THEREARE STILLTHOSEWHO HAVE NOT ENTEREDTHE

AGE OF UCAR ACRYLICS.

If you're one of theever-dwindling numberof holdouts who's notmaking paints withUCAR Acrylics...beware, you may be anendangered species.

Why not take a lessonfrom the more than 140paintmakers who haveswitched to UCARAcrylics. They've provedthat UCAR Acrylics offerperformance character­istics equal to thoseobtained with conven­tional acrylics. And at amuch lower cost. Sothey've not only beenable to make great paints,

UCAR IJ d l~l'gi51{'rt-d Troldem.lrk 01 Union C'lrb,dt., Corpor.ltion.

they've been able to makeeven greater profits.

And in today's market­place, it's survival of thefittest.

If you're still using apremium-priced acrylicthat's keeping your profits .from evolving to higherlevels, contact your localUnion Carbide SalesRepresentative. Or writeto Dept. K3442, Danbu~CT 06817.

And find out how you,too, can enter the Age ofEnlightenment.

•Coatings Materials

• Vancide TH is a highly effective, economical preserva­tive for latex paints. It prevents the growth of bacteriathat causes latex formulations to turn thin and watery.

Latex paint with Vancide TH is just as thick when it leavesthe retailer's shelf as it was when it left your mixing room.

Vancide TH is extremely cost efficient. And because it'sin liquid form, Vancide TH mixes quickly and easily intoyour formulations.In the highly competitive market for latex paint, keep yourproducts in the thick of it with Vancide® TH.

2

rR~.-:;:;e:;;i~:;;';I::;a:;-;;:;,-;-;;;e;-;:=;;a;~---C~lII'd like to see for myself that Vancide TH is a superior biocide. II 0 Please send me a free sample of Vancide TH. II 0 I'd like to discuss arrangements for testing my latex formulation with and without II Vancide TH in your laboratories. IINa~ T~le II Company II Street II~y ~ale ZIp IL ~:~:~=~=~~~=: J

Journal of Coatings Technology

APRIL 1984

NUMBER 711VOLUME 56

ocs

rechnical Articles 1 Performance Comparison of Exterior Flat Finishes on HardboardSiding-Kansas City Society·for Coatings Technology

2 A Simple Model for the Numerical Simulation of Reflectance ofBlack Chrome Coating Systems-S.T. Wu and L.W. Masters

33 Autooxldative Crosslinklng of Vegetable Oils and Alkyd Emulsions-J.W. Gooch, G.C. Wildman, and B.G. Bufkin

43 Degradation Chemistry of Primary Crosslinks In High Solids EnamelFinishes: Solar Assisted Hydrolysis-A.D. English and JJ. Spinelli

51 Displacement of Water from a Steel Surface-C.R. Hegedus

Open Forum 57 Lawyer Vis-A-Vis Chemist in Paint Product Liability Situations-C.L. Rechln

Federation news 10 Program Announced for FSCT seminar, 'Producing Paint Efficiently,Sofely, and Economically'

DepartmentComment 7 Valuable Update on Paint Production

Abstracts 12

Government and Industry 5 NPCA Challenges OSHA Hazard Rule

Report of ASTMCommi"ee 0-1 61

Society Meetings 73Future Society Meetings 7

Elections 8

Society Meetings andsecretaries 7

Meetings/Education 0 Dispersion Course Scheduled at Kent State, May 7-11

People 82

Literature 4

Coming Events

Humbug from Hillman 8 Aged Wisdom and Other Quick Quotes and Quips

WBPAC> 1'" by FEDERATION OF SOClmES roR COAnNGS lECHNOLOGYTHE JOURNAl. OF COATINGS TECHNOlOGY (ISSN 0361-a773) Ispubl,lshed monlhly by the FederatIon 01Soclelles lor CoaIlngs Technology. 1315 Walnut St.. Philadelphia. PA 19107. Phone: (215) 545-1507.

Second class postage paid af Philadelphia, PA and at addillonal mailing oIIIces. POSIMASlER:Send address changes to .JOURNAl. OF COATINGS TECHNOlOGY. 1315 Walnut St.. Philadelphia.PA 19107,

Subscripllons U.s. and Conada-1 year.S20;2years.S37;3yealS.S52. Europe (AlrMaIl)-1 year.S40;2 years; $77; 3 vears. $112. OtherCOU'ltrles-1 vea'. $30; 2 vealS. S57; 3 yealS. 582.. . .

Abreakthrough technology thatcombines superior film build andchalk adhesion in one emulsion.Announcing a giant step forward inpaint evolution. Rhoplex AC-829acrylic emulsion.

Until now, you had to make achoice: an acrylic emulsion thatoffered excellent film build - or onethat provided outstanding chalk

~--adhesion. Technologically, it justwasn't possible to produce one thatdelivered both.

Rhoplex AC-829 has changed allthat. This new acrylic emulsionprovides bQth exceptional adhesionto chalky surfaces and superb flow,leveling and film build. Now you'llbe able to formulate the highestquality exterio house paints pos-'sible - with fewer tinting problems,better weatherability and maximum

--- hiding. All without a drop of alkydmodification.

For more information and litera­ture, contact your local Rohm andHaas Company technical representa­tive or write to Rohm and HaasComp.an'J Indep.endence Mall West,

Philadelphia, PA 19105,RDHMIn A . M k .iHAAS~ ttet,Itlon: ar etmgPHIlACELPHIA, PA. 191C5 SerVIces Department.

Our chemistry begins with you.

JAMES A. HOECKReliance Universal, Inc.Louisville, KY

GARY MARSHALLPaint Products Co.. IncWalkertown. NC

JAMES A. McCORMICKInland-LeidyBaltimore. MD

HARRY B. MAJCHERSiandard Delroll Paint CoDetroit. MI

'JOHN T. VANDEBERGDeSoto. Inc.Des Plaines. IL

JAMES E. PETERSONPeterson PaintsPueblo. CO

KURT WEITZlndusmin LId.Toronlo. Ont.. Canada

'HORACE S. PHILIPPSherwin-Williams Co.Montreal, Que.. Canada

EDWARD VANDEVORTPPG Industries. Inc.Springdale. PA

ANTONIO PINAMexicana de Pinturas IntI.Ixtapalapa. Mexico

'FRED G. SCHWABCoatings Research Group. Inc.Cleveiand. OH

DAVID LOVEGROVECarrs Paints lid.Birmingham. England

NORMAN A. HONCook Paln1 & Varnish Co.Kansas City. MO

DANiEL TOOMBSLukens Chemical CoWestboro. MA

BERGER JUSTENJusten & AssociatesTampa. FL

SAUL SPINDELDIL Laboralories. Inc.New York. NY

LLOYD REINDLEnglewood. OH

'DERYK R. PAWSEYRohm and Haas Can. IncVancouver. B.C.. Canada

•Executive Committee Members

EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT

FRANK J. BORRELLEFSCT Headquarters Office1315 Walnut 51.Philadelphia. PA 19107

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIESFOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

BOARD OF DIRECTORS1983-1984

AL HEITKAMPCargill, Inc.Minneapolis, MN

NEiL S. ESTRADALos AliOS Hills. CA

TED FAVATATriangle Coatings Co.Berkeiey. CA

TOM FITZGERALD. SA.Sterling Lacquer Mfg. Co.St. Louis. MO

RICHARD L. FRICKERValspar Corp.Minneapolis. MN

WILLY C.P. BUSCHPPG Industries. Inc.Houslon. TX

CARL W. FULLERReichard-Coulston. Inc.Belhlehem, PA

CARLOS E DORRISJones-Blair Co.Dallas. TX

MORRiS COFFINOD.H. Liller Co.. inc.New York. NY

RUDOLPH C ALBRECHTAce Paint Div.,Ace Hardware Corp.Malleson.IL

THOMAS HILLPrall & Lambert. inc.Buffaio. NY

BARRY ADLERRoyelle. Inc.Menlo Park. CA

TREASURER

'WILLIAM MIRICKBallelle Memoriai Inslilule505 King Ave.Columbus. OH 43201

WILLIAM DUNNDownsview, Onl .. Canada

DERMONT G CROMWELLSinclair Paint Co.Los Angeles. CA

PRESIDENT

'TERRYL F. JOHNSONCook Paint & Varnish CO.P.O. Box 389Kansas City. MO 64141

, A. CLARKE BOYCENacan Producls Lid.Toronlo. Onl.. Canada

PRESIDENT-ELECT

'JOSEPH A. BAUERPorter Paint Co.400 S. 131h St.Louisville. KY 40203

S~l:AUREN

H.LOWAEYMJ. McDOWELL

RE. PIERCE .P.R. SPERRY

R..STANZIOLA"JA. VAST/!<

'"ROBERTF. ?IEGLER

CopylighIl9ll4 by !he _liOn of _for COllings Technology. AllrigIiIB _MId. No portion of this publication may be reproduced 0< u1i1lzed inIIYY form or by any means, oIoctronic 0< mech8nical, including photocopying,ree«ding, '" by any inlotmlltion.iIt<irage 0< retrieval system withOul permissionin.writing trom Iho ptJblishor.

......-..... eon.' THOMAS J. MIRANDA, Chal/lll8n

T.ANAGNOSTOUG.D.,JOOWARDSH.E.~ON FL FLOYD

· G.P. BlERWAGEN P.I'l"GUEV,lN, JR.D. BREZINSKI .l'tE. HILL'.

· G.D. CHEEVER " LW.·HILL.'RA. DICKIE J.V. KOLESKE· R. DOWBENKO

. .;5."'~~-~ '.' ,.rr;;.', _ ~. -'. ~'r "f

.~ "iThll' JOURNAl.OF COA'l'INGS TECHN0LOGY has first rights tothiJ IiUbllcallon 01 papers pre~ted:at the.Am~ Meeting 01 theFedeiBllpn and ·at IOOal and \'eglon!I1 meetings ,00Ihe-Federation'sClJnstitUllllt SocieIIea. .

A Guide lor AuIIIorll is pUblshed In· each JanlJlliy iSsue.T}le ~RNAL OF COATi(llGS TECHNOLOGY is available onm~ from Uni\lllll8lly Microfolm8. a Xerox Co., Am Arb9r. Mich.48106, '., .

The Federation 01 Societiils lorCoatingsTechnologyassumes no'responsibIjty lor' the opinions expressed by authors in this~. .

6 Journal of Coatings Technology

Valuable Update on Paint ProductionContinuing the fulfillment of one of its constitutional objectives-to provide

scientific, engineering, and technical data, facts, etc.-the Federation this year devotesits spring seminar to a segment of our industry claimed by many to have beenneglected-Manufacturing.

Roy Brown, the Federation's Technical Advisor, has arranged an excellent programfor the seminar, "Producing Paint Efficiently, Safely, and Economically," at theConvention Center in Louisville, May 15-16.

Beginning with the Keynote Address-"The Importance of the ManufacturingFunction"-by J. Robert Pickering, President of Lilly Industrial Coatings, attendeeswill hear well-known coatings industry personnel speak on practical, down-to-earthelements of paint manufacturing. For example-Production Planning and Schedul-ing Pigment Dispersion ... Storage and Distribution of Liquid Raw Mate-rials Warehousing and Shipping ... Instrumental Production Color Control .Al;ltomatic Container Filling ... Waste Management ... Employee Safety .Motivating Your Employees.

Anyone actively engaged in paint manufacturing-particularly management andsupervisory production & technical personnel-will learn much from the experts whowill discuss the above subjects for a day and a half.

The registration fees are: $125 for Federation members; $155 for non-members; and$165 for everyone after May I. Brochures have been mailed to all members.

This year, the Federation introduces a new concept, "Spring Week," which it plansto make an annual event.

The Seminar is on Tuesday and Wednesday; the orientation meeting for SocietyOfficers on Thursday; and the Board of Directors meeting on Friday.

Where better to initiate "Spring Week" than in the City of Louisville where there is athriving paint industry, a very active and successful Society for Coatings Technology,and the most friendly and hospitable people you11 find anywhere.

In the "Blue Grass Country," they are readying the "Red Carpet"for the Federation.

~j~Frank J. Borrelle

Executive Vice-President

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 7

elBA-GEIGYepoxy hardeners

vs.thetoughestapplications

around.You can now formulatepractical, durable coatingsfor suct'! difficultapplications as pollutioncontrol equipment

Conditions are so hostileinside a coal-burning utility'sflue gas desulfurization unitthat, until today, no completelysatisfactory coating hasexisted. Traditional coatings forcarbon steel have been too

Encapsulated in our XU 252 and XU 264 system. thisstnp of steel was immersed in a 50% sulfunc acidlor two hours af room temperature then. withoutnnslng. put Into a 350' oven lor 30 minutes. This wasfollowed by quenching In sulfunc aCid. Alter 10 suchcycles. there was slighl surface charring - but nopenetration.

brittle. And exotic alloys havebeen too costly.

Now, however, there is ananswer. An answer that, for thefirst time, allows you toformulate an organic coatingwith the characteristics youneed to meet the demands ofthis particularly difficultapplication.

solvents and chemicals. Incombination with XU 252, itproduces a coating systemthat is widely used, forexample, in tanks, processingplants and transmission pipes.

Add in responsive service.

So when you are faced withthe toughest applications, andneed to formulate the toughestcoating systems, we believethe choice of a supplier isclear. The CIBA-GEIGY ResinsDepartment - the one sourcethat combines high technologyspecialty resins andhardeners. We are ready tohelp with your toughestproblems at Three SkylineDrive, Hawthorne, New lbrk10532. Call 800 431-1900. InNew lbrk, 914347-4700.

The first, XU 264, is atoughened aromaticamine-based epoxy hardenerthat IS particularly suitable forhigh temperature service. Itprovides good flexibility,superior toughness, andexcellent resistance to sulfuricacid- properties that make itthe ideal hardener for use inhigh performance coatings forthe scrubbers, ducts andstacks in flue gasdesulfurization units.

The second of these newproducts, XU 265, is a liquidhardener that cures epoxyresins Into coatings that arehighly resistant to acid, alkali,

r system begins with252, a high performancexy resin that has alreadyn Its worth againstInated solvents, ethanol,anol, aromatic amines

s, caustic and ammonia­proved it under a wideeof service temperatures.

you require more than aperformance resin toulate a superior coating.also need a highnology hardener that can.uce the desired physicalItles In the cured system.

bine with a highnology hardener.

ay, CIBA-GEIGY offershighly versatile hardeners~u can combine with

2 to formulate coatings with the high level of

,ance and durability youreo

Federation news

Program Announced for FSCT SeminarOn Paint Manufacturing Practices, May 15-16

Focusing on the topic, "ProducingPaint Efficiently, Safely, and Econom­ically," the technical program of theFederation's I \-S day ManufacturingSeminar will present in-depth informa­tion on all aspects of paint production.

The seminar, to be held at the Com­monwealth Convention Center, Louis­ville, Kentucky, May 15-16, will featurepresentations by well-known coatingsindustry personnel who will offer prac­tical, down-to-earth information onvarious elements of paint manufacture,ranging from Raw Materials InventoryManagement, and Production Planningand Scheduling, to Pigment Dispersion,Color Matching, Warehousing and Ship­ping, Waste Management, Health andSafety, and Employee Motivation.

Manufacturing executives, plant man­agers, production superintendents. fore­men, warehouse and shipping personnel.as well as top company management, canbenefit from participating in this updateon paint production.

Each of the three program sessions willconclude with an open forum pcriod,whcn registrants will havean opportunityto question the panel of speakers.

Start PlanningNOW

To AttendAnnual Meeting

andPaint Showat Chicago's

Conrad Hilton Hotel

October 24-26

10

Program

The program is scheduled to includethe following:

Tuesday, May 15

Keynote Address: "The Importance ofthe Manufacturing Function"-J. RobertPickering. President. Lilly IndustrialCoatings. Inc.• Indianapolis. IN.

The role of the manufacturing opera­tion is viewedfrom the perspective ofacompany president, who discusses therelationship of Manufacturing toSales. Technical, alld the overall opera­tion of the company.

"Motivating Your Employees"-John F.Tripoli, Manager of Manufacturing andPlant Engineering-Paint Div.. FordMotor Co.. Ml. Clemens, MI.

Proper~v motivated personnel are crit­icalto the manufacturing process. Thispresentation focuses on the key ele­ments of Ford Motor Co. :. very suc­cessful employee involvement motiva­tion program.

"Resins and Polymers"-Dr. HermanJ. Lanson, President, Lanchem Corp..E. Sl. Louis, IL.

Today:' paint producer makes use ofawide variety of resins and polymers.This presentation discusses the manu-

facture, handling, and use of thesematerials and the properties they im­part to modern coatings.

"Production Planning and Schedul­ing"-Chester Yates. Manager ofManufacturing. Porter Paint Co.. Louis­ville, KY.

An efficient manufacturing operationrequires careful planning and schedul­ing. The factors involved in achievingsuch a program are described.

"Pigment Dispersion"-Earl E. Baum-hart, President. Coatings Engineeringand Systems Co.. Kansas City, MO.

The dispersion of pigments is animportant. energy-intensive functionof paint manufacture. This presenta­tion discusse.. various pigment disper­..ion methods, along with equipmentefficiency.

Open Forum: Speakers will assembleas a pancl for discussion period.

Wednesday, May 16

"Storage and Distribution of LiquidRaw Materials"-Miehacl Kenes. Presi­dent, Straubing. Rubin and Kenes. Inc..Orland Park, IL.

The handling of all types of liquidmaterials at the plant or tank farm isdiscussed. along with future trend.. inautomated liquid.. distribution.

"Instrumental Production Color Con-trol-How to Keep It Out of the Red"­Nelson Auge', Manager of Manufacturingand Manufacturing Services. and JamesCave. Manager of Color Control Sys­tems, Reliance Univcrsal. Inc .. Louis­ville. KY.

Matching colors quicklv and accu­rately in the production process ise..sential to manufacturing efficiency.This presentation describes one com­pany:' approach.

"Automatic Container Filling"-Ro­bert W. Zimmerman. Vice President­Engincering. The Enterprise Companies.Wheeling, IL.

Journal of Coatings Technology

____ ZIP _

____ ZIP _

Discussed are /he principles of aU/o­malic comainerfilling in a large Iradesales paim manufac/uring plam.

"Warehousing and Shipping"-JamesSkaggs. Manager of Materials Schedul­ing. Rust-Oleum Corp.. Vcrnon Hills.lL.

Described is a highly au/oma/ed sys­/em, which includes order emrr andorder picking using scanning (ieviceson conveyor S1's/ems. Ma/erials han­dling in lI'arehouse opera/iollS is alsodiscussed.

Open Forum: Speakers will assembleas a panel for discussion period.

"Managing Employee Safety and LossControl Programs"- W. Horton Rus­sell. Vice President-Manufacturing.Safety. Health and Environment. GrowGroup. I nc.. Louisville. KY.

A /I manufacturing plams should haveprograms /0 protect /he health andsafell' o{emplo.l'ees. This presen/ationdiscusses hOIl' /0 e.Hahlish and managesuch programs."Waste Managcmcnt"- Lawrence N.

Streff. Manager of Environmental Engi­neering and Control. PPG Industries.Inc.. Allison Park. PA.

SlrinKem Kovernmem reKulations. as11'1'1/ as economic collSideratiollS. dic­tate that paim manLJfac/LIrers e/fi­ciem/r manage /heir 11'0.1'/1'.1'. 10 main­lain pro.filabili/y and meN compliance.Handards.

Open Forum: Spcakcrs will assembleas a panel for discusson period. Alsopresent will be Richard E. Max. Prcsi­dent. Synkote Paint Co.. Elmwood Park.'\J and A.L. Marino. Supervisor-Oxy­genated Solvents. Arco Chemical Co..'\ewtown Square. PA.

RegistrationTo register. fill out accompanying form

and return with payment to Federation ofSocieties for Coatings Technology. 13 15Walnut St.. Suite 832. Philadelphia. PA19107.

Registration fee is $125 for FSCTmembers. $155 for non-members; AfterMay J. registration fee is $165 foreveryone. (Payment must be in U.S.funds. payable in U.S. banks.)

Included in the registration fee iscontinental breakfast. lunchcon. coffeebreaks. and copies of talks. as well as bustransportation to airport at completionof seminar. Please no/e reference /0 huson regi.Hra/ion form. and check appro­prime hox.

HousingHeadquarters hotel for the seminar is

the Galt House. which is within walkingdistance from the Convention Center.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

FEDERATION MANUFACTURING SEMINAR

REGISTRATION FORM

Registration fees: $125 (FSCT members);$155 (non-members)$165 for everyone after May 1.

Check must accompany registration form. Make checks payable toFederation of Societies for Coatings Technology. (Payable must bemake in U.S. funds payable in U.S. banks.)

NICKNAME _

FULL NAMEJOB TITLE _

COMPANY PHONE _

ADDRESS _

CITY STATE

Name of Federation SocietyOf Which You Are A Member _

I Will 0 Will Not 0 use the Federation's bus for return to the airportat conclusion of seminar.

No refund for cancelled registrations received after May 4.

Return form and check to: Federation of Societies forCoatings Technology

1315 Walnut Street, Suite 832,Philadelphia, PA 19107

IF YOU REQUIRE HOUSING AT THE GALT HOUSECOMPLETE FORM BELOW

HOUSING FORMGalt House

NAME _

ADDRESS

CITY STATE

o Before 6 pmArrival Date___ Departure Date _o Late'

Please reserve: Single Room rate is $46, single; and $56DoublelTwin __ double occupancy (per night)

'Reservations will be held until 6:00 pm. If arrival is after 6:00 pm, hotelrequires deposit for one night's lodging to guarantee availability. Makecheck payable to "Galt House."

Note: Reservations must be made no later than April 30.

11

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF EXTERIOR FLATFINISHES ON HARDBOARD SIDING-Kansas City Soci­ety for Coatings Technology

Journal of Coatings Technology, 56, No. 711, 19 (Apr. 1984)

Exposure studies on the comparative performance ofseveral flat exterior finishes on a variety of hardboardsiding substrates have demonstrated a significantimprovement in both substrate protection and coatingperformance with two-coat systems versus a singletopcoat application. Ten different hardboard siding prod­ucts were included as substrates for this evaluation.These boards were shown to have a wide range ofdensities, impact resistance, and moisture content. Sub­strate tests were also run to identify the edge swell andmoisture absorption tendency of each board.

Best overall performance was achieved with a latexemulsion top-coat over either an alkyd/oil undercoat oracrylic latex primer.

A SIMPLE MODEL FOR THE NUMERICAL SIMULATIONOF REFLECTANCE OF BLACK CHROME COATINGSYSTEMS-S.T. Wu and L.W. Masters

Journal of Coatings Technology, 56, No. 711, 29 (Apr. 1984)

Black chrome has been used extensively as an absorptivecoating in solar collector systems because of its highabsorptance/emittance ratio as well as its general stablecharacteristics under various environmental conditions.This paper presents a numerical simulation on the opticalproperties of black chrome coating systems. A simplemodel is developed for black chrome composite byconsidering the coating to be composed ofthree "pseudo"layers. Rouard's method is used for computing thereflectance spectra of the system. The model can be usedto serve the engineering needs for correlating the opticalperformance of the material. A numerical example isprovided to illustrate the approach.

AUTOOXIDATIVE CROSSLINKING OF VEGETABLEOILS AND ALKYD EMULSIONS-J. W. Gooch, G.C. Wild­man, and B.G. Bufkin

Journal of Coatings Technology, 56, No. 711, 33 (Apr. 1984)

Autooxidative crosslinking of vegetable oils and vegetableoil-derived alkyds prior to application of the coating is anew and novel method of economically preparing wateremulsions of these materials for commercial coatingsuses. Air and oxygen were utilized to autooxidize theemulsified particles to an optimal crosslink density for abalance between rapid dry times and good film properties.The process variables of oxygen concentration, tempera-

12

ture, agitation rate, and catalysis were studied to optimizethe conditions of the reaction to produce the best possiblefilms. Alkyds were synthesized with varying oil lengths todetermine the effect of oil length on autooxidationreaction rate. Also, alkyds were synthesized from vege­table oils containing varying percentages of conjugationto study the reaction rate as a function of percentconjugation. The films prepared from the emulsions wereevaluated in terms of tensile strength, elongation, hard­ness, and dry time.

DEGRADATION CHEMISTRY OF PRIMARY CROSS­LINKS IN HIGH SOLIDS ENAMEL FINISHES: SOLARASSISTED HYDROLYSIS-A.D. English and H.J. Spinelli

Journal of Coatings Technology, 56, No. 711, 43 (Apr. 1984)

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and solid state13C NMR spectroscopy have been used to study the cross­linking and degradation chemistry of a melamine formal­dehyde cured acrylic copolymer coating. The bulk com­position of the cured unweathered coating has beensemi-quantitatively analyzed by solid state 13C NMRspectroscopy, and a depth profile of weathering chemis­try has been obtained using diffuse reflectance infraredspectroscopy. These data allow us to identify the extentof crosslinking, the molecular composition after curing,and to obtain mechanistic insight into degradation chem­istry taking place under realistic exposure conditions. Theinsight obtained infers methods of inhibiting degradation.

DISPLACEMENT OF WATER FROM A STEEL SUR­FACE-C.R. Hegedus

Journal of Coatings Technology, 56, No. 711, 51 (Apr. 1984)

A quantitative test to evaluate organic coatings for theirability to displace water droplets from a steel surface hasbeen developed. The test method consists of the place­ment of water droplets onto an inclined steel surface,followed by the application of a test coating. The coatingflows down the surface, contacting the water droplets.The water may either remain on the specimen or be dis­placed. The specimen is then immersed in methanolwhich absorbs residual water on the specimen. Themethanol is then analyzed for water content, yielding aquantitative result for water displacement.

Five materials have been evaluated for water displacingability. Two silicone alkyd coatings were found to be goodwater displacers. A third silicone alkyd material was foundto be a poor water displacer at low specimen angles buteffective at higher angles. An acrylic and an epoxy coatingwere found to be poor water displacers. These results arediscussed in reference to a proposed mechanism for waterdisplacement.

Journal of Coatings Technology

NO\\'~YOU CAN BANK• • o'

N INCREASED COST SAVINGS WITHTWO NEW' TAMOL® DISPERSANTS

Cost conscious paint manu­facturers now have a wayto reduce dispersant costswhile maintaining productquality.

You can do this with twonew additions to the Tamoldispersant line.

Tamol 963 and Tamol 983offer paint formulators thesubstantial cost reductionsalong with these perfor­mance features:

withimproved

perlormanceleatures.

• Low foam• Moderate gloss potential• Good color acceptance• Zinc oxide stability

(Tamol 983 only)• Good heat stability

:....

;", . ." ~ ",,'. ". .' ::." .. "

You can learn how to lowerdispersant RMC withoutsacrificing performancewith new Tamol 963 andTamol 983. Requestsamples and/or literaturefrom your local Rohm andHaas Company technicalrepresentative or write to:Marketing Services, Rohmand Haas Company, In­dependence Mall West,Philadelphia, PA 19105.

ROHMII'1iHAAS~PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19105

.......... ,' .

. :' .

"EIvacite"methacrylate resins:choose from awide range

ofgrades to meetyourneeds.

Uniform,small,~herical beads,for fast dissolvingand dispersing.

Shown above are thirteencommercial grades of Du PontElvacite' acrylic resin beads."Elvacite" resins offer you a broadspectrum of properties to matchyour specific application require­ments. They have different chem­ical compositions in a wide rangeof molecular weights and poly­mer hardnesses.

Yet "Elvacite" beads are

minute and uniformly spherical,which provides rapid dissolvingand dispersal. And within eachgrade, the molecular weightvariation is relatively narrow,providing uniform properties.

"Elvacite" beads give excel­lent clarity, durability and weather­ability in end-use applications.These versatile beads are beingused in coatings, adhesives, films,inks and temporary binders.

You may have some otherapplications in mind, however. Ifyou have different requirements,we are ready to work with youin the development of othercompositions-for extrusions,injection or compression mold-

ings, for example, or for process­ing aids, and alloys. Or perhapsaqueous-alkali-soluble resins forwater-base applications. Our40-plus years of experience indeveloping acrylic resins canmake a big difference to you.

For the "Elvacite" brochurewith full technical information,write Du Pont Company, RoomX40356, Wilmington, DE 19898.Or telephone, toll free,1-800-237-8400, ext. 300.

NPCA Intervenes in Suit Challenging OSHA Hazard Rule

New Standards for Artist PaintsAnd Materials Available from ASTM

Governmentand Industry~EWtothe DuPontclvacite~

line:

I "',•

Ivacite" 2016ethacrylateopolymerageneral-purposerylic resin (0.26 inherent

scosity, 8 Knoop number)Idely used in aerosolcquers and marine finishes,din coatings for masonry,astic and metal. Now readilyailable from Du Pont.

~nother reasonoturn to)uPontwhenouneednethacrylates.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

The National Paint and CoatingsAssociation has movcd to intervene onbehalf of thc Occupational Safety andHealth Administration in a major lawsuitthat would challcnge the Hazard Com­munication Final Standard issued byOSHA in Novcmber.

Petitions requesting court review of therule werc filed by the United Steelworkersof America and Public Citizen, Inc., anenvironmental lobbying group, in theUnited States Court of Appeals for theThird Circuit. The steelworkers unionand Public Citizen sought to modify orset aside the rule on the basis of several ofits provisions, including Federal pre­emption of conllicting state and localstandards, a provision strongly endorsedby the paint industry.

The NPCA motion to intervene citedthe industry's long-standing commitmentto hazard communication programs,specifically NPCA's labcling guides, its

ASTM Subcommittee DO 1.57 onArtist Paints and Related Materials hasdeveloped two new standards and reviseda third standard.

Specification for Artist Oil andAcrylic Emulsion Paints (0 4302) listspigmcnts that arc suitable for usc infirst-quality artist paints. The standardprovides important labeling informationfor artist paint manufacturers andconsumers.

Test Methods for Light Fastness ofPigments Used in Artist Paints (0 4303)presents the test methods which wereused to determine the list of pigmentsdesignated in 04302. Artist paint manu­facturers and consumers can use thisstandard to add to this pigment list.

In addition, revisions to 0 4326,Standard Practice for l.abeling ArtMaterials for Chronic Health Hazards,have been made. The standard, approvedMarch 25, 1983, is used to label artmaterials such as paints, solvents, thin­ners, glazes, and clays for chronic healthhazards. The rcvised version of thestandard, while making no changes in thelabcling requirements, has been rewrittenin a more clear and consistent manner.

ASTM standards are available fromASTM Sales Services Dept., 1916 RaceSt., Philadelphia, PA 19103.

For more information on thesestandards and any work of Subcommittee

guide for completion of Material SafetyData Sheets for communicating hazardinformation to workers, and its Haz­ardous Materials Identification System(HMIS).

The motion also states that the associa­tion and its members would be adverselyaffected if the OSHA standard wereenjoined, set aside, or substantiallychanged as a result of the suit.

NPCA commented that since no othermember of industry has yet moved tointervene, or filed an independent peti­tion for review, this appeal is needed topresent an industry perspective.

While recognizing that costs to theindustry of complying with the OSHAstandard will be considerable. NPCAnoted, they are far less than the costs thatmight be incurred if NPCA memberswere required to comply with variousstate and local laws in addition to theFederal standard.

DO 1.57, contact Joy Turner Luke, Studio231, Box 18, Route I, Sperryville, VA22740.

Additional information on any activi­ties of Committee 0-1 may be obtainedfrom Brent Backus, ASTM StandardsDcvelopment Div., in Philadelphia,

Applied Color SystemsOpens New Headquarters

Applied Color Systems, Inc., a sub­sidiary of Armstrong World Industries,has opened its new 40,000 square footheadquarters complex in Lawrenceville,NJ. Situated on a 10-acre site adjacentto US Route 295 in the Princeton PikeIndustrial Park, the facility houses allof Applied Color's New Jersey opera­tions, including research, product de­vclopment, customer training, manufac­turing, and system assembly.

According to ACS President DonaldR. Hall, "The new complex enables usto continue serving Our customers effi­ciently and will accommodate futuregrowth."

ACS, founded in 1970, has officesand technical centers in Charlotte, NC,Chicago, IL, and Western Europe. Thecompany's major markets are in thetextile, paint, plastics, and ink andprinting industries.

15

Cook Paint Sells Decorative Powder Business

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16

Cook Paint and Varnish Co., KansasCity, M0, manufacturer of industrial andcommercial coatings, has sold its decora­tive industrial powder business to Prall &Lambert, Inc., Buffalo, NY.

The transaction involved approxi­mately 3.5% of Cook's current salesvolume and is in keeping with the firm'sstrategic plan to concentrate the market­ing of its powder coatings in otherdirections.

Cook, a supplier of internal and ex­ternal pipeline coatings, will intensify itsthrust into the pipeline market as well asproviding powder coatings for corrosionprotection on reinforcing steel membersused extensively in highways and bridgeconstruction,

Mobil Acquires Du Pont'sCan Coating Business

Mobil Chemical Co., New York, NY,a worldwide supplier of packagi'ng coat­ings, has purchased Du Pont's domesticcan coatings assets.

The acquisition includes patents, alicense for the trademark Corlar® forcan coatings use, product formulations,and manufacturing equipment. The tech­nology will be integrated into the existingpackaging coatings business of Mobil'sChemical Products Division.

Parr Paint Div. AcquiredBy Man-Gill Chemical

Man-Gill Chemical Co. announced thepurchase of the Parr Paint Div, of ParrInc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kop­pers Corp. The Division will be combinedwith another recent acquisition, BodyBros., Inc., to form the Man-Gill Chemi­cal Co. Paint Group. The Paint Groupwill retain all sales and research/ technicalpersonnel from Parr Paint and BodyBros.

Sales and marketing functions for thePaint Group will be headed by Michael J.Clark, Vice President of Sales & Mar­keting, All other functions, includingpurchasing, production and research, willbe under the direction of Joseph J.Potoczak, Vice President and GeneralManager, Paint Group.

Since 1953, Man-Gill Chemical Co.has developed products for metal form­ing, acid inhibitors, cleaning and metalfinishing, and industrial coatings, and areused extensively in the steel, automotiveand appliance industries.

Further applications of the company'sextensive powder technology are beingdeveloped for rigid containers, and forheavy duty corrosion-resistant productsfor the chemical, oil, sewage, and struc­tural steel markets, and coil coatingapplications.

LanChem Purchasedby Akzo N.V.

Akzo N.V., a $6 billion multinationalchemical enterprise based in Arnhem,The Netherlands, has agreed to purchaseLanChem Corp" East St. Louis, IL,effective as of January.

LanChem will continue to operateunder the direction of its founder andchief executive officer, Dr. Herman 1.Lanson, and vice-president, Ellioll W.Lanson, as a subsidiary of Akzo CoatingsAmerica, Inc,

Dr. Hans Remijnse, managing directorof Kunstharsfabriek Synthese b.v., asubsidiary of Akzo Coatings, and manu­facturer of specialty resins, said thatLanChem will serve as the U.S, basefor specialty coating resins and printingink resins manufacturing and marketing.The acquisition of LanChem will enablethe company to fully realize the U.S.market potential for its printing ink resinprod ucts, he said.

Dr. Lanson said the affiliation withSynthese will enable his company tocombine the coating resin research effortsof LanChem with the polymer researchresources of Synthese.

The LanChem plant facility beganoperation in September 1979.

Reichhold PurchasesFlorida Resin Plant

Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., WhitePlains, NY, has completed the acquisi­tion of Textron Incorporated's SpencerKellogg resin plant in Pensacola, FL.

Along with the plant, Reichhold alsoacquired Spencer Kellogg's Arochemrosin-based hard resin product line whichis used in printing inks, coatings, andchewing gum. Both the plant and productline have been consolidated into Reich­hold's Resins & Binders Div .. which isheadquartered in Pensacola, adjacent tothe plant.

Reichhold said the acquisition willstrengthen its resin marketing position inthe Southeast, and provide additionalprocess technology used in the manufac­ture of coating resins.

Journal of Coatings Technology

In 1852 the American Clip­ship "Comet" encountered avere hurricane ofT the coast'

~~Qiiil!fi!1Sii;Bermuda. A lesser ship would!ot have survived that storm. Through know-hownd COMMITMENT, Pfizer has been successfullyeathering similar storms in American industry

or over a century. Despite the challenges ofrecesion, inflation, regulation and shortages, Pfizeraintained its COMMITMENT to leadership inigment Technology. Through unsettling times Ifizer has: I

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• Added new technical service personneland laboratories I

• Supplemented its direct sales force with a',highly responsive LTL distributor networ~

No one knows what future economic storms mare on the horizon. However, no matter what the

climate, Pfizer is committed to meeting the ne'eof its Pigment customers. Creative Colorshipf~Over a Century represents the continuous pu s Itofex ellence in Pigment Technology. It take to 1OMMITMEN~ But at PIzer, there is no Q eJi wa .

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And since our epoxides are afamily of products, you don't have todeal with different suppliers for

your resins, flexibilizers and diluents.CYRACURE Epoxides are currently

starring in the metal decorating/finishing, electrical!electronics,printing ink and plastic coatingmarkets.

For more information, includinghow to book our epoxides, just write usat: Union Carbide Corporation, Dept.M1553, Danbury, CT 06817.

Remember, the more top billing yougive our CYRACURE Epoxides, themore applause ...you11 receive ~from your SPECIALTY POLYMERS & COMPOSITES

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Performance ComparisonOf Exterior Flat Finishes

On Hardboard Siding

R. Becker, S. Bussjaeger, Roger Haines,J. Laurent, R. McFadden, and T. SattaKansas City Society for Coatings Technology

Technical Committee

Exposure studies on the comparative performanceof several flat exterior finishes on a variety ofhardboard siding substrates have demonstrated asignificant improvement in both substrate protec­tion and coating performance with two-coat sys­tems versus a single topcoat application. Tendifferent hardboard siding products were includedas substrates for this evaluation. These boards wereshown to have a wide range of densities, impactresistance, and moisture content. Substrate testswere also run to identify the edge swell and moistureabsorption tendency of each board.

Best overall performance was achieved with alatex emulsion top-coat over either an alkyd/oilundercoat or acrylic latex primer. A single coat ofoil/alkyd house paint was given the worst overallrating. Coating performance was generally better onsmooth hardboard than on the textured products.

INTRODUCTION

Hardboard is a generic term for a panel manufacturedfrom lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat andpressure to a density of 321b/ft J or more'. It is used forexterior siding, interior wall paneling, furniture, andother industrial and commercial uses. Hardboard has

Prl"l'ntl'd b~ Mr. lIainl:l> a' lhl' hbl AnnuOII Mn·ting (If Ih(' h'da<Jtion of Socit.'lics for("o:lIlng\ l~chnlll()g} In MUnlfl'i11. QUl".• Canada. Ol'tob..:r 12. 19M3.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

taken many of the markets previously held by plywoodand lumber.

Of particular interest to the paint industry is the factthat hardboard siding comprises 25% to 30% of the totalmarket for exterior wall covering. A full 60% of allhardboard manufactured is used directly in residentialconstruction '.

Exterior hardboard siding generally is sold in panelform or as narrow sheets for use as lap siding. Allhardboard siding can be placed in one of the threefollowing categories:

(I) Factory-primed, smooth siding. No texture on theface of the board (Figure I).

(2) Factory-primed, embossed, or textured siding.Material is embossed or scored during the pressingoperation to simulate various wood grains andsurface finishes (Figure 2).

