Introduction to tourism

iDEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

Table of content Content page

Acknowledgement.....................................iiiIntroduction..........................................1CHAPTER ONE...........................................21. BACK GROUND OF TOURISM.............................22. Definition of tourism..............................32.1Types of Tourism........................................................4

2.1.1 Domestic tourism...................................................4

2.1.2 International tourism..............................................4

2.1.2.1 Inbound tourism;...............................................4

2.1.2.2 out bounded tourism;...........................................4

2.1.2.3 leisure tourism;...............................................4

2.1.2.4 Business tourism;..............................................5

CHAPTER TWO...........................................52. The Relationship International Tourism with Human

Behavior, Culture, And Globalization..................52.1 Human behavior.........................................................5

2.2 Culture;...............................................................6

2.3 Globalization..........................................................6

2.3.1 International tourism versus culture;..............................6

2.3.2 International Tourism Vs Globalization;............................7

CHAPTER THREE.........................................93. Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism Main

Focuses and Major Tourism Concerns....................93.1 Main Focus of the Ministry.............................................9

iiDEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY 3.2 Major concern of the ministry..........................................9

3.3 policies and strategies of tourism development in Ethiopia............10

3.4 Objectives of tourism development.....................................13

3.5 The Basic Principles of the Policy....................................14

3.6 Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations...................15

3.6.1 Historical scenarios..............................................15

3.6.2Natural scenarios;.................................................15

Chapter four.........................................174. Role of tourism in Ethiopia.......................174.1 economical role of tourism in Ethiopia................................17

4.2 SOCIAL ROLE OF TOURISM................................................19

4.3 Cultural role of tourism..............................................20

CHAPTER FIVE.........................................215. Types and functions of travel agents..............215.1 What is travel agent?.................................................21

5.2 Function of travel agent..............................................21

5.3 Types of travel agents................................................22

CHAPTER SIX..........................................236. ETHICAL ISUES OF TOURISM..........................236.1 Ethical issue of the host community...................................23

6.2 ethical issue of the guide............................................23

6.3 ethical issues of the tourists........................................24

CHAPTER SEVEN........................................247.1 The unanticipated consequence of tourism..............................24

7.2 Economic impact of tourism............................................25

7.2.1 Inflation;........................................................25

7.2.2 Dependency........................................................25

7.2.3 Seasonality;......................................................25

7.3 Social impact of tourism..............................................25

iiiDEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY 7.4 Cultural impact of tourism............................................26

7.5 Environmental impact of tourism.......................................26

CHAPTER EIGHT........................................278. Community based tourism...........................27Summery..............................................29Reference............................................30

Acknowledgement

We have taken efforts in this term paper. However, it wouldnot have been possible without the kind support and help of manyindividuals and organizations. We would like to extend oursincere thanks to all of them.

We are highly indebted to thank Treck Ethiopia tour agencymanager Gamal Hussein and Gondar city guide association chair manGatachew Meles and second chair man Amare belete for theirguidance and constant supervision as well as for providingnecessary information regarding the term paper.

We would like to express my gratitude towards our parentsfor their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me incompletion of this term paper.

We thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague indeveloping the project and people who have willingly helped meout with their abilities

ivDEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

1DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY

IntroductionThis term paper is concerned with the course sociology of

tourism which is new to our department. This term paper is an

assignment for impartial fulfillment of the course. And it asses

the definition of tourism, types of tourism, the relation between

tourism and globalization, human behavior, and culture; the other

concern of this term paper is the main focus and major tourism

concern of the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism,

policies and strategies of tourism development in the country,

the Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations weather

historical or natural scenario. In addition this term paper deals

with type and function of travel agents, the role of tourism in

specific country or destination place, the ethical issues of

tourists, travel agents, guides, and local communities,

furthermore the main focus of this term paper is the impact of

culture on tourism and impact of tourism on culture. At the same

time this term paper examines the unanticipated consequence of

tourism in terms deferent social aspects such as social,

economical, cultural, and political.

While preparing this term paper we viewed deferent

literatures and we collect data through interview from the

department of tourism and some travel agents.


CHAPTER ONE

1. BACK GROUND OF TOURISMAccording to Dannis L. Foster’s “an introduction to travel

and tourism”, tourism is as old as civilization itself. As

ancient world empires grew in Africa, Asia, and the Middle

East. The infrastructure ne necessary for tourism and travel

such as land routes and water ways was created and vehicles

for travel were developed through time to time.

During the Assyrian empire the means of travel were improved

largely for military use they made further improved to the

road system and develop four wheeled carriages for

transportation.

The early Greeks also advanced travel and tourism

development in to two particular areas


First they introduce coin currency to replace the need for

travelers to carry goods for barter exchange of other goods in

the destination areas.Second they spread their language

throughout the read Mediterranean sea area. Making it easier

to communicate as one traveled. During this time Athens was

the particular destination area of tourist for pleasure

because there were some religious festivals, and events like

the Olympic Games held every four years at Olympia. Greeks

were also trying to develop their tourism by deferent meanness

for instance they develop a ten-volume guideline in 170AD by

the Greek Pausanias that entitled “Guide to Greek” which

targets the Roman tourist market and described the Grecian

monuments, sculptures and stories and myths behind them. In

addition the Romans also were toured to Egypt to see the

sphinx and pyramids.( Dannis L. Foster, an introduction to

travel and tourism, NA)

According to William C. Gartner’s work “tourism

development”, 1996 during the middle age tread and travel was

declined due to different causes such as horrible diseases,

war, and disripairation of the roads. But the church was the

main source of tourism due to pilgrimage, religious expansions

by monastery and for knowledge acquire or scholar ships.

The origin of modern tourism is industry is believed to have

begun with the Grand tour which was not successful during

Elizabethan period. Later through grand tour school may of


European cities develop superior hotels and services for their

guests but still travel is risky and laborious specially rural

stay was seen as evil during 1700c. after the age of

industrial revolution and social revolution in Britain and

French. The invention of water and land vehicles the tourism

and tour was developed. (William C. Gartner tourism

development, 1996)

2. Definition of tourismEarly definition of tourism had been focusing on the spatial

dimension. During this time a person was considered as tourist

when he moved a specific distance away from his home.

The United States national tourism resources review commission

one of the early spatial definitions of domestic tourist. The

distance used was 50miles, and all types of travel except

commuting to work were included, length of stay and minimum

expenditure were irrelevant.

