interplay between social status and address

INTERPLAY BETWEEN SOCIAL STATUS AND ADDRESS

TERMS IN SAMBAS MALAY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

INTERAKSI STATUS SOSIAL DAN SAPAAN DI

MASYARAKAT MELAYU SAMBAS

A THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

For the Degree of Magister in English Language Studies

By:MENIWATI

P. 0600 210 014

POST GRADUATE PROGRAMENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would never have been able to finish my thesis without the guidance of

Allah SWT, my committee members, support from my family and help from friends.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisors, Prof. Dr. Abd.

Hakim Yassi, M.A. and Prof. Dr. H. Hamzah A. Machmoed, M. A. for their excellent

guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent atmosphere for

doing research. Then to examiners, Dr. Hj. Sukmawati, M.Hum Dra, Hj.

EttyBazergan, M. Ed., Ph. D, Dra. Ria Rosdiana Jubhari, M. A., Ph. D. Thank you

very much for their guidance in writing my thesis.

My big thanks also go to my parents and one younger sister who are always

supporting me and encouraging me with their best wishes.

I must also express my thanks to Lilian Slow, who as good friend was always

willing to help and give his best suggestions. It would have been a lonely study

without her.

Then I would to express my thanks to my friends, that are Tuti Hady, Rita

Massolo, Fitri Anwar, and Rini. They very helped me to finish my research.

Many thanks to Sambas Malay people for helping me to collect the data

from the field. My research would not have been possible without their helps.

Makassar, October 3, 2013

MENIWATI

iv

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN THESIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:

Name : Meniwati

Nomor Mahasiswa : P0600210014

Program Study : S2

Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa tesis/disertasi yang saya tulis ini benar-

benar merupakan hasil karya saya sendiri, bukan merupakan pengambilalihan tulisan

atau pemikiran orang lain. Apabila di kemudian hari terbukti bawha sebagian atau

keseluruhan tesis ini hasil karya orang lain, saya bersedia menerima sanksi atas

perbuatan tersebut.

Makassar, September 16, 2013

Yang Menyatakan

Meniwati

ABSTRACT

MENIWATI. Interplay Between Social Status and Address Terms in SambasMalay: A Sociolinguistic Study (supervised by Abdul Hakim Yassi & hamzah a.machmoed).

This research is aimed to (1) find out the general address terms based onsocial status and age, (2) find out the function of address terms used by SambasMalay, (3) explore what factors that affect the choice of address terms in SambasMalay based on social status, (4) construct the patterns of address terms ofSambas Malay.

This research was carried out in Sambas Regency and Teluk Keramat sub-district. The method use was field survey by giving a questioner to 24 persons,recording conversation and interviewing some respondents of lower social statusand higher social status, which each social status is divided into old and youngpeople. The sample was selected using purposive sampling method in SambasRegency and Teluk Keramat sub-district as the representatives. The data wereanalyzed by qualitative describing with identifying, classifying, analyzing, anddescribing.

The result shows that the address terms in Sambas Malay is numerous,then classified into forms that based on the functions. The most Common addressforms that are used are the common address terms (C) and Honorific addressterms (H). These functions in three sort of dyadic pattern, that are the Mutual C,The mutual H, and the non-reciprocal H – C. The semantic distinction between thetwo mutual patterns and non-reciprocal pattern is on the user dimension. TheMutual H more frequently used by high social status than low social status, whilethe Mutual C more frequently used by low social status. That means that thepoliteness systems in Sambas Malay is the negative politeness (Brown andLevinson, 1987), more closed someone, more use the honorific address terms. Inthe non-reciprocal pattern a distinction is made in terms of social status with thehigher saying C and the lower H. The distinction of using the address terms areinfluenced by occupation and educations, while the intimacy/distant does not giveany significant differences.

Key Words: Address Terms, Sambas Malay, Social Status.

ABSTRAK

MENIWATI. Hubungan Antara Status Sosial dan Sapaan di Masyarakat MelayuSambas: Sebuah Penelitian Sosiolinguistik (dibimbing oleh abdul hakim yassi andhamzah a. machmoed).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) sapaan umum berdasarkan statussocial dan umur, (2) fungsi sapaan yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Melayu Sambas,(3) mengeksplorasi factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan sapaan padamasyarakat Melayu Sambas berdasarkan status sosial, (4) konstruksi pola sapaan dimasyarakat Melayu Sambas.

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Sambas dan Kecamatan TelukKeramat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survey lapangan denganmemberikan angket kepada 24 orang, merekam pembicaraan dan mewawancaraibeberapa responden dari status social rendah dan tinggi, yang mana setiap statussosial dibagi atas orang tua dan orang muda. Pengambailan sampel dilakukan denganobyektif dari dua tempat yang mewakili lokasi penelitian. Data dianalisis denganmenggunakan kualitatif deskriptif dengan mengenali, mengelompokkan, menganalisis,dan mendeskripsikan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sapaan di masyarakat Melayu Sambassangat banyak, yang kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi bentuk-bentuk berdasarkanfungsinya. Sapaan yang paling sering digunakan adalah sapaan Biasa (C) dan sapaanPenghormatan (H). Fungsi-fungsi tersebut menjadi tiga bentuk pola, yaitu ResiprokalC, Resiprokal H, dan non-reciprokal H – C. Perbedaan semantic antara dua polaresiprokal dan pola non-resiprokal adalah dimensi pengguna sapaan. Resiprokal Hlebih sering digunakan oleh status sosial tinggi dari pada status sosial rendah,sedangkan Resiprokal C lebih sering digunakan oleh status social rendah. Hal ituberarti bahwa sistem kesopanan pada masyarakat Melayu Sambas adalah kesopanannegatif (Brown and Levinson, 1987), yaitu semakin akrab hubungan seseorang, makasemakin menggunakan sapaan Penghormatan. Perbedaan pada pola non-resiprokaldisebabkan oleh status social yaitu status social yang lebih tinggi memberikan sapaanC and yang lebih rendah menerima H. Perbedaan penggunaan sapaan dipengaruhioleh profesi dan pendidikan, sedangkan keakraban/jarak tidak memberikan perbedaanyang signifikan.

Kata Kunci: Sapaan, Melayu Sambas, Status Sosial.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

Acknowledgments …………………………….……………………….……… iv

Abstract ……………………………………………………………..……......…....v

Table of Content ..……………………………………….……..……..……....…vi

List of Table …………………………………………….………………………....ix

Chapter I Introduction …………………………………………………….....1

A. Background ………………………………………………………1

B. Research Questions …………………….………………………6

C. Objectives of Study ……………………………..………………6

D. Significance of Study ………………………..………………….7

Chapter II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND …………………………………..8

A. Previous Study ……………………………..……………………8

B. Theoretical Background ……………………………………….14

1. Language is a System of Sign ………….…………………14

2. Function of Language ………………………………………14

3. Sociolinguistic ………………………..……………………...16

4. Face and Politeness ………………………………………..19

5. Speech Act …………………………………..………………24

6. Definition of Address Terms ………………………….……25

7. Address Terms of Sambas Malay .………………..………27

vii

8. Conceptual of Framework …………………………………36

9. Research Timetable ………………………………………..38

Chapter III Methodology …………………………………….………………..40

A. Type of Research ……………………………..……………..40

B. Location of the Research ……………………………………41

C. Data Source …………………………………………………..41

D. Procedure of Data Collections ……………………………...42

E. Population and Sample ……………………………………...42

F. Instrument of Collecting Data ……………………………….43

G. Equipment of Collecting Data ………………………………43

H. Procedures of Data Analysis ………………………………..43

Chapter IV Finding and Discussion …………………………….………….44

A. The General Address Terms in Sambas Malay Language

Considering Social Status …………………………………45

B. The Function of Address Terms Used by Sambas Malay

Language ………………………………….……….……….73

C. The Factor that Affect the Choice of Address Terms in

Sambas Malay Language Based on Social Status …..….76

D. The Patterns of Address Terms in Sambas Malay

Language .........................................................................78

viii

Chapter V Conclusions and Suggestions ………………………………85

A. Conclusion …………………………………….……………85

B. Suggestions…………………………………..……………..86

Bibliography

Appendix 1 Questionnaire

Appendix 2 The Target of Respondent by Questionnaire

Appendix 3 Data Table

Appendix 4 Recording Data

ix

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLE Page

Table 4.1 The address terms for wife ……………………………………………….46

Table 4.2 The address terms for son/daughter …………………………………….47

Table 4.3 The address terms for grandchild ………………………………………..48

Table 4.4 The address terms for niece/nephew…………………………………….49

Table 4.5 The address terms for younger cousin ………………………………….49

Table 4.6 The address terms for younger siblings …………………………………50

Table 4.7 The address terms for younger noblemen ……………………………..51

Table 4.8 The address terms for younger officer/Civilian Government

Workers/pilgrim man …………………………….………………………..52

Table 4.9 The address terms for younger university students …………………...53

Table 4.10 The address terms for younger farmers/carpenters/retailer…………54

Table 4.11 The address terms for same age of farmers/carpenters/retailer with

high social status ……………………………………………………….55

Table 4.12 The address terms for the same age cousin ……………………….. 56

Table 4.13 The address terms for the same age farmers/carpenters/retailer….57

Table 4.14 The address terms for the same age of noblemen …………………. 57

Table 4.15 The address terms for same age of officer/Civilian Government

Workers/pilgrim man…………………………………………………….58

Table 4.16 The address terms for same age of university students …………... 59

Table 4.17 The address terms for husband ……………………………………….60

Table 4.18 The address terms for father …………………………………………...60

x

Table 4.19 The address terms for mother …………………………………………61

Table 4.20 The address terms for great grandparent …………………………….61

Table 4.21 The address terms for grandfather ……………………………………62

Table 4.22 The address terms for grandmother …………………………………..62

Table 4.23 The address terms for uncle/aunt ……………………………………..63

Table 4.24 The address terms for older cousin ………………………………….. 63

Table 4.25 The address terms for older siblings …………………………………. 64

Table 4.26 The address terms for older farmers/carpenters/retailer ……………65

Table 4.27 The address terms for older noblemen ………………………………..66

Table 4.28 The address terms for older officer/Civilian GovernmentWorkers/pilgrim men …………………………………………………….67

Table 4.29 The address terms for older university students ……………………..68

Table 4.30 The address terms for the same age of nobleman with

farmers/carpenters/retailer ………………………………………….…69

Table 4.31 The address terms for the same age of officer/Civilian GovernmentWorkers/pilgrim man with farmers/carpenters/retailer ………………69

Table 4.32 The address terms for the same age of University Students withfarmers/carpenters/retailer with farmers/carpenters/retailer………..70

Table 4.33. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Inferior ……………... 78

Table 4.34. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Colloquial ……….…80

Table 4.35. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Superior ……….…..81

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Sociolinguistics is a complex interactions between language and social

factor as Fishman (1949) in Garcia and Harold (1991) stated that

sociolinguistics studies who speaks what language to whom and when.

Human as social creature use certain language in communication that is not

freed from the social factors. A part of language which is affected by social

factors is address form. The importance of address forms cannot be

overestimated in the use of language in any human communication since

they are a key to the understanding of social concepts and human

relationship in a society. Forms of address can represent linguistic politeness

as well as sociological factors and psychological factors. Sociological factors

such as the differences of relationships between the interlocutors, which can

be based on the property of power-solidarity, gender, age, degree of

formality. Then, the psychological factors can be based on politeness and

intimacy. Forms of address can also illustrate the aspects of social identity.

For instance, in Sambas culture, there are certain address terms that used for

older people and have honorific function, such as Kak long (A female who

firstly born), which in English can be Sister or Aunt; Bang ngah (a male who

secondly born), which in English can be Brother or uncle; Pak de (a male who

thirdly born), which in English can be Aunt; Wan unning, (a grandparent who

2

fourthly born); and etc. A younger person should address an older with those

terms. It is impolite if a younger address an older with just Name or other

terms that is kau. On the other hand, it is not a problem if the older people

address the younger with just name or kau, but in if the younger has credit in

society, the older people avoid address them with those terms. It is better if

the older people use honorific address terms to address the younger people.

For instance, a young officers most addressed with the honorific terms, such

as long + Name, Kak long, etc as in a sentence below:

M: Long Meni, long Meni bile dotang?

(Long Meni, when did you come?)

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that it is important

to know the culture in addressing people, especially in Sambas Malay

Culture. Consequently, if interlocutors do not have enough cultural

knowledge, it can be difficult to choose an appropriate form of address.

Inappropriate choice of the address terms impedes a good communication

between the speaker and the hearer. Brown and Levinson, 1978, in Akindele

(2008), state as below:

“Address forms serve as an indicator of the social relationshipbetween a speaker and a listener in terms of status and socialdistance. Address terms are a kind of emotional capital, whichmay be invested in putting others at ease, and a means ofsaving one's 'face'.”

For several decades, the sociolinguists have studied the way people

address one another in their society. In 1960, Brown and Gilman (in Aliakbari

3

and Toni) studied pronominal address system which highlighted the semantic

power and solidarity in relation to address terms. They used the term tu and

vous in French. Tu is a term that has function less polite than vous in

addressing a second person singular. Following their study, there are

numbers of study of address terms had been done by the researchers. One

of them was Brown and Ford (1964) who focused on intimacy and status.

The writer also found some studies of address terms in eastern culture.

The studies are Mogi (2000) who studied the Japanese ways of addressing

people; Hwang and Huang in The Study of Contrastive Analysis of Chinese

and English Forms of Address focus on the impact of the interlocutor’s social

context, intimacy and distance on the choice of forms of address in America

and China. Then in Indonesia, the researches relate to address terms are:

Djenar (2006) states that the colloquial Indonesian has two pronouns for

addressing friends of a similar age or younger persons, namely kamu and

elu (or its variants, lu, elo, and lo), Syarfina (2004), studies the system and

terms of address in Malay Deli language and found that address terms in

Malay Deli is used differently based on status, group, and generation. Diani,

Wijana and Ramlan (2006) that studies system of address terms of Malay

language in Seluma regency, Bengkulu based on sex, age, kinship relation,

rank and someone position, and Muzammil, Ahadi, Hartono, and Yunus

(1995) in Sistem Penyapa Bahasa Melayu Sambas studied the system and

kind of address terms in Sambas Malay with Ervin and Tripp’s theory

approach.

4

The previous studies indicate that address terms are strongly

influenced by certain culture variables and sociolinguistic variables. Including

address term in Sambas regency, the writer believes that it is also influenced

by its culture and sociolinguistic variable. It is interesting to study address

terms in Sambas since the social status and age effect the choice of address

terms. Normally, the younger has to address older people with honorific

terms, such as Allong, Angngah, Udde, Mak su, etc, but for younger who are

considered have high social status, they are also addressed with those

honorific terms.

According to Brown and Ford’s theory of address terms (1964) the non

reciprocal pattern TLN and FN can generate the relation based on age and

occupational status. This phenomenon is different from the address terms

used by Malay Sambas People. Sambas Malay language has particular

Malay address terms in addressing people, such as: Pakngah, Kaklong,

Kakde, etc based on the rank of birth order. These terms are also used to

address someone who is younger or elder than speaker. The writer has

conducted a preliminary phone with native speakers between a mother (M)

and daughter (D) of Malay Sambas which is taken by phone, as follows:

SPEAKER MALAY BAHASAINDONESIA

ENGLISH

D: E.. nanyak, anok,e ade ke punmisalkan orangyang mudok dorimak yang mak

E.. mahu nanya,itu, e adakah orangyang misalkannyalebih muda dari ibuyang ibu panggil e

E.. I want to ask,that, is there theyounger personthan you who youcall angah, or

5

Based on preliminary data above, the writer concludes that Sambas

Malay uses Malay honorific address terms to both elder and younger person.

They can be shown by sentence no (19), (20) and (21) for older address

younger with Malay honorific address terms, and (22) for younger address

older person with Malay honorific address terms. Sentence no (19) mean that

mother (the older) addresses Meri (the younger) with long Meri. However,

sentence no (22) means that daughter (the younger) also addresses Enong

(the older) with jong Enong. Long and jong are both of Sambas Malay

honorific address terms. One who is addressed by long Meri means one who

is firstly born and named with Meri.

panggel e angahke, along ke, yangmudok dori makweh.(16)

angah, atau along,orang yang mudadari ibu. (16)

along, theyounger personthan you. (16)

M: Ade. (17) Ada. (17) Yes, there are.(17)

D: Sape? (18) Siapa? (18) Who? (18)M: O’ iye weh pun

misalkan long Meriha, kite manggeilha, Jong Enongha. (19)

Itu misalnya longMeri, kitamemanggilnyabegitu, Jong Enongjuga. (19)

For example longMeri, we addressher like that, jongEnong is also.(19)

D: Jong enong e ih.(20)

O iya, jong enong.(20)

Yes, jong Enong.(20)

M: Dok Sanning ha.(21)

Dok Sanning juga.(21)

Dok Sanningalso. (21)

D: Aku punmanggeil… (22)

Aku jugamemanggilnya…(22)

I also addressher… (22)

Aok weh (23) Iya ya. (23) Yes, of course.(23)

6

Based on the phenomena of the system of address terms in Sambas

Malay, it is considered necessary to know what general address terms by

Sambas Malay and the factors those affected the choice of address terms in

Sambas Malay focus on sociolinguistic variables: age and occupational

status. Furthermore the writer is going to construct the pattern of address

terms in Sambas Malay. Then it is expected to give a valuable output for

developing address terms theory.

