ita0618.pdf - italaw

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Arbitration und e r th e Rul es of th e Int e rnational C e ntr e for Se ttl e me nt of Inv estme nt Di sput es ICSID Case No. ARB /07/21 BETWEEN PANTECHNIKI S. A . CONTRACTORS & ENGINEERS (GREECE) Claimant And THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA R espond e nt AWARD Tribunal: Jan Paul sson (Sol e Arbitrator) "#$%#&#’()’* +,-).-’(/ GVM Law 0-’-12()& 3,-4)’)& 52’&(-’()’2& 6-%728,-7)& 9,#:-’;%- 528(2*,);28 Pant ec hniki S. A . <;=-%; >-%-’(2$28,2& "#$%#&#’()’* "#&$2’;#’(/ Stat e Attorne y G e ne ral <;8-%; ?-,).) State Attorney’s Off i ce @#;)’- 6-’;)- D e rains Gharavi Lazar e ff ?-.); 3A-%-4) B8,)#’ C28%#( D-E), @2;#1 F+>FG >#H%#(-%1 (2 (A# I%)E8’-,/ 6-%()’- 02,-&#7 9;.)’)&(%-()4# 9&&)&(-’( (2 (A# I%)E8’-,/ +%-)* +A)-&&2’ G-(# 2J G)&$-(HA (2 (A# 0-%()#&/ KL B8,1 MLLN

Transcript of ita0618.pdf - italaw

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A rbitration under the Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes I CSID Case No. A RB/07/21 B E T W E E N PA N T E C H NI K I S.A . C O N T R A C T O RS & E N G IN E E RS (G R E E C E)

C laimant And T H E R EPUB L I C O F A L B A NI A

Respondent !

 

A W A RD  

!T ribunal:

Jan Paulsson (Sole A rbitrator)

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(ii) Impermissible pursuit of the same claim in two fora?

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(iii) Pacta sunta servanda

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(iv) Denial of justice

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