October 4, all changes should be made directly with hotel.

Advance register to attend the 1991 Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show by filling out the form included in this brochure.

The registration options are listed below. Advance registration forms must be received by October 4.

Register in Advance and SAVE!

Full Time Advance On-Site

Member $65 $75 Nonmember $80 $95 Spouse $50 $60

Advance Registration If you register in advance you may pick up your badge in the Convention Centre during the following hours:

................... Saturday, Nov. 2 1:00 pm - 5:00 pm ..................... Sunday, Nov. 3 8:00 am - 7:00 pm

..... Monday-Tuesday, Nov. 4-5 7:30 am - 5:30 pm Wednesday, Nov. 6 . . .............. 7:30 am - 12:OO noon

On-Site Registration Register at Convention Centre.

Sunday, Nov. 3 ...................... 8:00 am - 7:00 pm Monday-Tuesday, Nov. 4-5 ..... 7:30 am - 5:30 pm Wednesday, Nov. 6 ................ 7:30 am - 12:00 noon

Cancellation and Refund Policy All cancellations must be submitted in writing to the FSCT Headquarters Office. Cancellations received by October 4 will be subject to a $10 handling charge. No refunds will be issued ofter that date.

(from Pearson International Airport)

Airport Express Bus (every 20 minutes to downtown ...................................... hotels) $10.00 ............................. Limousine $32-$34.00

Taxi ............................................. $29.00 (Quoted in Canadian dollars, plus 7% Goods and Services Tax.)


FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY Date Received

492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350 Amount $ 1 Check No.

Please fill out this form and mail with a check in the correct amount (made payable to the FSCT) to the Federation address shown above. All checks must be payable in U.S. Funds. Any that are not will be returned. DEADLINE DATE FOR ADVANCE REGISTRATION IS OCTOBER 4. NONE WlLL BE ACCEPTED AFTER THAT DATE.

A $1 0.00 charge will be made for cancellations received prior to October 4. No refunds will be made after that date. NO CREDIT CARDS WlLL BE ACCEPTED

A MEMBER $65.00 NICKNAME

Please name the Federation mnnnn FIRST NAME LAST NAME

Society in which you are a paid-up member: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

COMPANY Federation Constituent Society 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i B NON-MEMBER $80.00 STREET

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I G SPECIAL FEE FOR CITY STATE (US. only) POSTAL CODE

RETIRED MEMBERS $25.00 m COUNTRY (OTHER THAN US.)

Federation Constituent Society Umnnn TELEPHONE NO.

uuulnn

NICKNAME D SPOUSE $50.00 lllllrlllll

YOUR COMPANY (CHECK ONE BLOCK) YOUR POSITION (CHECK ONE BLOCK)

FIRST NAME LAST NAME

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

AA Manufacturers of Paints, DD Sales,Agent for Raw Varnishes. Lacquers. Mater~als + Equ~pment Printing Inks. Sealants EE ~~~~~~~~~t A~~~~~

FF Researchflestingl BE Manufacturers of Raw Consulting

Materials GG Educational Institution Library

CC Manufacturers of HH Paint Consumer

SPECIAL FEE FOR THE SPOUSES OF RETIRED MEMBERS ONLY:

Managemenu PP Technical Sales Service KK Administration

QQ Sales and Marketing LL Manufacturing and

Engineering RR Consultant

MM Quality SS EducatorIStudentl

NN Research and Librarian Development TT Other

STATE (US. only) POSTAL CODE

-mrrrrrrrrm

Equipment and Containers JJ Other

Z NUMBER REQUIRED: $25.00 EACH.

IS ENCLOSED

ACS-Datacolor ALT-Chem International Aceto Cop. Advanced Coding

Technologies Advanced Software Designs Air Products & Chemicals. Inc. Ako Chemicals Inc. Alcan-Toyo America. lnc. Alcoa industrial Chemicals Allied Signal. Inc. American Cyanamid Co. Amoco Chemical Co. Anachemia Solvents Ltd. ANGUS Chemicai Co. Anker Labelers USA. Inc. Aqualon Co. Arco Chemicol Co. Aries Software Corp. Ashland Chemical Co.. Coatings

&Resins Div.. Canada Atlas Electric Devices Co. Atochem North America Automated Filling Specialists Corp.

B&P Environmental Resources BASF Corp. Blackmer Pump Div.. Dover

Resources Co. Bohlin Reologi. inc. Brookfield Engineering

Labs.. Inc. Brookhaven Instruments Cop. Buckman Laboratories. inc. Buhier. Inc. Bulk Lift International. inc. Burgess Pigment Co. Byk-Chemie USA Byk-Gardner. Inc.

C B Mills. Inc. CR Minerals Corp. Cabot Corp., Cab-0-Sil &Special

Blacks Div. Calgon Corp.. Dlv, of Merck &

Co.. Inc. Canada Colon & Chemicals Ltd. The Carborundum Co. Cardolite Cop. Carglil. Inc. Carroll Scientific. Inc. Catalyst Resources. inc. Chemical & Engineering News Chemical Marketing Reporter Chemical Week Coatlngs Mogozine Color Corp. of America Colorgen. Inc. Consolidated Research. lnc. Coulter Electronics. lnc. Croy Volley Products

International Crosfield Chemicals. Inc. Custom Recovery Services. Inc. Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co.

DIL Laboratories DSA Consulting. lnc. DSET Loboratories, Inc.

-1 991 PAINT INDUSTRIES' SHOW Current List of Exhibitors

Daniel Products Co. Day-GIO Color Corp. DeFeisko Corp. Degussa Corp. University of Detroit Domtnion Colour Corp DOW Chemical USA Dow Corning Corp. Draiswerke. Inc. Drew Industrial Div. Dry Branch Koolin Co. DU Pont Co.

1 E.C.C. America EM lndustries Eagle Picher Minerals. Inc. Eogle Zinc Co. Eastern Michigan Univenity Eastman Chemical Products, lnc. Eiger Machinery. inc. Elektro-Physik USA. lnc. Elmar Industries, Inc. Engelhard Corp., Spec. Min. &

Colors Group I Epworth Manufacturing Co.. Inc. Etna Products Inc.. Specialty

Chemical Div. , Exxon Chemical Co.

FMC Corp.. Food & Pharmaceuti- 1 cal Dlv. FMJ lnternational ! Fowcett CO.. Inc. FCF-Bowers. Inc. Federation of Societies for

Coatings Technology Filter Specialists. inc. Fischer Technology. inc.

I Freeman Polymers Div.lCook I Composites & Polymen

GAF Filtration Products Paul N. Gardner Co.. lnc. B.F. Goodrich Co., Spec. Polym. &

Chem. Div. Goodyear Chemicol Division Guer-Tin Brothen Polymers

H.E.R.0, industries Ltd. Haiox Pigments. Dlv, of Hammond

Lead Products Harcros Pigments. Inc. Henkei Corp.. Process Chemicals Hockmeyer Equipment Corp. Hoechst Celanese Corp. Hoechst Celanese Corp. Waxes &

Lubricants Group Horiba Instruments. Inc. J.M. Huber Corp. Hi% America. Inc. Hungarlon Aluminium Corp. Hunteriab

ICI Americas, Inc. iCI Resins U.S. ideal Mfg. &Sales Corp. lnterfibe Corp. / lntemational Resources. inc

1 S.C. Johnson Wax

K-T Feldspar Corp. , Ken_ Petrochemicak. lnc. King Industries. inc. Kronos. Inc.

i Labsphere Laporte Absorbents. Inc. Leeds & Northrup. A Unit of

General Signal Liquid Controis Corp. The Lubriiol Corp.. Cwtlngs

Technologies

3M. Industrial Chemicals Div. MTS Colorimetric (France). Klieve Macbeth Dlv.. Kollmorgen Cop. 1 Malvern Minerals Co. Matec Applied Sciences McWhorter, inc. The Mearl Corp. Michelman. inc.

1 Micro Powders. Inc. 1 Mlcromeritlcs lnstrument Corp.

Mid-States Eng. & Mfg. Co. Miller Manufacturing Co.. Inc. Millbore. inc, MiniFiben. Inc. Mlnolta Corp. Mississippi Lime Co. University of Missouri-Rolla

I MixMor. Inc. I Modern Paint & Coatings I Morton internotlonal

Mountain Minerals Co.. Ltd.

1 NYCO 1 Nacan Products Ltd. Notional Chemical Co.. inc.

/ Netzsch Incorporated Neupak. Inc. ' New Way Packaging Machinery.

Nlcoiet Instrument Corp. Nlppon Shokubai Amerlca. Inc.

I Obran Atlantic Cop. Ohio Poiychemical CO.

I Ortech International Otsuka Electronics (U.S.A.) Inc.

1 PPG Industries. Silica Prods. P Q Corporation 1 PRA Laboratories Pacific Micro Software Eng. ' Paint &Coatings Industry 1 Magmine Pen Kem. lnc. peninsula polymers Pfizer Specialty Minerals Philips Container Co. , Phillips 66 Co.. Specialty Chems. Pierce &Stevens Corp. Plastican. inc. Poly-Resyn. Inc.

I Premier Mill Corp. Progressive Recovery Inc.

I

Purity Zinc Metals Co. Ltd PyoM S.A. De C.V.

The Q-Panel Co. Quantachrome Corp

Raabe Corp. Red Devil. lnc. Reichhold Chemicals. Inc. Rheox. Inc. Rhone-Poulenc Inc. Rhopoint Instrumentation Ltd Rohm and Haas Co. Rosedale Products. Inc. Roto-King. Inc.. Unit of

ldex Corp.

SCM Chemicals Sandoz Chemicals Cop. Sanncor Industries. Inc. Semi-Bulk Systems. Inc. Serac. Inc. Shamrock Technologies. Inc. Sheii Chemical Co. / Sherwln-Williams Chemicals Co.

/ Shlmadzu Scientific lnstrument I S lDer Ine Monufoc1,rmg Co

S~no-Amencan Metals & M nerals Slva International. Inc. South Florida Test Servlce/Atias

Electric Devices University of Southern Mississippi Steel Structures Painting Council Sub-Tropical Testing Service Sun Chemicai Corp.

1 Tego Chemie Service USA , Texaco Chemical Co. 1 Thlele Engineering Co.

Tloxide Americo. Inc. Troy Chemicai Corp.

/ U.S. Borax & Chemical Corp. I U.S. Silica Co. U.S. Stoneware Corp. Unimin Specialiy Mlnerals Inc. 1 Union Corbide Chemicals &

Plastics 1 union process. lnc. United Cotalysts. Inc. United States Testing Co.. Inc. Unocal Chemicals Div.. Unocal 1 corp.

I Van Waters & Rogers R.T. Vanderbilt Co.. inc. Velsical Chemical Corp.

I Wacker Silicones Corp. warren-~upp. Inc. I Wllden Pump &Engineering Co.

1 witco Corp.

I X-Rite. lncorporated I 1 York Fluld Controls Ltd

1 Zeeian Industries. Inc.


THIS PAPER WAS AWARDED FIRST PRIZE IN THE 1990 ROON AWARDS COMPETITION

Interactions of Associative Thickeners With Paint Components as Studied

By the Use of a Fluorescently Labeled Model Thickener

Brough Richey, Andrea B. Kirk, Eric K. Eisenhart, Susan Fitzwater, and John Hook The Rohm and Haas Company*

A model associative thickener (AT) which is a hydrophobically modified polyethylene oxide urethane (HEUR) molecule in which pyrene groups serve as the terminal hydrophobes has been synthesized. This model thickener has rheological properties which are very similar to those of an important commercial thickener, with the advantage that the fluorescence of the pyrene hydrophobes is sensitive to their local environment and to their state of aggregation. From fluorescence studies of this model thickener we conclude: (1) The extent of AT-AT interactions increases monotonically over a wide range of thickener concentration in the water or continuous phase. At the concentrations normally employed in latex paints, nearly all of the terminal hydrophobes of thickeners in the continuous phase are aggregated in

INTRODUCTION

The rheology o f a paint is o f vital importance to both the ease o f application and the ultimate quality o f the applied film. Aqueous latex paints usually require the addition o f polymeric rheology modifiers to the formulation i n order to achieve a desirable combination o f application and performance properties. Hydroxyethylcellulose was the material most commonly used for this purpose i n the past, but since the early 1980s. a new class of synthetic materials -associative thickeners (ATs)-have become available. A T molecules consist of a water soluble polymer to which

small clusters containing about six ends. (2) ATs interact predominantly through their terminal hydrophobes with the latex surface. The binding can be described by a simple Langmuir model and the free energy of the AT-latex binding interaction is about -6 Kcal per mole of bound thickener. (3) The presence of shear flow at rates as high as 1500 is does not significantly alter the fluorescence of labeled thickeners present in AT-water or AT-latex-water mixtures. This suggests that these types of AT interactions may not be significantly altered by shear flows of this magnitude. These results provide new experimental constraints on the possible mechanisms by which ATs thicken aqueous polymer dispersions.

a small number o f hydrophobic groups are covalently attached. They offer a number o f performance advantages when compared to conventional cellulosic thickeners; these include reduced splatter during roller application, improved flow and leveling, higher potential gloss, and better f i lm build. ATs give paint formulators a whole new set o f tools for modifying the rheological properties o f latex paints and they have proven to be very valuable i n terms o f improving the application properties and the quality o f the applied film.

While ATs have been commercially available and used for nearlv a decade. a detailed understanding o f their - thickening mechanism has remained elusive. A large

Pre~enredat!he68lhAnnuslMeef1ngoflh~Fed~rarlonofSocl~lie~forCoat~n8~Te~h~~~~~>'~ amount of industria] research has been directed towards in Washtngfon, D C.. on October 30. I990

. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h Lahoraloriel. 727 Norr~sfown ~ d . . Spring House. PA 19477 this problem and recently i t has become o f interest to an

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 31

B. RiCHEY et ai

increasing number of academic researchers. Progress has been made and several theories on the basic outline of the thickening mechanism exist. However, obtaining a detailed picture of the mechanism has turned out to be a difficult problem. Aqueous latex paints are a very complex colloidal system. They contain a variety of components which can all simultaneously interact in some way with ATs. These include the dispersed latex particles, surfactants, as well as some dispersants and pigments. In addition, the rheological methods frequently used to study these interactions are indirect and the complexities of the system make the interpretation of the data even more difficult. AT-latex interactions have been investigated by use of binding experiments but they are complicated by the need to separate the latex and continuous phases. These challenges and the benefits to be gained through a better understanding of the AT thickening mechanism have insured that this area of research remains active and controversial.

This paper reports on recent work done in order to obtain a more detailed picture of the AT thickening mechanism. A vital aspect of this work is the development of a new fluorescently labeled model thickener. This thickener is a hydrophobically modified polyethylene oxide urethane (HEUR) molecule in which pyrene groups serve as the hydrophobes of the thickener and as fluorescent labels. Our development of this model thickener was inspired by the work of Char et al., who used a pyrene labeled polyethylene oxide material to study polymer-polymer' and polymer-colloid2~3 interactions. By monitoring the fluorescence of our model thickener, detailed information can be obtained about the interactions ATs are involved in. In the following sections of this report, it is shown how this new tool can be used to obtain more detailed information on the types of interactions ATs are involved in and how these interactions are affected by shear flow.

FLUORESCENTLY LABELED MODEL ASSOCIATIVE THICKENER

A novel thickener was developed in the course of this work in order to study AT interactions with greater detail than was previously possible. This new thickener has the

basic molecular structure common to the HEUR class of commercial ATs: it is comprised of a water soluble poly- ethlene oxidelurethane backbone with hydrophobic end groups. However, the hydrophobes of the model thickener are actually pyrene chromophores, rather than the conventional hydrophobic groups used in commercial thickeners. This new material is called Pyrene Associative Thickener (PAT). The PAT molecule has rheological properties which are very similar to those of commercial HEUR thickeners. However, it has the added advantage that the pyrene hydrophobes have fluorescence properties which are sensitive to the local chemical environment and the state of pyrene-pyrene aggregation.

Synthesis and Characterization of PAT

The PAT thickener was synthesized by the method given in U.S. Patent 4,079,028 using 4(1-pyrenyl)butanol (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). After synthesis, the thickener was purified by hexane precipitation from tetrahydrofuran and subsequent analysis by thin layer chromatography indicated that the thickener was free from unreacted pyrene butanol. The PAT sample has a number average molecular weight of 30,000 and a weight average molecular weight of 60,000 as characterized by gel permeation chromatography. A PL-Gel column was used with tetrahydrofuran as the mobile phase and commercially available polyethylene oxide calibration standards.

Rheological Properties of PAT

We characterized the rheological properties of the PAT thickener and HUER-I,* a typical commercial HEUR thickener, in two types of systems: (1) simple mixtures of water and thickener and (2) mixtures of acrylic latex and thickener. A Carri-Medm (Carri-Med Ltd., England) Con- trolled Stress Rheometer Model CSlOO was used to obtain complete flow curves (viscosity as a function of shear rate) for these mixtures. The rheometer was operated at 25°C with the cone and plate geometry using standard l o and 2" cones. All thickener samples used in this work were prepared from dried polymer and do not contain cosolvent. Typical flow curves obtained for each thicken-

*Acrysol" RM-825 IRohm and Haar Company).

Flgure 1-Flow curves for AT thickener-water mixtures. The Figure 2-Comparison of low shear rate plateau vlscositles PAT curve is a 5 wt % PAT-water mixture and the HUER-1 for thickener-water mixtures prepared wlth PAT (n) and

curve is a 4 wt % HUER-1-water mixture HUER-1 (0)


II

10 100 1000 10000 .1 1 1 0

Shear Rate ( Is) [Thickener] (Wt %)

100 - 0 V) .- 0 P ' 2 10: .- V ) .

5 . 1 -

1000

: .

.

j

- 0 .E 100-

P 10- r - .- :: 1 - 0

g .11

PAT

RM-825

. - . . .

. O 0

0

0

0

.01

w C

0 (I)

E S - lL

>, .- .- (I)

w - C -

INTERACTIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE THICKENERS

Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

Figure 3-Typical fluorescence spectrum of the PAT thicken- Figure 4--Fluorescence of 1 x lo-. molar pyrene butanol in er molecule in water. The sample is composed of 0.005 wt % water and hexane PAT in distilled water. The underlying basis spectra for the

monomer and excimer fluorescence are also shown

er in thickener-water mixtures are shown in Figure 1. The flow curves are very similar and show the characteristic shape observed for AT-water mixtures: a constant viscosity plateau at low shear rates which is then followed by shear thinning at higher shear rates. The viscosities measured in the low shear rate plateau region for both thickeners are plotted as a function of thickener level in Figure 2. Again, the similarities in the rheological properties of these two materials are striking.

The rheological properties of PAT and HUER-I in latex-thickener mixtures were also compared. Samples were prepared by mixing thickener with a commercial latex bindert at latex volume solids of 10, 20, and 30% and at thickener levels ranging from 0.5% to 5% by weight on the continuous phase. The flow curves obtained with these two thickeners were very similar. They show a viscosity plateau at low shear rates and then exhibit shear thinning behavior at shear rates above about 10-100 Is. The viscosities produced by a given concentration of each thickener are also similar.

It is felt that the similarities in the basic chemical structure of the PAT and commercial HEUR thickeners, and the similarities in their rheological properties shown here, demonstrate that the PAT thickener is a good model for commercial HEUR thickeners. Apparently the pyrene end groups of the PAT thickener function in a way which is very similar to the conventional hydrophobes used in commercial thickeners.

Fluorescence of PAT in Water

The fluorescence of the pyrene chromophore is quite sensitive to its local environment. Finure 3 shows the

fluorescence. The monomer fluorescence is normal fluorescence from isolated pyrene groups. It is characterized by a series of vibrational lines, three of which are prominent in this particular spectrum. The relative intensities of the vibrational lines depend on the polarity of the local environment. Figure 4 demonstrates how the fluorescence of a related model compound, pyrene butanol, changes when it is dissolved in water and hexane. Note that as the environment changes from water to the less polar solvent, hexane, the intensity of the middle band [398 nm, labeled I(5)] increases relative to the first band [376 nm, labeled I(1) l . Simultaneously, the spectral region between these two prominent peaks changes in slope and shows more fine structure as the polarity decreases.

In contrast to the structured monomer fluorescence, the excimer fluorescence band is broad and featureless. An excimer is an excited state complex"' which is formed between an excited state pyrene group and a nearby ground state pyrene group. This excited state complex, or excimer, can then fluoresce, yielding two ground state pyrenes. Since the complex must form before the excited pyrene group can emit normal fluorescence or otherwise lose its energy, excimers can only form when the two pyrene groups are very close. While the detailed photophysics of this process are beyond the scope of this paper, Char et al.' have estimated that pyrene groups in a related polymer system must be closer than about 4 nm in order to exhibit excimer fluorescence. With excimer fluorescence so dependent on the distance between pyrene groups, significant excimer formation indicates local regions of a sample have two or more closely associated pyrene groups.

fluorescence spectrum of a sample containing 0.005 wt % PAT in water which was excited by light with a wave- THICKENER-THICKENER INTERACTIONS length of 340 nm. A Spex Fluorolog@ I1 (Spex Industries) IN WATER fluorometer was used to measure all the fluorescence spectra shown in this work. The spectrum has two pri- Spectral Analysis mary regions, labeled monomer fluorescence and excimer

The sensitivity of excimer fluorescence to pyrene- ~ R ~ o ~ I ~ x ' AC-61 tuohrn and Haar Company) pyrene interactions allows us to probe the formation of

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 33

B. RICHEY et al.

Wavelength (nm) Figure 5-Fluorescence spectra of the PAT thickener in water. PAT conccntratlons range from 0.0001 to 0.5 wt %. The spec-

tra are normalized assuming equal quantum yields .

hydrophobic associations in water. Figure 5 shows how the PAT spectrum depends on the concentration of thickener. At very low PAT concentrations, the monomer fluorescence band predominates. The spectral shape is constant up to a PAT concentration of 0.0005 wt %. Above 0.0005 wt % PAT, the excimer band grows in importance and dominates the fluorescence spectrum at 0.5% PAT.

If it is assumed that the quantum yields for the monomer and excimer fluorescence are the same, then these fluorescence data can be used to estimate the populations of thickener and pyrene groups emitting as excimers and monomers. A linear least squares fitting routine was used to simultaneously fit the spectra of Figure 5 to two basis spectra, each composed of a number of Gaussian peaks. Each basis spectrum is a model for a "pure" spectrum of pyrenes in one of the two environments. The basis spectra used to fit the 0.005 wt % PAT spectrum are shown in Figure 3.

With the assumption of equal quantum yields, then the integrals of the spectral intensities taken with respect to

".-" 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Concentration PAT (Wt. %)

Figure GExcimer fluorescence of the PAT thickener as a function of thickener concentration

80 Mole % PAT

10 Mole % PAT

Wavelength (nm) Flgure 7-Fluorescence of mixtures of PAT and HUER-1 In water. The total AT concentration Is 0.02 wt % and the molar

fraction of PAT varies as noted In the figure

energy, o (a Ilwavelength), can be used to estimate the relative populations of excimer and monomer species:

Excimer Fraction = I Excimer Intensity d o

Total Fluorescence Intensity d o

Monomer Fraction = ) Monomer Intensity d o

I Total Fluorescence Intensity du)

Fluorescence of PAT-Water Mixtures

Mixtures of the PAT thickener and water can serve as a model for the continuous phase of a latex paint. To study this, blends of PAT and water at a variety of PAT levels, ranging from 0.00005% to 0.5% PAT were prepared. Fluorescence spectra were obtained for these samples and their spectra were fit as previously described. These results are presented in Figure 6 in terms of the fraction of PAT ends involved in excimer fluorescence as a function of PAT concentration. At low thickener levels, the fraction of excimer fluorescence is constant with respect to changes in thickener concentration. This suggests that the concentration of PAT is so low that essentially no inter- polymer associations can occur, and pyrene aggregates form by intramolecular association of the two ends of a given PAT molecule. It can be seen that about 35% of the PAT molecules appear to be self cyclized. Char et al.' report a similar type of behavior in their polyethylene oxide system.

At thickener concentrations above 0.0005 wt % PAT, the fraction of pyrene groups involved in excimer formation increases linearly with the log of the PAT concentration. This dependence extends over three decades in concentration to 0.5 wt % PAT-the maximum level studied. This increase in excimer formation is attributed to intermolecular aggregation of the hydrophobic pyrene groups. These hydrophobe aggregates are micelle-like junctions which form the nodes of an extended thickener network. At thickener concentrations similar to those used in most practical latex paints (greater than 0.1 wt %), more than 80% of the hydrophobe end groups are involved in these aggregates.



Aggregation Number

The number of thickener hydrophobes involved in a thickener junction is a key quantity in the description of the thickener network. This quantity is called the aggregation number and an experiment was designed, using the PAT thickener, to measure it. Mixtures of PAT and HUER-1 were prepared at a constant total thickener level but with varying mole ratios of PAT and HUER-1. The fluorescence spectra of these samples were then measured. Typical results are shown in Figure 7.

The amount of excimer fluorescence seen in these blends at low mole fractions of PAT is less than that observed in the lowest concentration spectrum in Figure 5. This suggests that the extent of self cyclization is reduced by the presence of HUER- I . The monomer fluorescence region is somewhat different as well, particularly in the 385 nm region between the I(1) and I(5) peaks. The increased structure and changed slope observed in the blended samples suggest that the pyrene groups are in a more hydrophobic environment than that experienced by the pyrene groups in the PAT only samples. In the PAT only case, the samples with predominantly monomer fluorescence have very low total thickener concentration. In those samples, the pyrene groups exhibiting monomer fluorescence are probably dissolved in water. In the mixed PAT and HUER-1 case, the samples with a large degree of monomer fluorescence have a low mole fraction of PAT, but a large total thickener concentration. In these samples, most of the PAT pyrene groups are isolated from other pyrenes in aggregates of HUER-I hydrophobes. In this case, the pyrene monomer fluorescence reflects the hydrophobicity of these aggregates.

As the mole fraction of PAT increases, the likelihood of two or more pyrene groups being present in the same hydrophobe aggregate increases, causing an increase in the excimer fluorescence. Figure 8 shows how the fraction of excimer increases as a function of the mole fraction of PAT. The excimer fraction was estimated in a manner similar to that above. Note that the excimer fraction is about 0.18 at 1 mole % PAT. This is probably a reasonable estimate of the self cyclization level of PAT in these mixtures. As the PAT concentration approaches 100 mole %, the excimer fraction approaches 0.84. The sharpness of the transition from mostly monomer to mostly excimer fluorescence is a measure of the hydrophobe junction size.

To estimate the aggregation number, this data can be modeled using counting statistics and some simplifying assumptions. First we assume that if there are one or more additional pyrenes in a hydrophobe aggregate with an excited pyrene, an excimer will form. If there are no other pyrene groups in a hydrophobe aggregate with an excited pyrene, monomer fluorescence will occur. Any excited pyrene ends that are not in aggregates will also undergo monomer fluorescence. It is further assumed that the aggregation properties of PAT and HUER-1 are the same and that the hydrophobes from the two thickeners are distributed at random, except for self-cyclization. With these assumptions, we can use probability theory to estimate the excimer fraction as a function of the mole %

PAT and assumed aggregation number. As the aggregation number increases, the probability of having two or more pyrenes in an aggregate increases, and the excimer fraction goes up. The solid lines in Figure 8 show the calculated curves for aggregation numbers, n, of 5 ,6 , and 7. From these results, we estimate that there are about six thickener ends in an aggregate at the 0.02 wt % thickener level we studied. Other estimates of the aggregation number fall in similar range^.^,^ Pyrene has also been used by itself as a probe to estimate aggregate size for HUER-1 in a manner analogous to that used for surfactant m i c e l l e ~ ' ~ and a similar result was found.

From these thickener in water studies, we have confirmed earlier pictures of the HUER thickening mechanism and have added some additional details. At the high concentrations used in water-based coatings, most of the hydrophobes participate in aggregates containing about six thickener ends. These aggregates are the crosslinks which tie the thickener network together.

THICKENER-LATEX INTERACTIONS

The interactions between associative thickeners and latexes are an important part of the AT thickening mechanism. Previous research by several different group^*.'^-'^ has shown that ATs interact with the latex surface and that the strength of this interaction has a significant effect on rheology. The fluorescent PAT thickener offers a new way to study these types of interactions. By studying the fluorescence of the thickener in the presence of latex particles, the amount of thickener bound to the latex surface can be calculated. Fluorescence is more direct and simpler than many other methods used to measure

Mole Fraction PAT

Flgure &The fractlon of exclmer fluorescence as a function of the mole ratio of PAT and HUER-1. The circles represent experlmental data obtained at a total AT concentratlon of 0.02 wt %. The solid Ilnes are the calculated curves determined by the statistical model described in the text. The numbers indicate the values of the thickener aggregation number used to

generate the calculated lines

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

these types of binding interactions because it is not necessary to separate the latex particles from the continuous phase in order to measure the binding interaction.

Fluorescence of PAT-Latex Mixtures

The fluorescence of the PAT thickener was used to measure the binding of PAT to acrylic latex particles. The experimental latex compositions used here are similar to those described previously."~12 These latexes are good models for commercial acrylic latex binders. A small particle latex (130 nm) and a large particle latex (500 nm) were used for this work. Thickener-latex mixtures were prepared at several thickener levels ranging from 0.5% to 5% in the continuous phase and the latex concentration varied between 10% and 30% volume solids. These mixtures were equilibrated for a week or more. Fluorescence spectra were obtained with front face fluorescence geometry since the PAT-latex mixtures are essentially opaque and conventional 90" fluorescence cannot be used.