The us census bureau which conduct national travel survey

every five years used a 100mile distance plus the requirement of

one or more night away from home within paid accommodation.

(William C. Gartner, tourism development, 1996)

According to WTO tourism comprises the activities of persons

travelling to and staying in places outside their usual

environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,

5DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an

activity remunerated from within the place visited.

Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to

happen, there must be a displacement: an individual has to

travel, using any type of means of transportation (he might even

travel on foot: nowadays, it is often the case for poorer

societies, and happens even in more developed ones, and concerns

pilgrims, hikers ...). But all travel is not tourism

(WTOdefinitiontourism.pdf )

2.1Types of TourismAccording to Rob Davidson based on the special

dimension of tourism or origin and destination tourism is

categorized in to two main categories which are domestic and

international tourism.

2.1.1 Domestic tourism

In this kind of tourism the place of origin and place

of destination are the same. This is used to describe

tourist trip which take place within own country for example

if the tourist is Ethiopian domestic tourism could be from

Mekelle to Gondar, Bahrdar to Hawasa etc.(Rob Davidson,

tourism, 1993)


2.1.2 International tourism

Such tourism used to cross more than one nation

boundary such as tourist trip from Kenyan to Ethiopian,

Chains to Tanzania etc. according to Rob Davidson inbounded

and out bounded tourism are also forms of international

tourism.

2.1.2.1 Inbound tourism; this is a kind of tourism which

means gating tourists to own country from another country or

abroad. Or when Ethiopia is taken as a resident please or

destination America tourist comes to Ethiopia.

2.1.2.2 out bounded tourism; such tourism is done throughleaving once own country to another country it could be for

the purpose of leisure tourism; like holiday, sports which

are not professional, cultural events, visiting friends and

relatives, and any other business tourism.( Rob Davidson

1993)

In addition tourism can be categorized in to two based

on its purpose. Those are leisure tourism and business

tourism.

2.1.2.3 leisure tourism; is a tourism which consists holiday

tourism such as festivals, trips to beaches, visiting

historical moments; sport tourism is the other kind of

tourism which in compasses shipping, horse riding, hunting

and etc. visiting friends and relatives, moving for


honeymoon, a week end stay with friends and others are also

some other kind of leisure tourism.

2.1.2.4 Business tourism; this form of travel consists

mainly exhibition and trade fairs, conference and

conventions.

Furthermore there are other purpose of tourism such as

study, religion pilgrimage, and health.

CHAPTER TWO

2. The Relationship International Tourism with HumanBehavior, Culture, And Globalization

Before we proceed to the relationship we better define what

those terms are

2.1 Human behavior; Human Behavior is the range of actionsand mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with their

environment, responding to various stimuli or inputs,

whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious,

overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. HB is

influenced by many factors, including: attitudes, beliefs,

emotions reasoning culture, values, ethics, religion

authority, rapport, motivation, persuasion, coercion

genetics. (http://www.mbabrief.com)

Human beings are programmed response in every sense of

the word. We learn everything that we are from others. We

http://www.mbabrief.com/


are not born with knowledge or personality; we acquire those

from society-at-large. (

http ://epluribusunum56.com/human_behavior.html ) as an

example; if, at the moment you were born, you were exchanged

with a baby being born in Ethiopia, and your skin, hair, and

eyes were altered to that of other Ethiopians, you would

grow up and be an entirely different person. Your taste in

food, music, dress, and all your aspects of culture would be

entirely different from who you are today.

If the two of you were to meet as adults, neither would

recognize similar behavioral attributes in the other. Each

of you would have entirely different personalities.

Genetically, you may have the same physical

attributes/propensities, but you would have developed them

differently, dependent on the physical requirements of your

lifestyle. (http://epluribusunum56.com/human_behavior.html )

Environmental factors such as food, living-conditions,

and healthcare, would have affected your overall appearance,

attitude, and physiology. You would experience each other

as total strangers. you would each talk differently, dress

differently, and have different information and views

concerning the world. Not even your height would be the

same, because it is determined by many other factors other

than just your genetics

http://epluribusunum56.com/human_behavior.html



2.2 Culture; culture could have deferent meanings based ondeferent dimensions but sociologically it defines as

follows,

The word culture is used in much broader sense to mean

all of the learned, shared ideas and products of a society

it could be material or non material. Which includes

beliefs, values, politics, customs, rule and regulations,

morality, law, social institution, art, language, and

material objects, in fact everything people have done or

created to gather, shared with one another, and transmitted

to one another from generation to generation.(Erich

Goode,sociology,1988,2end edition)

2.3 Globalization; Globalization as a concept refers bothto the "shrinking" of the world and the increased

consciousness of the world as a whole. It is a term used to

describe the changes in societies and the world economy that

are the result of dramatically increased cross-border trade,

investment, and cultural exchange. The processes and actions

to which the concept of globalization now refers have been

proceeding, with some interruptions, for many centuries, but

only in relatively recent times has globalization become a

main focus of discussion. The current or recently-past epoch

of globalization has been dominated by the nation-state,

national economies, and national cultural identities. The


new form of globalization is an interconnected world and

global mass culture.

2.3.1 International tourism versus culture; International tourism continues to be among the foremost

vehicle for cultural exchange, providing a personal

experience, not only of that which has survived from the

past, but of the contemporary life and society of others. It

is increasingly appreciated as a positive force for natural

and cultural conservation. Tourism can capture the economic

characteristics of the heritage and harness these for

conservation by generating funding, educating the community

and influencing policy. It is an essential part of many

national and regional economies and can be an important

factor in development, when managed successfully.

(Http://Www.Icomos.Org/Tourism/Charter)

According to ICOMOS, International Council on Monuments

and Sites Tourism itself has become an increasingly complex

phenomenon, with political, economic, social, cultural,

educational, bio-physical, ecological and aesthetic

dimensions. The achievement of a beneficial inter-action

between the potentially conflicting expectations and

aspirations of visitors and host or local communities,

presents many challenges and opportunities.

http://Www.Icomos.Org/Tourism/Charter


The natural and cultural heritage, diversities and

living cultures are major tourism attractions. Excessive or

poorly-managed tourism and tourism related development can

threaten their physical nature, integrity and significant

characteristics. The ecological setting, culture and

lifestyles of host communities may also be degraded, along

with the visitor's experience of the place.

