International Sugar Journal 1979 Vol.81 No.972

DECEMBER 1979

WE ARE WORKING TODAY

FOR YOUR PROFIT TOMORROW FROM 1962 TO 1979 A-B-R ENGINEERING HAS BUILT MORE THAN 27 CANE AND BEET SUGAR FACTORIES.

L SQUARE FRERE -ORBAN, 7 1 0 4 0 BRUSSELS - BELGIUM

TELEX: 22.328 ABRENG

WESTERN STATES Wherever you are in the World. Western States centrifugals are in use throughout the sugar world and a world wide network of knowledgeable representatives is available to serve you. Western States machines are noted for robust construction and low maintenance costs and, when combined with good service in the field, this means lower cost of operation for the sugar producer. Contact your nearest Western States representative today, wherever you are in the world:

Puerto Rico. Dominican Republic Pakistan Abarca Warehouses Corporation

Mexico

P. 0. Box S2352 Gannon Dunkerley 8 Co. (Pakistan) Ltd. Proveedora Azucarera. S. A

San Juan. Puerto Rico 00903 G.P.O. Box 460 Balderas 36-902 Karachi 1. Pakistan Mextco I . D. F.

Peru Arsa Representaciones Avenida Argentina 401 Ltma 1. Peru

Southern Africa Edward L. Bateman. Llmited P 0 Box 174fi - - -. . . - . - Durban, 4000 Natal. South Africa

Central America CIA Ingenieria. S A. Edificlo Camara de.lndustrla, Oficina 502 Calle Mariscal Cruz y Ave Reforma. Zona 4 Guatemala. Central America Louisiana Factory Sales 8 Eng~neering, Inc P. 0. Box 693 Metair~e. Louis~ana 70004 Brazil Fundicao Goytacaz S. A Av. Rio Branco 156. Sala 701 RIO de Janeiro. Brazil

Thailand Gruno (Thailand1 Co.. Ltd Room No. 332 Siam Center Building 965 Rama I Road Bangkok 5. Thailand

Colombia Proveedora Agro-Industrial Ltda. Edificio Nicanor Hurtado Calle 8A. No. 131 Call. Colombra

Hlblscus Tradlng Corporation BOX 7003 A ~ r m a ~ l Exchange Offlce Man~la lnternatlonal A~rport. Ph~llppines

Indonesia P. T. Gruno Nasional Jalan Gembong 8 Surabaya, lndonesla Jamaica Klngslon lndustrlal Agenc~es. Ltd 381 Spanish Town Road. P 0 Box 80 Klngston 11. Jama~ca. W I

Argentina Carlos A. Marteau e Hijos Casilla de Corrao 141

Australia. New Zealand. Fij i AN1 Sargeants P. 0 Box 34 Sherwood. Queensland 4075 Australia

French West lndies Mr Charles S~monnet D~st~llerle-Sucrer~e Grossr-Mantaonr - - - - . . . - =. . - 97129 Lamentln. Guadeloupe French West lndies Barbados. Trinidad D. M. Simpson 8 Company, Limited Central Foundry Building Pierhead Lane Bridgetown. Barbados. W I.

Venezuela Ortiz 8 Mejia C. A. Apartado 1809 Caracas, Venezuela

MACHINE COMPANV Hamilton, ~ h i o 45012 U.S.A R P B e R T S ~ L S

All Bosco sugar centrifugals are designed to reach high hourly outputs and to give the utmost reliability both from a mechanical and an electrical point of view

in order to keep investment and operational costs to a minimum.

Batch type centrifugals - high hourly outputs - high-speed loading and discharging thanks to the

use of special devices - clamping of shaft during discharging phase - tight shut-off bottom doors - fully drilled basket in stainless steel with reinforcing

rings - self-supporting structure - d.c. electric drive - minimum power consumption

Continuous type centrifugals - very high hourly otputs: more than double those of

traditional continuous machines - pendular suspension, exactly the same as in the

batch type machines - basket of considerable dimensions and weight

(about 1 T) - d.c. electric drive which enables the exact

centrifugation speed to be chosen for each product to be handled

an active presence in the sugar industry Bosco industrie meccaniche s.p.a. - Terni

Piazzale Bosco, 3 - 05100 Terni - Italy - Telex 660032 - Phone (0744) 55341

Engineers to the Sugar Industry throughout

Index of Projects and Equipment

Automatic Sampling Units for single or multi-bay road or rail beet intake systems. Tarehouse systems. Sample saws, high pressure washers. Sample bucket conveying systems.

Fully automatic Milk of Lime Production Plant. Lime kilns, limestone and coke handling, gas cleaning.

Beet Piling and conveying systems. IOU YEA 17s

Beet Washing and de-watering plant.

Road and rail washout systems and water guns.

Bulk Sugar storage and conveying.

Beet pumping and fluming systems.

Beet seed decorticating machines

For further information write orphone: - COCKSEDGE 8 CO LTD I P.O. 60x41, Greyfriars Road, Ipswich, England IP1 1UW Tele~hone: l~swich 56161 Telex 98583 I

IN THE eyond the South China Sea lie the umerous islands which comprise the hilippine archipelago stretching some

PHILIPPINE 150 miles in length with a land mass of

over 116,000 square miles. In the agricultural economy of these islands sugar

..5" : plays an important role and Fletcher and

..d JJ+:.' Stewart has long been actively engaged

MANILA 1980 Stand 53-55

,,i>-*. . ,? -

in supplying plant and equ~pment to tho . , , Philippine sugar industry. ..- . . _ -

In 1972 FS completed a turnkey cane sugar factory located at Davao on the island of Mindanao. The factory which has a design capacity of 4,000 tonnes of cane per day also incorporates a refinery capable of processing 250 tons of refined sugar per day. In its short life Davao has withstood severe typhoons and earthquakes which have devastated

adjoining areas of the island, and despite the hazards has emerged with a first class record of operating efficiency.

Closely following the Davao factory FS was awarded a contract by the Bicolandii Sugar Development Corporation to

., build a 4,000 tonnes of cane per day raw d. sugar factory close to Naga City on the b island of Luzon.

I FS has recently completed athird turnkey project, the Northern Cotabato sugar factory sited on Mindanao island. Like the previous two factories Cotabato has a

8 design capacity of 4,000 tc.p.d. with provision for expansion to 5,500 tc.p.d. at a later date.

i, This project, which is under the guidance

L of the Philippine Sugar Commission

(Philsucom), is part of an extensive programme of rationalisation which is geared to increasing the efficiency of its existing plant and equipment in order to benefit both its homeand export markets. Most recently FS has been awarded a contract to build a refinery at Batangas on the island d Luzon to produce 550 tons of high quality refined sugar per day. The Batangas refinery will play an important role in the strategy for improving the quality of sugar in the Philippines so as to promote We further development of local industries such as fruit canning and soft drinks withoutthe need for importing the special grades required by these users.

Fletcher and Stewart Limited DERBY DE3 8AB EP\JGLAT\lrl

vallinox tubes after 23 campaigns !

STAYING POWER - SERVICE RUGGED - DURABILIN The cho~ce of words IS unimportant but all mean the same Valllnox Tubes glve the End User years of trouble-free service. Decades of experience with both the Beet and Cane Sugar Industry has given Vallourec Research and Development, the opportunity to perfect our tube for a Very Demanding Industry with regard to CORROSION - DESCALING and THERMAL - CONDUCTIVITY etc. When you purchase Vallinox tube you simultaneously obtain: -our technological assistance. -an efflc~ent alterdales servlce. -agreet deal of security as your campaign goes on stream. Vallinox tube in your operation represents a sound long- term investment.

. T T v

vallourec

dbpartement TAS 102, rue des Poissonniers - 75018 PARIS. B.P. 159 - 75860 Paris Cedex 18. T6I. (1) 257.11.05. Telex : 641.044 F Valre A. 641.045 F Valre B.

Even at the worst conditions

juice purification plants ensure ot3irnut-n

we supply nonsugar removal

* Braunschweig juice purification system 65 * plants for treating sugar solutions with >(< Conventional plants activated carbon * Ion exchangers for decolourization, * Mechanical purifying facilities such as settlers,

dernineralization, decalcification filters, arc screens, etc.

1 BMA

ALCOHOL PLANTS for

FUEL AD-MURE and

HUMAN CONSUMPTION S OF RAW MATERIAL

GEBR. HEFnm A ' V COLOGNE A Division of the BUCKAU R. WOLF Group

Gebr. Hemnann GmbH. P.O.Box 300 460, D 5000 Cologne 30, Federal Rep. of Germany SkoeW2 I@ Tel 02 21/54 80 61, Telex 888 266 4

, ;'%&yYtw,. P & :'*""& ' 7 . ,. +*>---. .v - .. I 2 . J+ *j;; b-

> k- $.-..>*+- .*. 3 , ;.L . . . b, - . . f i - , r*

-. . :.

There's more to it

A sugar plant is not design alone. There's more to it.

created by There's planning and specification. There's testing, commissioning Procurement, inspection and and training of personnel. delivery. And also civil works, erection And there's SWS to realize your and supervision. plans.

STORK-WERKSPOOR SUGAR sugar industry engineers Hengelo (Ov.) The Netherlands P.O.Box 147 Member of Vmf-Stork

BROTHERHOOD steam turbines for VALLE DE JIBOA sugar mill plant EL SALVADOR

PETER BROTHERHOOD LIMITED Peterborough PE4 6AB, England. Tel : 0733 71 321 Telex : 321 54 Brhood G London Off ice: Abbott House. 1 2 Hanover Sfreet. London. W l R 9WB. Telephorle 01 -437 6106/7/8

MANUFACTUREUS OF STEAM TURBINES COMPRESSORS SPECIAL PURPOSE MACHINERY

xii

suga r-centrifugal screens all over the world continuous sugar-centrifugals of all types are equipped with

Veco pure nickel chromeplated perforated sheets

material nickel; also obtainable with chromium plating (900 DPN).

mirror smooth face conical perforation, which means that Veco-segments feature a high discharge efficiency. dimensions in accordance with specifications of centrifugal manufacturers.

veco zeefplatenfabriek b.v. eerbeek-holland . phone 08338-9100 telex 35402

r =(

xiii

I lmmln rn H r.' llm-l--

Offer you ,

Over 140 Years' Experience in

the Manufacture of

I Sugar

E

A k r n h of the 6 t e &-~yie Group. +

CHAINS FOR MECHANICAL

CARRIER CHAIN

Specialised Renold chains have been supplied to the cane sugar industry since 1920. Over 90 years of precision chain manufacture ensure a product combining high strength with compactness, minimum weight and low cost for long life and trouble-free operation. Precision roller chains and wheels for power transmission are also available for all applications.

-

RENOLD LIMITED SALES DIVISION MANCHESTER ENGLAND

Other Renold products include :- Hydraulic. electrical and mechanically operated variable speed systems. Couplings, clutches and brakes. Power transmission ancillaries.

CASTINGS Et FORGINGS Holcroft Castings and Forgings, a Renold subsidiary

company, supplies steel, iron and bronze castings and steel forgings.

The photograph shows at 13% tonne headstock casting for a 12 roll tandem em~lovina 90 inch

POWER TRANSMISSION GEARING

One of three 800hp triple reduction, double helical gear units supplied to the Philippines. Spur gears up to 127mm circular pitch, 760mm face width and 4700mm diameter can be supplied for heavy tandem drives.

Other aear aroducts include worm'and bevel gear units and individual

SUGAR ANALYSIS ROTARY DISSOLVING MACHINE

The action of this rotary dissolving machine is such that frothing and air

L trapping are either eliminated o r reduced t o the minimum while at the same time dissolving rapidly by a gentle wavy action. By its use the analyst may either speed up his work o r devote himself t o other duties unti l solution is complete. The angle of inclination and speed of rotation are so chosen that the solid material is held against the side of the flask on rotation and the solvent in contact wi th it is constantly changed. In the case of sugar analysis it was found that 26 grams of sugar are completely dissolved in 30 ml of distilled water in a 100-ml flask in 34 minutes. without producing any frothing o r trapping air bubbles in the solution. The dissolver operates from 200/250 o r 100/125 volts single phase A.C. of 50 o r 60 cycles.

MOISTURE BALANCE The type CB automatic moisture balance

illustrated here. is used for determining rapidly the moisture content of sugar. The balance is capable of an accuracy of &0.05% when lOgrm samples are used.

Heating is by infra-red lamp built into the equipment giving a maximum temperature of Type CB 130°C regulated by means of a resistance knob outside the body of the balance.

Aluminous spot projected on t o ascale ranged 0/20% gives the moisture content directly at any instant of drying. The balance equipment is magnetically damped and is highly accurate.

Determinations can be made in from 5 t o 30 minutes depending on the temperature and the nature of the product under test. This short duration is due t o the penetration of the rays into the sample and not simply surface heating action.

A l l that is necessary is for the 10grm sample t o be weighed into the aluminium dish which is placed in the oven. The lamp is switched on. temperature adjusted and the spot read from time t o time. As soon as two consecutive readings agree. the moisture content can be read directly on the scale.

Please state single phase voltage and frequency when ordering.

REDUCING SUGAR ESTIMATION (Electrometr ic end po in t detector)

The instrument comprises a battery-powered circuit embodying an on/off switch. a potentiometer which permits a range of mV potentials t o be applied across two electrode terminals, a sensitive galvanometer wi th centre zero and a press knob for checking the battery output.

The electrode system comprises a copper rod o f f inch (3.18 mm) diameter which is connected t o the positive terminal on the instrument panel and a platinum wire electrode connected t o the negative terminal, both of sufficient length t o permit adjustment so that they are always immersed in the solution under test. These electrodes are heid in a rubber bung. Also fitted through the bung are a jet for the admission of the t i tration solution and a bent glass tube t o act as a steam outlet. The bung is then introduced into the neck of a 250 ml flat bottomed flask.

For analytical comparison wi th the standard Lane &Evnon

I modified procedure, see 1.5.1.. June 1966, p. 173. '

STANDARD POLARIMETERS FOR SUGAR ANALYSIS. also available according t o requirements

xvi

DDS Type A and B Crystallizer,,, Advantages: -

Continous operation Compact space saving system Easy to install Minimum retention time required to obtain a certain exhaustion Due to the hydraulic drive, the motor cannot be overloaded No need for water dilution Effective agitation High cooling surface/volume ratio Rapid cooling without risk of fine grain formation The system is easy to extend Can be placed outdoors Simple and reliable automation

Standard Design The equipment consists of DDS crystallizer type A and B Cooling water pump Hydraulically operated reciprocating agitator

Specifications Type A Type B

Diameter - m 4.0 4.0 Height - m 12.9 13.4 Weight - tons 60 55 Massecuite vol. m3 100 100 Cooling surface m2 480 250

Installation Examples Afterproduct Massecuite ftonsl24 hours) 400 600 Inlet temperature ("C) 80 80 Outlet temperature ("C) 35 35 Total number of crystallizers 2 3

Corresponding retention time (hours)' 18 18 Total number of crystallizers 3 4

Corresponding retention time (hours)** 27 24

*) For usual exhaustion requirements, corresponding to raffinose corrected molasses purity of 59-60 in Danish factories. **) For obtaining molasses purities 0,5-1,5 below usual exhaustion requirements as mentioned above.

Aktieselskabet De Danske Sukkerfabrikker Engineering Division, 5 Langebrogade, DK-1001 Copenhagen K, Denmark DDS Phone: 154 61 30,Telegrams: ddsengineering,Telex: 31 436 DDSENG DK

Editor and M a n e :

D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C.

AwSSIstanr Editor:

M. G. COPE, M.I.L.

Advertising Sales Managec

JOHN V. DANCE

Panel of Referees

A. CARRUTHERS

Consultant and former Director o f Research, British Sugar Corporation L td.

K. DOUWES DEKKER

Consultant and former Dirmror, Sugar Milling Research Institute, South Africa.

H. EVANS

Director, Booker Agriculture International LM.

Former Director, Sugar Milling Research Institute, South Africa.

T. RODGERS

Assistant Chief Executive, British Sugar Corporation L td.

S. STACHENKO

kgsident-~irecteur-~in~ral, Agro- Technip, Paris

Annual Subscription: $30.00 post free

Single Copies: $3.00 post free

Airmail charges quoted on request t o

The International Sugar Journal Ltd.. 23A Easton Street, High Wycombe,

Bucks;, England H P l l I N X

CONTENTS December 1979

353 Notes and comments

355 The Kenana Sugar Project

359 Physiological and biochemical changes in sugar cane as influenced by soil moisture during low temperature stress

By Onkar Singh and R.S. Kanwar

362 Sugar beet phenols Part II. By B. Winstrm-Olsen, R.F. Madsen

and W. Kofod Nielsen

368 Sugar cane agronomy

37 1 Cane pests and diseases

372 Cane breeding and varieties

373 Cane sugar manufacture

375 Beet sugar manufacture

377 Sugar refining

378 Laboratory studies

38 1 By-products

382 Trade notices

383 South Korea sugar imports and exports

384 Sudan sugar imports

384 Iran sugar imports

367,383, 384 Brevities

xxxiv Index to Advertisers

Published by The International Sugar Journal Ltd.

23A Easton Street, High Wycombe, Bucks.,

England HP11 1 NX.

Telephone: 0494-29408 Cable: Sugaphilos, High Wycombe Telex: 21792 REF 869

Inquiries regarding advertising should be addressed to the above office or to the appropriate representative:

Australia: J. J. Hindmarsh, 24-26 Kent Street. Sydney 2000. Tel.: 241 -2471. Cable: Hindmarshad.

France: MaG-Watt International, 6 rue des Acacias, Vert-le-Grand, 91810 Essonne. Tel.: 492-00- 15.

Holland: G. Arnold Teesing B.V., Prof. Tulpstraat 17, 1018 GZ Amsterdam. Tel.: 020-26361 5. Telex: 131 33.