The spectra for the experiment with the 130 nm latex particles are shown in Figure 9 . At a concentration of 1.0 wt % PAT there is essentially no excimer fluorescence. Compare this with the dominant excimer band observed for the sample containing 1 .O% PAT in water (Figure 5). The monomer fluorescence of Figure 9 indicates the pyrene end groups experience a more hydrophobic environment than when they are free in water (Figure 3) o r when they are associated into thickener aggregates with HUER-1 (Figure 7). The spectrum from the 4% PAT sample also shown in Figure 9 is indicative of an even more hydrophobic environment. These differences seen in the monomer fluorescence of Figures 3 , 7, and 9 are greater than those shown in Figure 4 for pyrene butanol dissolved in water and hexane.

These spectral changes can be accounted for by fitting the observed PAT-latex spectra with basis spectra from three pyrene populations. One pyrene population, PSURF. is bound tightly to the latex surface. The second

Wavelength (nm)

Figure %Typical fluorescence spectra of 20% volume solids PAT-latex mixtures. The latex used for these spectra has a particle size of approximately 130 nm. Thickener concentrations noted in the figure are given in units of wt % on the

continuous phase

population, PWATER, is not associated with either latex o r other pyrenes and has a spectrum similar to the monomer fluorescence basis spectrum in Figure 3 . The third population, PAGG, is bound in a hydrophobe aggregate and generates the excimer spectrum. Based on the PAT- water experiments, we have basis spectra for the PWATER and P A ~ G . Unfortunately, it is impossible to uniquely extract a basis spectrum for PsURF directly from the data. However, if we arbitrarily assume that the I % PAT-latex sample shown in Figure 9 has a PsURF of half of the total pyrene concentration, we can obtain a reasonable estimate of the PSURF basis spectrum. Other assumptions for PsURF ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 of total pyrene also can fit the 1% PAT spectrum in Figure 9. No matter which value for the PSURF assumption is correct, the extremely hydrophobic nature of its basis spectrum indicates that PAT binds tightly to the latex surface via a hydrophobic interaction. This interpretation of the monomer fluorescence is similar to that of Char et al.' for their results with lower molecular weight pyrene capped polyethylene oxide binding to a polystyrene latex at low concentrations.

Despite the problems in uniquely estimating PsURF and PwATER, we can get a reasonable value for the relative amount of thickener molecules bound to the latex. T o do this we assume that all the monomer fluorescence generated by the PsURF and PwATER populations represent bound thickener molecules, and all the excimer fluorescence comes from the continuous phase. This splits any thickener molecules which have one end bound to latex and the other to a hydrophobe aggregate between the bound and continuous phases. It also ignores thickeners with pyrenes in the PwATER population, which have the other pyrene end in aggregates. However, based on the PAT-water results previously noted, that population appears negligible. We checked the estimates of bound thickener by centrifuging several PAT-latex samples and measuring the amount of thickener in the continuous phase by UV absorption spectroscopy. Rea- sonable agreement between this method and the fluorescence method was found.

PAT-Latex Binding Data

Fluorescence binding data obtained with the PAT thickener and the two acrylic lattices are shown in Figure 10. The binding curves for both latexes have the same general shape: the amount of thickener bound rises fairly steeply as the thickener concentration increases and then begins to level off at higher thickener concentrations. This type of binding curve is characteristic of a simple saturation binding mechanism and suggests that the Lang- muir binding model might be sufficient to describe the process.".12 The Langmuir model assumes that the latex surface has a fixed number of independent and identical binding sites for the thickener molecule. The number of thickeners bound to a latex particle, NB, is characterized by the concentration of thickener in the continuous phase, [Thickener], an equilibrium binding constant describing the interaction between a thickener molecule and a binding site on the latex surface, K, and the number of binding sites per latex particle, NMax The model is expressed mathematically as:



Table 1 -Parameter Values Obtained From Fits to the Langmuir Binding Model

AG -. Latex K Binding N... N... Area Size - 1 Kcal Number Occupied nrn W t % m e q m Particle nm2

Nofc The arcaaccuptcd h) a hound th~clcner molerule ~r ~alculated by dtvldinp the nomlnrl rurlace area of each latex parllcle by ~ h c nunlher oi ~h lc l tncr , h ~ n d at maximum $alurallon.

K [Thickener] NB = NM.,.

I + K [Thickener]

The binding data shown in Figure 10 were fit to the Langmuir model by a nonlinear least squares regression analysis, and the results are shown by the solid lines. It is apparent that the Langmuir model is adequate to describe the binding data that was obtained, but with any thermo- dynamic model, one must recognize that other models may exist which might also fit the data. The parameter values obtained from the fits are given in Table I. The equilibrium constants for PAT binding are very similar for the two latexes. This implies that the thermodynamics of the thickener-latex binding interaction are also very similar. However, the number of thickener molecules bound to the particle surface are quite different. This is a reflection of the difference in surface areas of each size particle rather than differences in the nature of the latex- thickener interaction. At saturation, a bound PAT thickener molecule occupies about 13 nm2 of the latex surface for each latex.

Interpretation of Binding Results

The equilibrium constant measured for the binding of the PAT thickener to both latexes is on the order of 5/wt %. This translates into a binding free energy (AG) of -6 Kcal per mole of thickener bound. This value is in the range observed for many hydrophobically driven processes. For example, the free energy to transfer decane from a saturated water solution to a hydrocarbon phase can be estimated to be -1 1 Kcal per mole.14 The binding of a thickener molecule to the surface of a latex particle may be analogous to such a transfer process because the hydrophobic end groups of the thickener molecule are transferred from the aqueous continuous phase to the more hydrophobic latex phase when the thickener binds to the surface. The free energy of the thickener-latex interaction may be somewhat lower than the transfer value because the acrylic latex surface may not be as hydrophobic as a pure hydrocarbon phase, or perhaps steric repulsions between the water soluble backbones of bound thickener molecules reduce the driving force generated by the hydrophobe-latex interaction.

The 13 nm2 area occupied by a PAT molecule is quite large in comparison to the surface area occupied by conventional surfactants at an air-water interface. For example, TritonB X-405 (Union Carbide) (a nonionic octyl- phenol surfactant) occupies only about 0.9 nm2 of area at

the air water interface.15 Thus, a bound thickener molecule occupies about 14 times more surface area than a bound surfactant. Apparently, steric interactions between the PEO backbone of bound thickener molecules limit the total amount of thickener which can bind on the particle surface.

While the surface area occupied by a bound thickener molecule is large in comparison to the area occupied by a bound surfactant molecule, it is small in comparison to the cross sectional area of a freely dissolved thickener. This can be demonstrated as follows. The average radius of gyration for a random coil chain can be calculated as:

where C is an empirical constant, n is the number of bonds in the chain, and I is the length of a single bond.I6 Reasonable parameter values for a PEO chain in water are: C = 4 - 5 , 1 =0.15 nm, and n=2,400 for a PEO polymer with a number average molecular weight of 35,000 (roughly equivalent to the PAT backbone). With these values the average radius of gyration for a dissolved thickener molecule is calculated to be about 6 nm. Thus, the cross sectional area for a thickener freely dissolved in water is calculated to be 110 nmz. This is about nine

[Thickener] (Wt. %)

[Thickener] (Wt. %) Figure 10-The blndlng of the PAT thickener to acrylic latex particles. The data shown in A and B were obtained with the 130 nm and 500 nm latexes described in the text, respectively. The circles (0 ) are the experimental data and the solid lines (-)are the least squares best fits obtained with the Langmuir

model

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

B. RICHEY et al.

times larger than the area occupied by a thickener molecule bound to the latex surface at maximum saturation. This tight packing suggests that the configuration of the thickener backbone may be significantly distorted when significant amounts of thickener are bound to the latex surface.

THICKENER INTERACTIONS DURING SHEAR FLOW

The interactions of associative thickeners with them- selves and paint components provide the basis through which the rheological properties of the complete paint are generated. Much of the research on the mechanism of associative thickener action is aimed at determining the structures of the species formed by ATs. In this approach, knowledge of the predominant structures, and the strengths of the interactions which underlie them, is used as a basis for interpreting the rheological properties of AT thickened materials. However, there have been no direct measurements of the effect of shear flow on the various structures present in AT thickened systems. Since many of the rheological qualities of associatively thickened systems are defined under the condition of shear flow, it is important to know how shear flow affects the thickener structures present in these systems. The PAT thickener offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of shear flow on the structures and interactions of ATs. By monitoring the fluorescence of samples thickened with PAT in the presence and absence of shear flow, we can obtain information on how shear flow alters AT-AT and AT- latex interactions.

Apparatus for Measuring Fluorescence During Shear

Figure 1 I is a schematic diagram of the apparatus that was constructed to measure the fluorescence of the PAT thickener during shear flow. It consists of a fluorometer linked to a cone and plate rheometer by means of optical fiber cables. We equipped a Carri-Med@ cone and plate rheometer with a special 1.5" cone constructed from UV transparent Plexiglas@ (Rohm and Haas Company). This

Figure 11-Schematic diagram of the shearing fluorometer apparatus. Optical fiber cables carry the excitation and emission signal to and from the sample. The rheometer cone is constructed from UV transparent Plexiglase and the instru-

ment has a shear rate range from 1 Is to about 1500 Is

was connected to a Spex Fluorolog@ I1 fluorometer by means of two optical fiber cables which carried the excitation and emission signals to and from the sample. The ends of the optical fiber cables were held in position above the clear rheometer cone with a small clamp. The fluorescence geometry is essentially front face. The cone and plate geometry insures that the whole sample is characterized by a single shear rate.

Fluorescence of PAT-Water Mixtures Under Shear

Typical fluorescence spectra of a 1 wt % PAT solution in deionized water at rest and under a shear rate of 1500 Is are shown in Figure 12. The two spectra superimpose within the error of the experiment. Similar results were observed on repeat runs and at 2 wt % PAT.

The lack of change in the fluorescence spectrum under shear is surprising. If the shear field breaks down the network of intermolecular hydrophobic aggregates significantly, excimer fluorescence should decrease and monomer florescence should increase. Since the 1500 Is shear rate is barely outside the Newtonian flow region for the sample (see Figure I ) , the shear rate may not be high enough to significantly disrupt the thickener network. Higher shear rates, further outside the Newtonian plateau, might still disrupt the aggregation structure.

Fluorescence of PAT-Latex Mixtures Under Shear

The rheological measurements of PAT-latex mixtures show significant shear thinning (about a four-fold reduction) when the samples are subjected to shear rates on the order of 1500 Is. Because of this, we expected to observe changes in the fluorescence signal of PAT-latex mixtures when subjected to shear flow in our apparatus.

Samples for the PAT-latex shear study were prepared at two PAT concentrations (2 and 4 wt % PAT on continuous phase) with a 250 nm acrylic latex" at 25% volume solids. Typical fluorescence spectra obtained for PAT-latex mixtures in the presence and absence of shear flow are shown in Figure 13. These spectra were obtained with the 2 wt % PAT-latex sample and show the largest spectral differences that were observed. Again, it was observed that shear flow causes very little, if any, change in the fluorescence spectrum of a PAT thickened material. Similar results were observed with all PAT-latex samples investigated, and most samples did not show any statistically significant spectral changes when subjected to shear flows at the rate of 1500 Is.

Interpretation of the Fluorescence with Shear Results

As previously discussed, one may rationalize the lack of a change in the fluorescence of the PAT-water mixtures by saying the instrument could not generate shear rates high enough to significantly reduce the average aggregation state of the PAT thickener junctions. How- ever, the PAT-latex samples do show significant shear thinning in these experiments and yet they also show very little or no change in their fluorescence spectra. What


Wavelength (nrn)

Figure 12-Fluorescence spectra of 1.0 W % PAT-water mlx- tures in the absence and presence of a shear flow of 1500 Is.

The two curves superimpose almost exactly

does this result imply about the AT thickening mechanism? The simplest and most direct interpretation of the fluorescence under shear results is that the lack of change in the fluorescence signal implies that there is a corresponding lack of change in the average state of thickener aggregation during shear flow. This conclusion runs counter to some aspects of the commonly held picture of the AT thickening mechanism. In this model, shear thinning is thought to result from the shear induced breakdown of the three-dimensional network created by the thickener molecules. At low shear rates, the labile thickener network is thought to break and reform quickly in comparison to the rate at which shear flow disrupts the network. Under these conditions, the system exhibits a Newtonian flow profile. However, as the shear rate increases, eventually a point is reached at which the rate the network is disrupted exceeds the rate at which the network is reformed. Under these conditions, the average state of thickener aggregation begins to decrease and this leads to a reduction in the resistance to flow: that is, shear thinning. The results of this paper argue against a simple view of this model in which shear flow is thought to pull the thickener ends out of the thickener junctions and leave them unassociated in the continuous phase. If this were the case, then one would expect to observe a change in the relative amounts of monomer and excimer fluorescence as the shear rate changes.

Flow processes are certainly expected to disrupt the three-dimensional structure of the AT thickener network. The fluorescence results suggest that this disruption occurs in such a way as to maintain a relatively constant ratio between the amounts of thickener in thickener-thickener junctions, on the latex surface, and isolated in the continuous phase. There are many possible scenarios which are consistent with this picture. Some examples include: (1) Perhaps shear thinning results from a small change in the distribution of the thickener hydrophobe groups which is undetectable by fluorescence measurements. (2) Perhaps the breakdown of the network is not the physical process which causes shear thinning. (3) Per-


Wavelength (nm)

Figure 13--Fluorescence spectra of PAT-latex mixtures in the absence and presence of shear flow (1500 Is). The sample is composed of 2.0 W % PAT (continuous phase) with a 250 nm

acrylic latex at 25% volume solids

haps the total extent of aggregation is really being reduced under shear flow, but the extent of reduction is not great enough to cause a significant redistribution in the relative amounts of thickener involved in thickener-thickener junctions and isolated thickener ends. These are only a few of the possible mechanisms which could be consistent with our experimental result. It is clear that more experimental work is needed to distinguish among all the possible scenarios.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Fluorescence of the pyrene labeled HUER thickener is a powerful probe for studying thickener hydrophobe behavior in colloidal systems at rest and under shear flow. In the current study, this probe has revealed a number of facets of associative thickener behavior in solution and in latex dispersions:

Thickener hydrophobes partition between the water phase and aggregates of hydrophobes. At low concentration, most of the hydrophobes are in the water phase, although some self cyclization occurs. At higher concentrations, similar to those used in practical paint systems, the predominant environment for hydrophobes is in thickener aggregates.

The aggregation number for 0.02 wt % solutions of HUER-I and PAT is approximately six.

In the presence of latex, thickener hydrophobes bind tightly to the latex surface with a binding energy of about - 6 Kcallmole.

The latex surface environment appears to be more hydrophobic than the aggregate or water phase environments.

The thickener hydrophobe populations of both the thickener-water and the thickener-latex systems do not change significantly when subjected to shear rates up to 1500 Is.

These results place significant constraints on the possible mechanisms by which associative thickeners thicken aqueous colloidal dispersions.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 39

B. RICHEY et al.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank their many colleagues, their managers, and the Rohm and Haas Company for interest in and support of this research program.

References ( I ) Char, K., Frank, C.W., Gast, A.P.. and Tang, W.T., "Hydro-

phobic Attraction of Pyrene-End-Labeled Poly(ethy1ene glycol) in Water and Water-Methanol Mixtures," Macromolecules. 20. No. 8 , 1833 (1987).

(2) Char, K.. Gast, A.P., and Frank, C.W.. "Fluorescence Studies of Polymer Adsorption. I . Rearrangement and Displacement of Pyrene Terminated Poly(ethylene glycol) on Colloidal Silica Particles." Langmuir, 4, 989 (1989).

(3) Char, K.. Frank, C.W., and Gast, A.P.. "Fluorescence Studies of Polymer Adsorption. 3. Adsorption of Pyrene-End-Labeled Poly- (ethylene glycol) on Colloidal Polystyrene Particles." Langmuir. 5, 1335 (1989).

(4) Birks, J.B., Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules. Wiley-lnter- science. New York. NY. 1970.

(5) Kalyanasundaram, K., Photochemistry in Microheterogeneous Systems, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1987.

(6) Lakowicz, J.R., Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Plenum Press. New York, NY, 1983.

(7) Char, K.. Frank, C.W., and Gast, A.P., "Consideration of Hydrophobic Attractions in End to End Cyclization," Macromol- ecules. 22. 3 177 (1989).

(8) Jenkins, R.D., Emulsion Polymers Institute, Lehigh University, Bethlehem. PA. personal communication. 1990.

(9) Flynn, C.E. and Goodwin, J.W.. "Some Solution Properties of Acrylamide Dodecyl Methacrylate Copolymers," Proceeding3 of the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineer- ing. 61, 522 (1989).

(10) Atik, S.S., Nam, M., and Singer, L.A., Chem. Phvs. Lett. . 67. No. 1, 75 (1979).

(11) Sperry, P.R., Thibeault. J.C., and Kostansek, E.C.. "Floccula- tion and Rheological Characteristics of Mixtures of Latices and Water-Soluble Polymeric Thickeners," 11th lnternafional Confer- ence in Organic Coatings Sciencp and Technolog?. Proceedings. Patsis, A.V. (Ed.), Technomic Press, Lancaster, PA. 1, 1987.

(12) Thibeault, I.C.. Sperry, P.R., and Schaller. E.J.. "Effect of Surfactants and Cosolvents on the Behavior of Associative Thick- eners in Latex Systems," Wafer-Soluble Poljmers. Glass. J.E. (Ed.). Advances in Chemistry Series No. 213, American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C., 375, 1986.

(13) Glass. J.E. and Kamnasena. A , , "Associative Thickeners: From Nonsense to Reality," Proceedings of the ACS Dh,ision of Pol?- meric Materials: Science and Engmeering. 61 . 145 (1989).

(14) Tanford. C.. The Hydrophobic Effect: Formation oJMicelles and Biological Membranes, John Wiley and Sons, New York. NY, 7. 1980.

(15) "Handbook of Physical Properties of Surfactants and Disper- sants." Publication CS-16B, Rohm and Haas Co.. Philadelphia. PA. 7. 1986.

(16) Manderkern, L., An Introduction to Macromolecules. Springer- Verlag. New York. NY. 1983.


Acrylic Melamine Coating Compositions Containing Polymer-Bound Hindered Amine ~ i g h t Stabilizer Acrylic Resins

Peter A. Callais, Vasanth R. Kamath, and James D. Sargent Atochem North America*

Unique acrylic high solids coating resins with attached hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) groups have been developed. They are readily prepared by reacting a hydrazide functionalized HALS with acrylic polyol resins containing anhydride andlor epoxy groups. As a result, the HALS moiety is rendered nonvolatile and nonextractable. The attachment of the HALS to the acrylic polymer allows the use of an unsubstituted HALS in acid catalyzed systems. Acrylic melamine coatings prepared from polymer- bound light stabilizer resins exhibit outstanding weatherability and durability in both accelerated and outdoor weathering.

INTRODUCTION

Efforts in recent years have been directed toward the production of hydroxy-functional acrylic polymers (polyols) for use in high solids coatings The proper stabilization of high solids thermoset coatings presents unique challenges for the end-user. Photodegra- dation can cause undesirable effects such as gloss reduction, cracking, yellowing, delamination, blistering, and color fading.

In the stabilization of organic polymers from exposure of ultraviolet irradiation, light stabilizers, such as ultraviolet light absorbers (UVAs) and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), are very effective stabilizers for many polymer and coatings Useful light stabilizer additives for coatings must be both compatible

with and soluble in the coating composition. Light stabilizers must also possess a high degree of permanence, that is, resistance to loss during the drying or curing process and in the end-use application. Many conventional light stabilizers exhibit limited compatibility and solubility in high solids coatings formulations and are subject to migration from the coating over extended periods of time.

One approach developed to overcome these limitations is to chemically bind the light stabilizer moiety to the polymer. Several techniques have been used to prepare polymers with bound light stabilizer group(s) including: monomeric copolymerizable light stabilizers9; free radical initiators (organic peroxide and azonitrile compounds) containing light stabilizer f u n c t i o n a ~ i t ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ; and light stabilizers containing reactive functionalities."

The object of thispaper is to report a newly developed hindered amine light stabilizer (LS) hydrazide, N-2,2,6,6-tetramethyI-4-piperidinyl-N'-aminooxamide (Figure I), and the production of acrylic oligomers with a chemically bound HALS group.14 The polymer-bound acrylic LS resins are produced by reacting the hydrazide functionality (LS-R-NH-NH2) with acrylic polyols con-

[N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethy1-4-piperidinyl)-N'-amin00~amide] Presented in pan at the 16th Annual Waterborne and Higher-Salldr Coaltngr Symposium. in

New Orleans. LA. on February 3 . 1989. 'Organc Peroxld~r Div . 1740 Mllltary Rd.. P 0 Box 1048. Buffalo. NY 14240. Figure 1-HALS hydrazlde

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 41

P.A. CALLAIS, V.R. KAMATH, and J.D. SARGENT

Figure 2-HALS hydrazide attachment through anhydride group

taining anhydride (Figure 2) andlor epoxy functionality (Figure 3). This method allows efficient attachment of the HALS moiety, facile control over the stabilizer concentration, and a homogeneous distribution of the light stabilizer throughout the coatings composition. The HALS moiety is now more resistant to migration, extraction, and volatilization from the coating. Acrylic melamine coatings containing polymer-bound light stabilizer acrylic resins exhibit improved properties.

EXPERIMENTAL

Acrylic Polyol Resin Synthesis

High solids acrylic polyol resins containing anhydride andlor epoxy functional groups were prepared by conventional free-radical solution polymerization techniques. Polymerizations were conducted under nitrogen in a jack- eted glass reactor equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, and reflux condenser. A monomer feed containing 30%, by weight butyl acrylate, 25% 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 20% butyl methacrylate, 10% methyl methacrylate, 10% styrene, and 5% maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate was used.

Monomer and initiator were combined and metered into a reactor containing solvent at a prescribed temperature over a five hour period. After the monomer and initiator addition was complete, polymerization was continued for an additional hour. Monomer to solvent ratio was of the order of three to one by weight (75% solids, theoretical).

Ethyl 3,3-di-(t-amylperoxy)b~tyrate~.'~ (EAPB) at a concentration of 5.0 parts per one hundred parts monomer was used as the polymerization initiator. The polymeriza-

I Heat T

Figure 3-HALS hydrazide attachment through epoxy group

tion temperature was 145'C which corresponds to the 15- min half-life temperature of the initiator.* The use of EAPB resulted in acrylic resins having desirable low molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and low solution viscosity at high solids.

Polymer-Bound Light Stabilizer Synthesis

In a post polymerization step, the HALS hydrazide was added to the hot acrylic polyol resin solution. The attachment reaction was temperature dependent and faster at higher temperatures, that is, four hours at 120°C vs 15 min at 150°C. The binding efficiency (the amount of light stabilizer polymer-bound) was determined to be greater than 90% by weight for anhydride-functional acrylic polyol resins. The binding efficiency for epoxy-functional acrylic polyol resins was determined to be about 70% by weight. The light stabilizer hydrazide concentration can vary from 0.50 to 5.0 parts per hundred by weight of acrylic polyol resin (dependent on the concentration of anhydride andlor epoxy functionality on the polymer). The resulting resins containing the HALS bound to the acrylic polyol are denoted herein with a suffix "P," for example, HALS-P.

Inert nonoxygenated hydrocarbon solvents are the preferred polymerization solvents in the production of these acrylic polyol resins. The light stabilizer hydrazides can react with certain ketone, acetate, and ester solvents, thereby limiting their degree of binding to the acrylic polymers. Examples of acceptable inert solvents include toluene, xylene, mineral spirits, and other aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons. We also found that certain ether-ester solvents, such as ethyl-3-ethoxy-

T h e hillf.lifc of EAPB war measured in dodecane at 0 2M eanccntraion.


ACRYLIC MELAMINE COATING COMPOSITIONS

propionate (EktaproB EEP, from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.), can be used without affecting the degree of light stabilizer binding. Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (such as Aromatic@ 100 and 150, from Exxon Chemicals Company) primarily were used in this study.

Coating Compositions

Acrylic clearcoat formulations were comprised of the polymer-bound light stabilizer acrylic polyol resins, melamine crosslinking agent, acid catalyst, and reducing solvents (Appendix I). The resin/crosslinking agent ratio was 75/25. Clear topcoats were applied by gravity draw- down to white (TiOz) pigmented basecoat acrylic enamels (UBC-8554) with an average film thickness of 2.6 mils. (The white basecoat is a proprietary formulation and was supplied by Advanced Coatings Technologies Inc., Hills- dale, MI.) The clear topcoats were cured in either a 120°C or a 140°C oven for 30 min. Hard glossy enamel finishes, with 60" gloss of 90 to 95, resulted. Dry film thickness of the clear topcoat was 1.0 to 1.5 mils. The film hardness was typically 8 to 13 Knoop Hardness Number (KHN).

Characterization

The determination of HALS binding efficiency was accomplished by separation of the polymer from low molecular weight species (solvent, residual monomers, etc.) using a semi-preparative 500 Angstrom gel permeation chromatographic column. The isolated resin was then titrated for total HALS content using an HCI in methanol titrant and glass-calomel pH electrode.

Accelerated weathering was conducted with a QUV weathering tester using an eight-hour light cycle (UV- B313) at 60°C and a four-hour wet cycle at 50°C (ASTM D 4587-86 G-53). Exposed panels were inspected at regular intervals for changes in gloss and appearance. Out- door weathering was conducted through South Florida Test Service using a 5" Black Box-type exposure.

In addition, the following test procedures or devices were used for determining the corresponding property:

Solids (NVM)-ASTM D 1259-80 Viscosity (poise)-Brookfield viscosity Film thickness (mils)-ASTM D 1186-81

Table I-Properties of Acrylic Melamine Formulations Resin Mn MwIMn Vlscoslty @ 55% NVM'

Aclyl~c polyol . . . . . . . 2700 2.4 120 cps. HALS-P.. . . . . . . . . . . 2600 2.9 120 cps.

(a) Acrylic polyollrnelarninc ratlo of 75:25

Film hardness (KHN)-Knoop indention hardness ASTM D 1474-85

Gloss (60")-ASTM D 523-85 Color-CIELAB 1976 (L*, a*, b*) Moisture resistance-ASTM D 2247 and D 714 (96 hr

at 100°F and 100% relative humidity).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

HALS Photostabilization

One of the most important parameters in outdoor coatings degradation is exposure to UV radiation. This causes a photochemical breakdown of the crosslinked network which results in loss of film integrity as well as physical properties such as gloss and distinctness of image. HALS are particularly effective in preventing photooxidation in polymers such as polyolefins and acrylic based coatings. The mechanism of HALS photostabilization has been the topic of numerous publication^.'^-'^ It is generally accepted that the HALS additives reduce photooxidation rates by scavenging free radicals involved in the degradation process.

In general, the HALS piperidinyl nitrogen is oxidized to a stable nitroxyl radical which scavenges alkyl radicals to form N-alkyloxy derivatives. These N-alkyloxy derivatives react with other radicals to regenerate the nitroxyl radical. This cycle allows one HALS molecule to scavenge a large number of radicals. The overall efficiency of the HALS additive is determined by several factors. Two major factors include: the ability of the piperidinyl nitrogen to be converted to the nitroxyl radical; and the permanence of the HALS in the coating, that is, it must

PETER A. CALLAIS is a Group Leader in the Applications Department of the Organic Peroxides Division of Atochem North America. Inc., formerly the Lucidol Division of Penn- walt Corporation. He joined Lucidol as a Senior Polymer Chemist in 1986 after graduating with the Ph.D. Degree from the University of Southern Mississippi Department of Polymer Science, in Hattiesburg, MS. Current research interests include stabilizers for plastics and coatings, organic peroxide initiators for acrylic high solids coating polymerizations, polymer modification, and the grafting of monomers onto polyolefins via reactive extrusion.

VASANTH R. KAMATH is the Manager of the Applications Department in the Organic Peroxides Division of Atochem North America. Inc. He joined Lucidol as a Group Leader in 1973 after graduating with the Ph.D. Degree from the Insti- tute of Polymer Science at the University of Akron. Dr.

Kamath has several patents and publications in the area of free radical polymerizations, polymer modification, crosslinking, and stabilization. Current research interests include acrylic high solids coatings polymerizations, reactive extrusion, and the stabilization of engineering thermoplastics, polyolefins, and coatings.

JAMES D. SARGENT is a Commercial Development Rep- resentative for the Organic Peroxides Division of Atochem North America. Inc. He is responsible for market development of light stabilizers in industrial coatings and plastics. Mr. Sargent joined Lucidol in 1981 as a Chemist in the Appiicatlons Department after graduating from Canisius College, in Buffalo. NY, with the B.S. Degree in Chemistry. He has several publications in the synthesis of acrylic high solids coatings and coatings stab~lization.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

P.A. CALLAIS, V.R. KAMATH. and J.D. SARGENT

15" 200 300 3 QIJd H IRS

Figure 4-QUV Weather-Ometer" performance of HALS-P acrylic melamine clearcoats over TiO, basecoats.EZ3 HALS- P; U H A L S - A ; H A L S - P and HPBT-A; and W H A L S - A

and HPBT-A

resist migration and exudation out of the film to provide adequate protection.

The first factor was the topic of recent investiga- t i ~ n s . ~ ~ - ' ' These studies indicated that the effectiveness of a HALS was directly related to the type of substituent group on the piperidinyl nitrogen. The type of substituent affected the rate of conversion of the hindered amine to the nitroxyl radical species. The conversion was the fas- test for the unsuhstituted HALS (N-H) and the methyl substituted HALS (N-CH3). The acetyl substituted HALS (N-COCH,) was roughly an order of magnitude slower than the unsubstituted HALS and, consequently, showed decreased effectiveness.