Tourism should bring benefits to host communities and

provide an important means and motivation for them to care

for and maintain their heritage and cultural practices. The

involvement and co-operation of local and/or indigenous

community representatives, conservationists, tourism

operators, property owners, policy makers, those preparing

national development plans and site managers is necessary to

achieve a sustainable tourism industry and enhance the

protection of heritage resources for future generations.

(Ibid)

2.3.2 International Tourism Vs Globalization; According to Kevin

Meethan’s work “tourism in global society” globalization begins

after industrial revolution in United Kingdom as a result of

development in infrastructural development such as roads, trains,

airlines etc and now a day due to the development of mass medias

like radio, television and internet the inter connectivity

between country, increasing economic depth, political relations

and etc.


The global flow of information, capital, people, and culture

are realized in specific socio-economic and spatial forms as the

development of new networks of places and emergence of

consumption. Thus become important in terms of the

internationalization of business like airline, hotel, and tour

operators that have facilitated the growth long haul and capital

consumer. (Kevin Meethan, tourism in global society, 2001)

According to http://www.planeta.com tourism is arguably the

world's largest industry - and continues tremendous annual growth

rates. The industry's gains grew to $439 billion dollars last

year. As the world's natural areas are also destroyed at an

alarming rate, the tourism industry is encroaching on remote and

biologically diverse areas, home to Indigenous Peoples and

threatens our environment and way of life. According to the World

Tourism Organization, in 1998 there were 635 million tourist

arrivals around the world. For the recipients (host countries) of

international tourism, the tourism industry creates dependency

upon a fickle and fluctuating global economy beyond their local

control. Local economic activities and resources are used less

for the benefit and development of communities and increasingly

for export and the enjoyment of others (i.e., tourists, consumers

in other areas of the world). With so few international policies

and guidelines restricting it, tourism has been given free reign

to develop throughout the world. In fact, it has led the

http://www.planeta.com/

13DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY globalization process in the areas of transportation,

communications, and financial systems.

It has been promoted as a panacea for "sustainable"

development. However, tourism's supposed benefits (generation of

employment, development of infrastructure, etc.) have not

"trickled down" or benefited Indigenous Peoples. The

destructiveness of the tourism industry (environmental pollution

and enormous waste management problems, displacement from lands,

human rights abuses, unfair labor and wages, commodification of

cultures, etc.) has brought great harm to many Indigenous Peoples

and communities around the world. Recently we have witnesses many

government bodies, international environmental treaties, and

other policies as they are made about "sustainable tourism," yet

Indigenous Peoples have not been invited to participate

adequately in these policies which will have negative

consequences for the rest of time.( http://www.planeta.com)

"Global tourism threatens indigenous knowledge and

intellectual property rights, our technologies, religions, sacred

sites, social structures and relationships, wildlife, ecosystems,

economies and basic rights to informed understanding; reducing

indigenous peoples to simply another consumer product that is

quickly becoming exhaustible."

-Deborah McLaren (http://www.planeta.com) In general tourism

plays an increasingly important role in international relations.

Links exist between tourist flow and regional integration,



14DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY governments, military, and economic aid. “Most nations have

several policies toward foreign tourists that are based not only

on anticipated length of stay, but also on the degree of

international cooperation existing between the two countries

CHAPTER THREE

3. Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism MainFocuses and Major Tourism Concerns

3.1 Main Focus of the Ministry

Based on the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism’s

development policy, the ministry focuses on the following issues,

• guiding the sector in a broad based development framework,

• developing the existing and new tourism attractions and

products,

• expanding the infrastructure and tourist services that are

vital for the growth of the sector,

• ensuring that the country benefits from the sector by being

sufficiently competitive in the international tourism market, and

• solving the serious limitations in capacity which are apparent

in the Industry.( Tourism Development Policy 2009)

3.2 Major concern of the ministryAccording to the federal democratic republic of Ethiopian

ministry of culture and tourism’s policy, the ministry gives a

15DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY great concern to development of tourism the following are among

the basic reasons that responsible and sustainable tourism is

preferred as an effective engine of development for African and

other developing countries.

A. Tourism is a typical source of foreign exchange, which is

helpful for importing various inputs for development and

maintaining the balance of payments of a country;

B. These countries possess diverse and authentic,

internationally renowned, wonderful cultural, historical

and natural attractions, most of which are located in rural

areas;

C. Because tourism is inherently labor intensive and creates

employment opportunities specially for the poor, the young,

women and the physically handicapped, it plays a

significant role in the poverty alleviation of these

countries by creating jobs and income;

D. The infrastructure built for tourism development can

greatly benefit the economically disadvantaged sections of

society and in addition can create opportunities for growth

and development of agriculture, industry, construction,

transport and communication as well as other economic and

social sectors;

Above and beyond its economic advantages, tourism promotes

better and reciprocal understanding and closer relations among

peoples, thereby fostering a culture of peaceful coexistence and

mutual respect. (Tourism Development Policy 2009)

16DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY 3.3 policies and strategies of tourism development in

Ethiopia

Policies were stated to formulate in Ethiopia since 1965

according to the ministry’s tourism development policy program.

This time was also a time that tourism gat a recognition as a

sector of means of economic growth by the then government. As a

result tourism grew at an average annual rate of 12% until 1974.

In the four years from 1970-1973, the average number of tourist

arrivals to Ethiopia was 63,833 per year, while the average

annual income was 10.2 million dollars. The average annual growth

rates achieved during this period were 18.2 and 13 percent,

respectively. (Tourism Development Policy 2009)

But after the durg regime come to power the sector became

declining drastically due to the instability and war, recurrent

drought, strained political and diplomatic relations with tourist

generating country, restriction on the entry and travel within

the country.

According to the UNWTO’s current analysis of tourist

arrivals puts Ethiopia’s average annual growth in international

tourist arrivals at 5.6 percent for the period 1990-2000, and at

15.4 percent during the period 2000-2008. The average growth

rates achieved during the more recent years represent an

encouraging trend indeed. Yet the fact that, for instance,

Ethiopia’s share of the tourist flow to the East African Region

17DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY of seventeen countries in 2007 was 0.7 percent demonstrates the

very low stage of development the country is at, despite its

numerous historical, cultural and natural attractions.( Tourism

Development Policy 2009 )

Because it is believed that tourism has the power and

capacity to assist in the on-going effort to eliminate poverty

and accelerate development sustainably, provided Ethiopia’s

attractions are appropriately developed and put into service,

tourism has been included as one of the means of implementing the

country’s plan for accelerated and sustainable development to end

poverty. In connection with this, an assessment of the domestic

opportunities and limitations of the sector on the one hand, and

the international opportunities and challenges on the other,

would essentially help to clearly understand the prevailing

conditions of the sector.