India and South-East Asia: J.P. Mukherji & Associates Pvt. Ltd.. P.O. Box 915. Poona, lndia 411 005. Tel.: 5269617 Cable: Preproject, Poona. Telex: 01 45-367 J R MASSO.

Japan: Douglas Kenrlck (Far East) Ltd., Kowa Daisan Building, 1 1-45 1 -chome Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo. Te1.: (582) 0951 -5. Cable: Kenrick Tokyo.

U.S.A.-Florida and Latin America: Mr. Mario A. Mascar6, 7321 S.W. 82nd Street, Miami. FL. U.S.A. 33143. TeL: (305) 667-1 724.

U. S.A.-New England and mid-Atlantic states: Mitchell Napier & Associates Inc., Suite 812,342 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017. Tel,: (212) 986-0625.

U. S.A. -Southern states, except Florida: Herbert Martin Company, 2325 Old Rocky Ridge Road, Birmingham, AL 35218. TeL: (2051 822-7371.

U. S.A. - Western States, incl. Ha waii: Rov McDonald Associates Inc.. sui te 265, Baybr~dge Offlce Plaza, 5801 Chrlst~e Avenue. Emeryvllle. C A 94608 TeL: (41 5) 653-21 22.

Hodag for Sugar

Hodag products for the sugar industry include:

Processing cB-6 lizatlon Aids and sugar processing, crystal- Granulated pH-2 DEscALER actd cleaner improves quality, in- for evaporators, pans,

Boost Sugar Production.. . creases exhaustion of and heat exchangers. final molasses, and over- FLO-1 Improves molas-

Increase Efficiency.. . comes problemsdue to sesfluidity for handling. sticky, hard to handle stortng, and clarification

Reduce Operating Difficulties massecuites. for fermentation. VAP-99 lncreases SANITROL Reduces evaporator efficiency, lnverslon losses, odors.

With over 25 years of pioneering experience in the formulation and saves energy, inhibits and aids in overall mill production of chemicals for the sugar industry, we can offer you proven, scale formation. sanitation. top-quality products, prompt service, and the technical know-how to meet HCA-21 Inhibitsscale in ANTIFOAM EX-SERIES your most demanding specifications. alcohol stills, evaporators. For beet sugar process-

and heat exchangers. ing. Formulations for use Our modern technical facilities are equipped and staffed to produce FLOCS 411,422,433 with water or mineral oil. the right product for your particular need. And. Hodag representatives are Coagulantsand ~IOCCU-

located in sugar producing countries around the world to provide any lants for clarification of Send the lnqulry coupon

field support you may require. sugar juice. below for samples, litera- RAPISOL lncreases the ture or to have one of our

Hodag Sugar Products can increase your sugar yield and Solve your penetration and cleaning Technical Sales Repre- processing problems. Let us show you how. efficiency of caustic soda. sentatives contact you.

---------------------------------------------- Please send literature on the following Hodag products:

Name Title

Company Please send samples of the products indicated. Please have Hodag representative contact me. Address

HODAG CHEMICAL CORPORATION City State Zip HODAG INTERNATIONAL S.A. 7247 North Central Park Ave.. Skokie, lllinols 60076 U.S.A. Telex: 72-4417 Telephone: 312-675-3950

Country

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centrlfugals is a simple '

method of saving up to half of the power blil. That's the maln reason why one customer has ordered no less than 294 centrlfugals from us in the last few years. The customer's confidence was backed up by test experience. Compared to conventional drive systems with induction motors,

ASEA-WEIBULL sugar centrifugals have proved that energy consumption can be reduced by up to 50%, depending on the type of product. ASEA-WEIBULL centrifugals also offer:

regenerative braking, eliminating the need for mechanical brakes, wear on brake bands and heating of brake drums

absence of current peaks wide choice and easy variation of speeds and acceleration rates

a low maintenance costs ASEA-WEIBULL batch centrifugals are available in two sizes, 48"x42" and 48"x30°, for any centrifuging speed between 1000 and 1450 revlmin. More than 1500 centrifugals of these types have

a complete centrifugal programme ASEA IS represented In more than 90 countries If you want to know more, get In touch wlth your nearest ASEA sales representatwe o r

ASEA Industrial Dept: S-72183 VASTERAS SWEDEN

I NOTES AND COMMENTS I

international Sugar Agreement The Executive Committee of the IS0 met in London

in early October and, among other things, decided to resume use of the New York spot price as one of the bases for calculation of its Daily Price the level of which acts as a trigger for a number of actions under the Agreement. Since it is possible for the LDP and New York spot price to differ by more than 0.10 centsllb, especially in a fluctuating market, it was decided that when this occurs the IS0 Daily Price would be the lower of the two plus 0.05 cents, instead of the mean of the two. The Price Review Committee was to meet in November to consider price developments and, in particular, the effects of inflation and the fall in the value of the US dollar on the various prices mentioned in the Agreement.

The "prevailing price" - the 15-day average of the ISA Daily Price - exceeded 11 centsllb on October 22 and the amount of sugar which members are authorized to import from nonmembers was consequently raised from 390,753 to 551,188 tonnes, but C. Czarnikow Ltd. consider that in fact little extra non-member sugar would be shipped in 1979. The next "trigger point" is a prevailing price of 12 centsllb, when shortfalls could be reallocated, at the discretion of the Executive Committee. Such shortfalls currently total 126,671 tonnes, made up of 7,846 tonnes for Argentina, 15,000 tonnes for Austria, 50,000 tonnes for Guatemala, 5,227 tonnes for Peru and 48,598 tonnes for Trinidad.

The next stage would be if the prevailing price exceeded 13 centsllb. when the global quota would be increased by 5%; however, this is not permitted if it occurs within 45 days of the end of the quota year, however. so that it seems at the time of writing to be unlikely for 1979. E.D. & F. Man consider' that "forward prices have passed through and beyond the levels which the fundamental background would seem to warrant. World stocks are still high,afterallowing for a 3.5 million tonne reduction in 1980. Thus, even assuming substantial ISA shortfalls and increased import demand for 1980, it is unlikely that the market will have need of ISA quota releases in excess of 100% of B.E.T.'s and shortfall reallocations."

World sugar prices The strengthening of sugar prices continued during

October and from £120 per tonne on October 1, the LDP rose to £ 155 by October 26 before falling to £150 on October 30. Recovery was almost immediate and the rise in price resumed to £ 154 by November 1. The white sugar price rose in parallel for most of the month but the premium over raw sugar increased later in the month of October so that from f 130 per tonne, the LDP(W) rose to no less than £172 by November 1. There has been steady demand and reports of poor crops in India and Cuba. The supposition that the rise might be more a reflection of the declining value of money has been shown to be incorrect as a parallel initial rise in

the prices of other commodities has been reversed while that for sugar has continued.

EEC production quotas The EEC sugar regime expires on June 30, 1980, and

recommendations should have been made in the spring of 1979 for consideration by the Council of Ministers so that they can decide before January 1, 1980, on the arrangements to take effect six months later. In fact, representations have been made to the Commission by a number of interested parties and proposals to be put forward were to be discussed by the full Commission in early November.

The Farm Commissioner, Mr. Finn Olav Gundelach, is reportedZ to be strongly opposed to the quota system. This system of national quotas was initially introduced as a transitional measure but any move to remove them would almost certainly meet with resistance from some of the Ministers, especially those representing the higher cost producers whose industries have now been established to function up to and, in some cases, in excess of current levels of quota and would therefore be faced with the problems of over-capacity i f they had to entertain open competition.

Critics of the quota system say that the fundamental reason for introducing production quotas was to protect those areas of high cost production within the Community which could be expected to reduce or cease sugar production if regional specialization was allowed to operate unhindered. It is also argued that quotas were set too high to prevent the build-up of substantial sugar surpluses within the Community. This, however, is rooted not in the system itself but in the manner in which it is practised. In any case it is apparent that only the quota system provides a basis for agreement in the Council of Ministers on the regulation of the market from 1980 on. This was apparently recognized also by Gundelach who now aims at reducingthe level of quotas. Gundelach wants to cut the production quotas by up to 1 million tonnes which. however, is certain to meet stiff opposition from major sugar producing countries, such as France. Gundelach may also be considering limiting exports of C-quota sugar, which may not be sold for human consumption within the EEC and for which no export subsidies are paid, in order to be able to comply more closely with ISA requirements, thus opening the way for EEC affiliation. This proposal is also likely to be rejected by the Council of Ministers.

US sugar legislation The House of Representatives discussed the Sugar Bill

and was defeated on October 23 by the appreciable margin of 249 to 158. The rejection of a bill which permitted ratification of the International Sugar Agree- ment by the US came as a disappointment but did not hinder the steady rise in sugar prices. The substantial opposition to the bill seems to have been a combi- nation of the influence of consumers' lobbies who objected to what they consider to be the inflationary provision for raising the sugar price objective from 15 to 15.8 centsllb, and of antiCuban sentiment whereby the fact that Cuba benefits from the Agree- ment was sufficient grounds to be against it. irrespective of the benefit provided by the ISA to 25 other exporting countries to which the US presumably remains friendly.

Under the circumstances, the Administration i s prudently not acting hastily to try to obtain Congress-

' The Sugar Situation, 1979, (341). F . 0. Licht. InternationalSugar Rpt., 1979,111,604.

353

Notes and comments

ional approval of ratification untied to US domestic measures, but USDA officials and Congressional leaders have met to discuss the prospects and timetable for possible approval of enabling legislation.

While under the present strengthening conditions of the sugar market, membership of the Agreement by the USA, the major importer from the free market, and the EEC, its major supplier, is not essential, failure to ratify by the US raises problems for the International Sugar Council which was to meet on November 19. The future of the Stock Financing Fund will have to be decided and, as C. Czarnikow ~td . ' comment: "Whether it will be possible to operate the whole procedure of Special Stocks and Fees in the absence of the USA must be doubtful but, on the other hand, countries which have already invested money in the establishment of new storage facilities will hardly be enthusiastic about these provisions of the Agreement being dismantled".

New London raw sugar contract Rules and Administration Procedures for the proposed

new raw sugar contractZ were submitted to members of the UTSMA at the beginning of October and, in the absence of objections the contract, UTSMA Raw Sugar Contract No. 4, became effective with trading commencing on November 12. Transfers from the old No. 2 contract to No. 4 are permitted free of commission. The No. 2 contract will expire after October 1980.

EEC sugar exports, 1 9 7 8 ~ At the beginning of 1978 most observers were of the

opinion that world prices would not rise to the minimum price level written into the International Sugar Agreement and that therefore the EEC could have difficulties in disposing of its sugar surplus. This was not the case, however, and no difficulties are anticipated for 1979. On the contrary, export statistics for 1978 shows that the EEC was able to increase its deliveries substantially. Total sales increased from 1.9 million tons, raw value, in 1976 to 2.7 million tonnes in 1977 and 3.6 million tonnes in 1978. Despite the general upward tendency there were significant differences from one exDort market to the other.

Exports to Africa rose from 609.146 tonnes. (32.27% of the total) in 1976 to 1,410,885 tonnes (39.56%) in 1978. The second largest outlet were the countries of the Near and Middle East, who took 1,232,914 tonnes in 1978 (34.57%) from 482,206 tonnes (25.55%) in 1976. Exports to non-EEC member countries of Western Europe were slightly higher in 1978 than 1976 at 429,404 tonnes vs. 405.519 tonnes. while this represented a considerable fall as a proportion of the total (12.04% vs. 48%).

Sugar exports to Asia rose from 6,620 tonnes in 1976 (0.35%) to 204,689 tonnes in 1978 (5.74%). the bulk of 1978 exports being to China. Eastern Europe imports from the EEC declined from 317.145 tonnes in 1976 ( 1 6.8%) to only 53.329 tonnes (1.50%) in 1978, performance depending largely on the sugar crops of these countries. Exports to North America increased from 19,992 tonnes in 1976 (1.06%) to 78.910 tonnes in 1978 (2.21%) but may be expected to fall because of countervailing duties imposed by the US.

Central and South American countries took 130,671 tonnes in 1976 (3.66%) against only 35,785 tonnes in 1976 (1.90%), mainly because of production shortfalls

in Chile and Venezuela; recovery of these presently depressed industries could result in a decline in future exports. Exports to Oceania were negligible, amounting to only 5137 tonnes (0.27%) in 1976 and 13,589 tonnes in 1978 (0.38%).

The EEC enjoys a freight advantage over India and South American competitors as regards markets in the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, but the future of i t s exports will depend on which countries decide to join the ISA and the trend to achievement of self- sufficiency among importers, especially in Africa.

US loan sugar sales4 After two unsuccessful tenders, when all bids were

rejected by the Commodity Credit corporationS, a sale was achieved on October 25 of 3540 short tons of raw sugar at prices ranging from 14.31 to 14.85 cents per pound, f.0.b. As at October 30, outstanding loans under the CCC sugar loan programme totalled 1,170,828 short tons, raw value, of which 453,022 tons was beet sugar and 717,806 tons was cane sugar. Because a final decision on an overall loan extension programme is still pending, the US Department of Agriculture authorized a second one-month extension of loans on 1978 crop sugar that would normally have matured on October 1 so that the maturity date became November 30.

lndian sugar situation6 A feature of the past year or so has been the

remarkable expansion in sugar consumption in India. This has led to some whittling away of the substantial tonnage of sugar held in store. which at one time promised to be such a burden on the lndian industry. There has now been a new development which may entirely change the statistical situation in India, so that where once heavy stocks were in prospect there is now the possibility of shortages.

Severe droughts have occurred in many areas and the 1979180 crop is currently expected to amount to around 5.0 million tonnes, white value, which compares with 6.4 million tonnes in 1977178 and a probable output in 1978/79 of the order of 5.9 million tonnes. The key to the lndian statistical position is. of course. the future direction of consumption. In the crop year October 1976lSeptember 1977 i t amounted to no more than 3,746,000 tonnes but, the following year, during the course of which i t was freed from control, it rose to 4,476.000 tonnes. Current indications are that it will have been of the order of 6.1 million tonnes in 1978179 and it was expected that further growth would occur in 1979/80.

The outlook has now been put in some doubt, however, by the announcement that ex-factory and retail prices for sugar are once again to be controlled. Producers are said to be disappointed a t the level at which the prices have been set, which they claim are below the cost of production. While at first sight the establishment of maximum prices might be thought to be an encouragement to consumption, it might also discourage production. One way or another, it seems likely to lead to a further diminution of the lndian stock position. Indeed, it could even affect India's ability to fulfil its export entitlements to the EEC and under the ISA.

' Sugar Review, 1979, (1463). 21 1.

1.SJ.. 1979.81.289, F . 0. Licht. International Suuar RD~.. 1979. 111, 443-449. Lamborn 1979.57 173 176.- See also LS.J 1976 81,'322.

6 C. ~zarnikoditd.,&ugar Review, 1979, (1457). 179.

The Kenana Sugar Project Sugar has become an increasingly important part of the

diet of the Sudanese people and meeting the demand has added significantly to the country's import bill. of which it is by far the most costly food component. From 1974 to 1976 the country spent over U.S. $250 million on imports of sugar. As a consequence the Sudan Government has given major emphasis to development of increased sugar production.

The 1972 IDCASIUNIDO conference particularly confirmed the Sudan's suitability for sugar cane growing. All the necessary conditions are present for growers to anticipate excellent cane growth and yields. Compared with other producing countries the Sudan has many important natural advantages.

participation in its development. Detailed survey work, including aerial photography over an extended land area, topographical surveys and a detailed soil survey, was commenced in 1972 and a market report was also produced.

A detailed feasibility study was produced in April 1973 which projected a capital cost of $145 million. Since its inception. however, the project has been affected by unprecedented inflation and economic instability in the industrialized countries that are providing the equipment and major contractors. A thorough revision of the forecast total cost of the project was undertaken recently and the capital cost is now forecast to be $524 million, plus pre-production

Kenana factory unde~

The Government's Sugar and Beverage Corporation has three sugar factories operating at Guneid, Khasm-el- Girba and Sennar. The policy of expanding sugar production is demonstrated in the development of estates and new factories presently being undertaken and planned for Kenana. Haggar Assalaya. Melut, Mongalla and Setit. The successful realization of these projects will establish the Sudan as an exporter of sugar and should transform the country into a major producer of sugar with a surplus available for export, most probably to neighbouring Arab markets.

The Kenana proiect

Under an agreement with the Sudan Government, signed on June 9, 1972, Lonrho Ltd. was to investigate and report on the viability of establishing a sugar estate with a view, in the event of favourable findings, to joint

.construction, April 1979 Photo: Courtesy Richard Roxburgh

expenses of some $47 million. Maximum cash requirements will be approximately $600 million. This total cost includes the high expenditure on infrastructure as well as the complete irrigation system. A t present, apart from export credit facilities from France and Japan, the developments undertaken have been funded by equity and loans from shareholders.

Kenana Sugar Company Limited was incorporated on March 11, 1975, with the purpose of developing and operating an integrated cane estate and sugar factory with an annexed refinery. The estate, on a site 250 kilometres south of Khartoum, comprises 81,000 feddans (34,000 ha) of sugar cane, all irrigated by water pumped from the White Nile, and will produce 330,000 tonnes of refined sugar. It is anticipated that production of sugar will begin during 1979 and to this end substantial progress has been achieved.

355

The Kenana Sugar Project

The site

The site selected has many favourable features required for sugar cane growing:

( I ) Soils. - The uniform clay soils formed from Blue Nile deposits, rich in nutrients and ideal for surface irrigation. are available and are assessed to be ideal for growing cane.

(2) Climate. - With a rainy season averaging three months, a high number of sunshine hours and high solar radiation, and with three months of low temperatures at night during the harvesting season, the local climate proves favourable for high rates of photosynthesis, high crop yields and excellent juice quality.

lines to Rabak. Telephone and postal services are available across the Nile at Kosti. The estate contains a gravel area of good load-bearing capacity, suitable for the siting of the factory, while deposits of sand and gravel for concrete works, foundations and road surfacing are available within the confines of the estate.