However, in acid catalyzed thermoset coatings like acrylic melamine, unsuhstituted HALS are generally not used because low molecular weight unsuhstituted HALS additives will form a salt with the acid and precipitate out of the solution. We found that binding the unsubstituted HALS moiety to the acrylic oligomer prevents the stahi- lizer from precipitating out of the solution. Therefore, attachment of the HALS ensures both permanence of the additive in the coating and use of an unsubstituted HALS, which are known to be the most efficient for long-term stabilization.

Acrylic Polyol Properties and Formulations

The use of maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate at levels of 5% or less had no effect on the acrylic resin molecular weight or viscosity. The acrylic oligomers typically had number average molecular weights (Mn) in the 2000 to 4000 range and narrow molecular weight distributions (MwIMn < 3) which are needed to provide high solids formulations at commercially practical solution viscosities. As shown in Table 1, the attachment of the stabilizer to the acrylic polyol also had little effect on the MN, MWD (MwIMn), and solution viscosity of the resin.

Conventional stabilizer additives are generally added in the formulation step at prescribed levels. In this case, the polymer-hound HALS resin (HALS-P) acts both as the acrylic resin and the HALS additive. Therefore, the HALS concentration can simply be adjusted prior to the formulation step and the HALS-P resin used directly in

Table 2-Film Properties: White BasecoaVClearcoat Enamel

Coating Gloss 60" YID b'

Unstabilized clearcoat.. . . . . . . . . 91 8.5 4.6 HALS-P clearcoat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 8.3 4.6

Table 3-Moisture Resistance of Acrylic Melamine Enamels

Initial Wet 24 Hr Biistersb Coating Adhesiona Adhesion Recovery Size Frequency

GM control . . . . . 10 10 10 10 none HALS-P . . . . . . . . 10 10 10 10 none

(a1 Adhesion ratlng 10 = no peeling. (b) Bllrler size 10 = no bltstcnng.

the coatings formulation or, an HALS-P resin with a higher level of HALS (HALS concentrate) may be synthesized. The desired HALS concentration in the formulation may be adjusted by blending the HALS-P resin with an unstabilized acrylic resin. In most exterior applications, 1-3% by weight of the light stabilizer additive is used based on the total solids (acrylic oligomer plus crosslinker).

For example, Appendix 1 lists the acrylic melamine formulation used in this study. The HALS-P resin contained 2.2% HALS hydrazide. T o obtain a coating with 1% HALS based on total solids, the HALS-P resin was first diluted to 60% with an unstabilized acrylic resin (adjusting for the solvent), then mixed at a 75% acrylic1 25% melamine ratio, that is, 2.2% x 0.60 x 0.75 = 1 .O% HALS based on total solids. In addition, conventional ultraviolet light stabilizer additives (UVA), for example, 2,2-(hydroxy-phenyl)-2-benzotriazole derivatives, also can be used in combination with the HALS to achieve a synergistic

Table 4--Outdoor weathering Performance of HALS-P Acrylic Melamine Coatings

in a White BasecoatiClearcoat Application

Stabilizer System -

Property1 HALS-PI HALS-A/ Time None HALS-P HALS-A HPBT-A HPBT-A Gloss (Zoo) 0 months 93 92 92 92 92

36 70' 73 76' 78 78' 42 47" 76 66" 75 71" Retained (%) 51 83 72 82 77

Distinctness of Image 0 months 81 87 85 85 87

12 77 82 76 84 81 24 73 74 65 80 79 36 62" 73 68" 78 72" 42 21' 73 52' 74 52' Retained (%) 26 85 62 87 60

l a ) Blistering was reponed-8d at 42 monlhr.


ACRYLIC MELAMINE COATING COMPOSITIONS

Film Properties

Clear topcoats containing the polymer-bound light stabilizers were applied to acrylic blue metallic and white pigmented basecoats and cured for 30 min at either 120°C or at 140°C. Table 2 illustrates the properties of the thermoset films prepared from formulations containing HALS-P. Initial gloss (60") and color (YID-yellowness index and b*-CIELAB blue-yellow scale) were similar to an unstabilized enamel. The use of the HALS-P resin at a concentration level of 0.85% by weight HALS hydrazide on acrylic melamine clearcoat binder resulted in acceptable film hardness under the following cure conditions: 0.80% by weight p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) on clearcoat binder at 120°C, and 0.60% by weight p- TSA on clearcoat binder at 140°C. In addition, the moisture resistance of acrylic melamine coatings containing HALS-P showed similar adhesion and blister ratings as compared to an approved General Motors (GM) automotive control enamel (Table 3).

Accelerated Weathering of HALS Coatings

Accelerated QUV weathering was performed on acrylic melamine coatings containing the HALS-P resin (1% HALS hydrazide), with and without a UVA (denoted HPBT-A, see Appendix 2), vs a typical low molecular weight HALS (denoted HALS-A, see Appendix 2) and HALSIUVA system at equivalent HALS and UVA concentration (1% each). Shown in Figure 4, white basecoati clearcoat enamels containing HALS-P resin retained 85% of their original gloss (60") after 3000 hr QUV, while enamels containing an unbound HALS additive (HALS- A) lost greater than 70% of the original gloss. In addition, enamels containing HALS-P in combination with HPBT- A retained greater than 95% of their initial gloss after 3000 hr QUV, while the enamels containing the combination of both unbound HALS-AIHPBT-A lost 50% of their original gloss. The coatings containing HALS-A exhib- ited micro-cracking at film interior after 1500 hr QUV, while there was no visible cracking observed for the HALS-P coatings, even after 2500 hr QUV weathering.

South Florida Outdoor Weathering

The previously stated QUV results give a strong indication of the superior light stabilizing properties of the polymer-bound HALS. In some cases, accelerated weathering results are not indicative of a stabilizer's true performance, therefore, South Florida outdoor weathering also was conducted. The performance after 42 months (three and one-half years) is shown in Table 4 and includes 20" gloss and distinctness of image (DOI). The data in Table 4 shows improved coatings performance for the samples containing HALS-P alone and in combination with HPBT-A based on 20" gloss and DO1 retention. After 42 months of outdoor exposure, the coatings containing HALS-P and HALS-PIHPBT-A retained 83% and 82% gloss, respectively, while the coatings containing HALS-A and HALS-AIHPBT-A retained 72% and 77% gloss, respectively.

The HALS-P coatings also retained more DO1 than the commercial controls. The coatings containing HALS-P

and HALS-PIHPBT-A are retaining 85% and 87%, respectively, while the coatings containing HALS-A and HALS-AIHPBT-A are retaining 62% and 60%, respectively. The differences in performance can be explained in part by the fact that the coatings containing the commercial controls started to blister, an indication of the onset of coatings failure, after three years, and the blistering has worsen after three and one-half years. The coatings containing HALS-P and HALS-PIHPBT-A showed no signs of blistering. The unstabilized control was near failure, retaining only 51% gloss and 26% DOI.

SUMMARY

The production of high solids acrylic polyol resins with chemically bound light stabilizer groups has been described. It was demonstrated that the reaction of a light stabilizer hydrazide with acrylic polyol resins containing anhydride and/or epoxy functionality provides an efficient method of producing polymer-bound light stabilizer coating resins. As a result of being chemically bound to the coating resin, the light stabilizer moiety possesses a greater degree of compatibility and permanence in the coating. The binding of the HALS moiety also allows the use of an unsubstituted HALS in an acid catalyzed acrylic melamine system. Performance advantages of the polymer-bound HALS as compared to coatings containing conventional unbound light stabilizer additives have been illustrated. Gloss and DO1 as well as crack and blistering prevention were greatly enhanced with the use of these unique polymer-bound light stabilizer acrylic resin systems.

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Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

P.A. CALLAIS, V.R. KAMATH, and J.D. SARGENT

(16) Sedlar. J . . Petmj, J . . 110xni

Pack, J., and Navratil, M.. , Polymer, 21. 5 Appendix 2--Chemicals ,.,"",. (17) Grattan, D.W.. Reddoch. A.H.. Carlsson, D.J.. and Wiles, Trade Name

D.M.. J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Lett. Ed., 16, 143 (1978). Chemlcai Name Abbreviation (Supplier) Allen, hem. Soc R&., 15, 373 (1986). Klemchuk, P.P.. Gande, M.E., and Cordola, E., "Polymer Deg- radation and Stability," 27, 65, 1990. Bauer, D.R., Gerlock, J.L., Mielewski, D.F.. Paputa Peck, M.C., and Carter. R.O.. "Polymer Degradat~on and Stability," 72 19 1990

N,2,2,6,6-tenamethyl-4.. . . . . . HALS Luchem" HA-R100 piperidinyl-N'-aminooxamide Hydrazide (Atochem

Nonh America) . . . 8-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7.7,9,9-. HALS-A Tinuvin"440

tetramethyl- l,3,8-triazaspim (C~ba-Geigy - - , - . , . , . - . (21) Bauer. D.R.. Gerlock. J.L.. and Mielewsk~. D.F.. "Polymer (4,5)decke-2.4-dione ' corporation) , .

~egradat ion and Stability," 28, 115. 1990. (22) Mielewski, D.F., Bauer, D.R., and Gerlock. J.L.. Pror . Am.

Chem. Soc.: D iv . Polymer Marerials Sci. Eng . . 63, 642, 1990.

2-[2'-hydmxy-3'-di (ol,a-di-. .. methylhenzyl)phenyl]henzo- triazole Hexamethoxymethyl . . . . . . . . . melamine

Appendix 1-Clearcoat Formulation Containing Polymer- Bound HALS Acrylic Polyol (HALS-P)'

Component Weight Percent

HALS-Pb (50% NVM in Aromatic 100) . . . . . . . . . . . 48.60 Aclylic Polyol (76.5% NVM in Aromatic 100) . . . . . 21.15 Cyme1 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.50 DBE Solvent.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 n-Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 Cycat 4040 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.55 -

100.00

(a) Clearroar fomulatlon a! 5 5 % N V M (b) 2 2% (wtl HALS on acrylic rerm

p-Toluene sulfonic acid (40%)

Ethyl 3.3-di(t-amylperoxy) . . . . butyrate (75% in OMS)

Dibasic esters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mixed ammatic hydrocarbons

HPBT-A Tinuvin 900 (Ciba-Geigy Colporation)

Melamine Cyme]" 303 (American Cyanamid Company)

p-TSA Cycat" 4040 (American Cyanamid Company)

EAPB Lupersol" 533M75 (Atochem Nolrh America)

DBE DBE Solvent (E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company)

- Aromatic 100 (Exxon Chemical Company)


REVIEW PAPER

Prospects for Radiation Cured Coatings In Food Contact Applications

Steven H. Nahm Aluminum Company of America*

The chemistry behind radiation cure technology has changed considerably during the last 20 years, presenting new opportunities for its application. Concur- rently, the increasing pressures on industry to reduce energy costs and solvent emissions improve the attractiveness of this technology. This paper reviews the major differences and similarities between ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) curing of coatings from several points of view, including equipment and operating costs, cure initiation and chemical considerations, and some strengths and limitations of each technique. Distinctions are made between free radical and cationically initiated cure chemistry, including cure characteristics and toxicology. While there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved coatings of this type, the potential for their development, with emphasis on interior can coatings, is discussed, along with related considerations. It is concluded that coatings which are based on cationic cure chemistry are the most promising candidates to satisfy both the technical and regulatory requirements. These efforts will be driven by more stringent legislation and more demanding coating performance requirements which may be difficult to satisfy through conventional coating techniques.

COMPARISON OF UV, EB, AND THERMAL SYSTEMS

The ability of high energy radiation, viz. ultraviolet (UV), electron-beam (e-beam or EB), gamma, and x-rays, to initiate polymerization has been known for some time.' During the last two decades, this phenom- enon has been of more than academic interest. Because UV and EB radiations are easier to control and have lower

.Aleoa Technical Censr. Alcoa Cenar. PA 15069.

Vol. 63. No. 798. July 1991

penetrating power than the other types, these sources are less expensive to shield, requiring less cumbersome operating procedures and providing increased worker safety. They have therefore become the preferred sources in a broad array of industrially important p r o ~ e s s e s , ~ most involving polymer processing or surface coatings in one aspect or another. This paper will discuss these technologies as they apply to surface coatings; radiation curing is used to refer to polymerizations initiated by either UV or EB radiation.

Both UV and EB radiation3 will readily polymerize a variety of monomers, but there are some important differences in formulation requirements (or limitations) for the two processes (which translate into processing characteristics), and these differences may also be reflected in end properties of the cured ~ y s t e m s . ~ The lower energy of UV radiation vis-a-vis EB5 is primarily responsible for these differences. For example, EB (at 50-350 keV3b) is ener- getic enough to effect direct primary bond ~ l e a v a g e , ~ forming reactive intermediates (radicals, ions), the necessary first step in radiation curing of coatings, while UV (at 3-6 eV3b) is not. UV initiated polymerization is accomplished by indirect bond cleavage; the photon is first absorbed by an acceptor molecule (or ~omplex~"~ ' ) , followed by a second step which results in bond cleavage,' the products of which initiate polymerization. The ability of UV irradiation to interact with (initiator) molecules is primarily dependent on the wavelength of the radiation and the absorption characteristics of the mole- ~ u l e , ~ while absorption of EB radiation is dominated by the density'' of the target.

The effective depths to which EB radiation can penetrate the target (coating and substrate) is related to the beam energy. The amount of interaction between the target and the radiation is inversely related to the energy (to a point), in that higher energy radiation has a greater penetrating power (lower interaction cross section) in that

medium. For example, low energy (50 keV) EB will deposit all of its energy within 50 Fm of the surface of a polystyrene target, with maximum absorbance occurring about 18 Fm from the surface (18%), and 10% of the energy being deposited within the top 2.5 pm. High energy (400 keV) EB deposits its energy much more uniformly, penetrating 30x further (1300 pm), losing only about 2.5% of its energy in the top 2.5 pm, with a maximum deposition of about 4.5%, about 550 pm from the surface.3b

The effective depth of penetration of UV radiation is more complicated than EB, due to the way radiation in this wavelength regime interacts with matter; the intensity and wavelength distribution of the so~rce, '~ . '~ . '~ as well as the chemical composition of the coating, are important factors. Organic materials have strong UV absorption bands at wavelengths below about 210 nm, making this region unavailable for selective excitation of photoinitiators. Aromatic coating components (typical epoxy acrylate, polyester acrylate, and polyurethane acrylate materials) also absorb in longer wavelength regions (250-300 nm). While their extinction coefficients may not be as high as those of photoinitiators, their concentrations are at least an order of magnitude greater (vida infra), so they absorb proportionately more of the incident light; pig- mentation further complicates the ~ i t u a t i o n . ' ~ . ~ ~ Typical (but more expensive) aliphatic coating components, including both radical and cationic systems, do not compete with photoinitiators for the longer wavelength light, so they are preferred in cases where thick films are required. In general, these considerations limit practical film thickness to less than a few hundred microns.

Besides the differences in energies between UV and EB radiations, there are other important parameters to consider which will affect the potential commercial accep- tance and application of these technologies, and which can serve as the basis for choosing one radiation cure technology over the The initial cost of an EB system is about an order of magnitude greater than a UV system1' with comparable capabilities; the operating costs for the two systems may be similar3" or different." These two technologies have strengths which lie in different areas, and the ultimate choice will depend on the substrate(s) and coating types employed. The main advantages of EB over UV are its greater penetrating power, which gives it the ability to easily cure heavily pigmented or thick coatings, difficult applications for UV, and the higher dose rates deliverable. Another advantage, commonly employed in plastics processing," but not in the coating industry, is the ability of EB to crosslink unfunc- tionalized polymers, such as poly(vinylchloride) in the absence of, and polyethylene in the presence of, specific additives.'2b (At high doses, EB radiation will lead to polymer degradation.) The major advantage of UV over EB is lower equipment costs.

C ~ m ~ a r i s o n s ~ " ~ " ~ ' ~ help put the cost differences between UV, EB, and thermal curing systems into perspec- tive. The capital expense for curing systems with similar product throughput capabilities is about the same for thermal and EB systems, which are both about an order of magnitude more expensive than a comparable UV system. UV and EB systems use less net energy to cure

coatings than thermal cure systems because the energy is used more efficiently (energy is not used to heat the oven components, conveyer equipment, or substrate). In one case, the total electrical power required to run a UV cure system was about the same as required to operate just the fans for a thermal curing system in the same plant.I4 Overall operation and maintenance costs can be reduced by as much as 85% with radiation p r o c e ~ s o r s ~ ~ " (exclud- ing coating materials costs, which are higher on an area- covered basis). Furthermore, very low volatile emissions (close to zero) from radiation cured coatings, and the associated costs for solvent vapor handling equipment, its operation, and its maintenance, are largely eliminated. However, some exhaust capability is still required to remove ozone generated by UV or EB irradiation through air, as well as minor amounts of volatile monomer and photogenerated initiator fragments. Related consider- a t i o n ~ , ' ~ which indirectly influence the cost of operating a commercial coating line, are the greatly reduced floor- space requirements of radiation curing equipment vis-a- vis thermal curing equipment with the same capacity.3a The potential for making consistently higher quality product and coming into compliance with volatile organic compound (VOC) emission regulations, while simultaneously realizing significant operating cost savings, are major shared advantages of these radiation curing technologies.

Radiation curing systems (including both the coatings formulations and curing equipment) provide additional advantages compared to traditional baking systems, in applications where the current state of the radiation curing art can be used. These advantages should serve as strong inducements for retrofitting a coatings finishing line, and especially for addition of new capacity. Some of these additional advantages include high cure speed, ability to coat temperature-sensitive substrates with extremely durable abrasion and chemically resistant coatings, and very high gloss. Radiation curing is well-suited to continuous thin web coating processes such as found in printing and graphic arts applications on paper,16" foil, and rigid metal used on nonfood contact packaging surfaces (sheet,'3b." can bodies,19 and ends). Some industries are developing, or have changed to, radiation cured coating systems to capitalize on the ad- vantagesz0 outlined previously for decorative, protective, or other nonfood contact applications. For example, deli- cate optical fibers are sheathed with UV cured coatingsZL for improved processing characteristics, environmental resistance, and waveguide performance through controlled refractive index gradients.

Difficulties in the application of this technology are primarily based on limitations in the physics of curing. Because light travels in a straight line and because its intensity falls off inversely with the square of the distance from the (point) source, the cure of coatings on flat substrates is easier to control than on parts with three- dimensional profiles. Engineering solutions to this problem combine parabolic reflectors (which produce a paral- lel beam6) with rotation of the parts to "uniformly" irradiate all sides. Specially designed EB reactors have also been used to cure coatings on three-dimensional substrates in cases where the required performance prop-


PROSPECTS FOR RADIATION CURED COATINGS

erties of the coatings could not be obtained by any other method6; a particularly successful example is the use of EB crosslinking of wire and cable i n ~ u l a t i o n . ~ ' Clear coatings are easier to cure by UV than pigmented coating^,^^,^“,^^ primarily due to UV absorption by the pigment,6c and shadowing of the lower layers of the coating by the pigment particles nearer the lamps. Darker pigments are particularly difficult to cure by UV, but progress has been made with lightly pigmented and white coatings.22 A related limitation is also apparent in the thickness of clear coatings which can be cured by UV radiation. These limitations exist because the absorption of light by the initiator at a given depth within the film reduces the light available for absorption by initiator in the lower adjacent Pigments and thick coatings do not present as much of a probelm for EB radiation, which has much greater penetrating power than UV radiation.

Line speeds which can be attained by radiation cured coating are consistent with existing and con- templated coil coating line speeds. Higher line speeds can be obtained by several independent (and additive) ap- pro ache^.'^ For example, increasing either the light in- tensityz5 (by increasing lamp power o r moving them clos- e r to the substrate) o r the number of lamps in a UV line will increase cure rate. In EB systems, increased beam current (dose rate) will similarly allow increases in line speed.3b Increased beam voltage will improve cure in more heavily pigmented o r thicker film^.'^.^".^.^^ In- creasing the coil line speed by two or three times would be a more difficult engineering problem (moving that much metal that fast) than increasing the coating cure speed. It should be noted that, while changing the coating chemistry can also result in improved cure speeds, other film properties may also change (vide infra). Addition to the coating formulation of photoinitiators with different light interaction characteristics (longer wavelength absorption, high extinction c o e f f i ~ i e n t s ~ ~ " - ~ ~ ' ) is more desirable than addition of more ph~toinitiator.',~'

Metal coil coating line operations for two-piece can lid and body stock are similar to typical radiation cured graphic arts applicationsz7 on lightweight web substrates (paper,'1.2"lm, and foil), in both coating weights ap- p l~ed (2-5 mglin.' or 2-5 p,m) and cure speeds required (500-1000 ftlmin). For example, radiation cured coatings with p i g r n e n t a t i ~ n ~ ~ ~ . ~ ' and thicknesses similar to coatings currently used on two-piece aluminum cans (made from precoated coil stock) would not create technical problems for either UV or EB photocuring technology. However, there are some serious regulatory con- CernS4a.6.30 at present over the use of available radiation

curable coatings in food contact applications.

COATINGS CHEMISTRY

Radiation curable coatings can be viewed as one-pack coatings with "infinite" shelf life and "instant" curabil- ity at ambient temperature, a unique combination of characteristics not available to thermally cured coating^.^' Furthermore, these coatings do not generally change viscosity between application and cure onset, as thermally

cured coatings do, since loss of solvent does not play a major role in their film-forming processes. This may be responsible for the characteristically high gloss available from radiation cured coatings, since there is no competition between rates of leveling and solvent loss (gradual viscosity increase). These characteristics lead to major differences in the formulation p r i n ~ i p l e s ~ ~ , ~ ~ . ~ . ~ ~ used for radiation cured coatings compared to thermally cured coatings.

A major formulation difference between UV and EB coatings is the presence (UV) or absence (EB) of photoinitiators. In the uncured formulations, the presence of initiator can lead to premature polymerization if care is not taken to protect the compositions from light (during storage o r on-line). In the cured coatings, intact photoinitiator can lead to photoyellowing on prolonged exposure to light.4h.'c Chain ends derived from initiator fragments will be present in the cured networks, possibly influenc- ing mechanical properties of the polymers formed. Often, initiator fragments formed during UV irradiation are of different reactivities,'" leading to a preponderance of chain ends derived from one type of fragment. The major- ity of the other fragments either disproportionate, forming small, mobile molecules within the network, or couple with other radicals. Coupling can lead to either chain termination, or formation of other small molecules if coupling occurs at a growing chain end or with another initiator fragment, respectively. Small molecules, either intact initiator o r derived from initiator fragments, can act as plasticizers, altering the mechanical properties of the cured coatings, or diffuse out of the cured film. The latter is critical when considering radiation cured coatings for food-contact applications. In general, EB cured coatings have much lower levels of extractables than UV cured coatings. I '

The composition of a typical radiation cured coating depends on many factors, including the method of application, substrate and end use requirements, costlperfor- mance benefits desired, production (line) s eed, conditions under which it will be ~ u r e d , ' ~ ~ . ~ ' and other constraints. These considerations are further multiplied by the availability of different cure ~hemis t r i e s , ' ~ many of which can be combined into hybrid coating system^.'^ In spite of these variables, there are several features common to the formulation of all radiation cured coatings: (1) monomers (0-60%)-low viscosity monofunc- tional materials which may also be referred to as reactive diluents, which provide viscosity reduction of the uncured coating, and may add some specific properties to the cured film; (2) oligomers-multifunctional monomers, or prepolymers (0-loo%), which contain two or more reactive groups, contribute significantly to the building of molecular weight and three-dimensional network formation during cure, and provide most of the final cured film properties; (3) polymer (0-30%)-which may be "inert" during polymerization or contain coreactive functional groups, and which contributes to rheology control and improved pigment wetting in the uncured coating, and to final cured coating properties; (4) initiators, sensitizers, andlor other adjuvants (0. l-10%)-required for all UV and some EB coatings36; (5) pigments-which provide flatting, hiding, corrosion

Vol. 63. No. 798. July 1991

protection, barrier properties, and color to the coatings (0.1-20%); (6) wetting, flow, and leveling aids (0.1- 2%)-which assist the polar coatings resins and monomers in properly covering the substrate; and (7) other additives which contribute to the application, cure, or performance properties of the cured coating, such as solvents, wax, and antioxidants.

There are two classes of curing chemistries employed in radiation cured coating^,^' differentiated by the reac- tions which initiate the polymerization, viz. free-radical (methlacrylate, vinyl aromatic monomers) and cationic (epoxylcyclic ether and vinyl ether monomers). Hybrid systems3' employing both cure chemistries are used in some applications, and new radiation curable (or initiated) chemistries are constantly being investigated. Still, other hybrid systems have been disclosed which employ a fastlslow cure ~ o n ~ e p t ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ g based on some combination of radiationlthermal cure chemistries.

The first class of cure chemistry, based on free-radical cure, is inhibited at the coating surface by atmospheric oxygen,39 producing incompletely cured coatings (tacky or oily surfaces) because of the high reactivity of oxygen with free radicals.40 This scavenging for initiator fragments and growing chain ends by atmospheric oxygen produces peroxide radicals which do not propagate polymerization well4' under these conditions, effectively ter- minating chain growth. Air-inhibition in liquid films is particularly bad because of high oxygen diffusion rates; the large surface-to-volume ratio in coatings exacerbates the problem. Several approaches are used to counteract these effects, including the use of high intensity radiation sources42 andlor special initiator systems.43 These approaches can counteract the effects of oxygen, so cure can proceed, or the physical protection of the coating surface from air by an inert gas blanket, a transparent cover film,44 wax,45 or water.46 In commercial applications best suited to take advantage of radiation cured coatings (high speed web coating operations), where large surface areas are involved and costs are critical, inert gas blanket- ing or the use (including removal and disposal or reuse) of cover films is undesirable.

The physiological effects of acrylate (and to a lesser degree, methacrylate) monomers used in the original radiation cured coatings, combined with a poor appreciation for their potential dangers and inadequate handling procedures, lead, at their introduction, to widespread cases of contact dermatitis and allergic sensitization among workers. More recently, these first generation monomers, and Michler's ketone, a photoinitiator syner- gist which was widely used, have come under suspicion as carcinogens. In response to these problems, raw materials suppliers have developed second and third generation monomers with greatly reduced associated health hazard^.^'.^^ However, because of their early history, worker exposure limits and new monomers are now heavily r e g ~ l a t e d . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ '

Because of the health problems associated with the low molecular weight (volatile) methlacrylate monomers, whose use was primarily as a reactive diluent in radiation cured coatings, other ways have been investigated to achieve the necessary viscosity and rheology of the un-

cured coatings for application. For example, in the wood coating industry, where line speeds are slow, and there is adequate time between coating application and UV source, addition of solvent has been employed to render radiation curable coatings applicable by spray .49 A similar approach is also used in microelectronics fabrication. Another approach similarly uses water for viscosity reduction instead of solvent,50 with the resultant waterborne formulation of radiation curable resins free of the problematic monomers. Low volatility, reduced toxicity multifunctional monomers are generally used as coalescing agents to provide uniform film formation from the latex prior to cure. This approach requires additional time and floor space (and possibly ovens) to remove the water from the film prior to cure, reducing or eliminating some of the attractive features of radiation curing.

An important distinction between radical cure chemistry and cationic cure chemistry is the nature of the catalyst employed to initiate cure. Catalyst generation is by photochemical processes in both systems, and in the strictest sense, the polymerization behavior in both cases is thermal (both types of cure chemistries can be initiated by thermally generated catalysts, and are subject to rate acceleration by elevated temperatures in a standard Arr- henius fashion). The key feature is that the active catalysts for radical initiated polymerizations are extremely short lived under the cure condition^,^.^' and polymerization largely stops when exposure stops, since active initiator is no longer being generated. On the other hand, the catalysts for cationically polymerized systems, either Lewis or Brtinsted acids,52 are extremely long lived species under the prevailing cure conditions. This means that a significant portion of the cure chemistry can (and frequently does) take place after exposure (post cure).

Catalyst development has been the controlling factor in the transformation of cationically cured systems from laboratory curiosities to practical radiation curable coatings. The first photoactivated catalyst precursors for cationic polymerization were aryldiazonium salts which generated a Lewis acid (BF3, PFs) on irradiati~n.'~ These catalysts had limited shelf (thermal) stability, and due to N p generation on UV exposure, resulted in bubble formation in thicker films, making them of only limited utility. Subsequently, a more practical class of "onium" salt catalyst precursors was de~eloped, '~ which ultimately liberated a proton after i r rad ia t i~n .~~ ' These materials are generally based on aryl-sulfonium (sulfoxonium), -iodonium (iodosyl), and -selenonium salts with non- nucleophilic anions such as PF6-, and SbF6-, and have very good thermal stability. However, many of these materials have limited solubility in some coatings formulations, and they have moderate toxicity characteristics; some of the sulfonium salts also have a tendency to produce odors after irradiation (as do many of the radical generating photocatalyst precursors). Very recent works5 has lead to the development of related "onium" salt catalysts which are completely nontoxic and also very soluble in a wide variety of coatings formulations. A few other precursors for photogenerated acids have been developed and have utility in some applications.s6

Cationically polymerized coatings are not affected by atmospheric oxygen.57 However, being acid catalyzed,



this chemistry is sensitive to the presence of basic (alka- line) impurities in the system (including certain pigments) and in the envi ronmer~t .~~ For example, these coatings are inhibited by conditions of high ambient humidity, but these effects can be largely overcome by the heat generated during irradiation, or other heat sources (infrared lamps) added to the system.58b Interestingly, cycloaliphatic epoxy-based coatings have even been formulated into waterborne systems without apparent loss of cured performance, providing they are given sufficient time to dry before exposure.58b

Model vinyl ether coatings cure much faster than related cycloaliphatic epoxy compositions, while standard glycidyl ether epoxy systems polymerize too slowly under common irradiation conditions to take adequate advantage of the latent nature of the catalysts.56b Cycloali- phatic epoxy systems can be formulated to increase their cure rate by the addition of polyols,59 which copolymer- ize into the epoxy network, and also provide the coatings with improved impact and elongation properties. In many cases, epoxy based coatings are not fully cured (are tack free but have not attained their ultimate properties) immediately after exposure. Under certain circumstances, the delay to reach full cure can be used to great advantage, for example, where greater elongation and flexibility in a coating are important early properties, but where high resistance to its environments is an important end use property. One such application would be on precoated rigid container sheet where the formation into can bodies and lids requires great flexibility, but long-term product resistance requires high crosslink density.