B. Research Questions.

Based on the phenomena of address terms in Malay Sambas that stated

in background, the writer proposed some questions in the present research

as follows:

1. What are the general address terms used by Sambas Malay based on

social status?

2. How are the functions of address terms used by Sambas Malay?

3. What are the factors that affect the choice of address terms in Sambas

Malay based on social status?

4. How are the patterns of address terms in Sambas Malay?

C. Objectives of Study

Based on the problems in research questions, the writer features some

objectives of the present research as follows:

1. To identify the general address terms used by Sambas Malay based on

social status.

2. To find out the function of address terms used by Sambas Malay.

7

3. To explore what factors that affect the choice of address terms in Sambas

Malay based social status.

4. To construct the patterns of address terms of Sambas Malay.

D. Significance of the Research

1. Practical benefit

This research is expected to be a way to introduce the culture of

Sambas Malay to the world particularly in addressing people. So, the study

will give information of the using of address terms in Malay Sambas.

Furthermore, hopefully this research will preserve Sambas Malay culture.

2. Theoretical benefit

This research is expected to be a perspective description in

sociolinguistic study, particularly in Sambas Malay address tems. Moreover

hopefully it will develop sociolinguistics and address forms theories and their

relation to other linguistics studies.

8

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

A. Previous Studies

The grounded theory of address terms is pioneered by Brown and

Gilman, 1960 in 'The pronouns of power and solidarity' (Poynton, 1990). This

highly influential paper was based on the exploration of the uses of

essentially a two-term system in a variety of European languages: the Tu (T)

pronoun of intimacy, and the Vous (V) pronoun of politeness/distance. The

words Tu and Vous both mean you. In English, the word you can be used to

address any person or number of people, whatever the age, social status, etc

of that person. In French, which word for you is used depends on the person

being addressed (spoken/written to). Tu is often referred to as the familiar

form, and Vous as the formal or polite form.

With such systems, there are only three possible patterns of usage:

1. Asymmetrical T – V

This pattern is a portray of a system of address terms based on power.

One uses T and receives V, for instance, a professor uses T to his student

and receive V from his student.

9

2. Symmetrical T – T

This pattern is a portray of a system of address terms based on

intimacy. Ones use T to address each other. For example, two professors

who have closed relationship both use name to address each other.

3. Symmetrical V – V

This pattern is quite same with the patterns of symmetrical T – T, this

is use same term to address each other. The difference is ones use V to

address each other. This pattern is influenced by social distance and non-

intimacy relationship. For instance, two professors both use the term Prof. to

address each other.

Brown & Gilman's argument is that there has been a basic shift in

European culture that they called as the power semantics, i.e. social relations

perceived essentially in hierarchical terms, realized in asymmetrical patterns

of address, and as the solidarity semantic, i.e. social relations perceived

essentially along a horizontal dimension, realized in symmetrical patterns of

address. The difference between the two forms of symmetrical pronominal

use, T - T and V - V, is to be read as the difference between greater and less

solidarity.

Brown and Ford (1961) developed the previous theory of address

terms by Brown and Gilman (1960), then they noted that the pronouns in all

the languages studied follow the same abstract pattern that are the FN (First

Name) and TLN (Title+ Last Name). Brown & Ford are able to get closer to

distinguishing these two dimensions on the basis of realization differences

10

because they are looking at address in American English which forces them

to look beyond pronouns. They found the general address terms in American

English are FN and TLN, they then generate three major patterns:

1. The Mutual TLN goes with distance or formality. For instance, two people

who in same age and status address each other with TLN, since they are

not close friends.

2. The Mutual FN with a slightly greater degree of intimacy. For instance, the

two persons who in same age and social status address each other with

FN, since they are close friend.

3. In nonreciprocal address the TLN is used to the person of higher

status and the FN to the person of lower status.

The Mutual TLN and FN is a form that expresses both distance and

deference; and Nonreciprocal form expresses both intimacy and

condescension (Brown and Ford, 1961, p. 239). The semantic distinction

between the two mutual patterns, (1) and (2), is on the intimacy dimension

with Mutual FN (2) being the more intimate than Mutual TLN (1). In the

nonreciprocal pattern a distinction is made in terms of status with the higher

saying FN and the lower TLN. In this case one member of the dyad

says FN and the other TLN. There are two kinds of relation that can

generate this pattern. The first is a difference of age: children say father or

mother to his parent and receive FN; among 15 – or - more years elders

receives TLN and gives FN to his junior. The second is a difference of

occupational status: students give TLN and receive FN by teacher.

11

It has been indicated that address term can be studied from various

point of view. Mogi (2002) in Japanese in Ways of Addressing People found

that address forms are related to linguistic politeness and psychological

factors such as apathy, intimacy, and respect, while Javanese people have

stronger feeling of respect than intimacy (Watanabe, 1998). Yan-Ling Hwang

and Pei-Wen Huang comparative study on the impact of the interlocutor’s

social context, intimacy and distance on the choice of forms of address in

America and China found that in Chinese language, the second singular

pronouns indicating the formal vous and informal tu are used differently

based on different age and social position, while in English the use of tu/vous

dichotomy refers differently to the relationship of the social status and power

between interlocutors.

The writer also found some studies about address terms that related to

Malay language particularly. Some of them are Djenar (2006) studied

patterns and colloquial address terms in Indonesia. She took the data from

from contemporary fictional narratives that are Ada Apa Dengan Cinta and

Eiffel I’m in Love. She found that the colloquial Indonesian has two

pronouns for addressing friends of a similar age or younger persons,

namely kamu and elu (or its variants, lu, elo, and lo). It suggests that both

terms can signal distance and unfamiliarity as well as closeness and

intimacy, (The article in Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, volume 29,

number 2, 2006, P.22.1).

12

Then Diani, Wijana and Ramlan (2006) that studied system of address

terms of Malay language in Seluma regency, Bengkulu based on sex, age,

kinship relation, rank and someone position in that society. This research

uses direct observations and interviewing method in collecting data. They

found address terms there are classified by forms, semantic use and function.

Forms of address are classified by phonological, morphological, and syntactic

characteristic. Based on semantic use, there are kin and non kin address

terms. While based on functions, address terms are used for asking respond,

social interaction controlling, showing mad, love, education, and joke.

Othman (2006) studied the current trends in pronoun usage among

Malays across three sociolinguistic variables: gender, age and formality.

These were carried out in the environment of the IIUM (International Islamic

University Malaysia) campus and its immediate locality, and data was

generated by questionnaires, taped conservations and random observations

of specific groups of people. The results showed that educated or urbanized

women, rarely, if ever, use Malay pronouns to friends and colleagues. The

preferred address terms are those of English first (I) and second (you)

personal pronouns. This research also showed that men differed in their use

of pronouns from women, and even ignored attempts of women who do use

Malay pronouns by not reciprocating with the same Malay address terms.

Kapoh (2009) studied the system of address terms “Uncle and aunt” in

Manado Malay. She use descriptive method and had categorized the address

terms of “Uncle and aunt” in Manadonese Malay, there are (1) Ito’ and Mui,

13

(2) Papa and Mama/Papi and Mami, (3) Papa Satu/Mami Satu, (4) Papa and

Mama/Papi and Mami + … (Baptism name or eldest son or daughter name),

(5) Papa Ade/Mama Ade, (6) Papa tua/Mama tua, and (7) Om and Tante.

Thurgood studied language contact as reflected in Baba Malay of

Address and reference. She analyzes Baba Malay terms and reference

based on the data found in Lim’s A manual of the colloquial such as spoken

by all nationalities in the Colonies of the Strait settlements, and designed by

domestic and business purposes and on the Baba Malay newspaper Bintang

Timor. the found that the Baba Malay system of address and reference

reflects the Chinese origin of the Babas, their assimilation to Malay culture

and English influence on them.

The previous studies above present the complexity of address terms

usage. The studies of Malay language address terms are analyzed from

various points of view, such as: the patterns, forms, semantic use, and

functions based on sex, age, kinship relation, formality, and rank and

someone position in the community. However the studies in Malay

particularly do not present overall address terms knowledge. Those studies

only discussed particular point of sociolinguistic variable for each of them.

Hence different from those studies, the present study not only concern on

particular sociolinguistic variables but also analyze the factor those affected

the choice of address terms in Sambas Malay focus on sociolinguistic

variable, that is social status.

14

B. Theoretical Background

1. Language is a System of Sign

Clarke (n.d.) in Language states that:

A language is a system of signs (e.g. gestures, vocal sounds orwritten symbols) that encodes information. A distinction is oftendrawn between language qua the properties common to alllanguages (what Saussure calls langue and Chomskycompetence, that is, those abstract general principles whichinform all language-use) and particular uses of language (whatSaussure calls parole and Chomsky performance).

In the system point of view, language is a combination system of meaning

and sound world. If the sign has no meaning, we cannot say it as a language,

it is simply a sound. People in the same area can communicate and

understand one another since they have the same language (knowing

language rules) and the shared-context or shared-knowledge of the sign

(knowledge of the world).

2. Function of language

Halliday (1973) in Yassi (2011) states the functions of language refer to

the social meaning of an utterance in a particular speech community. He

divides the functions of language into ten. Seven are micro functions and

three are macro function, as follows:

The following seven functions are of micro language function.

1. Instrumental: this refers to the use of language for the purpose of

satisfying material needs: it is the “I want function” and its negative

version.

15

2. Regulatory: this is the use of language to control the behavior of others,

to manipulate the persons in the environment; the “do as I tell you”

function.

3. Interactional: this is the use of language as a means of personal

interaction. The “me and you” function.

4. Personal: this is the expression of identity, of the self, which develops

largely through linguistic interactions; the “here I come” function.

5. Heuristic: language is use to learn, to explore reality; the “tell me why”

function.

6. Imaginative: language is used in fantasy and play, the “let’s pretend”

function whereby the reality is created, and what is being explored is the

people’s mind including language itself.

7. Representational: language is used to express propositions or to convey

information; it is the “I’ve got something to tell you” function that of

communication of content.

The following are macro functions of language:

1. Ideational: the ideational component is that part of the linguistic system

which is concerned with the expression of content, with the function that

language has of being about something. It has two part to it, the

experiential and the logical. The former is more directly concerned with

the representation of experience of the “content of culture” in

Malinowski’s term (1935), while the latter expresses the abstract logical

relations which derive only indirectly from experience.

16

2. Interpersonal: this component is concerned with the social, expressive

and conative functions of language, with expressing the speaker’s point

of view, his attitudes and judgments, his encoding of the role

relationships in the situation and his motive in saying anything at all. To

differentiate these two components, it may be said that the ideational

component represents the speaker in his role as observer, while the

interpersonal component represents the speaker in his role as intruder.

3. Textual: this is the text-forming component in the linguistic system. This

comprises the resources that language has for creating text-for being

operationally relevant and cohering within itself and the context of

situation. This distinguishes a living message from a mere entry in a

grammar or a dictionary. This component provided for the remaining

strands of meaning potential woven into the fabrics of linguistic structure.

3. Sociolinguistics

Wardhaugh (2006:13) classified that there are two kinds of

sociolinguistics, they are sociolinguistics or micro-sociolinguistics and

sociology of language or macro-sociolinguistics. He stated that

sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between

language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the

structure of language and of how languages function in communication, while

the sociology of language is trying to discover how social structure can be

17

better understood through the study of language. Furthermore, Coulmas

(1997, p. 2) in Wardhough says that:

‘micro-sociolingustics investigates how social structureinfluences the way people talk and how language varieties andpatterns of use correlate with social attributes such as class,sex, and age. On the other hand, macro-sociolinguistics studieswhat societies do with their languages, that is, attitudes andattachments that account for the functional distribution ofspeech forms in society, language shift, maintenance, andreplacement, the delimitation and interaction of speechcommunities.’

Sociolinguistics studies language use symbolically represents

fundamental dimensions of social behavior and human interaction. The study

of language in its social context describes how we organize our social

relationships within a particular community. We can focus on discovering the

specific patterns or social rules for conducting conversation and discourse

through language as a social activity approach. It is also possible to examine

how people manage their language in relation to their cultural backgrounds

and their goals of interaction. Sociolinguists also investigate how address

forms are used that could be influenced by many factors. For instances,

addressing a person as 'Mrs.', 'Ms.', or by a first name is not really about

simple vocabulary choice but about the relationship and social position of the

speaker and addressee, the choice involves cultural values and norms of

politeness, deference, and status.

Sociolinguistics has emerged with the support of other disciplines. To

discuss language as social activity, sociolinguists often use ethnographic

methods. That is, they attempt to get an understanding of the values and

18

viewpoints of a community in order to explain the behaviors and attitudes of

its members. Moreover, to study about human interaction in a society needs

ethnography method that well know as ethnography of communication

founded by Hymes.

Hymes (1974) introduced the concept of communicative competence.

He argued that communication is not governed by fixed linguistic rules.

Linguistic competence is not the only element responsible for communication.

Rather, an interaction is perceivable between linguistic knowledge and

society. On the basis of the speech community, the competent speaker can

choose an appropriate code. In doing so, the speaker uses the so-called

knowledge of the components of speech (i.e. SPEAKING). According to

Hymes, any speech situation possesses eight defining features:

1. S refers to the setting (i.e. the time, place, physical circumstances, and

psychological setting or scene);

2. P refers to participants (i.e. speaker, addressor, hearer, and addressee);

3. E refers to the ends (i.e. purpose, outcomes, and goals);

4. A refers to act sequences (i.e. message content and message form);

5. K refers to keys (i.e. manner/spirit in which something is said);

6. I refers to instrumentalities (i.e. channels and forms);

7. N refers to norms (i.e. norms of interaction and interpretation); and

8. G refers to genres (i.e. categories of communication).

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4. Face and Politeness

Discussing address terms, we have to talk about politeness. Since

address terms is much banded with a certain culture, so it may be used

differently between one cultures to another. In present research, the writer

focus on address terms in Sambas Malay since that place is heavy with

culture in addressing people.

Politeness has been defined as the features of language which serve to

mediate norms of social behavior. According to Lakoff (1973) in Salmani and

Nodoushan, 1995, the politeness principle may be formulated as a series of

maxims that people assume are being followed in the utterances of others.

These maxims include:

(1) do not impose;

(2) give options;

(3) make your receiver feel good.

According to Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness is the degree of

mitigation that is required that depends on three factors:

1. Social distance (i.e. a composite of psychologically real factors such as

age, sex, intimacy, etc.);

2. Relative power (i.e. usually resulting from social and economical status);

3. Ranking of imposition.

The speaker evaluates the weightiness or seriousness of an FTA (x)

on the basis of the following three factors; the social distance between the

speaker (S), and the hearer (H), a measure of the power that the hearer has

20

over the speaker, and the absolute ranking of impositions in the particular

culture.

Weightiness (x) = Distance (S;H) + Power (H; S) + Rank of imposition (x)

Scollon and Scollon (1995) in Pohaker (1998: 9) notes the three major

components of every politeness system, there are:

1. The power factor (+/-P):

This first component refers to the difference between egalitarian and

hierarchical relationships. The latter are usually indicated by the organization

chart in business or governmental structures, and can be shortened to +P. If

two people have equivalent ranks in their own companies or if they are

friends, they will be classified as –P.

2. Distance (+/-D)

Secondly, the distance factor determines how close the participants

are to each other. While the relationship between two close friends will be

characterized by a lack of distance (-D), two governmental officials from

different nations will in most cases be distant (+D), even though they might be

of equal power within their own systems.

3. Weight of imposition (+W/-W)

In contrast to the rather stable factors power and distance, the weight

of imposition varies considerably from situation to situation. A superior in a

company will routinely address his subordinate by using strategies of

involvement. Conversely, the lower ranking individual will prefer

independence strategies. Under particular circumstances such as an

21

imminent dismissal, however, the higher-ranking person is likely to combine

an extra-deferential tone with a high level of independence strategies. In

short, "when the weight of imposition increases, there will be an increased

use of independence strategies. When the weight of imposition decreases,

there will be an increased use of involvement strategies."

Scollon and Scollon (1995:44-46) in Pohaker (1998:10) distinguish

between three main politeness systems above, based on these following

factors:

1. Deference politeness system (-P, +D)

Although the participants in a deference politeness system are

considered to be equal, they treat each other at a distance. This symmetrical

system is appropriate for the example of two professors from two different

countries meeting at a conference. Their conversation would be

characterized by the mutual use of independence strategies.

2. Solidary politeness system (-P, -D)

A solidary politeness system, on the other hand, is characterized by

the prevailing use of involvement strategies, since the participants feel neither

distance nor a power difference between them.