Communications and access

The Company, as a matter of priority, established communications and easy access to the project site. These include:

(i) a radio telex linking the site, Port Sudan and Khartoum,

(ii) a 30 km rail spur from Rabak to the factory. completed in 1976 by Sudan Railways, which has been

(3) Water. - Good quality water is abundantly available throughout from the White Nile. The water will be lifted 40 metres by pumping and will be distributed across the estate by contour canals, and from these by gravity to the cane fields.

(4) Land. - Sufficient land is available for the estate in an area which is well-drained, non-saline and relatively easy to prepare for cultivation.

(5) Power. - Bagasse will provide fuel for steam- generated power to meet irrigation pumping requirements, factory and domestic demands during the crop season. The 33 kV power supply to the estate will provide power required prior to start-up of the factory. It will also provide an auxiliary source of power there- after.

The estate is close to Rabak, with the factory itself abut 30 km from the town. Khartoum, approximately 250 km to the north, and Port Sudan, approximately 1200 km to the north-east, are connected by railway

used extensively for transporting equipment and supplies directly to the factory site,

(iii) a 27 km all-weather gravel road from Rabak to the factory which was completed in midsummer 1976. enabling access to the site to continue during the rainy season, and

(iv) an all-weather 1500-metre gravel air-strip which was completed by mid-1976 and allows daily flights for personnel by DC 3 or other light aircraft direct to the project site.

Irrigation

Howard Humphreys & Sons, civil engineering consultants of Reading, England, were engaged to advise on the infrastructure and civil works, including the irrigation canals, pumping works and structures, and housing and site development. In June 1974 they under- took the task of designing the canals and irriqation

OUR CONTRIBUTION

TO THE DEVEUIPMENT Design, Manufacture,

Supply, Erection and Initial Operation of Com~ le te ECIuiDment

OF THE for ~iectr ical 'or Diesel Driven Pumping Stations Irrigating the

SUGAR INDUSRY following Sugar Schemes :

IN THE SUDAN !ki.F6" HAGAR ASSALAYA

- - -

Kenana

MASCHINENFABRIK ANDRlTZ

ACTIENGESELLSCHAFT A- 8045 Graz-Andritz. Austria

SUGAR PLANT FOR

KENANA SUGAR CO. LTD. [Sudan ]

Engineering Contractors: Technip, Paris. Manufacturers: SEUM, Corbehem.

Fabrication of Kanana Sugar dryers

Tube expanding Kenana evaporator bundle

Other SEUM sugar plant products: - steam generators (oil, gas & bagasse fired) - evaporators - heaters - vacuum pans - horizontal & vertical crystallisers - sugar dryers Other equipment: - all types of industrial boilers - waste heat recovery boilers - pressure vessels etc ............

SEUM 621 12 Corbehem, FRANCE

Telex. SEUM 110500F Phone No. (27) 87.00.38

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The Journal IS supplemented by World Sugar Statistics which provides country by country statistics i n the form of distr~but ion tables from 1965/66, including estimates for 1977/78. Thls convenient reference source wi l l be up- dated each month wi th additional pages distr~buted wi th the WSJ so that the latest information is immediately available.

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. - - T;rbogears ) for cane R ENGRENAGES ET REDUCTEURS has suoolied to - Epicyclic gearboxes ) mills E@ KENANA SUGAR FACTORY 14 complet~units between - standard gearboxes for shredder, cane

1000 kW Worthington turbines at 4000 rpm and cane mills knives convevor - -

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works for the estate area. By the end of 1977, 19 km of the main canal and 100 km of primary distribution canal were completed while three of the four pumping stations were in operation. This had made 25,000 feddans (10,500 ha) available for planting, all of which is now under cane. Work is in progress on the final 10 km of main canal, the fourth pumping station and the remaining 170 km of primary canals. The bulk of this work will be completed by 1980.

The main canal transports the water to the fields through an irrigation network comprising:

(a) primary canals, which follow the topographical contours and utilize field outlet structures located in the primary canal banks; these in turn feed

(b) field channels, from which water is siphoned at approximately 1.5 metre intervals into

(c) long-line furrows, which form the actual field irrigation system.

The whole system is controlled by structures, regulators, gates and distributors of a type to ensure distribution of the right amount of water under the required head.

Pumping

By contract dated July 10, 1975, Maschinenfabrik Andritz AG, of Graz, Austria, agreed to provide the design, construction and installation of the pumps at the four pumping stations. The tender value of the contract is approximately 216 million Austrian Schillings, or $14.0 million.

The first and second pumping stations each have eight pumps with an aggregate capacity of 42 m3.sec1 per station, against a maximum calculated requirement of 36 m3.sec-I (or about 700 million gallons of water per day). The pumping stationdesign allowsfor an additional pump to be added which would bring the total capacity to over 47 m?sec-' each.

Power

Initially. electricity for the pumps is taken from the National Grid; bagasse from the factory will eventually become the main source of fuel for generating power. The Public Electricity and Water Corporation of Sudan has been awarded the contract for the provision of the necessary 33 kV and 11 kV power lines. The National Grid will be used as a back-up source of power.

Agricultural development

The land was largely free of trees and bushes so that clearing costs have been minimal. Moreover, its uniform topography has ensured that little levelling has been required and land preparation consists mainly of ploughing, harrowing and furrowing to obtain sufficient tilth for planting.

Land prepared for seed cane has been planted and fertilized, and subsequent irriqation carefully controlled, with more water being applied during the extremely dry and hot summer months. The planting rate will reach a maximum of 3000 to 3500 feddans (1260 - 1470 ha) per month durinq the most active plantinq months. It is anticipated that yields of over 56 tonnes of cane per feddan (133 tonnes. ha-' ) will be produced in the plant crop. Cane will be harvested durinq the dry months of November to May.

The equipment to be used throuqhout the aqricultural operations urill be modern and specialized. The main repair facility i ill he established centrally, and preventive

The Kenana Sugar Project

maintenance, spares stores and refuelling facilities will be provided in each agricultural area.

Cane has been grown at the project site since 1973. The first cane grown for ultimate estate use was planted on the 2000-feddan (840 ha) Pilot Project Extension in early 1975, following completion of the 9 km pilot canal. It is from this area that the main estate first derived i t s seed cane.

Advantage was taken of the close co-operation with the existing sugar estates in the Sudan in the Company's early experiments to determine those cane varieties best suited for planting. Three were chosen (N:Co 310, Co 527 and N:Co 376) for use as crop cane. The Company will not limit itself to these three varieties but is intensifying i t s research into new varieties. At the same time it is increasing i t s research into many aspects of ensuring healthy cane growth. including fertilizer control, weed control, differing irrigation frequencies and control measures aaainst insects, pests and disease.

There is sufficient area presently under cane and at different stages of growth for experts to agree that the cane growth is outstanding by world standards, with 64 tonnes of cane per feddan in 14-months old cane.

Factory and refinery

The President of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. General Gaafar Mohamed Numeri, laid the foundation stone for the factory at a ceremony held on November 25. 1976. The factory. due to be commissioned in December 1979, is designed to produce in excess of 330.000 tonnes of white sugar per annum. I t will have an initial daily crushing capacity of 8500 tonnes of cane, rising to 17,000 tonnes in 1980. In spite of the unusually large size of the factory, in order to keep equipment within reasonable unit sizes and to minimize the possibility of down-time, each production line incorporates several units.

"Out-of-gauqe" equipment beinq brought 1200 km across the desert from Port Sudan to site on heavyduty articulated trailers. 1500 tonnes of such equipment was brought to site in this way.

Photo: Courtesy Richard Roxburgh

Chopped cane is brought to the factory in 12-tonne containers. hauled in pairs by road tractors. These containers are tipped onto feed tables, each of which passes the cane by way of two cane knife sets and a shredder to one of the two turbine-driven Fives-Cail Babcock milling tandems of seven mills each. The raw juice is limed and settled in a total of seven continuous clarifiers, with five vacuum filters for the mud. The evaporator station includes two quadruple-effects of

357

The Kenana Sugsr Project

120,000 ft2 h.s. each and employing vapour bleeding. Within the raw sugar house there are nine 85 m3

vacuum pans while the massecuites are cured in 15 54 in x 42 in batch-type A- and 6-centrifugals and 12 continuous C-machines.

The refinery, built as an integral part of the plant, uses a remelt carbonatation process utilizing flue gases from the boilers. It incorporates four vacuum pans and a further 11 centrifugals. The crystal size produced may be varied to suit the market i s i s destined for. From the refinery, sugar passes by overhead conveyor into the bagging and weighing station where it is loaded into 50-kg sacks. Warehouse capacity exists for 60,000 tonnes (just over one month's production).

throughout the year. The design and construction of the factory reflect the

international nature of the project, with Arkel Inter- national Inc. of the United States acting as consulting engineers in connexion with the plant, responsible for commissioning, but French and Japanese companies supplying equipment. Compagnie Franpaise d'Etudes et de Construction Technip was awarded the contract for detailed engineering, supply of the majority of the sugar processing plant and on-site supervisory services. while Nissho-lwai Co. Ltd. was responsible for provision of equipment mainly related to the power house and power generation. Capper Neill International Ltd. of the UK was awarded the contract for erection of the factory.

Experience gained in transporting equipment to site will make a major contribution to the successful export

of 150.000 tonnes of sugar per

One of the fundamental concepts was that the factory would incorporate a power house capable of generating sufficient electric power for both the factory operation and the irrigation pumps and township. Steam to drive the turbo-generators is produced by burning bagasse and one of the main reasons why the factory is built as a single large complex, rather than as two smaller separate factories, is to obtain maximum economy of steam utilization and maximum power generation from the quantity of bagasse available. All the bagasse is taken by overhead conveyor to a storage area from which it is reclaimed and taken to the boilers by rubber belt conveyors.

The steam plant itself consists of six high-pressure boilers, each generating 112 tonnes of steam per hour at a pressure of 31 kg.cm-' (450 psig). About 35% of the steam produced is piped direct to the mill turbines to drive the tandems while the major proportion is piped to the power house where it drives four turbo-generators of 10 MW capacity each. Two of these generators are back- pressure sets and two full condensing units, so that, when the factory i s closed down between June and October, steam can continue to be produced and electricity generated for irrigation and the township, using furnace fuel or stored bagasse. In the event of any shortfall, additional power is available from Sudan's Blue Nile grid, but the estate should normally be self-sufficient

358

year 'through Port Sudan, together with surplus molasses which could total a further 100,000 tonnes each season. Sugar for local consumption will be transported by rail wagons and road lorries, together with river barges which will be especially useful for moving sugar to Southern Sudan along the White Nile.

Outlook

Kenana forms part of the Government's overall national development plan to turn the Sudan into a major sugar exporting country and this is reflected in the co-operation which has been extended by all sectors of central and local Government. Apart from generating foreign exchange, the project will have a significant

impact on the lives of the people in the RabakIKosti area, with the creation of 10,000 permanent jobs, which in turn will provide secondary employment for a similar number of people in the surrounding area.

Summary

An account is given of the history and development of the Kenana sugar estate and factowlrefinery which indicates the importance of the project to the Sudan.

Le projet sucrier de Kenana On donne un expos6 sur I'histoire et developpement

du domaine wcrier et de la sucrerielraffinerie de Kenana, qui indique I'importance du projet pour le Soudan.

Das Zuckerprojekt Kenana Man berichtet iiber die Geschichte und Entwicklung

der Zuckerplantage und der ~uckerfabrikl~affiherie von Kenana, was auf die Bedeutung des Projekts fur die Sudan hinweist.

El proyecto azucarero de Kenana Se presenta un examen de la historia y desarrollo dr:

la finca azucarera v fibricalrefineria de Kanana qun indica la importancia del proyecto para el Sudin.

Physiological and biochemical changes in sugar cane as influenced by soil moisture during low temperature stress

By ONKAR SlNGH AND R.S. KANWAR

Sugarcane Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Jullundur, India)

Introduction

The sugar cane crop during its maturity phase from November to February, quite often experiences low temperature stress in most parts of Northern India, causing deterioration in juice qualityl.2 and, during certain years, shortage of seed cane for the next planting 3.4. Similar results have also been reported from other countries by various workers5,6.7.8. Qualitative studiesg have suggested that keeping the soil wet (near field capacity) during frost protects the sugar cane crop from injurious effectsof lowtemperature at early growth stage. Frequent irrigations when frost occurs during the maturation of sugar cane have also been advocated1 0.1 1. ' 2 . The physiological basis for such an effect of irrigation is not well established, and the present studies have been made to elucidate this.

Materials and methods

An experiment was conducted for two years during 1976-78 at the PAU Sugarcane Research Station, Jullundur. Sugarcane variety CoJ 46, a moderately frost- resistant' variety, was planted in a randomized block design with four replications, in the second week of March. The soil was a sandy loam with wilting point of 4.5% and field capacity of 13.5%. Normal crop husbandry practices were used. After common irrigations were given on December 1, 1976 and December 7, 1977, sections of the crop were irrigated at intervals of 10, 20, 30 and 40 days until the 3rd week of February. The crop experienced the following rainfall (Table I) and frosty spells (Table II) during the course of the studies.

Table I. Rainfall, mm

recorded under open-field conditions. Only monthly averages of the data from different crop heights and soil depths have been presented in Table Ill. However, the detailed observations showed that the maximum temperature under open-f ield conditions always remained higher than inside the cane crop.

Frequent irrigations at loday intervals were found to lower the maximum temperature by comparison with 20, 30 and 40-day intervals. The minimum temperature was always higher inside the crop than the open-field conditions. However, inside the crop i t remained higher with 10 and 20day irrigation intervals by comparison with 30 and 40-day intervals. The top portions of the crop experienced lower minimum temperatures than the middle and bottom portions throughout the period of observation while the reverse was true under open-field conditions. On the whole, irrigation, depending on the intervals, increased the soil temperature inside the crop, the relative increase being highest with 10-day intervals followed by that with 20-day intervals. The lowest minimum temperature was recorded at a soil depth of 7.5 cm, followed by 15 cm and 30 cm, irrespective of the site of observations and irrigation treatments.

Cane samples were taken from the plots at fort- nightly intervals. The juice was extracted with a laboratory cane crusher and samples analysed for electrical conductance (mmho.cm-' ) by means of a conductivity bridge, pH and titratable acidity (cm3 of 0.1N NaOH required to bring 50 cm3 juice to pH 8.3). gum content (ppm) by the method of Friloux et al.5, reducing sugars by Fehling's method, pol and apparent purity. The leaf and sheath moisture and relative turgidity were determined by the method of Weatherlyl3. The

measurements are recorded in I Tables IV and V.

11977-78 187 26.27 8.0 28.29 29.3 9.13. 56.0 1 only frequent irrigations, i.e. 29 16.17. at 10 and 20day intervals,

Year December Date January Date February Date Total

1976-77 2.6 3 47.4 11.24. - - 25.26

50.0

Table 11. Occurences of frost in 1976177 and 1977ff8

Light Moderately intense Severe

Results and discussion Soil moisture at loday

irrigation intervals was significantly higher than with the other treatments. However.

The maximum and minimum temperatures were recorded daily at 7.30 a.m. inside the crop at heights of 30 cm (bottom portion), 120 cm (middle portion) and 240 cm (top portion), and soil temperatures at depths of 7.5, 15 and 30 cm. Similar observations were also

! Kanwar etal: I.S.J. 1977 79 R4nfAfi 2, Singh & Singh: ibid.,-%76,-?j,-l%z.

Gill: Ann. Rpt. Sugar Res. Sta. Jullundur (India), 1964. 4 Gill & Singh: Indian Suoar. 1972.22. 627-632. " Friloux etal: Sugar v A z a r 1965 '60, (1 1.43-46.

Irvine: Proc. 14th Congr. I S S ~ T . 1671, 18. lrvine& Friloux: Sugar vAzGcar. 1965.60. (11). 58-59. Sund: Proc. 12th Congr. ISSCT, 1965.561-568. Singh & Singh: Indian Sugar, 1974.24.751.754. Kanwar: Sugar News (India), 1978,'lO. 11-1 5. Kanwar & Sharrna. Prog.Fmg. (PAU), 1971.7.14. :: Singh: Indian Fmr.Digest (PAU), 1972.5, 15-16. New Phvtol., 1950.49.8183,

Physiological and biochemical changes in sugar cane

Table Ill. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures of air and soil, OC

Date Irrigation intervals, days Open-field conditions

10 20 30 40

Max. Min. Soil Max. Min. Soil Max. Min. Soil Max. Min. Soil Max. Min. Soil Dec.1976 20.6 4.1 9.1 20.7 4.0 9.1 20.8 3.9 9.8 20.6 4.0 8.4 - - - Jan.1977 19.1 3.8 8.0 19.0 4.0 7.4 18.9 3.6 7.2 19.0 3.9 7.5 - - - Feb.1977 21.7 4.4 7.0 21.8 4.2 6.8 21.2 4.3 6.7 21.4 4.2 6.7 - - -

Dec.1977 19.7 7.0 11.4 20.6 6.6 11.5 - - - 21.9 4.8 11.6 22.4 4.9 11.6 Jan.1978 16.3 5.2 9.6 16.9 4.0 9.0 - - - 18.3 3.0 8.7 18.4 3.1 11.1 Feb.1978 16.6 8.4 9.5 18.3 5.7 9.5 - - - 18.5 5.9 9.4 19.4 5.0 10.3

Table IV. Moisture content % leaves (L) and leaf sheaths (LS)

Irrigation interval, days

10 20 30 40

Date L LS L LS L LS L LS

Dec.1976 74.1 74.94 71.3 75.4 68.35 72.79 68.1 72.4 Jan.1977 62.05 71.98 59.8 67.8 58.1 66.31 56.6 64.8 Feb.1977 62.51 67.22 61.2 66.0 60.07 64.51 59.3 62.9

Dec. 1977 65.93 72.1 6 65.0 70.9 64.6 70.2 64.7 70.1 Jan.1978 64.12 70.41 62.9 69.6 60.8 66.4 60.6 65.2 Feb.1978 65.45 67.3 64.9 68.1 63.2 63.9 62.2 61.7

Table V. Electrical conductivity of cane juice, mmho.cm-'

Irrigation interval, days

10 20 30 40

Date

Dec. 1976 5.0 5.23 5.23 5.29 Jan.1977 4.39 4.42 4.63 4.78 Feb.1977 4.33 4.44 4.63 4.77

Dec.1977 5.19 5.34 5.19 5.49 Jan.1978 4.82 4.73 5.24 5.49 Feb.1978 5.03 5.22 5.73 5.81

resulted in significantly higher moisture content and relative turgidity in the leaf and sheath tissues as compared with the restricted irrigations, i.e. 30 and 40-day intervals throughout the period.