(3) Unprimed, textured siding; sold without a factory­applied pre-primer (Figure. 3).

A wide variety of finishes are applied to these sidingproducts, offering various degrees of protection againstweathering, but relatively little information is availableconcerning finish system performance on this substrate.

The primary objective of this study was to obtaincomparative data on the weathering performance ofselected exterior Oat finishing systems on several cur­rently available hardboard siding materials. An attemptwas made to evaluate the substrate itself in order todemonstrate significant differences in the hardboardmaterial and the effect of these differences on coatingperformance. The results of this two year study will serveas a basis for additional long-term evaluations of thefinishing systems represented.

19

KANSAS CITY SOCIETY

Figure 1-Preprlmed, smooth hardboard siding

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Substrates

The hardboard panels used in this study were suppliedby the various manufacturers in I ft X 2 ft sections. (Twoof the five manufacturers contacted declined to supplyboards; therefore, these boards were purchased at a locallumberyard in 4 ft X 8 ft panels and cut to the specifiedsize.) The manufacturers were asked to supply productsclassified as medium-density, pre-primed, smooth lapsiding; pre-primed textured; and unprimed texturedsiding. (Not all manufacturers produce a board in allthree categories.)

Figure 2-Preprimed, textured hardboard

20

Figure 3-Unprlmed, textured hardboard

Any boards showing fractures, frayed edges, or otherdamage were discarded. and specific exposure panelswere randomly selected from the remaining boards. Atotal of 120 boards were used in the exposure study.

Each of the five manufacturers was arbitrarily assignedan alphabetical code, A through E. and each board typewas identified numerically as follows: I = Pre-primed,smooth lap siding; 2 = Unprimed textured siding; and3 = Pre-primed. textured siding.

The boards were identified only by this alphabeticalcode and numerical classification throughout the evalua­tion (i.e.. A-I. B-2. E-3. etc.).

FINISHING SYSTEMS

Primers

Formulation constants for the base coats used in thisstudy are listed in Table I. These primers were chosento avoid the use of brand names or proprietaryformulations.

Each pancl was primcd as shown in Figure 4. The top4 in. of the panel were coatcd with a TT-P-25-type primer.The bottom 4 in. received a coat of latex primer. No basecoat was applied to the 4 in. stripe in the center of thepanel. Both primers were spray-applied at a coverage raleof 400 to 450 ft 2/gal (3 to 4 mil wet).

Dry film thicknesses were measured at 1.5 mil for theTT-P-25 wood undercoat and 1.0 mil for the latex primer.Board 0-2. because of its porosity, required two coats ofthe oil/alkyd primer to achieve equivalent dry filmthickness. The panels were cleaned with a damp clothbefore priming.

Top Coats

Table 2 provides a summary of the generic type andformulation constants of the finish coats included in this

Journal of Coatings Technology

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF EXTERIOR FLAT FINISHES

Table 1-Prlmlng System.

Exposure

The hardboard substrates were fastened to galvanizedmetal A-frames at a 45° angle with a southern exposure.The panels were grouped according to manufacturer in 10horizontal rows.

All boards were visually inspected every three months.ASTM performance ratings were taken only after 26months of exposure.

Substrate Analysis

Of the 23 tests outlined in ASTM D 1037-72A(Evaluating the Properties of Wood Base Fiber andParticle Panel Materials),' five were performed on theuncoated hardboard. These five tests are outlined inTable 3.

The objective of these tests was to determine whetherhardboard. like natural wood siding. varies in manyrespects. and how some of these differences (i.e .. waterabsorption. swell. te.xture. etc.,) may affect the paintholding properties of the board.

All tests were run according to ASTM standards. Threespecimens from each board were evaluated, and allratings represent an average of these multiple tests.

Weights were accurate to within 0.0 I g and measurementsto 0.001 in.

Substrate Analysis

Densities of the boards tested varied from a low of41.16 lb/ ft l (0.659 g/ cm]) up to 54.65Ib/ft] (0.876 g/ cm]).In all cases, if a manufacturer submitted both smooth andtextured products, the smooth lap, pre-primed siding hada lower density than boards with a textured finish (see

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 5-Completed preprlmed, textured panel before exposure

Figure 4-Preprlmed, textured board with test primers applied

Exposure Performance Ratings

Each finishing system was evaluated for six differentcriteria and assigned a numerical rating as specified in theASTM methods listed in Table 4$ An overall perfor­mance rating was given to each system, based on theaverage performance scores on all substances. (GeneralPerformance Rating, G. P. R.)

9.501b85 k.u.37.328.5013.50%

Acrylic House Pllnt Primer'Rohm Ind Hils EXPR-35-4

TT-P-25E'Wood Undercolt

Wt/gal 10.35 IbViscosity 85 k.u.o/c Weight solids 64.0%Volume solids 42.5PVC 38.0%

study. A representative range of vehicle systems andPYCs for exterior flat finishes was chosen for thisperformance evaluation.

All top coats were applied to the hardboard substrateswith a brush at a spreading rate of 400 to 450 ft l

/ gal(3 to 5 mil wet). No special surface preparation was used.The edges and backs of the panels were left uncoated tosimulate actual exposure and accelerate any failuresrelated to moisture absorption.

Actual dry film thicknesses of the top coats were notrecorded. Yariations in finished dry film thickness wouldbe expected, depending on the top coat choice of theconsumer, application method, and substrate texture.Therefore, practical coverage rate and total number ofcoats were given priority over equivalent film thicknessesin this study.

Figure 5 shows a completed board. The panels weredivided in half (one-foot square sections). Both halveswere coated with the same vehicle system at identicalPYCs, the left half in a medium green, the right half in adarker. deep brown color. These colors were chosen toenhance any discoloration and to simplify the evaluationof lOp coat failures versus top coat/primer defects.

All panels were allowed to dry for nine days in thelaboratory before installation on the test fence.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 21

KANSAS CITY SOCIETY

Table 2-Flnlshing Systems

Code No. Generic Type PVC ('10) WIIGal(lb) % Solids Volume '10 Solids Weight PVC/CPVC

01-35 · . .. ..... . . . . Oil/alkyd 35 9.55 40.85 59.12 0.67201-43 · . .. ....... .. Oil/alkyd 43 9.40 33.55 53.75 0.82601-50 ............. Oil/alkyd 50 9.30 29.12 50.14 0.96002-35 ............. Acrylic 35 10.78 39.15 52.45 0.67202-43 ............. Acrylic 43 10.70 31.85 46.40 0.82602-50 ............. Acrylic 50 10.65 27.40 42.75 0.96003-35 · . . . . . . . ... .. Acrylic 35 10.90 39.15 53.00 0.672

terpolymer03-43 ............. Acrylic 43 10.76 31.85 46.85 0826

terpolymer03-50 ............. Acrylic 50 10.71 27.40 43.05 0.960

terpolymer04-35 ............. Vinyl-acrylic 35 10.88 39.15 52.92 0.67204-43 ............. Vinyl-acrylic 43 10.78 31.85 46.80 0.82604-50 ·. . .. . .. . .. .. Vinyl-acrylic 50 10.70 27.40 43.00 0.960

Table 3-Substrate Tests

Table 4-Crllerla for Evaluating Test Coallngs

Figure 6). Boards from Manufacturer "A" showedrelatively high densities compared to most of the othcrboards evaluated, some measuring higher than thedensity range specified by the American HardboardAssociation for medium density boards6

Moisture content of the boards ranged from 4.30% byweight to 6.99% with an average of 5.71% moisture.

The test for water absorption, as measured by thepercent increase in the weight of the boards afterimmersion in water for a 24-hour period, resulted in awide range of values. The textured, unprimed boardsshowed a 4.0% increase in water absorption over thetextured and smooth primed boards.

Board Characteristic

Size and appearance .Impact resistance .Water absorption and percent swell .Moisture content .Dcnsity .

ASTM 0 1037-72. Reference

Sections 7 through 10Sections 91 through 95Sections 100 through 106Sections 124 and 125Sections 124 and 125

As demonstrated in Figure 7, boards A2-B and D-2showed dramatic increases in weight (24.1 % and 57.39(,respectively). Board D-2 has shown some unique prob­lems with severe warping and board degradation (seeFigure 9). This substrate deterioration is evident onlyon areas of the board where a single coat of latex paintwas applied and is much more pronounced in the 43t;;and 50% PVC vinyl-acrylic and acrylic terpolymerformulations.

The impact resistance of the boards is shown inFigure 8. It is difficult to relate the impact resistance of thesubstrate to thc performance of the coatings applied tothat substrate. This test is morc likely a measure of thehardboard's resistance to structural damage due tomishandling during construction or hail.

A simple test was performed to measure the board'stendency to swell when subjccted to a high moistureenvironment. The board's thickness was measured afterstabilizing for two days in the laboratory(50% R. H. ± 2c;(and 70°F± 2°) and again after being immersed in waterfor a 24-hour pcriod. Thc difference between the drythickness and wet thickness was used to determine thepercent board swell. These values are shown on the graphin Figure 7. The pre-primed boards generally showed lessswell than the unprimed boards. The primer apparentlyoffers some protection to thc board against moisturepenetration. Thc boards from Manufacturer "B" showeda slightly higher tendency to swell than identical boardtypes from the other manufacturers.

Performance Criteria

Erosion .

Checking

Cracking

Flaking (adhcsion loss)

Discoloration ...........•....

22

ASTM Oeslgnallon

0-662-44 "Evaluating Degrec ofErosion of Exterior Paints"

0-660-44 "Evaluating Degree ofChecking of Exterior Paints"

0-661 -44 "Evaluating Dcgree ofCracking of Exterior Paints"

0-772-47 "Evaluating Dcgrcc ofFlaking (scaling) of ExteriorPaints"

All surface contamination wasnumerically ratcd based on FSPTstandards for dirt and moldaccumulation.

Exposure Ratings

OIl./ ALKYD Top OlA·IS (01 SERIES): All oil/alkyd topcoats demonstrated consistcntly poorer performanceover both priming systems than their latex counterparts.Within the oil/alkyd group, ratings for erosion are muchlower on the latex-primed areas of the boards than oneither the unprimed or oil-primed sections. The single­coat, oil/alkyd finish was given the lowest overall rating,showing poor results for adhesion, checking, and dis­coloration in all PVC ranges (Tab/e 5).

Journal of Coatings Technology

,.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF EXTERIOR FLAT FINISHES

Figure 6-Density of hardboard [ASTM 01037 (124-125)]

50

30

20

., Cl A2b C2

Board Deslgnatlon., .3 E3

•:.:i-I:•.....3<>•~!!.:;:II·~..•

Loss of adhesion at this point is evident only on two ofthe three pre-primed, textured boards (A-3 and B-3), andis limited to the unprimed sections of the panels.Adhesion loss is more pronounced in the 35% PVCformulation (0 1-35) than in the higher PVC finishes.

Au. ACRYI.IC Tol' COATS (02 SERIES): The acrylicfinishes are performing well on the majority of the boards,as are the rest of the latex formulations. It should be notedthat on the unprimed areas of board D-2, where most ofthe latex systems have allowed the board to degradesubstantially, the all-acrylic coatings have offered signif­icantly beller protection (Table 6).

There are few differences between the performance of(he 350i PVC formulation and the 50% PVC productwithin the acrylic test group. The lower PVC coating has

TO 1.3'1't

_ MOISTURE ABSORPTION

W~ .OAR' SWell

:10 .H.A. MAX. A8S0RP. UN PRIMEDD 20 -------------------------------------::;.:c.U 1 S -----------------------------~ .H.A. MA)(, AeSORP. PREPRIMEO

•0.

shown better resistance to discoloration and checkingthan the 50% PVC finish,

ACRYLIC TERPOLYMER Top COATS (03 SERIES): Theterpolymer finishes also performed well in this exposurestudy; however, some differences were noted betweenthese paints and the all-acrylic systems on the unprimedsections of the boards.

The protection offered to board 0-2 with a single coatof the acrylic terpolymer formulations was noticeably lessthan the all-acrylic top coats, and resistance to crackingwas less in the high PVC (50%) terpolymer formulationthan with the equivalent all-acrylic product. Protectionagainst discoloration was rated higher for all PVC rangesin the 03 Series than in the 02 Series test group (Table 7),

No differences were noted in the performance of the

Figure 7-Percent moisture absorpllon andpercent board swell [ASTM 0 1037 (100-106)]

., c, "28 A2b C2

Board DesignationD2 A3 .3 E3

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 23

KANSAS CITY SOCIETY

'2

•! 10;;...2

•••...!:•~ .·;isC>o •<;

Figure 8-lmpact resistance [ASTM 0 1037(91-95»)

c, .u. A2b C2

Board Designation02

acrylic terpolymer formulations and the all-acrylic topcoats on the primed areas of the boards.

VINYL-AcRYLIC Top COATS (04 SERIES): After 26 monthsof exposure, the overall individual ratings for the vinyl­acrylic systems are very close to those ofthe Series 03 and02 top coats. The 50% PVC formulation exhibited somefilm erosion over the latex primed section of board A-2,and the resistance to checking with a single coat of vinyl­acrylic was somewhat less in the higher PVC formulations(43% and 50%) than in the other latex topcoats( Table 8).

The vinyl-acrylic finishes were also rated lower forcolor retention (fade) than the 03 and 02 Series paints.

Figure 9-Unprlmed, textured board "0-2" after 26 months'exposure. Note panel degradation on center, single-coated,

section of board

24

SUMMARY

This exposure study illustrates the enhanced protectionand weatherability of two-coat paint systems on thehardboard substrates tested. The two-coat, all-latexsystems and oil-primed, latex top coat systems exhibitedsignificantly better performance than equivalent coats ofall oil/alkyd products or the latex-primed, oil/alkydtopcoat systems. Generally, the highest rate offailure wasfound with a single coat of an oil/ alkyd paint on texturedhardboard substrates.

The factory-primed boards showed more resistance towater absorption and swelling than their unprimedcounterparts; however, there was no conclusive evidencecorrelating the low absorption and swelling properties ofthese boards to increased paint holding characteristics. Infact, there was no statistical evidence to support anycorrelation between test results on the uncoated boardsand the performance of the boards as paint substrates. Atthis point, it can only be stated -.that the paint systemstested have shown a lower rate of failure on the smoothpre-primed boards than on the textured products (pre­primed or unprimed).

From the results of this study, it appears that aminimum of two coats of finish is necessary forsatisfactory performance on exterior hardboard siding(pre-primed or unprimed). Latex top coats are preferred,but there is no evidence at this time to suggest betterservice life from an all-acrylic paint compared to anacrylic terpolymer or vinyl-acrylic product (except for theimprovement in color retention noted for the 03 and 02Series top coats versus the vinyl-acrylic formulations).Poor results can be expected from one coat of a flat,oil/ alkyd finish, or a two-coat, latex-primed, oil/ alkydtop coat system.

Journal of Coatings Technology

O.p.b

Erosion .....•....•..•.•...... 9.5Checking.. ... ..... 9.4Cracking ..........•..•..•.... 9.9Flaking ........•..•.•. 9.8Discoloration .......•..•...... 9.9Fade 4.0

G.P.R.' 8.58

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF EXTERIOR FLAT FINISHES

Table 5-01l/Alkyd Topcoat Systems

01·35 PVC 01·43 PVC 01·50 PVC

U.p.b L.p.b O.P. U.P. L.P. O.P. U.P. L.P.

10.0 7.1 9.6 10.0 8.3 9.5 9.9 8.17.9 9.5 9.8 7.8 9.7 9.5 7.2 9.48.1 10.0 9.8 8.3 10.0 9.9 8.6 9.98.7 9.9 9.9 8.7 10.0 10.0 8.9 10.09.2 9.9 9.7 8.0 9.9 9.7 7.9 9.840 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

7.97 8.70 8.80 7.80 8.65 8.77 7.75 8.53

tal General Pcrformann' Rating.(bl O.P. =: Oil primed: U,P. = Unprimcd: L.P, =Latex primed.

Table 6-AII Acrylic Topcoat Systems

02-35 PVC 02·43 PVC 02·50 PVC

O.P. U.P. L.P. O.P. U.P. L.P. O.P. U.P. L.P.

Erosion ................... ... 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 90 10.0Checking. .................. .. 10.0 98 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.7 10.0Cracking '" .................. 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.0Flaking ................... 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0Discoloration ...........•..... 10.0 98 10.0 10.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 9.5 10.0Fadc ........ ................ 9.0 9.0 90 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

G.P.R ....................... 9.83 9.76 9.83 9.83 9.70 9.83 9.83 9.63 9.83

SCl' Tah!1' 5 for ahhrc\ i;lllon dc~ign:llion~.

Table 7-Acryllc Terpolymer Topcoat Systems

03-35 PVC 03-43 PVC 03-50 PVC

O.P. U.P. L.P. O.P. U.P. L.P. O.P. U.P. L.P.

Erosion .......... 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0Checking ..................... 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.0Cracking .. ................... 10.0 9.8 100 10.0 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.6 10.0Flaking ................. 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0Discoloration ......•....•..... 10.0 100 10.0 10.0 9.7 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0Fade ............... .. 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

GP.R . ...................... 9.83 9.77 9.83 983 Q.68 9.83 9.83 9.70 9.83

Sec Tuhfl'.5 for abbrc\·j:l\inJi dcsign:lliotls.

Table 8-Vlnyl Acrylic Topcoat Systems

04·35 PVC 04-43 PVC 04-50 PVC

O.P. U.P. L.P. O.P. U.P. L.P. O.P. U.P. L.P.

Erosion .... .................. 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9Checking ..................... 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.6 9.9Cracking ..................... 10.0 9.8 10.0 10.0 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.6 10.0Flaking . , . . . . . . .............. 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.0 10.0 9.8 10.0Discoloration .... .... 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 9.5 10.0Fade ........... .......... 7.0 7.0 7.0 70 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

G.PR........... ............. 9.50 9.40 9.50 9.50 9.25 9.50 9.50 9.25 9.46

Set: Table 5 for ahbrevi:l\ion d('~ignatjons.

Vol. 56. No. 711, April 1984 25

KANSAS CITY SOCIETY

Kansas City Society Technical Committee

Roger Haines, Chairman Farmland Industries. Inc.

Robert Becker Earl Campbell Co.

Steve Bussjaeger Davis Paint Co.

Jeff Laurent F.R. Hall. Inc.

Rick McFadden Cook Paint & Varnish Co.

Tony Sotta Solvent Supply Co.. Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We wish to thank Farmland Industries. Inc.• and DavisPaint Co. for their valuable assistance in the presentationof this work. Additional thanks to the Kansas CitySociety for Coatings Technology and the members of theTechnical Committee for their input and support.

Acknowledgment is also due the American HardboardAssociation and its member companies for contributingboth materials and information critical to the successfulcompletion of this study.

26

Kansas City Society Technical Committee (left to right): R.Becker. S. Buss/aeger, R. Haines, T. Satta. and R. McFadden.

Not shown Is J. Laurent

References(I) "Hardboard Economic Review. 1972-19Xl," American Hardboard

Assoc.. Palatine. It. Sep!. J9~2.

(2) "Guidc to U.S. Guvernlllenl Paint Speeirications." TT-P-25EPrimer. Coating. Exterior. (Undercoat for Wood. Ready Mixed.White). National Paint and Coatings Assoc .. Washington. DC.Feb. 1980.

(3) "Exlerior Aerylir Primer. EXPR-35-4:' Rohlll and Haa, Co..Philadelphia. PA.

(4) American Society for Testing and Materials. "Standard Methodsof Evaluating the Propcrtic~ of Wood-Uasc Fiber and PaniclePanel Material>. D-I037-72a:' Allllual Bouk o(ASTM Stalldards,Pari 16. 1972.

(5) American Society for Testing i.lnd Materiab-. "T('~t~ for Formu­lated Products and Applied Coatings:' AI/Illial Book of ASHIStandards. Part 27. 19X2 (d('~ignations as ~hO\\(1).

(6) Peterson. C.c.. Am.:rkan Hardboard A~soc. communication.

Journal of Coatings Technol091

Address

Position

Name

Company

CHEMISCHE WERKE HOLS AG0-4370 Marl, F. R. Germany

biils

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28

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Journal of Coatings Technology

A Simple ModelFor the Numerical Simulation

Of Reflectance of Black Chrome Coating Systems

Spencer 1. Wu and Larry W. MastersNational Bureau of Standards'

Black chrome has been used extensively as anabsorptive coating in solar collector systems be­cause of its high absorptancelemittance ratio as wellas its general stable characteristics under variousenvironmental conditions. This paper presents anumerical simulation on the optical properties ofblack chrome coating systems. A simple model isdeveloped for black chrome composite by consider­ing the coating to be composed of three "pseudo"layers. Rouard's method is used for computing thereflectance spectra of the system. The model can beused to serve the engineering needs for correlatingthe optical performance of the material. Anumericalexample is provided to illustrate the approach.

INTRODUCTION

Black chrome has been used extensively as an absorptivecoating in solar collector systems because of its highabsorptance-to-emittance ratio as well as its stabilityunder many of the exposure conditions encountered insolar collectors. I-) Recent research has demonstrated thatthe ability of black chrome to withstand long-termexposures to elevated temperatures maydepend upon thecomposition of the material.!,4 The experimentallyobserved degradation in absorptance of black chrome

·Center fnr Building I cchrw!ogy. Wa~lllnglOn. DC 20234.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

during oven aging tests up to 250°C led to thedevelopment, by the authors, of a model for estimatingthe effect ofexposure to elevated temperatures5 Based onthe model, the permanent changes in the spectralreflectance of black chrome resulting from thermal agingcan be predicted. To use the model, it is necessary toobtain first the baseline spectral reflectance at a referencetemperature. The baseline spectra reflectance may bedetermined using analytical instrumentation. But becauseof the cost of the instrumentation and its maintenance, itis not readily available to industrial and manufacturingfirms.

Reported here is a simplified process for determiningthe baseline reflectance of black chrome coatings so thatthe previously developed modd can be used more in theindustry. Specifically, a simple model is developedfor numerically computing the reflectance curve usingknown parameters of the coating system.

BACKGROUND

Black chrome is a complex composite. It is composedof metallic chromium (Cr) and chromic oxide (Cr!O).Even though analytical and experimental studies havebeen pursued,H the microstructure is not fully character­ized. For this reason, the reflectance of the system cannotbe computed satisfactorily based on the microstructuralcomposition of the coating. Assumptions on the compo­sition have been made to utilize multilayer modeling in thenumerical simulation of the reflectance of the coating sys­tem 9 Because the reflectance of a system is very sensitiveto the composition of the material, the multilayer approach

29

S.T. WU and L.W. MASTERS

Nomenclature

F = effective Fresnel coefficientR ~ the term defined in equation 2 (reOeetanee)d ~ thickness of a layerf = volume fractions of the components in a composite

k = absorption coefficientn = reflectance index/) = a term defined in equation 3A ~ wavelengthp = reflectance of the system

Subscripts

i, j = an index denotes the number of the layer d

Symbols

- = denotes the variable as a complex number• = denotes the variable as a conjugate of a number

based on the assumed composition is unlikely to providequantitative information on the optical characteristics ofthe coating system. Furthermore, the surface of blackchrome is not smooth at the microstructural level,especially after exposure to elevated temperature condi­tions. Such roughness on the surface can be seen inFigures I and 2. Figure I shows an unexposed blackchrome specimen; Figure 2 shows a specimen after it wasexposed at 250°C even aging for 22 days. The surfaceconditions raise further problems in utilizing a layeredmodel for the numerical simulation of the coating system.Because of these concerns, the approach used in this studyhas focused on the development of a simple structuralmodel. The effects due to the surface roughness, such asdiffusing, are not included in the present model.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL

Description of the Model

The major criteria used are: (I) the model must besimple; (2) the model must be capable of reflecting theknown properties of black chrome; (3) the model must

Figure l-Micrograph of the surface of an unexposed blackchrome specimen (at 80 x magnification)

30

depend on physically realistic parameters of the coating,e.g., the thickness of the coating.

The black chrome coating is visualized as three pseudo­layers, shown schematically in Figure 3. The outer layer isassumed to be a layer of chromic oxide (Cr201); the middlelayer is assumed to be composed of metallic chromiumand chromic oxide (Cr /Cr201); and the inner layer isassumed to be composed entirely of metallic chromium.The distribution of chromic oxide in these layers isbased on the assumption that oxidation will be moreprevalent near the top surface. In reality, the majorportion of the coating should be composed of a mixture ofCr and Cr201. Therefore, the thickness of the middle layershould be much more than that of the other layers.

In the example given below, it is assumed that the innerand outer layers comprise five percent each and themiddle layer the remaining 90% of the total coatingthickness. The optical properties of the inner and theouter layers should be based on the real properties of thematerials, i.e., Cr or Cr20l, respectively. But theproperties of the second layer should be determined basedon its relation to the reflectance of the system as follows.It should be noted that the properties of the second layerobtained in this approach are the pseudo properties of theassumed layer.

Reflectance of a Layered Coating System

For a layered coating system with given materialconstants, the reflectance can be computed directly withMaxwell equations. In this paper, an equivalent approach,Rouard's method, is utilized forevaluating the reflectanceof the system. IO A complex refractive index, ii, is used torepresent the properties of the system. IO The real part ofthe index, ii, n, represents the ratio ofthe wave velocity invacuum to that in the medium. The imaginary part of iirepresents the energy absorption, k. It is worth pointingout that, in practice, the complex refractive index ii hasbeen used in the absorptive medium to replace thefunction of n in a transparent medium. IO

-12 Hence, the

effective Fresnel coefficient, F, used in Rouard's method

Figure 2-Micrograph of the surface of a specimen aller It wasexposed to 250· C oven aging for 22 days (at 80 X magnification)

Journal of Coatings Technology

A SIMPLE MODEL FOR THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Figure 3-Sketch of the structural model for the black chromecoaling

Table l-Values of nand k as the Effective PropertiesOf the Second Layer in the Model for the Illustrated Exampled1

~"v-<7'''<7"''''<'1~..........,....."......,..~1

Ul/7~dJ

Cr20J layer

composite layerof Cr - Cr20J

chromium layer

Wavelength(in I'm)

2.0 5.89

1.7 4.031.5 3.57

1.3 2.45

1.0 .. .. 2.270.67 .. 2.680.5 2.77

3.10

2.02

1.741.17

1.191.331.67

(I)

is a complex number. For the specific layer, i, ofa system,F,. may be expressed as:

_ R, + R,., cxp(-2io,)

F,; 1+ R, R,., cxp(-2i6,)

where

R = nd - n,(2)

, "t-l + ill

with

j; i. i + I (2a)

and

6, ; 2rrd, n,/ I- (3)

in which d, is the thickness of the ith layer. The effectiveFresnel coefficient, F,-I, for the (i-I) layer can be written as:

F,ol; R,o'_+ F.:. cxp(-2i6,o') (4)1+ R, IF, cxp(-2i6,,)

and the reOectance, p, of the system is:

(5)

where FI - is the conjugate of Fl. For the present model,the total number of layers is fixed as three.

EXAMPLE AND DISCUSSION

An example is given to illustrate how the model may beused to evaluate the reOectance of the system. Assume ablack chrome coating specimen with measured spectralreOectance, as shown in Figure 4, is to be simulatednumerically by the model described above. The specimenis a black chrome coating over a nickel Oashing on a steelsubstrate. s The average total thickness of black chromewas measured to be 0.75 Jim. As noted earlier, the firstlayer and the third layer are assumed to be five percenteach of the total thickness. The optical properties of thefirst and third layers used in the evaluation are shown inFigures 5 and 6. 13 The volume fraction ofCr, f, isequalto0.0 for the first layer and equal to 1.0 for the third layer.With the trial and error method, nand k values for thesecond layer are obtained usingequations(l)through(5);

5.0 rr-----,------r---.-------,

11: Volume ratio 01 Cr in the Cr/Cr20Jcomposites

4.0

Figure 4-Computed reflectance using the model

0.5 0.8 1.0

WAVElENGTH IJi mj

0.3

1.0 LL-L__-'- --'-_-'- ------'

2.0

2.0

Figure 5-Refractive index vs wavelength. The index wascomputed based on the mean field theory

-

-

-

-

- - - - Experimental measurements

- 0 - Computer outputs based on themodel and the data in Table 1

1.0

0.9

08

0.7

~ 06'-'z

~05

0.4'"

03

02

0.1

0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 J.7 1.9 2.1

WAVELENGTH IJ.1 ml

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 31

S.T. WU and L.W. MASTERS

Figure 6-Absorption coefficient vs wavelength. The coefficientwas computed based on the mean lield theory

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

(I) Lampert. e.M. and Washburn. J .. "Microstructure of a BlackSolar Selective Absorber:' Solar Energy Materials. I. p. 81 (1979).

(2) Ritchie. L.T.. et aI., "Thermal Degradation of Chromium BlackSolar Selective Absorbers," Solar Energy Materials. 2. p 167(1979).

(3) Masters, L. W.. et al.. "Solar Energy Systems-Standards forAbsorber Materials," BSIR 81-2232. National Bureau ofStandards, Washington. DC 20234. January 1981.

(4) Pettit, R.B. and Sowell, R.R .. "Recent Development RegardingElectrodeposited Black Chrome Solar Coatings:' Proc. SecondAnnual Conference on Absorber Surfaces for Solar Receivers.January 1979. p 33.

(5) Wu, ST. and Masters, L.W .. "Optical Properties of Black Chrome.A Model for Predicting the Effect of Exposure to ElevatedTemperature," JOURNAl. OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY. 54. No. 691.41 (1982).

(6) Ignatiev. A.. O'Neill. P.. and Zajac. G.. "The Surface Micro­structure Optical Properties Relationship in Solar Absorbers:Black Chrome:' Solar Energy Materials. I. p 69 (1979).

(7) Pettit. R.B.. Sweet, J.N .. and Sowell. R.R .. "Variation in Micro­structure of Electrodeposited Black Chrome Solar Coatings'"Proc. ASTM Conference. Augu't 1981.

(8) Sowell. R.R. and Mattox. D.M .. Plating and Surface Finishing.65. p 51 (1978).

(9) Chang, R. and Hall. W.F.. "On the Correiation Between OpticalProperties and Chemicall Mathematical Constitution ofCr,O, CrThin Films," Proc. AlP Conf. 40. p 505 (1978).

(10) Heavens. O.S .. "Optical Properties of Thin Solid Films:' Do"erPubl., New York, 1965.

(II) Cohen. R.W.. Cody. G.D.. Coutts. M.D.. and Aheles. B.."Optical Properties of Granular Silver and Gold Films:' Phy. Rei'.B.. 8. No.8. P 3689 (1973).

(12) Granquist, e.G.. "Optical Properties of Ultrafine Gold Particles."Proc. AlP Conf.. 40. P 196 (1978).

(13) Barker, A.S .. Jr. and Ditzenberger. J.A .. "Optical Properties ofAntiferromagnctism in Chromium and Its Alloys." Phy. Rev. B. I.No. II, p 4378 (1970).

(14) Wood, D.M. and Ashcroft. N.W .. "Effective Medium Theory ofOptical Properties of Small Particle Components," Phil. Mag.. 25.No.2. p 269 (1977).

The authors are grateful to Drs. J. Ings and D.E.Newbury, of the National Bureau of Standards, for theirassistance in the experimental work, and to Dr. KentReed, of the National Bureau of Standards, for hisassistance as well as valuable discussions in the prepara­tion of this paper. The authors also express their thanks toDrs. R.N. Pettit and J.N. Sweet, of Sandia NationalLaboratories, for their helpful discussions on the subject.and to the U.S. Department of Energy for its support ofthe research.

of nvalues of the second layer were close to a conditionwith a specific f (f=0.4 for the selected example). It seemsthat the model developed not only can serve the purposeof computing the baseline spectral reflectance but alsomay be used to estimate the composition of the system.

2.0

( I, =0.4

OJ O. lJWAVElENGTH 111m)

...-1 - 0.1

11: Volume ratio 01 Cr in the Cr/Cr20Jcomposites

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0....isc:;~ 5.0...0c.>

~ 4.0;:::<>.

""~ 30..2.0

1.0

0.0

0.3

SUMMARY

A simplified three-layer model was developed tosimulate numerically the black chrome coating system. Itwas shown how the parameters of the layers in the modelcould be determined based on Rouard's method. Withthese model parameters obtained, the reflectance of thecoating system could be calculated. The model wassatisfactory for numerically simulating the baselinespectral reflectance for the black chrome coatings. It wasfound in the illustrated example that the imaginary part

these values are listed in Table I. The values shown arenot the optimized solutions but they are in the realisticrange of CrI Cr20) values. The computed reflectancespectra of the system based on these data can givesatisfactory results as shown in Figure 4. An interestingfact found in the numerical study was that the k valuesobtained in the example for each wavelength, as listed inTable I, are quite close to the values found using meanfield theory t4 for the volume fraction of Cr equal to 0.4.The nand k values for various values of f, including 0.4,are plotted in Figures 5 and 6. The mean field theory wasdiscussed in depth in reference 14.

32 Journal 01 Coatings Technology

Autooxidative CrosslinkingOf Vegetable Oils and Alkyd Emulsions

Jan W. Gooch, t Gary C. Wildman, ** and B. George Bufkin tt

University of Southern Mississippi'

Autooxidative crosslin king of vegetable oils andvegetable oil-derived alkyds prior to application ofthe coating is a new and novel method of economi­cally preparing water emulsions of these materialsfor commercial coatings uses. Air and oxygen wereutilized to autooxidize the emulsified particles to anoptimal crosslink density for a balance betweenrapid dry times and good film properties. Theprocess variables of oxygen concentration, temper­ature, agitation rate, and catalysis were studied tooptimize the conditions of the reaction to producethe best possible films. Alkyds were synthesizedwith varying oil lengths to determine the effect of oillength on autooxidation reaction rate. Also, alkydswere synthesized from vegetable oils containingvarying percentages of conjugation to study thereaction rate as a function of percent conjugation.The films prepared from the emulsions were evalu­ated in terms of tensile strength, elongation, hard­ness, and dry time.

INTRODUCTION

The primary goal of this research is the utilization ofrenewable raw materials such as soybean oil in water­borne emulsion-type surface coatings. Emulsified alkydsand oils have been autooxidatively crosslinked to a near­gel or gelled state within the emulsified polymer particles.The emulsifier type was carefully selected such that theemulsion remained stable during the crosslin king process.Before crosslinking, the emulsion particle size wasreduced to less than 1.0 micron and maintained at this sizeduring the autooxidative process. The autooxidative

• Dept. of Polymer Science, Hallicsburg. MS 39406.t Dr. Gooch's pr'cscnt i1ddrcss is: Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta, GA 30.lJ2.

•• Dr. Wildman's prescnt address is: Scholl. Inc.• Mcnwhis. TN )IUSI.tt Dr. Bufkin's present address is: Sherwin-Williams Co.. Ck-vcland. OH 44113.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

process was continued until the maximum crosslinkdensity that would still allow adequate flow for coales­cence was achieved as observed by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM). During film formation and particlecoalescence, the particles continue to autooxidize onexposure with atmospheric oxygen and form a denseuniform film as observed by SEM.

This research has produced vegetable oil-based emul­sions which will dry to touch rapidly and allow waterclean-up equivalent to acrylic and vinyl latex coatings.However, the hardness is 40% less than the base alkyd.

THEORY

Emulsification of Alkyds and Oils

The emulsification of vegetable oils and vegetable oil­derived alkyd polymers requires suitable emulsifyingagents. The selection of an emulsifier for stabilization ofvegetable oil material will not necessarily be the mostfavorable emulsifier for a vegetable oil-derived alkyd.Emulsification experiments must be conducted afterdetermining the compatibility of the emulsifier in theaqueous and polymer phases such that the hydrophile­lipophile balance, which is related to the solUbilityparameter, I may be obtained. Emulsifiers were selected onthe basis of the characteristics that were necessary foremulsification of vegetable oils and vegetable oil-derivedalkyds. "McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers,,2 wasreviewed for this general purpose. Figure [ illustrates thegeometrical configuration of the particle in relation to theemulsifier layer which presents a barrier to oxygendiffusion. It can be seen that the lipophile segment of theemulsifier is soluble in the alkyd particle phase and thehydrophile segment is soluble in the aqueous phase. Asindicated in Figure I, the oxygen must diffuse from theaqueous phase through the emulsifier region and into thealkyd particle to initiate autooxidation. A discussion ofmechanisms may be found in the texts of Lenz' andOdian. s

33

JW GOOCH, G.C. WILDMAN. and B.G. BUFKIN

Table 1-Materlals

Table 2-Formulallon for Conjugation StUdy

Trimethylol propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31.90Fatly acid oil, vegetable 41.12Phthalic anhydride 33.10Less water ...............•......•..•.•............ 6.12

peroxide. The investigations of Farmer, et al. 6 on polyenesshowed the existence of both of these phenomena.

Autooxidative crosslinking of the above materialsresults in the formation of a three-dimensional polymernetwork containing ester and ether crosslinks. The degreeof crosslinking is controlled by several factors includingoxygen concentration, concentration of unsaturated andconjugated groups, and temperature. In a reactor, theoxygen concentration can be controlled by the oxygenpartial pressure as described by Henry's Law.

Bufkin and Grawe' discussed most of the principalconcepts which have been employed over the last 10 yearsto develop thermosetting or crosslinking emulsions basedupon many different chemistries including a discussion ofdrying oils and alkyd resins in emulsions. This six-partreview was designed to serve as an introduction to a seriesof publications from these laboratories describingresearch and development of crosslinking emulsionswhich are new and novel, of which this report is a portion.

Percenl (W/W)

Malerial Descripllon

Soya oil. alkali refinedShort oil soya alkydMedium soya oil alkydLong soya oil alkydExtra-long oil soya alkydUrethane soya alkyd

Component

I ..II

IIIIVV

VI

Control of Autooxidative CrosslinkingWith the Swelling Ratio

An excellent technique for studying the networkstructure in crosslinked polymers involves the swelling ofa polymer in solvent to measure its "swelling ratio.,,8 Theswelling ratio is the volume of the solvent swollenpolymer to the volume of the dry polymer. Ifa crosslinkedpolymer is added to a solvent for the uncrosslinkedpolymer, then the crosslinked polymer will swell, but itwill not dissolve, and the total volume will increase. Ifanyuncrosslinked polymer is present it will dissolve anddiffuse out of the swollen polymer. The uncrosslinkedmaterial is the sol fraction of the total polymer sam­ple. The crosslinked material will swell in the three­dimensional polymer gel phase until the solution osmoticforces are balanced by the forces due to the stretchedsegments of polymer chains. These elastic retractiveforces are inversely proportional to the molecular weightof polymer between crosslinks. A highly crosslinkedpolymer will not swell as much as a lightly crosslinkedpolymer."

Number

// A.lkyd

;' Particle

",,-------\--//Emulsifier \

?-Hydrophil segment Emu1s~fier

, -Lipophil segment Req10n

Autooxidation of Emulsified Alkyds and Oils

Vegetable oils are obtained and refined from severalplant sources. They are largely comprised of thetriglyceride esters of fatty acids. Three particularlyimportant oils are soya, linseed, and tung oil since theseoils contain fatty acids with wide variation in olefinicgroups and conjugation. For example, soya oil containsoleic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, and palmitic fatty acids;linseed oil contains the same fatty acids, but in differentproportions; and tung oil contains a major proportion ofeleosteric fatty acid.