3. Hierarchical politeness system (+P, +/-D)

Here the participants recognize the difference in status that places one

in a superordinate position and one in a subordinate position. The

hierarchical politeness system represents asymmetrical relationships,

regardless of the distance between the speakers.

22

All these factors have to be weighted in relation to the cultural context

and all should be considered as potentially negotiable within interactions,

rather than as givens. The politeness principle has a regulative role rather

than the aim of creating and maintaining social relationships. Politeness,

therefore, is the manifestation of respect for another's face. Face is the

positive image or impression of oneself that one shows or intends to show to

the other participant in communication between two or more persons.

Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing

with these FTAs. Suppose when I meet an older man in Sambas, I might

address him: Kau/long/pak/wak. Brown and Levinson (1987) in Yassi (2011)

sum up human "politeness" behavior in four strategies, which correspond to

these examples: bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and

off-record-indirect strategy.

1. The bald on-record strategy does nothing to minimize threats to the

hearer’s “face”. For instances:

a. An Emergency: HELP!!

b. Task oriented: Give me that!

c. Request: Put your coat away.

d. Alerting: Turn your headlights on! (When alerting someone to

something they should be doing)

2. The positive politeness strategy shows you recognize that your hearer has

a desire to be respected. It also confirms that the relationship is friendly

and expresses group reciprocity. For instances:

23

a. Attend to the hearer:"You must be hungry, it's a long time since

breakfast. How about some lunch?"

b. Avoid disagreement: A: "What is she, small?" B: "Yes, yes, she's small,

smallish, um, not really small but certainly not very big."

c. Assume agreement: "So when are you coming to see us?"

d. Hedge opinion: "You really should sort of try harder."

3. The negative politeness strategy also recognizes the hearer’s face. But it

also recognizes that you are in some way imposing on them. Some other

examples would be to say:

a. Be indirect: "I'm looking for a comb."

b. Forgiveness: "You must forgive me but...."

c. Minimize imposition: "I just want to ask you if I could use your

computer?"

d. Pluralize the person responsible: "We forgot to tell you that you

needed to by your plane ticket by yesterday."

4. Off-record indirect strategies take some of the pressure off of you. You are

trying to avoid the direct FTA of asking for a beer. Instead you would rather

it be offered to you once your hearer sees that you want one. For

instances:

a. Give hints: “It’s cold in here."

b. Be vague: "Perhaps someone should have been more responsible."

c. Be sarcastic, or joking: "Yeah, he's a real rocket scientist!"

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5. Speech Act

According to Austin (1962), communication is a series of

communicative acts or speech acts. These speech acts are used

systematically to accomplish particular communicative purposes. According

to him, the same utterance could at the same time constitute three kinds of

acts:

(1) a locutionary act (or locution): The particular sense and reference of an

utterance;

(2) an illocutionary act (or illocution): The act performed in, or by virtue of, the

performance of the illocution; and

(3) a perlocutionary act (or perlocution): The act performed by means of what

is said.

Austin focused on the second of these acts. The locution belongs to the

traditional territory of truth-based semantics. The perlocution belongs strictly

beyond the investigation of language and meaning since it deals with the

results or effects of an utterance. The illocution occupies the middle ground

between them. This ground is now considered the territory of pragmatics, of

meaning in context. Austin emphasizes his claim that only the verbs used to

describe illocutions can be used as performative verbs.

6. Definition of Address Terms

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There are some definitions of address terms that have been given by

the experts. One of them is Parkinson (1985) in Qin (2008), terms of address

defines loosely as words used in a speech event that refer to the addressee

of that speech event, can be extremely important conveyors of social

information. While Fasold (1990) in Harris (1999) describes address forms as

the words speakers use to designate the person to whom they are speaking

while they are engaged in a communication interaction. He stated that people

use language in indirect ways to define relationship, to include themselves as

part of a social group, and to establish the type of “speech event” in they are

participating. Thus, address forms are part of “complete semantic system

having to do with social relationships”.

Wardhaugh (2006) also noted that a variety of social factors usually

governs our choices of terms. Among these social factors are the particular

occasion, the social status or rank of the other, sex, age, family relationships,

occupational hierarchy, transactional status, such as a doctor-patient

relationship or priest-penitent, race, and the degree of intimacy. In addressing

someone, Wardaugh implies that the person must consider about the

classification of address terms, such as; addressing using name, addressing

of closing relationship, intimate term, addressing of kinship term, addressing

of respectful term, even addressing of mockeries. For example Mr./Ms. in

English or Kaklong/Bongngah in Sambas Malay.

From the above discussion on address terms it can be generally

indicated that address terms are used by people to address someone who is

26

already pay attention. The words are considered by social class, age, sex,

profession, marital status, politeness and other related aspect are the kind of

basic rules of address system. The address terms are a cultural pattern that

reflect of social values, belief and customs and it uses in particular way

according to the social cultural it take place.

7. Address Terms of Sambas Malay

Muzammil, Ahadi, Hartono, and Yusuf (1995) states that the address

terms of Sambas Malay are categorized by many factors. Some of those

factors are birth order, status, kinship, and age. The research of address term

in Sambas Malay by them is extensive, even though not comprehensive yet.

The further explanations about address terms in Sambas Malay as follows:

a. The address terms according to birth order.

The differences of birth order affect the differences in addressing

people in Sambas Malay language. MUzammil, Ahadi, Hartono, and Yusuf

(1995: 106) states that the terms of address based on birth order can be long

or along, ngah or angah, and so on, that (un)followed by name (i.e. long or

long Amat). Those terms can be preceded by address term based on age like

dato’, aki, uwan, pak, mak, bang, and kak, (i.e. dato’ along, pak along (Amir),

bang along, etc). Those terms can be pointed detail as follows:

1. Ngal or unggal is used to address the solo child in family.

2. Long or along is used to address the firstly born person in family.

3. Ngah or angah is used to address the secondly born person in family.

4. De or ude is used to address the thirdly born person in family.

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5. Ning or uning is used to address person who are considered has

yellow skin. Ning or uning is not a certainty to address the fourthly born

person in family, since the fourthly born person and so on is an option,

except the last-born person (Su/Ussu).

6. Cik or acik is used to address person who is considered skinny or thin.

7. Teh or uteh is used to address person who is considered has white

skin.

8. Tam or itam is used to address person who is considered has black

skin.

9. Njang or anjang is used to address person who considered tall.

10. Nde or ende is used to address person who considered short.

11. Ndah or andah is used to address person who considered short.

12. Mok or amok is used to address person who considered fat.

13. Lang or alang is used to address person who considered very tall.

14.Su or usu is used to address the last-born person.

Only the three firstly born persons and the last person are addressed

with certainty terms, and another birth order are an optional.

The writer found that Muzammil, Ahadi, Hartono, and Yusuf did not

discuss address terms based on birth order completely yet. There is a term

that is forgotten to state, that is dak or udak that is usually used to address

the two last-born person.

Moreover, the address terms of Sambas Malay are not only along,

angah, acik, and so on, but also kakak, abang, and adek. The terms kakak,

28

abang and adek are also the terms that indicate birth order which kakak and

abang are earlier born than adek. Based on those various address terms, the

writer classifies the address terms of a Sambas Malay language into two

groups, as follows:

1. Specific Birth Order (SBO), those are along, angah, udde, acik, and so

on, for those terms refers specifically to birth order.

2. General Birth Order (GBO), those are kakak, abang, and adek, for

those terms are more generally refers to birth order, where kakak and

abang are earlier born than adek.

b. The address terms based on the social status

Talking about status in Sambas Malay, there have to talk about low

and high status, since in Sambas Malay culture statuses in both kinship and

society are very affecting. Descendent, occupations, and age are the factors

that affect the choice of address terms.

Muzammil, Ahadi, Hartono, and Yusuf (1995) state that while in

conversation, the addressor and addressee have to know what the status of

them. For instance, the status as father, mother, son, and so on, as follows:

1. A son/daughter must address his/her mother (in law) with mak, and a

father (in law) with ayah.

2. A mother/father (in law) addresses their son/daughter with nong as a

fondness address term, or based on birth order such as: along, angah,

ude and so on.

29

3. A husband can address his wife with various terms, such as istri saye,

umak, name, and umak + the child’s name. For instance there is a wife

who has a name Asnah, has the first son named Ramzi, and daughter

named Yani, will be addressed with (1) istri saye, (2) umak, (3) Asnah,

and (4) umak Ramzi or umak Yani. (3) and (4) are the terms that used

as 3rd personal pronoun.

4. A wife can address her husband with yah, birth order, ayah + the

children’s name, suami saye, birth order + the husband’s name. For

instance a husband who is the 3rd born, has a son named Ramzi and a

daughter named Yani, can be addressed with (1) yah, (2) udde/de, (3)

ayah Ramzi or ayah Yani, (4) suami saye, (5) udde Amir. (3) – (5) are

used as 3rd personal pronouns.

They also states that in Sambas Malay language, a job position

sometimes does not influence the choice of address terms are used. For

instance, a village leader is addressed with pak or with the birth order terms

such as ngah Bani (a second child named Bani). A teacher addressed with

pak guru for the old teacher or nak guru for the young teacher.

The notion of address terms based on status by MUzammil, Ahadi,

Hartono, and Yusuf give us much information, but it does not explain

comprehensive yet, since there are some factors are forgotten. In choosing

the address terms based on status, it is not enough if we just talk about job

position. There are many factors that influence the choosing of address

terms. For instance, a teacher can address other teacher with name only, but

30

in addressing another teacher, he uses the term pak + name. This difference

way in addressing teacher may be influenced by intimacy or distance. This is

the focus of present research that will be discussed comprehensively in

chapter IV.

c. The address terms in kinship relationship.

According to Muzammil et al (1995:30), the family of Sambas Malay

people is all persons that are bound by a marriage between families. Family

here is divided into two families; those are main family and large family. The

main family consists of father, mother, and children, while the large family

consists of persons that outside main family but they still have blood relation,

such as mother/father’s siblings.

The following are the explanations how the main family addresses

each other:

1. The husband addresses his wife with umak or name.

2. The wife address her husband with yah, ayah, birth order (i.e. angah, if

he is the secondly born.

3. The children address their father with ayah.

4. The children address their mother with umak.

5. The father or mother addresses their children with nong, name, or birth

order (i.e. long or along for the firstly born)

6. The sibling address each other with name, bang or kak followed by

birth order, or only use birth order address terms.

31

Then the following are explanation how a large family addresses each

other:

1. A niece/nephew addresses his/her parent’s siblings (uncle/aunt) with

mak or pak followed by birth order address terms. (If the parent’s

sibling is the firstly born, so the niece/nephew address her/him

mak/pak long)

2. Both older and younger siblings of parent are addressed with mak/pak

followed by birth order address terms.

3. The uncle/aunt addresses their niece/nephew with nong, name, or

birth order.

4. The cousins addresses each other with name, bang (if male) followed

by birth order address terms or kak (if female) followed by birth order

address terms, or just address each other with birth order address

terms both male and female.

5. One addresses his/her mother in law with mak and father in law with

ayah.

6. The parent in law address their son/daughter in law with nak or name.

7. The grandchildren address their grandfather with aki and grandmother

with uwan.

8. The grandfather/grandmother addresses their grandchild with cuco’.

d. The Address Terms are Used based on Age.

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Discussing about address terms based on age, we have to talk about

the older, younger, and same age people. Muzammil and Ahadi (1995)

categorize the address terms based on age into the group of address terms

that are used in society. However, the writer is in a little different opinion

about that, for discussing the address terms based on age have to be

categorized specifically into address terms base on age, not address terms in

society, since the address terms in society is too wide coverage or too

general. Muzammil and Ahadi (1995:83-87) state the address terms based on

age are as follows:

1. The address terms for addressing the old people.

Addressing the old people, Malay people use terms aki, uan, pa’

(followed by birth order address terms), mak (followed by birth order address

terms), bang, and kak, with the explanations as follows:

a. Aki, is used for addressing old men who are in same age with

addressee’s grandfather, i.e. aki balik dari umme (grandfather go back

from farm)

b. Uwan, is used for addressing old women who are in same age with

addressee’s grandmother, i.e. uwan tido’ di kamar (grandmother sleep

in bedroom).

c. Pak (followed by birth order address terms), is used for addressing

male who are in same age with addressee’s parent, i.e. pak (long)

taka’an tidok ((the first born) older male is still sleeping).

33

d. Mak (followed by birth order address terms), is used for women who

are in same age with addressee’s parent or aunt/uncle, i.e. mak (ude)

bebaju merah ((the third born) older woman wears red blouse).

e. Bang (followed by birth order address terms), is used for addressing

men who are older than addressee is, i.e. kayu bassar iye di ballah

bang (cik) (that big wood was cut by (the small) older male).

f. Kak (followed by birth order address terms), is used for addressing

women who are older than addressee is, i.e. kak utteh berapi ((the

white skin) older woman is cooking rice).

2. The address terms for addressing the young people.

Addressing the young people, Malay people use terms name, jang, re

or dare, and biyak kaccik. The explanations as follows:

a. Name, is used for addressing the young people who have married, i.e.

Udin, ke mane ayah paggi? (Udin, where does the father go?).

b. Jang, is used for addressing the children male, i.e. jang, di mane

rumah Kadir? (Child, where is Kadir’s house?)

c. Re, is used for addressing the children female, i.e. re, cuci piring itok i?

(Child, wash this plate, do you?)

d. Biyak kaccik, is used for addressing both male and female children,

i.e. biyak kaccik tidok di kamar (children are sleeping in bedroom).

3. The address terms for addressing the same age people.

In addressing same age people, there are three categories age, as

follows:

34

a. Address term used by old people to address each other.

The old people use address term name to address each other,

i.e. untong rugi dah biase, Mat (fortune and lost is usual, Mat), susah

sannang di tanggong besame, Din (sadness and happiness will be felt

together, Din).

b. Address terms used by young people to address each other.

Addressing each other, the young people use terms jang, re or

dare, and yak. The terms jang is used to address male, i.e. di mane

tinggal, jang? (where do you live, man?); re or dare is used to address

female, i.e. balikan mak tambe, re (buy me (mother) a medicine, miss);

and yak is used to address both male and female, i.e. yak, bawaklah

payong kala’ keujanan (friends, take an umbrella, we could be wet (by

rain))

c. Address term used by children to address each other.

The children address each other with name.

e. The Personal Pronouns in Sambas Malay language

Muzammil, Ahadi, Hartono, and Yusuf (1995) state that the personal

pronouns in Sambas Malay language consist of 1st pronouns, 2nd pronouns,

and 3rd pronouns both singular and plural, such as the followings:

1. 1st singular pronouns are aku and saye, i.e. tulonge’ aku motong ayam

(help me to butcher the chicken), saye dengan adek paggi ke warong

(I and my younger brother/sister go to shop)

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2. 1st plural pronouns is kame, i.e. kame’ di pangel kepala kampong. (we

are invited by village leader)

3. 2nd singular pronouns are kitta’ and kau, i. e. Dari mane kitta’? (where

did you go?), mane yang kitta’ mao’kan? (which one do you want?),

dengan ape kau paggi? (how do you go?), kau musti bekanalan dolo’

(you have to be acquainted with (her) first).

Muzammil, Ahadi, Hartono, and Yusuf note that kitta’ in 2nd singular

pronouns is less polite than kau.

4. 2nd plural pronouns is kitta’, i.e. kitta’ dipangel Pak Camat (you are

invited by sub-district head)

5. 3rd singular pronouns is die, i.e. die taka’an paggi ke umme (she is on

the way to farm).

6. 3rd plural pronouns is mereke, i.e. mereke paggi betigge (they go three

persons)

8. Conceptual framework

CULTURE AND LANGUAGE

(MALAY SAMBAS COMMUNITY)

AGE

YOUNG

(17 - 35 )

and

OLD

(36 and over)

ADDRESSING

ONE

ANOTHER INTIMACY

(Closed and Unclosed)

SOCIAL STATUS

(High and Low)

36

The conceptual framework of the present research begins with

analyzing the culture and language of Sambas Malay people, then focus on

the address terms are used. In studying the address terms are used, the

writer look at how the Sambas Malay people addressing one another,

specially that used by people who are considered as high and low social

status, closed and unclosed relationship, and both young and old.

The people who are considered as high social status are people who

have a permanent job in any institution, as public servant, and people who

are influenced in society. While low social status is people who are

considered have not permanent job and have status as common people in

society. Closed relationship is a relationship in family and relatives and

people which respondents think close with them, then unclosed relationship is

a relationship between people outside family and relatives that respondents

think they are not closed. The writer collects the data from young and old

respondents. Young respondents here are 17-35 years old and old people

are 36 and over. The writer classifies this class of age for reasons that in age

17-35 are considered as second and third generations then may can gives

1. General address terms based on socialstatus.

2. The function of address terms.3. The factors influence the choosing of

address terms.4. The pattern of Sambas Malay address

form.

37

any changes in using address terms in Sambas Malay language that caused

by foreign customs. Then in age 36 and over are considered as first

generation and second generation that may still maintain the using of address

terms of Malay Sambas Malay from ancestor.