Electrical conductivity of the juice decreased significantly during severe low temperature stress and increased during the post-frost period. However, such changes in electrical conductivity were minimal a t irrigation intervals of 10 days followed by those at 20 days and were maximal at a 40-day interval followed by a 30-day interval. It appears from this that the low temperature stress, specifically under restricted soil moisture conditions, rapidly increases the soluble salts in the cane juice, and juice quality deteriorates accordingly. The gum content in the juice during frost increased gradually between 10- and 20-day irrigation intervals but abruptly for 30- and 40-day intervals. It decreased significantly during the post-frost period. This suggests that the rhythm in the levels of gum content under low temperature stress is better controlled by the

380

higher soil moisture, than under restricted soil moisture. A significant decrease in pH with a corresponding

increase in titratable acidity of cane juice began with the onset of low temperature stress and continued to the end of February. Such changes were higher with 40-day irrigation intervals and lower with 10-day intervals followed by 20-day intervals. These results indicate that the frequent irrigations during low temperature stress also control the increase in titratable acidity in the juice.

Data on the changes in gum content, pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, sucrose and purity coefficient of cane juice were recorded and are summarized in Table VI. In general, the level of reducing sugars increased significantly with corresponding decrease in sucrose and purity during severe low temperature stress. The trend reversed during the post-freeze period. However, when these changes were compared between the irrigation treatments, i t was noticed that the frequency of the rhythm was substantially reduced by irriaation at shorter

-.

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rniento, pero sucede rnuy a rnenudocjue un buen proyecto de producci6n de azQcar, dirijase a aquel que equip no puede alcanzar 10s resultados deseados, tenga condiciones de surninistrar no solo el rnejor equipc debido a una falta de arrnonia del conjunto en general. corno tarnbibn la rnejor soluci6n para la coordination

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Zonini fobrlco ~apiches en 10s rigulentes dlrnaw4onss (en pulgodos).

per0 tarnbibn puede sumi~stmllos en tornoriosqspdote! I

GARANT&: L w tmpiches Zanini - Fanel o m e n una g~fantio Mu1 voledem or dos (2) aAw, m t m coalquier befeCto'fJf ,.A,-,.P-

mejor trapiche del rnundo, mrno tarnbikn ejecuta proyectos cornpletos para centrales azucarerm. La calidad Zanini estA siernpre presente, para rnejor seguridad del central azucarero y mayor tranquilidad del cliente, desde la fabricacibn del equipo hasta la indispen- sable asistencia tknica des- FWW K~ 4 da Rcdovla Armando de Salles Oliwra

pub de la instalaci6n. CaixaPostA, 139- 141M) SeWonnho-SP - Bras11 TMono: (01%) 42.2255

Y esta eficiencia es Tdex:01%315-ZANI BR Olicina Cmlrat Amida Paullsta. 4M) - 18 andar

garantizada por el alto nivel 01310 s80 P~UIO-SP - Bras11

tecnol6gico conseguido TeEfono (01 1) 285.5122 Tdex 01 1.22901 - ZANI BR - 01 1 21550 - ZANI BR

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Overseas Olfices and Subsidiaries: Oslo-Raadhusgaten 4 Oslo 1 I Dusseldorf-Grat Ado1 Strasse 24, Dusseldori I Singapore (Hitach) Zosen Engneerng Singapore <Pte > Ltd )- 1904 Robina House 1, Shenlon Way, Singapore 0106 I Hong Kong (Hltachl Zosen Company (HK) Ltd )-Tak Shmg House. 20 Des Voeux Road. Central. Hong Kong I Rlo de Janelro (Hltach Losen lndustrla Pesada Llda )-Rua Mexlco 90. 5" Andar, Rlo de Janero-RJ. Bras11 Overseas Agents: Hitachl Zosen International, S.A., London-Winchester House, 77 London Wall. London I Greece-33 Akt~ Mlaoui~. P~raeus. Greece I Hitachi Zosen U.S.A. Ltd., New York-345 Park Av., New York I Houston-One Allen Center, 500 Dallas Av , Houston

intervals, i.e. 10 and 20-days, as compared with restricted Physiological and biochemical changes in sugar wne irrigations, i.e. at 30- and 40day intervals. Interestingly. the yield of cane (Table VII) was significantly higher stress. Reducing sugars increased, with a corresponding with more frequent irrigation (10- and 20- day intervals) decrease in sucrose and purity of juice, during frost, but as compared with restricted irrigation (30 and 40 days) the condition was reversed afterwards. These physio- during 1976-77. However, during 1977-78, only irrigation logical changes due to low temperature were minimized at 10-day intervals significantly outyielded the remaining by application of irrigation at intervals of 10 days. treatments. Interestingly, the highest yield of millable canes was

Table VI. Mean composition of juice during the winters of (A) Dec. 1,1976 - Feb. 23,1977 and (B) Dee. 7,1977 - Feb. 20,1978

I Irrigation interval, days I 10 20 30

Gum content, ppm A 17.34 18.96 22.29 25.64 B 15.84 16.87 18.43 18.87 I

Titratable acidity, A 10.27 10.91 1 1.64 12.1 1 cm3 of 0.1N NaOH B 10.39 10.88 1 1.82 12.13

Reducing sugars %juice A 1.22 1.23 B 0.83 0.87

Apparent purity A 80.27 78.63 78.30 B 82.85 82.62 81.47

obtained with 10-day irrigation intervals during the Table VII. Millable cane yield, tonnes.ha-I winter.

lrrigation interval, days Modifications physiologiques et biochimiques de la canne 1 sucre sous I'influence de I'humidit6 du sol au wurs de la sollicitation par le froid

Mean

F~~~ the foregoing i t may be safely concluded that La temperature maximum Qtait toujours superieure irrigation at intervals of 10 days in periods of low dans les conditions de plein champ qu'i I'intQrieur de la temperature stress during the ripening-maturity phase rQcolte et ['inverse 6tait vrai pour lecas de la temperature

of C ~ J 46 is the best means of minimizing the detrimental minimum. La partie supe'rieure de la recolte a subi la

effects of frost on juice quality, ~h~ higher turgidity in tempQrature minimum la plus basse, suivie par les parties the leaf as well as in the sheath tissues was probably du milieu et du pied, tandis que I'inverse Btait vrai sous more conducive to optimal physiological functions of les conditions de plein champ. La temperature du sol the sugar cane plant. Qtait la plus basse B une profondeur de 7.5 cm et

augmentait avec la profondeur B la fois I I'intQrieur et 'a I'ext6rieur de la r6colte. Des intervalles d'irrigation de 10

Summary et 20 jours ont induit une teneur en humidit6 du sol The maximum temperature was always higher under nettement plus BlevBe que des intervalles de 30 et 40

open-field conditions than in the interior of the crop and jours, ainsi qu'une teneur plus Blev6e en humidit6 et une the reverse was true in the case of minimum temperature. turgescence relative plus Blevee dans les tissus de feuilles The top portion of the crop experienced the lowest et gaines, tout au long de la sollicitation par le froid. minimum temperature followed by the middle and La teneur en gommes et la conductivitQ 6lectrique du bottom portions, while the reverse was true under open- jus augmenterentdefa~on significative pendant la pQriode field conditions. The soil temperature was lowest at a des gelees et ros6es. tandis que le pH du jus baissait, avec depth of 7.5 cm and increased with the depth of soil un accroissement correspondant en acidit6 titrable des both inside and outside the crop. lrrigation intervals of la sollicitation par basse temp6rature. Durant les gelees 10 and 20 days induced significantly higher moisture on constata un accroissement en sucres rgducteurs, avec content in soil than intervals of 30 and 40 days as well une baisse correspondante en saccharose et en puretQ as higher moisture content and relative turgidity in leaf du ius, mais les conditions s'invers'erent par apres. Ces and sheath tissues, throughout the low temperature modifications physiologiques dues aux basses stress. temperatures Qtaient minimalis6es par I'application de

The gum content and electrical conductance of juice I'irrigation B des intervalles de 10 jours. II est inteiessant increased significantly during frost and thaw, while the de noter que la production la plus Blevie en canne juice pH decreased, with a corresponding increase in broyable a B t i obtenue par irrigation B 10 jours titratable acidity, with the onset of low temperature d'intervalle au cours de I'hiver.

361

Physiological and biochemical changes in sugar cane interval1 im Winter erzielt.

Physiologische und biochemische Veranderungen im Cambios fisiol6gicos y bioquimicos en caiia de az3car Zuckermhr unter dem EinfluR von Bodenfeuchtigkeit como influenciado por agua en el suelo durante esfuerzo bei extrem niedriger Temperatur a causa de temperatura baja

Das Temperaturmaximum war unter den Bedingungen des freien Feldes immer hoher als im lnneren der Kultur, und entgegengesetzt war es der Fall beim Temperatur- minimum. Die hijheren Lagen der Kultur hatten die niedrigsten Temperaturminima gefolgt von den in den mittleren und unteren Lagen. wahrend es unter offenen Feldbedingungen entgegengesetzt war. Die Boden- temperatur war am niedrigsten in 7.5 cm Tiefe und nahm mit der Bodentiefe zu, sowohl innerhalb als auch au8erhalb der Kultur. Bewasserungspausen von 10 und 20 Tagen induzierten einen bedeutend hoheren Feuchtigkeitsgehalt im Boden als lntervalle von 30 bis 40 Tagen sowie hoheren Feuchtigkeitsgehalt und relative Turgeszenz in Blatt und Blattscheidengewebe wzhrend extrem niedriger Temperaturen.

Der Gehalt an Gums und die elektrische Leitfahigkeit des Saftes nahmen bei Frost und Tau signifikant zu, wahrend der pH-Wert des Saftes abnahm mit einer entsprechenden Zunahme an titrierbarer Saure bei einem Schock durch extrem niedrige Temperaturen. Reduzierende Zucker nahmen bei Frost zu mit einem entsprechenden Rtickgang an Saccharose und Saftreinheit, jedoch wandelten sich diese Bedingungen spater ins Gegenteil urn. Diese physiologischen Versnderungen infolge niedriger Temperaturen wurden gemindert durch Bewasserung in zehntagigen Intervallen. Interess- anter Weise wurde der hohchste Ertrag an zu verarbeitendem Rohr bei einem Iotagigen Bewbserungs-

La temperatura mixima estuvo siempre mas alta en condiciones de campo abierto que en el interior de la cosecha y el contrario estuvo verdad en el caso de la temperatura minima. La porci6n mis alta de la cosecha sufri6 la temperatura minima la rna's baja con, en sequencia, temperaturas minimas menos baja para las porciones medias y en el fondo; estuvo verdad el contrario en condiciones de campo abierto. La temperatura del suelo estuvo la ma's baja en una profundidad de 7.5 cm y creci6 con profundidad de suelo dentro y por fuera de la cosecha. Regadio en intervales de 10 y 20 dias induci6 contenidos significa- mente mis altos de agua en el suelo que intervales de 30 y 40 dias, tanto como m5s alto contenido de agua y turgencia relativa en tejidos de la hoja y la vaina durante el esfuerzo a causa de temperatura baja. El contenido de goma y conductancia electrica de jugo creci6 significa- mente durante helada y deshielo, mientras que el pH del jugo se disminui6, con un aumento correspondiente en acidez por titraci6n. del comienzo del esfuerzo a causa de temperatura baja. Habia durante helada aumento de azljcares reductores, con una disminuci6n en sacarosa y pureza del jugo, per0 esta condici6n se inverti6 despuks. Estos cambios fisiol6gicos como funci6n de temperatura baja se reducieron al minim0 por aplicaci6n de regadio en intervalesde 10 dias. Es interesante que el rendimiento ma's alto de cafia para molienda se obtuvo con intervales de regadio de 10 dias durante el invierno.

Sugar beet phenols Investigation of phenolic compounds from sugar beet in relation to the formation of colour

By B.WINSTR0M OLSEN, A. F. MADSEN and W. KOFOD NIELSEN (Aktieselskabet De Danske Sukkerfabrikker, Driftteknisk Laboratorium, Nakskov, Denmark)

PART II

IDENTIFICATION OF THE COMPOUNDS IN THE CHROMATOGRAMS

In the previous sections we have used the chromatograms from the HPLC analyses to characterize juice from various sources. We shall now discuss the nature of the compounds using identified peaks to quantify the amount of compounds concerned. We had three methods at our disposal: (a) investigations of elution volume, (b) recovery of substance when purifying a standard

compound, and (c) investigations of the absorption spectra of standard

compounds and peaks in the chromatograms.

Elution volumes

A large number of standard compounds (from Sigma Chemical Company) have been studied. A number are listed in Table I according to their elution volume (Ve). The elution volumes found for the compounds in the last part of the table may show some variation and depend, to a certain extent, on the time the data were obtained. The relative volume of eluate for two

362

compounds was constant. It may be seen that compounds with low polarity leave the column late. Substituting -CH3 for a -H leads to a substantial increase of elution volume. Compounds containing nitrogen have a low elution volume.

Recovery o f substances

To evaluate the features of the substances which are purified during the procedure with alumina, a solution of each of the standard substances was purified like raw juice. The juice after purification was run on HPLC, and the area of the peak (if any) was compared with the area of a chromatogram of a solution of the standard compound. The ratio between the two areas is called the recovery (R). Theoretically, the highest value of R is 1.00. Losses during the purification procedure mean that the value found in practice is considerably below 1.00. A list of values for R is given in Table I. It will be seen that a condition of purifying a substance is that the compound contains OH-groups in the 1.2-positions. This fact places important restrictions on the kind of substance found in the HPLC chromatograms of raw juice. With a recovery of 0.45, the conc6ntration of the

Sugsr beet phenols

Table I: Phenolic compounds The compounds are eluted from a *'pBondapakr' CI 8-column with 0.2 (v/v)% acetic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 cm3.min-' after adsorption of a 25 p1 sample containing 0.005% of the compound in 0.2% acetic acid.

Compound Formula MW* h ( E m a ~ ) t . V e f . nm cm

fz §

L-Epinephrine = Adrenaline HO

183.2 280 3.7 0.45

Dopamine: 3-Hydroxy-tyramlne HO

153.1 280 5.0 0.45

DL-3.4-D1hydroxymandel1c acid "LPH- HO 0 CH COOH

L-Dopa = L-0-(3.4-Dlhydroxypheny1)-alanlne 197.2 280 6.0 0.43

DL-Methanephrine = DL-m-0-Methyl-

epinephrine 197.2 280 6.6 0.00

NH2 L-Tyrosine HOQCH,-AH-COOH 181.2 280 7.8 0.00

Pyrogallol 126.1 265 8.6 0.30

HO

DL-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-mandelic acid = CH,O OH

Vanillylmandelic acid = Vanilmandelic acid H O ~ L H - C O O H

DL-lsoproterenol = 1-lY.4'-Dihyd~ouy-

phenyll-2-isopropylam~noethanol = HO OH

~sopropy~artereno~ uo&LH-AH-NH,

Rerorcinol

Catechol

Protocatechuic acld = 3.44J1hydroxybenzoic acid

3.4-Dihydroxyphenylacet~c acid =

Homoprotocatechuic acld

p-Hydroxy-benzolc acid

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenylacetic acid = Homovanillic acid

Caffeic acid

Ferulic acid

HO

H O ~

H:&J COOH

H:&cH2 -coou H O W O O H

CH,O

H o b c H , - cooH

Molecular weight. t Wavelength at maximum absorbance. $ Elution volume. 5 Recovery of the compounds by purif~catlon on alumina

Sugar beet phenols A summary of the results obtained is given in Table II for the high peaks. Most of the compounds represented

compounds in the sample for HPLC is about ten times by a peak in the chromatograms have a maximum in the the concentration in the juice. range 260-300 nm. However, compound IX (Fig. 10)

>

Table 11. Maxima o f peaks from HPLC chromatograms

Compound Approx. Figure h(Emax). No. retention nm

vol., cm3

I 2.8 280 II 2.9 - 3.1 8 280 Ill 3.7 - 3.8 290 IV 4.6 - 5.0 peaks at 280 and 290 V 5.2 - 5.4 280 VI 5.7 - 6.1 9 280 VI I -6.5 290 or above V l l l 7.3 - 7.4 290 I X 17 - 21 10 260 and 290-300

and possibly some of the small peaks have another

The compounds purified from the factory juice were analysed at several wavelengths. On the basis of a large number of chromatograms, the absorption spectra of the peaks in the chromatograms from juice were recorded. Three of these are given as Figures%, 9. and 10.