Stearic fatty acid is saturated, oleic contains one olefingroup at the carbon (9) position, linoleic fatty acidcontains two olefin groups at the carbons (9) and(12) positions. Linolenic fatty acid contains three olefingroups at the carbons (9), (12), and (15) positions.Eleosteric acid contains olefin groups at carbons (9),(II), and (13) and the double bonds are conjugated. Inaddition, a mixture of isomers exists within the struc­ture of these materials. Also, erythro- and threo­conformations are present in these same structures, butof undetermined proportions. .

Historically, two fundamental theories of autooxida­tion are dominant. First, there is allylic abstraction of ahydrogen atom and second, direct addition of oxygen tothe double band. One of the most important conse­quences of free radical theory of olefin autooxidation isthat the unpaired electron in the initially formed allylictype hydrocarbon radical is delocalized being more or lessequally distributed between the "I "and "3" carbon atomsin alkylated ethylenes. This leads to two consequences:The first is that more than one hydroperoxide may beformed; the ratios of the various hydroperoxides dependon the electron densities on the carbon atoms involved.The second is that the more delocalized an unpairedelectron the greater the rate of formation of hydro-

Figure 1-Emulslfled alkyd particle and oxygen dillusion

34 Journal of Coatings Technology

AUTOOXIDATIVE CROSSLINKING

Table 3-Formulatlon of Soya 011 Emulsion

EXPERIMENTAL

Soya oil 50.0Distilled water ...........•...•...•...•...•..••.... 49.0Dodeeyl sodium sulfate 1.0

ProportionalTemperatureController

CompressedOxygenBottle·

Processing of Alkyd and Oil Emulsions

The autooxidation of oil and alkyd emulsions wasconducted in a Bench Scale pressure vessel illustrated inFigure 2. The reactor was equipped for control of theair! oxygen pressure, temperature, and agitation rate. Theturbine agitator, monitored by a tachometer, thoroughlycirculated the emulsion within the vessel. The temper­ature sensor was in the liquid adjacent to the turbine