Epoxy systems generally exhibit greater adhesion over metal substrates than methlacrylate systems.32es59s6n This is frequently attributed to the reduced shrinkage attending coating cure by (epoxy) ring-opening polymerization compared to carbon-carbon double bond addition polymerization. The generally slower cure rates of epoxy coatings compared to methlacrylate coatings under the same cure conditions should translate to reduced internal stresses, which are associated with volume loss on polymerization, and contribute to poor adhesion. Improved adhesion can be obtained in methlacrylate coatings by post-UV cure heating (annealingbnb) of the coating. Het- erocyclic monomers which undergo "zero" shrinkage, or actually expand upon o ~ ~ m e r i z a t i o n , ~ ~ ~ have been extensively investigated." These monomers are based on larger ring systems than the three-membered epoxy class, and provide coatings with excellent adhesion to metal substrates.

Cycloaliphatic epoxy and vinyl ether monomers are generally significantly less toxic and irritating than methl acrylate monomers, but recent developments based on 0 1 i ~ o s i l o x a n e s ~ ~ ~ have provided completely nontoxic monomers which are also highly reactive. Also of concern is the toxicity of cationic onium photoinitiator precursors, the most effective of which contain antimony halide salts. However, recent developments have shown that even these materials can be rendered completely . - nontoxic while retaining high catalytic-effective- neSS.55a.55c

PROSPECTS FOR FOOD CONTACT APPLICATIONS

The use of photocurable inks and coatings in the food packaging industry is not new.'3b~14*1Sb~17~21a321c The large volumes of convenience food packages based on flexible and rigid substrates (bags, cans) make an attractive market. However, because of the toxicological concerns discussed previously, all applications to date are for nonfood contact surfaces. In foil, film, and coil stock, the transfer of coating components to the adjacent surface while on the roll or coil, prior to formation of the package, is a potential problem, especially if the coatings are not adequately cured, or contain small mobile components.

Currently, there are no radiation cured, FDA approved, or approvable, coating formulations for food contact applications on the market.48c Because of the well-deserved bad reputation which the first generation methlacrylate based coatings developed at their introduction, and preju- dices which developed based on this reputation, FDA approvable methlacrylate (monomer) based coatings may never be realized. In addition to monomer-related problems for these coatings, the fate of intact photoinitiator and small molecules derived from photolyzed initiator are also a concern. The more efficient a-cleavage photoinitiators generate two free radicals of different initiating ability upon irradiati~n.~' The less reactive fragments tend to disproportionate and couple, generating low molecular weight by-products which can migrate into the food from the coating. Even if these by-products were completely nontoxic, they could impart undesirable fla- vor and aroma characteristics to food products which came into contact with these coatings. These and associated problems may be addressed b employing polymeric phot~ in i t ia tors~~ (H abstractiond; and a-cleavage6'), which greatly reduce this concern. Other (nonacrylate) radical curable systems34c.34j*65 under development may be able to achieve FDA approval, depending on their completeness of cure, metabolites, and other factors.

In contrast to free radical cured coatings, there is evi- dence that cationic cured systems may be developed which can meet FDA approval. Monomers and catalyst precursors have been disclosed55 which have LD50 values over 5,000 mglkg (less toxic than table salt). How- ever, the same concerns for photoinitiator fragments, as well as the presence of heavy metals (in the form of nonnucleophylic anions such as SbFs-) which present special problems of their own, are also shared by these systems. Some of these concerns have recently been addressed by the synthesis of polymer bound onium salt ph~toca ta lys t s .~~ FDA approved thermally cured epoxy- based coating systems have been used in food contact applications for years. The monomers used to make these coatings are based on glycidyl ethers of bisphenol A, a class of epoxy monomers which polymerize too slowly to take advantage of the high cure rates characteristic of radiation cured ~ o a t i n g s . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ Monomer and resin developments, based on natural vegetable oils and other materials,55a in combination with recent catalyst deve- l o p m e n t ~ , ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ may provide the key to bringing radiation cured coatings into food contact applications.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

S.H. NAHM

The radiation source (UV or EB) could play a significant role in the potential for FDA approval of radiation curable coatings, since the different sources have different formulation requirements, and the resultant cured networks have somewhat different properties. In an EB system, free radical polymerized coatings do not require addition of photoinitiator, but the random nature of initiation may create small molecule fragments with undesirable organoleptic or toxicological properties. For UV- cured systems, polymeric photoinitiators would minimize formation of low molecular weight fragments. but not " - eliminate them. Small molecule and fragment generation, and the migration and extractability of these species from the coating, would need to be deteimined for each specific coating formulation under the conditions of its proposed commercial cure and use to verify its compliance with FDA req~irernents.~'~

CONCLUSIONS

All of the individual components and constraints which would have to come together successfully to allow development of radiation curable, FDA approvable coatings for food contact applications are known. Internal can (body and end) coating formulations possessing the desired properties of cure rate, formability, adhesion, and product resistance, including "zero" extractives, would need to be developed. Based on the discussions in this paper. the most promising approach will likely involve combinations of the family of siloxane epoxides, and1 or epoxidized vegetable oils, materials described by C ~ i v e l l o , ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ with his photo catalyst^.^^^^^^ Utilizing these building blocks, the technical achievement of a coating which satisfied all the performance criteria may be readily accomplished. However, the new materials involved would need to be shepherded through the regulatory maze, in itself a difficult process which could take many years and dollars to ~omplete.~~' .~ ' '

After development of suitable coatings, and successful completion of the regulatory requirements, still further development work would be required. The commercial implementation of this curing technology for can body and end stock would require major engineering changes in the curing sections and ancillary solvent handling facilities of existing coil coating lines. The differences in performance characteristics between these coatings and thermally cured coatings may also require that tooling changes be made for the manufacture of the containers from the precoated sheet. Mounting and coordinating such an effort would require a high level of commitment over an extended period of time.

There are two technology drivers, both of which appear to be just over the horizon, which could bring the industry to the point of accepting such a challenge: (1) legislated incentive to further reduce solvent emissions and the heavy reliance on poly(vinylchloride) based resins; and (2) major increases in performance requirements, which would enable cans to have longer shelf lives and the ability to hold a wider range of foods, and accommodate new containedend designs. These drivers are both inad- equately satisfied by current thermally cured coatings.

Their combination may be irresistible and force the development of a workable solution to radiation curable interior can coatings, ultimately benefitting all of us.

References (1) Christmas, B., Kemmerer. R.. and Kosnik, F., "UVIEB Curing

Technology: A Short History" 331, in High Performance Poly- mers: Their Origin and Development. Seymour. R.B. and Kir- shenbaum, G.S. (Eds.), Elsevier, New York, 1986.

(2) LiBassi, G., Proc. XlVth Intern. Conf. Org. Coat. Sci. Technol.. 57. 1988, Athens.

(3) (a) Ramler, W.J., Proc. Polym. Lamin. Coat. Conf, 129, 1984, Boston; (b) Senich, G.A. and Florin, R.E.. J . Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C24, 239 (1984); (c) Kinstle, J.F., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser.. Radiat. Curing Polym. Mater., 417, 17 (1990).

(4) "Radiation Curing." AFPISME Publications Development De- partment, Education Committee. Radiat. Cur. Div.. AFPISME (Eds.) 1986; (b) Allen, N.S., Robinson, P.J., White, N.J., and Skelhorne, G.G., Eur. Polymer J . . 1, 13 (1984); (c) Ford, P.I., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-426. Basel.

(5) Bett, S.J. and Garnett, J.L., Surface Coat. Aust., 23, 6 (1986). (6) (a) "UV and EB Curing Formulation For Printing Inks, Coatings,

and Paints,'' Selective Industrial Training Associates Limited. Holman, R. (Ed.), London, 1984; (b) Batten, R.J. and Davidson, R.S., Polymer Paint Colour J. . 179. 176 (1989); (c) Lowe. C., Polymer Paint Colour J . . 180. 86 (1990); (d) Fouassier. I.P., Proc. XX FATIPEC Congr.. 206. September 1990. Nice; (e) Studer, N., Radiat. Phys. Chem., 35, 680 (1990).

(7) General Consideration: (a) Pappas, S.P., J . Radiar. Curing. 14. 6 (1987); (b) He, I. and Wang, E., Chinese J. Polymer Sci., 8 . 37 (1990); (c) He, J. and Wang, E., Chinese J. Polvmer Sci., 8 , 45 (1990). UV Bulb and Photocatalyst Selection: (d) Stowe. F.S. and LieBernan, R.A., J . Radiat. Curing. 12, 16 (1985); (e) Schaeffer, W.. Polymer Paint Colour J . , Europ. Suppl.. 180. 105 (1990).

(8) Mishra, M.K., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C22. 409 (1982- 83); (b) Fouassier, J.P., Progr. Org. Coat.. 18, 229 (1990).

(9) (a) "UV Curing: Science and Technology," Technology Market- ing Corporation, Pappas, S.P. (Ed.), 1980; (b) Gatechair, L.R. and Wostratzky, D., Adhesive Chemistry. Lee, L-H. (Ed.), 409, Plenum Puhlishine. NY. 1984: (c) Schmid. S.R.. J . Radiar. Cur- . . . , . . tng. 11. 19 (1984y.'

(10) (a) Christophorou, L.G., "Atomic and Molecular Radiation Phys- ics." Wilev Interscience. John Wilev & Sons. NY, 1971; (b) Nablo, s.v:. J . Radiat. Curing. 10. 2 j (1983).

(11) Lauppi, U.V., J . Radiat. Phys. Chem.. 35, 30 (1990). (12) (a) Proc. Conf. Radiat. Proc. of Polym.. J . Radiat. Phys. Chem.,

25(1-3). 2514.6) (1985); (b) Mateev. M. and Nikolova, M.. Polv- merDegrad. Stab.. 30. 205 (1990).

(13) (a) Anon., Prod. Finishing, 42, 50 (1978); (b) Anon., Ind. Finish- ing. 54. 22 (1978).

(14) Church, F.L., Mod. Metals, 44(9). 52 (1988). (15) (a) Koch, R., Proc. NPCA Chemical Coatings Conf., April. 1976,

Cincinnati, OH; (b) Anon., Mod. Metals, 3 . 45 (1979); (c) Church, F.L., Mad. Metals, 42(6), 72 (1986).

(16) (a) Rudolph, A, , Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-431, Basel; (b) Guenther. D.. Faustel, Inc. Technigram, "UV Coating of Films."

(17) (a) Hoebeke, J.M., Loutr, J.M., Demarteau, W., and Sewais. J.P., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-443, Basel; (b) Anon., Industrie-Lackierbetrieb. 52(2). 61 (1984).

(18) Rybny, C.B., Armbmster, D.C.. and Vona. J.A., Mod. Paint Coat., 68, 59 (1978).

(19) (a) Joosten, R.L., Proc. NPCA Chemical Coatings Conf. 11, 1978, Cincinnati. OH; (b) Mazia, I., MetalFinishing. 77. 47 (1979); (c) Thompson, R.J., Proc. Radcure '86, paper FC86-856, Baltimore, MD.

(20) See for example: Proc. Radtech '90. Chicago, IL, or Proc. Rad- tech '88. New Orleans, LA.

(21) (a) Kitayarna, S., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-423. Basel; (b) Norton, R.V., Proc. Radtech '88. 1. New Orleans, LA.

(22) Photoinitiators with specific absorption characteristics: (a) Rutsch. W., Berner, G.. and Kirchmayr, R., Proc. Radcure '84, paper



FC84-989, Atlanta, GA; (b) Baxter. J.E.. Davidson, R.S.. and Hageman, H.J., Eur. Polymer J., 24, 551 (1988); Meier, K., Rembold, M., Rutsch, W., and Sitek, F., Proc. Radiat. Curing Of Polymers, 1986, Randell, D.R., (Ed.) 196, (1988), Univ. Lancas- ter; (d) UVlPeroxide Cure: Kremer, W., Farbe Lack, 94. 205 (1988).

(23) (a) Guthrie, J., Jeganathan, M.B., Otterburn, M.S., and Woods, J., Polymer Bullerin. 15. 51 (1986); (b) Gatechair, L.R., Proc. Radtech '88, 28, New Orleans, LA.

(24) (a) Anon.. EM Industries Product News Letter, 2 , 1989; (b) van Neerbos, A., J. Oil & Colour Chemists' Assoc., 61, 241 (1978); (c) Chambers, S., Guthrie, I . , Otterburn. M., and Woods, I . , Polymer Commun., 27, 209 (1986).

(25) Decker. C , and Moussa. K.. J . Aool. Polvmer Sci.. 34. 1603 . , . . .. ,

(1987). (26) Kim., H-C. and Wilkes, G.L., J. Radiat. Curing, 16, 8 (1989). (27) (a) Benson J.R., Am. Ink Maker, 64, 19 (1986); (b) Emerson,

J.B., Proc. Radiat. Curing of Polymer, 1986. Randell, D.R. (Ed.), 32 (19881, Univ. Lancaster; (c) Gamble, A.A., Proc. Ra- diat. Curing of Polymer, 1986, Randell, D.R. (Ed.), 48 (1988), Univ. Lancaster.

(28) (a) Bett, S.J. and Garnett, J.L., J. Oil & Colour Chemists' Assoc., 72, 313 (1989); (b) Thalacker, V.P., Radiat. Phys. Chem., 35 (1-3), 18 (1990).

(29) Otsubo, Y., Armari. T . , and Watanabe, K., J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 35, 1651 (1988).

130) Keener. R.L. and Plamondon. J.E.. Proc. Radcure Euroue '85, . . . . paper ~ ' ~ 8 5 - 4 3 3 . Basel.

(31) Pappas, S.P. and Feng. H-B., in Organic Coatings Science and Technolozv, Vol. 8, Marcel Dekker, Parfitt, G.D, and Patsis, A.V. ( 6 . ) . NY, 1986.

(32) General Considerations: (a) Levine, E., Mod. Paint Coar.. 73, 26 (1983); (b) Hoyle, C.E., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser.. Radiat. Curing Polymer Marer., 417. 1 (1990). Monomers and Oligomers: (c) Newton, L., Polymer Paint Colour J., 172, 386 (1982). Mon- omer FunctionalityIEB: (d) Tekacs, E., Czajlik. I. and Czvi- kovszky. T., Radiat. Phys. Chem., 35, 76 (1990). UViEB Com- parison: (e) O'Hara, K.J., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-421, Basel. Cationics: (f) Hanrahan, B.D., Manus, P., and Eaton, R . F . , A m . InkMaker, 66, 58 (1988).

(33) O'Hara, K., Polymer Paint ColourJ., 175. 254 (1985). (34) ThoillEne: Kehr, C.L. and Wszolek, W.R., Am. Chem. Soc., Div.

Org. Coat. Plast. Chem., 33. 295 (1973); (b) Morgan, C.R., Magnotta. F., and Ketley, A.D., J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Chem. Ed.. 15. 627 (1977); (c) Jacobine, A.F., Glaser, D.M., and Na- kos, S.T., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., Radiat. Curing Polymer Mater., 417, 161 (1989). (d) Bicyclospiranes: Cohen, M.S., Bluestein, C., and Dunkel, M., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-425, Basel. (e) Cycloaliphatic Epoxides: Koleske, J.V., Polymer Painr Colour J . . 176. 546 (1986). (f) Methoxy Ether Acrylates: Stowe, F.S. and LieBerman, R.A., Surface Coat. Austr., 23, 9 (1986). (g) Distyrene Ethers: Ericsson, 1. and Hult, A., Polymer Bulletin, 18, 295 (1987). (h) Polyallyl Glycidyl Ethers: Knapczyk, J.W., "Polyallyl Glycidyl Ether Resins for Very Fast Curing High Performance Coatings," JOURNAL OF

CoAnNcs TECHNOLOGY, 60, NO. 756, 63 (1988). (i) Glycidyl Ethers: Sinka, J.V. and Mazzoni. D.. Polymer Paint Colour J.. 179, 691 (1989). (i) AminelEne: Noren, G.K. and Murphy, E.J., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. Radiat. Curing ofPolymer Marer., 417. 151 (1990). (k) Vinyl Ethers: Crivello, J.V., Lee, J.L., and Conlon, D.A., Proc. Radiat. Curing VI ConJ., Paper FC82-286, 1982, Des Plaines, IL. (I) Propargyl Ethers: Wu, X. and Dirlikov, S.K., Proc. 17th Higher Solids Waterborne ConJ,, 45 (1989), New Orleans, LA.

(35) (a) Short Review: Peeters, S., Loutz, J.M., and Philips, M., Polymer Paint Colour J.. 179. 304 (1989). (b) ThiollAcrylate: Gush, D.P. and Ketley, A.D., Mod. Paint Coar.. 68, 58 (1978); (c) Morgan, C.R. and Ketley. A.D.. J. Radiat. Curing, 7 , 10 (1980). (d) AcrylateIAminoplast: Boeckler, R.H., Proc. Radcure '86. 1611, Baltimore, MD; (e) Gummeson, J.J., "Acrylated Mela- mines in UV Curable Coatings," JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOL- OGY, 62, No. 785, 43 (1990). (f) Isopropenylphenyl Glycidyl Ether: Hashimoto, T. , Sawamoto, M., Hagashimura, T. , and Saito, N., J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Chem., 25, 1073 (1987). (g) AcrylateIAlkoxysilane: Gozzelino, G., Priola. A,, and Ferrero.

F., Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp.. 23. 393 (1989). (h) Epoxy/Polyol: Manus, P.. Polymer Paint Colour J., 179. 524 (1989). (k) AcrylatelEpoxy: Wiesner. I., J. Intern. Polymer Sci. Technol., 13, TI70 (1986). (1) AcrylatelVinyl Ether: Koleske, J.V. and Osborne, C.L. (to Union Carbide), U.S. Patent 4,920.156 (April 24, 1990).

(36) Lapin, S.C., Polymer Paint Colour J . , 179, 321 (1989); (b) Hult, A.B. and Sundell, P.E., Polymer Mater. Sci. Eng., 60, 457 (1989); (c) Davidson, R.S.. Wilkinson, S.A., and Webb, A.K., Polymer Paint Colour J., Europ. Suppl., 180, 96 (1990).

(37) Review Articles: (a) Decker, C.. PolymerPainr Colour J., Europ. Suppl., 178, 81 (1988); (b) LiBassi, G., Estratro de Pinure e Vernici. 62. 30 (1986); (c) Bredenberg, B., J. Pigment Resin Technol.. 18. 4 (1989); (d) Desobry, V., Dietliker, K., Husler, R., Rutsch, W., and Loelinger, H., Polymer Painr Colour J . , Europ. Suppl., 178, 125 (1988).

(38) Concurrent RadicaliCationic Photopolymerizations: (a) Pappas, S.P., J. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 25. 633 (1985); (b) Pappas, S.P., Progr. Org. Coar., 13, 35 (1985); (c) Timpe, H-J., Pure Appl. Chem., 60, 1033 (1988); (d) LiBassi, G., Cadona, L., and Broggi, F., Specialty Chem., 7 , 396 (1987).

(39) Hageman, H.J., Progr. Org. Coat., 13, 123 (1985). (40) Malllard, B., Ingold, K.U., and Scaiano, J.C., J. Am. Chem.

Soc., 105, 5095 (1983). (41) Wright, F.R., J. Polymer Sci., PolymerLett. Ed., 16, 127 (1978). (42) Rubin, H., "UV Lamp Irradiance and Cure Speed of Photopoly-

mers." JOURNAL OF PAINT TECHNOLOGY, 46, No. 588,74 (1978). (43) (a) Hageman, H.J. and Jansen, L.G.J., Makromol. Chem., 189,

2781 (1988); (b) Decker. C., Bendaikha, T., Fizet, M., and Faure, J., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-432, Basel; (c) Decker, C. and Moussa, K., J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Len. Ed., 27, 347 (1989); (d) Koehler, M. and Ohngemach, I., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., Radiat. Curing Polymer Mater., 417, 106 (1990).

(44) van Neerbos, A., J. Oil & Colour Chemists' Assoc., 61, 241 (1978).

(45) Bolon, D.A. and Web, K.K., J. Appl. Polymer Sci.. 22, 2543 (1978).

(46) Bolgiano, C. (to Armstrong World Industries), U.S. Patent 4,421,782.

(47) Crabtree. T.A., Polymer Paint Colour J., 179. 596 (1989). (48) (a) Toxic Substances Control Act, 1976; (b) Code of Federal

Regularions. 40. Parts 700ff; (c) Code ofFederal Regulations. 21. Parts 170-199; (d) 1990-1991 ThresholdLimir Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agenrs, America Council of Governmen- tal Industrial Hygienists; (e) Heckman, J.H., FoodDrug Cosmetic Law J.. 42, 38 (1987); (f) "FDA Guidelines for Chemistry and Good Technology Requirements for Indirect Food Additive Peti- tions," Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1976; (g) Locuty, P., Chem. Rundschau. 30(49), 3: Scaud. Paint Prink. Ink R.I., Envi- ron. Lit. 1978! No. 3, Abs. VI 157178.

(49) Nahm, S.H. (to Hercules Incorporated), U.S. Patent 4,861,629 (August 1989).

(50) Short Reviews: (a) Kosnik, F.J., Mod. Paint Coar. J., 79, 42 (1989); (b) Loutz, J.M., Demarteau, W., and Herze, P.Y., Poly- mer Paint Colour J.. 178, 571 (1988); (c) Arnoldus, R., Polymer Paint Colour J.. 180, 434 (1990); (d) Stenson, P.H., Mod. Paint Coar., 80, 44 (1990). Water Soluble Photoinitiators: (e) LiBassi, G., Broggi, F., and Reveli, A,, Polymer Painr Colour J., 179. 684 (1989); (f) Green, P.N. and Green, W.A., Polymer Paint Colour J., 180, 42 (1990).

(51) (a) Decker, C. and Moussa, K. , J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Chem., 25, 739 (1987); (b) Bellobono, I.R., Oliva, C., Morelli, R., Selli, E., and Ponti, A,, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 86, 3272 (1990).

(52) Ledwith, A,, Al-Kass, S., and Hulme-Lowe, A, , in Cationic Polymerizarion andRelatedProcesses, Goethals, E.J. (Ed.), Aca- demic Press, London, 1984.

(53) (a) Licari, J.J., Crepeau, W., and Crepeau, P.C. (to American Can Co.). U.S. Patent 3,205,157 (September 1965); (b) Tarwid, W.A. and Kester, D.E.,ACS, Div. ofORPL. 37, 63, Papers 174th Mtg., 1977, Chicago, IL.

(54) (a) Crivello, J.V. and Lam, J.H.W., Macromolecules, 10, 1307 (1977); (b) Crivello, J.V. and Lam, J.H.W., J. Polymer Sci..

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

Polymer Chem. Ed.. 18. 2677 (1980); (c) Crivello, J.V. and Lam. J.H.W., J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Chem. Ed., 18, 2697 (1980).

(55) (a) Crivello, J.V. and Lee, J.L., J . Polymer Sci.. Polymer Chem., 27, 3951 (1989); (b) Crivello, J.V. and Lee, J.L.,Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., Radiat. Curing Polymer Muter., 417. 398 (1990); (c) Crivello, J.V. and Lee. J.L. (to General Electric) U.S. Patent 4,882,201 (November 1989).

(56) Review Articles: (a) Lohse, F. and Zweifel, H., Advan. Polymer Sci., 78, 61 (1986). "Epoxy Resins andComposites. III," Dusek, K. (Ed.); (b) Lohse, F.. Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Svmp.. 7. 1 (1987). Iron Arene Complexes: (c) Meier, K. and Zweifel, H., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-417, Basel. SilanolIAlu- minum Complexes: (d) Hayase, S., Onishi. Y., Suzuki, S.. and Wada, M., Macromolecules, 18. 1799 (1985); (e) Hayase, S., Onishi, Y., Suzuki, S., and Wada, M., Macromolecules. 19. 968 (1986).

(57) Crivello, J.V.. Lam. J.H.W.. Moore, J.E., and Schroeter, S.H., J . Rodiat. Curing. 5, 2 (1978).

(58) (a) Watt, W.R., J. Radiat. Curing, 13, 7 (1986); (b) Eaton. R. and Braddock, 1.. "Cyracure Product Overview." Union Carbide Cor- poration.

(59) Koleske, J.V., Polymer Paint Colour J . , 179, 796 (1989). (60) (a) Brann, B.L., J . Radiat. Curing. 13. 12 (1986); (b) Armbruster,

D.C.. Zeliznak, K.I., Rybny. C.B.. and Vona. J.A., AFPISME Technical Paper FC78-507 (1978); (c) Gimpel, J . , Zosel, A., and Heil, G., Proc. Radcure Europe '85, paper FC85-418, Basel.

(61) (a) Penczek, S., Kuhisa, P., and Matyjaszewski. K., Advan.

Polymer Ser.. Cationic Ring-Opening Polymer. 37. Springer-Ver- lag, 1980; (b) Am. Chem. Soc. Svmp. Ser.. Ring-Opening Poly- merization, 286 (1985); (c) Bailey, W.J., Mater. Sci. Eng.. A126, 271 (1990).

(62) Ciardelli. F., Ruggeri, G., Aglietto. M., Angiolini. D.. Carlini, C.. Bianchini, G., Siccardi, G.. Bigogno. G., Cioni. L., "Ad- vanced Polymeric Materials for Coating Technology." JOURNAL OF COATINOS TECHNOLOGY, 61. NO. 775, 77 (1989).

(63) (a) Kinstle, I.F. and Watson. S.L.. J . Radiat. Curing. 2. 7 (1975); (b) Barton, J.. Capek, I., Susoliak. O., and Juranicova. V.. Mak- romol. Chem., 179. 2937 (1978); (c) Gibson. H.W., Bailey, F.C. and Chu, J.Y., J. Polymer Sci.. Polymer Chem. Ed., 17. 777 (1979); (d) Ichimura. K., Makromol. Chem.. 188. 2983 (1987).

(64) Carlini. C.. Brit. Polymer J . . 18. 236 (1986); (b) Lien. Q.S. and Humphreys, R.W.R. (to Loctite Corporation), U.S. Patent 4,587.276 (May 1986); (c) LiBassi, G., Cadona, L., and Broggi, F.. Polymer Paint Colour J . , Europ. Suppl.. 178,4223 (1988); (d) Koehler. M. and Ohngemach, J., Polymer Painr Colour J . . 178. 203 (1988); (e) Fouassier, I.P., Lougnot, D.J.. LiBassi. G., and Nicora, C., Polymer Commun.. 30. 245 (1989): (f) Angiolini, L. and Carlini, C., La Chimica & L'lndustria. 72. 124 (1990): (g) Carlini, C., Angiolini. L., Lelli, N., Ciardelli, F., and Rolla, P.A., Proc. XX FATIPEC Congr., 413, September 1990, Nice.

(65) (a) Nahm, S.H., unpublished results, 1990 (U.S. patent pending). (b) Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Bailey, W.J., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser.. Ring-Opening Polym.. 286. 47 (1985).

(66) Crivello, J.V. and Lee. J.L.. Polymer Bulletin. 16. 243 (1986).


Chemical Treatment of Overspray Paint

S.F. Kia, D.N. Rai, M.A. Shaw,t G. Ryan,** and W. Collinstt General Motors Research Laboratories*

Treatment of waterborne and solventborne overspray paints was investigated using three different chemical treatments categorized a s melamine-, aluminum-, and silica-based. Detackification was found to be extremely important for the treatment of solventborne paints in the presence or absence of waterborne paints. While both melamine- and aluminum-based treatments successfully detackified various paints, the silica-based treatment failed to result in acceptable detackification levels for solventborne paints. Results showed that the flocculation and dewatering of waterborne paints did not occur readily due to high dispersibility and water compatibility of the paints. The presence of waterborne paints did not adversely affect the treatment of various types of solventborne paints.

INTRODUCTION

As a result of more stringent standards imposed by the EPA in the late 1970s on the release of volatile organic carbon (VOC), automotive coating technologies have evolved from low-solids to high-solids solventborne paints, and to waterborne paints. While these technologi- cal developments have helped the automotive plants with regulation compliance, various difficulties have arisen with the coating operations and application technologies. One major operational difficulty lies in the treatment and removal of overspray paint particles which enter the scrubbing water systems beneath the spray booth work areas. These operations are very sensitive to paint characteristics' and need continuous development to keep up with the evolution of paint formulations.

Waterborne paints, which have been recently developed for basecoat painting, are compatible with water.

*Envlronmenlsl Science Depr . 30500 Mound Rd.. Warren. MI 48090-9055 +~allfornia Institute of Technology. Pasadena. CA 91125. **General Molars Advanced Englneermng Staff. Wamn. MI 48090. "General Molors Hydra-matlc Dwtslon, Wamn. MI 48091

Therefore, difficulties can exist in the treatment of their overspray in the boothwater system. Furthermore, a treatment for waterborne paints needs to remain compatible with other paint types as the waterborne basecoat often enters the scrubbing-water system along with solventborne clearcoat, basecoat, and primer. The overall system requires proper chemical treatment to assure paint detackification, flocculation, thickening, separation, and dewatering. The nature of the chemical treatment in turn is determined by the paint characteristics as well as the operating conditions.