Analyzing those points, the writer expects to identify the general

address terms based on social status, intimacy, and age. Then the writer

categorizes the function of address terms are used, and find out what the

factor that most influence the choice of address terms are used in Sambas

society. Furthermore to extract the patterns of address terms system in

Sambas Malay language by compares with Brown and Ford’s Address Term

theory.

9. Research Timetable

N

o

Activity Month

Dec

embe

r201

1

Janu

ary

2012

Febr

uary

201

2

Mar

ch 2

012

April

201

2

Mei

201

2

June

201

2

July

201

2

Augu

st 2

012

Sept

embe

r 200

12

Oct

ober

201

2

Nov

embe

r 201

2–

Augu

st20

13

Sept

embe

r201

3

Sept

embe

r 201

3

A Writing

Proposal

B Preliminary

Study

a. Taking

38

Preliminary

Data

b. Analyzing

Data

c. Preliminary

Conclusion

D Gathering

Data

a. Observatio

n

b. Giving

questioners

c. Recording

E Analyzing

Data

F Writing

Research

Report

G Research

Findings

Seminar

H Research

39

Final

Seminar

40

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides information about the type of research, data

source, procedure of data collection, population and sample, instrument of

collecting data, equipments of collecting data, and procedure of data

analysis.

A. Type of Research

The present research discusses address terms in Malay Sambas, then

writer uses descriptive qualitative research. Quoted from Wahyuni (2012),

there are some qualitative research definitions, there are:

Holloway, (1997: p.2) as follows:

“Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuseson the way people interpret and make sense of theirexperiences and the world which they live. A number ofdifferent approaches exist within the wider framework of thistype of research, but most of these have the same aim: Tounderstand the social reality of individuals, groups andcultures. Researchers use qualitative approaches to explorethe behavior, perspective and experiences of the peoplethey study. The basis of qualitative research lies in theinterpretive approach to social reality.”

Denzin and Lincoln, (2004: p.398) as follows:

“….. Qualitative research involves the studied use andcollection of a variety of empirical material – case study,personal experience, introspective, life story, interview,observational, historical, interactional and visual texts – thatdescribe routine and problematic moments and meanings inindividual’s live.”

41

Based on the quotation above, the qualitative research is applicable with

the present research that will study address terms in Sambas Malay which is

a social behavior in the society.

B. Location of the research

This research was conducted in Teluk Keramat sub-distric and

Sambas regency, West Borneo. The writer chooses this location because in

Teluk Keramat people still use original Malay language in daily conversation,

and in Sambas Regency, there are many people who are Kingdom

descendent. The writer take Malay language since it is a major language of

the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia (as Malaysian),

Indonesia (as Indonesian), Brunei (as Melayu Brunei) and Singapore (as the

national language and one of four official languages of Singapore).

C. Data Source

The data source of the present research is the people in Teluk Keramat

sub-district of Sambas and Sambas regency, West Borneo. The writer takes

data from common people and Sambas kingdom descendent. The

questionnairre divided into 32 respondents based on age and 42 based on

social status. The age is classified into two classes, there are young (8-35

years) and old (36< years), while the social status classified into two, there

are low class (uneducated people) and high class (educated people and

Kingdom descendant). Besides that, the researcher will take the data from

recording Sambas Malay conversation about 60 minutes, furthermore

interviewing the tradition expert.

42

D. Procedure of Data Collections

The procedures of data collection are by direct observation, interactive

interviewing of respondent purposed, recording the conversation in many

places, and taking note to remember for each little things was happened. The

researcher faced some difficulties in taking data. It is hard to find original old

generation of Sambas King’s relatives. Most of them left Sambas and only

comes to Sambas in certain time, such as if there is a Keraton ceremony. It is

a weakness of my data, then the next researchers can fill it. The researcher

uses observation technique since the research focuses on answering a how-

or what- type question and the topic is the behavior of people in Sambas

community.

E. Population and Sample

The population of the present research is all Malay people in Teluk

Keramat sub-district and Sambas regency, that are about 76.298 persons in

2011 (www.Sambas.go.id). The researcher use purposive sampling so that

sample of the present research is the people who represent the data needed.

According to Wahyuni, (2012: 33) purposive sampling is a sampling strategy

in selecting group participants according to pre-selected criteria that relevant

to particular research questions. The writer collects data from 24

respondents, which are taken by questioner and interviewing, and data from

conversation recording. The sampling are taken in Sambas regency and

Teluk Keramat sub district, since Sambas is the root of Malay language in

archipelago (Jalaludin, 2000). The writer takes the data from Sambas

43

regency, since there are many Sambas Kingdom’s families live there, then

from Teluk Keramat sub district, since the people who live there is still using

original language.

F. Instrument of Collecting Data.

The instrument of this research is a questionnaire for getting the

quantitative data. The questionnaire includes three aspects. Firstly, the

questions focus on intimacy. Secondly, the questions are relevant with non-

kinship address terms based on age and social status. Thirdly, the questions

are relevant with kinship address terms based on age and social status.

G. Equipment of Collecting Data

The present study uses a mono audio recorder AMR with a 60-minute

limit, active for 13 hours and 30 minutes, and has internal capacity 48 MB

and up to 16GB. The writer chooses this equipment for recording a

conversation that may reach 60 minute. Furthermore, this equipment can

easily connect to PC.

H. Procedure of Data Analysis

The procedures of data analysis are finding and classifying the address

terms based on social status into address forms from the data collected.

Then the writer analyzes them to know the semantic use and then analyze

which factors that influences the choosing of address terms in Sambas

44

Malay. Furthermore the writer constructs the pattern of address terms in

Sambas Malay.

45

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

A. THE GENERAL ADDRESS TERMS IN SAMBAS MALAY LANGUAGE

CONSIDERING SOCIAL STATUS

Indentifying the address terms based on social status, the writer

classifies four classes of addressors, which are young people from low social

status, old people from low social status, young people from high social

status, and old people from high social status. While addressees are

classified into inferior, colloquial, and superior, which each addresses is

divided into older, same age and younger than addressors, which has closed

and unclosed relationships.

The writer classifies the data collected as data below:

Addressing

Addressee:

1. Inferior1.1 Kinship

a. Lower strata or younger than addressor in family (both young andold, and low and high social status)

1.2 Non Kinshipa. Younger than addressor, (Young and old person both closed and

unclosed)b. Lower social status persons who are same age with high social status

addressor, (Young and old, both closed and unclosed)2. Same Status

2.1 Kinshipa. Same age with addressor (Young and old person both closed and

unclosed)2.2 Non Kinship

a. Same age with addressor (Young and old person both closed andunclosed)

3. Superior3.1 Kinship

a. Higher strata or older than addressor in family (both young and old,and low and high social status)

3.2 Non Kinshipa. Older than addressor (Young and old person both closed and

unclosedb. Higher social status people who are same age with lower social status

addressor, (Young and old, both closed and unclosed

Addressor:

1. Young people fromLow Social Class

2. Old People from LowSocial Class

3. Young People fromHigh Social Class

4. Old People fromSocial Class

46

The following are the descriptions about classifying data are collected:

A. Addressing Inferior

1. The Kinship Address Terms

The person whose includes into those terms are the wife,

son/daughter, grandchild, niece/nephew, younger cousin, and younger

sister/brother.

a. Wife

Addressing wife, the husband use terms name, oi, mama’, GBO. The

term name is used by old person from both low social status and high social

status. The term Oi is only used by old person from low social status, then

mama’ is used by young person from low social status and General Birth

Order (GBO) is used by old person from high social status.

Table 4.1 The address terms for wife

1 Addressee AddressorInferior Superior

Young lowstatus

1-7

Old low status8-11

Young highstatus12-19

Old high status20-24

1.1 Wife Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Name 11 23,20Oi 11Mama’ 6GBO (Ade’) 24

The table 4.1 (see appendix 3) illustrates the term name is general

address terms that is used by both social status. It is different with Oi and

Mama. Oi is only used by old person from low social status, it is old style in

addressing wife. It is strange if for young person address his wife with the

term Oi. The young person from low social status uses the term Mama’.

47

Mama’ is a newer style in addressing wife and considered more polite than

the term Name or Oi. It may caused by the influence of outside culture. While

the term GBO (Adek) is used by old people from high social status that also

considered more polite than the term Name and Oi. GBO if used by higher

status to address lower social status is usually used for someone who special

or loved.

b. Son/Daughter

There are many terms are used for addressing son/daughter. Table 4.2

(see appendix 3) illustrates that Name, Nickname, SBO, GBO, Fondness,

GBO + Name are used to address son/daughter. The terms Name and

Nickname are considered as common terms in addressing son/daughter. But

name is used by both all social status and age, while nickname is only used

by both young and old people from low social status only. Then SBO, GBO,

and GBO + Name which are considered more honorable than Name or

Nickname majority used by high social status, both young and old person.

Fondness address terms is used for someone who still a child, although it is

also used to address certain young person. Foundness address terms are

usually used for addressing someone special or loved.

Table 4.2 The address terms for son/daughter


Young lowstatus

1-7

Old low status8-11



1.2

Children Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Name 1,3, 4 11, 9,10, 8

11.5 19 21, 24

Nickname 3 8, 9,11

SBO (Allong,Angngah)

23,20,

48

GBO(Didek/Dedek/abong)

5 2.2 23, 24

Fondness(Annung)

7, 2.4,2.9

GBO (Adek)+ Name

4,

GBO (Bang)+ SBO (long)

19.1

c. Grandchild

In addressing Grandchild, people use the terms Name, Nickname,

GBO + SBO, SBO, Fondness, GBO, and Cu’. Table 4.3 (see appendix 3)

illustrates that the terms Name and Nickname are common terms in

addressing grandchild since it is used by low social status and high social

status both young and old people. While the Fondness terms majority used for

addressing young people from high social status. Furthermore GBO + SBO,

SBO are majority used by young people from high social status.

Table 4.3 The address terms for grandchild


Young lowstatus

1-7

Old low status8-11



1.3

Grandchild Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Name 11, 9,10

20

GBO(Kak/Bang)+SBO

11

SBO 11Fondness(Annung/Sannong)

11, 8 21

d. Niece/Nephew

In addressing niece/nephew, aunt/uncle use some terms, like GBO +

SBO, name, nickname, SBO, GBO, and fondness address terms. Table 4.4

49

(see appendix 3) illustrates that the address terms name and nickname are

used by all social class both young and old people. While GBO + SBO, SBO,

and GBO are used by young people from high social status. then Fondness

address terms are used by all social status but for the young only.

Table 4.4 The address terms for niece/nephew


Young lowstatus

1-7

Old low status8-11



1.4

Niece/Nephew Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

(GBO)Kak/Bang + SBO

15, 16

Name 2, 6 11, 9 21, 24,20

Nickname 8SBO 15 23GBO(Kakak/Abang)

16

Fondness((An)nung,Dede’)

6 15, 13

e. Younger cousin

There are various terms are used for addressing son/daughter. They

are Name, Nickname, GBO + name, GBO + SBO, SBO. Table 4.5 (see

appendix 3) illustrates that Name and nickname address terms are used by all

social class both young and old people. While the terms GBO + Name, GBO

+ SBO, and SBO are used by high social status both young and old people.

Table 4.5 The address terms for younger cousin.


Young lowstatus

1-7

Old low status8-11



1.5

Younger Cousin Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

50

Name 1,2,3,4,7

19, 13 24,20

Nickname 9 19, 12GBO (Dek) +Name

15

GBO(Kak/Bang)+SBO

16

SBO 23

f. Younger siblings

In addressing Grandchild, people use the terms Name, Nickname,

GBO + SBO, GBO, SBO, and pak + SBO. Table 4.6 (see appendix 3)

illustrates that the address terms Name and Nickname are majority used by

old people from low social class. While GBO + SBO, GBO, and SBO are

majority used by old people from high social status. Then the terms Pak +

SBO address term are used by young people from low social status.

Table 4.6 The address terms for younger siblings


Young lowstatus

1-7

Old low status8-11



1.6

YoungerSister/Brother

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Name 3 9 13GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO (De)

18

Dedek 6 13 ,Nickname 1, 9 12SBO(Angngah,Ussu, Utteh,Anjong, Acik,Ammo’)

12, 18 23 ,21

Adek 15 24Pak+ Cik 5Fondness(Nung)

11.9

51

2. The Non-Kinship Address Terms

The people who are included into inferior non-kinship are the younger

noblemen, officer/civilian government workers/pilgrim man, university

students, and farmers/carpenters/retailer; and the same age of

farmers/carpenters/retailer with high social status.

a. The Younger Nobleman

In addressing nobleman, people use the terms SBO, Name, Nickname,

GBO, pak + Name, and mak + SBO. Table 4.7 (see appendix 3) illustrates

that the young noblemen are addressed with SBO, GBO, Name, and

Nickname by the older people both low and high social, and closed and

unclosed relationship. Then the old noblemen are addressed with SBO, pak +

Name, and mak + SBO by closed people both low and high social status.

While the unclosed people address them with Name, pak + Name, SBO, and

mak + SBO, both low and high social status.

Table 4.7 The address terms for younger noblemen

Addressee AddressorSuperior

Inferior Low Social Status(Q.2, Q.4. Q.6)

High Social Status(Q.1, Q.3. Q.5)

Closed Relationship (a) Unclosed Relationship (b) Closed Relationship (a) Unclosed Relationship (b)1 Younger

NoblemanOlder Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec.

1.1 Young (17,18)

SBO(Allong)

18 SBO (Allong) 18 SBO(Allong)

18 SBO(Allong)

18 7.5

Nickname

17 Name 18 Nickname 17 Nickname 17,18

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

18 Nickname 17 GBO(adek)

7.2

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

18

1.2 Old(21,22)

SBO(Angah)

22,21 Name 22, 21 SBO(Angngah)

22, 21 Name 22

Pak +Name

22 Pak + Name 22 Pak +Name

22 Pak +Name

22

SBO (Allong) 21 Mak + SBO(Long)

21 SBO 21

Mak +SBO(long)

21

52

b. The Younger Officer/Civilian Government Workers/Pilgrim man

Table 4.8 (see appendix 3) illustrates that addressing younger

officer/Civilian Government Workers/pilgrim man, people use terms SBO,

GBO, GBO + SBO, pak/bu’ + name, pak/bu’ + title, nak + SBO, title,

bapak/ibu’, Name and Nickname. The young officer/Civilian Government

Workers/pilgrim man are addressed with SBO, pak/bu’ + name, GBO + SBO,

Name, and Nickname by the closed older people; and SBO, GBO + SBO,

pak/bu’ + title by unclosed older people from low social status. Then closed

high social status address them with Name, pak/bu’ + Name, Nickname, and

nak + SBO, and the unclosed high social status address them with Name,

pak/bu’ + Name, Nickname, GBO, and GBO + SBO.

While the old officer/Civilian Government Workers/pilgrim man are

addressed with Nickname, Title, Bapak/Ibu’, Bos/Wak/Way, and Pak/Bu’ +

Name by closed low social status and Name, Nickname, and Title by

unclosed. Then closed high social status address them with Name,

Bapak/Ibu’, GBO, and Title, and unclosed address them with Name,

Nickname, Bapak/Ibu’, and Title.

Table 4.8 The address terms for younger officer/Civilian GovernmentWorkers/pilgrim man

Addressee

Addressor

SuperiorInferior Low Social Status

(Q.2, Q.4. Q.6)High Social Status

(Q.1, Q.3. Q.5)Closed Relationship (a) Unclosed Relationship (b) Closed Relationship (a) Unclosed Relationship (b)

2 Officer Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec.2.1 Young

(12, 13,14, 19)

SBO(Allong)

14,13 15.2,15.3

SBO (Allong) 14,13 Name 13,14,15,16

Name 13,14

Pak/bu’ +name

19 GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

19 13.2 Pak/Bu’ +Name

12 Pak/Bu’ +Name

12

Name 19,13 Pak/Bu’ +Title

1.13 Nickname 14,12,19,

Nickname 14, 19

Nickname 19,12, Nak + SBO 16.6 GBO 12

53

(long) (Kakak/Abang)

GBO(Kak/Bang) + SBO

19 GBO+SBO 17.13

2.2 Old (20,22, 23,24)

Nickname 23 13.1 Name 20 Name 20 Name 22,23Title 24 Nickname 20, 23 Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Nickname 23Bapak/Ibu’

20 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

23 Bapak/Ibu’ 20,23

Bos/Wak/Way

20 Title 24 Title 24 Title 24

Pak/Bu’ +Name

23

c. The Younger University Students

Table 4.9 (see appendix 3) illustrates that Addressing younger university

student, people use terms Name, GBO + SBO, SBO, GBO, Nickname, Nung,

and SBO + Name. The young university students are addressed with Name

and GBO + SBO by the older people from closed both low and high social

status. Then SBO, GBO + SBO, pak/bu’ + title are used by unclosed low

social status, and Name, Nickname, GBO, SBO + Name are used by

unclosed high social status. There is no old university students found.

Table 4.9 The address terms for younger university students

Addressee

Addressor




3 UniversityStudent

Older a Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec.