r----·-------)- - - - - --,1 r---)---' :1 I 1

~~~: ~ !r'---"Heating V

Mantle Tachometer :

'-__...J ---<1110 volts :

Bench Scale ~I :Reaction ~ ---(-------.Vessel ~

o 0

Figure 2-Emulslon autooxldatlon reaction apparatus

Table 5-0xygen Pressure, Induction Time, CrossllnklngPeriod, and Total Reaction Time for Alkyd III

To Reach a Swelling Ratio of 3.7

the measurement. The data are reported in particlediameter distribution by volume and population.

The volumetric particle diameter was indicated by therelative volume occupied by particles in a given volume ofemulsion. The population of particles of a given diameterwas indicative of the number of particles of that diameterwithin a volume. As a particle decreases in d:ameter, italso decreases in volume and increases with surface tomass ratio. Therefore, the term which best expresses theaverage particle diameter is volume geometric mean,microns. The explanation for this difference is related tothe different statistical methods for calculation of thesemean values. "Volume geometric mean" is calculatedfrom percent particle size by volume and "populationgeometric mean" is calculated from the number ofparticles of each diameter.

Percent (W/W)Component

Particle Size Determination

A Coulter-Counter Model TAil was used with the M3Data Converter ll and 15 micron aperature to measure theemulsion particle diameter. The limiting particle diameterfor this instrument was 0.20 microns. The emulsionsamples were diluted with 2.0% NaCI electrolyte before

Table 3 lists the components of the formulation thatwere found to be suitable for the emulsification of alkalirefined soya oil emulsion. Table 4 lists the components forthe formulation of the alkyd emulsions.

Materials

The materials used in this study are listed in Table I.The alkyds were prepared by esterification of vegetableoils with phthalic anhydride and multifunctional alcoholsto obtain the desired oil length. 10 The raw soya oil hadbeen alkali refined to remove free fatty acids. Conjugatedoils were used for varying the percent conjugation ofalkyds for autooxidizable emulsions which were synthe­sized by the formulation described in Table 2.

Emulsification Procedure

The oils and alkyd materials were emulsified by thefollowing procedures:

(I) The emulsifying agent was dissolved in distilledwater at 25.0°C.

(2) The oil or alkyd was mixed with the emulsifiersolution while simultaneously being dispersed with aBraunsonic Ultrasonic Vibrator at 100 watts of power,forming a pre-emulsion.

(3) The pre-emulsion was stable enough to remainintact during transfer to a Gaulin Submicron Disperserand Homogenizer. The emulsion was recycled until thedesired particle size reduction was achieved. The GaulinHomogenizer was operated at 3,500 pounds per squareinch of shear force.

Table 4-Formulatlon of Alkyd Emulsion

Alkyd. vegetable oil 50.0Dislilled water 48.0Emulsifier 2.0

750/< Nonylphenoxpoly (ethyleneoxy) alcohol250/<; Dodecyl sodium sulfale

80.0/5.44 470.0/4.76 760.0/4.08 1250.0/3.40 1640.0/2.72 1930.0/2.04 2420.0/1.36 2910.0/0.68 36

Component Percent (W/W)

OxygenPressure,pslg/atm

InductionPeriod,Hours

CrossllnklngPeriod,Hours

554557

1622

Total ReactionTime,Hours

912162124314258

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 35

JW. GOOCH, G.C. WILDMAN, and B.G. BUFKIN

(a> Alkyd emulsion. fe-acted ror 9.0 hours at 80.0 psi oxygen pressure.

Table 6-Compartson of Autooxldlzed EmulsionTo Alkyd-Solvent System

agitator and produced a continuous signal to theproportional temperature controller. The proportionaltemperature controller pulses heat to the vessel propor­tional to the difference between the desired temperaturesetting and the actual vessel temperature. The oxygen (orair) pressure was controlled by a pressure regulatorconnected to a delivery tube which entered beneath thesurface of the emulsion. Periodic samples for analysiswere taken from the interior of the vessel beneath thesurface of the liquid through a sample valve.

70605040

. ,3020

Syl vachemR Conjugated Oil

l10urs to R0ClCh 3.7 swelling Ratio

Pamolyn R Conjugated Oil

10

Figure 3-011 conjugation vs reaction time

70

60

50

c.~ 40.,~

'"~c 300u

"'020

10

7.05.0

0.51.0

Film Dry Time.Hours

Tensile Sirength,Kg/em'Syslem

Autooxidized emulsion'Alkyd III 10.7Alkyd VI 21.5

Solvent-borneAlkyd III .........•..•....... 14.3Alkyd VI 25.9

Determination of the Swelling Ratio

The "swelling ratio" of the emulsified particles was de­termined at frequent intervals to monitor the auto­oxidative reaction. 8

,9 In each determination, a 0.2 gramsample of emulsified solids was added to a deciliter ofreagent grade acetone to swell the crosslinked particles.Density, viscosity. and percent solids measurements weremade for each sample. Then. "swollen and unswollenvolume fractions" were determined as by Gooch. 12

Film Characterization

The films were prepared by drawing down a twomilliliter sample of the emulsion on a smooth glass panelwith a doctor blade with 3.0 and 6.0 mil openings. The

Table 7-Comparlson 01 Films from CommercialAnd Autooxldlzed Emulsions

thickness of the dried film was measured with a microm­eter after the film was removed from the glass panel.

The hardness of the film was determined with a SwardHardness Rocker Tester. Model C. using the proceduredescribed in the Paint Testing Manual edited byG. C. Sward.

The tensile strength and percent elongation of the freefilms were determined with an lnstron 1130 TensileTester. The test specimens had a width of 1.0 cm, athickness of 1.0 to 3.0 mils, and a gauge length of 2.0 cm.The crosshead speed was 2.0 cm per minute.

The SEM samples were prepared by adhering thinsamples of dried film to the aluminum sample pedestalwith double-stick tape. A layer of carbon was depositedon the samples and they were shadowed with gold­paladium alloy in a vacuum evaporator. The micrographswere taken directly from these samples with an AMRscanning electron microscope at a magnification of fiftyto fifty thousand times.

Dry time was measured as "tack-free" time as specifiedin ASTM D 1640.

II..... 30III 52IV 60V 80

Vi 62

Table 8-Characterlzation 01 FilmsFrom Alkyd Emulsions with Varying Percent Oil

RelativeTensile Work

Strength, Percent Dry Time, 10 BroakeEmulsion Kg/em' Elongation Hours Kg/em'

Rhoplex<!l Ac-M' ... 35.5 475.0 0.5 84Amsco<!l 3077' ...... 24.6 707.0 0.7 87AU100xidized

Emulsions:Alkyd III' ....... 10.7 95.0 0.5 5.1Alkyd VI' ........ 21.5 51.2 1.0 5.5 Alkyd

(a) Rohm and Haas Co.(b) Union Oil Co.

(c) Estimated as TS~O%E

(d and e) No driers were used for curing these films.

Percent011

TensileStrength, Percent Dry Time,Kg/em' Elongallon Hours

5.2 43.4 1.010.7 95.0 0.53.6 117.5 1.1

21.5 51.2 1.0

36 Journal of Coatings Technology

AUTOOXIDATIVE CROSSLINKING

Sward Hardness Test

Table 9-Reacllon Time and Film Hardness

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Coball" No-Coball

100 00 02 24 44 46 6

(a) Cobah drier, 0.04% w/w alkyd IV added aflcr processing.(bl Alkyd IV in mineral spirits (50/50%. w/w and 0.04% cobalt naphthenatc).

Reaction Time, Hours

Solvent-alkyd' .o .5 ..

15 ..25 ..........•...•.............35 ...•..•...•..•...•...•......45 ......•...•..........•......

Temperature, °c

Figure 4-Zlrconlum naphthenate concentration vs reaction rate

Figure 5-Reactlon temperature vs reaction time

,06 .07,05• OJ .04.02

Zirconium Naphthenate Concentrationgrams/1000 grams alkyd

o .01

60

0....., 50•'"'".~

40........•)<J}

.... 30

"".cu•• 20

'"0.,• 10.."0:c

o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

elongation. Increased oxygen pressure further increasedthe reaction rate by reducing the induction period asshown in Table 5. By following the swelling ratio, thedegree of crosslin king could be monitored and a combi­nation of drying time and crosslink density could becompromised for maximum tensile strength. Table 6compares the optimized autooxidized emulsion filmsfrom alkyds III and VI to the base solvent-borne systems.It can be seen that the emulsion film from alkyd IIIpossesses 25.2% less tensile strength, but a 1,300% reduc­tion in dry time compared to the base alkyd which wascured with 0.04% cobalt drier. For alkyd VI, the tensilestrength of the emulsion was 17% lower and the dry time

TensileDry Time, Strength, Percent

Swelling Ratio Hours Kg/em' Elongation

4.9 ........... 2.04.0 10 4.6 673.7 0.5 10.7 953.0 0.4 8.4 552.3 ........... 0.3 8.5 502.0 . . . ....... . OJ 8.4 57

Table 10-Reaction Time and Physical Properties for Alkyd III

Autooxidative Crosslinking of Soya Alkyds

After emulsifying an alkyd resin, processing conditionswere studied for autooxidation at atmospheric pressureutilizing air and pure oxygen. Air autooxidation pro­duced significant gas voids within the film which reducedfilm tensile strength, but did not impair drying of thefilms. Measurement of intrinsic viscosity demonstratedthat the autooxidation reaction crosslinked the alkydbeyond the maximum intrinsic viscosity obtained withsoya oil. The crosslinked alkyd produced an alkyd par­ticle that possessed a small swelling ratio, less than 5.0,which indicates that the material is densely crosslinked.Conducting the autooxidation of the alkyd emulsionunder oxygen developed crosslinks faster than air and theemulsion formed films of improved tensile strength and

Autooxidative Crosslinking of Soya Oil

Stable emulsions may be prepared from soya oil. Theautooxidative crosslinking of the emulsified soya oil wasslow and produced slow drying films of poor tensilestrength. These results showed feasibility of the approachand were encouraging. The maximum intrinsic viscosity'3achieved with the autooxidized soya oil was 0.046.Neither catalysis nor increasing the temperature of reac­tion for processing of the emulsion increased the intrinsicviscosity further or improved the film integrity from soyaoil emulsion. This was not unexpected since soya oil is asemidrying oil; but it did show that an intrinsic viscositygreater than 0.046 would be required to achieve reason­able film properties.

Vol. 56. No. 711. April 1984 37

J.w. GOOCH, G.C. WILDMAN, and B.G. BUFKIN

Volume Geometric Mean. microns = 0.41

Table 12-Partlcle Size DistributionOf Autooxidlzed Emulsion, oller One Day

0.16 100.00.18 51.21.01 27.21.02 14.21.06 7.21.20 4.01.25 2.21.34 0.81.40 0.1

48.824.013.07.03.21.81.40.70.1

DllIerentlalCumulativeParticle Size, microns

120

100

.~

"0. 80

Ii~~

"" 60"~0.

C

" 40'"""020

Figure 6-Effect of emulsifier structure on reaction rate foralkyd III

improved from five hours to one hour. Table 7 comparestwo commercial acrylic emulsions with the vegetable oilalkyd films prepared in these laboratories. It can be seenthat the commercial emulsions possess higher tensilestrength, but the alkyd emulsion had a comparable drytime. The soya urethane emulsion has a tensile strengthcloser to that of the commercial products, but its elonga­tion is lower.

The reaction rate increases with percent conjugation toabout 20% conjugation and then, other parametersappear to be rate determining as shown in Figure 3. FromTable 8, increasing oil length of alkyds decreases thetensile strength of the films, except for the urethane alkydwith 62% soya oil length. The urethane alkyd structure isresponsible for the tensile strength property of the driedfilm since the base alkyd is also superior.

The Sward hardness of the base alkyd IV and filmsformed from autooxidatively crosslinked emulsions arelisted in Table 9. It can be seen that the base alkyd IVpossesses 40% greater hardness than any of the auto­oxidatively crosslinked emulsion films. Also, addition of0.04% cobalt drier did not increase the hardness of theemulsion films.

A comparison of swelling ratio, dry time, tensilestrength, and percent elongation of films formed fromalkyd III emulsion is presented in Table 10. It can be seenthat the optimal film properties occur at a swelling ratioof 3.7. However, the dry time continues to decrease with

Hours to ncach 3.7 Swelling Ratio

decreasing swelling ratio. A swelling ratio of 3.7 wasselected as the optimal degree of autooxidative process­ing, and it is utilized in the following studies.

The effect of catalysis was studied at an oxygen pres­sure of 80.0 p.s.i.g. (6.13 X IO-J moles of O 2 per liter ofH20). The catalysts selected for this study were those thatare successful for catalyzing alkyds in solvent-bornesystems. Cobalt naphthenate in concentrations of 0.04%(wt/wt alkyd) produced instability within the alkyd IIIemulsion; therefore, this catalyst was not used singularly,but in combination with zirconium naphthenate, whichdoes not degrade the stability of the emulsion. The cata­lysts were dispersed in the alkyd phase prior to emulsifi­cation. Catalysis of the emulsion by 0.02% cobaltnaphthenate and 0.02% zirconium naphthenate (wt/wtalkyd) reduced the reaction time required to crosslink theemulsion particles to a swelling ratio of 3.7 by about twohours below the non-catalyzed autooxidation.

To further reduce the autooxidation time required tocrosslink the alkyd polymer particles, systems were triedwith increased catalyst concentration. At an oxygenpressure of 80 p.s.i.g., uncontrollable autooxidativecrosslin king was caused from increasing the concentra­tion of zirconium naphthenate to 0.05% and cobaltnaphthenate to 0.05%. Figure 4 illustrates the effect onreaction time with increasing zirconium naphthenateconcentration. At and above 0.05% zirconium naphthe­nate (wt/wt) in alkyd III, instability within the emulsionoccurs.

DifferentialCumulative

Table 13-Partlcle Size DistributionOf Autooxidized Emulsion oller One Year

Particle Size, microns

605040302010

Table 11-Particle Size and Homogenization Cycles

1 1.1282 1.3343 1.1904 1.217

Homogenization CyclesVolume Geometric Mean,

microns

0.40 100.00.50 81.00.63 62.40.79 48.01.00 31.21.26 18.81.59 10.42.00 5.72.52 2.43.18 0.9

Volume Geometric Mean. microns = 0.814

19.018.614.416.812.48.54.73.21.50.9

38 Journal of Coatings Technology

The effect of temperature on the autooxidation reac­tion was studied at 80.0 p.s.i.g. of oxygen in an uncata­Iyzed system. The study was designed to include analkyd III emulsion autooxidized at 20°C, 30°C, 40°C,50°C, and 60°C at 80.0 p.s.i.g. oxygen pressure. Eachreaction was considered complete at a swelling ratio of3.7. Figure 5 represents the decreasing reaction times toreach a swelling ratio of 3.7 with increasing temperature.The data for Figure 5 were collected using alkyd III, 80.0p.s.i.g. of oxygen, 300 rpm agitation, and two percentw/w emulsifier consisting of a SO/50 mixture of reagentgrade dodecyl sodium sulfate and T-Det A026. The rateof autooxidation increases exponentially with increasingtemperature. However, the emulsion was unstable above55° C.

As indicated in Figure I, the oxygen must diffuse fromthe aqueous phase through the emulsifier region and intothe alkyd particle phase in order to initiate autooxidation.If the emulsifier is capable of retarding the diffusion ofoxygen or the reaction by radical stabilization or othereffects, then the crosslinking reaction by autooxidation isslowed. A total explanation of how emulsifiers retard thereaction is not within the scope of this research, butdemonstration that the factor exists is clearly made here.

Many emulsifier variations have been used during thecourse of this research effort. The effect of emulsifiers hasbeen observed on numerous properties of the emulsionsgenerated. A study was initiated to determine the effect ofemulsifier structure on the rate ofautooxidation. Figure 6represents the time required to reach a swelling ratio of3.7 at selected oxygen pressures as a function of threedifferent surfactants. The Gafac RE-960 system is dra­matically slower relative to the rate of autooxidationwhen T-Det A026 and Igepal CO-850 surfactants areemployed.

Gafac RE-960 contains a phosphoric acid grouptogether with an aryl group. Both of these groups arecapable of stabilizing a radical electron through reso­nance. The Igepal CO-850 structure contains an arylgroup. The T-Det A026 does not contain any substituentor groups capable of stabilizing a radical electron. Sincethe diffusion of oxygen through the emulsifier regionsurrounding the polymer particle is necessary if auto­oxidation with the polymer particles is to occur, theemulsifying agent should not characteristically possess anability to retard oxygen diffusion or to stabilize freeradicals. If it does, the crosslinking reaction will proceedat a slower rate than expected as evidenced in Figure 6.

Emulsification and Particle Size

Homogenization of alkyd III was accomplished afterone cycle, as indicated by insignificant particle diameterchange in Table II. Continued shearing of this emulsionat a constant 3,500 pounds per square inch of shear forcedid not decrease the average particle diameter. Therefore,the shear force must be increased to further decreaseaverage particle diameter.

The average particle diameter, computed as volumegeometric mean, of autooxidized emulsions of alkyd VIincreased from 0.41 microns to 0.814 microns over aperiod of one year. The emulsion remained stable and no

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

AUTOOXIDATIVE CROSSLINKING

coagulum was observed. Referring to Tables 12 and 13,the particle diameters below 0.40 are significantly differ­ent. The particle diameters of 0.16 to 1.01 in Table 12agglomerated over 12 months to increase the averageparticle size observed in Table 13. The greatest particlediameter distribution in the one year sample is 0.40microns to 1.00 microns compared to 0.16 microns to1.0 I microns in the one day sample. However, shelfstability of one year or less can be expected from theseemulsions.

SUMMARY

Emulsified vegetable oil alkyds were autooxidativelycrosslinked while in the emulsion form. The resultantemulsion produced films with acceptable tensile strengthsand drying times comparable to commercial emulsionproducts. The majority of the petroleum solvents wereeliminated from these emulsions, thus demonstrating thepotential for significantly reducing petroleum productsin these coatings. Further research and development arerequired to produce marketable products from theseemulsions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was made possible by a grant from theCargill Corp. of Minneapolis, MN. We gratefullyacknowledge their assistance.

References(I) Berrhower, A. and Hill, M.W., "McCutcheon's Detergents and

Emulsifiers," McCutcheon Div., MC Publishing Co., Glen Rock,NJ 1971.

(2) "McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers," McCutcheon Div.,MC Publishing Co., Glen Rock, NJ 1977.

(3) Barrow, G.M .. "Physical Chemistry," McGraw-Hili Book Co.,New York, NY 1973.

(4) Lenz. R.W., "Organic Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers,"Interscience Publishers, New York, NY 1967.

(5) Odian, G.. "Principles of Polymerization," McGraw-Hili BookCo., New York, NY 1970.

(6) Farmer, F.J., "Paint and Varnish Technology," Reinhold Pub­lishing Co., New York, NY 1968.

(7) Bufkin, B.G. and Grawe, J.R .. "Survey of the Applications, Proper­ties, and Technology of Crosslin king Emulsions, Part V," JOURNALOF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 50, No. 647, 65 (1978).

(8) Crews, G.M., Grawe, J.R., Wildman, G.e., and Bufkin, B.G.,"Application of Hydrodynamic Volume and Swelling Theory tothe Crosslinking of Latex Particles," JOURNALOF COATINGS TECH­NOLOGY, 52, No. 669, 33 (1980).

(9) Flory, P.L "Principles of Polymer Chemistry," Corncll Univer­sity Press, Ithaca, NY 1953.

(10) Patton, T.e., "Alkyd Resin Technology,"'nterscience Publishers,New York, NY 1962.

(II) Coulter Counter, Inc., "Technical Bulletin-Coulter CounterModel TAli," Hialeah. FL, March, 1978.

(12) Gooch, J. W., "Autooxidative Crosslinking of Emulsions Preparedfrom Vegctable Oil Matcrials." Ph.D. Dissertation, University ofSouthern Mississippi, May, 1980.

(13) Collins, E.A., et aI., "Experiments in Polymer Science," JohnWiley and Sons, New York, NY 1973.

39

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UNIONCARBIDE

TONET

" Polymeric Intermediates is the newname of our broad range of caprolactone-based prod­ucts especially designed for today's high performancecoatings. Among them, you'll find: D a completelynew hydro~ functional acrylate monomer forimproving the Hexibili~ impact resistance anddurability of higher solids acrylic or vinyl copolymercoatings D a broad spectrum of multifunctionalRolyols for producing high-quality polyurethanes, orfor Hexibilizing and upgrading the properties ofthermoset coatings D low viscosity reactive diluentsfor high solids thermoset coatings that achieve anoverall balance of properties as required forautomotive and other metal finishes.

TONE Polymeric Intermediates help youkeep pace with the ever-changing demands ofindustrial coatings. In addition to our currentcollection of TONE products, we have more on thedrawing board. And our technical staff is ready toprovide assistance to help you meet your needs.

For complete information, just writeUnion Carbide, Department M1553,Danbury CT06811: We'll show you how

t .t b li· . th TONE A SPECIALTY POLYMERSgrea I can e ving In e ge. & COMPOSITES

TONE IS d Iradcmdrk of Unton Cdrbidt> Corporation, U.s.A.

OIL AND COLOUR CHEMISTS' ASSOCIATION

Motif designed by Robert Hamblin

• Lectures by Exhibitors• Audited Attendance

OCCA35

Thirty-FifthExhibition

1984

• Competitions Welcomed• Special Advertising Rates

CUNARD INTERNATIONAL HOTEL, LONDON, ENGLAND

THE INTERNATIONAL DISPLAY OF THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN RAW MATERIALSAND EQUIPMENT USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT, PRINTING INK, COLOUR,ADHESIVES AND ALLIED PRODUCTS TO BE HELD ON:

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42

Visitors to OCCA-34 were drawn from more than 30 overseas countries.

For further details please contact:

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Priory House, 967 Harrow Road, Wembley, Middlesex, HAO 2SF, EnglandTel: (01) 9081086-Telex 922670 (OCCA G)

Journal of Coatings Technology

Degradation ChemistryOf Primary Crosslinks

In High Solids Enamel Finishes

Solar Assisted Hydrolysis

Alan D. English and Harry J. SpinelliE.!. DuPont de Nemours & Company, Incorporated'

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and solidstate "c NMR spectroscopy have been used tostudy the crosslinking and degradation chemistryof a melamine formaldehyde cured acrylic copoly­mer coating. The bulk composition of the curedunweathered coating has been semi-quantitativelyanalyzed by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy, anda depth profile of weathering chemistry has beensemi-quantitatively analyzed by solid state 13C NMRspectroscopy, and depth profile of weatheringchemistry has been obtained using diffuse reflec­tance infrared spectroscopy. These data allow us toidentify the extent of crosslinking, the molecularcomposition after curing, and to obtain mechanisticinsight into degradation chemistry taking placeunder realistic exposure conditions. The insightobtained infers methods of inhibiting degradation.

INTRODUCTION

The crosslinking and degradation chemistry of melamineformaldehyde acrylic copolymer coatings has been a fieldof renewed interest recently. I-< The intractability of thesehighly crosslinked systems makes them difficult to studywith conventional physical techniques. We illustrate herethat modern physical methods can give substantiallymore information as to both the reaction and degrada­tion chemistry of highly crosslinked systems.

We have used diffuse reflectance infrared spectros­copy and solid state IJC NMR spectroscopy to study thecrosslinking and degradation chemistry of a melamineformaldehyde cured acrylic copolymer coating. The bulk

Published in pari, in thc American Chemical Society Symposium Series. 243, 257( 19H4).andreprinted with p~rmission of the ACS. thc copyright owner,

• Dr. English is with thc Central Research & Development Dcpt.. and Dr. Spinelli is withIhe Finishes and Fabricated Products Dept.. bOlh loc<llcd in Wilmington. DE 1989lL

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

composition of the cured unweathered coating has beensemi-quantitatively analyzed by solid state 11C NMRspectroscopy, and a depth profile of weathering chemis­try has been obtained using diffuse reflectance infraredspectroscopy. These data allow us to identify the extentof crosslinking, the molecular composition after curing,and to obtain mechanistic insight into degradation chem­istry taking place under realistic exposure conditions.The insight obtained infers methods of inhibitingdegradation.

EXPERIMENTAL

Coating Preparation

Coatings were prepared by mixing the acrylic resinwith Resimene® 747 (nominally hexamethoxymethyl­melamine) at a 70/30 weight ratio in methyl ethyl ketoneand adding 0.30% p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) as acatalyst. The pigmentation (4% of binder) in the coatingcontained aluminum flake, titanium dioxide, carbonblack, phthalocyanine blue, fumed silica, and Monastral®Red pigment. The coatings were baked for 30 min at1200C. The cured thicknesses were 50 ±5 microns.

Coatings were exposed in Florida on a black box rackfor a total of 24 months. The panels faced south and wereinclined at an elevation of 50 above horizontal. Afterexposure, the panels were washed with a mild soapsolution, rinsed, and dried before being analyzed.

Coating Depth Profiling

Depth profiling of coatings that had been appliedto steel panels was accomplished by abraiding the panelwith 600-A Tufbak® Durite T44 cloth (14,u silicon car-

Resimenc is a registered trademark of Monsanto Co.Mooaslral is a registered trademark of E.!. DuPont de Nemours & Co.. Inc .Tufbak is a registered trademark of Norton Co.

43

AD. ENGLISH and H.J. SPINELLI

CP/MAS '!t PH} 75.46 MHz HSE FILM l

VR: 5.0 KHz

e,f

a

b 9

Figure 1-Solld state "C NMR spectrum of.melamine formaldehyde crosslinked acryliccopolymer coating. The static magnetic fieldIs 7.0 T and the spinning rate Is 5.0 KHz.Chemical shilts and assignments are givenIn Table 1 and teatures marked with an

asterisk are resolved spinning side bands

bide particle size) in a water medium. After a short periodof abrasion (ca. 30 sec), the material removed was col­lected, filtered, and dried in a vacuum oven at 55-65°Cfor 24-48 hours to remove residual water. This proce­dure was repeated 10-30 times on each panel until theprimer was barely visible. The material collected in eachsample was then cryogenically milled and dried in avacuum oven at 55-65°C for 24-48 hours. This proce­dure produces particle sizes prior to cryomilling of IIIsize which then agglomerate upon drying. The cryomill­ing procedure is necessary to produce infrared spectrathat are particle size independent.

Infrared

All infrared spectra were obtained with a Nicolet 7199FT-IR spectrometer operating in a diffuse reflectanceconfiguration. The design oft he diffuse reflectance benchwas similar to that of Fuller and Griffiths. 5 Two hundredfifty-six interferograms were averaged, apodized with apolynomial function FJ,6 and transformed to give twocm -I resolution spectra.

NMR

NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker CXP300NMR spectrometer. Solid state 1JC NMR spectra wereobtained using cross polarization, dipolar decoupling,and spin temperature alternation techniques 7 using aradio frequency field strength 'YHI = 64 KHz witha crosspolarization time of 5 msec to minimize intensity distor­tion in spin counting due to varying strength of carbon­proton dipolar interactions among individual carbonnuclei. Samples were contained in rotors of the Beams,8

Andrew' geometry fabricated from perdeuterated poly-

44

(methylmethacrylate). Sample spinning speeds werechosen to minimize spinning side band overlap and a 5.0KHz spinning rate appeared to be optimum at this fieldstrength and rotor size.

RESULTS

Recent investigations into curing chemistry of intrac­table polymer systems have demonstrated that solid stateIJC NM R spectra may be used to examine curing chemis­try in thermally polymerized polyimides'o and expressedhope 'l that these techniques may be used in conjunctionwith infrared spectroscopy to give further mechanisticinsight. We have used both solid state 1JC NMR anddiffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopies to characterizethe curing and degradation chemistry of melamine for­maldehyde crosslinked acrylic copolymer coatings.

NMR

Solid state IJC NM R spectra are of particular use incharacterizing the curing chemistry of this systembecause non-carbonaceous pigments and other fillersused in the formulation of these coatings are trans­parent. Extraction of quantitative chemical composi­tions from cross polarization magic angle spinning IJCNMR spectra is complicated by spin polarizationdynamics and the distribution of significant signal inten­sity into spinning sidebands for many of the magneticallydistinct carbon nuclei at the magnetic field strength andspinning speeds we employ. The question of the relation­ship between spin polarization dynamics and spectralpopulations has been dealt with previously; 12-14 in thiscase, where proton spin diffusion is able to produce a

Journal of Coatings Technology

PRIMARY CROSSLINKS IN HIGH SOLIDS ENAMEL FINISHES

(a) 6 in ppm from TMS: referenced to glycine at!J = 176.1.

Table 1-Composlllon 01 MMAIBA/S/HEACrosslinked with Reslmene 747

Acrylic carboxyl 175.2 2.6 2.3b Triazine ring 166.5 1.7 1.Ic Styrene aromatic 127.8 3.3 2.8d NCH,O 76.6 1.5 2./e,f OCH,CH,O + OCH, (NBA) 64.5 2.3 2.7g NCH ,OCH, 55.5 0.8 1.3h - OCH,(MMA) 51.6 0.6 0.5

Acrylic backbone 44.4,40.4 3.9 5.5j CH,(NBA) 31.1 1.1 Ik "CH,(MMA) +CH,(NBA) 19.3 1.1 1.5I CH, (NBA) 13.9 =1 = 1

measure normalized intensity. The melamine concen­tration, as measured from the intensity of the triazine ringdeformation mode, is independent of depth in all sampleswith random fluctuation of ± 10% for a given formula­tion. Additionally, depth profiling of unexposed clearfilm demonstrates that the extent and type ofcure is inde­pendent of depth. As reference compounds 2-chloro­4,6-bis(propylamino)-s-triazine and Resimene 747 (seeExperimental Section) have been used as primary stan­dards for >N-H and >NCH 20CH3, respectively.

Infrared analysis of both clear and pigmented coatings,prepared as described in the Experimental Section, showcomplete consumption of all hydroxy functionality onthe acrylic copolymer within ±2% when cured at,120°Cfor 30 minutes. Additionally, there is no detectable gen­eration of free amine and the loss of methoxymethylfunctionality on the melamine is equivalent on a molarbasis to consumption of hydroxyl on the acrylic copoly­mer within the accuracy (±5%) of the measurement ofmethoxymethyl functionality. These observations are inagreement with previous work 2

,16 that demethylation(reaction 2, Figure 3), deformylation (reaction 3), andmelamine self-condensation (reaction 4) do not occurto a significant extent, and that transetherification(reaction I) goes essentially to completion under thesecuring conditions with a fully methylated melamine.Figure 3 outlines the most elementary scheme ofmelamine formaldehyde crosslinking and hydrolyticdegradation reactions that must be considered. Theseresults for the bulk curing of the coatings indicate thatonly reaction (I) is of significance during the curing stepwith the conditions we have used and thus, the initialchemical state of the coating to be exposed is known.

Pigmented coatings that had been exposed in Floridafor two years were depth profiled, via the abrasion proce­dure described in the Experimental Section. One part ofthe coating was exposed to sunlight and the second partwas protected from sunlight but exposed to all otherelements. Seventeen and 12 samples were collected forthe exposed and covered portions of the coating respec-

Concentration

Experl- Calcu­menIal latedo·Structure

homogeneous spin bath that is characterized by a singlyexponential TIP (H), we have used long cross polarizationtimes (5msec) and large spin locking fields (')'H 1 =64 KHz) to obtain representative spectral populationseven for those carbon nuclei with small proton-carbondipolar interaction.

Figure I illustrates a JJC NMR solid state NMR spec­trum of an unpigmented melamine formaldehyde acryliccopolymer coating prepared from methyl methacrylate,butyl acrylate, sytrene and hydroxyethyl acrylate(MMA/BA/S/HEA) and crosslinked with Resimene747 (see above). Chemical shifts and spectral assignmentsare given in Table I. This spectrum illustrates thatall carbon nuclei which are distinct on the most elemen­tary level (not comparable to solution NMR) may beassigned in the spectrum. In Table I we have also tabu­lated integrated intensities measured from this spectrumwhich have been corrected for estimated spinning side­band contributions and additionally, intensities calcu­lated from the known initial composition of the filmassuming complete primary crosslinking and no sidereactions (see below). The experimental and calculatedresults are in reasonable qualitative agreement and sup­port the infrared spectroscopic results (see below) thatthe primary crosslinking goes to completion under thecure conditions used and the extent of competing sidereactions is minimal.

We have also obtained solid state JJC NMR spectra ofa few selected pigmented coatings and these results aresimilar to those found for the unpigmented system. Atthis time the NMR results are of use only to corroboratethe infrared results.

Infrared

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy has beenused to characterize both the curing and degradationchemistry of melamine formaldehyde crosslinked acryliccopolymer coatings. This technique is useful for not onlyclear coats, but most appropriately for coatings thatcontain pigment, aluminum flake, and other fillers thatare by their very nature intended to be efficient scatlerersand thus cannot usually be examined with transmissioninfrared techniques. Figure 2 illustrates both a conven­tional transmission and a diffuse reflectance infraredspectrum of a clear coating (MMA/BA/S/HEA andResimene 747). The infrared bands of interests may beintegrated and the relative integrals of the bands in eachspectrum are with ±3% of each other when peak absorb­ance values of less than 2.0 and peak Kubelka-Munkvalues less than 20 are used. The regions of the infraredspectrum of interest are 816 cm -I (melamine triazine ringdeformation), 913 and 870 cm -I (methoxymethyl defor­mation), 3570cm-1 (ROH stretch), ~3350cm-1 (N-Hstretch). Resolution of any methylol contribution to theinfrared spectrum requires deconvolution of the observedband shape using the unreacted polymer as a model forthe OH band and the unreacted melamine, which con­tains 0.6 amine sites per triazine ring, as a model for theNH band. In all cases, the ratio of the integrated intensityof the band of interest to the integrated intensity of themelamine triazine ring deformation has been used to

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 45

AD, ENGLISH and H,J, SPINELLI

TRANSMISSION

HSE FILMS

Figure 2-Transmission and dilluse reflectance Infrared spectraof a clear melamine formaldehyde crosslinked acrylic copolymer

coating

tively and analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared analy­sis for ROH, > NH, > NCH 20CH1, and melamine con­centration as a function of depth. There was no alcoholfunctionality detectable (±2%) in any of the samples. Theremainder of the data obtained from the sample exposedto sunlight are shown in Figure 4 and illustrate thefollowing: (I) > NH concentration is highest at the sur­face and decreases monotonically as the depth of thesample increases, approaching the value (rhs graph) cal­culated from the starting material with the knowledgethat only reaction (I) is significant and goes to comple­tion; (2) > NCH 20CH1 concentration is near zero at the

DISCUSSION

The structure and degradation chemistry of melamineformaldehyde crosslinked acrylic copolymer coatingsthat we have discussed is limited only to considerationsof reactions at or near the primary crosslink site involvingthe melamine with the acrylic copolymer hydroxyl siteor with another melamine. There exists copious evidencein the literature that physical appearance degradationoccurs in pure acrylic coatings and similar degradativepathways involving only acrylic backbone degradationare expected to exist in the system we have examined aswell. Nevertheless, we have chosen to confine ourselvesto an examination of the reactions and degradationchemistry at the primary crosslinking site because thisis the major difference between the two systems.

Figure 3 illustrates that the number of species thatmust be identified and followed in the most simplisticexamination of primary crosslink chemistry followed issix (>NCH 20CH 1, >NCH 20R, >NCH 20H, >NH,>NCH 2 N, melamine triazine ring) if we wish to com­pletely characteristize even this elementary scheme. Wecan reduce this number with the following conditions:

(I) Reaction (3) has been shown 4 to be facile in fullyalkylated systems and we do not observe methylol groupsin the infrared spectra.

surface and becomes nonzero near the middle of the filmand once again approaches the value (rhs graph) calcu­lated from the starting material and known reactionchemistry; (3) X is essentially independent of depth andis very close to that calculated (rhs graph) from thestarting material and known reaction chemistry exceptat the surface where it is 30% smaller. X equals(6 - [> NH] - [> NCH 20CH1)) and is a measure of thesum of primary crosslinks (reaction I) and melamine selfcondensation (reaction 4) (see Discussion). As noted,each graph in Figure 4 indicates the amount of eachspecies that is expected to be present in the absence ofweathering based upon our observations of the curingchemistry of each film. It is clear that there has beensignificant production of> N H, loss of> NCH 20CH 1,

and X is invariant to weathering except at the surface toa depth of ~5-10/.L. This observation is not at variancewith the traditional method of characterizing film degra­dation: gloss loss. The gloss of this coating decreasedfrom 60 to 30 during the two years of Florida weathering.

Data for the covered (protected from sunlight)coatingare shown in Figure 5 and illustrate that the degrada­tion chemistry is much different than in the presence ofsunlight (Figure 4). Figure 5 illustrates that weathering inthe absence of sunlight may be characterized by: (I) > NHconcentration is independent of depth and is essentiallythe same as that seen in an unweathered coating;(2) > NCH 20CH 1 concentration is lower near the surfacethan at the middle of the coating and approaches the con­centration of an unweathered coating near the primer;(3) X is largest near the surface, decreases monotonicallywith depth, and is much larger near the surface (~4,8)

than is observed in an unweathered coating (X ~ 3.4),

J'--.. ~ Jv~

0.4

2.0

o

1.6

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500FREOUENCY (CIl-I )

DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE25

20

15

'9It:i;:

10

5

~J lv

0./'--. ..J

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500FREOUENCY (CIl-I)

... 1.2lil..~=0.8

46 Journal of Coatings Technology

Figure 3-Elementary crosslinking andhydrolytic degradation reactions Involvedin melamine formaldehyde (>NCH20CH3)

crosslinklng reactions with hydroxy func-tionalized acrylic copolymers (ROH)

PRIMARY CROSSLINKS IN HIGH SOLIDS ENAMEL FINISHES

(2) The relative concentrations of > NCH 20CH l ,

>NH, ROH, and melamine can be measured quanti­tatively by infrared methods.

(3) The consumption of RO H during cure is assumedto be accomplished by only reaction (I).

With these conditions it is possible to measure> N Hand> NCH 20CH J relative to melamine concentrationand also to calculate from mass balance a crosslinkparameter (X) which is the sum of > NCH 20R and> N-CH2-N < (or other condensed species) relative tomelamine. The calculated value (X) may then be com­pared to the expected concentration of NCH 20R ob­tained from ROH consumption to evaluate the likeli­hood of any melamine condensation products (reaction(4)). An examination of Figure 4 shows that the value of Xobtained throughout the coating except at the verysurface is quite close to that calculated from ROH con­sumption. Additionally, we find no infrared spectro­scopic evidence for the presence of>NCH 2 N<'5 or freeROH at any point in the coating profile. These observa­tions when taken as a whole lead to the followingdescrip­tion of the primary crosslink reaction and degradationchemistry that takes place in the presence of sunlight;17

(I) The primary crosslinking reaction (reaction (I))goes to completion and no other reaction takes place to asignificant extent when the cure is 30 minutes at 1200 C.

(2) Degradation under realistic exposure conditions isfacilitated near the surface with all degradation below thesurface 2-5,., layer in the coating that remains after expo­sure attributable to reactions (2) and (3).

(3) Primary crosslink degradation is observed only atthe very surface where X is decreased by ~ 30% and thereis no evidence for either ROH or >NCH 20H in thislayer.

(4) There is no evidence for any significant amount ofmelamine-melamine self condensation at any timeduring cure or exposure.

The degradation chemistry in the absence ofsunlightis quite different than is observed in the presence ofsunlight:

(I) Loss of unreacted > NCH 20CH J is observed, butnot to the extent observed in the presence of sunlight, andthe concomittant production of > NH expected viareactions (2) and (3) is not observed.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

(2) The crosslink concentration is much higher at thesurface than is found in the unexposed coatings anddecreases with depth.

This description of both dark and light degradationchemistry enables us to propose a pathway of primarycrosslink degradation in this system.

(1) The initially hydrophobic surface of the coating isoxidized photolyticaly which increases the concentra­tion and/ or mobility of water and increases the mobilityof the residual acid.

(2) Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of > NCH 20CH l toform free amine is favored due to production of volatileproducts which may escape to the atmosphere.

DR. ALAN D. ENGLISH is a PrincipalScientist in the Central Research andDevelopment Department at Du Pont.He received his B.S. Degree in Chem­istry from UCLA in 1969and his Ph.D.Degree in Chemical Physics from theUniversity of California at Santa Bar­bara in 1973. His current researchinterests are in the area of macro­molecular structure and dynamicsand their relationship to macroscopicproperties.

DR. HARRY J. SPINELLI is a Staff ,------=-----,Chemist with the Finishes and Fabri­cated Products Department of DuPont. He received a B.S. Degree inChemistry from Villanova Universityin 1969 and his Ph.D. Degree inOrganic Chemistry from Pennsyl­vania State University in 1973. Hiscurrent research involves the develop­ment of new polymers and polymer­ization techniques for both coatingsand plastics.

47

A.D. ENGLISH and H.J. SPINELLI

0 .........-------------'''''''''''''''''''"----'

6,........,T 4z~2 --- --

6

,.. --

---

"'";)6:I:g4

N:I: _-(,) 2 ____

~~

0....--------------.....

PRIMER PRIMER

~-­--Ohr-r~...,..,..,_,__..,_..,...,,.....-------J

SURFACE

Figure 4-Depth profile of free amine, methoxymethyl, andprimary crosslink density of a SO/l thick blue pigmented mela­mine formaldehyde crosslinked acrylic copolymer coating thatwas exposed for two years In Florida. Bars on rhs of graphIndicate concentrations expected In the absence of degradation

(3) Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of primary crosslinks isreversible and therefore unobserved except where thehydrolysis products undergo further reaction to preventback reaction. At the very surface of the coating, wherethere is insufficient pigment to provide an effective solarscreen, ROH and >NCHlOH in reaction (5) are con­sumed presumably by photo-oxidation and reaction (3),respectively.

(4) Further melamine crosslinking, reaction (4), doesnot occur to a significant extent in the presence of sun­light or is unstable.

(5) Unreacted melamine can form additional stablecrosslinks when sunlight is absent.

The proposed pathway requires the presence of light,residual acid, and atmospheric water to promote degra­dation. This implies that removal of any of these threecomponents should retard degradation. This pathwayalso suggests that accelerated weathering studies whichemploy a higher light flux for a shorter period oftime may well give an unrepresentatively large amount ofprimary crosslink degradation due to photo-oxidation oftransient ROH produced in reaction (5).

48

6­

><4~-_

- -2

O+-.r-r~_r_~....,..~...,...__--------'

SURFACE

Figure 5-Depth profile of free amine, methoxymethyl, andprimary crosslink density of a SO/l thick blue pigmented mela­mine formaldehyde crosslinked acrylic copolymer coating thatwas exposed for two years In Florida but protected from sunlight.Bars on rhs graph Indicate concentrations expected In the

absence of degradation

References(I) Bauer, D.R. and Dickie, R.A.,J. Polymer Sci. Polymer Phys. Ed.,

18, 1997 (1980).(2) Bauer, D.R. and Dickie, R.A., J. Polymer Sci. Polymer Phys.

Ed.. 18,2015 (1980).(3) Blank, W.J., "Reaction Mechanism of Melamine Resins,"

"JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 51, No. 656, 61 (1979).(4) Bauer, D.R., J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 27, 3651 (1982).(5) Fuller, M.P. and Griffiths, P.R., Anal. Chem., 50,1906 (1978).(6) Norton, R.H. and Beer, R.J., J. Opl. Soc. Am., 66, 259 (1976).(7) Stejskal, E.O. and Schaefer, J., J. Magn. Reson., 18,560 (1975).(8) Beams, J.W., Rev. Sci. Ins/rum., 26, 747 (1930).(9) Andrew, E.R., Progr. NMR. Spectrosc., 8, (1972).

(10) Wang, A.C., Garroway, A.N .. and Ritchey, W.M., Macromole­cules, 14,832 (1981).

(II) Meyers, G.E., J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 26. 747 (1981).(12) Pines, A., Gibby, M.G .. and Waugh. J.S., J. Chem. Phys.. 59,

569 (1973).(13) Demeo, D.E., Tegenfeld\, J .. and Waugh, J.S., Phys. Rev. B, II.

4133 (1975).(14) Mehring, M., NMR Basic Princ. Prog., II, 112 (1976).(15) Reference 4 claims the identification of an infrared band at

1360cm-' that is thought to be characteristic of>NCH,N<. Wedo not observe any spectroscopic changes in this region as afunction of weathering of depth.

(16) Lazzara, M.G., Preprinrs Organic Coalings and Applied PolymerScience Proceedings, 47, 528 (1982).

(17) English, A.D., Chase, D.B., and Spinelli, H.J.. Macromolecules.16, 1422 (1983).

Journal of Coatings Technology

50

Seminaron

Producing Paint Efficiently,Safely, and Economically

May 15 & 16, 1984Convention Center Louisville, KY

Helpful information on all aspects of paint production will be featured at this 1-1/2 day event.Included will be discussions of efficient, time-tested methodology, as well as insights intonewer, innovative practices.

The manufacturing segment is probably the most fertile area for a paint company to effectcost savings and increase profitability. Coatings manufacture differs from many industriesin that its raw materials generally account for 50% or more of the seiling price of the finishedproduct. It Is, therefore, most important to use these materials efficiently in the productionprocess.

Increasing productivity, saving time, and reducing waste will enable the manufacturer tooffer his customers a better quality product. And better quality leads to increased sales!

Presentations will range from Production Planning, through Raw Materials InventoryManagement, to Pigment Dispersion, Color Matching, Packaging and Shipping, WasteManagement, Health and Safety, and Employee Selection and Motivation. The speakers willbe experienced and knowledgeable coatings Industry personnel who will offer practical,down-to-earth information on these and other elements of the paint manufacturing process.

Manufacturing executives, plant managers, production superintendents, foremen, warehouseand shipping personnel-as well as top company management-can benefit from partici­pating in this update on paint production.