Absorption spectra

All the standards examined contain an aromatic unit and have a maximum absorbance within the range 260-300 nm. The maximum values for h(Emax) found are given in Table 11. They were determined with a Pye Unicam SP8-100 spectrophotometer and the UV detector of the HPLC equipment, and are in agreement with values found in the literatureI9. Most of the compounds have a maximum at 280 nm. Compounds like caffeic acid with 4 conjugated double bonds have a maximum at 300 nm.

shape. -

Are0 I

44 000~

Nokslrov raw juice 11 12 .-. 35000

N g k ~ k o v row juice : 12 12 %-I

Juice f rom peel 13 12 +-+ Souk'lhing ro:,vjuirr 18 12 n-n

32000 S U X k l O h Q rOw,]u,ce 19 12 u-n

EJ9i?'-av r.lN ,ii!ci' 19 12 0- u

zac2o

20 020.-

Are0

Fig. 9. Absorption spectra o f peaks from purified urce found at an elution volume o f 5.75 - 6.06 cm4 .in HPLC chromatograms

2 0 W 0 ~ ~

On the basis of the information achieved we have reached the following conclusions:

Nokskov row ~ V I C B 11 12 .-. Nokskav row juice 12 12 z-x

Compound I is norepinephrine:

Julurce from peel 13 12 +-+

Saxkjeblng rowjvlce 18 12 o--0

Soxkjobing row jute 19 12 .-. No::slov row jwce 19 12 0-o

0 4 : . - 250 270 290 310 330 nm

Fig.8. Absorption spectra of peaks from purlfiedjuice found at an elution volume of 2.9 - 3.1 cm in HPLC l9 "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 50th edn., (Chemical chromatograms Rubber Co., Cleveland), 1969.

364

One of the compounds lV is dopamine:

The 3.74 cm3 peak (Fig. 2) represents a compound which. structurally, must be closely related to epinephrine and possibly also to norepinephrine according to our observations. In general, addition of an -NH-group to an aromatic ring will result in a shifting of the absorbance maximum towards a higher wavelength. For compound Ill the following formula may be suggested:

Sugar beet phenols

predominant peaks is eluted between 3 and 9 cm3 and includes most of the phenolic compounds containing nitrogen (see Table I). A generic term for these compounds, including those identified, is catecholamines. This term will be used from now on.

The shoulder after the 3.74 cm3 peak in Fig. 2 could possibly be epinephrine:

The pathways of syntheses and metabolisms of the catecholamines are known from the physiological studies2 O .

Dopa

I L-Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

Dopamine

Area

This compound is represented by the peak at 4.95 cm3 in Fig.2. Zo Crout: "Catecholamine metabolism". Chapter in "Hormones

A number of observations may be made concerning and hypertension". Ed. Manaqer (C. C. Thomas, Springfield, the other peaks. The main part of the quantitatively IL.), 1966.

365

I Dopamine - I3 - hydroxylase at an elution volume of 17 - 21 cm3 in HPLC chromatograms Norepinephrine

Compound VI is dopa: I Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase

Epinephrine

113 N I i

4LOOO~

LOWO

36000

L

.

Nok~kov row , u , c ~ 71 12 a-

iulce from peel 73 12 +-+

SoxkjOhing row jurce 18 72 o-o

Soxkjobiny rowju ice 79 12 a-o

Nokskov rpw prce 19 72 0-0

20 C?O

LWO--

*/*\+-*-+-.

250 2?0 ' 230 370 ' 330 n r - Fig. 10 Absorption spectra of peaks from purified juice found

Sugar beet phenols The degradative metabolism of the catecholamines Theoretically, by dehydration this compound is has been studied among higher animals, fungi, and transformed to: bacteria2' and should be the subject of investigations on

the metabolism of sugar beet. Analyses of the chromatograms can be used to

exclude some phenolic compounds. We have concluded that catechol and pyrogallol are not of any importance in relation to the phenolic compounds in juice from sugar beet.

Quantitative analyses

For separated, identified peaks in a chromatogram from purified juice, for which the compound in question is available as a product of a known content, it is possible to estimate the amount of the compound in the juice. Data for norepinephrine and dopa are given in Table Ill. The day-byday variations of the content are

This compound has two aromatic rings, an indole considerable and in agreement with variations in the

ring system known from tryptophan and, like compound Size of the peaks in Figs. 8 and 9. The content of

IX, may possibly be found in the later part of the norepinephrine is about 1-2 ppm in raw juice and of

chromatogram (see Table I I). dopa about 1-5 ppm with an average of 2.4 in ten determinations.

A double ring structure formed by dopa and To estimate the approximate total concentration of dooamine could exolain some of the other comoounds catecholamines in raw juice we have added the areas in wh'ich have a maxim'um absorotion at 290 nm.

. the chromatosrams. and we have olaced this sum in . -

relation to the areas and concentrations of norepine- It be in mind that One Of the natural phrine and dopa. In all cases the total content is below

pigments in beetroot is betanine. A unit in this 20 ppm catecholamines in raw juice. ~h~ content in compound is: digestion juice of the green material is much higher,

especially in relation to the content of RDS.

Summary

A method for analysing polyphenol compounds in raw juice has been developed. After addition to the raw juice of EDTA and ascorbic acid as a reducing agent, and filtration of the sample with "Celite" filter aid, the

OOH phenolic compounds are reversibly adsorbed on alumina

R2 at pH 8.4. After washing the alumina, the compounds in question are desorbed with acetic acid, and then separated and characterized by reverse phase HPLC.

In raw juice there are about a dozen compounds with OH-groups in the 1, 2-positions of aromatic rings. Of these some 6-8 are predominant. I t is demonstrated

A biosynthetic pathway for another important unit that they are compounds called catecholamines and in betalains is formulated on the basis of L-dopa, under- possibly closely related compounds. Norepine- going an oxidative cleavage and subsequent cyclization phrine, and probably dopamine have been to become betalamic acid2 : identified.

In raw juice the concentration of norepinephrine is 1-2 ppm and that of dopa 1-5 ppm. Together they amount to about 20-50% of the content of catecholamines in raw juice. The structures of the other compounds are discussed.

Altogether the compounds studied are believed to be of major importance with regard to colour formation within the sphere of beet sugar production, not only as colour-forming substances on their own but alx, as precursors of intermediates for known betalains from beetroot.

Catechol and pyrogallol are phenolic compounds of little importance in raw juice.

Les ph6nols de la betterave sucri6re. Etude des cornposh phCnoliques des betteraves en relation avec la coloration

On a mis au point une m6thode d'analyse des compos6s polyph6noliques dans le jus brut. Aprks

A peak in the chromatograms might be an inter- Towers & Subba Rao: Recent Adv. in Phytochern., 1972.4. mediate for this transformation. 1 -41.

366

Table Ill. Catecholamines in juice

"N" and "Sx" represent raw juice from the Nakskov and Saxkjabing factories, respectively.

Juice RDS Norepinephrine Dopa Catecholamine Total ("1 (t)

P P ~ P P ~ P P ~ P P ~

N 11112 13.4 1.9 4.2 17 11 N 12/12 16.4 1.9 4.5 20 13 N 14/12 15.2 0.9 2.2 18 12 N 15/12 15.2 0.8 1 .O 9 6 Sx 18/12 14.0 1.1 1.6 19 13 Sx 19/12 13.1 1.2 1.2 16 10 N 19/12 14.4 1.8 2.5 11 7 N 20112 13.6 1.3 1.4 12 8 N 21/12 14.6 1.9 2.9 9 7 N 22/12 13.0 1.5 2.6 16 11

Green material 3.0 1.2 46 ($1 50 52

Beetroot 8.4 1.3 50 ($1 60 57 (*) Estimated from the content of norepinephrine (t) Estimated from the content of dopa ($) Calculated as dopamine

addition au jus brut d'EDTA et d'acide ascorbique comme agent rbducteur et filtration de I'bchantillon avec du "Celite" cornme adjuvant, les cornpoJs phbnoliques sont adsorbds. de faqon r6versible. sur de I'alumine B pH 8.4. Aprh lavage de I'alumine, les compods en question sont desorbes avec de I'acide acetique puis s6parCs et caractbrises par chromatographie liquide B haute performance en phase inversbe. Dans le jus brut, il y a environ une douzaine de composOs avec des groupes OH sur les positions 1.2 des anneaux aromatiques. Parmi ceux-ci, quelques 6-8 sont pr6dominant.s. On dbmontre que ce sont des composbs appeles catecholamines et, peut-&re, quelques composbs fortement apparent&. On a identifid la norbpinbphrine, la dopa et, probablement, la dopamine. Dans le jus brut, la concentration de la norbpinbphrine est de 1-2 ppm et celle de la dopa 1-5 ppm. Ensembles, elles representent environ 20-50 % des catbcholamines du jus brut. On discute de la structure des autres composbs. On pense que I'ensemble des composes etudiees joue un rBle important dans la coloration en sucrerie de betteraves non seulement en tant que substances gbnbrant de la coloration par elles-mgrnes mais aussi en tant que prbcurseurs d'intermkdiaires pour les bbtalaines de betteraves bien connues. Le catbchol et le pyrogallol sont des composbs phbnoliques de peu d'importance dans le jus brut.

Zuckerriiben-Phenole. Untersuchung der phenolischen lnhaltstoffe von Zuckerriiben irn Hinblick auf die Farbbildung

Eine Methode zur Analyse von Polyphenolen im Rohsaft ist entwickelt worden. Nach Zugabe von EDTA und Ascorbinsaure als Reduktionsmittel zum Rohsaft und nach dessen Filtration durch "Celite"-Filtrations- hilfsmittel, warden die phenolischen Verbindungen reversibel auf Aluminiumoxid bei pH 8,4 adsorbiert. Nach Waschen dcs AI2o3 wurden die untersuchten Verbindungon mit Essigsaure desorbiert und dann durch Riickphasenhochdruckflussigkeitschrornatographie

Sugar beet phenols

trennt und charakterisiert. Im Rohsaft wurden ca. ein Dutzend Verbindungen mit OH-Gruppen in der 1,2 Stellungen an aromatischen Ringen gefunden. Von diesen machen ungefahr 6 bis 8 den Hauptteil der ~aneaus. Es wird gezeigt, daR diese Verbindungen entweder Catecholamine oder eng rnit diesen verwandt sind. Norepinephrin, Dopa und wahrxheinlich Dopamin wurden identifiziert. Irn Rohsaft betragt die Konzentration an Norepinephrin 1-2 ppm und diejenige von Dopa 1-5 ppm. Beide zusammen machen ungefahr 20.50% des Gehaltes an Catecholaminen im Rohsaft aus. Auch die molekulare Struktur der anderen Bestandteile wird diskutiert. lnsgesamt ist man der Meinung, dall die untersuchten Verbindungen von grollter Bedeutung fur die Farbbildung bei der Rubenzuckergewinnung sind. und zwar nicht nur was die farbbildenden Stoffe allein anbelangt, sonder auch als Vorlaufer von Zwischenprodukten fijr bekannte Betalaine aus der Rubenwurzel. Catechol und Pyrogallol sind phenolische lnhaltstoffe von geringer Bedeutung im Rohsaft.

Fenoles de remolacha azucarera. Investigaci6n de cornpuestos fen6licos de remolacha azucarera respecto de la formaci6n de color

Se ha desarrollado un rnbtodo para analizar compuestos polifenblicos en jug0 crudo. Despuds de adici6n al jugo crudo de EDTA (icido tetra-acbtico de etilenadiamina) y Bcido ascbrbico como agente reductor, y filtraci6n de la muestra con "Celite" filtro-ayudo, 10s compuestos fenblicos se adsorben reversiblemente sobre alumina a pH 8.4. Despues de lavado de la alumina, 10s compuestos en cuestibn se desorben con icido acdtico y entonces se separan y se caracterizan por reversa-fase cromatografia liquida de alta presibn. En jug0 crudo hay una docena de compuestos con grupos OH in las posiciones 1.2 de anillos aromiticos. De Bstos. unos 6-8 predominan. Se demuestra que son cornpuestos nombrado catecolaminas y posiblemente algunos compuestos intimamente relatados. Norepinefrina. dopa y probablemente dopamina se han identificado. En jugo crudo, la concentracibn de norepinefrina alcanza 1-2 ppm y de dopa 1-5 ppm. Cornbinado, estos compuestos representan 20-50% del contenido de catecolaminas en jugo crudo. Las estructuras de otros compuestos se discuten. En conjunto, 10s autores creen que 10s compuestos estudiados son de mayor importancia respecto de formacibn de color dentro el esfero de producci6n de azacar de remolacha, no sblo como materias colorigdnicas por su propia cuenta sino como precursores de materias intermedias para betalainas conocidas de remolacha, tambibn. Catecola y pirogalola son compuestos fen6licos de menor importancia en jugo crudo.

Chinese sugar production, 1978179'. - Production of cane sugar in China in 1978179 amounted to 2,038,400 tonnes, raw value. while beet sugar production amounted to 535.900 tonnes.

A preliminaty study o f the energy inputs in the production of sugar cane. P. A. Donovan. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 188-192.-The expenditure on labour, herbicides, fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, machinery maintenance, chemicals other than herbicides, electricity and contracting work has been converted from monetary terms to input energy expressed as megajoules per tonne o f cane produced. Comparison of farm sizes and factory area characteristics show statistically significant differences; this also applies to rain-fed and irrigated areas-in the former, 88% o f the energy inputs is represented by fertilizers, fuel and machinery maintenance, whereas in the latter case the same three factors plus electricity account for 94% of the inputs. Considerable scope for energy saving is indicated by comparison of farms with high and low energy inputs, and by comparison of five methods o f weed control, ranging from use of tractors for spraying and cultivation to hand hoeing.

Water duties for sugar cane grown during spring and autumn cycles at Pongola. D. B. Hellmann. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 200-205. When the South African sugar industry expanded into new areas where irrigation was required, no data were available on the amount of water to apply. Continued experimentation has been carried out at Pongola Experi- ment Substation, covering up to 10 ratoon crops. Results, discussed with the aid of tables and graphs, show that 51 mm of effective water applied on a 21-day cycle can be recommended for both spring and autumn cycle crops; this represents 2844 ha.cumec-' where sprinkler irrigation is used (giving 80% efficiency) 168 hours per week, or 1525 ha.cumec-' with surface irrigation used at 60% efficiency 120 hours per week. This recommendation could be applied t o a considerable proportion of the cane grown in the irrigated cane areas of South Africa.

Long-term rainfall trends in the South African sugar industry. T. G. J. Dyer and J. M. Gosnell. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 206-21 3. Records from 18 rainfall statiol~s, were subjected to spectral analysis, which showed significant long-term oscillations with a mean wavelength of 19.2 years, varying from 17.7 years in the northern rain-fed areas t o 22.5 years in the southern part o f the cane belt. Shorter oscillations were also found. From this analysis, subjec- tive projections and predictions based on sunspot behaviour, it is probable that most o f the South African cane area will experience below-average rainfall in a number o f yearscentred on the mid-1980's.

Wide planting furrows.C. Richard. Sugar Bull., 1978, 56, (19). 16-18.-While planting in wide furrows has not given significantly higher cane yields with all varieties,

tests with specific varieties have shown significant increases with 18- or 14-inch furrows by comparison with furrows only 12 inches wide. However, it is stressed that, where the new practice is adopted, there is need t o have the proper equipment to cover the wide furrows; otherwise there is risk of insufficient space between cane stalks lying in the furrow-the space should be almost numerically equal to the furrow width.

Drip irrigation. Fundamental principles, experience and application in the cultivation o f sugar cane. E. Paz- Vergara P. 801. Tecn. Divn. Tbcn Inst. Central lnvest. Azuc. (Peru), 1976, 5, (314). 1-38 (Spanish).-A general description is givenof Latin American irrigation practices and characteristics of sprinkler and furrow irrigation described by contrast with drip irrigation. The principles o f drip irrigation and the response of crops and their yields are indicated.The possibility of its use for desalini- zation is mentioned and information is presented on equipment, materials and costs, specifically in relation to cane cultivation. A bibliography available in the lClA and related communications are listed.

Texture and salinity o f soils in the Agrarian Cooperative "El lngenio Ltda. No. 42". J. C. Sevilla G. Bol. Tbcn. Divn. Tecn. Inst. Central lnvest. Azuc. (Peru), 1976, 5, (314). 39-58 (Spanish).-Analysis of soil samples taken in the area of CAP "El Ingenio" showed that the salinity values were not limiting for the achievement of good cane yields. Moreover, the analyses also indicated the presence o f a shallow loamy soil above a stony layer very near the surface in most o f the fields sampled.

Summary of investigations on fertilization with N, P and K carried out in the Casa Grande Agricultural Experiment Station during the decade 1960-1970. S. Valdivia V. Bol. Tecn. Divn. Tbcn. Inst. Central lnvest. Azuc. (Peru), 1976, 5, (314). 59-77 (Spanish).-A summary is made of the results o f fertilization experiments conducted at the Station, some o f which have been published previously. Different nitrogen sources showed no significant differences in cane quality or yield. No yield response was found m different rates of K, nor was there a N x K interaction. No response t o N occurred at rates between 160 and 240 kg.ha-', but significant responses were obtained t o higher rates.

Effect of salinity on the germination of sugar cane. S. Valdivia V. and J. Pinna C. Saccharurn (Publ. Cient. Inst. Central Invest. Azuc., Peru), 1977, 5, ( I ) , 51-59 (Spanish).-Evaluation o f the effects o f various levels of salinity on the germination o f cane setts was studied in field experiments using variety H 32-8560. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.80) was found betwen the two. To obtain good germination, better than 85%. the salinity, measured in termsoftheconductivityof extract, should be less than 55 mmho.cm-', while a 50% reduction was observed when salinity corresponded t o a conductivity of 9.7 mmho.cm-'.

Application o f vinasse by aspersion. J. M. Lorenzetti and P. G. R. Freitas. Saccharurn (STAB, Brazil), 1978, 1, (2). 16-22 (Portuguese).-Between 1970 and 1975 vinasse was distributed to cane fields at Usina S o Jose by way of irrigation canals in which it was diluted 1:3 with water. This method gave rise t o a number of problems, and in 1975 studies began on the distribution of vinasse in canals to pumping stations from which i t was fed to spray points 60 m apart, each covering an area of 2800 rn2. The rates o f application are quoted and the benefits

NO CANE TESTING LABORATORY IS

0 . .