According to the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism’s

Tourism Development Policy 2009 the favorable opportunities of

Ethiopia’s tourism are divided in to two main topics,

A. Ethiopia’s Possession of Varied Attractions

It is known that Ethiopia is full of varied historical, cultural

and natural attractions; it is the possessor of eight world

heritage sites( but now they are eleven) and many fossils

attesting that it is the cradle of humankind; and on top of all

18DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY that, its people are hospitable and their cultures diversified a

combination which makes it suitable for tourism development.

B. The Country’s Political and Economic Foundations

Ethiopian conditions that are favorable to the growth of the

sector are reviewed as follows in relation to constitutional

principles, as well as overall development policies, strategies

and programs

• The human and democratic liberties and rights of citizens are

guaranteed by the constitution.

• Nations, nationalities and peoples have equal recognition under

the constitution.

• The market-led economic system being followed by the country

firmly guarantees the rights of the private sector and local

communities to participate in and benefit from development.

• The guiding principle of economic diplomacy on which the

country’s policy and strategy for foreign affairs and national

security are based makes visible contributions in increasing the

number of visitors by promoting the tourist attractions and

building a positive image of the country, and drawing foreign

direct investment which is crucial to the growth of the industry.

• Because tourism is inherently trans-scrotal, development

policies and strategies formulated for other economic, social and

political sectors positively affect tourism directly or

indirectly.

19DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY • The agricultural and rural development policies and strategies

of the country have great possibilities for increasing farmers'

production and productivity and transforming the farmers into

investors responsive to international markets.

• The industrial development strategy of the country, enhancing

the private sector’s share in development, enables it to fulfill

its role in the growth of tourism.

• Ethiopia is the seat of the headquarters of the African Union,

the Economic Commission for Africa, and more than 105 embassies

and numerous international organizations.

• Moreover, Ethiopia has a national airline of long standing

experience, which has extensively linked the country to other

African countries and major international air transport networks;

Addis Ababa, as an air transport hub, serves to attract

internationally renowned air carriers that provide efficient

services; airports serving major tourist destinations of the

country have been modernized and expanded. (Tourism Development Policy 2009)

The development policy of the minister has stated to

challenges that affect tourism in the country those are domestic

and external challenges,

A Domestic challenge

The domestic challenge is also divided into two main categories

20DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY 1 limitation in supply to the basic growth of the sector;

Inadequate protection, less developed and less use as

tourist attraction of those historical and natural

scenarios.

There is a serious shortage in number and type of tourist

facilities at existing and potential tourist destinations

and vicinities; moreover, the quality of service is poor

and unsatisfactory to tourists.

Interpretations of tourist attractions are not based on

credible facts and knowledge; they are not consistent; and

their presentation is disorganized.

Handicrafts, other local creative products, performing

arts and entertainment services, which could have helped to

lengthen the stay and increase the speed of visitors at

every destination, are not offered in sufficient variety,

quantity and quality.

2 limitations in implementing capacity of the sector; there

are some weakness with respecting to the human resource mgt,

operating system, institutional capacity. The sector is facing

with shortage of highly trained and moderately trained manpower

that is crucial to the development of the sector. Branding and

market positioning based on timely studies are not in use. There

are also capacity limitations among tourism stakeholders, and

mutual support and coordination of efforts among them have not

been strengthened

21DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY B external challenges;

Ethiopian tourism is challenged externally because of the

image the country had before like draught, famine, and wars even

though thus are passed histories of the country but still it

affects the international image of the country. In addition the

horn Africa is seen as a region of instability and terrorism. Due

to this the tourism sector of the country is challenged

externally.

Even though the external challenge is affecting the sector, but

there are also some external opportunities favoring the tourism,

for instance? International tourism shows growth year after year.

The use of modern information and communication technologies is

expanding the dissemination and efficiency of information in

tourism. Among international tourists, interest in authentic,

indigenous and organic products is increasing highly from time to

time.

3.4 Objectives of tourism developmentA. To ensure concretely the country’s full benefits by sustaining

competitiveness in the international tourism market, by turning

Ethiopia into a particularly preferred destination in Africa, and

by maximizing direct and indirect economic benefits.

B. To build a tourism industry that makes important contributions

in earning and conserving foreign exchange, and integrates into

the economic growth of the country.

22DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY C. To create extensive employment opportunities for communities

at tourist destinations and to ensure community benefits through

a wider distribution of income, and to enhance community

participation in decision making on development.

D. To realize a tourism industry that builds a positive image of

the country, carries on the sector's development in a responsible

and sustainable manner, with the capability of growing without 50

disrupting peoples' culture and life styles and the natural

environment.

E. To build an industry that can lengthen the tourist’s stay by

solving observed limitations in service in the sector and provide

for the progressive growth of capacity in tourist facilities

deployed in the field.

3.5 The Basic Principles of the PolicyA. Respect for Pluralism; Because diversity in history, culture

and natural resources is Ethiopia’s beauty and distinguishing

endowment, the assets have to be equally recognized, respected

and developed as tourist attractions.

B. Guaranteeing Community Participation and Benefits; With

respect to the sustainable development and promotion of existing

and new attractions, encourage communities at destinations in

particular and the public in general to participate in and

benefit from the development.

C. Instituting Management Transparency and Responsibility; As the

development of tourism requires the involvement of many parties

across sectors, the institution of good governance is necessary

23DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY in order to ensure that all stakeholders meet the ethical demands

of tourism.

D. Creating Partnership; By forming strong links and creating

cooperation and partnership among actors in the sector at

destination, regional, national, sub-continental, continental and

global levels, foster the practice of working together for common

objectives. In particular, encourage small and medium enterprises

(SME’s) in the sector to create for cultivating a culture of

exchanging experiences and best practices, and working in

partnership.

E. Enhancing the Implementation Capacity of the Sector; to

ascertain that the country gets the full benefits of tourism

development, enable all bodies engaged in the sector to

effectively render quality tourism services by enhancing their

implementation capacities.