Registration fee is $125 for FSCT members; $155 for non-members. After May 1, registrationfee is $165 for everyone. The fee Includes complete set of pal»ers presented, continentalbreakfast, luncheon, coffee breaks, and bus transportation to the airport at conclusionof the Seminar.

Complete program information and registration/housing forms available on request.

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology1315 Walnut Street, Suite 832, Philadelphia, PA 19107

(215) 545-1506

Journal of Coatings Technology

Displacement of WaterFrom a Steel Surface

Charles R. HegedusNaval Air Development Center'

A quantitative test to evaluate organic coatings fortheir ability to displace water droplets from a steelsurface has been developed. The test methodconsists of the placement of water droplets onto aninclined steel surface, followed by the application ofa test coating. The coating flows down the surface,contacting the water droplets. The water may eitherremain on the specimen or be displaced. The speci­men is then immersed in methanol which absorbsresidual water on the specimen. The methanol isthen analyzed for water content, yielding a quantita­tive result for water displacement.

Five materials have been evaluated for waterdisplacing ability. Two silicone alkyd coatings werefound to be good water displacers. A third siliconealkyd material was found to be a poor waterdisplacer at low specimen angles but effective athigher angles. An acrylic and an epoxy coating werefound to be poor water displacers. These results arediscussed in reference to a proposed mechanism forwater displacement.

INTRODUCTION

Water displacement is defined as the removal of macro­scopic quantities of water from a metal surface by theapplication of a liquid compound. The objective of thisdisplacement is to reduce the risk of corrosion.

Early investigations of water displacement were per­formed to develop cleaning and preservation materialsfor salvaged naval equipment. I

-9 In this effort, removal of

continuous layers or puddles of water was a significantproblem, and many materials were evaluated for theirability to displace water'

•.'\ircrar, & Crew Syslems Technology Directorate, Code 00622. Warminster. PA H1974.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

A mechanism for the displacement of a continuouswater layer from a surface by organic compounds hasbeen described. 1,9,10 The displacing agent is dropped ontothe water layer. Upon impact, a two-dimensional spread­ing pressure is formed at the agent-water interface. Thispressure causes the lateral transportation of water fromthe impact site and allows penetration of the agent intothe water phase. Being slightly soluble in water (usuallybetween two and 25 weight percent), the agent diffuses tothe metal surface. By preferential adsorption, the agentadheres to the surface and displaces the water layer fromthe metal substrate. Figure I illustrates this mechanism.

The phenomenon discussed here is the displacement ofa discontinuous water phase, water droplets, from a metalsurface. This is encountered when painting metal surfacesin a marine environment, and corrosion control proce­dures must insure removal of this water. A mechanismhas been proposed for displacing a discontinuous waterphase from a metal surface using water displacingcompounds. II This mechanism requires the displacingagent to:

(I) Spread over the metal surface upon application,wetting the substrate and contacting the waterdrops.

(2) Be immiscible with water to ensure no waterentrapment in the displacing agent.

(3) Display a higher affinity for the substrate thanwater does in order for the agent to diffuse underthe droplets and thus displace them from thesurface.

There are several tests which have been designed todetermine the ability of a material to displace water. 1,4,12-15

Table I lists the tests and a brief description of themethods. Most of these methods are qualitative, with theresults obtained from an estimated extent of substratecorrosion caused by water remaining on the metalsurface. The more extensive the corrosion, the less effi­cient the material as a water displacer. These tests do not

51

C.R. HEGEDUS

lend themselves to quantitative evaluation of the waterdisplacing phenomenon. Only one of these tests is quanti­tative l

,- and it is designed to test the displacement of acontinuous water layer. It is not applicable to evaluationof discontinuous water layers.

The objective of this effort has been to devise and vali­date a quantitative test for the displacement of a discon­tinuous phase of water on a steel surface. The test wasdesigned as a means of evaluating materials for theirwater displacing ability and as a research tool to assistfuture investigation of water displacement. Also, severalcompounds were tested and the results will be discussed inlight of the proposed displacement mechanism.

SOLID

AGENT--..;;"~cACf~ SPREADING PRESSURE

WATER t~

B"'~==~/

cFigure 1-Waterdisplacement mechanism.' A-Displacing agentapplied to water surface, spreading pressure and mixture withwater begins; B-Agent reaches the surface while pushing watera.lde; C-Preferentlal adsorption of the agent over water allows

water to be displaced from the surface

Table 1-Water Displacement Tests

Tett Method

(I) Continuous water layer'" A thin continuous layer of watcr isplaced onto a steel specimen. A dropletof test agent is dropped onto the waterand the circumference of the resultingimpression in the water layer which thcagent makes upon contact is estimated.Reproducibility of this tesl is c1aimcd tobe ±IO%

(2) Static water drop" A drop of water is introduced onto a natsteel specimen containing a conicaldepression. The test agent is applied.The specimen is then periodically exam­ined for corrosion products in thedepression.

(3) Partial water immersion lJ A steel specimen is immersed in the dis­placing agent and then immersed inwater. The specimen is periodicallyexamined for corrosion.

(4) Water spray test" A steel specimen is immersed in Iheagent for one hour and then suspendedin a humidity cabinet. The specimen isperiodically examined for corrosion.

(5) Oil lest 14 A steel specimen is immersed in a con­stantly stirred mixture of 10% water inoil. The speCimen is periodical exam­ined for corrosion.

(6) Water droplets" Water droplets are introduced onto asteel specimen after which a tcst agent isapplied and allowed to now over thcspecimen. The specimen is then placedin a 100% relative humidity chamber.The specimen is periodically examinedfor corrosion.

EXPERIMENTAL

AISI 1010 cold rolled steel specimens of dimensions5.1 X 10.2 X 0.32 cm were used for the metallic substrate.Reagent grade methanol and distilled water were usedthroughout the method. Mineral spirits used conformedto Federal Specification TT-T-291.

The surface of each steel specimen was ground to aroughness of 0.432 ± O. I27 root mean square micrometers,and then immersed in boiling mineral spirits for 10minutes. The specimens were then immersed in a secondcontainer of boiling mineral spirits, followed by immer­sion in boiling 90% methanol, 10% water solution, andfinally immersed in boiling methanol. Specimens werestored in a dessicator at room temperature until testing.

A specimen holder was fabricated to hold specimens atangles ranging from 5° to 85° ±30" of arc, in incrementsof 5°. The test procedures and equipment are illustratedin Figure 2. A specimen was placed at the desired angle inthe specimen holder, and the holder was then inclinedsuch that the appropriate surface of the specimen washorizontal and facing upward. A microsyringe was usedto apply the water droplets, which had an average weightof 25.07 ±0.16 mg (Figure 2, part a). Six drops of waterwere applied to each specimen. After application, thespecimen holder was lowered until the specimen was atthe desired angle (Figure 2, part b).

Table 2 lists the test agents evaluated for water displac­ing ability, which in this study were all organic coatings. Itwas determined that one milliliter of test agent would beadequate to cover the entire specimen without excessagent. With the drops in place and specimen at the correctangle, the test agent was applied along the upper edge ofthe specimen using a standard 50 JLL syringe (Figure 2,part c). Minimal pressure was applied to the plunger ofthe syringe to minimize momentum of the agent flowingdown the specimen. In this manner, the agent floweddown the panel, contacting and displacing the droplets.Displaced droplets would often gather at the bottom edgeof the specimen; a cotton swab was guided along this edgeto adsorb and remove any displaced water which mayhave gathered (Figure 2, part d).

The specimen was then removed from the holder andplaced in an air tight jar containing 350 mL of methanolsuch that the specimen was completely immersed. Themethanol was tested for water content before specimenimmersion and 24 hours after specimen immersion using

52 Journal of Coatings Technology

A

c

DISPLACEMENT OF WATER FROM A STEEL SURFACE

B

o

Figure 2-Water displacement test procedure. A-Application 01 water droplets; B-Specimen holder lowered to place specimen atappropriate angle (65°); C-Test agent applied to upper edge 01 specimen; and D-Absorb displaced water using cotton swab

the Karl Fisher method (ASTM D-890) using an Aqua­test IV instrument (Photovolt Corp.). Water remainingon the specimen following agent application. X" couldthen be determined by:

where: W, ::; amount of water initially on a specimen prior toagent application (water sorbed on the steel specimenplus water introduced onto the specimen).

WI ::; amount of water remaining on the specimen afteragent application.

where: X tn.91::; Water content of the methanol following agentapplication for trial n at angle 8

X, :;:;: I"ilial water content of the methanol

The results can also be expressed in terms of the per­centage of water initially on a specimen which a test agenthas displaced. signifying water displacing efficiency(WDE):

W,-WIWDE =--- x 100%

W,

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

Controls of the blank specimen immersed in methanolwere performed to determine initial water content, W;.The test agents themselves made no significant contribu­tion to water content.

RESULTS

The test agent displacement data are presented inFigure 3. It was found that the steel specimen contrib­uted 21.3 mg of water to the methanol. The waterintroduced onto the specimen was 150.0 mg; thus, W; isequal to 171.3 mg. This value is indicated by the solidhorizontal line at the top of Figure 3, and corresponds to

53

CR HEGEDUS

Teble 2-Composltlon 01 Agents

Percent (Weight)

Compo."lon 01 SA-1"Isopropanol ...................•.........•...•..... 4.6Aromatic hydrocarbon'. .. . . . . . . .•. . . . . . . . .•. . . . . . . .. 21.2Trichlorotrifluoroethane . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .•. . •. . . . . . . .. 28.6Ethyl cellulose' .. . . .•. . . . 0.4Barium sulfonate'.... . . 4.0Alkyl ammonium organic phosphate'. .. .. ..•.. 1.0Silicone varnish r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . 5.1Silicone resin' . .. . .. 5.1Silicone alkyd resin' ......•......................... 30.0

100.0

Compo.lllon 01 SA-2Silicone alkyd resin i . . . . . .•. .• . . . . . .•. . • . . .• . 39.1Ethyl acetate ..................•.........•..•...... 19.4Mineral spirits' . . ..... . ..... . . . ..•. . 11.71,1.1 Trichlorotrifluoroethane 7.7Sodium petroleum sulfonate' .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. 2.1Rutile; titanium dioxide' . ... . . . . . .. . . ..•. .•..•. .. 11.5Zinc molybdate m

••••• • • •••• •• •••• • ••• • • •••••••• ••• •• 6.4Isopropyl, Tri(N-ethylamino-ethylamino)

titanate" (4.5% in isopropyl alcohol) ......•.. ,...... 2.1

100.0

Compo.lllon 01 SA-3Silicone alkyd resin' 39.9Ethyl acetate 19.8Mineral spiritsi 11.91.1.1 Trichlorotrifluoroethane .........•.........•.... 7.9Rutile; titanium dioxide' II. 7Zinc molybdatem

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • 6.5Isopropyl, Tri (N -ethylamino-ethylamino)

titanate" (4.5% in ethyl alcohol) .. . .... . . ..•.... . .. 2.3

100.0

Compooillon 01 AC-1 0

Acrylic resin' .............................•........ 43.6Acrylic resin' . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 32.8Titanium dioxide .........•......•.........•........ 18.4CeliosoJvc acetate ........•......•..•......•........ 3.8Plasticizer' ...............•..•..•..•...•..•...•.... 1.4

100.0

Compo.lllon 01 EE-1Epoxy ester resin' ............................•..... 80.0Xylene .....................•......•.........•. 20.0

100.0

(a) This material is marketed commercially as Amlgu:lrd. It conforms with MilitarySpecification MiJ·('·K5054.

(b) Amsco Solvent G (American Mineral Spirits Co.l(e) 1"-200 (Hercules Powder)(d) NaSul RSN (RT. Vanderbilt Co.)(e) R.P. No.2 (E. I. DuPont)(f) DF-KK (General Electric)(g) SR-82 (General Ekclric)(hI Varkyd JKS-50R (McCloskey Varnish Co.)Ii) Varkyd 3K5-S0E (McCloskey Varnish Co.)(j) Amsco Soh'cm G (Union Oil of California)

(k) Alox 904 (AJox Corp.)(I) R-960 (E. I. DuPont)

(m) Moly~Whilc 10J (Sherwin Williams Chemicals)(n) KR-44S (Kenrich Chemicals)(0) This matcrial conforms with Military Specification Mil-C-KIJ52.(p) Acryloid A~21 (Rohm and Haas Co.)(q) Acryloid 8·44 (Rohm and Haas Co.)(r) Silntici7cr 160 (Monsanto Co.)(s) Varkyd 13:50" (McClo:.kcy Varnish Co.)

54

0% water displacing efficiency, the scale located on theright side of Figure 3.

Figure 4 is an example of the actual test data for SA-3,falling within the 95% confidence interval. This intervalwas determined by:'·

XI".• , ± 2.571 (S/VN)

where S is the standard deviation at point X I',.), 2..571 isthe Students t distribution value for 95% confidence with5 degrees of freedom, and N is equal to the number ofreplicates, six.

Figure 3 compares agents SA-I, SA-2, AC-I. andEE-I. SA-I is a good water displacer over the entire rangeof angles studied. SA-2 is only a fair water displacer at anangle of 50, but between 100 and 85,0 SA-2 is a goodwater displacer. AC-I is a poor water dis placer at anglesless than 450• but a good displacer at higher angles. EE-Iis a poor water displacer, never obtaining better than 74%WDE. Figure 4 shows that SA-3 is a poor waterdisplacerat angles less than 200. At angles from 200 to 850, SA-3 isa good displacer with a WDE of 86%

Figure 3 clearly illustrates a difference in waterdisplacing efficiency of SA-2 and SA-3 at angles less than200, where SA-2 is significantly more effective than SA-3.This suggests that the high affinity requirement of theproposed mechanism is correct; compounds with highaffinities for the solid surface will perform better thanthose with less affinity for the surface.

The test results also indicate that poor water dis placersare not effective at low specimen angles. One can infertwo effects occuringduring the test-an adsorption effectand a gravity effect. The adsorption effect is observed atlow angles with efficient water displacers. The agentpreferentially adsorbs onto the solid surface; it can thendiffuse between the water phase and the solid phase. Atthis point, the contact angle on the water drop rapidlydecreases and the water spreads over the displacingagent, eventually flowing off of the specimen. This is notobserved with poor water displacers which will not absorbas strongly and cannot diffuse under the droplets. Al­though this adsorption effect is best observed at lowangles, it is not dependent upon angle.

The gravity effect is observed at higher angles with thepoor water displacers. The agent will flow down thespecimen and contact a water drop. The impact, inconjunction with the force of gravity (due to highspecimen angle), will cause the water drop to flow downand off of the specimen. Although this is best observedwith poor water displacers, gravity obviously assists allcompounds in their ability to displace water. The gravity

CHARLES R. HEGEDUS received a B.S. Degree in Chemi­cal Engineering in 1979 and a M.S. Degree in MaterialsEngineering in 19821rom Drexel University. He has workedin the Aero Materials Division olthe Naval Air DevelopmentCenter since 1976. His primary background is in the area01 organic coatings lor aircraft.

Journal of Coatings Technology

DISPLACEMENT OF WATER FROM A STEEL SURFACE

700

WAll' ON .. S"(IIII" rtIOI TO IGOCT AmKATJOM IWi)

,.i:;:~.. ~"$!i

.0 ~is.:;.. •

--SA·)

·······51·2_.- AC-I

--- II-I

---',\\\\\\\, \

" \.-.-t._.-._.-.\ '.\ \\ \'--------,--------------------

--='"",.------_.~:","'==~-:=~=~

\

\\

lO

..0

110

Figure 3-Comparlson of SA·1, SA-2, AC-1,and EE-1-Water displacement efficiency

o '-_--'__-'-__-'-__.l-_--'L-_--'-__-'-__.l-_......I 100

o 10 20 3D 40 so 60 70 to 90

SPECIMEN ANGlE fltOM HORIZONTAl (DIGitUS)

effect is dependent upon the angle in that the force ofgravity affecting the water drops' ability to remain on thespecimen is controlled by the trigonometric sine of thespecimen angle.

DISCUSSION

The prime objective of this effort has been to devise andvalidate a quantitative test for the displacement of adiscontinuous phase of water on a steel surface. The testmethod which has been presented has yielded resultswhich agree with previous investigations"·15.17 and pre­liminary studies using the water drop test. 15 SA-I andSA-2 have been confirmed to be good water displacerswhile the displacing ability of AC-I, EE-I, and SA-3 isdependent upon substrate angle and as such, these com­pounds are considered to be poor water displacers.

Unlike previous test methods, the current methodyields data which is quantitative. providing a more precise

means of evaluating compounds and allowing a betterunderstanding of their displacing ability.

A second objective of this effort was to use the testresults to discuss the proposed mechanism for displacinga discontinuous water phase. For example, one require­ment of the proposed mechanism is that an agent have ahigh affinity for the substrate. This is accomplished by alarge adsorption force of the agent onto the solid surface.Agent adsorption was designed as a factor in this study byaddition of petroleum sulfonate to a test agent. SA-2 issimilar to SA-3 except for the addition of petroleumsulfonate to SA-2. Petroleum sulfonates have heats ofadsorption on steel of approximately 10 kcals/ mole. 18This is high relative to most compounds. For example,alcohols have heats of adsorption on steel ranging from3.7 kcals/mole for methanol to 4.8 kcals/mole foroctadecanol. Fatty acids have heats ofadsorption on steelranging from 2.1 kcals/mole for acetic acid to 5.3kcals/ mole for stearic acid. 19 Castor oil, which contains

700

lO

~ IlO

!·i"i 100

~·i:;;~

c•

70

..Figure 4-Water displacement test data

for SA-3

60

..a L-_--'-__--'-__-'-__L-_--'-__--'-__-'-__'--_---' ..O

o 10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90

SPEClMlN ANGLE fROM HORIZONTAl (OWRUS)

Vol. 56. No. 711, April 1984 55

C,R, HEGEDUS

an ester group, has a heat of adsorption onto steel of 2.3kcals/ mole.

CONCLUSIONS

A quantitative water displacement test method hasbeen devised to evaluate organic coatings for their abilityto displace water droplets. This method can be used tocompare the water displacing efficiency of compounds,and to further investigate the phenomenon and theoriesof water displacement. Water displacement appears to becontrolled by preferential adsorption of the water dis­placing agent at low angles, but at high angles waterdisplacement is controlled by the force of gravity. Com­pounds with high heats of adsorption on steel assist in thedisplacement of water from a steel surface.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank Dr. John J. De Luccia, ofthe Naval Air Development Center, for his enlighteningdiscussions throughout this effort. A special note of grati­tude is extended for his continued encouragement,without which this work would not have been performed.

The author also wishes to thank his co-workers at theNaval Air Development Center, especially Mr. PaulPrale, for their support throughout this effort.

References

(I) Baker. H,R .. Singleterry. C.R,. and Zisman. W,A.. "FactorsAffecting the Surface-Chemical Displacement of Bulk Waterfrom Solid Surfaces." Naval Research Laboratory Report 6368.Feb. 1966,

(2) Baker. H,R, and Zisman. W,A,. "Water-Displacing Fluids andTheir Application to Reconditioning and Protecting Equipment."Naval Research Laboratory Report C-3364. Oct. 1948,

(3) Fox. H,W.. Hare. E,F., and Zisman. W,A .. J. Phys. Chem..59. 1097. (1955),

(4) Baker. H,R" Leach. P.B.. Singleterry, C.R .. and Zisman. W.A.."Surface Chemical Methods of Displacing Water and/ or Oils andSalvaging Flooded Equipment. Part I-Practical Applications."NRL Report 5606. Feb. 1961.

56

(5) Baker. H,R,. Leach. P,B., and Singleterry. C.R .. "SurfaceChemical Methods of Displacing Water and/ or Oils and SalvagingFlooded Equipment. Part 2-Field Experience in RecoveringEquipment Damage by Fire Aboard USS Constellarion andEquipment Subjected to Salt-Spray Acceptance Test." NRLReport 5680. Sept. 1961.

(6) Baker, H,R, and Leach, P.B" "Surface Chemical Methods ofDisplacing Water and/ or Oils and Salvaging Flooded Equipment.Part 3-Field Experience in Recovering Equipment and Fuselageof H H 52A Helicopter after Submersion at Sea." NRL Report6158. Oct. 1964,

(7) Baker. H.R. and Leach. P,B" "Surface Chemical Methods ofDisplacing Water and/ or Oils and Salvaging Flooded Equipment.Part 4-Agressive Cleaner Formulations for Use on CorrodedEquipment." NRL Report 6291. June 1965,

(8) Baker. H,R. and Leach. P.B.. "Surface Chemical Methods ofDisplacing Water and/ or Oils and Salvaging Flooded Equipment.Part 5-Field Experience in Removing Sea-Water Salt Residues.Sand. Dust. and Soluble Corrosive Products from AN/FPS-16(XN-I) Missile and Satellite Tracking Radar." NRL Report 6334,Oct. 1965,

(9) Bolster. R, N.. "Removing of Fluid Contaminants by ChemicalDisplacement." Surface Contamination, Vol. I, Ed. K,L. Mittal./979.

(10) Pomerantl. p .. Clinton. W.C.. and Zisman. W.A .. J. ColloidInterface Sci.. 14, 16 (1967),

(I I) Hegedus, C. R.. "Water Displacing. Corrosion Preventive Com­pounds." Corrosion Control by Organic Coatings, Ed. HenryLeidheiser. Jr .. National Association of Corrosion Engineers.Houston. 1981.

(12) Baker. H.R .. Jones. D.T.. and Zisman. W,A .. lnd. Eng. Chem.. 41,137 (1949).

(13) Zisman. W.A. and Baker. H.R .. Ind. Eng, Chem.. 40, 2338 (1948).(14) American Society for Testing and Materials Standards. Part 23­

Petroleum Products and LUbricants. Method D-665-60. 1977,(15) Pilla. G.J.. "The Development of Amlguard. A Clear. Water

Displacing Corrosion Preventive Compound." Naval Air Develop­ment Center Report Number NADC-78220-60. May 1979.

(16) Lipson. C. and Sheth, N.. "Statistical Design and Analysis ofEngineering Experiments," McGraw-Hili. Inc.. ew York. 1973.

(17) Hegedus. C.R .. "The Development ofa Water Displacing. Touch­up Paint" Naval Air Development Center Report NumberNADC-80207-60, Feb. 1981.

(18) Kennedy. P.J .. ASLE Trans.. 23. 370 (1980).(19) Allen. T. and Patel. R.M .. "An Investigation into the Mechanism

of Adsorption from Solution." A,J. Groslek-Editor. BPSymposium on the Significance of the Heats of Adsorption at theSolid/ Liquid Interface. March 1971.

(20) Groslek. A.J .. ASLE Prepint Paper Number 5I LC-9. LubricationConference, Oct. 1961.

Journal of Coatings Technology

rn~~rnfORUM

Lawyer Vis-A-Vis ChemistIn Paint Product Liability Situations

Carl L. RechinGlidden Coatings and Resins, Division of SCM Corporation'

The vast expansion in the number ofproduct liability claims and the mostcommon type claims and lawsuitsfound in the paint industry are dis­cussed. This is followed by theauthor's view of how to handle suchclaims and the use of chemicalexperts in legal process. Finally, thereis a short lesson on the do's anddon'ts of appearing as a witness andgiving testimony at various forms oflegal proceedings.

Introduction

First, let me define the area we arediscussing. "Product liability" has cometo mean the liability of a manufacturer,processor, or other seller for injury to theperson or property of a buyer, user, oreven a non-purchasing third party whichhas been caused by a product which hasbeen sold, used, or consumed. This areaof the law has developed in response tothe increased complexity of consumerproducts and the increased opportunitiesfor mishaps in their design, manufactur­ing, marketing, or use. Such "mishaps"

-925 Euclid Ave.. Clcvrland. OH 44115.This P3IXr was prc:.tnted 81 the Symposium on Forensic

Chemistry or Coatings al the American Chemical Society'sAnnual Meeting on August 31. 1983 in WllshinglOn, DC.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

have led to a substantial increase in boththe incidence and the amounts of unin­tended harm occurring in the course of,or as a consequence of, the use ofproducts. The doctrine of product liabil­ity, as it has evolved over the course ofEnglish and American jurisprudence, ismerely a renection of changes which haveoccurred and will continue to occur in ourphilosophy as to the sharing of theburden of loss and damage as betweenusers and consumers on the one hand andmanufacturers and vendors on the other.The assumption underlying today's shiftsof that responsibility to manufacturersand vendors is that they are better able tospread the amount of any loss as a cost ofproduction and sale and, thus, ultimatelyshare it among the entire class of con­sumers.

The law of product liability is compli­cated and confusing-to lawyers as wellas laymen-for several reasons:

(I) The law varies from state to stateand often varies between jurisdictionswithin the same state;

(2) The law often varies from productto product, with, for example, manu­facturers of certain products such asdrugs, food, or explosives being held to ahigher standard of care than manu­facturers of some other products such aspaint;

(3) The laws may vary also dependingon the circumstances of the particulartransaction (i.e., the knowledge of theparties, their prior course of dealings, theterms of an agreement of sale) or on the

particular plaintiff involved (e.g., therecovery in a wrongful death actionbrought by the parents of a child burnedto death as a result of exploding paintfumes is likely to be large in amount).

In general, there are three legal theoriesupon which liability has been permitted:(I) negligence, (2) warranty, and (3) strictliability. These theories overlap to aconsiderable extent, and it is not uncom­mon to find one lawsuit alleging all threeas a basis for recovery. Initially, however,it is important to remember that nomatter which of these theories a plaintiffmay rely on, he must always show that theinjury to his person or property wascaused by the product in question or bysome conduct of the manufacturer. Thismay seem rather obvious, but plaintiffsoften fail to win because they do notprove that their injury was causallyrelated to the defendant's conduct orproduct.

Negligence

Negligence, in a legal sense, is aviolation of a duty to use that degree ofcare a reasonable person would have usedunder the same or similar circumstances.In the case ofa manufacturer, he is held tothe standard of care which a reasonablyprudent manufacturer in the same busi­ness would use.

In order to win a suit premised onnegligence, a plaintiff usually must showa defect or dangerous condition notknown to him and -resulting from thedefendant's failure to act reasonably; that

57

C.L. RECHIN

the defendant foresaw or should haveforeseen the danger to a consumer usingthe product for its intended purpose; thatthe plaintiff was in fact injured and thatthe product was the proximate cause ofthe injury.

In addition, reasonable care requiresthat manufacturers make such inspec­tions and tests in the course of themanufacturing process as are reasonablynecessary to ensure the production of asafe product.

A manufacturer must also exercisereasonable care in warning purchasers orother contemplated users of any danger­ous characteristics or inherent limitationsof his product. The duty to warn is basedon the manufacturer's presumed abilityto foresee the danger to the consumer.The most prevalent location for suchwarnings in the paint business is the labelon the can.

Warranty

The warranty theory of product liabil­ity is based upon the breach of a promiseor representation which the manufac­turer or seller has made to the purchaseror user with regard to the character orquality of the product. To recover underthis theory, it is typically necessary toshow (I) that a warranty exists, (2) thatthe warranty has been breached, and(3) that the defect which constituted thebreach was the proximate cause of theinjury.

Warranty can mean more than a fineprint, multi-clau e, embossed contractcontaining express and carefully de­scribed warranties as is done in chemicalcoatings. This is an express warranty andcan be found in ads, sales literature, orlabels. The law recognizes a second typeof warranty-the implied warranty.

An implied warranty is an assurancethat the law deems the seller to havemade. The implied a surances of everysale are that the product (a) is ofmerchantable quality and (b) is fit for thegeneral purpose for which it is sold. If thebuyer makes known the specific purposefor which he is buying the product, theimplied warranty is extended to cover thefitness of the product for that particularpurpose. The Uniform Commercial Codewhich is now the law in 49 states (everystate except Louisiana) recognizes all ofthese warranties.

Strict Liability

One of the most striking recent devel­opments in the field of product liabilityhas been the doctrine of strict liability.Strict liability is the imposition of liabilitywithout any proofof negligence or breachof warranty. It subjects the manufacturer

58

or seller to liability even though he mayhave exercised all possible care in thepreparation and sale of the product, if theproduct is defective and in its defectivestate it causes injury. In such circum­stances, recovery will be allowed regard­less of the degree of care exercised by themanufacturers in the formulation, manu­facture, and inspection of his prod uct.

The doctrine of strict liability is thelogical extreme of the philosophy that it isboth just and expedient for the enterprisewhich sets the product in the stream ofcommerce and thereby "causes" the loss,to lift the burden of loss from theindividual victim and distribute theburden widely, and thus less severely,among all customers of that enterprise.Not everyone may agree with this socialconcept, but it is one that has achievedrecognition in almost every state of theunion.

Here are some of the important fea­tures of the doctrine of strict liability:

(I) Proof of negligence is not essentialand lack of it is immaterial. Liability maybe imposed even though there is nothingto show that every reasonable precautionwas not taken.

(2) Any person engaged in the businessof selling may be held liable, includingsuppliers of raw materials or componentparts, distributors, and retailers.

(3) Liability may extend to any personwhose possible harm from a defectiveproduct is reasonably foreseeable. Thisincludes the buyer's family, householdmembers, and guests. It may includeemployees and even mere bystanders.

(4) Recovery may be made for bothpersonal injuries and property damages.

(5) Available legal defenses in strictliability cases are limited, such as willfulor unreasonable misuse of the product orassumption of risk where the personharmed used the product despite knowl­edge of the defect.

Note, however, that as a general rulestrict liability does not yet mean absoluteliability. Proof of lack of a defect inthe product is in most cases a gooddefense.

PRODUCT DEFECT: What constitutes adefect may, however, be a difficult ques­tion. Courts usually say that a product isdefective only if it is not reasonably fit forthe ordinary purpose for which suchproducts are sold and used, or that adefect is a condition not contemplated bythe ultimate consumer which will beunreasonably dangerous to him. Forexample, pits are not normally consid­dered a defect in olives, but a District ofColumbia Court has held that a martinidrinker might recover for a broken toothif he had reason to believe that he hadbeen served an unpitted olive in his vodka

martini. Hochberg v. O'Donnell's Res­taurant, Inc., 272 A.2d 846 (D.C. Cir.1971). In other words, the martini was"defective".

These types of claims and lawsuitsagainst manufacturers have not reallychanged in substance-change has beenin the number of such lawsuits and thedollar value attached to them. In bothcategories-the number of suits and themonetary demands-the increase has beenstaggering. Think for just a moment of thenumber of lawsuits that have resulted andwill continue to result from the Tylenoltragedy. In addition to the known deathswhich occurred to the victims of Chicago.there will be multitudinous other claimsrelated to the fact that Tylenol packageswere not properly sealed. Johns Manville,a known and respected name in thebuilding profession, has resorted tobankruptcy in an attempt to ward off thethousands upon thou ands of casesclaiming injury which re ulted from theuse of asbestos. Lest you believe that thepaint business is or has been free of thesetype of claims, I would remind you thatseveral cases have been brought in recentyears where individuals or groups ofindividuals have claimed that exposure tochemical fumes, including paint fumes,have resulted in various forms of physicaldisability.

USE OF EXPERT WITNESSES: In any ofthese cases from the relatively small andsimple claim of defective coating on anindividual residence to the class actiontype with multiple plaintiffs and multipledefendants, there is a need for technicalexpertise. It is needed quickly and in­tensely. It must be given honestly and inthe type of language that is readily under­stood by all involved. The assistanceshould be direct and should be pointed.The investigators and/or the lawyersseeking to determine the possible causesdo not need proof of expertise by a reci­tation of everything the expert knows.Restrain your view to the case at hand.

It is essential that a paint companyfaced with a defective product claim hasavailable to it the needed technical abilityto cope with such claims.

Reduction of Liability

I would now like to turn to some thingsa manufacturer may do to reduce or shifthis liability.

Clearly, the best protection againstproduct liability is to produce a goodproduct. With the increasing acceptanceof the strict liability theory, the exerciseof rea onable care will no longer be a

Journal of Coatings Technologyj

LAWYER VIS-A-VIS CHEMIST

CARL L. RECHIN is Vice-President and General Counselof SCM's Glidden Coatings and Resins Division. He beganhis career with SCM in 1968 as General Attorney andManager of the Law Department of their Glidden-DurkeeDivision in Cleveland. He was appointed Assistant GeneralCounsel in 1970 retaining his managerial responsibility ofthe Law Department. In 1972, Mr. Rechin was named Vice­President and General Counsel of Glidden-Durkee. Mr.Rechin attended Canisius College. Buffalo, NY, andearned his J. D. Degree at the University of Buffalo LawSchool. He is a member of the American, Ohio State, andCleveland Bar Associations.

thorough substitute for manufacturing aproduct free from defects. A good inspec­tion and quality control system is essen­tial. Moreover, the system must bedocumented so that months or years aftera product leaves the production line, itcan be shown that testing and samplingprograms conducted at the time showedan absence of defects.

However, even if a product is formu­lated as safely as possible and is manu­factured free of defects, it may havecertain dangerous properties that arejnherent or impossible to avoid. In suchcases, the product manufacturer shouldinclude clear and prominent warnings toalert consumers of such dangers, as wellas clear and complete instructions aimedat avoiding them.

A manufacturer may shift the burdenof liability caused by a defect in hisproduct by purchasing appropriate prod­uct liability insurance. The difficultywith product liability is its cost. Likemalpractice for doctors and other pro­fessionals, recent increases in productliability claims and awards have causedpremiums to rise drastically.

Another way of shifting liability is tonegotiate indemnity or contributionagreements with other parties such as rawmaterial suppliers, toll manufacturers, orformula licensors who may be equallyresponsible for a product defect. Thechoice among indemnity, insurance, or acombination of the foregoing will varyfrom manufacturer to manufacturerdepending on the price and costtradeoffsinvolved in each individual case.

Disclaimer or warranty limitationsmay also be helpful. However, in prac­tically no instance can a manufacturernow shift to a retail consumer liability forpersonal injuries caused solely by a defectin his product for which he is responsible.Such disclaimers are being held to beintrinsically unfair by a growing numberof courts.

Another way to reduce your productliability is to ensure the prompt investiga­tion of claims after any injury hasoccurred. Often, evidence of the plain­tiffs improper use of the product quicklydisappears soon after the injury.

A final area where a manufacturer canshift or prevent a great deal of productliability exposure is in advertising andlabelling. As noted before, liability basedon express warranty has been predicatedon advertising claims. Such writtenmaterial should obviously be carefullychecked by technically competent. per­sonnel to in'sure its accuracy andcompleteness.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

You 8S 8n Expert Witness

A few words about giving testimony.You may be called upon either as part ofyour personal activities or your job togive sworn testimony at anyone of avariety of proceedings. The most visible,of course, is either the criminal or civiltrial. There are in addition, however,depositions, which call for sworn testi­mony before the trial. There are admini­strative hearings such as those before theFederal Trade Commission, Environ­mental Protection Agency, zoningboards, etc. There are arbitration pro­ceedings before one or more arbitratorswho act as judges and jurors, and thereare legislative committee hearings beforecity, state, or federal government bodies.

For the most part, instructions on howto testify will be the same for all suchproceedings with the one exception beingthe deposition. Testimony given at adeposition is normally given only beforethe opposing counsel. It is basically aninvestigative tool-a means by whichattorneys for either side will attempt tolearn the facts of the case. It can be usedas written testimony at a trial if thewitness is unavailable on the trial date. Itcan also be used to impeach a witness at atrial; that is, if it can be shown that thewitness is testifying differently at the trialthan he had testified earlier at thedeposition. In these proceedings, it isparticularly important for the witness toanswer only the question which is asked.The witness should attempt to avoidopening other areas of interrogation bygiving names of parties or the identity ofdocuments unless he is absolutelyrequired to do so. Each name given in adeposition is merely giving the opposingside the name of an additional witness tocall at some future deposition before trial.Accordingly, try to be precise in youranswers and answer only the questionthat is asked. If your attorney wants youto amplify, he can ask you additionalquestions on cross-examination.

A very important difference between a

deposition and a trial is that the onlyoutcome of a deposition is a typewrittenrecord. There is no judge or jury presentwho can detect signs of anger, nervous­ness, blushing, and whatever other phys­ical signs people might give in verbaltestimony. Deposition also presents awitness with a good rehearsal for a trial. Itmay be his only opportunity to becomeaccustomed to testifying before he isrequired to testify at the trial. It also givesthe witness an opportunity to getacquainted with the style or manner ofquestioning used by the attorney for theopposing side.

Other than depositions, the remainingforms of testimony are pretty much thesame. Only the identity of the person orpersons hearing the testimony changesfrom one type of hearing to another. As ageneral rule, and like so many otherthings, your testimony will be only asgood as the amount of pre-trial prepara­tion that is devoted to such testimony.You should be extensively rehearsed bythe attorney for your side. He or sheshould give you an overview of the entirecase and exac'tly where your testimonyand your documents fit into the overallplan. He should give you some feel for thenature of the opposing attorney and thejudge that will hear the case. Thispreparation and your rehearsal of yourtestimony is perfectly proper. If you takethe stand and are asked whether or notyour attorney and you have worked onyour testimony, you should admit itfreely.

Once the trial date arrives, there areseveral do's and don'ts on the manner ofgiving testimony. Almost all are commonsense which any of us would think of if wesat down for a half an hour and tried todraw up a list of instructions for aprospective witness.

First of all in the matter of appear­ance-be yourself. Do not dress to eitherextreme-too conservative or too wild.For one reason or another, a man in abusiness suit or a well groomed woman ismore believable than a middle-aged hip-

59

C.L. RECHIN

pie with dungarees, sneakers, a'!d asweatshirt. When giving your oral testi­mony, be as natural as you can andattempt to be consistent; that is, answer inthe same manner when you are respond­ing to direct examination as you do whenresponding to cross-examination. Onevery obvious point which is made by youroath is that you should tell the truth.Lying invariably will get you tangled upand presents the opportunity to destroythe entire position which you may be ad­vocating. It is recommended that youspeak as if you were dictating a businessletter. When describing yourself at theoutset of your testimony, remember thatyou are now creating the first impressionwith the judge and the jurors. Try to leantoward the humble side rather than beingtoo pompous.

A few other matters at random-avoidtoo quick a response to the questions.Pause for a moment before respondingand give yourself time to think. This alsogives your attorney time to object if hedesires to do so. Be sure that you wait toanswer until you are sure the question hasbeen completed. On the other side of thecoin, however, don't pause too long oryou give the judge and jury the impres­sion that you are uncertain of what youare going to say.

A few don'ts-don't overreact while onthe witness stand and don't try to outwitthe other side's attorney. Remember thatyou are playing his ballgame in hisballpark and it is to be expected that he is

to be better at the game than you. Don'ttry to memorize your answers word byword. Don't be em barrassed to admit aloss of memory. Perhaps the most popu­lar answer in any kind oflegal proceedingis "I don't recall."

During the course of your testimonyyour attorney may well stop the question­ing with objections. Don't think that youcan at that point relax and letthe attorneyargue with the judge. Objections may wellbe made for the purpose of giving you abreak or a breather or making you thinkagain about the answer you are going togive. So listen very closely to the objec­tions and to the arguments in favor ofLheobjections.

It is quite easy to get into a sing-songtempo when answering questions fromyour opponent's attorney. He can, oncross-examination, generally ask youleading questions and can reach the pointwhere each question he asks is said at thesame tempo and your response can followthat tempo. You may well find yourselfresponding in a manner contrary to youractual knowledge merely because youhave sung his song at his tempo. Not onlytry to think of your response, but think ofwhat the opposing attorney is trying toelicit from you.

At times you are allowed to refreshyour recollection either with notes ofyour own which must be made availableto the other attorney or with documents,letters, or reports which had been writtenby you or to you from someone else. In

these situations, read all of the documentor the portion which your attorneydirects you to read before testifying. Yourattorney should ask for a recess period­ically during lengthy testimony. It is mostdangerous for a witness to becomefatigued while testifying. Usually an hourto an hour and a half is considered longenough for one stretch. If your attorneymisses the boat on this matter, you as awitness can ask the judge for a fewminutes for a break. During these breaks,speak only to your attorney. Joviality orfriendliness with anyone on the othersidemay well be misunderstood by a juror.

In conclusion, some of you because ofthe nature of your job may be called asexpert witnesses, i.e. one who due to hisor her educational background and / oroccupational experience is recognized ashaving particular expertise in a specificdiscipline. The only additional point inthat regard is that an expert witness isallowed to give opinion testimony whereother witnesses are not. Generally, theseopinions will be asl(ed for in response to ahypothetical question; that is, one whichsimulates the facts which have beenbrought out at the trial. Responding tosuch questions is not different thanothers. Follow the suggestions set forthabove and there should be no difficulty.

With this brief rundown, you should beprepared to act in sterling fashion as awitness, expert witness, and a stoutadvocate of your position in any form ofproduct liability situation.

60

Open Forum is an experiment in communications designed to give readers theopportunity to share creative concepts in all aspects of coatings. Suggested topicsinclude color, formulation and manufacture, testing, and selection of raw materials.These "tricks of the trade" need not be prepared formally such as research papers, butshould, however, be thorough in their preparation and presentation. Submissionsshould be sent to "Open Forum" Editor, Journal of Coatings Technology, 1315 WalnutSt., Philadelphia, PA 19107.

Journal of Coatings Technolog

These subcommillee reports are for the use of the membership of ASTM Commillee 0·1111 continuing Its work and for the

Interest of readers In the activities of ASTM Commillee 0·1. The reports are not official actions of ASTM and may not bequoted as representing any action or polley of the American Society for Testing and Materials.

December 1983 Subcommittee Reportsof ASTM Committee D-1

The December meeting of ASTM Committee D-I on Paintand Related Coatings and Materials was held on December11-14. 1983 at the Sheraton Hotel, Bal Harbour, FL.ln the threeand one-half days preceding the final report session and generalmeeting of Committee D-I, 152 members and guests met in 146scheduled meetings of D-I subcommittees and working taskgroups. The present membership of Committee D-I is 494.

A Memorial Resolution was presented on the passing ofGeorge G. Sward.

The Provisional Subcommittee on Masonry Treatments wasgiven permanent status as Subcommittee DO 1.47, with RobertS. Shane as its Chairman.

Officer appointments were made as follows: Sub. DO 1.13 onConsumer Affairs-R. S. Shane to replace S. B. Levinson asChairman; Sub. DOl.46 on Industrial Protective Painting­K. A. Trimber to replace D. M. Berger as Chairman; and Sub.DO 1.52 on Factory-Coated Wood Products-So B. Schroederto replace R. C. Marck as Chairman.

R. J. Connor was appointed to the Executive Subcommitteeto replace E. E. Haney, who resigned.

D-I Officers for the years 1984-85 are: Chairman-J. C.Weaver: First Vice-Chairman-J. M. Behrle: Second Vice­Chairman-So LeSota; Third Vice-Chairman-H. Fujimoto:Recording Secretary-Harold M. Werner, and MembershipSecretary/Treasurcr-c. K. Schoff.

Highlights

The following projects of major interest to the coatingsindustry warrant special emphasis:

VOC Determinations-Sub. DOl.21.56 will run a round­robin on water content of high water content coatings using anew titrant in an effort to improve precision for calculatingVOC (D 3960 and in EPA Method 24).

Flocculation-Sub. DOl.23 invites suggestions on and seeksparticipants in the development of a practice for identificationof Oocculation and determination of the degree in coatings.