COMPLETE WITHOUT ONE OR BOTH OF THESE JEFFCO CutterlGrinder This IS used to reduce cane samples Into a flne condtt~on to f a c ~ t a t e determlnaton of fibre content etc The ground cane is retalned n a recelvlng bin whlch IS sealed to mlnimlse w~nd- age and resultant molsture loss The lulce IS evenly spread throuqhout the product

Above left Model 2655 w ~ l g r ~ n d prepared cane or that wt i~ch has come from a pre-breaker It will also take full stalks In cludlng the tops and roots The opening through whlch the cane is fed IS 6 d ~ a (152 mm) Power by 10 h p motor

Above centre Model 265 B M 1s Identical to the Model 2658 except that 11 has two smaller Inlet funnels and w ~ l l only han dle stalks Inlet diameter 2% (63 mm) It IS fast In operation It has a water Inlet on top so that the machine can be flushed out at the end of tests wh~le still running Thls shows machine wlth recelvlng bln

Above rfght lllustrat~on of internal cuttlng arrangement The cutters whlch are mounted on a vertlcal splndle perform a sclssors actlon w ~ t h the four blocks In the head of the ma chine Screen plates w ~ t h holes of varlous sizes are ava~lable DIMENSIONS Cutter gr~nder (Packed 29 x 51 x 53 ) =

45 5 c ft (1 285 m ) We~aht 1100 Ib (499 ko ,

MACHINES The JEFFCO model 291 Wet Disintegrator The 'Jeffco" Wet Dis~ntegrator Model 291 (at left) converts a measured quanttty of cane and water to a well-n~gh l~quid con- d i t~on It operates w ~ t h a 3 h p motor, has a 9 lltre capacity bowl whlch has a water ~acket to enable temperature control Bowl tllls for easy emptylng It has a tlmer which cuts the machlne off automat~cally at preselected time

DIMENSIONS: wet o,s,nlegralor Packed 23 x 3 8 x 73 3 7 ~ 1 1 11 047m 1 Weight 728 Ib ,3311 xg 1

\ = Bowl ln emply q , i t on Bowl n ope i t q ~ o s ~ l l o n

Approved by Leading Sugar Cane Research Centres. r---------------------------------------- I JEFFRESS BROS. LTD 351 MELTON ROAD.^

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Sugar cane agronomy derived are discussed. The cost o f vinasse application is lower than that of conventional fertilizer application and the response is better. Other advantages of the system are described.

Use o f the Class A pan in determination o f true evapotranspiration i n the cultivation o f sugar cane. N. A. V. Nova, 0. 0. S. Bacchi and R. Scardua. Brasil A~uc., 1978, 91, 164-173 (Portuguese).-A method described in a doctorate thesis b y Souza in 1976 provided a measure o f trueevapotranspiration o f cane based on rainfall and soil tensiometric measurements. By comparison of such measurements with Class A pan evaporation data, a crop coefficient varying between 0.62 and 1.05 with time during the year, and a pan coefficient of 0.75 or 0.85,could beobtained which, when applied to pan data, gave a simple and adequate value t o evapotranspiration suitable to govern the supply of irrigation water t o a cane crop.

Good results from minimum tillage. Anon. S. African Sugar J., 1978, 62, 349.-After difficulties in crop re- establishment on a farm where the heavy clay soil forms a crust during the winter months and poses problems in seedbed preparation, the grower investigated minimum tillage methods. The cane was cut, and further growth permitted until the majority of tillers appeared. Spraying with "Roundup" at 8 litres.ha-' was followed, 1-2 weeks later (when the cane started dying), by seedbed preparation and furrow formation (in one operation) by means of a rotary cultivator. Seed cane was then planted and covered b y hand; planting was not subject to any delays. even after heavy rain, and there was virtually no erosion (by contrast with the previous system). Germination and growth of the crop were very good.

A preliminary study on the effect o f soil oxygen concentration on sugar cane growth. Y. S. Sheu, T. C. Yang and S. J. Yang. Rpt. TaiwanSugar Researchlnst, 1978, (80). 1-1 1 (Chinese).-Investigations o f the effect o f soil oxygen concentration on cane growth showed that a low concentration induced by poor drainage reduced root development and cane growth, as well as leaf N, P and K in the initial weeks of the growing season. Al l factors studied correlated closely with soil oxygen concentration in the period from June to October. As a result of the poor drainage, yield fell by 17-50% according to soil condition and planting date.

Cultural practices in relation t o the low-temperature effect on sugar cane in north India. R. S. Kanwar. Sugar News (India). 1978, 10, (2), 1 1-1 5.-The adverse effects o f frost on cane are examined, and possible means o f protecting cane from frost are described.

Exploring "no man's land" o f sugar cane research. G. Arceneaux. SugarJ., 1978.41, (3),35-36.-The value of small-scale milling to give estimates of sugar recovery from. cane, particularly where different varieties are involved, is discussed1; references are made to the use o f high-extraction milling to supplement results of field experiments at Central Romana in the Dominican Republic, wherethevarietal correction factor is routinely determined for all promising seedlings in variety trials and for parent canes used in the breeding programmes. Mention is made o f inconsistency i n estimations o f sugar loss caused by the stalk borer. Diatraea saccharalis; the error was attributed to wide variation in the weight of internodes, which affected the validity o f the practice of

denoting borer damage levels as percentages of affected internodes. While expression of the damage in terms of rind punctures per weight o f cane would be more univer- sally applicable, the term "percentage o f bored joints" is so well established that it would be unpractical t o replace it; hence, both methods are used.

N-P-K fertilization of sugar cane in the Mata zone of Minas Gerais. M. S. Manhies, D. F. Azeredo and A. A. Peixoto. Brasil Aquc., 1978, 91, 314-320 (Portuguese). Trials were made, with one replication, using two levels o f N, two of P and two o f K on plant cane of variety CB 45-3 in a red-yellow latosol, harvested at 16 months. Nitrogen had no consistent positive effect but phosphorus increased yield. Potassium reduced the recoverable sugar in one experiment, but in another increased the production of cane. The best doses were 90 kg.hcl P,05 and 50 kg.ha-' of K20 .

A new sugar cane herbicide. J. Everitt and J. Louw. S. African Sugar J., 1978, 62, 403.-"Bladex Plus SC" (containing "Cyanazine" and "Atrazine" as active ingre- dients) at 9 litres.ha-I has given good control of guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and yellow nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus) as well as other grasses and broad-leafed weeds in cane fields. It has been registered for use as a post-emergence herbicide in cane in South Africa.

Irrigation research in Hawaii. Ann. Rpt. HSPA Expt. Sta., 1977, 11-16.-Peak effort in drip irrigation research was made during 1973174. During the subsequent six years, over 30,000 acres in Hawaii has been provided with the system and efforts have been directed t o perfecting the use of accumulated hydraulic data, testing of equipment, development of controllers, fighting ant damage t o tubes. study o f the use o f dirty water and sewage effluent for irrigation and evaluating subsurface (deep) irrigation as an alternative to drip (shallow) irrigation. Drip tubes were subject to testing and water distribution profiles developed t o aid designing of irrigation system layouts. The use of rubber tubes for subsurface irrigation would be cheap and it was found that blocked orifices could be cleared when the rubber expanded under application of 20 psi pressure for reactivation of the system for a second year's use. An irrigation controller employing a microprocessor has been developed to a prototype and the software is essen- tially complete for testing. Microscopic examination of tubes and tube orifices in a drip system has shown that plugging is due t o many mechanisms; the present system o f irrigation water filtration and chlorination appears satisfactory t o prevent plugging but should be tested for any new source o f water to be used.

Fertilization, soils and nutrition research i n Hawaii. Ann. Rpt. HSPA Expt. Sta., 1977. 17-20.-Preliminary work indicates that phosphate may be applied to cane soils through drip irrigation tubing and will provide adequate nutrient levels. Phosphate application in irrigation water is inferior to placement below the seedpiece in a plant crop, especially during early growth, but should give as good results as sidedressing o f a ratoon crop and eliminate a special fertilization operation. A urea/ammonium nitrate nitrogen source for irrigation water application is under study; it contains 32% N, is compatible with hard water and is cheaper t o store and transport, while the N is not volatile and the solution is odourless.

' Arceneaux: I.S.J., 1976.78.86,

369

Sugar cane agronomy

Cane growth and metabolism research in Hawaii. Ann. Rpt. &SPA Expt. Sta., 1977, 21-30.-In the 2: years after Federal registration of "Polaris" the cane area treated in Hawaii rose t o about 60% of that harvested. New ripeners are under study; MON-8000, a formulation of the sodium salt of "Glyphosate", has shown promise in offering a greatly increased ripening effect with less variability in the results and at lower application rates. High leaf nitrogen (over 1.45%) appears to protect the cane from ripener effect while low leaf nitrogen (below 1.26%) indicates that the cane is already ripe; the ripener produces a good response at intermediate levels of N (between 1.26 and 1.45%). Trials at different locations showed that variable results were obtained and depended on the ripener and the time of application. An elevated spray boom hasbeendeveloped forapplication o f ripeners t o mature cane. andtests haveshown that some chemicals showed activity when applied to cane through drip irrigation tubing. Application o f gibberellic acid is better at regular intervals of 30 days than 15; the response depends on the variety o f cane. It acts by increasing the length, weight and pol content of lengthening joints but does not increase leaf area. A study on flowering and climatological data for 1973-77 and for ten varieties has been made and a number of conclusionsdrawn. Transport through the cell plasma membrane has been studied and its linkage with electrolyte balance established, which may be useful in agronomic practice. The presence of an invertase active at pH 2.5 in leaf tissue has been confirmed, and it was also located in sheath tissue. There are several invertases in cane, and work is continuing on their regulation by chemical means. About 13% o f carbon fixed by cane is metabolized via starch in cane leaves, and storage during daylight is greater than the rate of starch metabolism, resulting in accumulation. The activity of starch-synthesizing and -degrading enzymes is under study, but has been shown to differ with cane variety. A number of characters have been studied as criteria for assessment of drought resistance, and this work is to continue.

Weed control research in Hawaii. Ann. Rpt. HSPA Expt. Sta., 1977, 31-33.-Trials have continued with "Round- up" for perennial grass treatment and application t o irrigation water ditchbanks, while studies are being made on the persistence of soil residues. "Velpar" has shown promise in treatment o f tougher weeds, including guinea grass, para grass and other grass and broad-leafed species. Perennial Johnson grass is not controlled, and dallis grass only responds to treatment in higher rainfall areas. Small plot trials showed good pre- and post-emergence activity against most weeds by "Ravage", but this has not yet been cleared for field testing. Laboratory studies have been completed on its degradation. Restrictive Federal regulations have also prevented receipt of any new herbicide for testing. Application of a number of herbicides in a single shock dose through drip irrigation tubing was tested; further work will use injection of herbicide into a water flow through the tubing, which may correct thenon-uniformity o f distribution observed. "Eptam" gave the best results on grasses, but broad- leafed weeds appeared after two weeks and were not controlled. "Evik" ("Ametryne") showed no effect initially but gave partial (but inadequate) control after several weeks.

Studies on intercropping o f maize in sugar cane. J. P. Patil, V. D. Pati1,S.S. Patil and B. K. Nikam. Maharashtra Sugar, 1978.3. (9). 35-40.-The sucrose content of cane was not appreciably affected by growing maize as an intercrop, but the yield was reduced by up to 32%. The net return was greatest from maize grown in alternate rows a t 45 cm plant spacing, with addition of 50 kg.ha-' o f N fertilizer.

Improving cane quality. G. K. Zende. Maharashtra Sugar, 1978, 3, (9), 43-46.-Facton affecting cane quality are listed and the need for attention t o a number of points in order to raise quality is indicated. Suitability of a number o f canevarieties fordifferent areasof Maharashtra is mentioned and the use of particular agronomic practices discussed, including the application of ripeners and micronutrients. The importanceof correct water management is briefly mentioned, as is the need to ensure optimum yield response b y finding the best methods and intervals of fertilizer application. Other important topics include the use of good quality seed cane, timely disease and pest control measures, harvesting o f cane on a maturity basis and payment o f cane on a quality basis.

Anhydrous ammonia as a source of fertilizer for sugar cane. M. V. Dahiphale. Sugar News (India), 1978, 10, (3). 6-13.-Anhydrous ammonia was compared with other forms o f nitrogen fertilizer in trials at three locations over three seasons. Yield differences were not significant, but it is concluded that larger-scale trials are warranted, since it is a cheaper form of N than other compound and solid fertilizers.

The role of nutrients in sugar cane and signs of their hunger. U. S. Singh. lndian Sugar, 1978. 28, 19-25. The role o f major and minor elements in the sugar cane and symptoms of deficiency are described; they include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron and molybdenum.

Effect of intercropping on the yield of spring-planted sugar cane. S. S. Narwal and K. L. Behl. lndian Sugar, 1978, 28. 27-29.-Studies were made of the effects of three intercrops grown in cane fields in Haryana. the yields and income from the combined crops being calculated and other effects noted. A good additional income may be obtained by growing moong between rows of cane at 75 and 90 cm spacing. It matured quickly and interfered least with cane growth, whereas cowpeas and bhindi reduced cane yields by 11% and 15%, respectively.

Nitrogen and sugar cane. XV. Nitrogen metabolism in relation t o growth. U. S. Singh. Indian Sugar, 1Y78,28, 81-85, 105.-In investigations on nitrogen metabolism in cane stalks and leaves it was found that the stalk accumulated 21.6% total N during the tillering phase, 51.4% during the elongation growth period and 63.4% during the sugar accumulation phase; corresponding accumulation of total dry matter was 21.9%. 64.9% and 76.2%. The leaves accumulated 78.4%. 48.6% and 36.6% N and 78.1%. 35.1% and 23.8% dry matter in the three phases. N requirement per tonne of dry matter in the stalk was 11.03, 1.90 and 2.21 kg in the three growth periods, while for the leaves the requirement was 26.17, 14.91 and 13.07 kg.tonne-'. The patterns of N and dry matter accumulation with growth as shown by these values are discussed.

I CANE PESTS AND DISEASES I

Brown spot of sugar cane in Taiwan. W. H. Hsieh and D. S. Tseng. Rpt. TaiwanSugar Research lnst., 1978, (79), 29-36.-A cane leaf disease occurring on a wide scale in a region of eastern Taiwan gave symptoms similar to brown spot and was in fact found to be caused by a new strain of the brown spot pathogen, Cercospora longipes. The disease is characterized by 0.3-2.0 x 1.0-5.0 mm reddish-brown lesions on the leaf and leaf sheath. The reactions of 41 cane varieties and o f Saccharum spon- taneum to the disease are recorded.

"Heptachlor" resistance in sugar cane white grub, Alissonotum impressicolle, and wireworm, Melanotus tamsuyensis, S. A. Hsieh. Rpt. Taiwan Sugar Research Inst., 1978, (79), 37-42 (Chinese).-Populationsof both title pests have been found in Taiwan which are highly resistant to "Heptachlor", evidently a result of application of the pesticide in a localized area over a number of consecutive years.

Non-volatile nematicides: an initial assessment in north Queensland sugar cane fields. K. J. Chandler. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 85-91. Trials with "Aldicarb" ("Temik") a t 5.6 and 2.8 kg.hael and "Oxamyl" ("Vydate") a t 8.4 kg.hdl are reported. Tabulated data indicate that both nematicides increased sugar yield from plant and ratoon crops as a result of reduction in nematode numbers and associated cane growth improvements. "Aldicarb" at the higher dosage rate generally gave the best results. The question of suitable time of application is briefly discussed.

Evaluation of new rodenticides i n Queensland cane fields. B. E. Hitchcock and R. E. Kerkwyk. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978. 93-95. In trials on control of Rattus conatus in cane fields, two new anti-coagulants, "Diphenacoum" at 0.01% and "Diphacinone" at 0.025%. were similar in effect t o thallium sulphate at 0.3%. The results are expressed in terms of the number of damaged cane stalks counted after preharvest burning. The machine-packeted, whole- wheat baits used were dropped from an aircraft. The effectiveness o f the chemicals against the climbing rat, Melomys littoralis, could not be determined because of its absence from the cane fields.

Eye spot disease in far north Queensland. T. G. Willcox and C. M. McAleese. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978,103-1 06.-The development of eye spot in the title area from 1970 to 1976 is traced and the effect of the disease on cane sugar content indicated. Its spread was attributed to weather conditions and to planting o f the variety 0 101. which was removed from the lists of approved varieties in 1976. While, under conditions favouring spread o f the fungus, a number of current commercial varieties are susceptible to varying

degrees of infection, it is thought unlikely that the scale would be that o f the Q 101 infection.

Diagnosis o f RSDusing sugar cane uprights. D. S. Teakle, R. G. Birch and J. M. Appleton. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 107-110. Tests, in which uprights of bana grass (Pennisetum purpurem x P. americanum) and of Q 28 cane were inoculated with ratoon stunting disease pathogen, showed that the cane can be used as an alternative to uprights of elephant grass or bana grass for the rapid diagnosis of the disease, symptoms o f which developed within 2-3 weeks when inoculation was carried out directly through the cut end of the spindle. While bana grass grows more vigorously and uniformly than 0 28 cane and develops more vascular discoloration, the cane produces more specific symptoms of the disease as well as of bacterial mottle, red stripe and leaf scald (the bacteria of which possibly interfere in RSD development). Sensitivity of both plants to diluted RSD inoculum appeared to be similar.