Previous studies on overspray paint treatment have mostly focused on qualitative description of the treatment processes andlor introduction of different treatment chemicals.'-' Recent work by Fuchs eta].' addresses the floatation of waterborne paints, and provides some quan- titative comparison on the performance of various floating reagents. In general, the treatment of paint particles has not been extensively studied, and the available quan- titative evaluation of the treatment chemicals is very limited. A pilot-booth study was carried out to investigate the chemical treatment of waterborne and solventborne paints. In this study, the behavior of three main treatment formulations categorized as melamine-based, alurninum- based, and silica-based, was examined. The effectiveness in paint detackification, separation, removal, and de- waterability was one of the major parameters of interest in this study.

EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

The spray-booth pilot experiments were carried out in a test unit schematically shown in Figure 1. The unit has been designed to simulate the overspray treatment operations in a large-scale down-draft paint booth under various conditions, and consists of three main functional components: paint booth, air exhaust and water recirculation, and sludge collection and removal.

In the unit, air is drawn through a 1.83 m X 0.71 m diameter chamber by the exhaust fan. Paint is sprayed in the chamber by the use of a spray gun mounted at the top

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 55

of the chamber. The sprayed paint is carried by the air stream through the chamber (representing the booth) into the booth scrubber section. In this section, circulating water forms a flood sheet, overflowing through a round venturi-type scrubber. By the water-scrubbing action, the paint particles are removed from the air; the scrubbed air is then exhausted into the atmosphere after passing through a dewatering chamber and a mesh filter.

In the unit, water is pumped from the bottom of a water tank (see Figure 1) into the booth scrubber section, and returned back to the water tank via gravity drainage and pumping. The main function of the water tank is to provide sufficient contact time for the particles (paints and the added chemicals) to interact and form detackified and easily removed paint sludge. In the water tank, the particles disperse, detackify, coagulate, flocculate, and float to a varying degree depending upon the performance of the added chemicals.

Floated or dispersed particles are then removed from the water tank by using a commercial particle removal unit (hereafter referred to as PRU); the particles along with water are driven off the surface of the water tank, passed through a skimmer box, and pumped to the PRU. By the aeration action of the PRU and the help of the added flocculating chemical, the particles are further compacted and floated. They are then removed via an air- powered skimmer blade, and are captured in a sludge collection drum lined with a coarse filter cloth. The filter allows the collected sludge to further dewater by gravity.

Paint is delivered to the spray gun via one of two pumps that precisely meter and control the paint flow. For adding the chemicals into the system, five chemical injec- tion points along with three pumps are provided.

OPERATING PARAMETERS

The operating parameters for the spray booth experiments are listed in Table 1. The water circulation rate to the booth was 10 gallmin, resulting in a tank water retention time of 20 min. The pilot study was carried out using the paints listed in Table 2 by type and color. The composition of the paints mainly includes resins, pigments, and solvents. The pigments are mostly titanium dioxide and aluminum. The solventborne paint consists of various quantities of resins (mainly melamine formaldehyde and

Paint spray boom

r+

Figure 1-Schematic of t h e pilot spray-booth unit

56

Table 1--Operating Parameters

Total system water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 gal Water recirculation to booth . . . . . . . . . . . I0 gallmin Water recirculation to PRU. ........... 6 gallmin Static pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 in. (water)

Paint spray rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 cm3imin Spray duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 midtest Paint loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2972 ppmitest

Table 2-Paint Types

Name Color Type

Primer surfacer. . . . . . . . . . . . gray solventborne Basecoat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gunmetal metallic solventborne Basecoat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . silver metallic waterborne Basecoat.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . white waterborne Rigid clearcoat. . . . . . . . . . . clear solventborne

Table 3--Composition of Treatments

Program Detackifier (L pH Control Flocculanl

Melamine.. . . . . . melamme-formaldehyde nonionic polymer sodium bicarbonate cationic polymer

Aluminum . . . . . . polyhydroxy aluminum sulfate anionic polymer quaterniuy polyacrylamide sodium meta-aluminate

Silica . . . . . . . . . . sodium silicate an~onic polymer cationic amine polymer potassium hydroxide sodium hydroxide

acrylic resins), which are solubilized in a mixture of organic solvents (toluene, xylene, and other aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons). The composition of the waterborne paint is different from that of solventborne paint since the waterborne paint constituents must be soluble and/or dispersed in water. The resins in the waterborne paints include polyurethane, polyester, and melamine formaldehyde. The solvent in the waterborne paints is mostly water and contains small amounts of organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glycol ethers).

Detackification and flocculation of various paints were investigated using three different commercially available treatments: melamine-, silica-, and aluminum-based treatments. As listed in Table 3 , each treatment includes chemicals for detackifying and flocculating the paint particles. The melamine-based treatment includes an emulsion of melamine formaldehyde polymer for paint detackification, and a solution of water-soluble cationic and/or nonionic acrylamide polymers for paint flocculation. The flocculating chemical in the aluminum-based treatment is an anionic polymer, while the detackifying chemical includes polyhydroxy aluminum sulfate and quaternary polyacrylamide. The silica-based treatment uses sodium silicate and a cationic amine polymer for detackification, and involves an anionic polymer for flocculation. Each treatment includes a defoaming agent. As listed in Table 3 , sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide are used for pH control.


CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF OVERSPRAY PAINT

For each treatment, the feed rates and feed points were maintained constant for experiments with various paints. The operating conditions, however, were changed if the treatment failed minimum performance. Basically, each treatment required the following initial andlor maintenance dosages of chemicals: initial dosage, addition of chemicals to the system water at the initial start up of the paint spray operations; and maintenance dosage, continuous addition of chemicals to the system water throughout the spray paint operation.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

A given chemical treatment was evaluated for each of the following conditions: spray of solventborne (SB) paints only; spray of waterborne (WB) paints only; and spray of combination of SB and WB paints. In the testing procedure, four spray booth tests (tests 1-4) were conducted using only the gunmetal metallic basecoat to determine the system behavior for SB paints. These tests were then followed with two spray booth tests with silver basecoat alone to evaluate the system response to WB paints (tests 5 and 6). The series of tests were then

completed by carrying out two spray-booth tests with combinations of different WB and SB paints to evaluate the system behavior for combination paints. In the first combination test (test 7), gunmetal SB and silver WB paints were sprayed alternately (15-min intervals) from the same spray gun. In the second combination test (test 8), all types of paints were introduced into the system on either a simultaneous or individual basis. This test included simultaneous spray of gunmetal SB, and white and silver WB paints for 30 min. This was followed by 30 min simultaneous spray of clearcoat, and white and silver WB paints. The clearcoat was then sprayed for 10 min followed by the primer for 20 min.

In tests 1-7, SB and WB paints were sprayed using the spray gun. But in test 8, which is the only test requiring simultaneous introduction of SB and WB paints, SB paints were sprayed while WB paints were dripped directly into the scrubber water flood sheet (the pilot unit is equipped with only one spray gun). The drip method is viable since WB paints readily disperse in water.

In the test series, each test was designed for a 90-min spray duration. However, the spray time for some tests was shorter due to mechanical problems with the booth

Figure 2-Water quality in test 1 for SB paints: (a) melamine-based, (b) alumi-

C

num-based, and (c) silica-based. Labels R. T. and P are return water from the

S booth, tank water to the booth, and return water from PRU, respectively. 0 - 5 1000 total solids; 8 -dissolved solids; 1 -

0 m

0 meas. suspended solids; and B-calc.

suspended solids 0 -200

Time.m Time, m

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

operation. Following each test, the generated paint sludge was removed from the tank with the PRU. The PRU was generally operated for 15 to 30 min. This time was extended up to one hour when necessary to remove excess suspended particles. For tests with the melamine-based and the silica-based programs, the PRU was operated only at the end of the spray period. Later, the sequence for the PRU operation was revised to simulate the side- stream mode. In the revised mode, the PRU operated intermittently during the spray (last 5 min of every 30-min spray) as well as at the end of the spray period (for 15 min). The side stream operation was used in tests with the aluminum-based treatment.

For each test, samples were collected at different locations in the system, and analyzed in the laboratory to quantitatively describe the system behavior. Sampling locations and analysis methods are described in the Appendix.

E X P E R I M E N T A L R E S U L T S

In the following sections, the experimental results of the pilot study for WB and SB paints with the melamine-, silica-, and aluminum-based programs are compared with each other. The results are classified into two general sections of boothwater quality and paint sludge quality.

(a) Test

-1 --D- 3

P- -... .J.-. 6

t ,. Q 8

Time (rnin)

Figure 3--Water turbidity in tests 1, 3, 6, and 8 with: (a) melamine-based, (b) aluminum-based, and (c) silica-based. Labels R, T, and P are return water from the booth, tank water to the

booth, and return water from PRU, respectively

Boothwater Quality

TESTS FOR SB PAINTS: Figure 2 shows the experimental results of test 1 for SB paint with the melamine-, silica-, and aluminum-based treatments. In this figure, total solids, dissolved solids, and measured and calculated suspended solids (see the Appendix) of the system water are followed with time. The labels on the bar graphs indicate the sampling locations: R, return water from the booth; T, tank water to the booth; and P, return water from the PRU. Figure 3 shows the variations in the boothwater turbidity in various tests with each of the chemical treatment programs. In Figures 2 and 3, time zero denotes the starting condition of the system water before adding any chemicals or paints. At the start up time, the water is clear with very low turbidity, almost no suspended solids, and a low total/dissolved solids of around 200 ppm (the background solids). Over the period of 0-15 min, initial dosages of chemicals are added to the water.

In test 1 with the melamine-based treatment (Figures 2a and 3a), the increase in the water solids content (total and dissolved) over the 0-10 min period is due to the initial dosage of soda ash (pHlalkalinity adjuster). The increase in the water turbidity over the period of 10-15 min is due to the added melamine polymer, the detackifying chemical; this polymer is dispersed in water while the other added chemicals are water-soluble and transparent. Figure 2a shows that during the spray period of 15-79 min, the variation in the water solids is minimal. The water turbidity decreases rapidly after the start of the spray (Figure 3a). This is due to partial removal of the melamine polymer from the water; the polymer binds with paint solids and separates out by floating on the water. It is observed that the turbidity remains less than 100 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit, see Appendix) throughout the spray in test 1, which indicates the effectiveness of the melamine-based program in floating the solids in the water tank and, hence, removing them from the circulating booth water. This efficient solids removal is also illustrated in Figure 2a, which shows a very low suspended solids of less than 90 ppm throughout the test. The negative values observed in Figure 2a for suspended solids result mainly from the measurement error due to filter papers (used to separate the suspended solids, see Appendix). Note that the filter error is generally small (maximum 60 ppm), but is manifested in the results because the overall suspended solids are very small with the melamine-based treatment.

Figures 2b and 3b show the measured total, dissolved, suspended solids, and turbidity for test 1 with the aluminum-based treatment. Over the period of 0-15 min, the total and dissolved solids increased to about 600 and 350 ppm, respectively, due to the initial addition of chemicals. The rise in the water solids, as well as in the turbidity, continued throughout the spray period of 15- 105 min. This indicates that a significant amount of the paint solids remained dispersed in the water, and the treatment floated only a portion of the solids. High suspended solids in the water resulted in solids build-up in the scrubber section, and caused interruption of the test after 20 min of spraying to clean up the scrubber section. Despite high solids dispersion during the spray, the final



3000 1 ,Spray PRU I Figure 4-Water quality in test 3 for SB paints: (a) melamine-based, (b) aluminum-based, and (c) silica-based. Labels R, T, and P are return water from the booth, tank water to the booth, and return water from PRU, respectively. n - total solids; 8 -dissolved solids; I - meas. suspended solids; and -calc.

suspended solids

Time, rn Time, rn

PRU cycle (with the added flocculant) removed most of the suspended solids resulting in very clean water (see Figures 2b and 3b).

Figures 2c and 3c show the measured water quality for test 1 with the silica-based treatment. Over the time period of 0-15 min, the increase in the total, as well as the dissolved solids, is caused by the added initial dosages of chemicals (6800 ppm of silica-detackifier, 340 pprn of polymer-detackifier). It should be mentioned that these added dosages are significantly higher than the initially recommended ones (2000 pprn of silica-detackifier, 100 pprn of polymer-detackifier) and were readjusted for the pilot study. Spray tests with lower dosages resulted in very tacky sludges (close to live paint) and were aborted to avoid coating of the booth with live paint. Solids and water turbidity remained very high throughout the spray period of 15-105 min (Figures 2c and 3c), which indicates very little floatation of the paint solids in the water tank. High suspended solids in the water resulted in excess foaming and solids build-up in the water tank, and foaming in the water tank. Also, this caused occasional spray interruptions to clean up the scrubber section.

As it can be noted from Figure 2c, test I did not include a PRU cycle with the silica-based treatment. This

step was eliminated (supplier recommendation) to avoid any possible removal of the free residual detackifying chemicals from the water. This action was obviously at the expense of running the system very dirty (high solids in boothwater), resulting in excess foaming and solids build-up in the scrubber.

Behavior similar to Figures 2a and 3a was observed in all tests for SB paints with the melamine-based treatment. This is shown in Figures 3a and 4a, which show the water quality in test 3. On the basis of the added paints and the chemicals into the booth, mass balance calculations show an increase of 320 ppm in total solids of the booth circulating water. Therefore, if the solids (paints and chemicals) are floated as paint sludge in the water tank on a continuous basis, the average total solids in the booth circulating water should be maintained around 1080 ppm (320 pprn over the 760 pprn prespray solids content in test 1, see Figure 2a). Figures 2a and 4a show that the measured total solids in the water (760-900 ppm) is about the calculated value. Some solids accumulated in the scrubber bottom section during the tests, mainly due to mechanical problems with the scrubber section drainage. The solids accumulation rate, however, remained almost constant as the solids were continuously washed out into

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 59

S.F. KIA et al

the drain pipe by the booth circulating water. It may be noted that, due to mechanical problems, not all the tests with the melamine-based treatment ran for the planned spray duration of 90 min. Mechanical problems also caused slight foaming in the scrubber. Otherwise, foaming was absent both in the water tank and the scrubber in all tests for the SB paint, and no antifoam was used.

With the aluminum-based treatment, behavior similar to that for test 1 was observed in all tests for SB paints (shown in Figures 3b and 4b for test 3). In all four tests, the water was high in suspended solids during the spray, but remarkably clean after the last PRU cycle. In addition, foaming was almost absent throughout the tests for SB paints.

With the silica-based treatment, the results for SB paints in tests 2, 3, and 4 were also similar to those in test 1 (see Figures 3c and 4c for test 3). As in test 1, the boothwater was of poor quality in tests 2-4. Because of excess solids build-up and foaming in the scrubber section, tests 2-4 had to be followed by a PRU cycle despite the supplier's concern over the use of the PRU (possible

removal of free residual chemicals). The PRU system, with the added flocculant, removed part of the suspended solids from the water, as shown in Figures 3c and 4c. Foaming was present in all the tests for SB paints with the silica-based treatment. The extent of foaming, however, decreased gradually from test I to test 4 (antifoam was used only in tests 1 and 2).

TESTS FOR WB PAINTS: Tests 5 and 6 were carried out for WB paints using each of the three treatment programs. With the melamine-based program, the water quality for WB paints followed a pattern similar to that for SB paint, as shown in Figures 3a and 5a for test 6. The level of suspended solids for WB paints is slightly higher (<I80 ppm) than that for SB paints (<I05 ppm), indicating a higher level of dispersion for WB paints. Increased suspended solids for WB paints resulted in some foaming in the scrubber section and the need for the antifoam chemical. Dissolved solids also increased slightly (from 700 to 900 ppm) during the tests for WB paints, as Figure 5a shows.

3000 (4 1200

Figure I-Water quality in test 6 for WB ' a paints: (a) melamine-based, (b) alumi- - 2000 num-based, and (c) silica-based. Labels 2 600 R, T, and P are return water from the 2 booth, tank water to the booth, and re- 2 1000 turn water from PRU, respectively. 0 - total solids; 8 --dissolved solids; I - $ meas. suspended solids; and fl-calc. 0

suspended solids 0 -200 0 30 60 90 91 98 106 107 0 30 60 90 91 98 106 107

Time, m Time (min)



Results of test 6 for WB paints with the aluminum- based and silica-based programs are shown in Figures 3 and 5. In comparison with Figures 2-5, it is observed that the water quality for WB paints improved over that for SB paints with both programs. Water turbidity was low with both programs because of low suspended solids (<210 ppm with silica-based program and <300 ppm with the aluminum-based program). For both programs, however, some foaming was present in the scrubber, and the antifoam chemical was required.

TESTS FOR COMBINATION PAINTS: Tests for WB paints were followed with tests 7 and 8 for WBISB-combination paints. Test 7 was carried out with the combination of gunmetal SB paint and silver metallic WB paint. In test 7, the melamine-based treatment was found to effectively remove the suspended solids from the system. Also, no appreciable foaming occurred in the system; slight foaming was present during the WB-paint cycle, but required no antifoam as it quickly dissipated during the SB-paint cycle. The level of suspended solids in test 7 for combination paints was lower than that in tests 5 and 6 for WB paints alone; this indicates that the removal of WB paints is helped by the presence of SB paints.

Figure 6 shows the results of test 8 for combination paints. In test 8, SB clearcoat was sprayed simultaneously with white and silver WB paints during the first 30 min of spray. With the melamine-based treatment, both turbidity (Figure 3a) and suspended solids (Figure 6a) increased during this period. This was primarily due to white WB paint, since it did not flocculate as readily as silver WB paint. The dissolved solids also showed some increase (Figure 6a). This increase was partly due to residual dispersed WB paints (c0.45 pm); it is noted that the measured dissolved solids include all solids smaller than 0.45 pm, as well as those compounds actually dissolved (see Appendix).

With the melamine-based treatment, some foaming was present in the scrubber during the first 30-min cycle of test 8 when SB rigid clearcoat was sprayed simultaneously with WB paints. No antifoam, however, was required. Foaming completely dissipated during the second 30-min cycle of test 8 when gunmetal SB paint was sprayed simultaneously with WB paints. Both turbidity and suspended solids in the second 30-min cycle were slightly lower than those in the first 30-min cycle (see Figures 3a and 6a). During the third 30 min of test 8, SB

(c) 30°0] spray PRU 1 1 2 0 0 7 1

E a - 2000 d

600 0" ," 1000 - f2

0 0

4 -200

Tirne.m 0 15 45 75 85105121136154 Time, rn

Figure &Water quality in test 8 for WB- SB paints: (a) melamine-based, (b) aluminum-based, and (c) silica-based. La- bels R, T, and P are return water from the booth, tank water to the booth, and return water from PRU, respectively. 1 -total solids; fl-dissolved solids; I -meas. suspended solids; and 8 -

calc. suspended solids

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

rigid clearcoat was followed by primer paint. During this cycle, no appreciable foaming occurred, and both turbidity and suspended solids were very low (see Figures 3a and 6a). This indicates the effectiveness of the treatment in floating the primer and the clearcoat paints in the tank water.

With the aluminum-based treatment, high suspended solids were observed in test 7. Some foaming was also present throughout the WB-paint spray cycles in test 7, but required no antifoam and dissipated during the SB- paint cycle. In test 8 (Figures 3b and 6b), the level of suspended solids remained high, specifically in the last 30-min spray cycle when the SB rigid clearcoat was followed by a primer paint. In this test, foaming was present in the clearcoat and WB-paints simultaneous cycle, while it dissipated during the SB basecoat and WB- paints simultaneous cycle. The observed behavior indicates that the presence of the SB basecoat helped dissipation of foam associated with WB paints.

With the silica-based treatment, each test started with the addition of initial dosages of chemicals (2000 ppm of silica-detackifier, 154 ppm of polymer-detackifier).

0o 0 6 8

Test Number

Figure 7-Sludge solids content: (a) melamine-based, (b) aluminum-based, and (c) silica-based. Labels R, T, and P are return water from the booth, tank water to the booth, and

return water from PRU, respectively

These additions were made since the original initial dosages, which were added in test 1, were already consumed (as discussed later) and the program could not be effective with only the maintenance dosages. During the spray in test 7 , the suspended solids increased over that in test 6. Foaming was present throughout the cycles with the WB paint, requiring antifoam.

Results of test 8 with the silica-based treatment are shown in Figures 3c and 6c. The water quality deteriorat- ed in test 8 when the combination of paints was introduced in the system (Figure 6c). Foaming was present in the clearcoat and WB-paints simultaneous cycle, but it dissipated in the gunmetal SB and WB paints simultaneous cycle. Mostly due to the white WB paint, water was extremely turbid (Figure 3c) and high in suspended and dissolved solids (Figure 6c). This was also the case during the last 30 min of the test when the clearcoat was followed by the primer. After the PRU cycle, the system water contained little suspended solids (see Figure 6c). This clean up was obtained by operating the PRU for an extended period (approximately one hour) with excessive dosage of flocculant.

Paint Sludge Quality

SLUDGE SOLIDS CONTENT: In each test, paint sludge samples were collected from the surface of the water tank and from the PRU. The samples were then analyzed for solids content as described in the Appendix, with the results shown in Figure 7. As before, the labels on the experimental points denote the sampling locations.

With the melamine-based treatment, as Figure 7a shows, sludge solids content ranged from 31 to 47% for the SB paint, that is, the sludge consisted of 53-69% water. Much lower solids contents (14-22%) were obtained for the WB paint sludge. The significant difference in solids content of the SB and WB sludges is mainly due to variations in the paint solids; gunmetal SB paint contains 50% solids as compared to 22% for silver WB paint (percent values are the analytical numbers given in the paint technical data sheets). The sludge solids content for combination of the WB and SB paints in test 7 was about that for WB paints alone in tests 5 and 6. However, this improved in test 8 to 22-32% primarily due to the presence of primer with its high-solids content (65-70%).

With the aluminum-based treatment, the sludge solids content was very low for SB paints, ranging from 15-20% (Figure 7b). Throughout the tests for SB paints, the sludge that formed on the surface of the water tank was very loose and soupy. In fact, the sludge disintegrated to a dispersion when sampled in a bottle. For this reason, no measurement could be made on sludges from the tank over most parts of the test series. Measurements were mostly made on the sludge from the PRU, which was less watery. Sludge solids content was also very low for silver WB paint in tests 5 and 6, partly due to the paint low solids. For the combination of WB and SB paints, the sludge solids content was as low as 10% in test 7. This improved to about 21 % by the end of test 8, mainly due to the primer paint with its large solids content. Sludge solids content with the aluminum-based treatment was low, despite the fact that the treatment removed the suspended solids very effectively in the PRU. In other



words, the treatment was very effective in floating the sludge in the PRU, but ineffective in compacting and dewatering the sludge.

With the silica-based treatment, Figure 7c shows that sludge solids content ranged from 22 to 42% for SB paints. This is relatively low considering the high-solids content of the SB paint (50%). Basically, the program was found ineffective in floating and compacting the SB sludge because it required minimization of the PRU operation and the flocculant feed to avoid removal of the detackifying chemicals (as discussed before). These requirements were less severe in tests for WB paints due to the nontacky natureof the paints. As a result, the program produced a relatively high-solids content of 27-32% for WB sludge at the expense of excessive use of the flocculant; the initially recommended low flocculant dosage was found ineffective in removing the suspended solids. For the combination of WB and SB paints, sludge solids content was 33-34% in test 7 and as low as 24% in test 8. In test 8, the treatment was found ineffective in flocculating the primer paint.

Generally, with each of the treatment programs, sludge solids content varied from one testlsample to next, as illustrated in Figure 7. Among the factors affecting the sludge quality were the feed rates of chemicals, running time of the PRU, degree of foaming, and solids back-up in the scrubber section. As shown in Figure 7a, the sludge off the PRU often had a better quality than that off the water tank due to the consolidating action of PRU. In some cases, however, the sludge off the tank surface was of a better quality (Figures 7b and 7c). This occurred mostly when the sludge afloat the tank was soupy, and therefore disintegrated while being pumped to the PRU.

SLUDGE TACKINESS: Degree of detackification of each sludge sample collected throughout the test series was determined by measuring its tackiness using a laboratory developed i n s t r ~ m e n t . ~ The instrument enables one to quantitatively measure the sludge tackiness, and make comparisons between different sludges. The instrument was developed to replace the commonly used qualitative and subjective method of tackiness measurement by the finger test (rubbing samples in between fingers and feel- ing the tackiness). The tackiness is quantified by measuring the force required to pull away a metal disk from the surface of the sludge sample. For calibrations, the measured tackiness for WB sludges (ranging from 2.3 to 3.0 g) is taken as the reference for a well detackified sludge (note that WB-paint sludges are generally nontacky due to water compatibility of the WB paints). On the other hand, a poorly detackified paint sludge registers levels of 7.5 g and above. Therefore, the measured readings in between 2.3 and 7.5 g are indications of different degrees of detackification from excellent to poor.

With the melamine-based treatment, Figure 8a shows the measured sludge tackiness for tests 1-8. It is observed that, over most parts, SB sludges show a degree of tackiness very close to that for WB sludges (reference for a well detackified sludge). This indicates a generally good detackification of the SB paints with the melamine-based treatment. Similarly, the measurements show the WBI SB-combination paints are well detackified with the treatment. It is interesting to note that the measured variations

WB i SB-WB

J

m 12 -

VI

2 9 - 2 - f 6 -

o ! , . . . , . . , 4 0 2 4 6 8

Test Number

SB : WB i SB-WB

Figure 8-Tackiness of sludge samples: (a) melamine-based, (b) aluminum-based, and (c) silica-based. Labels R, T, and P are return water from the booth, tank water to the booth, and

return water from PRU, respectively

- P 3 -

in the degree of tackiness (Figure 8a) correspond very well with the variations in the experimental conditions from one test to the next. For example, the measurements show that the sludge was tackier in test 2 than test 1. The rate of addition of chemicals to the system in test 2 (PID = paintldetackifier = 3.6) was lower than that in test 1 (PID = 3), resulting in a tackier sludge. The chemical feed rate was increased in test 3 (PID = 3.1) , and the improvement in detackification is indicated by the measured lower degree of tackiness in test 3 (see Figure 8a). The slight increase in sludge tackiness for test 4 is explained by the fact that, over 30% of the test period, spraying was carried out without any addition of the detackifying chemicals because of chemical pump failure.

With the aluminum-based treatment, SB sludges were almost nontacky, with a degree of tackiness close to that for WB sludges, as shown in Figure 8b. Similarly, the results show that the treatment effectively detackified the sludges from WBISB-combination paints.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

S.F. KIA et al

With the silica-based treatment, SB sludges were generally tacky, with a degree of tackiness much above that for WB sludges (Figure 8c). The sludges from the PRU were less tacky than those from the water tank. The improvement is believed to be due to surface coating of the paint solids at the PRU by the added flocculant. This is especially supported by the tackiness results for test 4 , which used an excessive amount of flocculant; in this test, the tank sludge was very tacky, while the PRU sludge was well detackified. Although the treatment resulted in tacky sludges for SB paints alone, it detackified the combination of SB and WB paints as Figure 8c shows. This shows that the WB paints help the detackification of the SB paints by adhering onto the SB-paint solids. The slight tackiness observed in the sludges from test 8 was due to the ineffectiveness of the program in treating the primer paint.

DISCUSSION

Results of the pilot study indicate that the treatment of WB paints in the presence or absence of SB paints can be

SB 1 WB j SBWB I

0 2 4 6 8 Test Number

Figure +Maximum measured suspended solids during test series: (a) melamine-based, (b) aluminum-based, and (c) silica- based. Labels R, T, and Pare return water from the booth, tank

water to the booth, and return water from PRU, respectively

effectively carried out, provided the right choice of the treatment program as well as the operating condition is made. Our results show that for treatment of SB paints or WBISB-combination paints, detackification is of prime importance. For treatment of WB paints, on the other hand, detackification is of less concern since WB paints are water compatible and generally nontacky (Figure 8). In contrast, coagulation and flocculation of WB paints are important since WB paints disperse very readily, forming fine particles in the boothwater. In addition, a treatment for WB paints or WBISB- paints needs to suppress foaming since WB paints generally give rise to foaming. Fur- thermore, in view of the dispersibility of WB paints, the treatment needs to be effective in flocculating and dewatering the paint particles.

The treatment based on melamine polymer appears to efficiently treat various types of paint and to be compatible with waterborne paints. As the results showed (Fig- ures 2-6), the melamine-based program effectively re- moves the solids from the water and results in clean water to be recirculated through the booth. In addition, foaming remains controllable and the sludges are detackified (Fig- ure 8). Of further importance is the fact that this treatment is effective in treating SB paint, WB paint, and the combination of these paints by using dosages comparable to those recommended for production paint booths.

The aluminum-based program was also found to detackify various paints and to be remarkably effective in removing the solids from the booth water at the PRU. In addition, the program was effective at dosages close to those for production booths. However, the program allowed a considerable amount of suspended solids in the boothwater during the spraying. This is undesirable since it can lead to solids build-up in the booth back sections as well as foaming, as evidenced in the pilot study. With this treatment, very little flocculation and floatation of paint solids took place in the water tank; they mostly occurred in the PRU where the flocculating chemical was added. The addition of any flocculant to the water tank was avoided because, in addition to flocculating the paint solids, it removed the detackifying chemicals. With this treatment, therefore, side stream operation of a solids consolidator unit (like the PRU) is necessary to remove the dispersed paint solids.