Masonry Treatments-Sub. DOl.47 is the new permanentnumber for this committee. It will not meet in Montreal, butmay have a separate meeting in the Fall in the U.S.

Swelling in Hardboard Siding-Sub. DO 1.52"B" continueddiscussions on the problem of wctting and swelling of

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

hardboard siding by surfactants in water-borne house paints.Decided to work with AHA's Field Finishing task group toincrease precision of one of their test methods.

Coil Coated Metal-Sub. D01.53 is in great need of moremembers, especially paint producers.

Paint Brushes and Rollers-Sub. DO 1.61 is developing around-robin for testing paint brushes and rollers. Sevencooperators agreed to participate.

Future Meetings

"May 20-23, 1984-Montreal, Canada (Queen ElizabethHotel)

January 20-24, 1985-0rlando, FL (Marriott)June 23-26, 1985-San Diego, CA (Town & Country Hotel)"January 12-17, 1986-New Orleans, LA (Sheraton New

Orleans)June 15-20, 1986-Philadelphia, PA (Franklin Plaza Hotel)"-Committee Weeks

New Standards

ew standards since the January, 1983, meetings of D-Iapproved by the ASTM Committee on Standards in themonths: (subcommittee jurisdiction)

March, 1983

D 4145-83 Test Method for Coating Flexibility of PrepaintedSheets (Sub .53)

D 4236-83, Practice for Labeling Art Materials for ChronicHealth Hazards (Sub .57)

August, 1983

D 4213-83, Test Method for Wet Abrasion Resistant oflnteriorPaint by Weight Loss (Sub .42)

D 4277-83, Practice for Testing Amino Resins (Sub .33)

October, 1983

D 4146-83, Test Method for Formability of Zinc-RichPrimer /Chromate Complex Coatings on Steel (Sub .53)

D 4287-83, Test Method for Determination of Viscosity ofPaints and Varnishes at a High Rate of Shear by the ICICone/ Plate Viscometer (Sub .24)

D 4288-83, Specification for Calcium Borosilicate Pigments(Sub .31)

61

November, 1983

D 4302-83, Specification for Artists Oil and Acrylic EmulsionPaints (Sub .57)

D 4303-83, Test Methods for Relative Light-Fastness ofPigments Used in Artists Paints (Sub .57)

New Standards since January 1983 in D-l Related Committees,approved by ASTM Committee on Standards in the months:

D-33, Committee on Protective Coating and Lining Work forPower Generating Facilities

April, 1983

D 4082-83, Test of the Effects of Radiation on Coatings Used inLight- Water Nuclear Power Plants (Sub .02)

D 4227-83, Practice for Qualification of Journeymen Paintersfor Application of Coatings to Concrete Surfaces of SafetyRelated Areas in Nuclear Facilities (Sub .04)

D 4228-83, Practice for Qualification of Journeymen Paintersfor Application of Coatings to Steel Surfaces of Safety RelatedAreas in Nuclear Facilities (Sub .04)

June, 1983

D 4256-83, Test Method for Determination of the Decontamin­ability for Coatings Used in Light-Water Nuclear Power Plants(Sub .02)

D 4258-83, Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating(Sub .05)

D 4259-83, Practice for Abrading Concrete (Sub .05)

D 4260-83, Practice for Acid Etching Concrete (Sub .05)

August, 1983

D 4261-83, Practice for Surface Cleaning Concrete UnitMasonry for Coating (Sub .05)

D 4262-83, Method for Testing pH of Chemically Cleaned orEtched Concrete Surfaces (Sub .05)

D 4263-83, Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete bythe Plastic Sheet Method (Sub .05)

September, 1983

D 4285-83, Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water inCompressed Air

October, 1983

D 4257-83, Practice for Design and Use of Safety Alert Systemfor Hazardous Work Locations in the Coatings and LiningIndustry (Sub .03)

G03 Committee on Durability of Non-metallic Materials

May, 1983

G 80-83, Test Method for Specific Cathodic Disbonding ofPipeline Coatings (Sub .06)

The above listed standards will appear in the 1984 ASTM Bookof Standards.

Standard which await COS Approval

Committee 0-1D 4301-83, Test Method for Total; Chlorine in Epoxy Resinsand Compounds

Committee 0-33D 4286-83, Practice for Determining Contractor Qualificationfor Nuclear Powered Electric Generation Facilities

AD HOC COMMITTEEON INDEXING

S. LeSota, Chairman

There was a general discussion andconcensus that the ASTM D-I index wasa mess. It was agreed to make corrections,modifications, and additions on 3" x 5"index cards so that they could later bearranged in alphabetical order. It wasalso agreed that this ambitious programwould take a long time and it wasrecommended to the Executive Subcom­mittee that this ad hoc committee begiven permanent status as a part of theDOl.18 Editorial Subcommittee. TheExecutive Subcommittee agreed that itwill be a task group under Sub. DO 1.18.The future designation will be Sub.DO 1.18.02.

62

DIVISION 1ADMINISTRATIVE

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.07GOVERNMENT CONTACTS

A. A. Chasan, Chairman

It was reported that, in its continuedreorganization, The Federal Supply Ser­vice of the General Services Administra­tion moved the standardization functions(specification writing activities) of theFSC class 8010 (paints) to Auburn, WA,and classes 8030 (coatings) and 8040(adhesives) to Kansas City, MO.

Federal Standard 141, which revertedto the Army at Fort Belvoir, VA sometime ago, is going to be revised again. Atthe present time technical comments arebeing solicited to help in the rewrite. It isanticipated that a preliminary documentwill be circulated by the end of calendaryear 1984.

In a general statement affecting theentire Federal government, the GSA hasbeen charged with the responsibility toimplement the use of metric designations

(SI units) dually with the inch-poundsystem. No deadline has been set as yet.

In a surprise move the FSS of the GSAannounced that effective immediately itwould procure paints (FSC 8010) onlythat conform to air pollution regulations.

Federal Standard 595. Colors. is beingreprinted. previous supplies having beenexhausted. A contract, administered bythe Government Printing Office. andsupervised by the FSS, has been let forproviding full sets, individual color cards,fan decks, and the addition of new colors.While metamerism is being controlledthrough the use of several illuminants,color matching will rely on visual exami­nations, and not on spectrophotometricmeasurements as has been done in thepast. Moves to have the standard ad­ministered through private sources (e.g.,ASTM E 12) have been ignored.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.15LECTURES & SYMPOSIA

H. A. Wray, Chairman

It was reported that H. E. Ashton willpresent a talk on Canadian! United StatesStandards Relationships at the May 1984

Journal of Coatings Technology

meeting in Montreal. A symposium onComputers in the Paint Industry wassuggested for the January 1985 meeting.E. A. Praschan and J. J. Brezinski werenamed as Cochairmen of this symposium.C. K. Schoff and S. LeSota were namedto the committee. It was agreed torecommend to the Executive Subcom­mittee that the symposium be held onMonday afternoon and Tuesday morningof the D-I session, with possibly a specialaffair Monday night.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.16DEFINITIONS

S. LeSota, Chairman

The following definitions were sub­mitted for subcommittee letter ballot: fordeletion-industrial talc, nonasbestostype; for revision-filler and plasticizer;new additions-ball indent adhesion,inorganic zinc coating, natural spreadingrate, organic zinc-rich primer, pigment,storage stability, yellowing, flash rusting,and volatile organic compounds (VOC).

DIVISION 20RESEARCH

ANDGENERAL METHODS

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.20SAMPLING, STATISTICS, ETC.

H. E. Ashton, Chairman

The chairman reported that D 3980had been reviewed editorially. but thegalley proof had apparently been lost inthe mails so the final version could not bechecked. Consequently, the Practice hadnot been sent to Committee E-II forcomment. It was suggested that E-ilwould not be in a position to assist insetting up a computer program. C. J.Sherman volunteered to look into thepossibility of revising the E 180 programor developing a D 3980 program foranalysis of interlaboratory test results.

I n connection with extending the D3925 Sampling Practice, the chairmanreported that he only had been able toreview the ISO method, as the result of aballot, and the Bureau de normalisationdu Quebec method, which is based onthree ISO methods and one French stan­dard. Sampling procedures from E-15and D-2 and one in U. S. Federal TestMethod Standard 141 will be evaluated.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

The subcommittee requests that head­quarters send a circular to D-I subcom­mittee chairmen requesting incorporationof D 3924 and D 3925 where applicable,and pointing out that D 3980 has beencompleted and should be used by thesubcommittees for analyzing test results.(D 3924 is environment conditioning.D 3925 is sampling practice.)

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.21CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF

PAINTS AND PAINT MATERIALS

R. W. Scott, Chairman

DOI.21.l3, CoordinationofVOCStan­dards and Information, J. C. Weaver,Chairman, reported that volatile organiccontent (VOC) of water-borne coatingsas determined by Federal Method 24(Fed. Register, Oct. 3, 1980) is thought tobe less precise on water-borne coatingsthan on solvent base coatings. This EPAmethod is based on, and cites, fourASTM methods on liquid coatings fordensity (D 1475), total volatile (D 2369),and water contents by either GC(D 3792)or Karl Fischer (D 4017), is less precise athigher water contents up to 50 or 60%water.

EPA will issue in early 1984, from itsResearch Triangle facility in North Caro­lina, its detailed interpretation of its ownextensive analytical data upon samples ofpractical solvent and water-borne coat­ings submitted by eight or more producersin response to a July, 1982 general requestby EPA. This interpretation may influ­ence revisions of EPA's Method 24 forbetter precision.

D 4017, "Water Content Determina­tion by Karl Fischer Titration," wasdiscussed as being the most possible causeof poor precision in Method 24. Watercontents of large magnitude may be theprincipal, but not sole, suspect variable inthe "Confidence Limit Calculations" ofMethod 24. Volume solids content maybe another, especially on zinc dust primersand other coatings with high pigmentcontents. New displacement methods aresought.

Precision or confidence limits calcula­tions are at variance between: (I) EPAMethod 24; (2) ASTM's general practice,E 180; and (3) D-I's own D 3980 practiceon interlaboratory testing. Cooperationis needed between Subs. DO 1.21.56,D0l.20 and, hopefully, EPA, to find anoptimum treatment of such large magni­tudes of variables.

EPA's "VOC DATA SHEET-Deter­mination of Apparent VOC Content"was criticized as being: (I) too complex;(2) not in paint jargon; (3) with unneces­sary revelation of confidential formula­tions; and (4) inferior to that of improvedMethod 24 or D 3960.

D 2369, on total volatile content, seemsprecise enough for many conventionalsolvent coatings, but not for inks whichcontain high boiling volatile mineral oils.The Sub. DOI.56.11, task group onvolatiles in inks, has completed oneround-robin and is starting another tostudy the variables of sample film thick­ness in the oven for one or several hours,always at 110°C, and 95 mm, as well as,58 mm pans.

Exempt solvents, such as halohydro­carbons, are not provided for in Method24 as yet. Sub. D01.21.55 has completedfurther round-robins and another draft oftheir GC method for this purpose, whichwill need consideration in revisions ofMethod 24 and D 3960.

DOI.21.22, Analysis of Electrocoat(EI C) Bath Samples, W. Van Der Linde,Chairman, received negatives and com­ments on all four items on a recentconcurrent ballot. Since revisions areextensive as a result of this, all fourmethods will be resubmitted for ballot.

Two proposed new methods weredistributed for review: (I) "Weight percentDetermination for Solvents and/ orAmines in Electrocoat Baths and Perme­ates by GC," prepared by P.D. Souchek,of DeSoto, and (2) "Test for Determina­tion of Cation Contaminants in Electro­coat Samples," prepared by H. D. Swaf­ford, of Glidden. These methods will bediscussed at the May meeting. Fourcooperators have agreed to participate inany proposed round-robin to evaluatethese methods.

DO1.21.26, Revision ofD 2697, VolumeNonvolatile (VNV), M. E. Sites, Chair­person. In the absence of ChairpersonSites, H. Fujimoto chaired the meeting.The present status of the revised methodfor determining VNV was reported. Edi­torial comments received from a taskgroup ballot have been incorporated.There was a question on the E 180 basedstatistical handling of the data. Followinga review by H. E. Ashton, the revised D2697 will be submitted for concurrentSub. DOl.21 and Committee D-I ballot.

Mr. Fujimoto stated that a new quickand clean method to determine thedensity of the dried paint film is underinvestigation and its feasibility for around-robin will be reported at the nextmeeting. In place of the stainless steeldiscs used in D 2697 and the weighing inair and in water, the film density isdetermined with Quantachrome's gaspycnometer which measures the volumeof heli um displaced by a known weight ofpaint film.

DOI.21.27, Low Temperature FurnaceAshing, W. V. Moseley, Jr., Chairman,reported that the method for "PigmentContent of Paint by Low TemperatureFurnace Ashing (450°C)" has been sub-

63

mitted for the next D-I letter ballot. Themethod has been revised since the lastballot of Sub. DOl.21 to reflect alltechnical and editorial comments. Aprecision statement has been added basedon the statistical evaluation data furnishedby PPG. Comments were made on the useof aluminum dishes for this method andalso for D 3723, "Pigment Content ofWater Emulsion Paint by Low Tempera­ture Ashing." This method uses porcelaindishes, but D 3723 uses aluminum dishes,which lose weight when heated to 450°C.The chairman will investigate the alumi­num dish problem. G. Cunningham ob­served that some of the new thinner gaugealuminum dishes lost solvent by permea­tion. Sub. DO 1.33.26 will be advised ofthe weight loss problem with the alumi­num dishes.

DO/.2/.42, AAS Ana/ysisofPigments,W. Y. Moseley, Jr., Chairman, reportedthe results of the ballots on "StandardMethod of Test for the Atomic Absorp­tion Analysis of Titanium Dioxide Con­tent in Pigments Recovered from WholePaint." A negative from H. E. Ashtonwas found persuasive. His recommendedchanges and comments from other per­sons will be incorporated, where ap­plicable. The corrected and revisedmethod is now ready for Society ballot.

DO/.2/.48, Analysis of Zinc HydroxyPhosphite Pigments, L. Dicarlo, Chair­man, reported that a round-robin hadbeen conducted since the last meeting forthe determination of zinc oxide andphosphorus acid in zinc hydroxy phos­phite pigment. Two samples, which repre­sented two levels of ZnO, were tested byfive collaborators. The zinc content wasdetermined by EDTA titration and calcu­lated as zinc oxide. The phosphoruscontent was determined colorimetricallyand calculated as phosphorus acid. Theresults appeared encouraging. A statisti­cal review and precision statement will begenerated by Mr. Cunningham, of PPG.The first draft will include a "BiasStatement" to conform to ASTM Styleand Format. After submission to theeditorial subcommittee it will be sub­mitted to Sub. DO 1.21 ballot.

DO/.2/.53, Trace Levels ofMonomersin Paints, J. Benga, Chairman, discussedthe proposed method for determiningfree monomers. It was stated that theurgency of the regulation on controllingfree monomers in paints has been relaxed,but the need for a method still exists. Thisis especially true since the method couldbe used for in-house quality control. Itwas agreed to conduct another round­robin. Particular care will be taken toensure sample integrity.

The work on a capillary method forfree monomers will be suspended temp-

64

orarily. A solicitation was made for atentative method for determining freeisocyanates.

DO/.2/.55, Halohydrocarbons in Coat­ings, C. Niemi, Chairperson, revised theproposed method for determining halo­hydrocarbons in coatings to fit ASTMform and style. The round-robin data wassubmitted to a member of ASTM'sCommittee E-Il for statistical analysis.The rewritten method was then sent toMr. Ashton for review and comment. Herevised the method to fit other G LCmethods such as D 3362 and D 3892. Inaddition, he objected to the manner inwhich the data was statistically inter­preted. He recommended using D-I'smodification of E 180. This has beendone. The corrected method with anadded "Bias Statement"and placement ofSl units in a primary position with U. S.units in parentheses will now be submittedto Sub. DOl.21 ballot.

DO/.2/.56, Revision of D 3960, Calcu­lating VOC in Paints. M. E. Sites,Chairperson. Mr. Fujimoto chaired themeeting. Results of the second round­robin, which included two water-reduciblecoatings, indicated both water determina­tion methods used, i.e., D 3792 (GCmethod) and D 4017 (Karl Fischermethod), showed poor precision, which inturn, affected the YOC calculations. D 40 17gave repeatibility of 28.72% relative and areproducibility of 71.21% relative. YOCobtained using D 3792 developed repeat i­bility statements of 31.91% relative andreproducibility of 87.45% relative. Mr.Cunningham reran the data using E 180,but kept the % water values constant. Hereported an improvement in repeatibility(single analyst) to 20.74% relative and areproducibility (multilaboratory) of25.26%. However, these reported valueswere less precise than the 2.65% relativerepeatibility and 5.92% relative repro­ducibility obtained for solvent-reduciblecoatings. It appears poorer precision forYOC are obtained with water-reduciblesystems.

K. Leavell brought to the attention ofthe group a new method to determinewater content of coatings his laboratoryfound to be better than the GC or KarlFischer methods. This method uses thetitrant, "Hydranal,'" which does not usepyridene. The reagent is supplied byCrescent Chemical Co. Relative errors ofaround 8% for water below 1%, 0.8%error in the I to 10% range and 0.7%above 10% are claimed for this method.The task group voted to initiate anotherround-robin on water-reducible paintsystems using this titrant. In addition, thecollaborators will be asked to determinethe YOC of the test coatings. Threesa mples with high water content to betested are; (I) an electrodeposition primer,

(2) household paint and (3) a water­reducible can coating.

DO/.2/.?2, Metals in Air ParticulateSamples, L. Dicarlo, Chairman, reportedthat the seventh draft of "Determinationof Lead and Chromium in Air Particu­lates by Atomic Absorption Spectros­copy" passed the D-I ballot with nonegatives. It will be submitted for Societyballot.

DO/.2/.80, Exploratory Analytical Re­search, K. Leavell, Chairman, discussedthe new method for improving the currentmethod for determining water content bythe Karl Fischer titration method usingthe new titrant, "Hydranal,'" as reportedunder Sub. D01.21.56.

Quantitative Fournier Transform In­frared (FTIR) was suggested as one areafor committee action. R. W. Scott agreedto write up a general method for FTIRusage which could be applied towards acurrent ASTM approved method, such ashydroxyl numbers. The method will notbe specific, but a general practice.

Current SEC methods for coatingvehicles are considered out-of-date. Mr.Cunningham agreed to look into this areato see what might be done to updateexisting methods or generate a methodusing the latest and best available tech­nology.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001,22HEALTH AND SAFETY

H. A. Wray, Chairman

Six standards have gone through D-Iballot since the June meeting. Negativeshave been resolved and, where appropri­ate, comments will be included in thestandard. Of the six, five will now besubmitted for Society ballot. Only 01310, "Flash Point and Fire Points ofLiquids by Tag Open Cup Apparatus,"will need additional drafting. specificallyto show new information on calibratingliquids and to clarify the correction factorequation.

A new task group has been establishedfor determining precautionary statementsto be used in ASTM D-I standards. J. J.Brezinski will be the chairman. Theestablishment of this task group is con­sidered necessary because of the action ofCommittee D-2 on Petroleum, the pro­liferation of various precautionary state­ments in D-I and the anticipated OSHAregulations on hazard information onapproximately 600 materials. It is ex­pected that the information coming fromthis new task group will provide recom­mendations for ASTM policy regardingprecautionary statements.

The chairman of the CoordinatingCommittee on Flash Points (CCFP)

Journal of Coatings Technology

reported that a comprehensive manualrelating to flash point methods and thehistory of flash point testing has beendrafted and is now being edited by acommittee chaired by Dr. David Lewis,of Great Britain, in cooperation withMary Williams, of the U.S. Coast Guard.This manual will serve as a useful tool forboth Industry and Governmental Regu­lating Agencies.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.23PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

APPLIED PAINT FILMS

M. P. Morse, Chairman

DOI.23.IO. Adhesion, H. E. Ashton,Chairman, reported that work is continu­ing on determining if the tape pull-offadhesion test can be used on thick films.Difficulty has been encountered in ob­taining good cross-hatch cuts in thickfilms. Attempts will be made to devise asatisfactory cutting tool. Evaluation of atensile pull-off method is continuing.D 2I97, "Adhesion of Organic Coatings"is being revised to eliminate the methodfor measurements by the Arco Micro­Knife. The revision will be submitted forD-I ballot.

DOI.23./l. Wet Film Thickness, H. A.Ball, Chairman, has revised the newpractice for measuring wet film thicknesswith notch gauges to include the numer­ous suggested changes received from theD- I letter ballot. The revised version willbe submitted to concurrent Sub. DO 1.23and Committee D- I letter ballot.

DOI.23.12. Dry Film Thickness. K. A.Trimber, Chairman, has revised D 1005,"Measurement of Film Thickness withMicrometer," to include measurementson free films and films on substrates usingstationary mounted and hand-held mi­crometers. A round-robin has been com­pleted to determine the precision of themethod. The data obtained will beanalyzed and a precision statement willbe formulated. The method will then besubmitted to concurrent ballot.

DOI.23.14. Hardness and AbrasionResistance, will revise D 1474, "Indenta­tion Hardness." by eliminating the methodfor using the spherical indentor. Thisrevision will be submitted to D-I letterballot. The draft of a new method fordetermining hardness by pendulum damp­ing was submitted to D-I letter ballot.The several suggested editorial changesreceived have been incorporated in themethod. The revised draft will be sub­mitted to Society ballot.

Vol. 56. No. 711. April 1984

DOI.23.15, Slip Resistance, reportedthat a method for measuring the staticcoefficient of friction of coating surfaceshas been approved by subcommitteeballot. The suggested changes received onthe ballot have been incorporated and thenew draft will be submitted to D-I ballot.A round-robin is planned to determinethe precision of measurements by thismethod.

D.OI.23.16, Water Permeability ofPaint Films. was activated to determine ifmethod D 1653 should be retained orshould be withdrawn in favor of usingmethod E 96. It was decided that D 1653should be retained in a revised form thatwill include the desirable features of E96.A revised draft will be submitted to thetask group members in the near future.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.24PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

LIQUID PAINTS &PAINT MATERIALS

C. K. Schoff, Chairman

Current DO 1.24 activities of interestinclude: (I) Completion and publication(by the end of 1983) of D4287, "Viscosityof High Rate of Shear by ICI Cone! PlateViscometer"; (2) Development of a seriesof precision statements for the threemethods contained in D 2196, "Rheolog­ical Properties of Non-Newtonian Mate­rials by Rotational (Brookfield) Viscom­eter"; and (3) Working on a majorrevision of D 4212, "Viscosity by Dip­Type Viscosity Cups." Due to consider­able differences between Zahn and Shellcups, including cup standardization, orlack of it, precision, and possibility ofchecking and calibration, this test methodis being split into separate Zahn and Shellcup sections.

New projects include writing methodsfor: (I) Direct current volume resistivityfor liquid coatings and related materials(including solvents) based on the Rans­burg tester (Task Group on ElectricalProperties of Liquid Coatings), and (2)Low shear viscosity (Task Group onRotational Viscometers).

A planned project for which sugges­tions and participants are invited is apractice for the identification of floccula­tion and determination of the degree offlocculation of coatings. Such a practicecould include viscosity measurements,microscopy and optical techniques. Thefirst meeting regarding this project willoccur at the May 1984 meeting inMontreal.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.26OPTICAL PROPERTIES

C. J. Sherman, Chairman

DOI.26.02. Color Measurement. C. S.McCamy, Chairman, reported that arevision of D 3I34, "Selecting and Defin­ing Color and Gloss Tolerances of OpaqueSurfaces and Evaluating Conformance,"that includes the comments from thelatest ballot will be submitted to Sub.DOl.26 ballot.

D 1535, "Specification of Color by theMunsell System," received a negative andseveral comments on the ballot. Thenegative was found persuasive. A revisionwill be submitted for concurrent Sub.DO 1.26 and Committee D-I ballot.

D 2244, "Instrumental Evaluation ofColor Difference of Opaque Materials,"will be revised to simplify for coatingsand be balloted by Sub. DO 1.26.

Adraft ofa proposed standard practiceof defining, selecting, and maintainingcolor standards will be balloted by thesubcommittee.

DOl.26.06. Hiding Power. L. Schaeffer,Chairman, reported that D 344, "RelativeHiding Power of Paints by Visual Evalu­ation of Brushouts," received two nega­tives and several comments on the latestballot. One negative was withdrawn. Thenegative by J. DeWilde was found to benot persuasive. The comments will beincorporated in the method and it will besubmitted for Society ballot.

D 2805, "Hiding Power of Paints," willbe reviewed and submitted for ballot.

DOI.26.11. Gloss and Goniophotome­try. R. S. Hunter, Chairman, will in­corporate comments from the latest ballotinto the proposed Method for VisualEvaluation of Gloss of Similar Appear­ance and submit it for Society ballot.

A version of D 523, "Test for SpecularGloss," to bring it closer to the ISOmethod will be balloted by the subcom­mittee. A proposed method for Distinct­ness of Reflected Image test will bedrafted and submitted for Sub. D0l.26ballot.

DOI.26.23, Retroreflectance of Hori­zontal Coatings. N. L. Johnson, Chair­man, reported that the title of D 4061 hasbeen changed to "Retroflectance of Hori­zontal Coatings" and a revision of themethod that references E 808 and E 809,which are general methods of retroflec­tion, will be balloted by Sub. DO 1.26.

New Business-D 332, "TintingStrength of White Pigments," D 2745,"Instrumental Tinting Strength of WhitePigments," and D 3964, "Selection ofCoating Specimens and their Prepllrationfor Appearance Measurement," will bereviewed for reapproval.

65

Attention is called to the E-12 Sympos­ium on Appearance to be held onWednesday, May 23, 1984, in Montreal.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.27ACCELERATED TESTS FOR

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

E. A. Praschan, Chairman

A negative by Harry Ashton on theDO I ballot (83-04) for 0-2454, "StandardPractice for Determining the Effect ofOverbaking on Organic Coatings," waswithdrawn when the subcommittee agreedto the editorial changes recommended.This practice with the editorial changeswill be sent on to Society ballot.

Editorial changes of two other stan­dards which were on the 001 (83-4) ballot(0-1654, "Evaluation of Painted orCoated Specimens Subjected to CorrosiveEnvironments," and 0-2485, "CoatingsDesigned to be Resistant to ElevatedTemperatures During Their Service Life")were made in accordance with commentsby Mr. Ashton. These will also besubmitted to Society ballot.

DOl.27.02 Water Tests, G. Grossman,Chairman, reported that a recent round­robin to compare various water tests gaveunsatisfactory results because of a lack ofblistering on the panels used. A newround-robin will be held using panelshaving a different coating system which,based on screening tests, should produceblistering.

DOl.27.04 Light and Water ExposureApparatus, S. Totty, Chairman, reportedthat a new draft of the proposed standardpractice for the use of fluorescent UV Icondensation apparatus has been writtencontaining changes recommended in re­plies to a previous subcommittee ballot.This will be placed on the next DO Iballot.

DOl.27.09 Corrosion, R. Williamson,Chairman, distributed and discussed apaper on cyclic testing which compared anumber of cycle tests used worldwide.While test work is not completed itappears that specific cycles might dupli­cate the type of corrosion failure observedin actual practice. The chairman and acouple of other group members will meetto decide details of the "best" cycle testsfor a task group round-robin.

DOl.27.l0 Accelerated OutdoorWeathering, M. Morse, Chairman, dis­tributed data showing that gloss loss andcolor change values obtained after 8months on the new EMMA (nighttimewetting) cycle at DSET Laboratoriescompared favorably with values obtainedafter 24 months Florida 5° S open rackexposure. The comparison of theseEMMA n.t.w. values to previously ob-

66

tained Florida 5° S black box values wasnot quite as good. It is planned to makefurther comparisons ofa modified EMMAn.t.w. cycle (slightly higher paneltemper­atures) to Florida 5° S (open rack andblack box) with a series of automotivecoatings.

Plans are underway to determine if theexposure of coil coatings on plywood­backed racks will provide a useful methodof accelerating their degradation.

DOI.27.11 Revision ofD-2485, J. Rob­bins, Chairman, reported that 0-2485,"Coatings Designed to be Resistant toElevated Temperatures During TheirService Life," has been approved on 01ballot. Several editorial changes based oncomments by M r. Ashton have beenmade and it has been passed on forSociety ballot. This task group willbecome inactive.

DOl.27.14 Filiform Corrosion, R. De­Graaff, Chairman. This group meetingwas chaired by Frank Lutze in theabsence of the chairman. A round-robinwill be conducted with several paintsystems to determine if the formtion offiliform corrosion can be accelerated byincreasing the temperatures specified inthe current method (0-2803) up to140°F. Results of this evaluation shouldbe available for the next meeting.

DOI.27.17 Evaluation of WeatheringEffects, A. Allen, Chairman, intends toupdate the methods for evaluating thedegree of weathering effects (0-660, 0­661, 0-662 and 0-772). The chairmanbrought a rough draft of a revision of0-660 (checking) for discussion. Severalchanges were suggested in the sectionscovered in the meeting and the chairmanwill revise the draft for further discussionat the next meeting.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.28BIOOETERIORATION

O. L. Campbell, Chairman

DOI.28.01 Package Stability, W. B.Woods, Chairman, reported that paintsamples and culturcs of the bacteriaspecies P. aeruginosa have been sent tolaboratories participating in a round­robin to evaluate the Presumptive Chal­lenge Test Method for determining thecapacity of preservatives to prevent micro­bial spoilage of paint.

DOI.28.02 Rapid Determination ofEnzyme Presence, A. J. Desmarais, Chair­man. A round-robin test will be initiatedto evaluate a method using a low substitu­tion carboxymethylcellulose and Cellulase1000 (enzyme).

DOI.28.04 Resistance ofPaint to AlgaeAllack, W. B. Woods, Chairman. Atentative procedure for testing algaeresistance was discussed. Preconditionedacrylic paint films on birch tongue depres­sors and fresh cultures of the algaeOscil/atoria will be supplied to labora­tories participating in the round-robintesting.

DOI.28.05 Recoating Mildewed Sur­faces, D. L. Campbell, Chairman, re­ported the results of the 0-1 letter balloton the "New Standard Guide for Deter­mining the Presence of and RemovingMicrobial (Fungal or Algal) Growth onPaint and Related Coatings." Severalgood suggestions were made for revision.These will be incorporated into a newdraft and submitted for concurrent Sub.001.28 and Committee 0-1 letter ballot.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.29SUBSTRATE PREPARATION

FOR COATING TESTING

S. O. Ozenich, Chairman

Final details for the proposed round­robin on sandblasted panels were dis­cussed. It was agreed that: (A) Panelsshould be blasted on the edges; (B) Panelsshould be precleaned before blasting; (C)Only virgin sand should be used for thetest; and (D) All sides and edges should becoated.

It was further agreed that enoughdetails had been agreed upon and that thechairman should send a letter and detailsof the proposed testing to all Sub. 001.29members and the members of Subs.001.23 and 001.27 to obtain commentsand to secure at least four cooperators.

The chairman agreed to submit thedetails within the month to allow enoughtime to investigate comments and sugges­tions before the May meeting. After allcomments have been received the sub­committee will begin drafting the recom­mended practice for preparation of sand­blasted panels for testing.

DIVISION 30PAINT MATERIALS

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.31PIGMENT SPECIFICATIONS

C. W. Fuller, Chairman

Items for reballot were discussed. As aresult, nine standards were prepared inproper format and given to Dorothy

Journal of Coatings Technology

Savini immediately following the meeting.They were D 83, D 211, D 520, D 475,D 480, D 476, D 2218, D 3619 and DXXX, "Zinc Hydroxy Phosphite Pig-ment."

D 964, "Copper Powder for Use inAntifouling Paints," will be reviewed byD. C. Kinder and submitted for theFebruary ballot.

D 603, "Aluminum Silicate Pigments(Hydrous)," will be reviewed and rebal­loted in 1984.

There were comments and a negativeon D 83, D 211, and D 2218 by Mr.Ashton. His comments were acceptedwith the exception of changing %PbCrO,content in Table I of D 211. Thecommittee ruled that raising this % to thehigher level was not allowed since thelower level is being produced. Mr. Ashtonlater withdrew the negative.

Task Group Chairman W. Hart re­ported on the E-34 meeting with respectto E 848. There were three areas ofconcern. E-34 recommended: (a) Deleterequirement for engineering controls, (b)Change PEL to 0.05 mg Cr. (currentOSHA level), and (c) Labeling. Sub.DOI.3I will request ASTM headquartersto supply copies of E 848 to the Sub.DO 1.31 members on hazards of insolublechromates.

Comments by Mr. Ashton on therevision of D 153, "Specific Gravity ofPigments," were reviewed and accepted.D. C. Kinder will revise D 153 and submitit for reballoting.

Sub. DO 1.31 received a draft proposalfrom the Department of thc Navy forrevision of D 79, "Specification for ZincOxide," so that requirements of MI L-Z­15486A would be covered. Mr. Kinderwill revise D 79, incorporating thesesuggestions and submit it for Sub. DOI.31ballot.

Doug Ruddick, of New Jersey Zinc,accepted appointment as Vice-Chairmanof Sub. DO 1.31.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.33VARNISH & RESINS,

INCLUDING SHELLAC

A. C. Abbott, Chairman

The subcommittee chairman will senda questionnaire to resin producers re­garding the current methods used todetermine color. This is in response toquestions raised on color standards bytwo major resin producers at the Sub.DO 1.33 meeting.

Task group chairman are needed forthe urethane, alkyd and emulsion groups.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

D0I.33.01, Varnish. H. A. Ball, Chair­man, reported that a second draft of amajor revision of D 154, "Guide toTesting Varnishes," will be submitted forconcurrent ballot of Sub. D0l.33 andCommittee D-I.

DO1.33.24. Nitrogen Resins. J. Smith,Chairperson, reported that D 4277, "Stan­dard Guide for Testing Amino Resins,"has completed Society balloting. The firstdraft of a test method for determinationof free formaldehyde in amino resins wasdiscussed. Preliminary screening of themethod in PPG's laboratories will beconducted prior to round-robin testing.Cooperators for a round-robin on theanalysis of melamine formaldehyde resinsby C-13 NMR are being sought.

DO1.33.25, Polyvinyl Chloride andPolyvinyl Butyral. J. J. Brezinski, Chair­man, will devise a questionnaire fordistribution to determine the need toexpa nd the scope of this group to includewater-soluble resins.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.35SOLVENTS, PLASTICIZERS

AND CHEMICALINTERMEDIATES

L. R. Thurman, Chairman

DOI.35.01. Hydrocarbon Solvents.S. A. Yuhas, J r., Chairman, reviewed theproposed restructuring of Sub. DO 1.35into four task groups. It was reported thatD 891 still remains active under Commit­tee E-15's jurisdiction. Either D 891 orD 1298 is permissible as a method fordetermining apparent specific gravity.D. L. Ahlberg suggested that D 4052 beconsidered as a specific gravity test. Thisis based on the Mettler-Parr electronicinstrument.

The passing of Carlye Lochboehler, ofthe U. S. Army ARRADCOM, wasnoted with deep regret. She was an activemember of the task group and Sub.DOI.35 and championed the cause forreferencing Federal Standard PPP-2020in ASTM solvent spec's.

DOI.35.02. Oxygenated Solvents.T. H. Golson, Chairman, held a discus­sion on guidelines for a general safetycaveat that would be used in standardspecifications.

DOI.35.03. Chemical Intermediates.J. R. Morrison, Chairman, reviewed theproposed standard for 2-ethylhexanolwith the decision to develop two sets of

properties, one for a "regular" grade andone for a "monomer" grade. It was alsopointed out that E-15 is developing acapillary GC method which should beavailable for discussion at the Maymeeting.

Old Business-The current safetycaveat is to be used only in test methodsor in a specification which containsdetailed test procedures. A safety caveatto be used in specifications was discussedfor proposed inclusion in the blue book.Its wording is as follows: "The materialspecified in this standard is hazardous ifimproperly handled. This standard doesnot purport to address all of the safetyproblems associated with the use of thismaterial. It is the responsibility of who­ever uses the material to consult andestablish appropriate safety and healthpractices and to determine the applica­bility of regulatory limitations prior touse (see section _)." It is suggested thatthis caveat appear in the scope of specifi­cations, where necessary.

J. J. Brezinski was concerned over thesafety statements presented in the specifi­cation for formaldehyde and 2-methoxy­ethanol. After considerable discussion,the following statement was arrived at forformaldehyde (to be used in addition tothe above caveat in the scope): "Formal­dehyde and formaldehyde solutions aretoxic and exposure to them should beminimized to avoid acute effects andpossible sensitization. Consult your sup­plier's safety data sheet for specifichazard information." For 2- methoxy­ethanol the following statement wasestablished: "2- Methoxyethanol is haz­ardous. Avoid skin and eye contact andinhalation of its vapors to prevent possi­ble adverse health effects. Consult yoursupplier's safety data sheet."

The proposed standard specificationfor 2-ethylhexanol will contain propertiesfor two grades.

Either D 891 or D 1298 is permissiblefor determining apparent specific gravity.

New Business-A proposal for reor­ganizing the task groups within thesubcommittee was discussed. The pro­posed four groups would be: Solvents,Reactive Monomers, Chemicallntermed­iates, and Plasticizers. Additional in­formation will be sent to Sub. DO 1.35members.

Two new standards were proposed,one for the consolidation of all n-butylacetate specifications and the other for allthe ethyl acetate specifications.

67

DIVISION 40PAINT PRODUCTSAPPLIED ON SITE

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.41CRITERIA FOR THE PURCHASE

OF COMMERCIAL PAINTSAND COATINGS

R. A. Brown, Chairman

The chairman stated that the objectiveof the subcommittee is to develop amethod for the purchase of commercialpaints and coatings. He said there issufficient evidence from past meetingsthat such a method is needed. State andlocal government agencies say they donot have the funds to maintain labora­tories staffed with chemists who can writespecifications and test paint performance.Even the Federal government has closedmany paint testing laboratories and haveeliminated many jobs formerly held bypaint chemists. Institutional purchasersof paint are also faced with makingbuying decisions without any technicalback-up.

The Office of Management and Budget(OMB) is telling Federal governmentagencies that they must buy commercialproducts whenever such products meettheir needs-rather than writing specifi­cations to cover the procurement ofspecial products.

W. V. Moseley, Jr., of the State ofVirginia, prepared a modified version ofthe method his state uses to purchasecommercial paints. This "Guide for Pur­chasing Architectural Paints" was sub­mitted to Sub. D01.41 ballot followingthe June 1983 meeting of the subcommit­tee. Results of the ballot were: 13 affirma­tive, 6 negative, and 9 abstaining. Com­ments which accompanied the negativeballots showed a great deal of thoughtand consideration. The negative ballotswere discussed in detail. Although therewere other basic differences of opinionwhich could not be resolved, some of thesuggestions could be incorporated intothe document.

The subcommittee encouraged Mr.Moseley to modify and rewrite his docu­ment and again submit it for Sub. DO 1.41ballot. A group of Federal governmentagency representatives volunteered towrite a proposed standard for Latex WallPaint and submit it to Sub. DOI.41 beforethe May 1984 meeting. These were IrvingBloom, of Naval Facilities EngineeringCommand; Mary McKnight, of NationalBureau of Standards, and Jesse Neal, ofU.S. Air Force.

The chairman urged any interestedinstitutional or government purchasing

68

groups to submit an outline of the helpthey need in purchasing paint products.

Basic differences of opinion amongSub. D01.41 members still exist, whichhas made it impossible, to date, to comeup with a method for purchasing com­mercial architectural paint products,which is satisfactory to both paint manu­facturers and paint purchasers.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.42ARCHITECTURAL PAINTS

R. H. Rowland, Chairman

DOI.42.02, Practical Soil and StainRemoval, C. Tatman, Chairman. In theabsence of the chairman, W. Dean chairedthe meeting. The results of the Fall 1983Sub. DOl.42 and Committee D-I ballotItem 71 were discussed. The two negativesreceived from Mr. Ashton and J. DeWildewere found to be persuasive. Thesechanges along with three editorial com­ments will be incorporated into therevised method and be reballoted.

D01.42.04, Wet Adhesion, F. Winkel­man, Chairman, did not meet since theplanned round-robin had not gottenunderway. The method and the materialswill be distributed to the 10 cooperatorsshortly.

D01.42.06, Standard Practicefor Test­ing Latex Semi-Gloss and Gloss Paints,S. LeSota, Chairman, reviewed the thirddraft of Recommended Practices forTesting Interior Latex Semi-Gloss andGloss Paints. Minor editorial changeswere made and Mr. Ashton's critique isbeing awaited prior to submitting it forSub. DOl.42 ballot.

D01.42.16, Opacity (PracticalMethod). R. Armstrong, Chairman, re­ported that as a result of the last round­robin, several comments and suggestionswere made in order to improve themethod. It was suggested that three-inchrollers, made from standard nine-inchrollers, be used to reduce the size of thetest panel required. Such rollers, assupplied by EZ Paintr, will be used forthe upcoming round-robin. A suggestionto use a new roller for each test samplewas considered. Conditioning of therollers with the test paint prior to theapplication of the paint will be specifiedin the procedure. The procedure will alsospecify placing the panel in a verticalposition during the application. For theupcoming round-robin, paints will con­tinue to be applied at a specified spreadingrate. Future round-robin work will at­tempt to rank various paints for practicalhiding when applied at the so-callednatural spreading rate.

D01.42.17, Roller Spaller. J. Price,Chairman, heard a summary of the workto date and then saw a comparison of theresults obtained using the old notchedspool versus the new notched spool,which has four times as many points forthe generation of spatter. The new notchedspool will be used in the upcoming round­robin which should be completed priortothe Montreal meeting.

D01.42.18. Block Resistance. U. Jack­son, Chairman. This is a new task groupand will meet for the first time inMontreal. Anyone interested in workingup a method for block resistance is urgedto attend.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.44TRAFFIC COATINGS

R. L. Davidson, Chairman

D01.44.01, Thermoplastics, J. O'Brien.Chairman, announced that samples forthe present round-robin have been dis­tributed. The tests will include bondstrength, abrasion resistance, directionalreOectance, and effects of freeze-thaw.Results should be available for the Maymeeting.

D01.44.02, Traffic Paint. J. Atkins,Chairman, reviewed all Sub. DOI.44standards and set a deadline of May 1984for updating all of them for full compli­ance. D 2205, "Standard Practices for theTesting of Traffic Paint," will be sub­mitted for concurrent Sub. DOl.44 andCommittee D-I ballot. D 913, "Evaluat­ing Degree of Wear of Traffic Paint," willbe the subject of a round-robin togenerate data for a precision statement.

D0I.33.03, Night Visibility, discussedthe "Mrs. Casey" letter sent to GSAconcerning the use of glass beads fornight visibility on airport runways. Dis­cussions are underway with GSA and thismatter is reaching a satisfactory conclu­sion. The statistical results on the testsrun on gradations and rounds have notbeen received. Both of these tests arebeing reevaluated and may necessitateanother round-robin. Thisdata should beavailable by the January 1985 meeting.

A discussion on retroreOectometerswas held to bring everyone up to date. Itwas decided to have a test guidelinewritten for retroreOectometer use. Thiswill be done by J. Ritter for discussion atthe next meeting. The test panels whichwill be used for horizontal testing will beavailable for testing.

Journal of Coatings Technology

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.45MARINE COATINGS

L. S. Birnbaum, Chairman

DO/.45.05, Algae Control, C. D. Stev­ens, Chairman, reviewed in detail a draftof a proposed Standard Method of Testfor the Evaluation of Antifouling AlgalFouling Control Efficacy. Of specialsignificance was the subcommittee con­sensus that separate performance ratingvalues be assigned for macro-algal fouling(slime). Chairman Stevens agreed toprepare a revised draft incorporatingcomments for circulation to Sub. DO 1.45members.

DO/.45.07, Antifouling Rating, C.Perez, Chairman, was advised that therewas no additional data received fromPearl Harbor. Panels exposed at Miamifor 20 months were made available forinspection at the Miami Marine test siteat 5:00 p.m. as well as photographs ofpanels exposed at the Battelle site.

D01.45.06, Dynamic Testing, D. Laster,Chairman, discussed sections of the draftof a Standard Test Method for MarineAntifouling Systems under Hydrody­namic Flow which had not been reviewedat the June meeting. Changes will beincorporated into a new draft and dis­tributed by mail for comment.

DO/.45 Business-A subcommittee bal­lot to determine new areas and prioritiesof interest for seven proposed projects foractivation was reviewed. An arbitraryrating scheme based on interest anddesired priorities showed prime supportfor performance specifications for marinecoatings (score of 20) and inspection ofships for performance of underwater hullsystems (score of 18) followed by ablationrates of bioactive materials (score of 8each). The chairman advised attendees ofaction initiated by F-25.02 on the firsttwo items. After some discussion, it wasagreed that F-25.02 should take the leadin managing these two projects, but thatSub. DO 1.45 members be kept advised ofprogress so they could comment ondocuments prepared. It was suggestedthat Sub. DO 1.45 members submit appli­cations for membership in F-25.02 sothey may receive documentation forcomments and voting. Chairman Birn­baum agreed to serve as liaison and tokeep Sub. DO 1.45 members informed.