3.6 Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations

According to ( www.tourismethiopia.gov.et ) Ethiopia is a

land of wonder and enchantment, a country with one of the richest

histories on the African continent, a land of contrasts and

surprises, of remote and wild places, home to cultured and

friendly people who are descended from some of the world's oldest

civilizations.

http://www.tourismethiopia.gov.et/


This is the land of the fabled Queen of Sheba, home of the

Ark of the Covenant, the birthplace of coffee. 'Lucy: the world's

oldest known almost-complete hominid skeleton, more than three

million years old, was discovered here.

Ethiopian tourist attraction areas and destinations are

divided in to two those are historical and natural scenarios, let

see them each

3.6.1 Historical scenarios : the Historic Route, covering theancient town of Axum, with its amazing carved obelisks, Christian

festivals and relics, including the Ark of the Covenant; Gondar,

with its castles and palaces; Lalibela, with its remarkable rock-

hewn churches; Negash, one of the earliest holy Muslim centers

from the Prophet Muhammad Era with the Negash Amedin Mesgid; the

walled Muslim city of Harar and Lega Oda, near Dire Dawa where

you can see cave paintings considered to be thousands of years

old. In addition there are also the Monasteries like Kibran

Gebriel and Kidanemhiret dating back to 14th century which are

too much attractive found in lake Tana which is source of Blue

Nile.

3.6.2Natural scenarios; Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile, isthe largest lake with 37 islands and the Monasteries like Kibran

Gebriel and Kidanemhiret dating back to 14th century. The Great

Rift Valley lakes, many with national parks, are home to a wealth

of bird and animal life. The high, rugged, Simien Mountains in

25DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY the north and the Bale mountains in the southeast are also home

to some unique wildlife and rich flora, and are ideal for

trekking, whilst some of Ethiopia's fast-flowmg rivers are

becoming famous for white-water rafting.

There are eleven national parks and four sanctuaries where

277 species of wildlife and more than 850 species of birds can be

seen. The Simien Mountains National Park is registered by UNESCO

as a world heritage site and is home to three of the endemic

mammals, Walia Ibex, Gelada Baboon and Abyssinian Wolf. Ras

Dashen, the fourth highest peak in Africa with an altitude of

4,620 metres, is also located within the National Park.

Other National Parks include Bale Mountains and Abijatta-

Shalla in Oromia, Nech Sar, Mago and Omo National Parks in the

south and Yangudi Rasa in Afar, Gambella National park in

Gambella, as well as Awash in both Oromia and Afar Regions.

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's friendly and safe capital city, has

so much to offer, too, with its first-class hotels and

restaurants, museums and palaces, and good shopping, which

includes the Mercato - Africa's largest open-air market. Ethiopia

is a mosaic of people with more than 80 languages, different

lifestyles, costumes and cultural dances. People's livelihoods

vary from pastoralists and farmers to factory workers, business

people and academics.( http://www.tourismethiopia.gov.et )



Ethiopia has been called 'the land of a thousand smiles'.

Visit us and you can be sure of a great welcome, a memorable

holiday, and the experience of a lifetime. As (

http://www.tourismethiopia.gov.et ) this web site indicated

Ethiopia is more attractive to tourists because of these

characters which are listed as follows,

Ethiopia is the cradle of human kind

Coffee is Ethiopia’s gift to the rest of the world

Ethiopia has its own Alphabet, Numeric and Calendar

Ethiopia has never colonized

Ethiopia is the second country to accept Christianity as

official religion

Ethiopia has 9 UNESCO registered world heritage sites

Ethiopia is mentioned many times both in the holy Bible and

holy Qur’an

Ethiopia is the land of the great long distance runners

Ethiopians are the pioneers to use a tool before 2.8 million

years ago

Ethiopia is the fourth largest biodiversity zone in the

world

Where the original Ark of the Covenant is found

More than 70% of Africa’s maintains found in Ethiopia

The source of the great blue Nile river which contribute 85%

of the Nile river



Preserves the piece of true cross on which Jesus Christ is

believed to have been crucified

The Great Rift Valley which is the only geographical feature

of planet earth visible from the moon, cuts Ethiopia in to

two crossing the country from top to bottom

The single tallest monument ever erected by humanity in the

BC is found (Axum)

Ert’ale is one of the few places on planet earth where one

can see active, live, continued and dramatic volcanic

eruption

Has more unique species of flora than any other country in

Africa.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Role of tourism in EthiopiaTourism could have different roles in Ethiopia based on

different dimensions such as economical, social, cultural,

political, and others. Tourism has different roles in particular

country who receive high tourists yearly.

4.1 economical role of tourism in EthiopiaIn third world country like Ethiopia their manufacturing

industry is comparatively weak developed and has less scope for

exporting product. Reliance is in low cost primary products and

imported high cost products largely in the case of luxury hotel

development that often use imported rather than indigenous

28DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY products. So tourism can improve the balance of payment by

bringing foreign currency. This may lead to the indigenous

business competent in the international market. ( S.Page,

P.Brunt, …, J.Connels tourism amodern synthesis,2001)

Another role of tourism in the host or destination area is

creating employment for the people which could be categorized in

to three thus are direct, indirect, induced.

Direct; a kind of job created due to the visitor’s expenditure

and directly supporting the tourism activities for instance

guiding, hotels, care rentals, restaurants and etc.

Indirect; such jobs are resulted from not as direct involvement

of in the tourism activity but with in tourism supply sectors.

Induced; this kind of job is also created from tourism

expenditure as local residents spend money earned from tourism.

(Ibid)

Generally tourism is an in visible export which brings foreign

exchange to a country that can facilitat over all activities of

the country and leads the country to penetrate the international

market.

Based on our own perception tourism could plays a great

economic role in countries like Ethiopia that has no great

manufacturing and exporting companies which may provide foreign

currency to the country. Providing foreign currency is one

29DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY economic role of tourism, tourism can create employment in

deferent tourism activities like in hotels, as guidance, hand

craft producer, etc. in addition tourism offers the balance of

payment and economic growth.

Tourism is the one of the most important aspect for

developing countries. Both domestic and international tourism

must be considered to evaluate the impact of tourism on the

economy. To the host region/area travel provides a basis for

developing tourism as an export industry, which means that the

level of economic activities of the area shall increase through

the sale of products and services to the tourists.