2.1 Young(15, 16,17)

Name 15, 17 11.9 GBO 15 Nickname 15,17

Name 15

GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

16 Name 15,17

GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

15 Nickname 17

GBO +SBO

15,16

17.2 GBO (Kakak/Abang)

16

SBO(Allong)

18 3.1 SBO + Name 1.7

Name 18Nickname 17Nung 1.1,

3.22.2 Old

54

d. The Younger Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer

Table 4.10 (see appendix 3) illustrates that addressing younger

farmers/carpenters/retailer, people both low and high social status, and closed

and unclosed use terms Name, Nickname, SBO, and GBO. The difference

between low and high social status is the term SBO that is used by low social

status. While the difference between closed and unclosed relationship is the

usage of term Ф, that is used by unclosed relationship.

Then, addressing the old farmers/carpenters/retailer, the older closed

low social status use the terms Mak/Pak + SBO, Name, Nickname, and

Mak/Pak + Name. While the older people of unclosed low social status use

the term Name and Nickname. Both closed and unclosed high social status

use terms Nickname and Bapak/Ibu’.

Table 4.10 The address terms for younger farmers/carpenters/retailer.

Addressee AddressorSuperior

Inferior Low Social Status(Q.2, Q.4. Q.6)

High Social Status(Q.1, Q.3. Q.5)

Closed Relationship (a) Unclosed Relationship (b) Closed Relationship (a) Unclosed Relationship (b)4. Old people

from LowSocialStatus

Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec.

Young(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

SBO 7,5 SBO 7,5 Name 2,4,7,6,3,5

Name 2,4,7,6,3 1.12,1.16,16.2

Name 2,3,4,5,7

11.6 Name 2,3,4,5,7

Nickname

4,2,6 GBO(Dedek)

4

GBO(Dedek)

4 GBO(Dedek)

4 GBO(Dedek)

4 Nickname

6

NickNama

6 Ф 7 Ф 5

NickNama

6

Old(8,9,10,11)

Mak/Pak+ SBO

11 Name 9,10 Nickname

11 Nickname

11

Name 9 Nickname

16,8 Bapak/Ibu’

11 Bapak/Ibu’

11

Nickname

16,8

Mak/Pak+ Name

10

55

e. The Same Age of Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer with High Social Status

Table 4.11 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young high social status

address the closed same age of farmers/carpenters/retailer with SBO, Name,

GBO, Bos/Wak/Way, and Nickname, while the unclosed use the terms Name,

GBO, Nickname, Bos/Wak/Way, and Ф. Then the old high social status

address the both closed and unclosed with Nickname and Name, but for the

closed relationship, there is also used the term Bos/Wak/Way.

Table 4.11 The address terms for same age offarmers/carpenters/retailer with high social status

Addressee AddressorInferior Same Age High Social Status

Superior1. Low Social

StatusClosed Relationship (c) Unclosed Relationship (d)

Same Age Resp. Rec. SameAge

Resp. Rec.

1.1 Young(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

SBO(Angngah,Acik)

3 16.1 Name 4,7,2,6,3

Name 4,7,6,3,5

11.7 GBO(Dedek)

4,

GBO(Dedek)

4, Nickname

6,5

Bos, Wak,Way

2 Ф 3

Nickname 6 Bos,Wak,Way

2

1.2 Old (8,9,10,11) Nickname 11 Nickname

11

Name 8 2.3 Name 8Wak 5.3

B. Addressing Same Status


a. The Same Age Cousin

The person whose includes into those terms are the same age cousin.

Table 4.12 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young low social status

addresses their same age cousin with Nickname, Name, and GBO + Name.

56

While the old low social status use the term Nickname. The young high status

uses the term Name, GBO + Nickname, GBO + SBO, SBO, and SBO + name,

while the old high status uses the terms Name and SBO.

Table 4.12 The address terms for the same age cousin.

1 SuperiorInferior Young low status

1-7Old low status

8-11Young high

status12-19

Old highstatus20-24

1.1

AddressingSame AgeCousin

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Name 2,3,7 15, 1924,20

Nickname 6 8GBO(Kak/Bang)+Nickname

12

GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

16,12

SBO 16 23SBO +Name

12

GBO (Dek)+ Name

4


The person whose includes into those terms are the same age of

farmers/carpenters/retailer, nobleman, officer/Civilian Government

Workers/pilgrim man, University Student.

a. The Same Age of Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer

Table 4.13 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the closed young

farmers/carpenters/retailer use the terms Name, Bos/Wak/Way, and

Nickname to address the same age, while the unclosed are SBO, Name,

GBO, Ф, Bos/Wak/Way, and Nickname. Then the old

farmers/carpenters/retailer both closed and unclosed use Name and

Nickname to address the same age of them.

57

Table 4.13 The address terms for the same agefarmers/carpenters/retailer.

Addressee AddressorInferior InferiorLow SocialStatus

Same Age of Low Social Status

Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship1 Not-Official Same

AgeResp. Rec. Same Age Resp

.Rec.

Young(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

Name 3,4,7 SBO 7Bos/Wak/Way

2 Name 2,3,4,7

Nickname

2,6 GBO(Dedek)

4

Ф 7Bos/Wak/Way

2

Nickname 6Old(8,9,10,11)

Name 11,10 5.5 Name 10Nickname

11,16,8

Nickname 11,16,8

b. The Same Age of Nobleman

Table 4.14 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the same age of high social

status address young noblemen both closed and unclosed with the terms

SBO and Nickname, while old people are addressed with Name, Pak + Name,

and SBO by closed and unclosed, but for the unclosed is added the term

Pak/Bu’+ title.

Table 4.14 The address terms for the same age of noblemen.

Addressee AddressorSuperior SuperiorHighSocialStatus

Same Age of High Social Status

Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship1 Nobleman Same

AgeResp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.

Young(17, 18)

SBO(Allong)

18 SBO(Allong)

18

Nickname 17 Nickname 17,18

Old(21,22)

Name 22 Name 22Pak +Name

22 Pak +Name

22

SBO 21 SBO 21

58

Pak/Bu’+Title

1.3,1.6

c. The Same Age of Officer/Civilian Government Workers/Pilgrim man


address closed same age of officer/Civilian Government Workers/pilgrim man

with SBO, Pak/Bu’ + Name, Nickname, Name, GBO (Kak/Bang) + SBO, and

Pak/Bu’, then the unclosed with SBO, Pak/Bu’ + Name, Nickname, and GBO.

While the old high social status are addressed with Titile, Nickname,

Bapak/Ibu’, and Pak/Bu’ + Name by the same age high social status both

closed and unclosed relationship.

Table 4.15 The address terms for same age of officer/CivilianGovernment Workers/pilgrim man.

Addressee AddressorSuperior SuperiorHigh SocialStatus


Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship2. Officer Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Rec.

Young(12, 13, 14,19)

SBO(Allong)

14 SBO (Allong) 18

Pak/Bu’ +Name

19 Pak/Bu’ +Name

12

Name 13, 12,15

Name 13,14

Nickname 12 Nickname 19GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

15 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12,14

Pak/Bu’ 7.4Old(20, 22, 23,24)

Title 24 Title 24 4.6Nickname 23 Nickname 23Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Bapak/Ibu’ 23 1.8Pak/Bu’ +Name

23 Pak/Bu’ +Name

23

d. The Same Age of University Students


address closed same age of university students with Name, Nickname, and

59

SBO, then the unclosed with GBO, Say, and GBO + SBO. There is no found

the old university students.

Table 4.16 The address terms for same age of university students

Addressee AddressorSuperior SuperiorHighSocialStatus


Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship3 University

StudentSameAge

Resp. Rec. Same Age Rec.

Young(15, 16, 17)

Name 16 (GBO)Kakak/Abang

16

Nickname

17, 15 Say 15

SBO 10.1,11.2,12.1,12.2

GBO(Kak/Bang)+SBO

15

Old

C. Addressing Superior


The person whose includes into those terms are husband, parents,

great grandparents, grandparent, uncle/aunt, older cousin, and older siblings.

a. Husband

Table 4.17 (see appendix 3) illustrates that there are three address

terms that are used for addressing the husband, there are Abah, Spesific Birth

Order (SBO) and General Birth Order (GBO). SBO and GBO are the polite

terms that are also used to address older people. The Terms abah is used by

old nobleman who staying in Sambas Palace. While SBO and GBO are used

by all social class both young and old people.

60

Table 4.17 The address terms for husband

b. Father

Table 4.18 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the majority address terms

for addressing father are Ayah then followed by Bapak/Bopak. Those terms

are used by all social class and age. While the minority abah is used only by

young nobleman.

Table 4.18 The address terms for father.

c. Mother

Table 4.19 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the majority term is used to

address mother is Ma’/Umma’/Mama’. This term are used by all social status

1 Superior InferiorYoung low

status1-7

Old low status8-11

Young high status12-19


3.1 Husband Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Abah 21Along 1,7Angah 3Acik 9Udde 5Ning 8Su 1.9,

1.7Abong/Abang

4 19, 13


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.2 Father Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Ayah 2,3,5,7 11,8 15,16,17,19, 13

21,24

Bapak/Bopak

1,4,6 14,12 23,20

Abah 18

61

both young and old people. Then the minority address terms is ibu that is

used only by old nobleman.

Table 4.19 The address terms for mother

d. Great Grandparents

Table 4.20 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the majority term that is

used to address great grandfather/grandmother is (Ne’)Dato’/Doto’. This term

are used by all social status both young and old people. While the term niang

is used by young and old nobleman.

Table 4.20 The address terms for great grandparent.

e. Grandfather

Table 4. 21 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the majority term that is

used to address grandfather is (Ne’) Aki. This term are used by all social

status both young and old people. While the minority address term that are


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.3 Mother Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Ibu’ 21Ma’/Umma’/mama’

1,2,3,4,5,6,7

2.2 9,11,8

12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19

1.11 23,24,20


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.4 GreatGrandparents

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

(Ne’)Dato’/Doto’

1,2,3,4,5,6,7

12,13,14,15,16,17,19

23,20

Niang 18,21

62

used are kakek that used by young nobleman and niang that are used by old

nobleman.

Table 4.21 The address terms for grandfather.

f. Grandmother

Table 4.22 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the majority term that is

used to address grandmother is (Ne’) Uan. This term are used by all social

status both young and old people. While the minority address term that is

used is niang, that used by old nobleman

Table 4.22 The address terms for grandmother

g. Uncle/Aunt

Table 4.23 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the majority terms are used

to address uncle/aunt are SBO and Mak/Pak + SBO. Those terms are used

by all social status both young and old people. While the terms SBO and SBO

+ Name are minority that is used by old common people.


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.5 Grandfather Resp.No.

Rec.No.

(Ne’)Aki 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

12,13,14,15,26,19

23,24,20

Niang 21Kakek 17


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.6 Grandmother(Ne’)Uan 1,2,3,4

,5,6,712,13,14,15,16,17,18,19

20,23,24

Niang 21

63

Table 4.23 The address terms for uncle/aunt.

h. Older cousin


to address older cousin are Name and Nickname. Those terms are use by all

social class both young and old people. While the term GBO + Name, GBO +

SBO, and SBO only used by high social status both young and old people.

Table 4.24 The address terms for older cousin.


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.7 Aunt/Uncle Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Mak + We 15,Uwe + Name 9,Uwe 4,SBO ((Al)long,(Ud)de),(Ang)ngah,(Un)Ning,(Us)su, Acik,(Ut)teh,Anjong/Anjang,Udok/Udak,Andah

4,7 ,9 19, 17,16

16.4 24, 23

Mak/Pak + SBO(Allong,(Ang)ngah,(Un)ning,(Ud)de, Ning,Teh, Cik, Jong,Ndoh/Ndah,Dok,Tam, Su,Mok,)

2,5,7,1,

16,17,12,15,13,9,13,

20,21,23


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.8 Older Sibling Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Name 8SBO (Allong,Angngah,Unning, Udde/Dede,Acik, Anjong,

1,2,6,7,

11 14,19,12

16.4 23

64

i. Older siblings


to address older sister/brother are SBO, GBO + SBO, and GBO. While the

term Name is very rare used. Those terms are used by all social status both

young and old people.

Table 4.25 The address terms for older siblings.


The person whose includes into those terms are the older

farmers/carpenters/retailer, nobleman, officer/Civilian Government

Workers/pilgrim man, university student; and the same age of nobleman,

officer/Civilian Government Workers/pilgrim man, university student with

farmers/carpenters/retailer.

Andoh, Ittam)GBO(Kak/Bang)+SBO(Long,Ngah,Ning,De)

5, 15,16,12

21

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

4, 8 17,19,11

16.3 24


status1-7

Old low status8-11



3.9 Older Cousin Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp. No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Resp.No.

Rec.No.

Name 1,2,3,4,7

19, 13 24,20

Nickname 9 19,12GBO (Dek)+ Name

15

GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

16

SBO 23

65

a. The Older Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer

Table 4.26 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young

farmers/carpenters/retailer are addressed with GBO, SBO, Name, Nickname,

and GBO + SBO by the younger closed low social status; while the unclosed

address them with GBO, SBO, Name, Ф, and GBO + SBO. Then the old

farmers/carpenters/retailer are addressed with SBO, GBO, and SBO + Name

by younger closed high social status; and SBO, GBO, Name, Pak/Bu’ +

Name, and GBO + SBO by the younger unclosed high social status. The old

farmers/carpenters/ retailer are addressed by mak/pak + SBO, (Ne’)aki/uan,

and SBO by the younger both closed and unclosed, and low and high social

status.

Table 4.26 The address terms for older farmers/carpenters/retailer

Addressee AddressorSuperior Inferior

Low Social Status High Social StatusThe older Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship

4. Low SocialStatus

Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.

Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.

Young(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

SBO 1,2,3,4,7

SBO 1,3,4,7

SBO(Angngah, Acik)

2,4,7 SBO(Angngah,Acik)

4

GBO(Kakak/Abang,Dedek)

2, 4 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

2 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

2,7,1 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

2,1 6.1

Name 7 Name 7 GBO(Dek)+ Name

5 Name 7

Nickname

2 Ф 7 Pak/Bu’ +Name

2

GBO(Kak/Bang) + SBO

7 GBO(Kak/Bang) + SBO

4,5 GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

4

Old(8,9,10,11)

(Ne’)aki/uan

8,9,10, 11

14.1 (Ne’)aki/uan

8,10, (Ne’)Aki/Uan

11,9,10

13.2 (Ne’)Aki/Uan

10,11 1.14,6.2

Mak/Pak+ SBO

11 Mak/Pak+ SBO

11 Mak/Pak+ SBO

10,11 Mak/Pak +SBO

10,11 2.1, 2.5

SBO 8,9,16 5.2,13.3,13.4

SBO 8, 16 5.8 SBO 8,9 4.5, 5.1,14.3,13.1,11.3, 15.1

SBO 8 13.5,14.2

Ф 13.1

66

b. The Older Noblemen

Table 4.27 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young noblemen are

addressed by Name, Nickname, SBO, and GBO by the younger low social

status both closed and unclosed, and low and high social status. While the old

noblemen are addressed with mak/pak + SBO by younger low social status

both closed and unclosed. While the closed younger high social status

address them with SBO and mak/pak + SBO, and the unclosed address them

with SBO, mak/pak + SBO, and Bapak/Ibu’.

Table 4.27 The address terms for older noblemen.

Addressee AddressorSuperior InferiorHigh SocialStatus

Low Social Status High Social Status

The older Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship1 Nobleman Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.1.1 Young (17,

18)Name 18 SBO

(Allong)18 SBO

(Allong)18, SBO (Allong) 18

SBO (Allong) 18 Name 18 Nickname 18,17 Nickname 18,17GBO(Kakak/Abang)

17 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

17,18 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

17, GBO(Kakak/Abang)

17

Nickname 18, 171.2 Old (21,22) Mak/Pak +

SBO21 Mak/Pak

+ SBO21 SBO

(Angngah)22 SBO

(Angngah)22 8.2

Mak+ SBO 21 Mak/Pak +SBO

21

Bapak/ibu’ 9.1,8.1

c. The Older Officer/Civilian Government Workers/Pilgrim men,

Table 4.28 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young officer/Civilian

Government Workers/pilgrim men are addressed by SBO, GBO, Name,

Nickname, GBO + SBO, and Bapak/Ibu’ by the closed low social status. Then

the unclosed younger low social status addresses them with SBO, GBO, GBO

+ SBO, and Bapak/Ibu’. While the closed younger people of high social status

address the young officer/Civilian Government Workers/pilgrim men with

67

SBO, GBO, and GBO + SBO, and the unclosed address them with GBO,

GBO + SBO, and Pak/Bu’ + Name.

The old officer/Civilian Government Workers/pilgrim men are

addressed by Title, Nickname, GBO, Bapak/Ibu’, and Pak/Bu’ + Name by the

closed low social status. Then the unclosed younger low social status

addresses them with Title, Ф, Pak/Bu’ + Name, and Mak/Pak + SBO. While

the closed younger people of high social status address the old officer/Civilian

Government Workers/pilgrim men with Name, Title, Nickname, SBO, GBO,

Pak/Bu’ + Name, and the unclosed address them with Name Title, and GBO.