A motion was passed to activate aproject on the rate of release of biocidesfrom antifouling paints. The chairmanagreed to circulate drafts of proposedmethods received as a result of a No­vember 15, 1983 request to Sub. DO 1.45members and to look for a group chair­man.

It was the consensus that action onactivation of a method on ablation rate be

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

deferred in view of overlap with Hydro­dynamic Flow Test.

The chairman distri buted copies of aproposed performance type MilitarySpecification for Antifouling Paint, datedNovember 9, 1983, which was forwardedto industry by the Navy for commentsand recommendations, for response bythe end of December 1983. Several of theattendees expressed a desire to review thedocument and felt there was insufficienttime for possible preparation of com­ments to meet the Navy deadline. Ac­cordingly, the chairman agreed to preparea letter to the Navy requesting an exten­sion of 30 days for receipt of commentsfrom attendees and coordination of com­ments by the chairman for transmittal tothe Navy Sea Systems Command.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.46INDUSTRIAL

PROTECTIVE PAINTING

K. A. Trimber, Chairman

DO/.46.02 "Surface Preparation",K. A. Trimber, Chairman. The results ofthe concurrent sub and main committeeballot of "Standard Method for FieldMeasurement of Surface Profile of BlastCleaned Steel" were presented. The nega­tive (submitted by Mr. Ashton) wasdiscussed and found to be persuasive. Thestandard will be rewritten to handle thenegative (and comments by E. R. Lewis)and re-submitted for ballot in the Spring.

In other business, it was noted that 02200, "Pictorial Surface PreparationStandards for Painting Steel Surfaces," isdue for review in 1984. John Keanereported that SSPC has some commentson 0 2200 that they would like to haveASTM consider. The comments will besent to Mr. Trimber for subcommitteereview. It is expected that the standardwill be ready for the 1984 Fall ballot.

During the June 1983 meeting, thecommittee discussed the need for astandard for determining abrasive clean­liness (chlorides, sulfates, grease, etc.).No action has been taken on this subject,as SSPC has developed a committee forevaluating abrasives. The SSPC hasinvestigated the work of others in evalu­ating abrasives, and plans to have a guidepublished within two years. Rather thanindependently generate the same infor­mation, the subcommittee has agreed toassist SSPC in their efforts.

DO/.46.0J "Repainting", D. Noxon,Chairman. A. Schwartz chaired the taskgroup for D. Noxon, who was unable toattend the meeting. The task group hasprepared a "Standard Method for Field

Identification of Coatings." This methoddefines the use of procedures and portableapparatus for determining the generictype of previously applied coating films inthe field. The coating examined can eitherbe weathered from exposure or freshlyapplied. The latest draft of the proposed'method was circulated to task groupmembers prior to the meeting and 13written comments were received. Severalcomments questioned the technical ac­curacy of some of the statements whichwill be investigated. R. Wakefield alsoproposed that additional methoo3 ofdetermination be added to the procedures.The addition of these methods andresolution of the comments will result in arewrite of the draft in January 1984. Theproposed standard will then be submittedfor subcommittee ballot.

A broad precautionary statement (perASTM Form & Style of Methods, AI3.4)will be added to the text to warn the fieldoperator of potential noxious fumes andaggressive reactions, etc.

DO/.46.04 "Pull-Off Adhesion Test,"A. Cunningham, Chairman, reviewed thestatus of the on-going round-robin usingthe Elcometer Adhesion Tester. It wasreported that the main problem en­countered with some of the systemssubmitted to participants last Spring wasthat they had pull-off strengths whichexceeded the range of the instrumentsused. Therefore, numerical data was notobtained for all systems. An additionalset of panels submitted to the participantsafter the June 1983 meeting which wasexpected to be within the range of theinstruments was again unfortunately offscale. At this meeting, it was agreed thattwo to three additional systems would bechosen which would unquestionably havepull-off strengths below the 1000 psicapacity of the instruments and submittedto participants. J. Lanning, R. Wakefield,and A. Cunningham agreed to prepareand distribute the required panels. It wasalso decided that a new adhesion testinginstrument on the market, the FINSCompany System 2000 would be includedin the round-robin. R. Fisher, of FisherInstruments and Navigational Services,will provide the task group chairman witha list of participators.

M. McKnight reviewed data for severalcoating systems which compared theInstron, Elcometer, and a pneumaticprototype portable pull-off adhesion ap­paratus developed at NBS (similar to theFINS instrument). The data showed thatthe Elcometer gave results approximately50% lower than the other apparatus. Itwas thought that this resulted from thedeformability of the panels during testing.This data highlighted the importance of

69

including the pneumatic type testers(FI NS 2000) in the round-robin so thatside-by-side comparisons with the El­cometer can be made.

Draft 5 of the "Method for PortablePull-Off Adhesion for Coatings" had beensubmitted to concurrent main and sub­committee ballot. Comments were re­ceived from three voters. The negativeswere discussed and for the most partcentered on the fact that the standard waswritten specifically around the Elcometerinstrument, although other types of port­able apparatus are available for testingadhesion. The negatives were found to bepersuasive and the method returned tosubcommittee for rewrite. Mr. Fisheragreed to assist M r. Cunningham in theredrafting of the method. Draft 6 will beprepared and reballoted (concurrent suband main committee) in Spring 1984.

DOI.46.07 "Inspection ". R. Martell,Chairman. Consistent with the decisionsmade during the June 1983 meeting,Draft A of ASTM 0 3276, "StandardGuide for Painting Inspectors," wasprepared and distributed to task groupmembers. The draft separated the "edu­cational" information from the "how to"punch list of inspection items. The taskgroup developed a comprehensive inspec­tion check list explained by a few concisephrases that will ensure that none of theitems essential in the proper applicationof a coating system will be overlooked.Draft 5 incorporating these changes willbe prepared and circulated to the taskgroup for comment. The comments willbe discussed at Montreal in May in anattempt to have a document ready forballot in Fall 1984. It was pointed out thatthis standard is due for reapproval in1984.

General DOI.46 Business. Atthe maincommittee meeting, future work forDO 1.46 was discussed. Because some ofthe standards that have been developedduring the last few years are close tocompletion, the committee is activelyseeking other work. Suggestions included:

(I) A standard for determining thecleanliness of steel after blast cleaning.This would include field methods forevaluating the presence of rust, mill scale,and so forth.

(2) Standard method for test patchapplication of coatings to assure compat­ibility in maintenance work. It waspointed out that ISO may have donesome work along these lines which couldbe used by ASTM.

(3) Standard for proper application ofcoatings. This would include techniquesfor proper use of conventional and airlessspray equipment.

(4) Standard for the painting ofbri.dgesand elevated structures. This would in-

70

clude the categorization of systems thatcould be used, methods of preparationand application, and so forth. Thissuggestion generated a great deal ofinterest and it is expected that manyhighway departments would be anxiousto participate in the development of sucha standard. Mr. Schwartz agreed to drafta scope for this work to be presented atthe May 1984 meeting. At that time, aseparate task group may be organized toundertake this activity.

(5) Other-Sub. 001.46 welcomes sug­gestions on standard test methods orrecommended practices that others in theindustry feel are needed.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.47MASONRY TREATMENTS

R. S. Shane, Chairman

The chairman delivered a state of theart presentation on the consolidation andpreservation of masonry. Presentationswere also made by representatives of theU. S. National Park Service, the NationalBureau of Standards, the National Re­search Council of Canada, and otherinterested parties.

Meeting places were discussed and itwas brought out that federal employeeswould have great difficulty in attendingmeetings held outside the United States.This precluded a meeting of the subcom­mittee in Montreal in May 1984.

Since this subcommittee has just beengiven permanent status, a committee wasappointed to develop a scope for Sub.001.47. It consists of R. S. Armstrong(Chairman), H. C. Miller, A. Schwartz,M. E. McKnight, and H. M. Werner (ex­officio).

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.48ZINC RICH COATINGS

O. C. Kinder, Chairman

DOI.48:02, Determination of Cure. J.Lanning, Chairman, reported on a 0-33round-robin on determination of filmhardness and cure by six different meth­ods. Four coatings used were not identi­fied generically. It was commented thatthe test was one more for hardness thanfor cure. The chairman distributed testguidelines for a Sub. 001.48 round-robinto include the Oeschle Gauge, MEK Ruband pencil hardness tests. Zinc-rich coat­ings would include inorganic and organictypes.

DOI.48.03, Lab Tests, R. Wakefield,Chairman, presented Draft #2, dated July8,1983, ofa proposed test method forthe

so-called "bullet hole" test and the Vstripe test along with comments receivedon Draft # I. It was voted to submit Draft#2 to Sub. 001.48 ballot. A round-robinwas planned with a total of five coatingsinvolved.

Sub. DOI.48 Business-R. S. Shanereported that NACE had withdrawnNACE 6BI73 for rework. When thedocument is revised and resubmitted infinal form, he feels it can be written up inASTM format.

Report on SSPC Guide 12.00. "Select­ing Zinc-Rich Painting Systems"-G.McLeod was unable to attend the SSPCmeeting. A. Cunningham reported thatwork has started on putting the guide intoASTM format.

Report on System 2oo0-AdhesionTester-Chairman Kinder reported datareceived from D. Ballard. of MicroSource. and circulated SEM photosshowing micro topographic details of onepull test arca. Mr. Cunningham reportedSub. DO 1.46 is working on a pull-off testfor adhesion that will include instrumentssuch as the "System 2000".

Determination of Total Volume Solidscontent of Inorganic Zinc Coatings UsingMercury Displacement-D. Kinder cir­culated a procedure in ASTM formatdeveloped from NACE Technical ReportT-6A-36. It was decided not to pursue thismethod further because of the use ofmercury as the suspending medium andthe use of tungstcn panels.

New Business-Chairman Kinder re­ported that a 10-year summary report ofNACE Committee T-6H-15 Panel Ex­posure Tests was given at the "Interna­tional Corrosion Forum" in Anaheim,April 1983. Eight surface preparationsand five coating systems were studied.The authors concluded, under "CoatingSystem Performance-Overall Evalua­tion" that top-coated zinc-rich coatingssystems were superior to the organicsystems in performance over all surfacepreparations at all exposure sites. Thissummary report can be obtained fromNACE Publications Department, P.O.Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218.

Journal of Coatings Technology

DIVISION 50PAINTS FOR

FACTORY APPLICATION

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.52FACTORY-COATEDWOOD PRODUCTS

R. C. Marek, Chairman

DOI.52"B'; Hardboard, S. B. Schroeder,Chairman, continued from last meetingthe discussion on the problem of wettingand swelling of hardboard siding bysurfactants in conventional water-bornehouse paints. A recent Americ'an Hard­board Association test method was cited.Difficulties with reproducibility were re­ported, so it was decided to work with theAHA Field Finishing Task Group. Amodified adhesion test for use on hard­board siding and proposed by AHA wasalso discussed.

001.52.12, Textured Wood Producls,R. C. Marck, Chairman, has worked forover five years in the development ofdefinitive test methods for use on texturedwood products. Little or no success wasachieved, so this task group was termi­nated.

DOI.52.13, Prejinished Hardboard Sid­ing, K. V. Kruse, Chairman, is a newtaskgroup formed to evaluate test methodsfor prefinished hardboard siding. Ascopefor this task group will be developed andpresented at the May 1984 meeting.

001.52/55, Formaldehyde Emissions,R. C. Marck, Chairman, had previouslyagreed that formaldehyde emissions fromwood products logically fell within thescope of Committee D-7 on Wood. Ithas, therefore, transferred its duties toSub. D07.14, M. Efland, Chairman.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.53COIL COATED METAL

R. A. Cassel, Chairman

001.53.Dl, Formability, W. H. Gunn,Chairman, will replace the existing docu­ment precision statement with a new onegenerated by Mr. Ashton as soon asballoting procedures allow. The taskgroup will then revert to inactive status.

001.53.02, Cure, R. A. Cassel, Chair­man, plans no work until a new taskgroup chairman is found.

Sub. 001.53 General-The lack of anyprogress in task groups is a reflection ofthe sad state of the active participation in

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

the subcommittee. Within the past threemonths two more working chairmen havehad to resign regretfully due to jobchanges. Unfortunately, both of thesewere representatives of the paint industry.J. C. Weaver has agreed to help set up ameeting with the technical section Vice­President of the National Coil CoatersAssociation to seek more support ofSub. DOI.53.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.55FACTORY-APPLIED COATINGSON PREFORMED PRODUCTS

F. Zurlo, Chairman

001.55.01, Coalings For Wood Prod­UCIS, M. Mull, Chairman, will add adescription of panel substrate specifica­tions to D 1211, along with significanceand use statements, prior to submitting itto Sub. DOl.55 ballot. D 3170 will becirculated to PPG Industries and FordMotor Co. for review.

Mr. Ashton will be contacted concern­ing an invitation to a Canadian Govern­ment National Research Council repre­sentative to attend the Sub. DO 1.55.0 Imeeting in May 1984 in Montreal topresent an overview of Canadian Furni­ture Finishing Test Methods.

R. Wint will contact the SouthernFurniture Manufacturers Association torequest a survey of their members onwhat test methods are used to determinethe quality of the finishes on theirfurniture. It is believed that manyofthesecould be made ASTM methods.

Since a crock test question was assignedto this committee, F. Zurlo will contactthe inquirer for details.

001.55.07, Induslrial Waler-ReducibleCoalings, F. Zurlo, Acting Chairman,reported that the proposed practice (guide)for testing water-reducible industrial coat­ings which had been balloted by Sub.DOl.55 has been modified to include allconstructive comments made. It willappear on the next ballot.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.56PRINTING INK

J. M. Fetsko, Chairman

001.56.02, Lightfastness, J. Benson,Chairman, reported that, on the basis ofinstrumental measurements on exposedlithol rubine prints, three-filter densito­metry cannot replace spectrophotometryfor evaluating degree of fade in the

presence of color shifts. A new round­robin is planned in which solid andhalftone prints prepared by a singlesource will be distributed for exposure invarious types of fadeometers, under labor­atory light and under glass facing south.

001.56.06, Ink Tack, C. Shepard,Chairman, reported that the D-I ballot ofthe proposed new standard "ApparentTack of Printing Inks by the Inkometer"elicited no negative votes. After suggestededitorial changes are made, the methodwill be ready for society ballot.

D01.56.09, Tinling Slrenglh, W. Riedel,Chairman, reported that 12 laboratoriesparticipated in a round-robin conductedon a series of lithol rubine flushes.Although statistical analysis has not beenconducted as yet, there did not appear tobe significant differences in test resultsbetween ZnO and TiO, bases, nor amongvisual, densitometric and spectrophoto­metric parameters. For the next round­robin, yellow flushes will be distributedalong with blue and white bases.

001.56.10, Waler Uplake, G. Bien,Chairman, distributed a brief reportwhich concluded, on the basis of tworound-robins, that water uptake measure­ments by themselves did not predict litho­graphic printing performance. A moredetailed research report is to be prepared.Because of the widespread use of theDuke Tester, its precision and accuracywill be determined by means of a round­robin.

001.56.11, Non- Volalile Maller inHeal-set Inks, B. Blom, Chairman, re­ported that, in a round-robin conductedat the film thickness specified in D-1644and D-2369, test results were generallytoo high compared to the theoretical

VM to be useful. A new round-robinwill be conducted at a lower film thickness.

001.56.12, Fineness of Grind, J.Cichon, Chairman, reported on the prep­aration of the required precision state­ment for D 1316, "Fineness of Grind ofPrinting Inks by the Production Grind­ometer." Results of a round-robin suggestthat the rcport section of the method bemodified to require that scratch readingsfrom four paths (two drawdowns on adouble path gauge) be averaged. A newround-robin will be conducted to checkout the new instructions and to comparescratch vs. gloss readings on Grindometerdrawdowns.

001.56.13 Ink Mileage, B. Blom, Chair­man, reported that two sets of processinks varying in mileage on a productionpress are now in-hand. Because thequantity of paper supplied precludes around-robin, the samples will be tested inone lab in order to evaluate agreementbetween production and bench presses.

71

DOI.56.14, Selling of Heat-set Inks. A.Urdea was appointed Chairman of a newtask force which will attempt to stan­dardize the operation of ovens used fordrying heat-set inks.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.57ARTISTS' PAINTS

AND RELATED MATERIALS

J. T. Luke, Chairman

DOI.57.01. Preparation ofSamplesforColorimetric Determination, H. W. Levi­son, Chairman. Reports previously sub­mitted by H. Levison were discussed. Testdata has indicated that a hand draw­down procedure proposed by Levisonseems accurate enough for oil colors, butnot accurate enough for acrylics. It wasagreed to conduct a round-robin workingwith acrylics using a 10 mil clearancedraw-down blade. Test data will beanalyzed for accuracy.

DOI.57.02. Ughtfastness of Pigments.H. W. Levison, Chairman. Revision ofD 4303, "Test Methods for RelativeLightfastness of Pigments Used in Artists'Paints," has been balloted with no nega­tives at the subcommittee and committeelevels. Some editorial changes and affir­mative comments were received from Mr.Ashton and N. Hale. Editorial changeswere accepted. Affirmative commentswere discussed as follows:

(Mr. Ashton) Section 10.2-change"Aminimum of two exposures" to "anexposure to a minimum of two sources."The subcommittee voted not to make thechange.

(Mr. Hale) Section fO./-Add addi­tional sentence to be sure that a visualcheck is made of exposed and unexposedspecimens to verify that visual and instru­mental agreement exists. The subcom­mittee voted not to make this change.

Thc subcommittee agreed to add in thenotes section. "Two sun exposures indistinct locations will be considered twodifferent tests."

DOI.57.0J. Tinting Strength of Pig­ments, 1. Shack and T. Pamer, Co­Chairmen. After much discussion on thearea of tinting strength, it was decided toproceed with a round-robin on tintingstrength. Two samples ofacrylic phthalo­cyanine blue along with a white were

72

distributed to participants. The methodof Ruth Johnston-Feller will be used.Results will be sent to T. Pamer forcompiling.

DOI.57.04, Artists' Paint Specifications.A. Spizzo, Chairman. Revision of D4302, "Standard Specification For Artists'Oil and Acrylic Emulsion Paints," hasbeen balloted with no negatives at thesubcommittee and committee levels. Someeditorial changes and affirmative com­ments were received from Mr. Ashton.Editorial changes were accepted. Theaffirmative comment by Mr. Ashton wasconcerning whether the subcommitteehas the right to assign lightfastnesscategories to pigments based upon testing.After much discussion and in an effort tokeep consistancy in the assignment ofIightfastness ratings, the subcommitteeunanimously passed the following mo­tion: "Due to the uncertainties inhercnt inlightfastness testing, the subcommitteereserves the right of reviewing the resultsof exposure tests and deciding, based onall available information, which is themost suitable lightfastness category touse for the pigment in Table J ofD 4302."

Statement of Conformance (Section5.6) was then discussed. Companies haverequested that variation be allowed in thestatement of conformance given in Sec­tion 5.6 of D 4302. They also would liketo be able to combine it with otherconformance statements into one generalconformance statement. Wording is to bedeveloped by J. Luke to accomplish thisand will be submitted for subcommitteeballot with other revisions to D 4302.

The subcommittee was asked to assigna description to Lightfastness III pig­ments. Pigments in "Lightfastness III"will be described as having "Fair" Iight­fastness.

DOI.57.07, Physical Tests. H. W. Levi­son, Chairman, circulated a report. "TheAdhesion and Cohesion of Artists' AcrylicEmulsion and Oil Tube Paints" preparedby H. Levison. This report describestesting done using a "System 2000"pneumatic adhesion tester made by Semi­cro Division M. E. Taylor Engineering.The force needed to check the inner coatadhesion or cohesion between variouspaint films is presented in the report.

DOI.57.0B, Chronic Toxicity, W. Stop­ford, M.D., Chairman. D 4236, "Stan­dard Practice For Labeling Art MaterialsFor Chronic Adverse Health Effects,"

will be available in the 1984 Book ofASTM Standards, Section 6.01. Thesubcommittee is trying to find ways topublicize this standard.

DOI.57 Business-The first order ofbusiness was an ASTM "Certificate ofAward" presentation to Henry W. Levi­son. The presentation was made byS. B. Levinson, D-I Committee Chair­man, with many D-I officers present. Theaward was made to H. Levison for hisuntiring work on Subcommittee D0I.57.

All items requiring voting and recom­mendations as discussed in Task Groupswcre brought to the subcommittee forvoting. Approval was received on allmatters.

DIVISION 60PAINT APPLICATION

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.61MANUAL PAINT APPLICATORS

F. B. Burns, Chairman

DOI.61.01. Paint Brushes, W. V. Mose­ley, Jr .. Chairman, reviewed responsesfrom government agencies, includingCanada and fivc U. S. states. Three hadformalized purchasing procedures andthree did not. In further discussion itbecame evident no objective paintingperformance testing was included. FourEZ Paintr in-house test methods werepresented for discussion. It was concludedthat while all of these would be goodcandidates for round-robin testing. itwould be practical to select only one ortwo as a sta rt. Seven persons agreed to becooperators when the program is finalized.

DOI.61.02, Paint Rollers, J. F. Price,Chairman, continued the discussion onmatters related to paint rollers. It wasconcluded that govcrnmental agenciesaddress rollcrs similarly to brushes. TwoEZ Paintr in-house test methods forcharacterizing paint rollers were pre­sented for discussion. The same coopera­tors as for the brush testing agreed toinclude roller testing. At least one of thesemethods will be put into the round-robintesting.

Journal of Coatings Technology

Society meetings

Attending the Cleveland Society's January Joint Meeting and Manufacturing Symposiumwere (left to right): Society President-Harry A. Scott; Keynote Speaker-Irving Foote, of

SCM Corp.; and CPCA President-Paul Beaudry

BIRMINGHAM. " JAN.

FRANK H. GERHARDT, Secretary

D.H. CLEMENT, Secretary

CLEVELAND JAN.

"Joint Meeting and Symposium"

One hundred sixty-eight persons at­tended the Joint CSCT/CPCA Meetingand the symposium and table top exhibit.

Frank Passen, Chairman of the Manu­facturing Committee, and Dick Shan­non, CPCA Chairman of the ChemicalCoatings Committee, were commendedfor organizing the joint meeting, sympo­sium, and table top display.

NICAL DEPARTMENT: A DRAIN ON RE­SOURCES OR AN AID TO PROFITABILITY."

Dr. Weiss expressed his belief thatpaint laboratories should be part of themarketing department, or at least shouldrespond directly to market forces.

The variations in cost, sales, andprofits were discussed. Dr. Weiss notedthat the numbers employed in the paintindustry had been slightly less affected bythe recession than the manufacturingindustry as a whole. Laboratories hadbeen less affected in terms of employmentthan any other sector.

Dr. Weiss said that cost had risenoverall by 11.1 %, while laboratory costshad risen by 38.9%. Profit of the averageUK paint company was 3.2% net, whilethe laboratory cost 3.7% of turnover. Dr.Weiss proposed a plan for maximizingthe benefits of the laboratory to thecompany.

PurchasedDispersions

$755

$755

Composite GrindRaw materials $721Tint, mix, etc. 86

$807

This presents a savings of $52.Using purchased dispersions, the exam­

ple paint company, with an average batchsize of 200 gallons, would save $218,000and increase its profit 104%, said Mr.Lakomy.

In addition to these savings, a companywould realize indirect savings in: (I)improved laboratory utilization: (2)quicker transfer of formulas from lab toplant: (3) e~sier OSHA and EPA compli­ance-reduced wash solvent-less dust:and (4) faster order response, whichsatisfies customers, which brings in morebusiness.

Mr. Lakomyconcluded that purchaseduniversal dispersions can improve theefficiency of an operation and increase itsprofits.

"The Technical Department"

Honored guests included BristolOCCA Chairman, Roger Saunders, andeight members of his section.

Dr. P.P.W. Weiss, of Croda Paints(Birmingham) Ltd., spoke on ''THE TECH-

BALTIMORE JAN.

"The Sensible WayTo Paint and Protlt"

A 25-Year Pin was presented to HarrySchwartz, of Sherwin-Williams Co.

Cal Tatman announced that applica­tions were available for the $750 scholar­ships for students entering their freshmanyear this September.

"THE SENSIBLE WAY TO PAINT ANDPROFIT" was presented by DennisLakomy, of Bee Chemicals.

Mr. Lakomy discussed the advantagesof purchased universal dispersions overcomposite grinding of special in-housedispersions. These advantages include:(I) less inventory to finance and store: (2)less wash solvent required: (3) lowercapital investment: and (4) reduced laborcosts.

An example paint company was pre­sented. It has 500,000 gallons sales X$14/gallon.

I. Assuming II lines of special disper­sion X 24 colors = 264 dispersions =approximately 4,000 gallons of inven­tory. The cost of financing 4,000 gallonsof inventory = $7,000/yr. The cost ofstoring 4,000 gallons of inventory =SI.800/yr. Total = S8,800/yr.

If. however, you purchased a line ofuniversal dispersions X 24 colors =approximately 720 gallons of inventory.To finance and store this smaller inven­tory would cost approximately $2,500/yr. This would be a savings of $6,300/ yr,explained Mr. Lakomy.

II. Wash solvent from premix tanks,etc., cost S25-$40/drum to dispose ofbecause of EPA requirements. Assuming30 gallons of wash solvent/ color/ piece ofequipment (re-used a maximum of threelimes) = 1,025 gallons of wash solvent/week X $1.50/gallon = $79,000 washsolvent cost/yr.

Through the use of purchased disper­sions, wash solvents red uced to 560gallons/week = $42,000/yr. Accordingto Mr. Lakomy, this is a savings ofS35,000/ yr for wash solvent.

III. Purchased dispersions would re­duce capital equipment needs from$367.000 to $185,000, explained Mr.Lakomy. This is a savings of S21 ,000/ yrin financing.

IV. Mr. Lakomy demonstrated re­duced labor costs by giving as an exam­ple. a light brown gloss enamel.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 73

Attending the January meeting otthe Los Angeles Society were: (Seated, left to right):President-lloyd Haanstra; Treasurer-Michael Gildon; and Meeting Chairman-JohnZywocienski. (Standing, left to right): Vlce-Presldent-Earl Smith; Speaker-Patrick

MacDonald, 01 Relchhold Chemicals, Inc.; and Secretary-Henry Kirsch

Based on data collected on a water­reducible acrylic pigmented with yellowoxide, Mr. Cohen said that it can beconcluded that SCD are most effective inincreasing production rates.

Data was then presented on a long oilalkyd pigmented with carbon black. Mr.Cohen explained that the data concluded,again, that the SCD are most effective inimproving product stability.

Using data based on water-reducibleacrylic pigmented with phthalo green.Mr. Cohen said that the same SCDpromote easier use of end products.

ARTHUR R. McDERMOTT. Secrerary

KANSAS CITY JAN.

"Architectural andMaintenance Coatings"

Due to the departure of SecrelaryDennis Mathes, of Olympic Stain Co..Treasurer. Steve Bussjaeger, of DavisPaint Co., assumed the Secretary's du­ties. Jerry HeOing, of Locite Auto &Consumers. was nominated and electedTreasurer.

Irving Foote, of SCM Corp., presentedthe keynote address for the symposiumentitled, "Tools for Tomorrow: IncreaseProfitability through Innovative Manu­facturing Concepts."

Mr. Foote described the planning,construction, start-up, and shake-downof the newer facilities of the GliddenDivision of SCM Corp.

To take advantage of the newest tech­nologies for materials handling, manu­facturing, and quality control, designingrequired innovative thinking. Mr. Footenoted that automated and computerizedprocesses were utilized wherever prac­ticable. Employee training and retrainingprograms were improved to provide fullytrained personnel.

M r. Foote explained that as newequipment and new procedures wereactivated, production standards and in­dustrial engineering standards were de­veloped. As productivity increased, stan­dards were revised to provide an accuratebasis for figuring costs.

The new facilities showed approxi­mately 40% improved productivity ascompared to the older plants. Mr. Footeemphasized that innovative people are avery valuable asset.

Twenty-eight suppliers to the coatingsindustry provided table top exhibits.Technical advice and product literaturewere available.

Byk-Mallinckrodt USA, Inc. wasawarded for its outstanding table topexhibit which featured laboratory andcontrol test equipment.

Sco'lT E. RICKERT, Secretary

74

HOUSTON JAN..

"Composite vs Single DispersantsIn Colorants and Coatings"

Nominating Committee ChairmanK.D. Jacobson presented the slate ofofficers for 1984-85. As proposed by theCommittee, they are: President­Richard Batchelor; Vice-President­Arthur R. McDermott; Secretary-RudyBuri; and Treasurer-David Satzger. Mr.Jacobson pointed out that nominationsfrom the 0001' would be accepted at theElection Meeting.

Willy e. P. Busch, Society Representa­tive, reported on the nomination of J.e.Leslie for Federation Honorary Member­ship. Mr. Busch reviewed Mr. Leslie'squalifications which included his term asFederation President (1974-75) and Presi­dent of both the Kansas City Society(1957-58)and the KCPCA(1965-66). Heasked the Society's support of this nomi­nation.

"COMPOSITE VS SINGLE DISPERSANTSIN COLORANTS AND COATINGS" wasdiscussed by Elio Cohen. of DanielProducts Co.

M r. Cohen explained that the use ofpigment dispersants can enhance pigmentloading in mill bases, reduce energyrequirements, speed-up dispersion. andimprove stability and rheology of fin­ished products.

Mr. Cohen pointed out that properdispersant choice affords the user thebenefits of improved manufacturing pro­cesses. improved product stability, andeasier use of end products.

"ApPROACH TO FORMULATION OFARClIITECTURAL AND MAINTENANCECOATINt;S" was discussed by John Bal­lard. of Kurfees Coatings.

STEVE BUSSJAEGER. Seererarr

LOS ANGELES JAN.

"A Practical ApproachTo Understanding Emulsions"

A moment of silence was observed forDr. e.e. Meyers,Justin Meyers, ThomasJ. Rogers, of PPG Industries. Inc .. andGeorge Hartter, of the Rocky MountainSociety. who recently died.

James Hall. Educational CommitteeChairman, discussed registration for the1984 Paint Course. He also noted thatapplication forms are available for theLASCT scholarship.

President Lloyd Haansna announcedthe theme of"Automating Your Businessa Little at a Time," for the ManufacturingSeminar to be held April II.

Patrick J. MacDonald, of ReiehholdChemicals, Inc.. discussed "A PRACTI·CAL ApPROACH TO UNDFRSTANDINGEMUI.SIONS."

Three water-borne vehicle systemswere discussed by Mr. MacDonald.These included water-reducible systems;collodial dispersion; and aqueous disper­sion.

According to Mr. MacDonald, ingredi­ents in emulsion polymerizations include:

Journal of Coatings Technology

TELEX 703063HIGHWAY 216 S., P.O. BOX 709, KINGS MOUNTAIN, N.C. 28086, TEL (704) 739·1321

water. monomer. surfactants. initiator orcatalyst. protective colloid. and pHbuffers.

HENRY J. KIRSCH. Secrelary

LOUISVILLE JAN.

"Product Liability"

Jim Hoeck. Educational CommitteeChairman, reported that 16 students areenrolled in the spring semester course."Surface Coatings Technology I."

Technical Committee Chairman, DonCollier, reported that the committee wasparticipating in the cooperative MildewStudy work under the direction of theMildew Consortium. Also. a projecldescription for the committee's corrosionstudy was being prepared.

Don Darby, a Louisville attorney,discussed "PRODUCT LIABII.lTY CASES."

Several items such as a football helmet,a sweater, and a can of alkyd enamel weredistributed to the audience. These itemshad been found at fault in productliability cases.

Mr. Darby indicated that companiesshould do all they can to protect them­sclves by providing the consumer withdirections for using their products safely.He warned. however, that even havingdone so. the company may easily befound liable in a jury hearing.

Q. COlild yOll relate the story hehindthe can oj alkyd enamel?

A. A consumer had filed suit againstthe manufacturer when he was burned ina fire while using the product near a spaceheater. The jury ruled that the manufac­turer was at fault because their labelwarning of "combustible" was too com­plex for the average consumer to under­stand.

M. JOYCE SPECHT, Secretary

NEW ENGLAND JAN.

"Joint Meeting with NEPCA"

The meeting was held jointly with theNew England Paint and Coatings Asso­ciation.

A moment of silence was observed forJan Early. who recently died.

Bruce Okco. of The Truesdale Co.,gave a short slide presentation outliningthe participation of local societies andassociations in the "Picture It Painted"campaign.

"WHAT'S IN STORE FOR '84-AN Eeo­NOM Ie OUTl.OOK" was presented by NickPerna. of General Electric Co.

Mr. Perna presented his entire eco­nomic forecast. He noted that the besteconomic news is that the GNP is 5%,coupled with an inflation rate of approxi­mately 5%. The inflation rate is onlyabout one third of what it had been in1981-82. He stressed that interest ratesalone tell the story. The prime is only11%, compared with 16% of just twoyears ago. Mr. Perna explained thatmortgage rates seem to be comparablyflat, holding at about 13%.

MAUREEN LEIN, Secretary

PIEDMONT " JAN.

"Laboratory CalculatIon TechniqueAnd the Paint Chemist"

Environmental Committee ChairmanEd West announced that an EPA cassettentitled, "Record Keepingand ReportingRequirements," is available for memberviewing.

A $350 check was presented to RobertNipp, past Chairman of the EducationalCommittee, as winner of the MMAAwards competition. The Committeewas recognized for sponsoring and fund­ing a credited academic polymer course atUNC.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 75

James T. DeGroff, of Applied ColorSystems, Inc., spoke on "LABORATORYCALCULATION TECHNIQUE AND THEPAINT CHEMIST."

Mr. DeGroff addressed the basic prob­lem of using computers to assist in paintformulation. He noted that computerswill not remove the human element, butthey will accelerate number processingand data storage so that the paint chemistcan spend valuable time in formulatingand evaluating.

MICHAEL S. DAVIS, Secretary

Several members of fhe Monfreal Host Commlffee for the recent Annual Meeting,gathered at the January monthly meeting to accept tokens of appreciation from theFederation. They are (left to righf): W, Kolonltch, R. Snyder, E. Templeton, C. Crail,

J. Flocco, R. Frayser, S. Valente, and B.J. Sharma

PITTSBURGH FEB.

"Joint Meeting with HACE"

The meeting was held jointly with thePittsburgh Section of the National Associa­tion of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).

"URETHANE PERFORMANCE PROP·ERTY DIFFERENCES-ACRYl.IC VERSUSPOLYESTER" was discussed by RichardHergenrother, of Mobay Chemical Corp.

Mr. Hergenrother discussed severalinteresting statistics concerning theamount that was and will be spent forcorrosion protection, the heavy dutymaintenance, new construction, and ma­rine and off shore drilling areas. In 1980.it was estimated that 18 million dollarswere spent in these combined areas, andby 1985, the estimate will probably reach35 million dollars. In each specific seg­ment, the use of urethanes has beenincreasing by a very elaborate evaluationsequence which Mobay has developed.They feel various combinations of inor­ganic zinc, epoxy, and urethane coatingscan provide the best and most economicalmeans of protection.

Wallace E. Cathcart, of Tank LiningCorp., spoke on "TODA Y'S SELECTIONAND USE OF COATINGS AS LININGS".

In the way of preventing productcontamination in the chemical and foodindustry, seven basic types of coatings areused. They are, said Mr. Cathcart: (I) Ahigh bake thermosetting phenolic, whichaffords outstanding performance, but hasa tendency to be somewhat brittle; (2) Ahigh bake modified thermosetting pheno­lic, usually modified with an epoxy, toprovide some nexibility, but is less acidresistant; (3) A low baked epoxy of thecatalyzed type; (4) A polyester or vinyl­ester coating, in the 30-60 mil range; (5)Latex neoprene; (6) Inorganic zincs; and(7) Vinyls.

These seven primary coatings used intank linings can each do an outstandingjob, when properly applied, and put intothose service areas for which they are bestsuited.

JOSEPH L. MASCIA, Secretary

76

ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAN.

"A Practical ApproachTo Understanding Emulsions"

Edward G. Trousil, of Komac PaintInc., discussed starting a committee tostudy environmental laws.

President Don Shillingburg explainedhow the Society should promote newpeople into the coatings industry. He alsosuggested the idea of presenting an awardto the individual asking the best technicalquestion. An award would be presentedat each meeting, and the speaker wouldbe the judge of the winner.

"A PRACTICAL ApPROACH TO UNDER­STANDING EMULSIONs"was presented byPatrick J. McDonald, of ReichholdChemicals, Inc.

CAR WIN BEARDAl.I., Secretary

At the January meeting of the MontrealSociety, Mr. A. Alzal, of the NationalDefence Headquarters, discussed the role

of coatings In national defense

ST. LOUIS JAN.

"Dispersion Pilot Plant"

Twenty-five Year Pins were awarded toE.W. Meyer, retired, and Francis J.Wagner. of Moz.el Chemical Prod. Co.

Susan Bailey. Educational CommitteeChairperson. announced that a $100conlrihution was made to the ACS forhigh school science day.

President Robert Giery reported IhatJ.e. Leslie has been nominated forHonorary Federation Membership.

Howard Jerome announced that the adhoc committee on paint history is lookingfor volunteers.

The Ralph Galli Award. which reeog·nizes outstanding technical achievementin the coatings industry in the SI. Louisarea. was disclIssed and plans to assist inthe presentation were estahlished.

Dr. Marty Feldman. of Nuodex ColorLah. discussed "THE DISPERSION PIl.OTPl.ANT -THE SHoRn'sT DISTANCE BE·TWITN THE LAB ANIl PROlllJ('TION."

The need for and the utility of a pilolplant for pigment dispersions were dis­cussed. Dr. Feldman described control·lable variables and detailed examplesshowing some of the difficulties whichcould be prevented during scale up fromlah 10 production.

Q. /-lOll' do !'OLI s('{lle Lip?

A. You compare pilot hatches ofcurrent materials with productionhatches to get a relationship.

Q. /)0 !'OLI use horizontaill/ills?A. We arc in the process of evaluating

them.CHARLES GRIIBBS. Secretar...

Journal of Coatings Technology

Future Society meetingsBaltimore

(May 17)-ANNUAL BUSINESS MEET­Il"G AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

(June)-JoINT OUTING WITH BPCA.

Birmingham

(May 3)-"Trends in Automotive Fin­ishes"-R. Hum, Ford Motor Co. Ltd.

Cleveland

(May 21)-Annual Meeting/Spouses'ighl. "PAINT EXAMI ATION TECH·

NIQUES UTILIZED IN THE FBI LADORA­TORy"-James E. Corby, Federal Bureauof Investigation.

Detroit

(May IS)-Joint Meetingwith DPCA.

Golden Gate

(May 16)-"THE PROPER SOFTWAREFOR You"-L.S. Feldman, Sinclair PaintCo.

Houston

(May 9)-"CONTROI. FOR THEMODERN PAINT PLANT"-James T.DeGroff, Applied Color Systems, Inc.

Kansas City

(June 8-9)-Joint Meeting of theKansas City and SI. Louis Societies.

Los Angeles

(May 9)-AwARDS NIGHT. "THEPROPER SOFTWARE FOR You"-L.S.Feldman, Sinclair Paint Co.

(June 13)-ANNUAL MEETING/ ELEC­TION OF OFFICERS. TECHNICAL COM­M�TTEE PROGRAM.

Montreal

(May 2)-MANUFACTURING COM.MITTEE'S PRESENTATION.

New York

(May 8)-PAVAC NIGHT.

Pacific Northwest

(May 17)-"THE PROPER SOFTWAREFOR You"-L.S. Feldman, Sinclair PaintCo.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

Philadelphia

(May IO)-Speaker from Cargill, Inc.

Piedmont

(May 16)-"INERTING FOR SAFETY INCOATINGS PLANTS"-Kevin Donahue,Neutronics, Inc.

(June 20)-"COMPOSITE VS. SINGLEDISPERSANT IN COLORANTS AND COAT.INGS"-ElioCohen, Daniel Prod.uctsCo.

Pittsburgh

(May 7)-"INS AND OUTS OFTIO,"­Richard Ensminger, NL Industries.

Rocky Mountain

(May 9)-"THE PROPER SOFTWAREFOR You"-L.S. Feldman, Sinclair PaintCo.

SI. Louis

(May IS)-MANUFACTURING NIGHT.

77

Elections

BALTIMORE

Active

GRACIE, JAMES W.-J.M. HuberCorp., Havrede Grace, MD.

MILLS, CHARLES E.-Sherwin Williams Co.,Baltimore, MD.

WRENN, FRANCIS J.-Lenmar, Inc., Ballimore.

Associate

HUTCHINS, DoNNA L.-McWhorter, Inc.,Baltimore, MD.

SLACK, JR., J. WARREN-SCM Pigmenls,Baltimore.

BIRMINGHAM

Active

KILVINGTON, H.J.-Cray Valley Products Ltd.,Cardiff South Glam, England.

CHICAGO

Active

DAVIS, GLENN R.-Fuller-O'Brien Corp.,South Bend, IN.

DoNOVAN, MARCEllA G.-General Paint &Chemical Co., Cary, IL.

DRAHOS, SANDv-Ashland Chemical Co.,Willow Springs, IL.

EsSIGMANN, MARTIN L.-Sherwin-WilliamsCo., Chicago, IL.

FOGARTY, PATRICK J.-Midland Div., DexterCorp., Waukegan, IL.

FREEMAN, RICHARD A.-James B. Day andCo., Carpentersville, IL.

HAYDEN, CARL-CR Industries, Elgin, IL.HOLZERICHTER, NORMAN- R ust-Oleu m

Corp., Evanston, IL.loPEZ, JUDY ANN-Rust-Oleum Corp., Evans­

ton.MAIN, DAVID-Rust-Oleum Corp., Evanston.MAREK, MANNy-General Paint & Chemical

Co., Cary.PATEL, SANKABHAI D.-Rust-Oleum Corp.,

Evanston.PAWELA, MICHAEL A.-Federated Paint Mfg.

Co., Chicago.SENN, ROGER-Freeman Chemical Co., Port

Washington, WI.STEINBECK, JOHN A.-Ashland Chemical Co.,

Willow Springs.ZENTNER. MARK R.-DeSoto. Inc., Des

Plaines, IL.

Associate

BROWN, TOM-Betz Laboratories. Griffith,IN.DEMPSEY, DENNIS -Ha rshaw / Filtrol.

Batavia, IL.HISLOP. ROBERT P.-McWhorter. Inc.• Car­

pentersville, IL.

78

JANNEDO, PHILIP J.-Applied Color Sys­tems, Westmont. IL.

MEYER, G. WALLACE-McWhorter. Inc.. Car­pentersville.

ROECKER. ROBERT J.-Certified Equipment.Cherry Valley. IL.

ROWE, RICHARD-McWhorter, Inc., Carpen­tersville.

SMALL, RICHARD W.-M&T Chemicals Inc..Northbrook, IL.

HOUSTON

Active

LARUE. NANCY-Valspar Corp.• Houston. TX.WALLACE. HAZEL-Valspar Corp., Houston.WORLEY, RICK G.-Valspar Corp., Houston.

Associme

WENDLING. MICHAEL D.-Accrow ChemicalDisl.. Houston, TX.

LOS ANGELES

Active

ANGENENT, CONRAD H.-Western SpeciallyCoatings. Los Angeles, CA.

CRESSY, KENNETH D.-Furane Products Co..Los Angeles.

FIFER, VERN-Paints for Industry. SantaFe Springs. CA.

FLINT, DoNALD R,-Ferro Corp.• Los An­geles.

GEORGE, DONALD J.-Applied Plastics Co..EI Segundo, CA.

MARUYAMA. ROBERT T.-Avecor Inc.• SanFernando, CA.

OLSON, KAREN M.-Pacific Dispersions Co..Inc., Cudahy, CA.

OsEN, LAMBERT-Thorson Chemical Corp.•Garden Grove, CA.

PARK, JA IN-Applied Products Co .• EISegundo.

POULOS, FREO-Allied Industrial Inc .• LosAngeles.

SHIMOYAMA, ISAO-D.F.C. Co.• Los Angeles.SOLAR, ROBERT c.-Western Specially Coat­

ings, Los Angeles.THEODORY, EMILE-Chemstop Corp., Bell­

flower, CA.VELASQUEZ. ANTONIO A,-Western Specialty

Coatings, Los Angeles.YOUNG, THOMAS J.-PPG Industries. Inc.,

Torrance, CA.

Associate

BoEHEIM. JOHN-Western Star Color &Chern., Santa Ana, CA.

DUNKLEY, DoN-Chevron U.S.A .. Inc., LaHabra, CA.

MOREHOUSE, DALE H.-Morehouse Indus­tries. Inc., Fullerton. CA.

PECKMAN. RAy-Bennett Industries. SanFernando, CA.

RENFRO, BoB R.-TCR Industries. Inc., Car­son. CA.

RISSMILLER, RALPH W.-Cargill. Inc .. Lyn­wood. CA.

RIDER, BRIAN-Wilson & Geo Meyer, SantaFe Springs. CA.

ROGERI. JR., JOHN H.-Neville Chemical Co ..Anaheim. CA.

Educator/Student

PENPRASE, CATHERINE J.-City of CommercePublic Library, Commerce. CA.

RAWOLLE. FRANKLIN M.-Cal Polly Pomona,Alhambra. CA.

NEW ENGLAND

Active

ANE, HARRY M.-FCM Co.. Manchester. CT.MARTIN, JOHN F.-Arthur D. Little. Cam­

bridge. MA.

Associate

FLATHERS. NEIL T.-Omya. Inc.. Sudbury.MA.

HALEY. JR .• ROBERT A.-Finnaren & HaleyInc., Conshohocken, PA.

NEW YORK

Active

DEFusco. ANDREW J.-Diamond ShamrockChemical Co.. Morristown. NJ.

DE SESA, MICHAEL A.-NL Chemicals.Hightstown. NJ.

FISH. THOMAS c.-Gentape Co.. Bloomfield.NJ.

SILVAIN, ALBERT W.-Colloids.lnc .. Newark.NJ.

STRASSER. JOHN F.-Con Edison. New York.NY.

Associate

COLLINS. JACK-Nuodex Inc.. Piscataway. NJ.FREEDMAN. HAROLD-Corbet Chemicals Inc.,

Livingston. NJ.KUSH INS, AI.LAN M.-Glyco Inc.. Greenwich,

C1.LADDHA, SUDHIR-Essex Chemical Corp.,

Clifton. NJ.MUEI.LER. NICOLE M.-Degussa Corp.. Teter­

boro. NJ.PAGE. PAUL L.-Hercules Incorporated.

Wilmington. DE.SMITH, RICHARD A.-Burgess Pigment Co.,

Ridgefield Park. NJ.WELLER. SANDRA-Monsanto Polymer Prod.,

Kenilworth. NJ.

Journal of Coatings Technology

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Ai'live

HARRIS. MIKE L.-Farwesl Paint Mrg. Co..Tukwila. WA.

Ho~s rEDE. ROB- 'era Acrylic Paint. Leth­bridge. Alberta. Can.

WARD. STUAR' J.- Websen Paeirie Corp..Seallie. WA.

PHILADELPHIA

Jl 'KER. L. JOsEPIl-Sermateeh International.Limerick. PA.

Associate

BoGATI~. JR .. ROBERT S.-Peltz-RowleyChemicals. Philadelphia. PA.

ERRICO. WALrER-MD-Both Industries.Stock Ion. NJ.

LARSON. DoROTIlY A.-Mid Atlantic Con­lainer. Somersel. NJ.

STANZIOLA. RALI'Il-Applied Color Systems.Princeton. NJ.

PITTSBURGH

Al'live

KOLESKE. JOSEPIl V.-Union Carbide Corp..S. Charleston. WV.

LORE. JAMES E.-Watson Standard Co..Pillsburgh. PA.

Assol'iate

HLDAC. DAVID A.-FBC Corp.. Mars. PA.WATSO'. CB.-Mobay Chemical Corp.. PillS­

burgh. PA.

ST. LOUIS

Associate

MILLER. DE~NY-Thompson-Hayward Chern.Co.. St. Louis. MO.

WESTERN NEW YORK

KIEI ~1,'. ROIlERl F.-Prall & Lambert. Inc ..Burralo. NY.

LOATS. RICH,'RD K.-Spencer Kellogg Div..Textron. Inc .. Burralo.

MARGEV'CH. MARTIN-Pierce & SlevensChemical Corp.. Burralo. NY.

MEK,'. TIlOMAS-Pieree & Stevens ChemicalCorp.. Burralo.

ROGEMOSER. DAVID R.-Spencer KelloggDiv.. Textron. Inc .. Burralo.

SEADOR. CAROI.-Prall & Lambert. Inc ..Burralo.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

Constituent Society Meetings and SecretariesBALTIMORE (Third Thursday-Eudowood Gardens, Towson, MD;

FRANK GERHARDT, Bruning Paint Co., 601 S. Haven St., Baltimore, MD 21224.Virginia Section-Fourth Wednesday, Ramada Inn-East, Williamsburg, VA).