Tourism provides foreign exchange without exporting anything

out of the country and it provides more stable earnings for the

country than any other industry. It increases export earnings and

a rate of growth of the economy. The income in the form of

foreign exchange earnings from an invisible exports helps in

offsetting the loss if any, which the country may have from a

visible export.This balance of payments may also be defined as “a

statement of income and expenditure on international accounts”.

Payments and receipts on international account are of three

kinds:

A) Visible balance of trade (relating to the export and import

of goods and commodities manufactured).

30DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY B) Invisible items (relating to services such as transport,

shipping, banking, insurance)

C) Capital Transfers; Apart from revenue increase the tourism

also has impact on employment generation. Accelerate the

development of an area. The amount of visitor’s expenditure that

remains in an area and provides a source of income to residents

and businesses is called direct effect and this money is further

paid to suppliers, wages of workers and other items used in

producing the products or services purchased by the visitors is

secondary effect.

Tourism and Tax earning: The government of almost all

countries have always vested interest in the financial gains

through tourism industry. Depending upon the tax and fiscal

policies government derives substantial income from tourism

industries and direct and indirect taxes are levied on different

forms of income and economic activities. UNWTO World Tourism

Barometer, vol. 4, #2 (June 2006), p. 2. For destination

countries, receipts from international tourism count as exports

and cover all transactions related to the consumption by

international visitors of, for instance, accommodation, food and

drink, transport in the country, fuel, entertainment, shopping,

etc. It includes transactions generated by same-day as well as

overnight visitors. However, it does not include receipts from

international passenger transport contracted from companies

31DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY outside the travelers' countries of residence, which are reported

in a separate category, international passenger transport

4.2 SOCIAL ROLE OF TOURISMTourism can play a role of being a passport for peace

(M.Robinson and P.Bonifac,tourism and cultural conflict,1999)

international tourism is serving as a means to facilitate

national and international relations by making in contacts,

learning foreign languages, and engaging in debate with other.

This Eurocentric, moralistic tradition remains and has developed

into political advocacy. In addition building up on the travel

broadens the mind and school of thought. Tourism has been cited

as a potential means of contributing to world peace.

When the tourist comes into contact with the places he

visits and its population, a social exchange takes place. His

social background affects the social structure and mode of life

of his destination, he is in turn affected by it and sometimes

carries back home with him new habits and way of life. Travel

experiences often are among the most outstanding memories in the

traveler.

The early motivation of travel is regarded as cultural and

tourism is been a carrier for the cultural propagation, which is

necessary for a deeper understanding of people and broadening of

knowledge. Relation between the tourist as an individual or a

member of group and the social network such as family, friend,

32DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY neighbor, where the tourist is seen as a representative of the

home reference group. Social relations of the tourists group

itself, its composition, its tour program and relations with

other groups it encounters. Guest host relations including those

who serve the industry and the host population at the

destination, in general this tourism leads to the host people to

develop urbanization, industrialization and modern

infrastructures.

4.3 Cultural role of tourism

Cultural tourism is a kind of tourism that helps to

establish and reinforce an identity. This is an essential

element in preserving and enhancing national and local pride and

spirit. Culture and heritage features are essential in building a

country’s image, thus cultural tourism can be on of the key

instruments in developing a positive image of a country

internationally. Cultural tourism helps preserve the cultural and

historical heritage. Tourism makes an important contribution to

culture and historical heritage by providing means for keeping

the traditions alive and finances the protection of heritage as

well as increase visitor appreciation of that heritage. In short

- more public interest and more funds for protection. Tourism

interest in the heritage site can be the key in providing

political support for the management and protection of the

heritage in question.


Well-managed cultural tourism can encourage the revival of

traditions and the restoration of sites and monuments. Cultural

tourism makes it possible to find the balance between protection

and the use of heritage. If overused, the site is ruined, and

there will be no future income. In such a way there is a natural

need for sustainable thinking In a world that is troubled by

conflicts and xenophobia often based on misunderstandings,

cultural tourism can facilitate cultural harmony and

understanding among people. More in-depth knowledge of other

people’s culture will stimulate understanding and a wish to

cooperate. It promotes communication and integration.

Cultural tourism brings extra income to culture and is thus

a very important supporting factor for culture itself. And as

cultural tourism helps differentiate demands and expand the

season, it is essential in further developing the tourism

industry. Cultural tourism is more in line with modern trends

and is thus likely to see a further increase within the tourism

sector. Cultural tourism is in line with the demand created by

the rising educational levels, the aging population, the

increasing economic role of women, and the increase in short

trips and the general search for meaning among people. The so-

called theme parks have created increased interest in cultural

tourism and internet is ideal to promote cultural tourism. The

cultural tourists spend more money than the average tourist and

travel for a longer time. As the increasing pace of life creates

34DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY need for free time and preservation of past, cultural tourism

becomes big business. (www.ubc.net-751 (read only))

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Types and functions of travel agents

5.1 What is travel agent?Travel agent is an organization or person that represents or

works on behalf of another person or business (Paulin Horner,

travel agency practice, 1994) it works on behalf of the client or

customer who is booking a holiday or travel arrangement and also

on behalf of any company or diplomat the agent is making the book

in return the travel agent will receive commission or payment

made to the travel agent on a percentage bias.

5.2 Function of travel agentTravel agents are involved in giving advice about

destination’s climate, geographical location; the means of

transport and accessibilities like airplane, automobile, bus etc;

accommodations like stare holder hotels restaurants, motels and

lodges and others; in addition they give an advice to clients

about visas, health precaution, and insurance.

Furthermore travel agents have another functions of making a

book for independent travelers whom travel in group or

independently for pleasure, business, travelers whom are

traveling to participate in conferences, trade, exhibitions to

http://www.ubc.net-751/

35DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY study in investment conditions; and package holyday makers are

used to prefer their booking to make by travel agent (Paulin

Horner,1996)

According to Jemal Hussein who is a manager and guide of

Treck Ethiopia tour agency an agent is expected to do like giving

proper information, buying plane tickets, hotels, preparing cars

to their clients. (Personal communication)

5.3 Types of travel agentsAccording to Paulin Horner based on the size, organization, and

specialism in various markets within the travel scenes. Travel

agencies categorized in to three which are independent, multiple,

and implement travel agency.

Independent travel agent; they are privately owned. often with a

single location. Sometimes with a few outlet with in local area.