Among the treatment programs, the silica-based program was the least effective one in treating various paints, especially SB paints. Basically, the treatment failed to detackify sludges and to clean the boothwater over most of the test series. Figure 9 shows the maximum suspended solids that were measured in tests 1-8 with the different treatment programs. It is observed that while maximum suspended solids do not exceed 105 ppm for SB paints with the melamine-based program, they reach up to 1450 ppm with the silica-based program and 860 ppm with the aluminum-based program. All three programs result in low suspended solids for WB paints alone, with the melamine-based program resulting in the least. Similarly, the melamine-based program results in the least suspended solids (<I20 ppm) for combination paints, compared to <730 ppm with the aluminum-based and <lo20 ppm with the silica-based programs.



Figure 8 shows that, among the three programs, the silica-based program resulted in the most tacky sludges for both SB and WBISB-combination paints. This same conclusion was reached from visual observations throughout the tests. This poor response was obtained despite the fact that the silica-based program was operated at chemical dosages well beyond the initial recommendation.

To explain the poor performance of the silica-based program, the concentration of silicon from its main detackifier (silica) was measured for tests 1-8 using atomic absorption. Figure 10 shows the measured concentration as well as the cumulative concentration (calculated based on the added quantity) of the detackifier as a function of time during tests 1-4. The labels on the points denote the sampling location. The detackifier concentration was about 7000 ppm at the start of test 1 due to the addition of an initial dosage of the chemical. The measured concentration initially showed a slight increase due to the maintenance dosage, but dropped to 6000 ppm by the end of test I. Compared to the cumulative concentration of 8000 ppm by the end of test I , this indicates a consumption of 2000 ppm over test I. Similarly, a loss of about 2000 ppm is observed to take place by the end of each of the tests for a total chemical consumption of about 8000 ppm over four tests. The short PRU cycles following tests 2 and 3 caused a sharp drop in the concentration of the detackifier in the return water from PRU, but had little effect on the overall concentration in the water tank, as shown in Fig- ure 10. On the other hand, the long PRU cycle (76 min) at the end of test 4, which had to be run to clean the boothwater, reduced the level of chemicals in the water tank by about 1400 ppm to 600 ppm.

Measurements shown in Figure 10 indicate that the large initial dosage (about 7000 ppm) for the silica-based program is consumed over a short spray period. On the other hand, the treatment cannot remain effective with the maintenance dosage only. Therefore, the program would require the addition of large dosages on a regular basis. In fact, this procedure was followed in subsequent tests for WBISB-combination paints (tests 7 and 8). By monitoring the detackifier concentration in each of these tests, it was observed that the added chemical was almost fully consumed by the end of the test.

The finding that the initial dosage is consumed is not consistent with the reason, commonly given by chemical suppliers, for the initial addition. According to the suppliers: (1) the initial dosage provides concentrations of the chemicals in the system that should remain throughout testinglbooth operation; and (2) the chemicals are consumed only at the rate provided by the maintenance feed. Measurements in this work show that the chemicals leave the system by binding with the paint particles and the flocculant. Therefore, the initial dosage is in effect a large maintenance dosage fed into the system batchwide.

In general, treatment programs with high initial dosages perform at the expense of a large consumption of chemicals. As discussed previously, the PRU or any other consolidator unit with the added flocculant results in further removal of the free detackifying chemicals along with the paint solids. For example, in our testing with the

Figure 10--Concentration of silica-detackifier for tests 1-4. Labels R, T, and Pare return water from the booth, tank water

to the booth, and return water from PRU, respectively

silica-based program, the system ran mostly with dirty water to avoid the operation of the PRU and the addition of the flocculant. On the other hand, the melamine-based program required no such precautions. Similarly, the aluminum-based program did not require repeated chemical charges. However, the possibility of removing the detackifying chemicals by the flocculant exists with the aluminum-based program.

Finally, it should be noted that WB sludges are generally low in solids, as shown in Figure 7. Further compac- tion of the sludge to reduce the cost of sludge disposal must be traded against the cost of chemicals and the operation of the consolidator unit. Often, excessive use of the flocculating chemicals results in a sludge with a high solids content and good texture. But this increases the contribution of the chemicals to the sludge. The operating cost then includes not only the purchase price of the chemicals but also the cost of their disposal, now as paint sludge.

CONCLUSION

The treatment of waterborne paints in the presence or absence of solventborne ~ a i n t s can be effectively carried out, provided that the rigit treatment program anh operating conditions are chosen. Waterborne paints used in this %idy were associated with foaming, a id they generally resulted in a paint sludge that was low in solids compared to that from solventborne paints. Sludges with higher solids content and better texture may be obtained through the use of more treatment chemicals.

The treatment based on melamine polymer efficiently treated various types of paint used in this study and was compatible with waterborne paints. The aluminum-based program was also found to detackify various paints and to be remarkably effective in removing the solids from the booth water at the particle removal unit. However, the program allowed a considerable amount of suspended solids in the boothwater during the spraying. Among the different treatments, the silica-based program was least effective in treating the paints, especially solventborne

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

paints. T h e presence of waterborne paints did not ad- (I) Total, dissolved, and suspended solids in water samples versely affect the treatment of various types o f solvent- by the gravimetric method. borne paints. (2) Turbidity of water samples using a turbidimeter.

(3) Solids content of sludge samples by the gravimetric method.

References (4) Degree of detackification of sludge samples using a laboratory developed in~t rument .~

(I) Sloan, E., "Sludge Collection Made Easier," Ind . Finishing. In addition to these analyses, some samples were analyzed by December 1984. atomic absorption and infrared spectroscopies to determine the

(2) Kmzynski, J.E. and Wittenbrook. L.S., "Chemical Treatment Considerations for Water Wash Paint Spray Booths." Finishing

concentrations Of particular chemicals'

'85, SME. Dearborn, MI. 1985. To measure total solids in a water sample, a known volume of

(3) Kmzynski, J.E., "Chem~cal and Mechanical Alternatives for Han- the (30-50 cm3) was heated IooC for 24 hr and dling ~ i ~ h solids paint sludges,- ~ i ~ i ~ h i ~ ~ '87, SME, cincinnati, weighed to give the total solids. To measure suspended and OH. 1987. dissolved solids, a known volume of the sample (30-50 cm')

(4) Kruzynski, J.E., "Optimizing Spray Booth Operations Requires Customized Maintenance Programs," Metal Finishing. 85. No. 3 (1987).

(5) Huang, S-J. W., "Pilot Study of Water Wash Spray Booth Detacki- fiers," Proceeding SME Conference. Long Beach. CA. September 1986.

(6) Chambers, B., "Chemical Treatment of Coatings in Wash Water and Spray Booths." Finishing '88. SME, Los Angeles. CA. 1988.

(7) Monken. A.R.. "Polymeric Detackification Program for High So- lids," Finishing '88. SME, Los Angeles. CA. 1988.

(8) Fuchs. E.W., Dobby, G.S., and Woodhams. R.T.. "Removal of Waterborne Paint Solids from Paint Booth Spray Water," JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 60, No. 767, 89 (1988).

(9) Kia. S.F. and Kim. B.R., "Measurement of Sludge Tackiness." to be published.

APPENDIX

Sampling Locations and Measurement Methods At designated times in each test, samples (about 200 cm3

each) were collected at different points in the system (a total of 9-17 samples per test). The sampling points were: return water from the booth to the water tank; tank water to the booth; tank water to the PRU; return water from the PRU; paint sludge afloat the water tank; and paint sludge afloat the PRU.

Water samples from the booth (return water) and from the PRU were taken by holding the sample bottles in the outflow streams until they were filled. To sample the tank water to the booth, the sample bottle was dipped deep in the tank and then filled. Similarly, the tank water to the PRU was sampled by filling the bottle with the water flowing under the floated sludge into the PRU. The sludge sample from the tank or from the PRU was taken by skimming the sludge off the surface of the tank or the PRU.

The water and sludge samples were analyzed in the laboratory to quantitatively measure the following parameters:

was vacuum filtered through a preweighed 0 . 4 5 - ~ m membrane filter. The filterate and the filter were then heated to 110°C for about 24 hr and weighed to give the dissolved and suspended solids, respectively. Note that the measured dissolved solids consist of all solid particles that are smaller than 0.45 &m as well as all components that are not evaporated at l lOoC. The suspended solids include all solid particles that are greater than 0.45 km.

In addition to the direct measurement of the suspended solids, the suspended solids were calculated by taking the difference between the measured total solids and the measured dissolved solids. For some samples, negative values resulted for the "calculated" andlor "measured" suspended solids. A negative value for the calculated suspended solids was basically due to the variations in the sample solids content from one sample portion (used to measure total solids) to the next (used to measure dissolved solids). On the other hand, a negative value for measured suspended solids was due to mass losses of the filter, which was used to separate out the suspended solids. The mass losses were found to vary from one filter to next. However, the error due to filters was minimized in the measurements by measuring mass losses of blank filters as well as using preheated filters.

Turbidity, which is another indicator of the sample suspended solids, was measured using a turbidimeter. The device measures the ratio of the scattered light from particles in suspension to the direct light passing through a liquid sample. The measured ratio is then displayed in reference to that for a reference liquid (suspension of Fonnazin polymer) in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The device is calibrated using different concentrations of the reference liquid. The turbidity of a "clear" water sample is about 0.1 NTU, whereas the turbidity of samples ranged up to 1800 NTU.

To measure solids content of a sludge sample, a known quantity of the sludge was first placed on a coarse filter for gravity dewatering for 2-4 hr. The sample was then weighed and heated to 110°C for about 24 hr. By mass considerations (before and after heating), the sludge solids content was then calculated.


CHICAGO ............................. ApR. Patrick Gorman, of Hiils America, pre- The Educational Committee awards were sented the Huls-Nuodex Gavel to Mr. Fuhs. prerented to: Daryl Czajka and Rebecca

"Urethane Coatings" Also, Mr. Fuhs received the traditional So- Morss. Society member Susan A. Simpson, of ciety Gavel from Mr. Schmidt. CLIFFORD 0. SCHWAHN,

Amoco Chemical Company, gave a talk on Mr. Fuhs presented Mr. Schmidt with PuhIicityiPhotographer "TWO-COMPONENT ISOPOLYESTER URETHANE the Past-President's Award and thanked him COATINGS FOR PLASTICS." for his dedicated service while serving as a

The speaker discussed the development Society officer. GOLDEN GATE ................... MAR. of high-solids, two-component isopolyester urethane coatings for plastics. She explained the resin system (a low molecular weight hydroxyl functional polyester composed of equimolar parts of isophthalic acid and adipic acid, in addition to neopentyl glycol and trimethylol propane), and the crosslinkers (aliphatic polyisocyanate resins based on hexamethylene diisocyanate) used in the reaction to form the final coatings film.

Ms. Simpson talked about the pot life and application of these urethane coatings.

CLIFFORD 0 . S C H W ~ H N , Puhlicit,v/Photog~'u~~he~'

.............................. CHICAGO MAY

Awards Night The 1991-92 Society Officers and Ex-

ecutive Committee presented to the membership includes: President-Theodore J. Fuhs, of Tru-Test Mfg. Company; Vice President-William F. Fotis, of Valspar Corporation: Secretary-Gregory F. McWright, of ANGUS Chemical Company; Treasurer-Clive I . Coady. of Amoco Chemical Company: Society Representa- tive-Richard M. Hille, of Tru-Test Mfg.: Past-President (1990-91)-Karl E. Schm~dt. of Premier Coatings: Past-President ( 1989- 90)-Kevin P. Murray, of Silor Optical of Florida; Membership Committee Chair- man-Patricia I . Yglesias, of Ashland Chemical Company; Associate Representa- tive (1991-93)-Jeffrey Chiu, of Halox Pigments: and Associate Representative (1990-92)-Joseph J. Polak Jr.. of Henkel Corporation.

The following Past-Presidents in attendance were introduced at the banquet: Milton A. Glaser, Federation Honorary Member (194546): Warren C. Ashley, Consultant (1954-55): Carroll M. Scholle. Federation Honorary Member (1957-58): James Patterson Jr. (196142): Victor M. Willis.of Ace Hardware Corporation (196546); Ed- ward W. Boulger, retired (1967-68): Raymond F. Pfohl, retired (196849); Tho- mas J. Daly, of Ace Hardware (1969-70); Robert W. Zimmerman. retired (1973-74): Thomas E. Nevins, retired (197475); Gus W. Leep, Seymourof Sycamore. Inc. (1975- 76); waiter?. ~ r a s o n , b f Valspar Corpora- tion (1978-79): Richard M. Hille (1980- 81): L.F. Kinney. of Sherwin-Williams Company (1982-83): Fred Foote (1 984-85): Ross C. Johnson, of Valspar (1985-86): Raymond J. Cziczo, of Akzo Coatings Inc. (1987-88); Evans Angelos. of Omya, Inc. ( 1988-89): and Karl E. Schmidt (199G9 1 ).

An announcement was made that Clifford 0 . Schwahn, retired, had become a member of the 50-Year Club.

Also, 25-Year Pins were presented to Albert H. Sigmund, of Dexter Corporation and James A. Pawley, of Sherwin-Williams Company.

The Joint Education Committee of the Chicago Paint & Coatings Association and the Chicago Society and the Chicago Soci- ety Educational Committee awarded seven grant-in-aids and scholarships.

The recipients of the Joint Education Committee awards were: Jeffrey Rosenthal, Steven Bachar, Kevin Rudney, Troy Flores. and Michelle Max.

- - -

"Surviving Without Mercury" An announcement was made concem-

ing the availability of the new bibliography for paint technology related books at the Redwood City Public Library. The paint technology book collection is sponsored by the Society.

Scholarship Committee Chairman Ro- nald Hughes, of Ashland Chemical Com- pany. said the Society will be awarding three $1,000 scholarships this year. Any students interested in applying for the scholarships should contact Mr. Hughes.

The meeting's speaker was Jeffrey S. Hinkle, of Huls America, Inc., who gave a presentation on "PROTECTION OF COATINGS FROM MICROBIAL ATTACK: OR SURVIVING WITHOUT MERCURY."

The speaker explained that an August 1990 EPA ruling banned the use of mercu- rial biocides in coatings for all interior applications. The ruling also required that warning labels be placed on exterior paints containing mercury. As a result of this ruling, any manufacturers still using mercury were forced to change biocides for interior systems. According to Dr. Hinkle, many manufacturers elected to switch, or are now switching, to nonmercurials for their exterior lines of coatings.

The speaker said no single nonmercurial biocide can serve the dual function of an in- can preservative and dry film fungicide. Dr. Hinkle discussed the available nonmercurial biocides, and some of their applications. advantages, limitations, and performance differences from mercurials. He talked about the methods used to assist manufacturers in

CHICAGO SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1991- 92 (I-r): President-Theodore Fuhs; Vice President-William Fotis; Secretary- Gregory McWright; Associate Represen- t a t i v d o s e p h Polak Jr.; Treasurer-Xlive Coady; Immediate Past-President-Karl Schmidt; Membership Committee Chair- man-Patricia J. Yglesias; and Associate

Representative-Jeffrey Chiu

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

DISTINGUISHED SOCIETY MEMBERS-- Three Chicago Society members received longevity awards at the group's May meeting. Victor Willis (third from left) presented 25-Year Pins to Albert Sigmund and James Pawley, and a 50-Year Pin to

Clifford Schwahn

evaluating an effective biocide package. In addition, Dr. Hilikle offered suggestions to help maintain good plant housekeeping practices and he emphasized that this is an important element of an in-can protection program.

LARRY G. SAYRE. Secretarv

LOS ANGELES ..................... APR.

"Pigmented Coatings" Environmental Committee Chairman

Dave Muggee, of E.T. Horn Company, gave a rundown of regulations pertaining to the paint and coatings industry.

Mr. Muggee said that new shipping regulations regarding hazardous materials will go into effect October 1, 1993. These new regulations represent a complete change in hazardous materials shipping regulations covering hazard communications, hazardous materials tables, hazard class designations. packaging group designations, new and revised labels, placards, and shipping papers.

Also. the following proposed California Bills were discussed:

AB-I57 (Roybal-Allard)-Would allow Air Pollution Control (APC) Officers to require information from a supplier, whole- saler. distributor, or manufacturer of VOC- containing products as to who and when they were sold;

AB-264 (Roybal-Allard)-Would allow APC Officers to issue a cease and desist order on the spot when a violation is discov- ered:

SOCIETY HONORARY MEMBER-Barry Adler (r), of the Golden Gate Society, ac- cepts Society Honorary Member status and plaque from President Gordon Pioch

AB-1565 (Lee)-Would put 50 cents/ gallon tax on paint to help solve the lead problem:

AB-1674 (Margolin)-Would require CAL-OSHA to list and test for all carcinogens listed by IRC;

AB-1762 (Mays)-Would require SCAQMD to carry out socioeconomic impact studies before rule implementation; and

AB-260 (Hart-Would allow corporations to be put on probation under the penal code. This might allow a judge to appoint a conservator to run the business if a corporation gets put on probation for violating an environmental regulation.

Society Representative Jan P. Van Zelm, of Byk Chemie USA, recognized BYK- Gardner for donating a color computer to the laboratory at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo.

The meeting's speaker was New York Society member Elio Cohen, of Daniel Products Company. Mr. Cohen's topic was "PIGMENTED COATINGS PROBLEMS AND SOLLI- TIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICLE SIZE RE- DOCTION."

The speaker stated that particle size has a great influence on the properties of a coating. He said that problems which were thought to be due to poor resin or polymer selection can usually be corrected or greatly improved by making a finer panicle size pigment dispersion.

Mr. Cohen discussed the properties dependent on particle size, including appearance and performance. The appearance properties hue and tint strength, hiding/ transparency. gloss/flatting, and surface smoothness were explained. Performance properties focused on include rheology, stability, exterior durability, and settling.

In conclusion, Mr. Cohen said the correct panicle size of the pigment or additive must be used in the paint formula to get the best performance and appearance out of the ingredients used. Too much or too little particle size reduction in the plant or lab grinding process can be detrimental to achieving the desired results.

Q. Which is hetter,for achieving may;- mum particle size, to pass fhc, coloratit throrrgh the hor-izontal n7ill tn'ire or. use

on/! one Ion,? puss, assuminfi equal mill chomher. residenc,c tin7e:)

A. We have found that better results are found by a longer slower pass to get to maximum panicle size. Formulators should experiment with their own equipment and formulas to see if this technique holds up for them.

Q. Corrldti't the higher- degr-ridatioti o f the QUV e,rpo.~ure on finer dispersion hi, attrihrrred to higher- srri:face areci and oil ahsomriot7 rerlri~itic 11ehic.le effecti1.et7rss:)

A. This could be one explanation, but we believe the best explanation to be what our UV absorber suppliers tell us. that the UV abrorbers are on the surface and protect the coating from UV rays better there.

V.C. BUD JENKINS, Secretuty

LOS ANGELES ..................... MAY

"PAMA Plastisols" A moment of silence was observed in

memory of Charles Thurmond, a retired 2.5- year Society member, who passed away recently.

Two candidates have been approved to run for Society Secretary for 1991-92 by the Board of Directors. The nominees are Philip C. Bremenstuhl, of Ashland Chemicals. and Gary W. Van Otten. of Llpscomb Chemicals.

John Plant. recently retired from John K. Bice Company, was made an Honorary Member of the Society. He was honored for his dedicated service tothe Society. including serving as Employment Chairman for the last 12 years. Mr. Plant served the coatings industry for 43 years.

Outstanding Service Awards were presented to four Society members, including: Yearbook Committee Chairman Denese Crick,of Specialty Finishes Company: Past- President Ray DiMaio, of KopCoat, Inc.; Educational Committee Chairman Joseph C. Reilly, of Rohm and Haas Company: and Executive Secretary Sheila Northern. Each recipient was presented with a plaque in recognition of their hard work and dedication to the Society.

The following Society members were presented their 25-Year Pins: Conrad


Angenent, of Morton International; Society President James F. Calkin, of E.T. Horn Company; G.W. Van Frankfoort, retired; Romer Johnson, of Dorsett & Jackson, Inc.; and Carl V. Thompson, of W.C. Richards Company of CA.

Environmental Committee Chairman Dave Muggee, of E.T. Horn Company, reported the environmental regulatory news.

Mr. Muggee's first item on the agenda was the California regulation concerning Toxics, Title 26, Section 22-67715, Waste Specific Prohibition Non-RCRA Wastes. Subsection (7) states that metal-containing solid waste identified in section 67002 (b) (7) is prohibited from land disposal after May 8, 1992. Mr. Muggee explained that it is prudent for paint manufacturers to get analyses done on their pigment bags and contaminated municipal trash to assure the inspectors that there is no heavy metals present in them should they be found in the trash bin.

Section 22-67732 coven procedures for case by case extensions to an effective date if:

(2) The applicant has made a good-faith effort to locate and contract with treatment, recovery, or disposal facilities in the State to manage the applicant's waste in accordance with the effective date of the applicable restriction established under Article 40 of this chapter.

Mr. Muggee also discussed Section 22- 67740 which states that a waste analysis and record keeping procedure must be set up. The Waste Extraction Test, using citric acid, must be used.

Section 22-67750 gives the treatment standards for RCRA and non-RCRA wastes.

Section 22-67755 gives the treatment standards expressed as concentration in the waste extract.

(b) (3) Table CCWE IIC identifies the non-RCRA metal-containing solid waste and the concentrations of their associated hazardous constituents.

Mr. Muggee also reported on the types of rreatment available for solid wastes. He said that Bob Lee, of the DOHS Alternative Technology Section, suggested that non- RCRA solid wastes could be mixed with cement or kiln dust to render the heavy metals less soluble. The Waste Extraction Test will still have to be run to see if the treatment was effective.

The Scholarship Committee and the Board of Directors have approved the awarding of scholarships to Gwen Alofaituli, Adam Backlin, Zack Backlin, Hena Borneao. Trena Bremenstuhl, Fredrick Castro, Isaac Chin, Tan ia DeSilva, Ju l i e Fischer. Stephanie Holmes, Victor Mandapal, Miriam Pace, Tara Reilly, Patrick Sarte, Al Singh, Henry Siy, and June Wang.

Also, it was announced that scholarships were being given to students attending Cal Poly. These first time recipients include:

f \ Constituent Society Meetings and Secretaries

BALTIMORE (Third ThursdaySnyder's Willow Grove Restaurant, Linthicum, MD). JIM SMITH, Eastech Chemicals, 5700 Tacony St., Philadelphia. PA 19135.

BIRMINGHAM (First Thursday-Strathallan Hotel, Birmingham, England). D.C. MORRIS. PPG Industries (UK) Ltd., P.O. Box 359, Birmingham, B16 OAD. England.

CDlC (Second Monday-Location alternates between Columbus. Cincinnati and Dayton). ALIPIO R. RUBIN. JR., Hilton-Davis Chemical Co., 2235 Langdon Farm Rd.. Cincinnati. OH 45237.

CHICAGO (First Monday-alternates between Sharko's Restaurant, Villa Park. IL. and Como Inn. Chicago, IL). WILLIAM FOTIS. Valspar Corp.. 1191 S. Wheeling Rd.. Wheeling. IL 60090.

CLEVELAND (Third Tuesday-Brown Derby, Independence, OH in Sept., Oct.. Nov., Feb., March, April: Jan. meeting, Landerhaven, Mayfield Heights). ROY GWVER, Mahoning Paint Corp., 653 Jones St., P.O. Box 1282. Youngstown, OH 44501.

DALLAS (Thursday following second Wednesday-The Harvey Hotel, Dallas. TX). MIKE EVANS, J.M. Huber Corp., 803 Pleasant Valley, Richardson, TX 75080.

DETROIT (Second Tuesday-meeting sites vary). Smrr WESTERBEEK. DuPont Co., 945 Stephenson Hwy., Troy. MI 48007.

GOLDEN GATE (Monday before third Wednesday--alternates between Franc- esco's in Oakland, CA, and Holiday Inn in S. San Franscisco). LARRY G. SAYRE, O'Brien Corp., 450 E. Grand Ave.. S. San Francisco. CA 94080.

HOUSTON (Second Wednesday-Sonny Lwk's Sirlion Inn. Houston, TX). TERRY F. COOAN, Raw Materials Corp., P.O. Box 690285. Houston. TX 77269.

KANSAS CITY (Second Thursday-<ascone's Restaurant, Kansas City. MO). CRAIG HUGHES, Farmland Industries. Inc., P.O. Box 7305. N. Kansas City, MO 641 16.

LOS ANGELES (Second WednesdayStevenTs Steakhouse, Commerce, CA). V.C. Buo JENKINS, Ellis Paint Co., 3150 E. Pico Blvd.. Los Angeles, CA 90023.

LOUISVILLE (Third Wednesday-Executive West Motor Hotel, Louisville. KY). TIMOTHY FORTNEY, American Dispersion, Inc., P.O. Box 34033, Louisville, KY 40232.

MEXICO (Fourth Thursday-meeting sites vary). ANTONIO JUAREZ. Amercoat Mexicans. via Gustavo Baz 3999,54030 Tlalnepantla, edo de Mexico.

MONTREAL (First Wednesday-Bill Wong's Restaurant, Montreal). ROBERTO CUBRAL, L.V. Lomas Chemical Co., 1660 Hynus, Dorval, Que.. H9P 2N6. Canada.

NEW ENGLAND (Third ThursdaySheraton Lexington Hotel. Lexington. MA). JOHN LUKENS. D.N. Lukens, Inc., 15 Old Flanders Rd.. Westbom, MA 01581.

NEW YORK (Second Tuesday-Landmark 11. East Rutherford, NJ). MICHAEL FRANTZ, Daniel Products Co., 400 Claremont Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07304.

NORTHWESTERN (First Tuesday after first Monday-Jax Cafe. Minneapolis, MN). JOSEPH WIRM, Consolidated Container Corp.. 735 N. Third St.. Minneapolis, MN 55401.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST (PORTLANO Smou-Third Tuesday: SEATTLE SEC- TION-Third Wednesday: BRITISH COLUMBIA SECTION- Third Thursday). JOHN B A R T L ~ . Pacific Banlett Co., 11813 S.E. 257th St.. Kent. WA 9803 1.

PHILADELPHIA (SecondThursday-Williamson's Restaurant. GSB Bldg., Bala Cynwyd, PA). WILLIAM J. FABINY. Sermaguard Coatings. 155 S. Limerick Rd.. Lim- erick, PA 19468.

PIEDMONT (Third Wednesday-Ramada Inn Airpott. Greensboro. NC). A N N ~ E SAUNDERS, Akzo-Reliance, P.O. Box 2124, High Point, NC 27261.

PITTSBURGH (Second Monday-Montemurro's Restaurant. Sharpsburg. PA). JEFFREY STURM, Kop-Coat, Inc., 3020 William Pitt Way. Pittsburgh, PA 15238.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN (Monday following first Wednesday-Zangs Brewery. Denver, CO). Eo MCCARTHY. Cyprus Minerals. 8995 E. Nichols. Engelwood. CO 80112.

ST. LOUIS (Third Tuesday-Salad Bowl Restaurant. St. Louis. MO). DENNIS CAHILL, Archway Sales, Inc.,4321 Chouteau Ave.. St. Louis. MO 631 10.

SOUTHERN (GULF COAST SECTION-third Thursday: CENTRAI. FL.ORIDA SEC- TION-third Thursday after first Monday; ATLANTA S~mo~-third Thursday: MI:~I- PHIS SECTION-bi-monthly on second Tuesday: and MIAMI SE~TION-Tuesdly prior to Central Florida Section). BILLY M. Lea. Kemira, Inc.. P.O. Box 368. Sovmnah. GA 3 1402.

TORONTO (Second Monday--Cambridge Motor Hotel. Tomnto). MIKE H:VJFY. L.V. Lomas Lfd., 99 Summerlea Rd.. Brampton, Onr.. L6T 4V1. C;nlda.

WESTERN NEW YORK (Third Tuesdi~y-meeting sitesvary). MARKOM.\RKOI?:. 182 Farmingdale Rd.. Cheektowaga. NY 14225.

1 Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

Thomas Kirkland, Christina Smith, Todd Wirdzek, and Eric Westfall.

Mr. Calkin announced that the 21st Bi- ennial Western Coatings Societies' Sympo- sium and Show will be held at the Disneyland Hotel, in Anaheim, CA, on March 23-25, 1993.

The meeting's technical presentation was delivered by Joachim R. Buchse, of Rohm GmbH, whose topic was "PAMA PLASTI- SOLS-APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES."

According to the speaker, plastisols are dispersions of polymer particles finely divided in liquid organic media (so-called plastisols). The particles. which are finely dispersed in the plasticizer at room temperature, melt during the gelling process typical of plastisol manufacture (melting temperature >I OOoCI? 12°F) and form a ho- mogenous plastic matrix by absorbing the plasticizer into the polymer skeleton.

Mr. Buchse said that polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is still widely used for the manufacture of plastisols. has several dis- advantages as a polymer component, for example, coatings made from it turn yellow on exposure to light and when hcated re- leases hydrogen chloride.

The speaker explained that fundamental investigations and development work have confirmed that methacrylate polymer powders show favorable properties compared to PVC, and so a number of special. finely dispersed methacrylate powders have firm positions in the plastisol market.

He said that with their many advantages, poly alkyl methacrylate (PAMA) powders open up an inestimahle number of potential developments and applications.

Q. What is the (nsr i~onlpari,sorr of the PAMA versris PI'C:>

A. PVC is by far the least expensive polymer available. and all other polymers are more expensive compared to it, although PAMA formulations provide cost savings through not having to add UV inhibitors and heat stabilizers.