Table 4.28 The address terms for older officer/Civilian GovernmentWorkers/pilgrim men



The older Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship2 Officer Younger Resp. Rec

.Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Res

p.Rec.

Younger Resp. Rec.

2.1

Young (12,13, 14, 19)

SBO 12,14,13

SBO 12,14,13

SBO(Allong)

13,14

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12,13,14,19

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

19 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12,13,19

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12,13

GBO(Kak/Bang) + SBO

19

Name 13 GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO


19,12

Pak/Bu’ +Name

12

Nickname

19 Bapak/Ibu’

14

GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

12,19,

Bapak/Ibu’

14

2.2

Old (20,22, 23, 24)

Title 24 Title 24 Name 23 Name 20

NickName

23,20

Ф 20 Title 24 Title 24 4.1,4.2

GBO(Kakak/Aba

23 Pak/Bu’ +Name

23 NickName

23 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

23

68

ng)Bapak/Ibu’

20 Mak/Pak +SBO

20 Pak/Bu’+ Name

20,23

4.4,6.4

Pak/Bu’ +Name

20 GBO(kakak/Abang)

1.2,1.5

SBO(Su)

5.7

d. The Older University Students

Table 4.29 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young university students

are addressed by SBO, GBO, and GBO + SBO by the closed low social

status. Then the unclosed younger low social status addresses them with

GBO. While the closed and unclosed younger people of high social status

address the young university student with Name, GBO, and GBO + SBO.

Table 4.29 The address terms for older university students



The older Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship3 University

StudentYounger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.

2.1 Young (15,16, 17)

SBO 15 GBO 15,17, 16

Name 15 Name 15

GBO 15, 16,17

GBO(Kakak/Abang)


16 7.1,7.3,7.6

GBO(Kak/Bang) + SBO



17

2.2 Old

e. The Same Age of Nobleman with Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer

Table 4.30 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young noblemen are

addressed with SBO, Nickname, and GBO by the same age of

farmers/carpenters/retailer both closed and unclosed, then the old noblemen

are addressed with Name and SBO by the same age of

farmers/carpenters/retailer both closed and unclosed.

69

Table 4.30 The address terms for the same age of nobleman withfarmers/carpenters/retailer

Addressee AddressorHigh SocialStatus

Low Social Status(Q.2, Q.4. Q.6)

Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship1 Nobleman Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.1.1

Young (17,18)

SBO(Allong)

18 SBO(Allong)

18

Nickname 17, 18 Nickname 17, 18GBO(Kakak/Abang)


17

1.2

Old (21,22) Name 22 Name 22

SBO (Allong) 21 SBO (Allong) 21

f. The Same Age of Officer/Civilian Government Workers/Pilgrim man with

Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer

Table 4.31 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young officer/Civilian

Government Workers/pilgrim man are addressed with SBO, Pak/bu’ + Name,

Name, GBO + SBO, and Adek by the closed same age of

farmers/carpenters/retailer, then the unclosed address them with SBO, GBO,

and Nickname. While the old officer/Civilian Government Workers/pilgrim man

are addressed with Name, Title, Nickname, and Bapak/Ibu’ by the same age

of both closed and unclosed farmers/carpenters/retailer, but for the closed is

added with Bos/Wak/Way.

Table 4.31 The address terms for the same age of officer/CivilianGovernment Workers/pilgrim man withfarmers/carpenters/retailer



Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship2 Officer Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.2.1 Young (12,

13, 14, 19)SBO 13,14 SBO 14

Pak/bu’ + 19 GBO 19

70

name (Kakak/Abang)

Name 19,13 1.10,5.9,5.6

GBO(Kak/Bang) + SBO

12

Nickname 19,GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

12,19,15

Adek 122.2 Old (20, 22,

23, 24)Name 20 Name 20

Title 24 Title 24 1.15Nickname 23 Nickname 23Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Pak/Bu’ +

Name20

Bos/Wak/Way 20

g. The Same Age of University Students with Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer

with Farmers/Carpenters/Retailer

Table 4.32 (see appendix 3) illustrates that the young university

students are addressed with Name, GBO + SBO, and GBO by the closed

same age low social status, then the unclosed address them with GBO,

Bos/Wak/Way, and Name.

Table 4.32 The address terms for the same age of University Studentswith farmers/carpenters/retailer withfarmers/carpenters/retailer.



Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship3 University

StudentSame Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.

2.1 Young (15,16, 17)

Name 17, 15,16

11.4 GBO 15, 17,16

GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

16 Boss/wak/way

17

GBO 17 Name 17

2.2 Old

71

The summary from the data analyzing above are as follows:

1. Addressing Inferior

There are two groups of inferiors in Sambas Malay culture, the kinship

inferior and non-kinship inferior. Addressing the kinship inferior, people use

honorific and commons terms, both low and high social status. However,

addressing the kinship inferior with honorific terms are mostly used by high

social status both young and old people. Low social status people also use

the honorific terms but there are not as many as high social status. In a little

case, people use fondness address terms to address kinship inferior,

especially for the children.

On the other hand, the usage of honorific and common terms in non-

kinship inferior does not give many differences. It is half way in using honorific

and common address terms that are used by low and high social status both

old and young people.

2. Addressing Same Social Status

There are same social status in kinship and non-kinship. The same

social status in kinship is the same age cousin in all family. The same age

cousin addresses each other with honorific and common address terms,

except the old people from the low social status, they are more tending to use

common address terms.

Moreover, addressing same social status in non-kinship, people use

honorific and commons. For high social status, there is no difference in using

honorific and common address terms, weather closed or unclosed they are.

But, for the low social status, they are more tending to use common address

terms.

72

3. Addressing Superior

There are also two groups of superiors in Sambas Malay culture, the

kinship Superior and non-kinship Superior. Addressing the superior both in

kinship non-kinship, all people more frequently use honorific address terms,

even though the is a little case that using common address term to address

superior.

The very important factor that influences the choosing of address terms

in Sambas Malay culture is the age. The older people have to be respected by

younger people, without counting the job position or social status. The

younger people have to address the older one with the honorific terms.

However, the job position or social statuses are also influence the use of

honorific terms in Sambas Malay culture. So that, there are not only older

people who should be addressed with honorific terms, but also the younger.

For certain cases, the writer finds that the younger and same age people who

are considered as high social status are addressed with honorific terms, even

though they are also addressed with their Name by both closed and unclosed

addressor. Those phenomena shows us that in choosing right address terms

in Sambas Malay culture we have to count not only age but also occupation or

job position, while the intimacy does not give many changes.

73

B. THE FUNCTIONS OF ADDRESS TERMS USED BY SAMBAS MALAY

LANGUAGE

Analyzing the data, the writer has classified that there are some

functions of address terms in Sambas Malay language that are based on

social status. The functions are as below:

1. Honorific Address Terms

Honorific address terms are the address terms that are used to

address someone with politely, and the relationship between speakers are

considered intimate. Those terms are usually used to address older people or

people who are considered as high social status. The kinds of those terms as

follows:

a. The Address Terms of Strata in Family

The address terms of strata in family means the address terms that

are used to address person who has high strata in family, such as

dato’/doto’/niang for addressing great grandfather/grandmother,

(ne’)aki/niang for addressing grandfather, (ne’)uan/niang for addressing

grandmother,(um)mak/ibu for addressing mother and

ayah/(ba)pak/(bo)pak/abah for addressing father. Specially for dato’/doto’,

aki, uan, mak, and pak can be followed by SBO, and name/nickname.

b. The Address Terms of Birth Order

The address terms of birth order means the address terms that based

on birth order. The writer divides this kind of address terms into two

groups, as follows:

1) The General Birth Order (GBO)

74

The address terms of General Birth Order means the address

terms that based on birth order, which the earlier born addressed with

kakak for female and abang/abong for male, then adek for the later on

born. The terms kakak or abong/abang can be followed by Specific

Birth Order or name/nickname, become kak long (for the earlier born

female) or bang/bong Alek (for the earlier born male named Alek)

2) The Specific Birth Order (SBO)

The address terms of Specific Address Terms means the address

terms that based on birth order also, but it is more specific than GBO in

addressing people. It is different in addressing firstly born, secondly

born, and so on. The SBO is also sometimes related with the physic of

the person. Those terms can be preceded by GBO and followed by

name or nickname. Those terms as follows:

a) Ngal or unggal is used to address the solo child in family.

b) Long or along is used to address the firstly born person in family.

c) Ngah or angah is used to address the secondly born person in

family.

d) De or ude is used to address the thirdly born person in family.

e) Ning or uning is used to address person who are considered has

yellow skin. Ning or uning is not a certainty to address the fourthly

born person in family, since the fourthly born person and so on is

an option, except the last-born person (Su/Ussu).

f) Cik or acik is used to address person who considered skinny or

thin.

75

g) Teh or uteh is used to address person who considered has white

skin.

h) Tam or itam is used to address person who considered has black

skin.

i) Njang or anjang is used to address person who considered tall.

j) Nde or ende is used to address person who considered short.

k) Ndah or andah is used to address person who considered short.

l) Mok or amok is used to address person who considered fat.

m) Lang or alang is used to address person who considered very

tall.

n) Dak or udak is used to address the last second born person.

o) Su or usu is used to address the last-born person.

3) The “Title” Address Terms.

The Title is the address terms that based on one’s achievement.

For instances, pak aji for the pilgrim man, and bu’/pak + Dokter for the

doctor, and bu’/pak for the teacher or officers.

4) The Ф (no terms)

The other honorific term is Ф (no terms). People prefer to use Ф

than Name or Nickname in addressing someone to avoid unpoliteness.

2. The Common Address Terms.

The common address terms means the address terms that less polite

than honorific terms. There is no power or distance that interference the

usage of those terms. Those terms are usually used by the same social status

to address each other. Those terms shows that the addressor and addressee

76

have a mutual relationship. The address terms are concluded the common

address terms are as follows:

a) Name

b) Nickname.

c) Bos/Wak/Way/Say

3. Fondness Address Terms

The fondness address terms are the terms that are used to address a

special or beloved someone, majority it is used to address young people.

Those terms are as follows:

a. Jong/Dore

b. (An)nung/Sannong

c. GBO (dedek/didek)

C. THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE CHOICE OF ADDRESS TERMS IN

SAMBAS MALAY BASED ON SOCIAL STATUS

Considering the data collected, the writer concludes that the factor that

mostly affect the choice of address terms in Sambas Malay is the occupation

and educations.

Normally, younger people from all social status address the older

people with honorific address terms, and then older people use the common

address terms or fondness address terms to younger people. However, lately,

the rules of addressing people are changed. The occupations and educations

status may cause the changes of those rules. Older or younger people

address most of high social status people with honorific address terms. On

77

the other hand, high social statuses, both young and old are majority use

honorific address terms to address other people.

The people of Sambas Malay think that it is more polite if address

someone with honorific address terms, even they are younger. They prefer to

address both old and young person with honorific or Ф even with just a Name

or Nickname. But those phenomena are rare happened to people who are

considered as low social status or common people. The young common

people often are addressed with a common address terms. The high social

status people do not burdened to address them with “Birth Order” terms. It is

normal if they are addressed with their “Name” or “Nickname” only.

The majority of high social status people address their relative, both

young and old, with honorific address terms. It is considered less polite if

addressing their young relative with common address terms only. Then,

common people unconsciously follow that way. So, in present day not only

high social status that addressing their young relationship with honorific

address terms, but low social status is also do the same. Moreover, the

intimacy is not very influencing in choosing address terms. The closed and

unclosed is also give a role in choosing address terms. If the unclosed

changed be the closed relationship, they that use common address terms

before changed into honorific address terms, but the distance will be

decrease.

78

D. THE PATTERNS OF ADDRESS TERMS IN SAMBAS MALAY

LANGUAGE

The writer constructs the patterns based on the functions of address

terms are used, since the address term used by Sambas Malay people are

various. The most used of address terms are honorific address terms and

common address terms. The following are the tables of address terms

patterns that used.

A. Addressing Inferior

Based on data collected, the following are the table of address terms

patterns used for inferior.

4.33. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Inferior.

AddresseeThe Patterns

Kinship Non-Kinship

Social

Status Age

Older to

YoungerOlder to Younger

Same age with

High Social Status

Closed Closed Unclosed Closed Unclosed

Low

Young Superior

H < C

Inferior

Superior

H = C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H = C

Inferior

Superior

C

Inferior

Old Superior

H < C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H < C

Inferior

Superior

C

Inferior

Superior

C

Inferior

High

Young Superior

H > C

Inferior

Superior

H = C

Inferior

Superior

H = C

Inferior

- -

Old Superior Superior Superior - -

79

H = C

Inferior

H > C

Inferior

H = C

Inferior

In addressing inferior, the people of Sambas Malay use Honorific and

Common address terms to address the addressee. In kinship terms, low

social status, both young and old people, mostly use Common address terms

than the Honorific address terms. On the other hands, in high social status

people a little bit different in using address terms. The young people from high

social status mostly use Honorific address terms than Common address

terms. While the old people use Honorific and Common address terms

equally.

In non-kinship terms, there are two classes of addressor, that are the

older people from all social status and the same age people from high social

status. The closed older people address the young people from low social

status with Honorific and Common address terms equally. While the unclosed

older people address young people mostly with the Honorific than the

Common address terms. Furthermore, the closed older people address old

people from low social status mostly with the Honorific than the Common

address terms, while the unclosed mostly with Common than Honorific

address terms. Then, both closed and unclosed older people address young

people from high social status with Honorific and Common people equally.

While the closed older people address old people from high social status with

mostly Honorific than Common address terms, then the unclosed older people

use Honorific and Common address terms equally.

80

Beside of considering the differences of age, in addressing inferior, the

writer also consider the differences of social status. The young people from

low social are addressed with Honorific and Common address terms equally

by the closed same age people from high social status, while the old people

are addressed with Common address terms only. Then both the young and

old people from low social status are addressed with Common address terms

only by the same age people from high social status.

B. Addressing Colloquial


patterns used for addressing colloquial.

4.34. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Colloquial

Addressee The Patterns

Social

StatusAge

Kinship Non-Kinship

Closed Closed Unclosed

Low

Young S1S2

H=C

S1S2

C

S1S2

H<C

Old S1S2

C

S1S2

C

S1S2

C

High

Young S1S2

H=C

S1S2

H=C

S1S2

H=C

Old S1S2

H=C

S1S2

H=C

S1S2

H=C

In addressing colloquial, there are in kinship and non-kinship. In kinship

terms, same age people from low social status use Honorific and Common

address terms equally to address each other. While the old people from low

81

social status use Common address terms only to address each other. On the

other hands, the same age of both young and old people from high social

status use Honorific and Common address terms equally to address each

other.

In non-kinship, the closed same age young people from low social

status use Common address terms only to address each other, while the

unclosed the Honorific address terms less frequently used than Common

address terms. Furthermore, both young and old people from low social status

use Common address terms only to address both closed and unclosed people

who has same age with them. Then both young and old people from high

social status use Honorific and Common address terms equally to address

both closed and unclosed people who has same age with them.

C. Addressing Superior


patterns used for superior.

4.35. The Pattern of Address Terms in Addressing Superior.

AddresseeThe Patterns

Kinship Non-Kinship

Social

Status Age

Older to

YoungerOlder to Younger

Same age with

High Social Status

Closed Closed Unclosed Closed Unclosed

Low Young

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

- -

82

Old Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H

Inferior- -

High

Young Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H =C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Old Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

Superior

H =C

Inferior

Superior

H >C

Inferior

In addressing superior, all social status both young and old people

whether closed or unclosed people mostly use Honorific address terms then

Common address terms.

Considering to those functions, there are three logically possible

patterns, as follows:

1. Two reciprocal patterns

Two reciprocal patterns here are the mutual H (Honorific) and mutual C

(common). Those mutual patterns are used by low status and high status in

addressing inferior, colloquial, and superior. Those patterns generate the

differences of social class and ages. The differences of them are the mutual H

are more frequently used by high social status and the mutual C are more

frequently used by low social status.

2. Non reciprocal H - C (Honorific - Common)

Non-reciprocal H - C are used by both low and high social status to

address superior and inferior reciprocally. This pattern works that superior

83

give C to inferior and inferior give H to superior. It is different with the

grounded theory of address terms by Brown and Gilman 1964, that the

pattern of non-reciprocal TLN-LN generates the social strata between superior

and inferior, and differences of ages, such as parent to children. In Sambas

Malay culture the pattern Non-reciprocal H-C not definitely generate the social

strata and family strata, although there are sometimes happens. No matter

there is a distance or difference or not between speakers, the speakers prefer

to use Honorific terms than Commons terms to address each other.

84

Discussing address terms, we have to talk about politeness. Since

address terms is much banded with a culture, which in present research, the

writer focus on address terms in Sambas Malay.

According to Brown and Levinson (1987), politeness is the degree of

mitigation that is required that depends on three factors:

1. Social distance (i.e. a composite of psychologically real factors such as

age, sex, intimacy, etc.);

2. Relative power (i.e. usually resulting from social and economical status);

3. Ranking of imposition.

Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing

with these FTAs. Suppose when I meet an older man in Sambas, I might

address him: Kau/long/pak/wak. Brown and Levinson (1987) in Yassi (2011)

sum up human "politeness" behavior in four strategies, some of them are

negative politeness and positive politeness.