Multiple travel agency; generally they have more than twenty

outlast often on a nationwide base more or less they have

financial linkage with the major tour operating companies.

Implement travel agency; thus are based within the promises of a

corporate customers or within a college rather than in the public

domain. (Paulin Horner,1996).

36DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY Furthermore travel agencies can be categorized based on whom are

their customers these can be distinguished as high street and

business house.

High street agencies; these agencies cater mainly for the package

holiday makers. Weather that could be the cheaper mass tourist

maker or the more specialized and expensive, cruise, long and

independent marketers.

Business house agencies; they cater mainly for the regular

booking of companies in commerce or industry. ( Paulin

Horner,1996)

CHAPTER SIX

6. ETHICAL ISUES OF TOURISMAccording to the Ethiopian ministry of culture and tourism ethics

is necessary in tourism in order to the sustainable and

responsible use of the historical, natural, cultural, and

environmental phenomenon. And to their protection.

6.1 Ethical issue of the host communityBeing the host community is one component of the tourism

activities they should have follow some ethical conditions

They should respect the rules and regulations regarding to

the historical, natural and environmental protection.

Even though the tourism attraction sites are owned by the

host they should remind that they could be owned by UNESCO.


Protect the tourism attracting things from distraction,

steeling, and any unlawful acticity.

Giving a great hospitality to tourists

Respecting the right of travelers to move. and

Keep away from asking money with no providing service to tourists

and etc are among the ethics expected from the host people.

According to treck Ethiopia tour’s manager and guide some host

peoples are not respecting thus ethical conditions, according to

him every activity of the tourist destination areas are crowded

by beggars and some illegal activities, unequal payment for the

same service with local people and gusts, the increasing of price

during the tourist boomed time for example during epiphany,

Christmas, Easter and etc. (Jamal Hussein personal interviewee)

6.2 ethical issue of the guideKeep away from any illegal activity

Should be governed by the rule and regulations

Be honest and loyal

Good hospitality

Respecting the tourists

Keeping away from using drugs such as chat, alcohol

drinks.

Not participating in activities like hustler

Not participating in illegal circulation of drugs.

Having enough knowledge about what he si guiding


And according to Amare Belete the second chairman of

guides association in facile gibi Gondar, one guide

should have a uniform, badge, well groomed, keep away

from giving wrong information,

6.3 ethical issues of the touristsKeeping all the countries immigration, health, and other

laws and rules.

Tray to have all information about the destinations by

asking on the proper pleas

Respecting the host peoples culture, custom, and beliefs.

Keep away from physically, morally, specially women and

children harmful activities

Not engage in illegal money exchange

Are some of among the ethics that tourists should respect while

traveling to the destination areas.” There are some tourists who

came to expand their own belief or other for example there was

one tourist who was arrested for his need to have a sex with the

a boy guide who was a friend of Amare Belete” (personal

communication with Amare Belete)

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.1 The unanticipated consequence of tourismHowever tourism has a lot of socio economic and cultural benefits

such as glocalizing the minority cultural aspects and providing

39DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY economic gains for the host people through encouraging them to

provide services, like hotels, car rentals, need horse coach etc.

at the same time if tourism is noy well managed it has a lot of

or multidimensional problem such as economic, social, cultural,

and political aspects of the host people is affected by un

managed tourism activity.

7.2 Economic impact of tourismWithin this term there are also different classifications or

among those negative economic impacts of tourism like inflation,

diminished opportunity cost, dependent, and seasonality of

economic activity are going to see each.

7.2.1 Inflation; when tourism develop in particular area

tourism based investment are also raised which needs a large

square of lands to build hotels, recreation areas and other

tourism related investment this results in the investment of

land price which leads to the local people for land competition.

The increased demand for land has pushed up the average price of

the extent where it is very difficult for local resident whom are

not participating in the tourism activities

( S.Page, P.Brunt, …, J.Connels tourism a modern synthesis,2001)

Opportunity costs; this is a cost related to the time, offer and

capital of developing tourism at the expense of other activities

or areas of investment if a government invest in tourism. Then

40DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY the money spent is unavailable for other uses this may be

determinately to the well being of local community.(Ibid)

7.2.2 Dependency ; tourism could be fluctuated due to differentaspects like war, terrorism, natural disaster, economic

inflation, and other there for depending on tourism is a much

criticized policy particularly for developing country. Changing

in tourism market is less controllable and decrees in demand for

tourism will have a huge effect on the host people

7.2.3 Seasonality; this is the major disadvantage of tourismand can cause negative economic effect on destination areas. Due

to this people on thus area have jobs for only part of the year;

the investment made in tourism business is idle for part of the

year. There for tourism related enterprises may close down

entirely in the off peak season.

7.3 Social impact of tourismIn some developing nations, the premature exposure to western

idea and technologies has created a variety of social problem.

The introduction of tourism to a new region inevitably altered

people’s daily life introducing gambling, materialism, and greed.

Tourism has some time contributed to social unrest (Dennis L.

Foster, an introduction to travel and tourism 2end edition)

7.4 Cultural impact of tourismTourism is one agent of western dominated cultural change.

International tourism is thought to influence cultural change

41DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY through acculturation, enculturation, diffusion, which means that

the contact between the tourism and the host people culture

results in sharing and adopting one another’s attitude, beliefs,

value and costumes.

The other harm full impact of tourism in culture is trivialization

which means when aspects of the host culture become degraded and

commercialized form of entertainment for tourists.

In addition even peace loving friendly people can react with

hostility towards tourists who constantly clash with the

tradition of the host people for example entering to temples,

ritual places with nothing but beach wear, getting drunk in

places where predominant religion forbidden the use of alcohol.

7.5 Environmental impact of tourismThis is mainly caused simply by the volume of the tourist arrival

at destination area which are not able to support people in such

great number. The quality of water air and the amount of and

diversity of vegetation and wild life are inevitable affects in

some way.

For example Mediterranean see is suffering with vast amount of

west material such as untreated sewage, harmful bacteria and

petrol spilling from boats all combined to cause harm to aquatic

plants and wild life. As well as to the tourists who swim.

Forests are vulnerable to the impact of tourism. The danger of

tourism. Fire increase as more tourists go to country side for

42DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY picnic and campaign fire holyday. Wild life itself despite being

protecting in national parks and safari parks, is often the

victim of tourism development. While building facilities like

roads, and lodges. Tourist activities like photographing,

hunting, driving around is disrupting the feeding, age laying,

and breeding patterns of wild animals.