Q. When rrsir~,q tlie cro.s.sli~rkcl:s in /he plastirol ttetu.ort. n,hat is thc hi,st method

APRIL SPEAKER-Elio Cohen d i scusses '.Plamented Coatinas Problems" w ~ t h Los - Angeles society members

70

to control the har.dness/sofnesspar.ameter- rrse more o r less p1astici:er or. rise different pn/vme,s?

A. You can vary the quantity or type of the plasticizer. but unlike PVC, where you always have vinyl chloride polymerized, you can use methyl methacrylate which is very hard, or hutyl methacrylate which is very soft. You can do more by varying the polymer.

V.C. Bun JENKINS. S e c r e r a ~ ~

LOUISVILLE ......................... APR.

25-Year Pin Awarded Mike Moilanen, of United Catalysts, Inc.,

was nominated and elected to serve as Soci- ety Secretary for the 1991-92 year.

Bill Leightner, of Porter International, was named to serve as Membership Com- mittee Chairman for 1991-92.

Jim Isaacs, of Kelley Technical Coatings. was presented with his 25-Year Pin. signi- fying his quarter century of distinguished membership in the Society.

The evening's speaker was Malcolm Chancey, President of Liberty National Bank. and head of the University of Louis- ville Athlet~c Board which governs all of the school's sports programs. Mr. Chancey's topic wason the possibility of a new football stadium for the Univers~ty.

The speaker stated that although the site has not been chosen, it i.: inevitable that the University of Louisville will build a new stadium. The new arena will be built in the downtown section of the city or on Campus. Syracuse University's Carrier Dome is being considered as a model for Louisville's new stadium. According to Mr. Chancey. the price of the new arena is in the $6.5 million range.

TIMOTHY FORTNFY. S~cI'etaI'v

PIEDMONT ........................... APR.

"Air Toxics" Environmental Committee Chairman

James E. Husted. of Husted & Associates. advised member companies to expect to be contacted about storm water utilities permits, even though the deadline has been extended by approximately six months.

The meeting's speaker was Mary Husted, of Husted & Associates. Her presentation was "AIR Toxics AS THEY APPLY TO NORTH CAROLI~A."

The speaker began her talk with some interesting facts concerning pollutants. She said that the U.S. has emitted 128 million tons of the five major pollutants into the atmosphere in the past year. The pollutants came from the transportation industry, sta- tionary source fuel combustion. industrial processes, and other minor sources.

According to Ms. Husted, studies show that 130 million people in the U.S. live and work in an unhealthy environment. Also, there are 1500-3000 cancer deaths in the U.S. every year which are due to environmental pollution.

The speaker discussed the recently passed North Carolina Air Toxics Laws and the Clean Air Act. The Air Toxics Laws went intoeffect in May 1990. They restricted 84 compounds. with an additional 21 compounds becoming restricted in May 1991. The restricted compounds include solvents used commonly in the coatings industry. including xylene, toluene. MEK, MIBK, and ethyl acetate.

Ms. Husted said that North Carolina has two sets of standards to evaluate air toxic emissions. The first set of standards restricts toxic chemicals based on pounds per some unit of time and are called trace emission levels or De Minimus levels. The second set of standards is called the Allowable Ambi- ent Levels (AALs). These standards are health hased and are measured in milligrams1 cubic meter of air.

The speaker explained how to assess a company's position as far as toxics are con- cerned. She stated that if a company's emission level is higher than the maximum allowed. then the AALs must be determined. This determination is now accomplished by computer dispenion modeling. Ms. Husted discussed dispersion modeling parameters. including the emission rate. the size of the stack from which the emissions come, the exit velocity and temperature of the emissions, and the size of the building.

In conclusion, the speaker explained the implementation of the Air Toxics Laws in North Carolina. Ms. Husted predicted increased activity for assistance in submitting permits and computer modeling, and for the coatings industry in lowering volatile organic compounds.

ANNETTE SAUNDERS, Secretary

PllTSBURGH ....................... APR.

KTA-Tator Tour The meeting consisted of a tour of the

KTA-Tator Company, in Pittsburgh. PA. The tour was broken down into three parts.

The first part of the tour included the physical testing area. This is where panels of steel and other metals are prepared and coated. The next step is exposure tn various machines. such as salt spray. QUV, ctc.

The second part of the tour was the analytical laboratory. where the chemists detectives try to determine why a coating has prematurely failed. The chemists use IR spectra, atomic absorption, GLC. and other instruments.

The third and final segment was a discussion of the in-field equipment used to determine coating application specifications.

JEFFREY C. STURM, Secr.erur:~


DETROIT

Active

Dohwr).. Murk M.-DuPont Kansai. Troy, MI.

Associate

Deurrh. Rondy S.-Mobay Corp.. Troy. MI.

KANSAS CITY

Associate

Risner. Roherr-F.R. Hall, N. Kansas City, MO.

Retired

King. Karl F.-Valspar Corp.. Sunrise Beach, MO.

LOS ANGELES

Active

Clurnlonr. Bor L.-Monon International. Colton. CA.

Degulu. A1e.r P.-Hexcel Chemicals Productb. Chatswonh. CA.

Furh. Normurr-Printronix, MS A-I. lrvine. CA. F10w.s. R~ckurrl F.-Sinclair Paint Co.. Lo.; An-

geles. CA. Leo,,?. Geor,q~ J.--Circle Paint, Nonh Holly-

wood. CA. Rumire.-. Juse-Fine Line Paint Corp.. Santa Fe

Springs. CA. Tulcorr. T1inn1u.s D.-Talcott Development Inc..

Tustin. CA. Wines. John D.-Union Carbide. Dunbar, WV.

Associate

Firrnurrick. Jay K.-Zeelan Industries. Carlsbad. C A.

Fou,ler. Slue? R.-Smiland Paint. Los Angeles. CA.

Harhrwdo. Murcrrs Y.-Allo Colouring Co., On- tario. CA.

Hoffer, Scorr P.-Ashland Chemical Inc.. Seal Beach. CA.

Lysrk. Dehoruh K.-E.F. Whitmore & Co., Claremont. CA.

Miller. Mike M.-Microfluidics Corp.. Carlsbad. R~~,s,sn~hocb. Man(/? ,/.--Consultant. Ontario. U.-iel. Mirhod. M.-Enviropro. Inc..Chatswonh,

C A. Viumonre. Norherlo-Hitnx Corp.. Corpus

Christi. TX.

Educator and Student Curter. David M.--Cal Poly Srate University

Creston. CA. Don4in~. Diune R.--Cal Poly State University.

San Luis Obispo. CA. Kirkland. Thoma.sA.-Cal Poly State University.

Atascadero. CA. Suul,edru. Yrerre A.--Cal Poly State University.

La Verne. CA. Sn,ohoda. Ji l l M.--Cal Poly State University.

Avila Beach, CA.

Westfull. Eric L.--Cal Poly State University. San Luis Obispo.

Wirdzrk. Todd J.--Cal Poly State University. Avila Beach.

LOUISVILLE

Active Binns. Murk J.-Akzo Coatings Inc.. Louisville.

KY. Gerher. Arrhur H.-Borden Chemical. Louis-

ville. Houpr. Deborah 1.-Borden Chemical. Louis-

ville. LoCusse. Roherr A.-Toyota Motor Manufactur-

ing, Lexington, KY. Ponrll. Rkho,-dL.-The Argus Company. Lou-

isville.

Associate

Kelley. Jerry L.-Byk-Chemie USA. Louisville. KY.

Merrirr. Jimmie A.-The Meritech Co.. Cincin- nati. OH.

NEW YORK

Active

N~~rrn~un.ArthurI.-Nonman Assoc. of N.J.. Inc.. Rutherford. NJ.

PHILADELPHIA

Active

Do~lis. William 0.-Thoro System Products. Bristol, PA.

Fulginiri. Robert A.--Chapman Industrial Fin- ishes, Philadelphia, PA

Gnrhhs. H. Chur1e.s-Mobay Corp.. Perkasie. PA. Kypreos. NeoWis A.-K&H Technologies. Inc..

Quakenown. PA. Lew~onrl~~n~ski. Ednord W.-Rohm and Haas Co..

Spring House, PA. Schlegrl. John F.-The Glidden Co.. Reading.

PA.

Associate Kelly. Polrick ./.-Harry W. Gaffney & Co..

Willow Grove. PA. Smith. H. Morgun-Van Horn. Metz CO..

Conshohocken. PA. We1kc.r. Richard D.-Entex Plastic Consultant.

Pottsville. PA.

SOUTHERN

Active

Antrim. Stuurr L.-Thomas Waterproof. Atlanta. GA.

Bixenmun. BennpBenco Sales, Inc.. Crossville. TN.

Bump. Jor1A.-Manus Products-FL Inc., Naples, FL.

Burns. Anno A.-W.M. Barr & Co.. Memphis, TN.

Dunn. Roherr M.-Unocal Chemicals. Nashville. TN.

Mu?. Clifron C.. Jr.-Zircon Corp.. Collierville. TN.

Nicks. Weslr?A.. Ill-Nicks Silica. Jackson. TN. Roe. Allison H.-Tecpro Corp.. Atlanta. Sumput. Muyur P.--Cargill, lnc.. Forest Park, GA.

Associate

Anderson. Juner L.-New Riverside Ochre. De Armanville. AL.

Elior. Paul H.-Alchemy South, Ltd., Marietta, GA.

Punning. Scorr M.-Van Waters & Rogers. Memphis. TN.

Roher. Krisrin-CIBA-GEIGY Corp.. Norcross. GA.

Rossellr. Porriciu J.-Unocal Chemicals. Cordova. TN.

Sinirmrir. Alfred R.-Byk-Chemie USA. St. Pe- tersburg. FL.

Worrr. Dnlnb-Henkel Corp.. Roswell. GA. Welch. T1ionru.s H.-Alchemy-South, Ltd..

Marietta.

AFFILIATED

Choi. Ho Sup--International Paint. Kyunki Do. Seoul, Korea.

Chrm,q. Michael-Pao-Qun Chemical Co., Ltd., Taipei Hsein. Taiwan.

Contrems. Luis Acuna-Tecnoquimica S.A.. Lima. Peru.

Gungol. Suhhush-Saraa Engineers. Svroad, iiaupada, Thane, India.

ha an,^, Th~mius W.T.-Eternal Chemical Co.. Ltd.. Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.

Kn,on. Mu Duk-Handoo Sealex Corp., Seoul. Lee, Sun!: Mun-Dong Bang Trading Co.. Ltd..

Seoul. Murssi, h<uo--Associated Coating Inspecton.

Tokyo, Japan. M~ireno. Mikr-Superior Paint Co.. Inc.. Saaturce.

Pueno Rico. O.~wul. Junerchund-Kankw Paints & Vamish

Co.. Maharashtra. India. Su~,qor. A.K.-Maple Roll Leaf Co., Windsor.

Ont.. Canada. Srqhcn. Hilrnn G.-Diamond Creek. Victoria.

Australia. U~ I . Dolho-Daihan Paint & Ink Cn.. Anyang

City. Kyonggi-Do. S. Korea. Vulder. Oscor Vur,qu S.-Tecnoquimica S.A.,

Lima. Wulsh. Roherr E.-Moline Paint Mfg., Co.,

Moline, IL. Yoshido. Shoji-Honny Chemicals Co., Inc.,

Magata-Ku. Japan.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

Book Review

ORGANIC COATINGS: Their POLYMERS: Polymer treatment of topics is directed primarily to- Origin and Development Characterization and Analysis wards those manufacturing structural type

polymers. However, much of the informa- Edited by Edited by tion contained in the book is relevant to or Ravmond 6. Sevmour and Jacqueline I. Kroschwitz can he adapted to the analysis and testing of

Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 655 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 1001 0 (1 990) 346 Pages, $88.00

Reviewed by Thomas J. Miranda Whirlpool Corp. Benton Harbor, MI

This book is the result of an Interna- tional Symposium on the History of Or- ganic Coatings held on September 11-15, 1989, in Miami Beach, FL. In addition to the papers presented at this ACS symposium, a number of additional chapters written by experts in the field, have been included. The editors have succeeded in fur- thering the efforts of the Center for the History of Chemistry to provide a record of the eiants in the oolvmer and coatings industry's accomplishments. Other than the record of coatings history included in the Mattiello works, and a History of Polymer Chemistry published earlier, this volume brings us up to data on early and recent developments in coatings of interest to coatings specialists.

This book lists some short and other more extensive chapters on the origin of coatings, worldwide history of coatings, naval stores, cellulosic and wax coatings, and a history of coatings education. Other topics covered include aircraft, appliance, membranes, pressure sensitive adhesives, diag- nostic coatings, amino, phenolic, diene block polymers, silicones, polyesters, radiation cure, plasticizers, electrocoating, alkyds, and powder coatings. Also included are chapters on a number of coatings giants like J.J. Mattiello, A.K. Doolittle, J.S. Long, Roy Kienle, and R.W. Tess.

In addition to historical information, there are a number of anecdotes provided by various authors which are difficult or impossible to find in the literature and come from these authors personal experience. These additional insights make the book more valuable and an excellent resource for gaining a greater appreciation for those who led the way to the technical achievements of this important segment of the chemical pro-

Published by John A. Wiley & Sons 605 Third Ave. New York, NY 101 58 (1 990) xxvi + 957 Pages, $95.00

Reviewed by Paul R. Guevin, Jr. P.R. Guevin Associates Weste~ille, OH

This book is the latest of the Encyclope- dia Reprint Series, carefully selected reprint from the world-renounced 19-volume En- cyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engi- neering.

It is divided into 28 chapters written by leaders in their field. The coverage and

coating resins. Topics incl"de nondestruciive testing, infrared-absorption spectroscopy, ultracentrifuging, chemical analysis, and x- ray diffraction.

The book is neither a text book nor a specialized, in-depth volume. Each chapter covers the basic concepts and detailed description of current topics of importance. It can be considered a welcomed addition to a library with a limited budget. It contains numerous references which help the reader find additional technical information. For example, the section "Characterization on Polymers," lists 237 references. This book, as well as others in the series, is a reference source to individuals seeking a quick f ix for information, or persons needing a refresher and update on the specific topics covered.

Solution to June's "CrossLinks"

cess industry. \ 1


People

Joseph Viso has been promoted to Managernechnical Operations for Daniel Products Company, Jersey City. NJ. In this position, Mr. Viso will be responsible for State and Federal environmental reporting, the company's Lab Safety Committee, hazardous waste management, raw materials control and quality assurance, as well as supervising the Customer Service Labora- tory, where he is currently in charge of customer trouble-shooting, product recom- mendations, and complaint evaluations. Mr. Viso is a member of the New York Society.

J. Viso J.E. Hall E.L. Jozwiak T. Smith

Tioxide Canada Inc., Montreal, Que., Canada has named John E. Hall to the position of North American Technical Service Manager. He succeeds Vagn R. Pedersen who recently retired after 30 years of service to the company.

Mr. Hall currently serves on the Federation's Annual Meeting Program Committee. Both men are members of the Montreal Society.

Russell B. Schaffer has joined the staff of Unocal Polymers. Schaumburg, IL, as Account Manager for the Florida and Car- ibbean markets. In this position. Mr. Schaffer will be responsible for developing sales of Unocal polymers to customers in coatings, adhesives. and a variety of other markets in the Southeast. He previously served as Gen- eral Manager of Sunshine State Products. Mr. Schaffer is a member of the Southern Society.

New York Society President Roger F. Blacker has joined the staff of The Jesse S. Young Company, Inc., Elizabeth, NJ, in a sales management position. Mr. Blacker has been involved in chemical distribution in various sales, marketing, and management positions for over 25 years. Prior to joining Jesse S. Young, he was employed by Whittaker, Clark & Daniels, Inc., S. Plainfield, NJ.

Degussa Corporation's Chemical Group, Ridgefield Park. NJ, has named Karl H. Griessmann New Business Development Managermew Products Division. His responsibilities will include the sales and marketing activities in the United States for a variety of fine and specialty chemicals and organic intermediates. Before assuming this new position, Mr. Griessmann had been a Product Manager with Degussa AG, the parent company, in Frankfurt, Germany.

Parker+Amchem, Madison Heights, MI, has announced that Edward L. Jozwiak has been appointed Vice PresidentlTech- nology. Dr. Jozwiak joins Parker+Amchem from PPG Industries where he most recently served as DirectoriEIectrodeposition Tech- nology.

Dean Anderson has joined the staff of Bohlin Reologi, Inc., Cranbury. NJ, as Di- rector of OperationsICanada. Mr. Anderson comes to the Hamilton, Ont., Canada-based operations from McMaster University's Polymer Processing Institute.

ISK Biotech Corporation, Mentor. OH. has announced the hiring of Elizabeth D. Owens as Managerproduct Registrations. In her new position, Ms. Owens will be responsible for managing the registration of industrial biocides, methanearsonate and phenoxy herbicides, and coordinating the registration activities for biocontrol agents.

Abe I. Greenberg has been named President and General Manager of Witco Canada, Willowdale, Ontario. He will be replacing James E. Cunniogham who will retire after a 47-year career with Witco. Mr. Greenberg joined the company in 1967, working as a Process Engineer. In 1974 he was promoted to Manager of the Houston, TX plant of the Organics D~vision. Mr. Greenberg rose within the division to Man- ager and then Director of Manufacturing. until his promotion to Assistant General Manager of Witco Canada in 1990.

In addition. Witco's Sonneborn Divi- sion, New York, NY, has promoted the following employees: John Barry-Whole- sale Sales Manager: Timothy Mulhere- Product ManagerIWhite Oils and Petrolatums; and Richard Winick-Prod- uct Specialist.

Mr. Winick is a member of the Philadel- phia Society.

Thomas Smith has joined the Cab-O- Sil Division of Cabot Corporation, Tuscola, IL, in the capacity of Market Analyst. He will be responsible for studying market opportunities leading to new product and applications development, improvements in service and quality, and increased customer satisfaction.

McWhorter, Inc.. Carpentersville, IL, has announced two recent appointments in the Midwest sales region. Philip Richards has been named Account Manager for St. Louis and Kansas City. MO, and the state of Illi- nois. including Chicago. Mr. Richards comes to McWhorter with one and one-half years of experience with a national resin producer. Roberto Barbosa has accepted the position of Account Manager covering the South- western United States, including Texas; Ar- kansas; Oklahoma; Louisiana; Wichita, KS; and Western Tennessee. Mr. Barbosa joins the company after six years of paint labora- toly experience and two years with a regional resin producer.

Stephen Z.D. Cheng, an Associ- ate Professor of Polymer Science at The University of Akron, Akron.OH, has been selected by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to receive one of this year's prestigious Presi- dential Young Investigator Awards.

The awards are presented annually to the country's most promising young science and engineering fac- ulty member.

Dr. Cheng will receive $25,000 in research money per year for five years. In addition, NSF will annually match up to $37,500 of additional corporate funding he receives, making the total value of the award worth a maximum of $500,000.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

Sidney J. Rubin, of Empire State Varnish Company, Brooklyn, NY, is the 1991 recipient of the New York Society's PaVaC Award. The award is in recognition of Mr. Rubin's "outstanding contributions to the advancement of the protective coatings industry and the New York Society for Coatings Technology."

Mr. Rubin joined the Society in 1949 and sewed on its Board of Directors for many years as well as chairing the following committees: Manufacturing, Program, Finance, and Nominating. He was elected President of the Society in 1979 and has continued to serve the Society, currently as Chairman of the Mattiello Memorial Scholarship Committee.

Active in the Federation, Mr. Rubin currently serves as Chairman of the Environ- mental Affairs Committee. He also serves as Legislative Chairman of the Metropoli- tan New York Paint and Coatings Association.

CIBA-GEIGY Corporation's Plastics Preservative Paint Company, Seattle. Division, Hawthorne, NY, has named Rob- WA, has appointed Pat Mines to the posi- e r t S. Miller-Marketing Manager for tion of Marketing Communications Man- Aralditec powder coatings resins and hard- ager. Ms. Mines brings over 13 years of eners. Mr. Miller had been Group Leader experience in advertising and marketing to for powder coatings development and ap- this position. plications. He also previously sewed as a Development Chemist working on electronics applications. Obituary

Eduardus A. van Rossum has accepted the position of General Manager1 Trade Sales, Canada for Akzo Coatings Inc., Louisville, KY. In this new position, Mr. van Rossum will be responsible for car re- finishes and sign finishes in Canada, and decorative finishes operations in both Canada and the United States. He has been with the company since 1983.

The newly established position of Cor- porate Assistant Vice President/Quality & Productivity Improvement for Betz Labora- tories, Inc., Trevose, PA, has been accepted by Steven Haberly. Mr. Haberly began his career with Betz Entec in field sales in 1978. He has served as Area Manager, District Manager, and Regional Manager. His most recent assignment was as the Division Man- ager of approximately 40% of Betz Entec's sales force.

Henkel Corporation, Atlanta, GA, has announced the selection of John M. Levins, a doctoral candidate in Chemical Engineer- ing at the University of Pennsylvania, as the recipient of the second annual Henkel Cor- poration Fellowship in Colloid and Surface Chemistry.

Mr. Levins, who graduated Magna Cum Laude with a Bachelor's Degree in Chemi- cal Engineering from Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, was selected for the fellowship from 59 applicants from graduate schools throughout the United States.

The selection was made on the basis of Mr. Levins' research proposal to be carried out under the auspices of the fellowship, as well as his academic record.

Charles D. Thurmond, Los Angeles Society member, died on April 3. He was 76 years old.

Mr. Thurmond graduated from San Di- ego State University in 1936 and did graduate work in Physics and Chemistry at the University of California, Berkley. His first position was with the Paraffin Company and later was associated with Monsanto Company, Union Chemical Company, Richfield Oil Company, American Chemical Company, LAC Chemical Company, and Pilot Chemical Company.

In 1960, Mr. Thurmond founded Thurmond Chemicals and served as a Con- sultant to many corporations. He was noted for product formulations, long-range market forecasts, and effective management techniques.

In 1966, Mr. Thurmond founded T-Chem Products, a producer of household cleaning products. He later sold the company to Lucky Stores and continued in the areaof chemical formulation and sales with his own company.

Mr. Thurmond was a member of the Los Angeles Society, the American Chemical Society, Society for Plastic Engineers, American Oil Chemists Society, and the Soap and Detergent Association.

He is survived by his wife, Ruth; two children; three grandchildren: a sister; and a brother.

Robert J. Martell, formerly with the Coatings Materials Division of Union Car- bide, died on March I I . He was 69 years old.

Mr. Martell was a graduate of Bates College in 1943, and earned a Masters De-

Paul M. King has been named Corpo- rate Director of Environment, Health and Safety for PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA. He succeeds Charles P. Blahous who recently retired as Department Vice President. Mr. King will also continue as Manager of the Environment, Health and Safety Section of PPG's Law Department.

Don F. Schiesz, formerly Vice President of International Operations for Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation, Oklahoma City, OK, has been named Senior Vice President of Strategic Growth and International Opera- tions. He has been with the company for 27 years.

Also, Tommy W. Coleman has been appointed Vice President and General Man- ager of the Pigments Division. He previously sewed as a Director of Manufacturing within the division.

gree in Organic Chemistry from Boston University. He was employed by Union Carbide for 38 years before retiring in 1982. Following his retirement from Union Car- bide, he continued to work as a coatings consultant.

Majer Landau, died on April 27. He was 93 years old.

A Chemist, Dr. Landau received his Ph.D. Degree from the University of Vienna. He was a survivor of Russian concentration camps in Siberia and Uzbekistan.

Dr. Landau, a long-time member of the New York Society, is survived by two sons, Henry and George; and five grandchildren, Jennifer. Zeph, Camille, Florence, and Julien.

William C. Fine, former Chairman and Director of The Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland, OH, died on April 9. He was 73 years old.

Mr. Fine was a graduateof Wichita State University, Wichita. KS. He worked for Firestone Tire & Rubber Company before joining Sherwin-Williams in 1941.

During his employment with Sherwin- Williams. Mr. Fine held various positions in financial management. He came to the Cleveland headquarters in 196 1 as the As- sistant Secretary. In 1967, Mr. Fine was named to the Board of Directors and in 1973 was elected an Executive Vice Presi- dent. In 1975 he became President and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Fine was Chairman and Director at the time of his retirement in 1980.


St. Louis and Kansas City Societies Hold Annual Meeting On "Quality Coating: Testing for the '90s", June 7-9

The 38th Annual Joint Meeting of the St. Louis and Kansas City Societies for Coatings Technology was held June 7-9, 1991, at the Holiday Inn, Lake of theozarks, MO. The theme of the program was "Qual- ity Coatings: Testing for the '90s."

The conference of the joint meeting was designed to aid coatings formulators and manufacturers in assuring that their test methods are based on the latest knowledge and techniques.

Topics presented and guest speakers included:

"Performance Evaluation, New Testing and Evaluation Techniquesv-Simon K. Boocock, Director of Research, of Steel Structure5 Painting Council. Pittsburgh, PA

"AC Impedance Evaluation of Various Generic Types of Coatings"-Yuly Korobov. Testing Department Supervisor, of Carboline, St. Louis, MO

"SliplCreep Testing9%ary L. Tink- lenberg, President, of Corrosion Control Consultants & Labs, Inc., Kentwood. MI

"Improved Corrosion Correlation: specialist in helping businesses and organi- Prohesion Combined with Q-U-V for Test- zations increase productivity. ing Resistance to Salt, UV, and Moisture'- Federation highlights were addressed by Doug Grossman. President, of The Q-Panel President-Elect William F. Holmes and Co., Cleveland. OH. Federation Director of Field Services Tho-

Special guest speaker for the conference mas A. Kocis. was Dr. Jim Will, an internationally noted

Du Pont Safety and Environmental Resources Updates 1991 Seminar Schedule

Du Pont Safety and Environmental Re- sources, Wilmington. DE. will be offering its one-day seminar "Managing Environ- mental Issues: A Practical Approach for Operations Managers." on the following dates and locations: August 15-Chicago. IL: October 17-Philadelphia. PA: and De- cember 5-Orlando, FL.

The seminar is designed for plant managers, site managers, superintendents, and others who are responsible for setting and directing site policies regarding environmental issues and regulatory compliance.

19th Annual Waterborne, Higher Solids, and Powder Coatings Symposium

Sponsored by Southern Society for Coatings Technology

and The University of Southern Mississippi

February 26-28, 1992 . New Orleans, LA

All prospective authors are invited to submit papers for presentation at the 19th Annual Waterborne, Higher-Solids, and Powder Coatings Symposium, sponsored by the Southern Society for Coatings Technology and the Department of Polymer Science at The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. MS. on February 26-28, 1992, in New Or- leans, LA.

Papers relating to the chemistry, formulation, and marketing of waterborne, higher-solids. powder and other advanced coating systems are solicited. Manuscripts relating to engineering aspects of coating systems or solvent abatement are also welcome.

Title, abstract, and authors' names (speaker's name underlined) should be submitted no later than August 15,1991 to: Dr. Robson F. Storey or Dr. Shelby F. Thames. Co-Organizers. WBHS&PC Symposium, Department of Polymer Science. The University of Southern Mississippi. Southern Station Box 10076, Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0076.

The completed paper should be submitted by December 2, 1991. The preliminary program will be developed based on the submitted abstracts. Manu- scripts w~l l be required for inclusion in the Symposium Proceedings. It is required that allpapei-.F he or i~ ina l and ($ scientific value.

The seminar focuses on how to: determine the potential impact of environmental regulations on a site: develop management systems that ensure compliance; work effectively with government agencies; foster cooperation with the community; and asses the advantages of moving beyond compliance and creating a proactive environment program.

Du Pont's "Minimizing Waste: An Ac- tion Plan." is scheduled to take place Sep- tember 17-Williamsburg, VA and No- vember 19--Orlando.

This one-dav seminar was develo~ed to - ~

teach environmental coordinators, technical personnel, plant managers, and environmental engineers how to develop and implant a successful program to limit wastes and prevent pollution.

The seminar focuses on creating a strategic waste minimization program that increases operating efficiencies, reduces waste. and meets federal and state regulations. Hands-on exercises that can help participants select viable waste minimization options for their operations are included.

The seminar entitled, "Fundamentals of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)," is slated for: September 17-19- Dallas, TX; October 22-24--Charleston. SC; and November 12-14--Philadelphia.

This two-and-one-half-day seminar provides site environmental coordinators a working knowledge of the regulation and helps participants determine the effectiveness of their existing compliance plans.

Topics to be covered include: generator responsibilities; storing and transporting hazardous wastes; designing emergency preparedness plans; and training personnel.

For more information on the above seminars, contact Du Pont Safety and Envi- ronmental Resources, Montgomery Bldg. 277A, P.O. Box 80800, Wilmington, DE 19880-0800.

\ - ~ - - -~

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 75

Powder & Bulk Solids ConferencelExhibition '92

May 11-14,1992 O'Hare Exposition Center, Rosemont, 1L

Interested authors are invited to submit papers for poa\ible presentation at the Powder & Bulk Solids ConferenceExhibition '92 to be held at the O'Hare Exposition Center. Rosemont (Chicago). IL, on May 11-14, 1992.

The conference is dedicated to the technology and applications for the processing. handling. testing. instrumentation and control, transportation. and storage of particulate matter and bulk solids.

The exhibition will feature the latcst technology. equipment, products. and services for dry processing.

Topics forconference presentations. which include technical ses.;ions. workshops, management programs. and industrial awareness seminars. include. bur are not limited to: solids handling: powder properties. behavior, and characterization: processing: process control and automation; and packaging.

Abstracts are due no later than Scptember 21. 1991. For more information. contact Geri Cavalier, Confer- ence Department, Cahners Exposition Group, Powder & Bulk Solids '92.1350 E. Touhy Ave.. P.O. Box 5060. Des Pl;~ines. IL 60017-5060.

"Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Measurement"

Symposium Sponsored by EG&G Princeton Applied Research

December 2-4,1991 New Orleans, LA

Speakers wishing to participate in the 6th Annual Symposium and refresher course entitled "Electro- chemical Techniques for Corrosion Mcasurement." are being invited to submit papers. The symposium is scheduled to he held December 2-J. 1991 in New Orleans. LA.

Preyentation on field and on-line corrosion measurement will he a new addition to the symposium. Lectures on thc hasic theory and practices of interpretation of data and practical laboratory pointers will be covered using the latest computer ns\isted instrumentation. A refresher course covering both DC and electrochemical impedance methotls is also included in the seminar.

All those interested in prcscnting a paper on thc use of electrochemical corrosion measurement should ~uhmi t a 200 word abstract to Andy Palus. EG&G Princeton Applied Research. P.O. Box 2565. Princeton, NJ 08543-2565. on or belore September 13. 1991.

We help protect more ships than sonar. When a tough problem puts clammy hulls. Or slippery floors. what you need, call John Craft at

epoxy paint formulators between the Or cold castings. And they'll keep (800) 247-0741. devil and the deep blue sea, they sticking-even in some very tough And in no time at all, we'll come to Schering Berlin Polymers- environments. make sure we have you covered. the polyamide paple. In fact, nobody has more capa- (, SCHER~NG BERLIN

With proprietary resin technol- bility in high-performance polyamide Polymers ogy backed by worldwide support, resins-coatings, inks, or adhesives- we have curing agents to help you than Schering Berlin Polymers. The polyamide people. formulate coatings that stick to So if a unique coating solution is BOX 1227 Dublln Ohlo 43017

Teelax 6141793 7711

76 Journal of Coat ings Technology

Coatings Remover A four-page, full-color brochure detail-

ing a biodegradable coatings remover for industrial use has been published. The remover is designed to loosen and remove numerous paints and coatings such as acrylic latex, alkyd, vinyl acrylic, and polyurethane paints. The product contains no methylene chloride, methanol, toluene, acetone, methylethyl ketone, or ethylene glycol ethers. For more product information on PrepRitem Coatings Remover, write GAF Chemical Corp., 1361 Alps Rd., Wayne, NJ 07470.

Metal Preparation Equipment which uses mechanical agi-

tation to clean, decarbonize, strip, phos- phatize, quench, and pickle metal parts has been introduced through literature. The four- page, four-color brochure illustrates how the agilation works to simplify metal surface preparation. Contact Man-Gill Chemi- cal Co., 23000 St. Clair Ave., Cleveland. OH 441 17 for more details on the Magnus' equipment line.

Spectrometer The availability of a 400 MHz NMR

spectrometer has been announced through literature. The instrument comes standard with comprehensive automation software for one-dimensional and two-dimensional experiments, ar well as with hardware for multinuclear application, inverse experiments, and solvent suppression techniques. Contact Connie Johnson, Bruker Instru- ments, Inc., Manning Park. Billerica, MA 01821 for more details.

Chemical Additives A 12-page reference guide listing prod-

ucts and applications of chemical additives and pigments is in print. The bulletin, which is divided into more than 20 different industry categories, lists names, grades, and applications for such products as fumed silicas, specialty precipitated silicas, flatting agents, organosilanes, carbon blacks, aluminum oxide. and aluminum silicate. Cat- egories include the paint and coatings. printing ink, paper, plastics. rubber, silicone rubber, food, feed, catalyst, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Copies of the reference guide may be obtained by contacting Degussa Corp.. Pigment Group, 425 Metro Place N., Ste. 550. Dublin, OH43017.

Drum Washing Unit A microprocessor controlled drum

washing unit has been added to a company's product line. The washing unit is designed to allow once contaminated and indisposable drums to be safely cleaned for reuse or recycling. For a brochure on the "Red H e a d unit, write C.B. Mills. 1225 Busch Pkwy., Buffalo Grove, IL 60089.

Viscosity Control System Floorstand

The availability of a new floorstand for single station, stand alone viscosity control systems has been announced through literature. Designed to automatically monitor and control viscosity in coatings, adhesives. printing inks, and other materials utilized in five gallons containers, the floorstand features specially engineered hardware for easy and secure mounting of viscometers. De- tails on the Model MP90 Floorstand#21552 can be obtained by contacting Norcross Corp., 255 Newtonville Ave.. Newtown, MA 02158.

Red Pigment Technical literature is obtainable on a

barium free red pigment. The pigment exhibits a bright, yellowish shade and reportedly has good soap and alkali resistance. Write Pigments Div., CIBA-GEIGY Corp., Seven Skyline Dr., Hawthorne. NY 10532 for more details on lrgalitem Red FBN red pigment.

Dry Film Thickness Gage A product release describing a portable,

battery operated. digital coating thickness gage has been issued. The gage measures nonmagnetic coatings (0-60 mils) over both ferrous and nonferrous metal surfaces. For more data on the PositectoP 5000, write KTA-Tator. Inc.. 115 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15275.

Urethane Resin Product information has been released

on an aromatic, moisture-curing urethane resin that is reportedly low in free monomer content. The resin has less than 0.2% free toluene diisocyanate monomer content (on solids) and is at 40% solids by weight. For more information or a sample of EA-6180 resin, contact Reichhold Chemicals. Inc.. 800 Capitola Dr., Durham, NC 2771 3.

High Solids Resin A technical brochure detailing a new

high solids resin for VOC compliant air-dry coatings has been released. The literature offers suggested starting formulations, effects of various drier and solvent combinations, as well as performance test results. Contact Akzo Resins, 2904 Missouri Ave.. East St. Louis. MO 62205 for further information on Lankyd XP-1003 resin.

Shipping Container Literature has been released on a veni-

cal-bodied portable shipping container. The unit holds 250 gallons, has a tare weight of 1,200 pounds, and is made of 114-inch steel or stainless. Additional information on the Pressurized JumboT" Drum is obtainable from Clawson Tank Co., 4545 Clawson Tank Dr., Clarkston. MI 48346.

Phenolic Crosslinker New literature introduces a phenolic resin

solution designed to be used in fast-curing formulations for coil coating applications. The crosslinker is a low molecular weight phenolic resin based on substituted phenols. Food can coatings for coil appl~cation are among the recommended uses. Further details on UCARB Phenolic Resin Solution BKS-7590, including food can coil coating formulations and performance data, can be obtained from Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Co. Inc., Dept. L4489, 39 Old Ridgebury Rd.. Danbury. CT 06817-0001.

Flowmeter A technical data sheet reporting on a

flowmeter, able to operate with temperatures up to 800°F and pressures reaching up to 3,500 psig, has been printed. Liquid viscosity capabilities range from 3 cP to 500,000 cP. For more information on the He1i.r Flowmeter. write Fluidyne. a division of EMCO. 600 Diagonal Hwy.. Longmont. co 8050 1.

Globe Valves A data sheet describing two- and three-

way thermoplastic shut-off valves has been released. These globe valves can be used in situations involving high pressure requirements with highly corrosive or ultra-pure liquid systems. For further information (Catalog ASO), write Plast-0-Matic Valves, Inc.. 430 Route 46, Totowa, NJ 07512.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

Corrosion Analyzer The introduction of a portable corrosion

analyzer that reportedly enables corrosion engineers to perform experiments, collect data, and calculate results on-site has been made through literature. The system provides a solid state hard disk for program storage and data can be stored either in 256K of nonvolative RAM memory or on a 3.5 inch floppy diskette. Contact EG&G Princeton Applied Research Corp., Electro- chemical Instruments Div., P.O. Box 2565, Princeton, NJ 08543 for more details on the FieldCorrTM corrosion analyzer.

Thermal Analysis A technical data sheet has been issued

on a controlled cooling accessory which automatically controls the flow of liquid nitrogen to the sample holder of a company's line of differential scanning calorimeters. The accessory incorporates a built-in temperature control circuitry which allows the user to set and control the sample holder heat-sink temperature over a broad operating range. For more information on the CAA 7 Controlled Cooling Accessory, write The Perkin-Elmer Corp., 761 Main Ave., Norwalk. CT 06859-001 2.

Top quality extenders to pmvlde o p ormulation economy. treated versions available lor PDM, nyon. PET, palystyrene ious elastornen.

6

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4inesand Plants:. 3ALESOFFICES: PC

HWROUSANI

Paint Stripper A paint stripper formulated to remove

resin-type coatings such as those based on epoxies, vinyls, polyurethanes, and nylons is the subject of a data sheet. The paint stripper is recommended for both conventional and powder coatings and can be used on aluminum and anodized aluminum, steel, stainless steel, cast iron, copper, and brass. Further information on the Cold Stripperm 59 process can be obtained by contacting Allied-Kelite Div.. Witco Corp.. 2701 Lake St., Melrose Park, IL 60160.

Microscopes An eight-page color brochure which il-

lustrates the capabilities and applications of scanning force and scanning tunneling microscopes has been printed. Designed for bench-top operation, both instruments provide three-dimensional imaging on an atomic scale. For more technical information on models SFM-BD2 and STM-SAI, write Tim Van Slambrouck, Park Scientific Instru- ments, 476 Ellis St.. Mountain View, CA 94043.

Gas Chromatography Column A gas chromatography column, which

has been designed for simulated distillation in accordance with the latest revisions of the ASTM Standard Test Method D 2887, has been introduced through a data sheet. This test method is widely used for the analysis of samples with final boiling points below 5 3 8 T (l,OOO°F). Contact J&W Sci- entific. 91 Blue Ravine Rd., Folsom, CA 95630 for more details on the Megaborem column.

Polyurethane Coating A technical data sheet focuses on a

polyurethane coating, developed to provide a soft, leather-like feel for automotive interior trim components. The coating reportedly adheres well to most plastic and metal substrates without a orimer. For more de-

I ta~led information on Durasoft'". contact

Sendersville, Geo I. 60x349, SANDERS

Akzo Coatings, Inc., P.O. Box 7062, Troy, MI 48007-7062.

/ Corrosion Chamber A new corrosion chamber destgned to

perform the latest cycllc automotive corro- slon tests has been detatled In a techn~cal data sheet Programmable functtons Include

'I salt fog, pure water fog, controlled tempera- - - *- ture changes, dry off cycle at constant tem- 6 a- perature, etc For more ~nformat~on on the

Q-Fog PACCTU Tester, wrlte Russell i ~ a ~ m o n d , The Q-Panel Co., 26200 First 1 St., Cleveland, OH 44145.


Corning Events

FEDERATION MEETINGS (July 22-26)-"Coatings Science for Coatings Technicians" Short Course. Sponsored by the University of Southern Mississippi (USM).

For information on FSCT meetings, contact Federation of Socjeties Hattiesburg, MS. (Ruth Holifield or Shelby Thames, Dept. of polymer for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Be//, PA 19422 Science, USM, Southern Station, P.0. Box 10076, Hattiesburg, MS (215) 940-0777, FAX: (215) 940-0292. 39406).

(July 29-Aug. 2)-Gordon Research Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of Coatings and Films. Colby-Sawyer College, New

1991 London, NH. (George Pilcher, Akzo Coatings, Inc., 1313 Windsor Ave.. P.O. Box 147. Columbus. OH 43216-0147).

(Sept. 24-26)-Statistical Process Control for the Coatings In- dustry (Level II) Seminar. Airport Hilton Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

(Nov. 4-6)--69th Annual Meeting and 56th Paint Industries' Show. Convention Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

(May 17-20)-Federation "Spring Week." Board of Directors Meetlng on the 17th; Incoming Society Officers Meeting on the 18th; S~r ino Seminar on the 19th and 20th. Sheraton Boston Hotel and ~bw&s, Boston, MA.

(Oct. 21-23)-70th Annual Meeting and 57th Paint Industries' Show. McCormick Place, Chicago, IL.

(Aug. 5-9)-"Coatings Science for coatings Chemists" Short Course. Sponsored by the University of Southern Mississippi (USM), Hattiesburg, MS. (Ruth Holifield or Shelby Thames, Dept. of Polymer Science, USM, Southern Station, P.O. Box 10076, Hattiesburg, MS 39406).

(Sept. 3-5)-2nd International Paint Congress. Sponsored by The Brazilian Association of Paint Manufacturers (ABRAFATI). Anhembi Convention Centre, SBo Paulo, Brazil. (Especifica SIC Ltd., Rua Augusta, 2516-2nd Floor, Ste. 22, 01412, SBo Paulo, SP, Brazil).

(Sept. 9-13)-63rd Introductory Short Course on "The Basic Composition of Coatings." Sponsored by University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). Rolla, MO. (Norma Fleming. Sr. Continuing Education Coor- dinator. UMR, 119 M.E. Annex, Rolla, MO 65401-0249).

(Sept. 10-12)-North American Hazardous Materials Manage- ment Conference and Exhibition. Sponsored by HazMat World

(Oct. 27-29)-71st Annual Meeting and 58th Paint Industries' Show. World Congress Center, Atlanta. GA

SPECIAL SOCIETY MEETINGS

(Aug. 22-24FMexico Society. "Fourth Annual Technical Confer- ence." Guadalajara, Jalisco. (Gerardo del Rio, Telephone: 52 (5) 5- 43-64-88; Fax: 52 (5) 6-82-79-75; or Jorge Rodriguez, Telephone: 52 (36) 12-72-72; Fax: 52 (36) 11 -52-1 8).

(Feb. 26-28)-Southern Society. 19th Annual Waterborne, Higher- Solids, and Powder Coatings Symposium. Co-sponsored by the Department of Polymer Science at the University of Southern Missis- sippi (USM). New Orleans, LA. (Robson F. Storey and Shelby F. Thames. Co-Organ~zers. WBHS&PC Symposium, Dept. of Polymers Science. USM. Southern Station Box 10076. Hattiesbura. MS 39406- 0076). (Mar. I l-13)-Southern Society Annual Meeting. Grosvenor Resort Hotel, Orlando, FL. (B~lly Lee, Kemira, Inc., P.O. Box 368, Savannah, GA 31402).

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

(July 17-19)-Introductory Short Course on "Basic Coatings for Salesand Marketing Personnel."Sponsored by University of Missouri- Rolla (UMR), Rolla, MO. (Norma Fleming, Sr. Continuing Education Coordinator, UMR, 119 M.E. Annex, Rolla, MO 65401-0249).

Reading worth writing fov.

SW Consumer Information Center * @ Department RW Pueblo, Colorado 81009

U.S. General Services Administration.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991

magazine. Cobo Hall, Detroit, MI. (Tower Conference Management Co., 800 Roosevelt Rd., Bldg. E, Ste. 408, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137).

(Sept. 15-18)-79th Annual Canadian Paint and Coatings Asso- ciation (CPCA) Convention. Le Chateau Montebello, Montebello, Quebec. Canada. (CPCA Convention, 9900 Cavendish Blvd., Ste. 103, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4M 2V2).

(Sept. 17-20)-Eurocoat 91. XIX lnternational CongressIExibition. Nice, France. (A. Chauvel, AFTPV, 5, rue Etex, 7501 8 Paris, France).

(Sept. 23-25)~Finishing '91 Conference and Exposition. Spon- sored by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) and the Association for Finishing Processes. Dr. Albert B. Sab~n Convention Center, Cincinnati, OH. (SME Event Public Relations Dept., One SME Dr., P.O. Box 930, Deaborn, MI 48121).

(Sept. 23-25)-"Polymer Blends and Alloys." Seminar sponsored by The Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineer- ing of the American Chemical Society. Hilton Head Island Beach and Tennis Resort, Hilton Head, SC. (Angelos V. Patsis, Institute of Materials Science, State University of New York, New Paltz, NY 12561).

(Sept. 24-26)-The Polyurethanes World Congress 1991. Co- sponsored by the European Isocyanate Producers Association and the Polyurethane Division of The Society of Plastics Industry (SPI). Inc. of the USA. Acropolis Arts & Convention Center, Nice, France. (Fran Lichtenberg, Polyurethane Div., SPI, 355 Lexington Ave.. New York, NY 10017).

(Sept. 29-Oct. 2)-RADTECH Europe '91 Conference and Exhi- bition. Edinburgh Exhibition and Trade Centre, Edinburgh, Scotland. (Exhibit Manager, RADTECH 91, c/o FMJ lnternational Publications Ltd., Queensway House, 2 Queensway, Redhill, Surrey, RH1 lQS, United Kingdom or Conference Secretary, RADTECH '91, c/o PRA, Waldegrave Rd., Teddington. Middlesex. TW11 8LD, England).

(October)-ASTM Committee B-8 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings meeting. Philadelphia, PA. (George A. DiBari, lnternational Nickel Co., Park 80 West-Plaza Two, Saddle Brook, NJ 07662).

(Oct. 2-4)-Hazardous Materials Management Conference and ExhibitionISouth (HazMatISouth). Sponsored by HazMat World magazine. Georgia World Congress Center. Atlanta, GA. (Tower Conference Management Co., 800 Roosevelt Rd., Bldg. E, Ste. 408, Glen Ellyn. IL 60137-5835).

(Oct. 7-1 0)-"lntroduct~on to Coatings Technology." Short course sponsored by Kent State University (KSU), Kent, OH. (Carl J. Knauss, Director, Cooperative and Continuing Education, Chemistry, KSU, Kent, OH 44242).

(Oct. 9-1 1)-"Verbundwerk '91 ." 3rd lnternational Trade Fair on Composite Technology, Reinforced Plastics, Metals, and Ceramics. Rhein-Main-Halls, Wiesbaden, Germany. (Diana Schnabel, DEMAT, Postbox 110 61 1,6000 Frankfurt 11, Germany).

(Oct. 14-18)-"Scanning Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis for Polymeric Science." Conference sponsored by the State Univer- sity of New York (SUNY). Nevelle Resort Hotel, Ellenville, NY. (Insti- tute of Materials Science, SUNY, New Paltz, NY 12561).

(Oct. 16-18)-"Accelerated and Natural Weathering Techniques for Coatings and Polymers.'' Short course sponsored by Kent State University (KSU), Kent, OH. (Carl J. Knauss, Director, Cooperative and Continuing Education, Chemistry, KSU, Kent, OH 44242).

(Oct. 21-24)-Euro-Asian Interfinish '91 Conference. (Aviezer Israeli. Chairman. The Metal Finishing Society of Israel. Ortra Ltd., P.O. Box 50432, Tel-Aviv 61500, Israel).

(Oct. 21-25)-23rd Introductory Short Course on "Paint Formula- tion." Sponsored by University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). Rolla, MO. (Norma Fleming, Sr. Continuing Education Coordinator, UMR, 119 M.E. Annex, Rolla, MO 65401-0249).

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(Oct. 28-30)-"Advances in Polymer Colloids/Emulsion Polymers: Polymerization. Characterization, and Applications." Course sponsored by the State University of New York (SUNY). Orlando. FL. (Institute of Materials Science, SUNY, New Paltz, NY 12561).

(Oct. 28-30)-"Science and Technology of Coatings." Course sponsored by the State University of New York (SUNY). Orlando. FL. (Institute of Materials Science. SUNY. New Paltz. NY 12561).

(Oct. 28-Nov. 1)-"Fundamentals of Chromatographic Analysis." Short course sponsored by Kent State University (KSU). Kent, OH. (Carl J. Knauss, Director, Cooperative and Continuing Education, Chemistry, KSU, Kent, OH 44242).

(Oct. 28-Nov. 1)-Ninth lnternational Conference on "Photopoly- rners," on Oct. 28-30, and Fourth lnternational Conference on "Polyimides," on Oct. 30-Nov. 1. Sponsored by the Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc. (SPE). The Nevele Country Club, Eilenville, NY. (Prabodh Shah,c/oSPE. Mid Hudson Section, P.O. Box 546, Hopewell Junction, NY 12533).

(Nov. 4-5)-"Electrochemical Impedance: Analysis and Interpre- tation." Symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee G-1 on Corro- sion of Metals. San Diego, CA. (John R. Scully, Sandia National Labs., Org. 1834, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185).

(Nov. 68)-POWDEX. Organized by Cahners Exhibition Group. Georgia World Congress Center. Atlanta, GA. (Angela Piermarini, Show Manager, Cahners Exposition Group, 1350 E. Touhy Ave., P.O. Box 5060. Des Plaines, lL 60017-5060).

(Nov. 7-8)-"Paint Volatile Organic Compounds." Course presented by ASTM, Toronto. Ont.. Canada. (Kathy Dickinson. ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103).

(Nov. 8-12)-1991 lnternational Surface Finishing & Coatings Exhibition (SF China '91) and the 1991 lnternational PC Board Making & Electro-Chemicals Exhibition (PCB China '91). Shanghai Exhibition Center. Shanahai. P.R. China. (Sinostar lnternational Ltd..

Jose, CA. (Tower Conference Management Co., 800 Roosevelt Rd.. Bidg. E-Suite 408, Glen Ellyn. IL 60137-5835).

(Feb. 23-26)-Williamsburg Conference, "Comparison of Color Images Presented in Different Media." Co-sponsored by the Inter- Society Color Council and the Technical Association of Graphic Arts, Colonial Williamsburg, VA. (Milton Pearson, RIT Research Corp., 75 Highpower Rd., Rochester, NY 14623).

(Mar. 17-18)-ElectrocoaV92. Sponsored by Products Finishing magazine. Drawbridge Inn, Ft. Mitchell. KY. (Greater Cincinnati Air- port Area). (Cindy Goodridge. Gardner Management Services. 6600 Clough Pike, Cincinnati, OH 45244).

(May 11-14)-Powder & Bulk Solids '92 ConferenceIExhibition. O'Hare Exposition Center. Rosemont (Chicago). IL. (Cahners Expo- sition Group, Dept. Powder & Bulk Solids '92, 1350 E. Touhy Ave.. P.O. Box 5060, Des Plaines, IL 60017-5060).

(June 15-17)-Euroformula '92. lnternational Trade Fair. RAI lnternational Exhibition and Congress Centre. Amsterdam, the Neth- erlands. (RAI, Europaplein. 1078 GZ. AmsterdamJhe Netherlands).

(Oct. 25-30)-Fourth Corrosion and Protection lberoamerican Congress and First Panamerican Congress on Corrosion and Pro- tection. Mar del Plata. Argentina. (CIDEPINT. 52 entre 121 y 122. 1900 La Plata, Argentina, South America).

(Nov. 4-6)-'92 lnternational Conference on Colour Materials. Sponsored by the Japan Society of Colour Material. Osaka Sun Palace, Expo Park Senrl. Osaka. Japan. (S. Tochihara, Chairman of Executive Committee of the '92 ICCM, c/o Japan Society of Colour Material, Kitamura Bldg. 5F, 9-12. 2-chome, Iwamoto-cho, Chiyoda- ku. Tokyo 101. Japan).

10A Harvest Moon ~ o i s e , 337-339 ~a than Rd., Kowloon, Hong Kong).

(NOV. 10-1 5)-1991 Nat~onal Conference and Exhibition of Steel 1 Rdvertisers Index Structures Painting Council (SSPC). Long Beach Convention Cen- ter. Long Beach. CA. (SSPC. 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213- 2683).

fNov. 11 -1 31-"Fundamentals of Adhesion: Theow. Practice, and ............. ~~6ica t ions . " course sponsored by the State unlver&ty of New York AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC. 11 (SUNY). New Orleans, LA. (Institute of Materials Science, SUNY. New Paltz, NY 125611.

(Nov. 18-22)-North American Research Conference on ............................................................ Crosslinked Polymers, Sponsored by the Division of Polymeric Mate. U.S. BORAX 15 rials: science and ~echmlogy of the American chemical ~ociety, I BURGESS PIGMENT CO ........................................ 78 Marriott's Hilton Hotel ~esori-Hilton Head, SC. (Angelos V. Patsis, Institute of Materials Science, State University of New York. New Paltz. NY 12561). I DOW CORNING CORP. ................................. cover 4

(Nov. 19-21)-14th Resins & Pigments Exhibition. Sponsored by the Oil & Colour Chemists' Association. The Paint Research 1 ....................... . Association's 1 l th International Conference on November 18-20. GENSTAR STONE PRODUCTS co 80 Brussels Exhibition Center. Belaium. (Jane Malcolm-Coe. PR & Pub- licity Manager, FMJ lnternationar~ublications Ltd., Queensway House, 2 Queensway, Redhill, Surrey, RH1 lQS, United Kingdom).

(Nov. 20-21)-"Lithographic Printing-From Raw Materials to Waste Recycling--The Integrated Approach." lnternational symposium sponsored by the Oil & Colour Chemists' Association (OCCA). Brussels, The Netherlands. (Yvonne Waterman, OCCA, Priory House, 967 Harrow Rd.. Wembiey. Middlesex, England HA0 2SF).

(Dec. 2-4)-"ElectrochemicaI Techniques for Corrosion Mea- surement." Sixth annual symposium and refresher course sponsored by EG&G Princeton Applied Research. New Orleans, LA. (EG&G Princeton Applied Research. P.O. Box 2565, Princeton, NJ

ICI AMERICAS INC. ....................................... Cover 2

3M ....................................................................... 20-21

NICOLET INSTRUMENTSIFSCT ................... Cover 3

08543). I ........................... (Dec. 2-6)-Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society. Bos-

SCHERING BERLIN POLYMERS 76 ......................................... ton, MA, (Materials Research society, Meetings D ~ ~ ~ . , 9800 ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ h ~ 1 SHELL CHEMICAL CO. 4-5

Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15237).

NOTE: The Adverlisers' index is publ~shed for the convenience of our readers (Feb. 18-20)-Hazardous Materials Management Conference and and as an additional service to our advertisers. The publishers assumes no

ExhibitionlNorthern California. San Jose Convention Center, Sari liability for errors or omiss~ons.

Vol. 63, No. 798, July 1991 81

f \

~~umGug'from Xillman One of the benefits of Humbug (for me) has been walks in the forest even when everyone was calling

the joy of hearing from old friends who get the urge to him. I guess he could not hear so good. Beethoven write after reading the column. One of those dear OLD expired in 1827 and later died from this. friends is Carl Engelhardt, who wrote including a con- .Aaron Copeland is one of our most famous contribution that appeared in an Ann Landers column with temporary composers, it is unusual to be contempo- the encouraging title, "Life Begins at 80." 1 excerpt: rary. Most composers do not live until they are dead.

"I have good news for you. The first 80 years are the hardest. The second 80 are a succession of birthday Henry Purcell is a well-known composer few people parties. have ever heard of.

Once you reach 80, everyone wants to carry your In the last scene of Pagliacci, Canio stabs Nedda baggage and help you up the steps. If you forget your who is the one he really loves. Pretty soon Sylvio also name or anybody else's name, or an appointment, or gets stabbed and they all live happily ever after. your own phone number, or promise to be at three I know what a sextet is but I'd rather not say. places at the same time, or can't remember how many . Most authorities agree that music of antiquity was grandchildren you have, you need only explain that you written long ago, are 80.

Being 80 is a lot better than being 70. At 70, people Probably the most marvelous fugue was the one are mad at you for everything. At 80 you have a perfect between the Hatfields and the McCoys. excuse. They treat you with respect just for having lived My favorite composer is opus. so long. Actually, they seem surprised that you can walk and talk sensibly."

.A virtuoso is a musician . . . with high morals. M y very best liked piece is the bronze lullaby.

Also from-what's his name???:

BEST RUM CAKE EVER: 1 or 2 quarts of rum- Saul Spindel, long-time Federation Rep from the

baking powder, not too much-l cup butter-, tsp New York Society, sent me some tidbits from Trivia of soda-l tblsp sugar-flour-2 large eggs-lemon Truesdale Labs asking whether I indulged in plagiarism. juice-cinnamon-1 cup of dried fruit-brown sugar- Summaries of accident reports of unlucky drivers: nuts.

Before you sample the rum to check for quai- -I knocked over the man, he admitted it was his fault

ity. Now go ahead. Select a large mixing bowl, measuring he had been knocked Over before.

cup, etc. Turn on the oven and baking pan. Check the -1 blew my horn but it had been stolen and ~ o u l d not rum again; it must be just right! Taste several ounces to work. make sure. Repeat. With electric mixer, beat butter in a -If the other driver had stopped a few feet behind large fluffy bowl. Add one seaspoon of thugar and beat himself, nothing would have happened. again. Check that the quality Of rum has -I consider neithervehicle to blame, but if eithervehicle deteriorateled. Open second quart if necessary. Add 2 was to blame, it was the other one, large eggs, 2 cups fried druit and beat until high. If druit get stuck in the batters, pry it loose with a drewsciver. -1 sounded my horn, the pedestrian ran for the pave- Check the rum again, checking for tonscisity. Next sift 3 ment but I got him. cups of pepper or salt (depending on your taste) and -I thought the side window was down, but it was up, sample rum again. Fold in chapped butter and strained as I found out when I pushed my head through it. nuts. Add 1 babblespoon of brown thugar, or whatever color you can find. Wix mell. Great oven anf turn pan cake to 350 frftrrd. Pjour cake into coven and ake. Be sure to set timer in case you sleel feepy. Found posted on a wall in a Florida post office by

the ever alert Owen Carpenter:

Wanted Dick Kiefer was sent the following "opus" by a friend

who sells organs. You would have to assume "musicals GOOD WOMAN

Must be able to Clean-Cook-Sew organs" by the content: Dig Worms and Clean Fish

My Favorite Composer Is Opus Must Have Boat and Motor (Quotes from grade school essays on classical music) Please send picture of boat and motor.

Refrain means don't do it. A refrain in music is the part you better not try to sing.

-Herb Hillman JS Bach died from 1750 to the present. Humbug's Nest Beethoven wrote music even though he was deaf. P.O. Box 135

He was so deaf he wrote loud music. He took long Whitingham, VT 0536 1

\ J


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Journal of Coatings Technology 1991 Vol.63 No.798

Documents

Transcript of Journal of Coatings Technology 1991 Vol.63 No.798