Land management and the creation o f habitat for Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae). P. R. Atkinson. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Asoc., 1978, 137-138.-Investigations have shown that damage to or clearing of riverside woodland creates opportunities for the growth o f reeds, grasses and sedges along the banks and on the river beds, and that Cyperus immensus, a host o f E. saccharina borer, constitutes a high proportion of the sedges in one cane-growing region of South Africa. In addition, disturbance and drainage of beds of Cyperus papyrus also lead to heavy infestations of the pest. Planting o f fast-growing trees such as Schinus terebenthifolius is recommended where the woodland has been cleared; otherwise, the woodland should be left as a safeguard against erosion and borer infestation.

Mill yard surveys of the lepidopterous cans borers Eldana saccharina Walker and Sesamia calamistis Hampson. R. J. Smaill. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 139-142.-results of surveys conducted in the mill yards of seven South African sugar factories are reported, and 1977/78 curves showing the incidence rates by months are compared with thosefor 1976177. Amatikulu is shown to be the most seriously affected factory, as regards E. saccharina incidence, and monthly mean maximum temperatures are given for it. S. calamistis is more widely distributed than E. saccharina but is less harmful.

Mass rearing and artificial infestation methods for Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepid0ptera:Pyralididae). P. R. Atkinson. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 143-1 45.-Details are given of the standard method used at the South African Sugar Association Experiment Station for mass rearing of the borer and artificial infestation of cane with it so as to ensure uniform distribution and give infestation rates which are sufficient e.g. to permit evaluation of insecticides. Cane tends to be an unsuitable host for E. saccharina because of the difficulty which young larvae apparently experience in penetrating the stalk.

Morphology o f the lesser sugar cane borer Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller (Lepidoptera: Physitidae). E. E. Carbonell T. Saccharum (Publ. Cient. Inst. Central Invest. Azuc., Peru), 1977.5. (1). 18-50 (Spanish).-A complete morphological study is presented of the title borer, considered a minor pest of sugar cane which it attacks during its first three months o f growth.

37 1

I CANE BREEDING I AND VARIETIES

Cane varieties in Jamaica. Ann. Rpt. Sugar Ind. Research lnst., 1974, 36-66.-Details are given of the distribution of cane varieties and trends in Jamaica, while tabulated details are given o f varietal trials in 1974. Outstanding in terms of sugar yield was HJ 5741, which occupied 27% of the total estate area harvested, thus displacing B 4362 which had been the dominant variety for the previous 12 years.

Release of new variety: N 11. Anon. S. African SugarJ., 1978, 62, 267.-Information is given on N 11, newly released for general cultivation in South Africa. A progeny o f the Brazilian variety, CB 40135, and N:Co 293, it has shown high resistance to smut. leaf scald and mosaic and has consistently outyielded N:Co 376 in terms of sugar under irrigation conditions on well- watered, fertile sites. While its sugar yield is lower than that of N:Co 376 under rain-fed conditions. its higher sugar content (some 1.2 units greater than that o f N:Co 376) and disease resistance could warrant its use in areas where such conditions are typical. I t performs poorly on recently formed sands, however.

Sugar cane improvement in &o Paulo state. F. Brieger. Saccharurn (STAB, Brazil), 1978. 1, (2). 13-16 (Portu- guese).-A graph shows the changes in varieties grown in Sio Paulo between 1972 and 1977. The most common varietv remains CB 41-76 but new ones have been introduced and are increasing in popularity (IAC 52-150, CB 47-355, CB 40-13 and, especially, NA 56-79) while others have disappeared (CB 36-24, CB 40-77, IAC 50- 134 and Co 419). Other varieties havecontinued in use, some with increased areas and others reduced (IAC 51- 205, IAC 48-65, CB 46-47, CB 49-260, etc.). Suscepti- bility to disease is one cause of elimination o f varieties and examples of these in Brazil are given. Parameters governing the selection of varieties are listed and discussed, including yield and sucrose in both plant cane and ratoons; adaptation to the soils, climate, etc.; response to fertilizers; resistance to pests and diseases; adaptability to cultivation practices; and good industrial characteristics.

Study of the behaviour of some sugar cane varieties (Saccharurn spp.) at low temperatures. Experiment II. 0. Brinholi, E. C. Ferraz, D. A. S. Marcnndes and J. R. Machado. Brasil A~uc., 1978. 91, 258-265 (Portuguese). Eleven cane varieties were grown In an area subject to low temperature and their resistance t o frost determined. The most resistant was N:Co 310 and the least resistant CB 41-76 and CB 56-1 55.

Loss of genotypes of sugar cane in group transplanting. T. G. Pimenta, R. Ruschel and T. G. Pereira. Brasil A~uc., 1978.91.302-304 (Portuguese).-It has been found that, when seedlings from sugar cane crosses are planted in groups to permit the testing of large numbers in a re-

372

stricted area, many of them do not develop and are lost, only the stronger survivors continuing t o the next stage of selection.

Cane breeding and selection in Hawaii.Ann. Rpt. HSPA Expt. Sta., 1977, 4-10.-A rapid increase in preliminary testing of new varieties made possible replacement of smut-susceptible varieties in Hawaii, and several promising smut-resistant onesoccupy more than 100 acres each. Two derivatives o f Thailand Saccharurn spontaneurn seedlings have shown themselves adapted to the Hilo and Ka'u climates and have high yield potential, so being o f interest as a source o f breeding material. The area under variety H 59-3775 increased t o 44.2% in 1977, far ahead o f H 50-7209 (19.6%). H 54-775 (13.0%) and H 57-5174 (1 1.4%). The second is losing ground because of its smut susceptibility. A total of 4269 crosses were made in the 1976177 crossing season, including 1987 "melting pot" crosses and 314 biparental crosses. Lower than normal temperatures and rainfall during the crossing season reduced pollen production, but seed set and germination were excellent. Field testing continued, a new strain of smut being a factor for selection. A number of triploid clones have been derived from crosses of known tetraploid clones (obtained using callus tissue and cell suspension techniques) with diploid Hawaiian commercial hybrids; these are to be used to determine their performance as parents in crosses and to find i f a relationship exists between ploidy level and cane performance. A rapid enzyme technique has been developed to allow production of healthy protoplasts within 3-4 hours. After callus tissue has differentiated into shoots on a conventional medium it is transferred to a 1% agar, 7% sucrose medium in which the tissue develops a vigor- ous root system and the plants can be moved into vermiculite. Biochemical study of enzyme activity in cane has shown significantdifferences following different levels o f N treatment.

Some observations on propagation and selection in young potted sugar cane seedlings. D. W. Thomas. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 193- 194.-Cane seedlings, which had been grown in pots for 8 months (the normal period in the breeding programme at Mount Edgecombe), were cut at soil level and weighed, and the juice Brix determined. Both the underground parts and the stalks (setts) were used t o establish single stools in the field. When the underground parts were used, only 45-58% o f the plants survived, whereas 82- 98% of the stalks survived. A correlation coefficient of 0.34 was found between the above-ground weights of the potted seedlings and the weights o f the field-grown stools, while one of 0.32 was established between seedling and stool Brix.

More discussion on new varieties. C. Ricaud. Sugar Bull., 1978, 56, (21 ), 12.-While CP 70-321 and CP 70-330 give adequate yields and are early-maturing high-sucrose cane varieties, their leaves remain upright during growth and do not form a canopy, so that weeds can grow between the cane. They are also susceptible t o ratoon stunting disease, and setts must be heat-treated before planting. CP 70-330 is susceptible t o cold and has a moderately high fibre content, while CP 70-321 has a slight tendency toward brittleness.

CoS 758 -a new mid-late sugar cane variety for east U.P. B. K. Mathur and A. Nath. Indian Sugar, 1978, 28, 127- 128.-A description is given of CoS 758 variety which, in trials during 1973-76, performed almost as well as the mid-season variety, BO 17, in respect of yield and juice purity.

CANE SUGAR I MAYUQCTUlE I Problems associated with theoperation o f highgeneration bagasse boilers. R. E. Bickle and M. K. Moir. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 249- 253.-After two months' operation o f a new Babcock & Wilcox bagasse-fired boiler installed at Pioneer factory in 1976, problems were encountered in the form of tube blockage by sludge (principally a mixture o f calcium and magnesium silicate, carbonate and phosphate) and in breaks in bagasse feeding direct from the final mill t o the furnace, eventually causing mechanical defects in the boiler. Remedial measures are described. It is stated that the design of the boiler, rated at 181,200 kg.h~' and three times larger than one installed at the same factory 10 years previously, was sufficiently different that installation should have beenaccompanied by acritical analysis of all existing related equipment and past operating procedures in order to effect its complete integration into the plant.

'0' ring seals i n juice heater headers. T. W. Gatley. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 255-258.-Erosion of juice heater tubeplates in the area covered by the header is a persistent problem which can be sufficiently serious to require the fitting o f new tubeplates. However, one means of preventing it is the use of '0' rings compressed between the outside of the tube, the tubeplate and the recess i n the header. After the season's operation, there was little trace of leakage at one end of a juice heater modified in this way at Fairy- mead factory; previously, both tubeplates and headers had suffered bad erosion. However, the '0' ring is more expensive than a flat seal.

Design data for bulk sugar storage bins. D. G. Fry. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 267-272.-After a 3000-tonne storage bin at Proserpine factory collapsed, inspection failed to show causes of the failure, although the design was considered satisfactory; overstressing of some inferior welded connexions between the bin shell and columns may have started a chain reaction of failure, it is suggested. The designer of the bin, whichwassubsequently rebuilt with only slight modification, examines various design factors; the information given is applicable to the design of bins of up t o 1500 tonnes capacity.

The application of a programmable controller t o a cane truck handling system at Pleystowe mill. R. Diplock and K. Marshall. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 313-316.-The system used at Pleystowe for automatic control of canetrain movement, weighing of cane per bin, discharging o f contents and removal of trucks carrying empty bins is described. The system performed excellently for a whole season during which 940,000 tonnes of cane were crushed.

Chemical cleaning of evaporators. P. C. Ivin. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 321- 326.-Pilot-scale evaporators, operating under the same conditions as final effects, were set up at Racecourse and Kalamia sugar factories. Each comprised three stainless steel tubes surrounded by a steam chamber supplied directly with vapour from the full-scale effect. Syrup was also fed fromthepreceding main vessel. Examination of the scale in the pilot vessel revealed considerable variation in composition with time and from top to bottom of the tubes. When the syrup was supplied from the final effect, the pilot evaporator scale contained mostly silica; when syrup was supplied from the 4th effect, CaO became the dominant component and the silica content dropped to a low level. Similar variability in composition was found at Kalamia, where most o f the scales were characterized by high silica and relatively low CaO contents. Chemical cleaning tests were conducted on the pilot evaporators While boiling for 1 hr with 20- 25% wlv NaOH solution a t atmospheric pressure, or boiling for 1 hr with 30% NaOH under vacuum, did not remove all scale, the evaporator performances were not greatly affected by this; the corrosion rates under the effect of the caustic soda were acceptable, but the use of additives such as 3% CD 280 permitted a reduction of NaOH concentration to 5%. while still giving similar results on 1 hour's boiling. A two-stage treatment involving boiling for 1 hr with a 1.5% alumina-ferric solution, followed by 14 hr at 85°C with 4.5% NaOH solution, required higher capital cost but used the least corrosive materials, was more economical in use and provided an efficient means of scale removal.

Introduction of a maintenance system. R. A. Allaway and N. H. Barnes. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978,327-333.-The computer-based maintenance system introduced at Mossman is described, aspects covered including job planning, budgeting and job control and progress reporting. Since the system is in its early stages i t is not yet known whether i t has been effective in its primary aim of reducing maintenance costs.

Shredder hammer performance at three Bundaberg mills. I. G. Flanders, J. S. Glass and G. N. McLucas. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 335- 342.-The design. performance, maintenance and costs of shredder hammersat Millaquin, Bingeraand Fairymead factories areexamined. Theperformancesof the shredders were approximately the same. The capital and maintenance costs were higher for hammers having tungsten carbide tips and were lowest for those with removable cast steel heads having wearing facesof hard alloy. A club head hammer was cheapest to install but its maintenance costs were high. Extrapolation of costs to allow for magnetic protection of tungsten carbide tips and for shredders with equivalent loading showed that hammers with replaceable hard-faced heads were likely to be more economical.

The development o f non-bituminous mill journal lubricants. I. D. Blackburne, R. G. Hafner, J. F. Rae and K. B. Hurst. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 343-348.-The advantages of non-bituminous lubricants over bituminous compounds used for cane mill journal lubrication are indicated in this examination of the performances of both types of lubricant. Labora- tory tests were confirmed by data obtained from a number of mills using non-bituminous lubricants in the 1977 crushing season.

Cane sugar manufacture

Sugar mill gearing. J. R. Partridge. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 349-354. The types, arrangements, selection, design, lubrication and installation of gearing generally used for cane mills are discussed.

Mourilyan ash removal system. J. T. Logan and A. L. F itzmaurice. Proc. 45th Conf. Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1978, 355-358.-When a new Riley Dodds boiler was installed at Mourilyan, problems arose with the ash removal system which had been used for the previous boilers, the difficulties being due to the much greater quantity of veryfine ash from the highly efficient dry arrestors. The settling tank for the ash slurry and the paddle-wheel settled ash remover were relocated above ground near the boiler, the drive was strengthened, and bagasse was continuously fed at about 44% on dry ash to the sluice way along which the ash travels to the settling tank (the bagasse having been found to improve settling, reduce the solids content of the sluice water and to con- tribute to easy discharge of the settled underflow from the paddle-wheel). One season of operation showed that the system is trouble-free, requires little maintenance and produces an ash which drains readily when piled and is easy to transport by truck without spillage. The ash is then spread on fields.

Fihy-third annual reviewof the milling season in Southern Africa (1 977-1 978). J. P. Lamusse. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 1-19.-Details are given of the performances of the eighteen South African sugar factories, the two Swaziland factories at Big Bend and Mhlume, Nchalo factory in Malawi, and Buzi and Maputo factories in Mozambique.

Activated sludge treatment of sugar milllwattle bark mill effluents at Dalton, Natal. D. E. Simpson and J. Hemens. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 20-25.-The Union Cooperative Bark & Sugar Co. Ltd. processes some 500,000 tonnes of cane and 30,000 tonnes of wattle bark per year in factories at Dalton. The effluents from the mills are discharged, via drainage channels, to a series of ponds which act as sedimentation basins; effluent from these ponds is pumped to an aeration basin equipped with two rotary surface aerators. The overflow i s transferred to a settling tank, from which the supernatant is used as make-up for cooling water supply to the sugar factory. Observations of the activated sludge process used showed that, during most of the period of the investigation, the final effluent had a high suspended solids concentration which adversely affected its re-use. When bark mill waste was the only feed to the ponds, sludge bulking was observed, but the settling quality was satisfactory when sugar factory effluent was included. I t was found necessary to add N and P for the activated sludge treatment. The soluble COD of the mixed effluent was reduced by 94% and the soluble BOD by 99.3% at a flow rate of 302m3 per day during a 4-month period. Capital and operational costs of the plant are summarized.

Optimization of the crushing programme for the season by dynamic programming. R. G. Hoekstra. Proc. 52nd Congr. S African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 26-32. Dynamic programming is a technique for determination of variables which eliminates most of the possible combinations of values of variables, so that eventually only

a small proportion of the total number of combinations needs to be calculated. It is completely different from linear programming, its advantages being that non-linear relationships present no problems while the written computer programme is entirely selfcontained, needing no interfacing with a special linear programming package. The author describes application of the technique to optimization of the season's crushing programme for a factory. It is shown how, within any given constraints on throuahput rates, cane availability and starting and finishing dates, the programme will specify starting and finishing dates and month-by-month crushing rates. Expected monthly values of process variables and time utilization, the drop in overall recovery as a result of increased throughput, and the various types of costs are taken into account. The output includes monthly performances, efficiencies and costs as well as the final maximum profit for the season. An example is given of the procedure used.

Steamside chemical cleaning of evaporator tubes. J. W. V. Lewis, R. Archibald and C. Mack. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 33-35.-After routine examination of evaporator tubes at factories operated by HulettsSugar Ltd. had revealed serious steamside fouling, laboratory investigations were carried out to find a suit. able cleaning formula. The results were then used to establish factory cleaning procedures. At Amatikulu, brass tubes were treated with 10% acetic acid. 5% "Magnus 1007" and 85% water for 12 hours at 25'C; at Darnall, brass tubes were treated with 10% acetic acid, 0.5% NP6, 9.5% power paraffin and 80% water for 10 hours at 50°C. while mild steel tubes were treated with 10% acetic acid, 2.5% NP6, 7.5% "Solvesso 150" and 80% water for 72 hours at 25O~; at Mount Edgecombe, theprocedureusedwasthe same as at Amatikulu. Results showed that treatment considerably improved the heat transfer coefficient, the degree of improvement depending on the extent of fouling.

Justification of power factor correction equipment. J. van Dokkum. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc,, 1978, 36-38.-The author demonstrates how to calculate power factor improvements with the aim of reducing electricity charges in a sugar factory.

A simple and inexpensive evaporator entrainment separator. R. Archibald and C. Mack. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 39-40.-E ntrain- ment in two evaporator effects at Darnall factory was reduced by between 92.6% and 97.0% by means of a separator made from angle iron so arranged that it presents a corrugated configuration. The entire structure spans the full diameter of theevaporator and is suspended from two channel irons which are in turn supported by four legs resting on the tube plate. Slight tilting of the structure allows juice droplets to run off. Pressure drop was found to be negligible.

Development of a sweep sampling device for the direct sampling of knifed cane from a belt conveyor. R. Bodger and C. B. van der Riet. Proc. 52nd Congr. S, African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978.41 -44.-At Amatikulu, samples of cane passing on a belt conveyor from the knife sets to the shredders are pushed into plastic bags suspended from a side rail by an electrically operated sweep arm pivoted from a frame straddling the 2 metres wide conveyor. During three months' operation, nine times per day, thesampler presented no problems in operation.

