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IVIAR LEARNINGAustralia C anada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

T H O I V 1 S O I M

DELMAR LEARNING

Introduction to Telecommunications, 2Eby Anu A. Gokhale

Vice President, Technology and Trades SBU:Alar Elken

Editorial Director:Sandy Clark

Acquisitions Editor:Stephen Helba

Development Editor:Dawn Daugherty

Marketing Manager:David Garza

Channel Manager:Fair Huntoon

Marketing Coordinator:Casey Bruno

Production Director:Mary Ellen Black

Production Editor:Toni Hansen

Art/Design Coordinator:Francis Hogan

Senior Editorial Assistant:Dawn Daugherty

Production Services:TIPS Technical Publishing, Inc.

COPYRIGHT © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson, the Star Logo, and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license.

Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 XX 06 05 04

For more information contact ThomsonDelmar LearningExecutive Woods5 Maxwell Drive, PO Box 8007Clifton Park, NY 12065-8007Or find us on the World Wide Web atwww.delmarlearning.com

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage and retrieval sys­tems—without the written permission of the publisher.

For permission to use material from this text or product, contact us by Tel. (800)730-2214Fax (800)730-2215www.thomsonrights.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Gokhale, Anu A.

Introduction to Telecommunications/ Anu A. Gokhale.—2nd ed.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references

index.ISBN 1-4018-5648-9

1. Telecommunication. I. Title.

TK5101 .G596 2004 621.382—dc22

20040081

NOTICE TO THE READER

Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connec with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to ob and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer.

The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities herein an' avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection ' such instructions.

The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for partic purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publii takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemp damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.

This book is dedicated to my husband, Ashok, for his continued encouragement; support, and sacrifices,

and to our daughter, Ashwini, for her patience and understanding.

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IN/1AR LEARNINGAustralia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

T H O I V I S O I S I

D E L M A R L E A R N I N G

Introduction to Telecommunications, 2Eby Anu A. Gokhale

Vice President, Technology Marketing Manager: Production Editor:and Trades SBU: David Garza Toni HansenAlar Elken

Channel Manager: Art/Design Coordinator:Editorial Director: Fair Huntoon Francis HoganSandy Clark

Marketing Coordinator: Senior Editorial Assistant:Acquisitions Editor: Casey Bruno Dawn DaughertyStephen Helba

Production Director: Production Services:Development Editor: Mary Ellen Black TIPS Technical Publishing, Inc.Dawn Daugherty

COPYRIGHT © 2005 Thomson Delmar ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . No part of this Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Learning. Thomson, the Star Logo, and work covered by the copyright hereon Publication DataDelmar Learning are trademarks used may be reproduced or used in any form Gokhale, Anu A.herein under license. or by any means—graphic, electronic, or Introduction to Telecommunications/

mechanical, including photocopying, Anu A. Gokhale.—2nd ed.Printed in the United States of America recording, taping, Web distribution or p. cm.1 2 3 4 5 XX 06 05 04 information storage and retrieval sys­ Includes bibliographical references

tems—without the written permission of index.For more information contact Thomson the publisher. ISBN 1-4018-5648-9Delmar Learning 1. Telecommunication. I. Title.Executive Woods For permission to use material from this5 Maxwell Drive, PO Box 8007 text or product, contact us by TK5101 .G596 2004Clifton Park, NY 12065-8007 Tel. (800)730-2214 621.382—dc22Or find us on the World Wide Web at Fax (800)730-2215 2004008www.delmarlearning.com www.thomsonrights.com

NOTICE TO THE READER

Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connecwith any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to otand include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer.

The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities herein aravoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connectionsuch instructions.

The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particpurpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publitakes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemfdamages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.

This book is dedicated to my husband, Ashok, for his continued encouragement, support, and sacrifices,

and to our daughter, Ashwini, for her patience and understanding.

Contents

PREFACE .............................................................................................................XV

1 AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS..............................................1KEY T E R M S .......................................................................................................................................................................................... .1O BJEC TIV ES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ .1IN TRO D U CTIO N ...............................................................................................................................................................................2W HAT IS TELECO M M U N ICA TIO N ?................................................................................................................................... .2HISTORY OF TELECO M M U N ICA TIO N S......................................................................................................................... .3

History of Telecommunications Technologies................................................................................................................ 3History of the Telecommunications Industry................................................................................................................ .. 6

TELECO M M UN ICATIO N S N ETW O RKS........................................................................................................................... .11IN TERN ET............................................................................................................................................................................................. .12CLASSIFICATION OF DATA N ETW O RKS........................................................................................................................ .14

Classification by Spatial Distance....................................................................................................................... .. 1 4

Classification by Topology...................................................................................................................................... 1 6Classification by Ownership.................................................................................................................................... 1 8Classification by Switching Technology......................................................................................................... ........20Classification by Computing Model................................................................................................................... 22Classification by Type of Information..................................................................................................................... 24

TELECO M M UN ICATIO N S STANDARDS...........................................................................................................................24International Standards Organizations............................................................................................................................. .. 25National Regulatory and Standards Organizations.................................................................................................... .. 28European Standards Organizations...................................................................................................................................... 29De facto Standards....................................................................................................................................................................... 30Open Computing.......................................................................................................................................................................... 30

CHALLENGES OF TELECOM M UNICATION TEC H N O LO G IES ........................................................................ .30CAREERS IN TELECO M M U N ICATIO N S........................................................................................................................... .31SUM M ARY............................................................................................................................................................................................. .32REVIEW Q U ESTIO N S.................................................................................................................................................................... .34

2 ELECTRONICS FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS...........................................35KEY T E R M S ......................................................................................................................................................................... ... .35OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................................................... ....35IN TRO D U CTIO N ................................................................................................................................................................. . . . . 36COM M UNICATIONS SYSTEM PARAM ETERS.................................................................................................. . . . 37