BIRMINGHAM (First Thursday-Westbourne Suite, Botanical Gardens,Birmingham). D. H. CLEMENT, Holden Surface Ctgs. Ltd., Bordesley Green Rd.,Birmingham B9 4TQ England.

CHICAGO (First Monday-meeting sites in various suburban locations).MARTIN F. BALOW, United Coatings, Inc., 3050 N. Rockwell Ave., Chicago, IL60618.

C-D-I-C (Second Monday-Sept., Jan., Apr.. June in Columbus; Oct.,Dec., Mar., May in Cincinnati; Nov., Feb., in Dayton). BILL M. HOLLIFIELD,Perry & Derrick Co., Inc., P.O. Box 12049, Cincinnati, OH 45212.

CLEVELAND (Third Tuesday-meeting sites vary). SCOTT E. RICKERT,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44/06.

DALLAS (Thursday following second Wednesday-Executive Inn, nearLovefield Airport). VAN G. FALCONE, Kuppers Co.. 801 E. Lee St., Irving, TX75060.

DETROIT (Fourth Tuesday-meeting sites vary). AL Moy, GlasuritAmerica, Inc., P.O. Box 38009-Fenkell Station, Detroit, MI 48238.

GOLDEN GATE (Monday before third Wednesday-Alternate betweenSabella's Restaurant on Fisherman's Wharf and Francesco's, Oakland, CAl.SANDRA LUND, The O'Brien Corp., 450 E. Grand Ave., S. San Francisco, CA94080.

HOUSTON (Second Wednesday-Sonny Look's, Houston, TX) ARTHURMcDERMOTT, Nalco Chemical Co. P.O. Box 87, Sugarland, TX 77478.

KANSAS CITY (Second Thursday-Cascone's Restaurant, Kansas City,MO). H. DENNIS MATHES, Olympic Stain Co., 1141 N. W. 50th, Seattle, WA98107.

LOS ANGELES (Second Wednesday-Steven's Steak House, Commerce,CAl. HENRY J. KIRSCH, Trans Western Chemicals, 7240 Crider Ave., Pica Rivera,CA 90660.

LOUISVILLE(Third Wednesday-Breckinridge Inn, Louisville, KY). JOYCESPECHT, Porter Paint Co., 400 S. 13th St., Louisville, KY 40203.

MEXICO (Fourth Thursday-meeting sites vary). GEORGE CARRINGTON,Nuodex Mexicana, S.A., Av. de las Gmnjas 536,02020 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

MONTREAL (First Wednesday-Bill Wong's Reslaumnt). JEAN BRUNET,Van Waters & Rogers Ltd., 2700 Jean Baptist Deschamps, Lachine, Que., Can.,H8T lEI.

NEW ENGLAND (Third Thursday-Hillcrest Function Facilities, Walt­ham). MAUREEN M.LEIN,Raffi&Swanson,lnc., /00 Eames St., Wilmington,MA01887.

NEW YORK (Second Tuesday-Landmark II, East Rutherford, J).RAYMOND P. GANGI, International Paints, P.O. Box 386, Union, NJ 07083.

NORTHWESTERN (Tuesday after first Monday-Tax Cafe, Minneapolis,MN). ALFRED F. YOKUBONIS, Celanese Specialty Resins, 5008 W. 99th St.,Bloomington, MN 55437.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST (Portland Section-Tuesday following secondWednesday; Seattle Section-the day after Portland; British Columbia Section­the day after Seattle). GERALD MCKNIGHT, Rodda Paint Co., 6932 S. W. MacadamAve., Portland, OR 97219.

PHILADELPHIA (Second Thursday-Dugan's Restaurant). ROBERT L.TOZER, Delkote, Div. of Lilly Ind. Coatings, Inc., 76 S. Virginia Ave., PennsGrove. NJ 08069.

PIEDMONT (Third Wednesday-Howard Johnson's, Brentwood exit of1-85, High Point, NC.) MICHAEL DAVIS, Paint Products Co., Inc., P.O. Box 648,Walkertown, NC 27051.

PITTSBURGH (First Monday-Skibo Hall, Carnegie Mellon Univ.).JOSEPH MASCIA, Campbell Chemical Co., P.O. Box 11182, Pittsburgh, PA 15237.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN (Monday following first Wednesday-Bernard's,Arvada, CO). CARWIN BEARDALL, Howells, Inc., 4285 S. State St., Salt Lake City,UT 84107.

ST. LOUIS (Third Tuesday-Salad Bowl Reslaumnt). CHARLES L. GRUBBS,U.S. Paint Div., Grow Group. Inc., 831 S. 21st St., St. Louis, MO 63103.

SOUTHERN (Gulf Coast Section-Third Thursday; Central FloridaSection-Third Thursday after first Monday; Atlanta Section-Third Thursday;Memphis Section-bi-monthly, Second Tuesday: Miami Seclion-Tuesday priorto Central Florida Section). S.G. SANFILIPPO, Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.,Technical Services Lab., P.O. Box 1610, Tuscaloosa, LA 35401.

TORONTO (Second Monday-Cambridge Motor Hotel). GoRDONMAJOR,46 Dearbourne Blvd., Unit 61. Bramalea, Ont., Can., L6T 1J7.

WESTERN EW YORK (Third Tuesday-The Red Mill, Clarence, NY).CHARLES C. TABBI, Spencer-Kellogg Div.. Textron, Inc., P.O. Box 210, Buffalo,NY 14225.

79

i

meetings/Education

Dispersion Course Scheduled at KSU, May 7-11

4405

Special Discount FaresAvailable from United AirlinesTo Annual Meeting in Chicago

Special arrangements have been made with United Airlines to offera $15.00 discount off Supersaver fares within the U.S. to/from Chicagofor the October 24-26 Annual Meeting and Paint Show at the ConradHilton Hotel. The seven-day minimum stay requirement is waived. Thesespecial fares are available only when you call the unlisted toll-free number(800-521-4041) of United's Convention Desk. You must give the FSCTConvention number which is:

A short course entitled, "Dispersion ofPigments and Resins in Fluid Media,"will be presented May 7-11, by theRheology and Coatings Div. of KentState University's Chemistry Dept.,Kent,OH.

Featuring industry and academic ex­perts knowledgeable on the subject ofdispersion, the course will concentrate onthe fundamentals of surface chemistryand physics related to dispersion oflatexes, pigments, and resins in water andclassic solvent systems. The session willalso focus on lectures pertaining to themechanics ofdispersion and the selectionof the proper dispersion equipment forspecific materials.

The course is designed for personnelinvolved in research, development, andproduction of coatings, adhesives, poly­mers, inks, and related materials.

The following presentations are sched­uled for the program:

Monday, May 7

"Fundamentals of Surface and ColloidChemistry I"-Richard J. Ruch, KSU.

"Dispersant Selection Based on Pig­ment Functionality"-Robert F. Conley,Mineral & Resource Technology.

Spray Finishing WorkshopTo Be Held May 14-18

A Spray Finishing Technology Work­shop will be held by Bowling GreenState University and the DeVilbiss Co. onMay 14-18. Workshop sessions will beheld at the University campus and in theTechnical Center of the DeVilbiss Co.,World Headquarters, Toledo, OH.

Featured will be sessions on equipmentand material selection, spray finishingtechniques associated with automotiverefinishing, furniture, and industrialspraying. Additionally, topics associatedwith the latest technology-powder coat­ing, automatic spraying, and plural com­ponents-will be included. Each partici­pant will have an opportunity for "hands­on" practice.

The workshop is under the direction ofDr. Richard A. Kruppa, University Pro­fessor of Manufacturing Technology,School of Technology.

Additional information can be ob­tained from Judy Jennings, BowlingGreen State University, Bowling Green,OH 43403.

"Fundamentals of Surface and ColloidChemistry IJ"-Richard J. Ruch.

"Aqueous Dispersant Selection Basedon Product/ Process Operation"­Robert F. Conley.

Tuesday, May 8

"Dispersion of Pigments in LiquidMedia-A Review of Principles andPractice"-Geoffrey D. Parfitt, Carnegie­Mellon University.

"Interactions at the Pigment/ VehicleInterface and their Relevance to PigmentDispersion"-Geoffrey D. Parfitt.

"Dispersion of Carbon Black andOther Pigments in Fluid Vehicles forPrinting Inks"-John W. Vanderhoff,National Printing Ink Research Institute,Lehigh University.

"Measurement of Degree of Disper­sion of Water-Based Flexographic Inksby Capillary Chromatography and ColorStrength"-John Vanderhoff.

Wednesday, May 9

"Selection of Industrial Surfactants"­John C. Graham, Eastern MichiganUniversity.

"Particle Size Analysis of CoatingsSystems"-Theodore Provder, GliddenCoatings & Resins Div., SCM Corp.

"Dispersion in Oil-Soluble CoatingsSystems: The Inseparable Roles of Artand Science"-George R. Pilcher, HannaChemical Coatings Corp.

"Attritor Grinding and Dispersing

Equipment"-Arno Segvari, Union Pro­cess, Inc.

"High Shear-High Intensity Mixing"-B. L. Aarons and Richard Gash, Silver­son Machine, Ltd.

Thursday, May 10

"Small Media Milling and DispersionTechnology"-Leo Dombrowski, Chi­cago Boiler Co.

"Characterization of Gri nd ing and Dis­persion Media"-Walter W. Perkins.Norton Co.

"Principles of Ball and Pebble Milling"­John M. Rahter, PaulO Abbe, Inc.

"Theory and Application of Mixers inBlending and Dispersion"-James Y.Oldshue, Mixing Technology, MixingEquipment Co.

"High Viscosity Dispersion"-JamesW. White, White Chemical EquipmentCo.. Inc.

Friday, May II

"Assessment of Dispersion Stability:Rheological and Sedimentation Tech­niques"-Mel Croucher, Xerox ResearchCentre of Canada.

"Current Processing Techniques forMagnetic Media Dispersions"-GregoryR. Liebert. etzsch, Inc.

For additional information, contactCarl J. Knauss. Chemistry Dept.. KSU.Kent. OH 44242.

80 Journal of Coatings Technology

NDSU to Offer Coatings Courses in June

Coming Next Month . . .

.. the JCT will feature the topic of Problems and Control ofDefacement of Coatings by Mildew and Bacteria. Highlighting theissue will be two Roan-Award winning articles dealing with the SUbject:

"Presence and Effects of Anaerobic Bacteria in Water-BasedPaints," by R.A. Opperman and M. Gall, of Cosan Chemical Corp.

"Protection of Mildewcides and Fungicides from Ultraviolet LightInduced Photo-oxidation," by P. Gabriele and R. Iannucci, of CIBA­GEIGY Corp.

Three short courses in coatings: "Basicsof Coatings," "Water-Borne Coatings,"and "High Solids Coatings," will beoffered by North Dakota State Univer­sity, Fargo, NO. in Juoe.

"Basics of Coatings," a condensedversion of the well-known coatings coursedeveloped by Dr. Zeno W. Wicks, nowretired Professor Emeritus. is scheduledfor June 4 15. Updated and refinedannually by Dr. Wicks, the two-weckcourse is designed for the ehcmist who isrelatively ncw to the coatings field, or forthe experienced chemist who wants togain a better general understanding ofcoatings and their underlying principles.

The one-week courses in "Water-BorneCoatings" and "H igh Solids Coatings, "tobe held June II 15 and June 25 29,

Theme Selected for OCCA1985 Conference

The Technical Committee of the Oil &Colour Chemists' Association has chosenthe theme, "New Substrates, NewMaterials, New Problems"", for its bien­nial conference to be held June 26 29,1985, in Fdinhurgh, Scotland.

The eommittce selected this themesince it felt that "the time is opportune fora review of the impact of new technology,since the traditional coatings industry hasnow so diversified that it encompassesindustries such as the automotive, huild­ing, electrical. aerospace, plastics,packaging, adhesives. and other indus­tries." The conference, therefore, willexplore the problems in hoth novel andtraditional substrates by the introductionof new materials and methods of applica­tion and the problems arising there­from.

For further information on the 1985conference. contact Director & SecretaryR. H. Hamblin, OCCA. Priory House.967 Harrow Rd .. Wembley. Middlesex.England HAO 2SF.

respectivcly, are designed for the experi­enced person involved in research orworking specifically in either of these twoareas. Recent developments in both fieldswill be considered. and both sessionsinclude considerable material applicableto other types of coatings.

Special guest lecturers for the "Water­Borne Coatings" course will include thefollowing well-known industrial scien­tists: Dr. Gordon Bierwagen. of Sherwin­Williams Co.; and Drs. Thcodore Provderand Robert Serdewand, or Glidden Coat­ings and Resins Div., SCM Corp.

All three courses will be taught by Dr.Wicks; Dr. Frank N. Jones, Cha'irman ofthe Department of Polymers and Coat­ings at NDSU; Dr. S. Peter Pappas,NOS U Professor of Chemist ry and Poly­mers and Coatings; Dr. Loren W. Hill,adjunct Professor of Polymers and Coat­ings and a science fellow with MonsantoPlastics and Resins; and Dr. J. EdwardGlass, NOS U Professor of Polymers andCoatings.

Additional information may be ob­tained by contacting Dr. Frank N. Jones,Polymers and Coatings Dept., NDSU,Fargo, NO 58105.

UMR to Sponsor SymposiumOn Vinylidene Chloride

The University of Missouri-Rolla.Rolla, MO. will present a symposium on"Vinylidene Chloride: A Monomer for the'80's," May 2 4 at the BreckenridgeConcourse Hotel. St. Louis. MO.

The symposium, a coatings continuityeducation activity of the UMR College ofArts and Sciences' chemistry department.is designed to give participants an op­portunity to update their knowledge ofvinylidene chloride as an economical andversatile comonomer for surface coatingsresins. Discussion sessions are included inthe program.

For further information, contactCindy Sonewald. Chemistry Dept.,UMR. Rolla, MO 65401.

Industrial and furniturefinishes; zinc-rich

primers; vinyl top coats;gel coats; plastisols;trade sales paints;

varnishes; high solidscoatings; coil coatings;

water and/or oilsystems; inks.

ZEOTHIX (syntheticprecipitated silicondioxide) is a low-costflatting and thixo­tropic agent; andsuspending aidthat's easily dis­persed, with littleshear sensitivity.

ZEOTHIX is anodorless fine whitepowder with a con­trolled structure andparticle size.

Find out howZEOTHIX canimprove your paintsand coatings. Call orwrite our CustomerServices Departmenttoday.

J.M. HUBERCORPORATIONChemicals DivisionP. O. Box 310Havre de Grace, MD 210783011939-3500

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984 81

People

Ronald F. Phillips was appointedManager, National Accounts, for Ari­zona Chemical Co.. a joint venture ofAmerican Cyanamid Co. and Interna­tional Paper Co.

The Midland Div., Dexter Corp..Waukegan, IL, has announced the follow­ing appointments. John Gibb has joinedthe firm as a Research Associate. Ap­pointed as Senior Research Chemist inthe general laboratory was Gerry Steele.Dr. K.G. Srinivasan was named ResearchAssociate in the polymer laboratory.

William D. Kinsell, Jr., President ofGlidden Coatings & Resins, Div. of SCMCorp., Cleveland, OH, received a na­tional decoration from the Republic ofPanama. His Excellency Aquilino Boyd.Ambassador of the Republic of Panamato the United States, presented the Na­tional Decoration of the Order of VascoNumex de Balboa to Mr. Kinsell. Themedal and decree, which are the secondhighest honor given to an individual,were in recognition of the economicinvestment that Glidden paint and resinsoperations have made in Panama. Glid­den opened a paint plant in the Republicin 1976 and a resins facility in 1982.

Effective February I, Mr. Kinsell hasretired from Glidden after 28 years. Hehad been President of SCM's largestdivision for seven years.

Mr. Kinsell began his career withGlidden as Sales Promotion Manager ofthe Paint Division. In 1960, he becameGeneral Manager-Trade Sales and sixyears later was appointed Vice-President­Marketing. In 1969, he was named Vice­President of the Coatings and ResinsGroup.

Mr. Kinsell is the immediate PastPresident of the National Paint andCoatings Association and is a member ofits Board of Directors and the ExecutiveCommittee.

K.A. McGrathW.O. Kinsell, Jr.

Dennis L. Dalton has been appointedManager-Coatings and Plastics Chemi­cal Div. of Buckman Laboratories, Inc.,Memphis, TN. Formerly DevelopmentSpecialist and Assistant Marketing Man­ager at the Buckman-Ghent, Belgiumcompany. Mr. Dalton has also served asTechnical Service Manager at the Mem­phis company.

Silberline Manufacturing Co., Inc.,Lansford, PA. has announced the follow­ing promotions. William R. Whildin hasbeen named Superintendent of the firm'splant, responsible for all buildings andproperty. He will assist in the planning.layout, and construction of additionalmanufacturing facilities, prOductivity im­provements, and pilot plant operation.Thomas R. Sterba was promoted toLansford Plant Manager. Hc most re­cently served as Assistant to the Execu­tive Vice-President with duties in processengineering, administration, and safetyand regulatory affairs.

Kathy A. McGrath has been namedPolymer District Accounts Manager.U.S. Specialty Chemicals, for S.c. John­son & Son, Inc., Racine, W I. Prior to herappointment, Ms. McGrath was associ­ated with Texas Instruments.

Promoted to Senior Market Manager­Industrial Coatings, Specialty ChemicalsGroup, for Johnson Wax, Racine, isBruce H. Todd. He most recently servedthe Group as Commerical DevelopmentManager-Polymers.

Carl Lechner. Inc., Northbrook. II..has announced the appointment of JackWeisman as Chairman of the Board. Mr.Weisman was previously President ofDonald R. Fitzgerald Co., and has beenassociated with the paint and coatingsindustry for 36 years. He is a member ofthe Chicago Society.

G.E.F. BrewerC.L. Smith

Joseph G. O'Grady, Vice-President ofPublic Service Electric and Gas ResearchCorp., Maplewood, NJ, was appointedExecutive Vice-President of the Ameri­can Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM). He replaces Henry J. Stremba,who has retired after 30 years of service toASTM.

Mr. O'Grady is responsible for coordi­nating ASTM's managerial staff andoverseeing the progress of ASTM's 140standards writing committees.

A longtime active member of ASTM,Mr. O'Grady is a past chairman of theboard of directors and is past chairman ofboth the Finance Committee and theStanding Board Committee on TechnicalCommittee Activities. Currently, Mr.O'Grady is active on ASTM CommitteesD-2 on Petroleum Products, D-22 onSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres,and E-36 on Laboratory Accreditation.

Hilton-Davis Chemical Co., Cincin­nati, OH, has named Robert R. Sill to theposition of Midwest Regional Sales Rep­resentative.

Dr. George E.F. Brewer, coatingsconsultant and pioneer of the electro­coating process, spoke at the Marchmeetings of the Paint Research Institute,near London, and the Institute of MetalFinishing, in Birmingham, England.

Dr. Brewer's address, "The SevenStages of an Invention," analyzed thesuccessive steps in the development ofinnovations, focusing on the develop­ment of the electrocoating process, whichis used to coat over 85% of all auto­mobiles worldwide.

The Southern California Paint & Coat­ings Association presented Clyde L.Smith, a co-founder of Ameritone PaintCorp., with a 50-Year Pin for his contin­ued service to the industry.

Mr. Smith helped to establish Vi-C1yIndustries, Inc. (which later becameAmeritone Paint Corp.) in 1949. Heserved as President and maintained thatposition when the company was acquiredby Grow Group, Inc. in 1965. Mr. Smithwas appointed Chairman of the companyin 1982, a position he held until March1983. Presently, he is a consultant toAmeritone.

Mr. Smith is a Past-President of theFederation of Societies for CoatingsTechnology, the Los Angeles Society forCoatings Technology, and the SCPCA.He is a recently retired Vice-President ofthe Western Region of the NPCA.

82 Journal of Coatings Technology

Paint Chemists Celebrate 50th Anniversary

AFTER 50 YEARS-Back In the 1930's, ten graduate chemists worked lor what wasprobably the IIrst consulting laboratory In the paint Industry. Now,ln 1984, nine reunitedto celebrate their 50th anniversary. Back row (left to right): Allred Driscoll; NormanHaber; and Joseph Cataldo. Middle (left to right): Sidney B. Levinson; Joseph Cantor;Elias Singer; and Benjamin Farber. Front (Ielt to right): Monroe Rapaport;

and Herman J. Singer

NL ChemicalslNL Industries, Inc.,Hightstown, NJ, has appointed RobertVan Doren as Manager, Product Strat­egy. Prior to his promotion, Mr. VanDoren was Marketing Manager, Rheo­logical Additives and Specialty Chemi­cals Products in the U.S. Mr. Van Dorenis a member of the New York Society.

Dean R. Thacker has been appointedPresident of Pfizer Inc.'s minerals, pig­ments, and metals (M PM) operations.Mr. Thacker. a 33-year veteran of Pfizer,has headed the Quigley Co., Inc., a unit ofMPM division specializing in productsand services for the steel-making in­dustry.

James C. O'Donoghue, President ofQuigley Europe since 1974, succeeds Mr.Thacker as President in New York.

W.R. Grace & Co., Lexington, MA,has appointed Peter I. Kuziuk as Na­tional Sales Manager for nitroparaffins.Mr. Kuziuk, who joined Grace in 1978,most recently served as Western regionalSales Manager for the Specialty Chemi­cals Unit of the Division.

The appointment of Sam K. Mitchellas a Technical Sales Representative wasannounced by Sandoz Colors & Chemi­cals. Charlotte, NC. Mr. Mitchell willspecialize in the sales and service of thefirm's colorants and specialty chemicalsto the coatings, plastic, leather, cosmetic,and household products industries on thewest coast. Prior to his appointment, Mr.Mitchell was associated with MobayChemical Corp. He is a member of theLos Angeles Society.

Catherine Enright and ThomasMastandrea have been named Sales Rep­resentatives by the Chemical CoatingsDiv. of The Sherwin-Williams Co., Chi­cago. IL. Ms. Enright is assigned to theCleveland. OH area, while Mr. Mastan­drea will focus on the Houston, TXregion.

The following appointments have beenmade by the Organic Chemicals Div. ofW.R. Grace & Co. for its SpecialtyChemicals Unit. William F. Scheufele, Jr.has been named Product Group Managerfor the division's emulsion polymer prod­uct lines. Mr. Scheufele, a Grace em­ployee since 1955, most recently served asProduct Manager for polyvinyl acetateemulsions. He is a member of the NewEngland Society. Appointed ProductGroup Manager for the division's Hamp­shire® and naphthalene DAXAD® prod­uct lines was George J. Power. As a 22­year employee of Grace. Mr. Power hasheld a number of research and productmanagement positions.

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

Ten graduate chemists, who wereemployed in the 1930's by the same paintconsulting laboratory located in Brook­lyn, NY, have remained active in thePaint and Coatings Industry. During thepast 50 years, five of the men becamepresidents of their companies, two be­came Presidents of the New York Societyfor Coatings Technology, one becamepresident of the NYPCA, and one becameNational Chairman of the paint andcoatings committee of the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials.

Over the years, the men remained goodfriends and met about every other month,a total of 250 times, to discuss technicalsubjects of mutual interest.

The men include:Joseph Cantor is President of Josad

Consultants, Inc., Queens, NY, and wasformerly Technical Director of Fyn Paint& Lacquer Co., Brooklyn, NY. He is a40-year member of the New York Society.

Formerly, Technical Director of Stan­dard Tex Co.. Brooklyn, Joseph R.Cataldo has retired. He is a 40-yearmember of the New York Society.

Alfred Driscoll, Consultant, has beenassociated with the New York Society for40 years.

The Flecto Co., Inc., Oakland, CA,and Flecto Coatings, Ltd., Richmond,B.C., Canada, has appointed Frederick J.Connelly as Technical Director for bothcompanies. Mr. Connelly was previouslyassociated with DAP, Inc. He is amember of the C-D-I-C Society.

Formerly, President of Farnow Inc.,Kearny, NJ, Benjamin Farber has retiredafter 45 years of service to the industry.

Alexander C. Haber, formerly Tech­nical Director of Arnesto Paint, Co.,New York, NY, died October 1980. Hewas associated with the New York Societyfor over 35 years.

Norman Haber is a retired AccountSupervisor for AMSCO Div. of UnionOil of California. He is a 4O-year NewYork Society member.

Sidney B. Levinson, retired Chairmanand CEO of DI L Laboratories, NewYork, NY, is a consultant. He is a45-year member of the New York Societyand has served as its President.

Monroe Rapaport is President of Pyro­lac Corp., Hawthorne, NJand has workedin the industry for 50 years.

Elias Singer is Chairman Emeritusof Troy Chemical Corp., Newark, NJ with50 years of service to the paint andcoatings industry. He is a member of theNew York Society.

Herman J. Singer, a 40-year member ofthe New York Society, and formerlyPresident of Lehmen Brothers, JerseyCity, NJ, is a consultant.

Craig A. Cornett was named RegionalPurchasing Manager for Glidden Coat­ings and Resins Div., SCM Corp., basedin Carrollton, TX. Mr. Cornett waspreviously associated with the SouthwestDiv. of O'Brien Corp. He is a HoustonSociety member.

83

Wood Finishes

A new publication, "Economical Cel­lulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB) High­Viscosity Wood Sealer and Lacquer,"is now available. The four-page bulletinpresents formulations for two woodfinishes prepared from CAB-53 I-I, lac­quer BW-II-53 and sealer BW-II-54. Fora copy of publication No. E-238, writeEastman Chemical Products, Inc., Chem­icals Div., P.O. Box 431, Kingsport,TN 37662.

Short 011 Alkyd

A short oil alkyd resin for use bycoating manufacturers in formulatingfinishes with 2.5 or lower VOC is de­scribed in a new bUlletin. The literaturecites low viscosity at high solids and goodamino resin compatibility as the impor­tant features of Beckosol® 98-210 shortoil alkyd. It also notes such performancefeatures as good coating stability andexcellent application properties. The bul­letin is available from Reichhold Chem­icals, Inc., 525 N. Broadway, WhitePlains, NY 10603.

Surfactant Product Guide

A comprehensive product guide tohundreds of surface active agents formany functional purposes in 12 majorapplication areas is now available. The32-page brochure simplifies product ref­erences by organizing pertinent descrip­tive and application data into chartsfor industrial, paint, aerosol formulation,food and food processing, and emulsionpoymerization surfactants. Copies of the"Surfactant Product Guide" may beobtained from the Organics Div., WiteoChemical Corp., 520 Madison Ave., NewYork, NY 10022.

Rheology Modifier

A rheology modifier for maintenance,industrial, and architectural latex paintshas been introduced in new literature.Rheological properties, application uses,and advantages of this nonionic, water­soluble synthetic polymer supplied insolution are listed. Further informationis available from Union Carbide Corp.,Specialty Chemicals Div., Dept. K3~44,

Danbury, CT 06817.

84

Storage Tanks

Information is available on cone bot­tom, vertical liquid storage tanks designedto withstand maximum loads and stresses.Construction of the tanks are discussedas are their interior and exterior surfaces.Literature is available from CertifiedEquipment & Manufacturing Co., P.O.Box 298, Springfield, IL 62705.

Anticorrosive Pigment

A new 40-page brochure that detailsan anticorrosive pigment for both sol­vents and aqueous systems is now avail­able. Included is information on typicalproperties, formulations, and toxicologi­cal data of NALZIN'"2. For a copy of"NALZIN'"2, Non-Toxic High Perfor­mance Protections," contact NL Chern­icals/NL Industries, Inc., P.O. Box 700,Hightstown, NJ 08520.

Color QC System

Literature is available announcing acolor QC system, which features the IBMpersonal computer, the ACS Spectro­Sensor® II spectrophotometer, andColor-Calc'", and ACS developed pro­gram package. The color QC system,which was designed to provide extensivecolor quality control capabilities, is dis­cussed, as are its operational capabilitiesand its wide range of options. Forinformation, contact Applied Color Sys­tems, Inc., P.O. Box 5800, Princeton,NY 08540.

Color Measurement

On-line color measurement that helpsidentify and correct color problems be­fore they prove costly and disrupt con­tinuous production has been successfullyadapted to the coil coating industry andis discussed in recent literature. Featuredis an On-Line Color-Eye® MeasurementSystem designed to analyze and processcolor data by computer to provide com­plete color variance information in a coilcoating operation. Discussed is how theon-line system monitors color on a widevariety of coil-coated surfaces includingwood grain finishes. Advantages listed in­clude increased color accuracy and con­sistency, throughout, and quality control.For additional information, write Mac­beth Color Systems, P.O. Box 950, New­burgh, NY 12550.

LaboratoryInstruments

A 76-page brochure has been publishedfeaturing 25 laboratory instruments anditems. Described are the new dip typeFord viscosity cup; the new pocket cliptimer; plastic wet film thickness gauges;digital, computer/ printer coating thick­ness gauges; the new Zahn viscosity cupkit; and mixer and humidity/temperaturemeters. Included are prices, operations,specification references, and orderinginformation for each item. A copy of thebrochure is available from Paul N. Gard­ner Co., Inc., 218-D Commercial Blvd.,Suite 205, Lauderdale By-The-Sea. FL33308.

Amino Resins

Applications and features of aminoresins for water and solvent systemsare covered in a recently issued brochure.The eight-page publication covers mel­amine, urea. and benzoguanamine resinsused to harden and impart water andchemical resistance to baking finishes.Basic differences between the threeclasses of resins are discussed and chartedto help the reader decide which groupto consider for a given problem. Atable of relative properties is also in­cluded. The literature is available fromReichhold Chemicals, Inc., 525 N. Broad­way, White Plains, NY 1060j.

Hydroqulnone

A new publication. "Solubility to Tee­quinol® Hydroquinone and Deriva­tives," is available. The hydroquinoneand derivatives covered include Tec­quinol hydroquinone (HQ), toluhydro­quinone (THQ), para-benzoquinone(p-BQ), mono-tertiary-butylhydro­quinone (MTBHQ). 2,5-di-tertiary­butylhydroquinone (DTBHQ). andhydroquinone mono-methylether(HQMME). They are used as inter­mediates for manufacturing a variety ofproducts and as polymeriz.ation inhibitorsfor vinyl monomers and unsaturatedpolyester resins. The literature lists theirapproximate solubility in various glycolether and ether ester solvents, estersolvents, alcohols, ketones, and glycols.A copy of No. D-163, may be obtained bycontacting Eastman Chemical Products,Inc., Chemicals Div., Building 280,Kingsport, TN 37662.

Journal of Coatings Technology

Coming Events

FEDERATION MEETINGS

(May 15-18)-Federation "Spring Week." ManufacturingSeminar on 15th and 16th; Society Officers on 17th; and Board ofDirectors on 18th. Galt House. Louisville. KY. (FSCT. 1315Walnut St., Philadelphia. PA 19107).

(Oct. 24-26)-62nd Annual Meeting and 49th PaintIndustries' Show. Conrad Hilton Hotel. Chicago,lL. (FSCT. 1315Walnut St.. Suite 832. Philadelphia. PA 19107).

1985

(May 14-17)-Federation "Spring Week." Seminar on 14thand 15th; Society Officers on 16th; and Board of Directors on17th. Hilton Hotel. Baltimore, MD. (FSCT. 1315 Walnut St.,Philadelphia, PA. 19107).

(Oct. 7-9)-63rd Annual Meeting and 50th Paint Industries'Show. Convention Center. St. Louis. MO. (FSCT, 1315 WalnutSt.,Philadelphia, PA 19107).

SPECIAL SOCIETY MEETINGS

(May 3-5)-Pacific Northwest Society for CoatingsTechnology Symposium. Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza, Seattle, WA.(Robert Hogg, Preservative Paint Co.. 5410 Airport Way S.,Seattle, WA 98108).

MILLINGthat'seasyan themill.Made with a careful balance of hardness,crushing strength, porosity and wear rate, sizedto tight specs, GlenMills'M beads give you fastmilling and efficient dispersal with the leastamount of wear of mill parts. That's milling that'seasy on the mill. •GlenMilis Beads are available in; 'il;, .;,;;7- GLASS - Lead-free solid glass of G"...

exceptional strength and low cost-ZIRCONIUM OXIDE-Zirconium ~~

Oxide with 3x to ex the life of glass O~.... ~

- STEEL- Steel beads of ball bearing 1'\9.(;01-\0quality for high viscosities ond pastes.

DElIVERY IS FAST AND SMALL QUANTITIES •.~•. >;ARE SUPPLIED AT BULK PRICES ... SAVING A~~" ,- "STORAGE SPACE AND FREEING CAPITAL "

For information or samples call or write to:

I~ID I~1E!nmills INC.203 BROOKDALE SlIMAYWOOD, N.J. 07607

201-845-4665 TELEX: 134 6561MPANDEX MAYW

Vol. 56, No. 711, April 1984

(May 14)-Philadelphia Society for Coatings Technology'sSeminar on "Anti-Corrosive Coatings." Airport Hilton Hotel,Philadelphia, PA.

(May 15-16)-Cleveland Society for Coatings Technology27th Annual Technical Conference, "Advances in CoatingsTechnology." (Richard Eley, Glidden Coatings & Resins Div.SCM Corp., 16651 Sprague Rd., Strongsville, OH 44136).

(May 16-17)-"Coatings Tech Expo '84." 3rd BiennialConvention & Exposition sponsored by New England Society forCoatings Technology. Sheraton Inn & Conference Center,Boxborough, MA. (Chairman Bruce Ocko, The Truesdale Co.,Brighton, MA 02135).

(June 8-9)-Joint Meeting of SI. Louis and Kansas CitySocieties for Coatings Technology. Kansas City, MO.

(June 18)-Golden Gate Society for Coatings Technology'sManufacturing Committee Symposium on "Safety and Robotics."Sabella's, San Francisco, CA. (Louie Sanguinetti, Jasco Chemi­cal Co., P.O. Drawer J. Mountain View, CA 94042).

1985

(Feb. 26-Mar. 1)-Western Coatings Societies Symposiumand Show. Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim, CA.

(Apr. 25-27)-Pacific Northwest Society for CoatingsTechnology Symposium. Empress Hotel, Victoria, B.C. (OttwinSchmidt, Helzer Canada Ltd., 8531 Cullen Crescent, Richmond,B.C., V6Y 2W9 Canada).

85

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

(Apr. 29-May 2)-"Opportunities in the Automotive Market"meeting sponsored by the National Coil Coaters Association.Rancho Las Palmas, Rancho Mirage, CA. (NCCA, 1900 Arch St.,Philadelphia, PA 19103).

(Apr. 29-May 3)-75th Annual Meeting of the American OilChemists' Society, Fairmont Hotel, Dallas, TX. (AOCS, 508 S.Sixth St., Champaign, IL 61820).

(May)-Robotics and Computer Controlled Automation.Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University,Nashville, TN. (Ms. Mary Kelly, Program Director, VanderbiltUniv., Nashville, TN 37203).

(May 1-3)-Oil & Colour Chemists' Association's 35thAnnual Exhibition. London, England. (R.H. Hamblin, OCCA,Priory House, 967 Harrow Rd., Wembley, Middlesex, HAO 2SF).

(May 1-4)-Painting and Decorating Contractors ofAmerica. 100th Anniversary Meeting. New York, NY.

(May 2-4)-"Vinylidene Chloride: A Monomer for the '80's"Symposium. Breckenridge Concourse Hotel, St. Louis, MO.(Cindy Sonewald, Chemistry Dept., University of Missouri-Rolla,Rolla, MO 65401).

(May 7-11)-Short Course on "Dispersion of Pigments andResins in Fluid Media." Kent State University, Kent, OH. (Dr. CarlJ. ·Knauss, Chemistry Dept., Kent State Univ., Kent, OH 44242).

(May 7-11)-Spray Painting Seminar. Binks ManufacturingCo., Franklin Park, IL. (Binks Manufacturing Co., Training Div.,9201 W. Belmont Ave., Franklin Park, IL 60131).

(May 14-18)-"Spray Finishing Technology Workshop"sponsored by Bowling Green State University and the DeVilbissCo. (Judy Jennings, Bowling Green State University, BowlingGreen, OH 43403).

PARTNER SOUGHT

A Paint and Coatings marketing cor­poration is looking for a Partner to helpmanage the business. The corporationhas numerous types of products tomarket. The Partner may choose tomanage from his home city or Chicago.There is a negotiable five digit invest­ment payable over a period of time. Anintelligent, open minded and friendlyPartner with excellent communicationskills is sought.

Please kindly mail your history to Mr.David Dextor A.B,C., 5120 Hyde ParkBlvd., Chicago, IL 60615

86

(May 14-18)-"Basic Microcomputer Programming forCoatings" Short Course. University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO.(Cindy Sonewald, Dept. of Chemistry, UMR, Rolla, MO 65401).

(May 16-18)-"Appearance Science Workshop." Hunter­Lab, Reston, VA. (Ms. V. Baca, HunterLab, 11495 Sunset HillsRd., Reston, VA 22090).

(May 20-23)-ASTM Annual Meeting. Queen ElizabethHotel, Montreal, Que., Canada. (ASTM, 1916 Race St.,Philadelphia, PA. 19103)

(May 20-23)-ASTM Committee 0-1 on Paint and RelatedCoatings & Materials. Montreal, Que., Canada. (ASTM, 1916 RaceSt., Philadelphia, PA 19103).

(May 21-25)-Short Course on "Adhesion Principles andPractice for Coatings and Polymer Scientists." Kent StateUniversity, Kent, OH. (Dr. Carl J. Knauss, Chemistry Dept., KentState Univ., Kent, OH 44242).

(May 21-25)-Short Course on "Corrosion and Its Control byProtective Coatings." Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA. (Prof.Henry Leidheiser, Jr., Sinciair Laboratory #7, Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA 18015).

(May 22-24)-Chemical Coaters Association. "SurfaceCoating '84." Bloomington, MN. (Matt Huertz, Chemical CoatersAssn., Box 241, Wheaton, IL 60187).

(May 23)-ASTM Symposium on "Review and Evaiuation ofAppearance: Methods and Techniques" sponsored byCommittee E-12. Queen Elizabeth Hotel, Montreal, Canada.(Symposium Chairman, J.J. Rennilson, Retro-Tech, P.O. Box3103, La Mesa, CA 92041).

(June 4-8)-Short Course on "Advances in EmulsionPolymerization and Latex Technology." Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA. (Dr. M.S. EI-Aasser, Dept. of ChemicalEngineering, Sinclair Lab #7, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA18015).

(June 4-8)-Short Course on "Thermal and RheologicalCharacterization of Coatings and Polymers." Kent StateUniversity, Kent, OH. (Dr. Carl J. Knauss, Chemistry Dept., KentState Univ., Kent, OH 44242).

(June 4-15)-"Basic Course in Coatings." North DakotaState University, Fargo, NO. (Dr. Frank N. Jones, Polymers &Coatings Dept., NOSU, Fargo, NO 58105).

(June 6-7)-"Color Technology for Management" course.Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY. (BrendaReimherr, T&E Center Seminar Coordinator, Rochester Instituteof Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., P.O. Box 9887,Rochester, NY 14623).

(June 10-13)-"58th Colloid and Surface ScienceSymposium." Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. (G.D.Parfitt, Chemical Engineering Dept., Carnegie-MellonUniversity, P:\ttsburgh, PA 15213).

(June 11-15)-"Principles of Color Technology" course.Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY. (BrendaReimherr, T&E Center Seminar Coordinator, Rochester Instituteof Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., P.O. Box 9887,Rochester, NY 14623).

(June 11-15)-"Water-Borne Coatings" Short Course. NorthDakota State University, Fargo, NO. (Dr. Frank N. Jones,Polymers & Coatings Dept., NDSU, Fargo, NO 581.05).

(June 17-20)-Dry Color Manufacturers' Association'sAnnual Meeting. The Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, WV.(p.J. Lehr, OCMA, Suite 202, 206 N. Washington St., Alexandria,VA 22314).

(June 18-22)-"Principles of Color Technology" course.Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY. (BrendaReimherr, T&E Center Seminar Coordinator, Rochester Instituteof Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., P.O. Box 9887,Rochester, NY 14623).

(June 25-29)-"Advances in Color Technology" course.Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY. (BrendaReimherr, T&E Center Seminar Coordinator, Rochester Instituteof Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., P.O. Box 9887,Rochester, NY 14623).

Journal of Coatings Technology

(June 25-29)-"High Solids Coatings" Short Course. NorthDakota State University, Fargo, ND. (Dr. Frank N. Jones,Polymers & Coatings Dept., NDSU, Fargo, ND 58105).

(July 9-13)-10th International Conference on "OrganicCoatings Science & Technology." Athens. Greece. (Prof. AngelosV. Patsis. Director, Materials Research Lab.• CSB 209. StateUniversity of New York. New Paltz. NY 12561).

(July 31-Aug. 2)-"lnternational Symposium on the Analysisand Identification of Polymers." Forensic Science Research andTraining Center, Quantico. VA. (K.W. Nimmich. SymposiumCoordinator, Forensic Science Research and Training Center,Bldg. 12. Rm. 212, FBI Academy. Quantico. VA 22135).

(Aug. 13-17)-Short Course on "Physics and Chemistry ofPrinting Inks." Davos, Switzerland. (Dr. M.S. EI-Aasser. Dept. ofChemical Engineering, Sinclair Lab #7, Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA 18015).

(Aug. 20-24)-Short Course on "Advances in EmulsionPolymerization and Latex Technology." Davos, Switzerland. (Dr.Gary Poehlein. School of Chemical Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology. Atlanta, GA 30332).

(Sept.)-"Maintenance Painting of Industrial Plants"Symposium sponsored by the Steel Structures Painting Council.Pittsburgh, PA. (SSPC, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213).

(Sept. 10-14)-"The Basic Composition of Coatings" ShortCourse. University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla. MO. (CindySonewald, Dept. of Chemistry. UMR, Rolla, MO 65401).

(Sept. 13-15)-Oil and Colour Chemists AssociationAustralia. 26th Convention. Mandurah. Western Australia. (GrantMcManus, P.O. Box 490, Cloverdale, Western Australia 6015).

(Sept. 17-21 )-"Physical Testing of Paints & Coatings" ShortCourse. University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla. MO. (CindySonewald, Dept. of Chemistry, UMR. Rolla, MO 65401).

(Sept. 22-25)-Canadian Paint and Coatings Association.Annual Convention. Westin Hotel. Winnipeg, Man., Canada.(CPCA. 515 St. Catherine St. W.• Montreal. Que. H3B lB4.Canada).

(Sept. 23-26)-American Oil Chemists' Society Short Courseon Fatty Acids. Kings Island, OH. (AOCS. 508 S. Sixth St.,Champaign. IL 61820).

(Sept. 23-28)-XVllth Congress of FATIPEC (Federationof Associations of Technicians in the Paint, Varnish. Lacquer andPrinting Ink Industries of Continental Europe). Lugano. Switzer­land. (C. Bourgery, Secretary General. FATIPEC, Maison de laChimie, 28 Rue St.-Dominque, 75 Paris (7), France).

(Oct. 8-12)-"Advanced Industrial Paint Formulation" ShortCourse. University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla. MO. (Cindy Sone­wald. Dept. of Chemistry, UMR. Rolla, MO 65401).

(Oct. 8-12)-Spray Painting Seminar. Binks ManufacturingCo., Atlanta. GA. (Binks Manufacturing Co.• Training Div., 9201W. Belmont Ave., Franklin Park. IL 60131).

(Oct. 21-26)-lnterfinish '84. Jerusalem. Israel. (Interfinish'84 Secretariat. P.O. Box 29313, 61292 Tel Aviv, Israel).

(Oct. 22-24)-National Paint & Coatings Association 97thAnnual Meeting. Palmer House. Chicago. IL. (Karen Bradley,NPCA, 1500 Rhode Island Ave.. N.W., Washington. DC 20005).

(Oct. 23-26)-Fall Technical Meeting of the National CoilCoaters Association. Hyatt Regency O'Hare Hotel. Chicago. IL.(NCCA. 1900 Arch St., Philadelphia, PA 19103).

(Nov. 7-8)-4th World Congress on "Coatings Systems forBridges and Steel Structures." Breckenridge Concourse Hotel.St. Louis. MO. (Cindy Sonewald, University of Missouri-Rolla.Dept. of Chemistry, Rolla, MO 65401).

(Nov. 16-17)-37th National Decorating Products Show.McCormick Place, Chicago. IL. (NDPA, 1050 N. Lindbergh Blvd.,St. Louis, MO 63132).

(Nov. 26-27)-"Job Estimating Workshop for PaintingContractors" Short Course. University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla.MO. (Cindy Sonewald. Dept. of Chemistry, UMR. Rolla. MO65401).

(Nov. 28-30)-FINSTRAT '84. Conference and Exposition onFinishing Strategies for the 80's. Marriott Hotel and AnaheimConvention Center. Anaheim, CA. (Association for Finishing

Vol. 56. No. 711, April 1984

Processes of SME, One SME Dr., P.O. Box 930, Dearborn, MI48128).

(Nov. 28-30)-"Maintenance Painting" Short Course.University of Missouri-Rolla. Rolla. MO. (Cindy Sonewald. Dept.of Chemistry. UMR. Rolla. MO 65401).

(Dec. 3-7)-Spray Painting Seminar. Binks ManufacturingCo., Franklin Park. IL. (Binks Manufacturing Co.• Training Div.,9201 W. Belmont Ave., Franklin Park. IL 60131).

(Dec. 16-21 )-1984 International Chemical Congress ofPacific Basin Societies. Honolulu. Hawaii. (PAC CHEM '84.Meetings and Divisional Activities, American Chemical Society.1155 Sixteenth St., N.W.• Washington. DC 20036).

1985

(Mar. 25-27)-"Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion"Symposium to be held during CORROSION/85. sponsored bythe National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Boston. MA.(Symposium Chairman, Robert Baboian, Texas Instruments,Inc.• Ma,il Station 10-13, Attleboro, MA 02703).

(June 26-29)-Oil & Colour Chemists' Association'sBiennial Conference. Edinburgh, Scotland. (R.H. Hamblin.OCCA. Priory House, 967 Harrow Rd .• Wembley, Middlesex,HAO 2SF).

(Sept. 2-4)-Federation of Scandinavian Paint and VarnishTechnologists. 11th Congress. SAS Hotel Scandinavia. Oslo.Norway. (Paal Ivan. Nodest Industries A/S, Boks 500. N-300lDrammen. Norway).

Advertisers Index

ATLAS ELECTRIC DEVICES CO..........•..•..•..•...... 85

BURGESS PIGMENT CO.......................•......... 77

CHEMISCHE WERKE HULS AG 27CIBA-GEIGY CORP 8-9

DU PONT CO., ELVACITE 14-15

ENGLISH MICA CO...................•..........••.•.... 75

GLEN MILLS, INC...................................•.... 85

HALOX 28J.M. HUBER CORP.........•..•..•.....•................. 81

INDUSMIN LTD.........•......................•......... 49

PFIZER, INC., MPM DIV 17POLYVINYL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, INC......•.... Cover3

ROHM AND HAAS CO 4-5, 13

SHAMROCK CHEMICALS CORP...............•.... Cover 4SOUTH FLORIDA TEST SERVICE, INC 85

UNION CARBIDE CORP Cover 2-1, 18, 40-41

R. T. VANDERBILT CO., INC 2

NOTE: The Advertisers' Index is published for the con­venience of our readers and as an additional service for ouradvertisers. The publisher assumes no liability for errors oromissions.

87

I'.;':

~,-_. ,-

'c§(um6ug' from JeillmanWhen Maureen Lein sent in the following hints on

how to know you're growing older, I found most of themstrangely familiar. I gu~ss you young kids find themstrange rather than familiar. In any event here they are,

I in case any of our readers find them funny rather thanusual.

. .'.Aged WIldom

Everything hurts and- what doesn't hurt, doesn't work.The gleam in your eyes is from the sun hitting your

bifocals.You feel like the night before and you haven't been

anywhere.You get winded playing chess.Your children begin to look middle aged.YOu finally reached the top of the ladder, and find it

against the wrong wall.Your mind makes contracts your body can't meet.

j' A dripping faucet causes an uncontrollable bladder, urge.

You know all the answers, but nobody asks you anyquestions.

You look forward to a dull evening.Your favorite part in the newspaper is "25 Years Ago

Today".You sit in a rocking chair and can't make Wgo.Your knees buckle and your belt won't.You regret all those 'mistakes resisting-temptation.

,. Your pacemaker makeS the garage door go up whenyou watch a pretty girl go by.

The little gray haired lady you help across the street isyour wife.

You sink your teeth into a steak and they stay there.

So-What's So Funnylll

From time to time Frank Borrelle reads stuff withoutpictures. Recently, during one ofthose expeditions into

. erudition, he came upon the following gems to helpI~, guide you on your way through life. .

Nothing makes it easier for a driver to obey the 55miles per hour speed limit than a proper understandingof the reasons for the law, a sound set of personal'values, and a state trooper in the rear view mirror.

The trouble with being a good sport is you have tolose to prove it.

Our neighborhood teenager claims that all his richuncle left him was a rich aunt.

Strength is the capacity to break a chocolate bar intofour pieces with your bare hands-and eat only onepiece.

It is only after you lose your membership in it that theyounger_ generation looks pretty bad.

Frustration is when you tell your teenage son to get ahaircut and he says he just did.

88

Some Citations, Referring to the Pelnt IndustryQuoted by Wene, B. MHO

Re: Technical Committee.A learned fool is more foolish than an ignorant one.

(J.B. Moliere)

Re: Technical Writing.A man will turn over half a library to write one book.

(Samuel Johnson)

Re: Note of Technical Director to Sales Department.Against stupidity the very gods themselves contendin vain.

(Friedrich Schiller)

Re: Note of Sales Manager to Research Department.Throw physic to the dogslI'll none of it.

(William Shakespeare, Macbeth)

Re: Austerity program for Research Department.Mere parsimony is not economy.

(Edmund Burke)

Re: Water Pollution.The river Rhine, it is well knownDoth wash your city of Cologne.But tell me, nymphs, what power divineShall henceforth wash the river Rhine?

(S. T. Coleridge)

Re: Specification for Marine Paint.That packet of assorted miseries which we call aship.

(Rudyard Kipling)

Re: OSHA inspector calls.The Hun is at the gate!

(Rudyard Kipling)

Re: Paint Convention.Shall I crack any of those old jokes at which theaudie,nce never fails to laugh?

(Aristophanes)' ..

Re: Latex paint versus Wallpaper.Either that wallpaper goes, or I do.

(Oscar Wilde)

Re: Corrosion:- There being many things wherein we have very

imperfect notions...(John Locke)

-Herb HillmanHumbug's NestP.O. Box 135Whitingham, VT 05361

Journal of Coatings Technology

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