The more deliberately distractive is the illegal trade in wild

life trophies which leads to the slaughter of elephants, Zebras,

Rhinos and others animals whose hide, skin, and those are

valuable as tourist sourness.(Rob Davidsone, tourism,1993 2end

edition)

CHAPTER EIGHT

8. Community based tourismA community by definition implies individuals with some kind of

collective responsibility, and the ability to make decisions by

representative bodies.

Community based tourism is tourism in which local residents

(often rural, poor and economically marginalized) invite tourists to

visit their communities with the provision of overnight accommodation.

The residents earn income as land managers, entrepreneurs,

service and produce providers, and employees. At least part of the

tourist income is set aside for projects which provide benefits to the

community as a whole.

Community based tourism enables the tourist to discover local

habitats and wildlife, and celebrates and respects traditional

43DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY cultures, rituals and wisdom. The community will be aware of the

commercial and social value placed on their natural and cultural

heritage through tourism, and this will foster community based

conservation of these resources.

The community may choose to partner with a private sector partner

to provide capital, clients, marketing, tourist accommodation or other

expertise. Subject to agreement to the ideals of supporting community

development and conservation, and to planning the tourism development

in partnership with the community, this partner may or may not own

part of the tourism enterprise.

Community based tourism is playing a crucial role in the

development of tourist attractions, products and services to

collaborate with the bodies administering the resources as owners, and

by conserving and protecting these resources with a sense of

ownership, to become direct participants in and beneficiaries from the

tourism development of the locality, To provide appropriate care to

guests visiting the local attractions and to extend to them

hospitality in accordance with local customs, and to ensure peace and

security in the locality, the community is necessary to the

development of tourism. Tourism Development Policy 2009

The community should recognizing that visitors to attractions

are customers, to supply and ensure the provision of handicrafts, and

artistic products and services which are based on visitors demand and

aimed at satisfying their requirement as to quality and quantity,

To protect local cultural and social values as well as the

natural environment from negative influences of tourism, and to take

corrective measures rapidly when negative impacts occur,

44DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY To cooperate with government bodies, investors and local communities

that have leading responsibilities in the country’s tourism

development and to participate in the development and management of

the attractions in order to ensure that benefits are realized, To

undertake successively capacity-building activities for the various

varies parties engaged in the development of Community-based tourism

is travel to local indigenous communities that have invited outsiders

to experience their customs, food, lifestyle, and set of beliefs.

These communities manage both the impacts and the benefits of this

tourism, strengthening their self- governance, economic alternatives,

and traditional ways of life in the process.

http://www.pachamama.org/community-based-tourism )

Community-based tourism is managed by indigenous communities.

This means the community assumes collective responsibility for all

aspects of your stay, including accommodations, internal travel, local

food, and cultural activities.

Communities reap the benefits from tourism revenue, making

community-based tourism a sustainable alternative to many travel

organizations, which often do not work in solidarity with the

communities and environments they use. Through community-based travel,

collective wellbeing is valued over corporate or individual profit.

Sustainability

Communities will only accommodate as many people as they are

able, keeping in mind long-term sustainability, and avoiding

unnecessary strain on their own resources. Meals generally draw on

local agriculture, and communities will not take on more guests than

their housing and energy resources can effectively support.

http://www.pachamama.org/community-based-tourism


Aside from physical resources, revenue from community-based

travel helps to sustain indigenous cultures and traditions in a

rapidly changing world.


SummeryThis term paper has tried to see different concepts of tourism

like tourism In order for tourism to happen, there must be a

displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of

means of transportation (he might even travel on foot: nowadays,

it is often the case for poorer societies, and happens even in

more developed ones, and concerns pilgrims, hikers ...). But all

travel is not tourism. There are different kinds of tourism such

as domestic, international, inbound and out bound tourism in

addition there are also general classification of tourism which


46DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY are pleasure tourism and business tourism. Tourism despite its

benefit like preserving, conserving, environment and culture

increasing industrialization, urbanization are the social

benefits of tourism in addition tourism have wide economic

benefits. But tourism have negative economic impacts of tourism

like inflation, diminished opportunity cost, dependent, and

seasonality of economic activity are going to see each. The

introduction of tourism to a new region inevitably altered

people’s daily life introducing gambling, materialism, and greed

are among the social negative impact of tourism, in addition

Tourism is one agent of western dominated cultural change.

International tourism is thought to influence cultural change

through acculturation, enculturation, diffusion, which means that

the contact between the tourism and the host people culture

results in sharing and adopting one another’s attitude, beliefs,

value and costumes, and the volume of the tourist arrival at

destination area which are not able to support people in such

great number. The quality of water air and the amount of and

diversity of vegetation and wild life are inevitable affects in

some way.


ReferenceDannis L.Foster, an introduction to travel and tourism development, NA

William C.Gartner, tourism development, 1996, by Jhon William andsons.inc Canada

Gee Chuky, international tourism, not available

Mcintosh, Goldner Ritchie, tourism principles, practices philosophies, 7th edition, 1995, Jhon William and sons.inc, USA

Rob Davidson, tourism, 2001, produced by parson education Asia,pteltd printed in Singapore

Erich Goode, sociology,1988,2end edition, printic hall.inc New Jersey, USA

Michael M.Coltman, introduction to travel and tourism an international approach, 1998, vannoster rehinhold.inc 115 fifth avenue New York NY 10003 USA

Paulin Horner, travel agency practices, 1996, Addison Wesley Longman Malaysia

S.Page, P.Brunt, J.Connels tourism a modern synthesis,2001 vannoster rehinhold.inc New York USA.

M.Robinson and P.Bonifac,tourism and cultural conflict,1999, JhonWilliam and sons.inc, USA

48DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY Jamal Hussein, Treck Ethiopia tour agency manager, personal interviewee

Amare Belete, Gondar guides association second chair man, personal interviewee

Gatachew Meles, hade of Gondar guides association, personal interviewee

WTOdefinitiontourism.pdf

Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, Tourism development policy, 2001

http://www.mbabrief.com


Http://Www.Icomos.Org/Tourism/Charter

http://www.planeta.com

www.tourismethiopia.gov.et

www.ubc.net-751 (Read only)



http://www.ubc.net-751/



http://Www.Icomos.Org/Tourism/Charter


http://www.mbabrief.com/

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