Discussing the politeness strategy in Sambas Malay, it refers to

negative politeness strategy since the closer someone the more polite in

addressing each other (see appendix 4). It is different with most of European

culture that the closer someone the more casual in addressing each other.

85

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The address terms in Sambas Malay language are worked out from a

varied collection of data that includes lower social status and higher social status,

which each social status is divided into older, same age, and younger than

respondent both closed and unclosed relationships. The people who considered

as low social status are the farmers, carpenters, and retailer. While the people

who are considered as high social status are noblemen, officer, Civilian

Government Workers, pilgrim man, and university students.

The address terms in Sambas Malay language is numerous, then the

writer classifies them into form that based on the functions. The most common

address forms that are used are the common address terms (C) and honorific

address terms (H). These functions in three sort of dyadic pattern, that are the

Mutual C, The mutual H, and the non-reciprocal H – C. The semantic distinction

between the two mutual patterns is on the user dimension. The Mutual H more

frequently used by high social status than low social status, then the Mutual C

more frequently used by low social status. That means that the politeness

systems in Sambas Malay language is the negative politeness (Brown and

Levinson), the closed person use the honorific address terms. In the non-

reciprocal pattern a distinction is made in terms of status with the higher saying C

and the lower H. The distinction of using the address terms are influenced by

86

occupation and educations, while the intimacy (distant) does not give any

significant differences.

B. Suggestion

The present research on the address terms in Sambas Malay does not

end here. The address terms of Sambas Malay language based on situation and

sexes are not explored yet in here, then hopefully the next researcher can

explore that. Finally, I hope that the present research give the information about

the address terms in Sambas Malay and the next researchers can complete the

knowledge about Sambas Malay language.

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Appendix 1

Instrument Penelitian

‘Pengaruh Status Sosial pada Pemilihan Istilah Sapaan’

(Suatu kajian sosiolinguistik pada Kebudayaan Melayu Sambas)

Kabupaten Sambas

Desa ………………………

Identitas responden

Umur : ……………………….

Jenis Kelamin : ………………………

Anak ke : ………………………

Pendidikan : ……………………….

Pekerjaan : ……………………….

Pekerjaan Orang Tua: ……………………….

Tandailah jawaban anda dengan tanda (√) pada kolom, atau isilahtitik-titik jika jawaban anda berbeda dengan jawaban yang telahtersedia. Anda boleh menjawab lebih dari satu.

*Sapaan menurut urutan kelahiran: Along/Angah/Acik/Udde/Alang/dst.

A. Apa Kata Sapaan yang Digunakan oleh Keluarga Anda untuk Anda?1. Nenek/Kakek: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)

Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…......

2. Orang tua : Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)


3. Paman/Bibi: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)


4. Kakak: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)


5. Adik: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)


6. Keponakan: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)


7. Sepupu:

a. Yang umurnya lebih tua dari Anda: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)


b. Yang umurnya sama/kurang lebih dari Anda: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)

Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..…........

c. Yang umurnya lebih muda dari Anda: Nama Nung/dore/jong Nama Panggilan (………….)

Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) Kakak/Abang .…..….........

B. Apa Kata Sapaan yang Digunakan oleh Orang di Luar Keluarga Anda

UNTUK ANDA?

1. Apa Sapaan Anda yang Digunakan oleh Keluarga Raja Sambas

yang:

a. Usianya jauh lebih tua, dan akrab dengan Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Pak/Bu + Nama. Kakak/Abang Nama

Menurut urutan Kelahiran (…………) (tidak disebut)

Nama Panggilan (………….) Bos, Wak, Way …..….....

b. Usianya jauh lebih tua, tapi tidak akrab dengan Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Pak/Bu + Nama. Kakak/Abang Nama



c. Usianya sama/lebih kurang, dan akrab dengan Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Pak/Bu + Nama. Kakak/Abang Nama



d. Usianya sama/lebih kurang, tapi tidak akrab dengan Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Pak/Bu + Nama. Kakak/Abang Nama



e. Usianya jauh lebih muda, dan akrab dengan Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Pak/Bu + Nama. Kakak/Abang Nama



f. Usianya jauh lebih muda, tapi tidak akrab dengan Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Pak/Bu + Nama. Kakak/Abang Nama



2. Apa Sapaan Anda yang Digunakan oleh Orang yang Kerja di

kantor/Rumah Sakit/Puskesmas/PNS yang:


















Nama Panggilan (………….) Bos, Wak, Way …..…......

3. Apa Sapaan Anda yang Digunakan oleh Tani/Tukang kebun/Tukang

kayu(Tukang rumah)/Pedagang kecil:



















4. Apa Sapaan Anda yang Digunakan oleh Mahasiswa:



















5. Apa Sapaan Anda yang Digunakan oleh Orang yang Masih SMA/SMP:



















C. Apa kata sapaan yang ANDA GUNAKAN untuk orang di bawah ini:1. Ayah anda: Ayah. Bapak/Bopak. ………………….

2. Ibu anda: Ibu Umma’/ Ma’/Mama’ …………………

3. Buyut laki-laki anda: Dato’ /Doto’/Ne’ Dato’ To’ + Nama Niang …………

4. Buyut perempuan anda: Dato’ /Doto’/Ne’ Dato’ To’ + Nama Niang …………

5. Kakek anda: Aki/Ne’ Aki Ki + Nama Niang …………….

6. Nenek anda: Uan/Ne’ Uan Ki + Nama Niang …………….

7. Saudara anda :UrutanLahir

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sapaan

8. Saudara ipar anda:UrutanLahir

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sapaan

9. Saudara ibu (Mak tua’/Pak tua’) Anda:UrutanLahir

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sapaan

10.Saudara ayah (Mak tua’/Pak tua’) Anda:UrutanLahir

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sapaan

11.Suami/istri anda: …………………

12.Pacar anda: …………………..

13.Mertua laki-laki anda: …………………

14.Mertua perempuan anda: …………………

15.Anak anda:UrutanLahir

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sapaan

16.Sepupu:

a. Yang Umurnya Lebih Tua dari Anda: Kakak/Abang. Kak/Bang + Menurut urutan lahir

Menurut urutan lahir Nama ………………….

b. Yang Umurnya Sama/Lebih Kurang dengan Anda: Kakak/Abang. Kak/Bang + Menurut urutan lahir


c. Yang Umurnya Lebih Muda dari Anda: Kakak/Abang. + Menurut urutan lahir


18.Cucu anda: Kakak/Abang. Kak/Bang + Menurut urutan lahir


19.Kemanakan anda: Kakak/Abang. Kak/Bang + Menurut urutan lahir


20.Orang Yang Sudah Haji:

a. Usianya jauh lebih tua dari Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Menurut urutan lahir (……………) Kak/Bang

(Tidak disebutkan) Pak Aji/Mak Aji/Ji ………………….

b. Usianya sama/lebih kurang dari Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Menurut urutan lahir (……………) Kak/Bang


c. Usianya jauh lebih muda dari Anda: Bapak/Ibu. Menurut urutan lahir (……………) Kak/Bang


21.Anggota DPR:


(Tidak disebutkan) ………………….




(Tidak disebutkan) De’ ………………….

22.Dosen Anda:







23.Guru Anda:







24.Tokoh Masyarakat:







25.Dokter/Mantri/Perawat di Masyarakat Anda:







26.Siswa SMP/SMA:







27.Orang Asing:







TERIMA KASIH

Appendix 2

THE TARGET OF RESPONDENT BY QUESTIONNAIRE

The targets of respondents are as follows:

No. Target of Questioner

Social Status Total


Common People

&

Uneducated people

Educated people

&

Kingdom descendent

Youth Old Youth Old

Total 7 4 7 4 24

Appendix 3

1. Addressing Inferiora. Kinship Address Terms (Closed Relationship)


Young low status1-7

Old low status8-11



1.1 Wife Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.Name 11 23,20Oi 11Mama’ 6GBO (Ade’) 24

1.2 Children Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.

Name 1,3, 4 11, 9, 10, 8 11.4 19 21, 24Nick Name 3 8, 9, 11SBO (Allong, Angngah) 23,20, 18.1GBO(Didek/Dedek/abong)

5 2.2 23, 24

Fondness (Annung) 7, 2.4, 2.9GBO (Adek) + Name 4,GBO (Bang) + SBO(long)

19.1

1.3 Grandchild Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.Name 11, 9, 10 20GBO (Kak/Bang)+SBO

11

SBO 11Fondness(Annung/Sannong)

11, 8 21

1.4 Niece/Nephew Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.(GBO)Kak/Bang +SBO

15, 16

Name 2, 6 11, 9 21, 24, 20Nick Name 8SBO 15 23GBO (Kakak/Abang) 16Fondness((An)nung,Dede’)

6 15, 13

1.5 Younger Cousin Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.Name 1,2,3,4,7 19, 13 24,20Nick Name 9 19, 12GBO (Dek) + Name 15GBO (Kak/Bang)+SBO

16

SBO 231.6 Younger Sibling Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.

Name 3 9 13GBO (Kak/Bang) +SBO (De)

18

Dedek 6 13 ,Nick Name 1, 9 12SBO (Angngah, Ussu,Utteh, Anjong, Acik,Ammo’)

12, 18 23 ,21

Adek 15 24Pak+ Cik 5

Fondness (Nung) 11.5

b. Non kinship Address Terms

Addressee

Addressor




1 Nobleman


1.1 Young(17, 18)

SBO(Allong)

18 SBO (Allong) 18 SBO (Allong) 18 SBO (Allong) 18 7.5

Nick Name 17 Name 18 Nick Name 17 Nick Name 17, 18Kakak/Abang

18 Nick Name 17 GBO (adek) 7.2

Kakak/Abang 181.2 Old

(21,22)Angah 22,21 Name 22, 21 SBO

(Angngah)22, 21 Name 22

Pak + Name 22 Pak + Name 22 Pak + Name 22 Pak + Name 22SBO (Allong) 21 Mak + SBO

(Long)21 SBO 21

Mak + SBO(long)

21

2 Officer Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec.2.1 Young

(12, 13,14, 19)

SBO(Allong)

14,13 15.2,15.3

SBO (Allong) 14,13 Name 13,14,15,16

Name 13,14

Pak/bu’ +name

19 Pak/bu 13.2 Pak/Bu’ +Name

12 Pak/Bu’ + Name 12

Name 19,13 GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

19 Nick Name 14,12,19,

Nick Name 14, 19

Nick Name 19,12, Pak/Bu’ +Title

1.13 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12

GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

19 GBO+SBO 17.13

Nak + SBO (long) 16.62.2 Old (20,

22, 23,24)

Title 24 Name 20 Title 24 Name 22,23

Nick Name 23 13.1 Title 24 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

23 Title 24

Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Nick Name 20, 23 Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Nick Name 23Bos/Wak/Way 20 Name 20 Bapak/Ibu’ 20,23

Pak/Bu’ +Name

23

3 UniversityStudent

Older a Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec. Older Resp. Rec.

2.1 Young(15, 16,17)

Name 15, 17 11.9 GBO 15 Nick Name 15, 17 Name 15

GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

16 Name 15, 17 GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

15 Nick Name 17

GBO + SBO 15, 16 17.2 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

16

SBO (Allong) 18 3.1 SBO + Name 1.7Name 18Nick Name 17Nung 1.1, 3.2

2.2 Old4. Old

peoplefrom LowSocialStatus


Young(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

SBO 7,5 SBO 7,5 Name 2,4,7,6,3,5

Name 2,4,7,6,3

1.12,1.16,1.2

Name 2,3,4,5,7

11.6 Name 2,3,4,5,7

Nick Name 4,2,6 Dedek 4

Dedek 4 Dedek 4 Dedek 4 Nick Name 6Nick Nama 6 Ф 7 Ф 5

Nick Nama 6

Old(8,9,10,11)

Mak/Pak +SBO

11 Name 9,10 Nick Name 11 Nick Name 11

Name 9 Nick Name 16,8 Bapak/Ibu’ 11 Bapak/Ibu’ 11Nick Name 16,8MAk/Pak +Name

10

Addressee AddressorInferior Same Age High Social Status

Superior1. Low Social Status Closed Relationship (c) Unclosed Relationship (d)

Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.1.1 Young (1,2,3,4,5,6,7) SBO (Angngah,

Acik)3 16.1 Name 4,7,2,6,3

Name 4,7,6,3,5

11.7 Dedek 4,

Dedek 4, Nick Name 6,5Bos, Wak, Way 2 Ф 3Nick Name 6 Bos, Wak, Way 2

1.2 Old (8,9,10,11) Nick Name 11 Nick Name 11Name 8 2.3 Name 8Wak 5.3

2. Addressing Same Social Statusa. Kinship Address Terms


1-7Old low status

8-11Young high status

12-19Old high status

20-241.1 Addressing Same Age

CousinResp.No.

Rec. No. Resp.No.

Rec. No. Resp.No.

Rec. No. Resp.No.

Rec. No.

Name 2,3,7 15, 19 24,20

Nick Name 6 8Kak/Bang + NickName

12

Kak/Bang + SBO 16,12SBO 16 23

SBO + Name 12Dek + Name 4

b. Non-Kinship Address Terms

Addressee AddressorInferior InferiorLow SocialStatus

Same Age of Low Social Status

Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship1 Not-Official Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.

Young(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

Name 3,4,7 SBO 7Bos/Wak/Way

2 Name 2,3,4,7

Nick Name 2,6 Dedek 4Ф 7Bos/Wak/Way

2

Nick Name 6Old (8,9,10,11) Name 11,10 5.5 Name 10

Nick Name 11,16,8

Nick Name 11,16,8

Addressee AddressorSuperior SuperiorHigh SocialStatus


Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship1 Nobleman Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.

Young(17, 18)

SBO (Allong) 18 SBO (Allong) 18Nick Name 17 Nick Name 17,18

Old(21,22)

Name 22 Name 22Pak + Name 22 Pak + Name 22SBO 21 SBO 21

Pak/Bu’+Title 1.3,1.6

2. Officer Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Rec.Young(12, 13, 14,19)

SBO (Allong) 14 SBO (Allong) 18Pak/Bu’ +Name


Name 13, 12,15

Name 13,14

Nick Name 12 Nick Name 19GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO

15 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12,14

Pak/Bu’ 7.4Old(20, 22, 23,24)

Title 24 Title 24 4.6Nick Name 23 Nick Name 23Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Bapak/Ibu’ 23 1.8Pak/Bu’ +Name


3 UniversityStudent

Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Rec.

Young(15, 16, 17)

Name 16 (GBO)Kakak/Abang

16

Nick Name 17, 15 Say 15SBO 10.1, 11.2,

12.1, 12.2GBO(Kak/Bang)+SBO

15

Old

3. Addressing Superior

a. The Kinship Address Terms


1-7Old low status

8-11Young high status

12-19Old high status

20-243.1 Wife to Husband Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp.

No.Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.

Abah 21Along 1,7Angah 3Acik 9Udde 5Ning 8Su 1.9, 1.7Abong/Abang 4 19, 13

3.2 Children to Father Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp.No.

Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.

Ayah 2,3,5,7 11,8 15,16,17,19,13

21,24

Bapak/Bopak 1,4,6 14,12 23,20Abah 18

3.3 Children to Mother Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp.No.


Ibu’ 21Ma’/Umma’/mama’

1,2,3,4,5,6,7

2.2 9,11,8 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19

1.11 23,24,20

3.4 Great Grandchild to GreatGrandfather/GreatGrandmother

Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp.No.


(Ne’)Dato’/Doto’ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

12,13,14,15,16,17,19

23,20

Niang 18,213.5 Grandchild to

GrandfatherResp. No. Rec. No.

(Ne’)Aki 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

12,13,14,15,26,19

23,24,20

Niang 21Kakek 17

3.6 Grandchild to Grandmother(Ne’)Uan 1,2,3,4,5,6,

712,13,14,15,16,17,18,19

20,23,24

Niang 213.7 Niece/Nephew to

Aunt/UncleResp. No. Rec. No. Resp.

No.Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No. Resp. No. Rec. No.

Mak + We 15,Uwe + Name 9,Uwe 4,SBO ((Al)long,(Ud)de),(Ang)ngah,(Un)Ning, (Us)su,Acik, (Ut)teh,Anjong/Anjang,Udok/Udak, Andah

4,7 ,9 19, 17, 16 16.4 24, 23

Mak/Pak + SBO(Allong,(Ang)ngah,(Un)ning, (Ud)de,Ning, Teh, Cik,Jong, Ndoh/Ndah,Dok,Tam, Su,Mok,)

2,5,7, 1, 16,17,12,15,13, 9,13,

20 ,21,23

3.8 Younger Sibling to OlderSibling



Name 8SBO (Allong,Angngah,Unning,Udde/Dede, Acik,Anjong, Andoh,Ittam)

1,2,6,7, 11 14,19,12 16.4 23

GBO (Kak/Bang)+SBO(Long,Ngah,Ning,De)

5, 15,16,12 21

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

4, 8 17,19,11 16.3 24

3.9 Younger Cousin to OlderCousin



Name 1,2,3,4,7 19, 13 24,20Nick Name 9 19,12

b. The Non-Kinship Address Terms

Addressee AddressorSuperior(Older)

Inferior (Younger)

High SocialStatus


Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship1 Nobleman Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.1.1 Young (17,

18)Name 18 SBO

(Allong)18 SBO (Allong) 18, SBO (Allong) 18

SBO(Allong)

18 Name 18 Nick Name 18,17 Nick Name 18,17

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

17 Kakak/Abang


17, GBO(Kakak/Abang)

17

Nick Name 18, 171.2 Old (21,22) Mak/Pak +

SBO21 Mak/Pak +

SBO21 SBO

(Angngah)22 SBO (Angngah) 22 8.2

Mak+ SBO 21 Mak/Pak + SBO 21Bapak/ibu’ 9.1,

8.12 Officer Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.2.1 Young (12,

13, 14, 19)SBO 12,14,1

3SBO 12,

14,13SBO (Allong) 13, 14 GBO

(Kakak/Abang)12,13,14,19

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

19 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12,13,19

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

12,13 GBO (Kak/Bang)+ SBO

19

Name 13 GBO(Kak/Bang) +SBO


19, 12 Pak/Bu’ + Name 12

Nick Name 19 Bapak/Ibu’ 14GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

12,19,

Bapak/Ibu’ 142.2 Old (20,

22, 23, 24)Title 24 Title 24 Name 23 Name 20

Nick Name 23, 20 Ф 20 Title 24 Title 24 4.1,4.2

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

23 Pak/Bu’ +Name

23 Nick Name 23 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

23

Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Mak/Pak +SBO

20 Pak/Bu’ +Name

20, 23 4.4,6.4

Pak/Bu’ +Name

20 GBO(kakak/Abang)

1.2,1.5

SBO (Su) 5.73 University

StudentYounger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.

2.1 Young (15,16, 17)

SBO 15 GBO 15, 17,16

Name 15 Name 15

GBO 15, 16,17

GBO(Kakak/Abang)


16 7.1,7.3,7.6

GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO


15 GBO (Kak/Bang)+ SBO

17

2.2 Old4. Low Social

StatusYounger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec. Younger Resp. Rec.

Young(1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

SBO 1,2,3,4,7

SBO 1,3,4,7 SBO(Angngah,Acik)

2,4,7 SBO (Angngah,Acik)

4

GBO(Kakak/Abang)

2 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

2 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

2,7,1 GBO(Kakak/Abang)

2,1 6.1

Name 7 Name 7 GBO(Dek)+Name

5 Name 7

Dedek 4 Ф 7 Pak/Bu’ + Name 2Nick Name 2 GBO

(Kak/Bang) +SBO

4,5 GBO(Kak/Bang)+SBO

4

GBO(Kak/Bang)+ SBO

7

Old(8,9,10,11)

(Ne’)aki/uan

8,9,10,11

14.1 (Ne’)aki/uan 8,10, (Ne’)Aki/Uan 11,9,10

13.2 (Ne’)Aki/Uan 10,11 1.14,6.2

GBO (Dek) +Name

15

GBO (Kak/Bang) +SBO

16

SBO 23

Mak/Pak +SBO

11 Mak/Pak +SBO

11 Mak/Pak +SBO

10,11 Mak/Pak + SBO 10,11 2.1,2.5

SBO 8,9,16 5.2,13.3,13.4

SBO 8, 16 5.8 SBO 8,9 4.5, 5.1,14.3,13.1,11.3, 15.1

SBO 8 13.5,14.2

Ф 13.1

Addressee AddressorHigh Social Status Low Social Status

(Q.2, Q.4. Q.6)Same Age Closed Relationship Unclosed Relationship

1 Nobleman Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.1.1 Young (17, 18) SBO (Allong) 18 SBO (Allong) 18

Nick Name 17, 18 Nick Name 17, 18Kakak/Abang 18,17 Kakak/Abang 17

1.2 Old (21,22) Name 22 Name 22SBO (Allong) 21 SBO (Allong) 21

2 Officer Same Age Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.2.1 Young (12, 13, 14,

19)SBO 13,14 SBO 14

Pak/bu’ + name 19 GBO (Kakak/Abang) 19Name 19,13 1.10,

5.9,5.6

GBO (Kak/Bang)+ SBO

12

Nick Name 19,GBO (Kak/Bang) + SBO 12,19,

15Adek 12

2.2 Old (20, 22, 23, 24) Name 20 Name 20Title 24 Title 24 1.15Nick Name 23 Nick Name 23Bapak/Ibu’ 20 Pak/Bu’ + Name 20Bos/Wak/Way 20

3 UniversityStudent

Same Age c Resp. Rec. Same Age Resp. Rec.

2.1 Young (15, 16, 17) Name 17, 15,16

11.4 GBO 15, 17,16

GBO (Kak/Bang) + SBO 16 Boss/wak/way 17GBO 17 Name 17

2.2 Old

Appendix 4

Recording 1

This data was recorded at Sambas State Hospital. Eight persons have joined the

conversation although that was not in one time. The persons are two old pilgrim men, two old

farmers, a teacher, an old midwife, a young university student, and a young doctor.

1. Ade ke cangker nung? (Is there a glass, nung?)

2. Kolestrol lah nye bong i? (He said it is cholesterol, was it?)

3. Pun pak Aji tok, doh Jodi dokter, doh makan aek impus di dolom botol.

(If pak Aji, he had been a doctor, he had drunk infusion water in the bottle.)

4. Ano’ pak, kalimat iye nyukekan orang yang ade di rummah sakit.

((Just) Sir, that sentence is just to make all people in hospital be happy.)

5. A: Waktu die ilang ingatan nye bong ih? (When he had been amnesia, isn’t he? (Bong)?)

B: Ilang dimone? Nye urang bodo. (Where was it lose? The stupid man said.)

6. Kitte nakutkan sikare pak aji ih? Tak jouhkan berope bollo lah ih, tang mati sibolloh boddon

e.

(We afraid of one thing, hopefully it will not be happened, it is half of body is died. )

7. Long Meni, long Meni bile dotang? (Long Meni, when did you come?)

8. Kame’ simari pun ngantri dolo’, su ih? (Yesterday, we also had queued, aren’t we, su?)

9. O.. buk, ambulan doh boik di gonti ye weh.

(O.. Mrs, the ambulance is already to be substituted.)

10. Waktu mowok ning Ittau nogok di mone die su?

(When it took ning Ittau, where was it broke down, su?)

11. Di mone di sitto’ e Yus? (Where is it in here, Yus?)

12. A: Bu Bidon ke ye mak? (Is she a midwife, mak?)

B: Bu mina. (Mrs. Mina.)

13. A: Pak Dokter… (Doctor…)

B: Ade keluhan ndak? (Is there any complaint?)

14. Macam-macam penyakit e Di... e... (There are various dieses, Di.)

15. A: Hidangan tarup doh dotang pak Aji. (The tarup serving is already, pak Aji.)

B: Hahhahaa. (Hahahaa.)

16. War, tulong, nye kitte. Ndok cirewet juok di panggel e. (“War, help us”, we asked. (He) is not

finicky to be asked.)

17. A: Nunggu doktor penyakit dalam jak ki i. (Just wait the internist, do you, ki?)

Recording 2

This data was recorded at Sambas State Hospital. Three persons have joined the

conversation, that were a young university student, an old farmer, and an old teacher, where

the old farmer and an old teacher are old friend.

1. Jok die labbeh pintar, jok jin ye mak ning. (The demon is smarter than us, it is the demon,

mak ning.)

2. Jom ampat lakak subboh e mak, abong lansung pulang.

(At 04.00 a.m. after dawn praying, mother, I go home immediately.)

3. A: Tirase ke ye Mai? (Is it felt by her, Mai?)

B: Tiraselah nye. (It is felt, she said.)

4. Ase carrat meliot urang bekerudong e nung.

(I desire by seeing people use veil, nung.)

5. A: Mak ning urang mone? (Where do you live, mak ning?)

B: urang Sedayu. (I live in Sedayu.)

Recording 3.


conversation, that were a young university student, an old farmer, and an old teacher, where

the old farmer and an old teacher are old friend.

1. Morre’ long kame’ sampai i. (So that, we did the sacrifice ritual.)

2. Mak ning weh kedopatain kumme. Jok borrok jom lopan weh nung.

(Mak ning got that dieses while in the farm. It was still at 08.00, nung.)

Recording 4


conversations that were a young university student, an old pilgrim man, and an old teacher.

1. Tok keluarge aji ke tok e? (Is it aji’s family?)

2. Sape tau kallak bejumpe e ji i? (Who knows we will meet (him), aren’t we? Ji?)

3. Nak mane ji? (Which one, ji?)

4. O’ pak Pati… (Mr. Pati.)

5. Saye tok anok, ngontrol, su. (I want to check up, su.)

Dolok kan ussu uddoh ngomong i. (in the past, ussu had said, weren’t you.)

6. A: Kaiye, sakit ape, ji? (Then, what is your dieses, ji?)

B: Diabetes (Diabetes)

Recording 5

This data was recorded in one’s house platform in Mulia village. Ten persons have joined

the conversations, that were a young university student, a young farmer, three old farmers, an

old teacher, an old retailer, an old middleman, and a child.

1. A: Aku tadek molli sangngat ke Edet na’ang. (I just bought sangngat fish to Edet.)

B: Ade sangngat ndoh? (Is there sangngat fish, ndoh?)

2. A: Kaing gotto’ pun di gontong sa’ang e tang… (This fabric if it is hanged, in fact…)

B: Tabbok. (Holed)

A: Bukan tabbok ndoh. (It is not holed.)

3. Nalon ade ke? (Is Nolon there?)

4. Ape wak? (What is wrong?)

5. A: boseing we Da, gotto’ maseh ampat karong. (Da, it is usually still four sacks.)

B: Jok same. (Me too.)

6. Ndok, parain we Lon, duit untok dana we anok kan ke kas.

(It is not, for instance Lon, the money for contributions just included to cash.)

7. Se’an ke su calon laing? (Is there no other candidate?)

8. Long ujan ke hari di sinnun? (Long, is there raining? )

9. E nung, ambekkan mak payong! Payong nang johhot ajok.

(E nung, take mak an umbrella! Just the bad one. )

Recording 6

This data was recorded in workshop. Two persons have joined the conversation, that

were a young university student and a young mechanic.

1. Pun gonti berope bong? (If it is changed, how much? )

2. O ki.. (O ki… )

Recording 7

This data was recorded in a classroom at the State of Sambas Senior High School. Three

persons have joined the conversation, that were a young university student, a young officer, and

a young nobleman, who is the Prince of Sambas Kingdom.

1. Kaiye kak? What is happened?

2. Payah lalu nak nyare’ adek. It is so difficult to find adek.

3. Untuk ape ye kak? What for is it?

4. Di rekam buk. (Buk) Record it.

5. Long, makaseh ie. Long, thank you (very much).

6. Iye kak.

Recording 8

This data was recorded in a house of The Prince of Sambas Kingdom. Four persons have

joined the conversation, that were a young university student, two young officers, and old

Nobleman who is the Quinn of Sambas Kingdom.

1. A: Pun misalkan ibuk di masyarakat di sitto’, orang di masyarakat maseh pakai bahase

Sambas, along, Anngah, goyye ke? (if ibuk in this society, people in society address (you) still

with Sambas language, Along, Angah, is it?)

B: Iye, orang sitto’ manggel saye anggah. (Yes, the people address me here with

angngah.)

Recording 9

This data was recorded at Sambas Keraton. Two persons have joined the conversation,

that were a young university student and an old Nobleman, who is a taker care of Sambas

Keraton.

1. Pendidikan ibuk sampai ape buk? What is ibuk’s last education?

Recording 10

This data was recorded in a house in Tebing Jaya Village. Four persons have joined the

conversation, who are the young university students, where they are a closed friend.

1. Angah minta antaran sapi, along nak minta antaran ape long?

Angah ask a forfeit cow, what is the forfeit along ask, long?

Recording 11

This data was recorded in a house in Tebing Jaya Village. Eight persons have joined the

conversation, who are four closed young university students, two old farmers, a young farmer

and an old mechanic.

1. Pun udok? How about you, udok?

2. A: Popi ing pun doh pe lawa. Her Popi is also like arrogant.

B: Lawaek juok we In. Why do not you be arrogant to her, too?

3. Ndok jorreh nak masak masing-masing nak beloki ye Tih.. Tih…

It not must to cook salty to marry, Tih…

4. Di tinggolle’ ke biok e Mi? do you (Mi) leave them that?

5. A: Ape nung? What nung?

B: Nak na namboh. I want more.

6. A: Tih, suroh Allan. Tih, ask Allan.

B: Allan mone?Which Allan?

7. In, nyaratte’ biok nang bollom beloki. In, make them (who are not marry yet) want to marry.

8. Pun masing-masing kan nak beloki , sui h? if it (cooking) is salty it means (one) wants marry.

Recording 12

This data was recorded in a house in Tebing Jaya Village. Eight persons have joined the

conversation, who are four closed young university students, two old farmers, a young farmer

and an old mechanic.

1. Tanggol berope long? What is the date, long?

Minta kecap ngah. Offer me a sauce, ngah.

Recording 13

This data was recorded in platforms of a house in Mulia Village. Three persons have

joined the conversation, who are two old farmer, and a young university students.

1. Ade ke Yus e? (Is yus there?)

2. Maseh mudo’ urangng. “kau urang mone buk” jikku.

(She is still young. “Where are you come from?” I asked.)

3. A: Jope cik? What is happened, cik?

B: nak nyabut giggi. (I) wanted to pull my teeth out.

4. A: Cik, sape nang paggi ngael boseing e? Cik, Who are the person who always going fishing?

B: Aku, Laiman. (I and Laiman.)

Recording 14

This data was recorded in a house in Mulia Village. Four persons have joined the

conversation, who are a young university students, an old stranger, and an old native healer.

1. A: Dori mone? Where do you come from?

B: Dori Nibung. I come from Nibung

2. Silalu betanya’ ki i? (all at once, I ask you, do you?)

3. Mak tua’/Pak tua’ ne’ aki maseh ade ke? (are your aunt/uncle still alive?)

4. Ape kate mak tua’ ku e long… (My aunt said…)

5. Borong we long, boddon we panas tolen nye long. Goimane lah nang goyye e long?

(Because of (her) body is always hot, long. What do you think long?)

6. Pun Guntong bolloh mone long? (if it is Guntong, where exactly is it?)

Recording 15

This data was recorded in a house in Mulia Village. Four persons have joined the

conversation, who are a young university students, an old stranger, and an old native healer.

1. Iye parik di bubbor kallu ye ki i? (That channel was maybe dug into, is not ki?)

2. Tok ke, pak akal sikolah tok long e. (This time, unfortunately it is school time.)

Recording 16

This data was recorded in a house in Mulia Village. Two persons have joined the

conversations, who are a young university students and an old farmer.

1. Ammok anak ke berope mok? (What order do you born, mok?)

2. Doh malas e long jok payah. (She is lazy, long, so that it is hard to be changed.)

3. Gek mare’ e long, ndok goi kitte. (a long time ago, it is not same with us now.)

Recording 17

This data was recorded in front of a house in Mulia Village. Six persons have joined the

conversations, who are a young university students, a young Senior High School Student, an old

teacher, an young ice seller, a young midwife, and a young officer.

1. Su, mone naroh-ong tok e? (Su, where should I put it?)

2. Sape ye su? (Who is she?)

3. Kak, ambekkan kantong kak. (Kak, take me that plastic bag)

4. Ne’ along berope? (How much yours, along?)

5. Udok berope? (How much yours, udok?)

6. Nak long, minta nak long. (Nak long, give me nak long.)

Recording 18

This data was recorded in a house in Mulia Village. Five persons have joined the

conversation, who are a young university students, a young honorable woman, a children, an

old farmer, and a old teacher.

1. O bong long.. (O bong long…)

2. Wa’alaikumsalam, masok kak long. (Wa’alaikumsalam, come in kak long.)

3. Kak de, masok sitto’ yo. (Kak de, come to here.)

Recording 19

This data was recorded in front of a government office. Two persons have joined the

conversation, who are a young university students who is a daughter and an old teacher who is

a mother.

1. A: Doh long doh. (Let’s go, long.)

B: Doh ke mak? (Are you ready mak?)

Recording 20.

This data was recorded in a house in Mulia Village. Three persons have joined the

conversations, who are a young university student, and two old teachers.

1. Lama’ ke pullang ye? (How long do you go home? )

2. Lama’ kallu pak dok. (It is maybe take a long time.)

3. Tang kappa’ pak mi’at, leh jorong-jorong kallu. (It is so tired, pak Mi’at, maybe because it is

rare to do.)

4. Bukan-bukain kantor Dinas kini tok Pak Mi’at, 3 tingkat.

(Government office is amazing now, it is three floors.)

5. Tak liotkan agek na’ang Ratih. (It should be viewed again, is not it, Ratih?)

interplay between social status and address

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Transcript of interplay between social status and address