I BEET SUGAR MANUFACTURE I

Precise chemico-technical control and calculation of a balance for production involving partial withdrawal, storage and processing of thick juice. A. Ya. Zagorul'ko et al. Sakhar. Prom., 1978, (9). 48-52 (Russian).-A detailed balance was drawn up t o determine the increases in losses resulting from thick juice storage and post- campaign processing and indicate those areas where the losses could be reduced. The additional losses amounted to0.34%onweight of beet, made upof 0.05% in storage, 0.20% in processing and 0.09% in molasses.

Application of deionization purification t o produce liquid sugar and spraydried products. S. E. Bichsel. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 150- 161.-The development of beet thick juice treatment by ion exchange in the US industry is summarized. The latest stage involves treatment of thick juice produced directly or from storage, followed by concentration t o a liquid sugar or by spray drying, while the non-sugars are separated from the ion exchangers, reconstituted and partly used for addition t o pulp and partly as a fertilizer. The liquid sugar obtained in this way is superior to con- ventionally produced liquid sugar. having lower colour, ash and floc content.

Coordination of mass flow in the beet end of a sugar factory using a computer. J. Oledzki, D. Piotrowski, M. Szczeniowski and K. Urbaniec. Gaz. Cukr., 1978, 86, 194-196 (Polish).-A block diagram is used to demonstrate a system devised by Chemadex for coordination o f material flow between individual stations extending from the hopper feeding the beet slicers to the evaporators. Tests at Chelmia sugar factory confirmed the validity of the basic theorv.

Final tests and thoughts on improving the quality of thin juices without alkalinity reserve by partial anion exchange. F. Perschak. Zuckerind., 1978. 103,743-747 (German).-The tests conducted in 1976 and reported earlier' were continued in 1977, and the dimensions worked out for an ion exchange unit handling juice from 7000 tonnes of beet per day at an exchange rate o f 10 equivalents per tonne of beet. The costs of 70 days' operation (expressed in tonnes of white sugar) are also calculated on the basis of an extra 1667 tonnesof sugar recovered by the process in the earlier experiments; at a 5-year amortization and an interest of lo%, the defrayed costs are estimated to be the equivalent of 3032 tonnes of sugar. While there is no obstacle to installation of a full-scale unit at the author's factory (Hohenau), the project was postponed because o f high beet quality and the lack (with one exception) o f need for alkalinity correction. Where there is sufficient natural alkalinity during a campaign, or where the unit is somewhat over- dimensioned, cations corresponding to the excess OH- ions can be exchanged for ammonium. to give a desalting effect similar to that of the carbonate processzr3; part

o f the thin juice softening plant could be used for the ammonium exchange and regeneration carried out with an ammonium salt instead of NaCI, while the other part would operate on the Nat cycle.

Reduction in energy and investment costs by use o f electronic data processing. E. Farwick. Zuckerind., 1978, 103, 748-753 (German). - Theapplication of a computer to calculate heat and mass balances (which have a considerable effect on the energy and capital costs of a sugar factory) is explained, and programmes for diffusion. juice purification, evaporation and boiling described. A computer-designed 3-massecuite boiling scheme is reproduced, as are tables of data for evaporator bleed users and for the individual bodies in a quadruple-effect evaporator. Application of the programmes has been o f benefit in the planning of new factories, expansion of existing factories and examination of current operational practices.

Constructional problems of modern induction motors for driving sugar centrifuges. A. Glowacki. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 1973, 49, ( I ), 12-1 6; through S.I.A., 1978, 40, Abs. 78-1 122.-Mathematical theory for and problems in the design of induction motors to drive batch sugar centrifugals are discussed and illustrated by existing designs. Attention must be paid to cooling of the motor and thus protecting insulation, and also to the strength to withstand alternating dynamic forces. Two electromagnetically independent parts are necessary: the high-speed part has a cage and a separate resistance; the low-speed part is a low-power motor with many poles. It is hoped that such motors driven by thyristorized inver- ters will soon replace constant-current motor + thyristor assemblies. The constantcurrent type accommodate well to varying demands, and may consume only 1 kwhlcycle of a 1000 kg centrifugal (compared with 2 kwh for induction motors), but cost three times as much to install, and are worthwhile only when power is very expensive.

Standard applications of thyristor drives for various branches of industry. F. Bandel, G. Beringer and R. Stockmann. Technische Mitteilungen AEG Telefunken, 1976, 66, (1 1, 9-1 5; through S.I.A., 1978, 40, Abs. 78- 1123.-Operating principles and advantages of converter- fed D.C. drives are described, and some particular applications are discussed. Thyristor-fed D.C. shunt motors are very suitable for driving sugar centrifugals; they permit rapid transition between speeds for filling, centrifuging and discharge without peaks o f current, and speeds can be adjusted during operation if required. Other advantages include constant acce.eration and braking moments and high electrical efficiency compared with A.C. motors.

The optimization o f the energy economy in the sugar factory. P. Christodoulou. Hellenic Sugar Ind. Quarterly Bull., 1978, (341,207-244 (Greek).-See I.S.J., 1978.80. - L I L .

A modern non-stirred main limer. I. Vigh. Cukoripar, 1978, 31, 98-99 (Hungarian).-A liming system is described which consists of two identical vertical vessels linked by a juice and lime feed and juice discharge line. Lime is fed to the incoming heated, prelimed juice before it is distributed from a horizontal line passing across

' Perschak. I.S.J., 1978.80, 182. ' Moebes: ;bid. 1960 62 257.

Elmer etal.: ;bid., 1976.72.21.1

Beet sugar manufacture

both vessels. In each vessel i t flows down through a series of perforated plates and enters a rising exit pipe towards the bottom and to one side of the tank. From this riser, the juice enters a slightly inclined pipe to be transferred to carbonatation. At an active volumetric capacity of 53 m3 and a residence time of 20 minutes, the limer is capable of giving a well homogenized juice-lime mixture from 3000 tonnes of beet per day at a raw juice draft of 135%. In 1976177, use of fractionated cold and hot liming permitted 89.3% invert sugar destruction and a colour of 16.6°~t/1000~x compared with 85.8% and 35~1°~t11000~x, respectively, in the previous system used during 1971-75.

Current situation in the Spanish sugar economy and prospects of integration in the EEC. F. Lozano 6. Sucr. Franc, 1978, 119, 403-413 (French).-A survey is presented of the Spanish sugar industry and emnomy, the major part being concerned with beet sugar production, since cane sugar accounts for only 2% of the total national output.

Use of sleeve-type filter cloths on FiLS filter-thickeners. Yu. F. Tsyukalo. V. T. Rud', A. P. Belenko, E. F. Pinchukova, L. V. Lipai, Yu. V. Anikeev and V. A. Chernenko. Sakhar. Prom., 1978, (10). 28-29 (Russian). TT-842 sleeves made from a mixture of caprone and a "Terylene"-type synthetic fibre have proved satisfactory when used in FiLS filter-thickeners for the treatment of 1st carbonatation mud, meeting requirements of mud density, filtrate turbidity and service life.

The discrepancy between me sugar content of beet supplied for processing and the sugar content of beet cossettes. G. F. Tyazhelova. Sakhar. Prom., 1978, (10). 66-71 (Russian).-Data from Ramon sugar factory, covering the period 1965-74, have shown differences between the sugar content of beet samples as determined in the tarehouse and the sugar content of cossettes. The discrepancies, ranging from 0.31% to 1.47% (absolute). were attributed to dirt and leaf tare, to sugar losses in flume-wash water and to free and absorbed water. as well as to storage losses and analytical error.

The difficult problem of sampling industrial beets at reception. D. Bourdon. Ind. Alim. Agric., 1978, 95,707- 713 (French).-Factors determining beet sugar content (climate, soil type, variety and agronomic factors) are discussed, and the importance of correct sampling at the beet yard examined. The point in a load from which samples are taken and the minimum number of samples to give an accurate, representative reading of sugar con. tent are considered, and the viewpoints of a farmer and of a factory manager on the subject are expressed.

Treatment of sugar factory vegetal waste. M. Cuer. Ind. Alim. Agric., 1978, 95. 759-762 (French).-A description is given of the plant used to separate and wash the 450 tonnes of extraneous matter a day which is removed from beet at Pithiviers sugar factory in France; of this trash, 6% is soil, 1% is sand and stones, 20% is beet rootlets and pieces, and 63% is leaves and weeds. All of the extraneous matter passes on a belt conveyor at 15- 20 tonnes.hr-' to a hopper which feeds it to a Mick horizontal, rotary drum formerly used for milk-of-lime preparation. Some of the sand and dirty water is dis- chargea at a point halfway along the drum, while the rest of the waste is discharged at the end. Decanted

water recycled from tanks located after the other separation plant is split into two streams, one of which flows, at 30 m3.hr-', back through the Mick drum to thf halfway discharge port, while the other, at 50 m3.hr- , flows to the feed hopper. The remainder of the impurities pass from the drum to a vertical tube (which they enter at a point two-thirds towards the top) immersed in a vertical tank having a funnel-shaped bottom section Water is injected into the tube at a point one-third from the bottom; the ascending current separates the impurities into two groups according to their densities: the weeds, leaves and beet fragments are carried up to a discharge port towards the top of the tank, while the sand and stones fall to the bottom, from which they are discharged to an inclined paddle-type separator. The green trash and beet fragments pass to a sloping screen (from which the water is decanted for recycling), after which the weeds and leaves fall onto a crusher and are subsequently fed by screw conveyor to a press. The beet fragments are eventually fed to the diffuser after chopping or coarse crushing.

Diffusion juice purity. M. Roche. Ind. Alim. Agric., 1978, 95, 767-769 (French).-Since determination of raw juice purity is subject to errors, the sources of which do not have the same effect on thin juice purity determination, the author questions the value of determining raw juice purity, particularly in view of the fact that the difference between the two purities does not represent purification efficiency. However, on examination, he does feel that raw juice purity is still of value as a guide to diffuser performance and as an indication of beet quality.

The determination of residence time distribution, of cossettes and juice in diffusion,and in other sugar factory processes. T. Cronewitz, G. Mijller and H. Schiweck. Ind: Alim. Agric., 1978. 95, 771-777 (French).-Determina- tion of residence time in sugar factory processes is discussed. While LiCl can be used for juice and massecuite (since the Li' ion does not generally occur. at least in determinable quantities, in these products, and Li salts are readily soluble), it is unsuitable for determination of cossette and juice residence times in diffusion because of constant change in the cation composition of the juice phase as a result of the carboxylic groups present in cell wall pectins and the ion exchange properties of the cell walls. However, staining with methylene blue or using red beet gives a satisfactory indication of residence time;variousacetates (particularly ethyl and methyl acetate) also act as suitable tracers and are easily determined by gas-liquid chromatography using the head-space technique. Advice is given on the procedures to use with the various tracers mentioned, and details are given of a GLC method used for juice and cossette residence time determination.

A new technique of sugar drying: the rotary multi-tube, concentric-nest dryerlcooler. V. Duhem. Ind. Alim. Agric., 1978, 95, 795-803 (French).-Details are given of a Fives-Cail Babcock sugar dryerlcooler which consists basically of two sets of horizontal tubes located concen- trically around a central shaft. Sugar to be dried is fed through the inner circle of tubes together with hot air; when it reaches the end of the tubes, it is transferred via enclosed chutes to the outer circle of tubes and flows back along these against the flow of cold air. Typical data quoted are reduction of moisture content from 1% to 0.03% and cooling to a temperature 15OC above ambient at a sugar flow rate of 20 tonnes.hr-'.

It is a well known fact that Broadbent Centrifugals are in continuous operation in over 55 countries. This widespread use must mean that they have some very special features:

* Motor specially designed to meet end-user's power requirements.

* Special suspension assists in dampening effects of out-of- balance loads.

* Plough operation ensures free discharge and completely cleared basket: reduces factory sugar recirculation: cycle time kept to a minimum since sugar discharge is in same direction of rotation.

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1 Acthated carbon a

concentration liquor was being treated. Further tests are to be carried out to determine, among other things, the effect of regeneration with HCI on the chemical and physical properties of the resin.

Studies on desalting of sugar solution with ion exchange resin in a sugar refinery. I. Contamination of the I-type strongly basic anion exchange resin by desalting sugar solution in the reverse system. F. Maekawa, K. Kawasaki, Y. Horiki and T. Saito. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Refineries' Tech.. 1978, 28, 78-85. 11. Restorative treatment on the I-type strongly basic anion exchange resin contaminated by desalting sugar solution in the reverse system. K. Kawasaki, F. Maekawa and Y. Horiki. ibid., 86-92 (Japanese). I. Examination of resin fouling in the course of liquor demineralization on the reverse cycle showed that it was chiefly due to inorganic compounds such as magnesium oxide and silica, as well as colouring compounds, most of which were formed by alkaline decomposition of sugars in contact with the strongly basic anion exchanger in OH-form. Static investigations showed that the total capacity of all the resins studied fell by more than 20% in 50 cycles, their salt-splitting capacities being particularly affected. The degree of fouling depended on such factors as resin structure and reactivity, from which it is assumed that the best type is the porous resin having macro- and micro-pores; however, pore size and distribution considerably affect exchange capacity. It is suggested that a study should be made of resin suitability according to sugar solution properties, of means of preventing fouling, and of optimum restoration of resin properties after fouling. II. Restoration of contaminated resin was investigated. Of four treatments studied, use of a 10% NaCl solution containing 1% NaOH was found to be the best with regard to organic fouling, while 4% HCI solution was the most effective against inorganic fouling; the other solutions tested were 10% NaCl with and without 1% HCI. Hence. the method adopted for resin restoration was treatment with the HCI followed by the NaCl + NaOH, both stages being carried out at 70 '~ .

Decolorization of sugar solution by a new ion exchange resin. K. Sasaki, T. Naito and K. Tsukui. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Refineries' Tech., 1978, 28, 39-46 (Japanese). - A new resin, "lonac 3ASr', was tested at the authors' refinery on 62' Bx liquor decolorization in 1976. The results of the tests (up to 35 cycles) are reported. While the effluent from the early stages of the cycle had the fishy smell of amine, in later stages this was not apparent. The greater the initial colour content of the liquor, the greater was the amount of colour removed by the resin. The average decolorizing capacity was high, even with 35 cycles, the treated liquor: resin volume ratio being 40:l. The decolorizing efficiency (84% in the initial cycle) was almost the same as that of other low cross-linkage resins such as "Amberlite IRA 401" and "Dia Ion SA-11A". Since "lonac 3AS" is of smaller particle size than these other two resins, there was some loss of resin during back-washing at a "normal" flow rate; flow rate was limited when a high-

A maintenance management system of steam traps. K. Nakazato and E. Fuwa. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Refineries' Tech., 1978, 28. 47-51 (Japanese). As a contribution to fuel economy. a system of steam trap inspection and maintenance was introduced at the Tobata refinery of Meiji Sugar Mfg. Co. Ltd. From inspection of the traps in each process station, a damage rate of 22.3% was found; relating this to the inspection cycle showed that an inspection should be made every six months in order to keep the damage rate low at 5%. The monetary losses resulting from faulty steam traps are shown, and a graph is presented which shows the financial effect of inspection and repair frequency.

Treatment of waste water from a sugar refinery by the activated sludge process. K. Akiyama and M. Okada. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Refineries' Tech., 1978, 28. 52-60 (Japanese). - Details are given of the activated sludge process adopted at the authors' refinery in 1974 in answer to local authority regulations relating to effluent discharge into the harbour a t Kobe. Results include a 94% COD reduction to a level of 20 mg.litre-1 or less (the average daily level stipulated in the regulations), even when the initial loading was 3000 mg.litre-I suspended solids. An excess sludge quantity of 720 kg.day-' occurred as suspended solids. The treatment effluent temperature was maintained at 20-30°c by the use of coolers. The running costs of the system designed to handle 3500 m3 per day. are indicated.

Applications of flocculants in the carbonatation refining process. F. M. Runggas. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 118-122.-See I.S.J., 1979, 81, 184.

The activation of bone charcoal by thermal and chemical treatment. I. The effect of high kiln temperature on bone charcoal structure. J. C. Abram and M. C. Bennett. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 1-18.-It had been concluded from work by the Bone Char Research Project1 that, because of severe loss of B.E.T. nitrogen surface area on heating of char above 5 5 0 ~ ~ . the optimum temperature for kilning char was 500°C for colour removal. It was subsequently found that decolorization activity of a nearly new char kilned at about 630°C was extraordinarily high, and this also occurred with fine grist char at Thames, kilned at 750 "~ . provided it was washed with water or NaOH solution afterwards. The effects on char structure of heating at temperatures between 400 and 1 0 0 0 ~ ~ were therefore studied using electron microscope examination, X-ray diffraction, gas adsorption measurements of surface area, mercury porosimetry, nitrogen desorption and gas phase density determinations, as well as absorption from solution to measure area changes in the hydroxyapatite and carbon components. The improvement was found to be associated at above 700°C with formation of lime, perhaps by loss of CO, from calcium carbonate present as part of the char structure or as carbonatation precipitate. A marked change in structure occurred with de- creases intotalandapatite surfaces and in carbon content (but with no change in carbon surface area), but these probably did not affect decolorization activity, the increase in which is probably due to the gain observed in the number of pores of 40-100 nm diameter.

' Tech. Rpt., 1960, 156); 1961, (60).

377

Application of gas chromatography in a preliminary investigation into changes in some non-sucrose constituents during sugar boiling. P. G. Morel du Boil and K. J. Schaffler. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 96-105.-A description is given of a gas- liquid chromatographic method for determining sucrose, dextrose and levulose in sugar factory products. The samples are first treated with sodium benzoate t o dissolve the sugars, and oximation carried out in the presence o f dimethyl-aminoethanol (added to hydroxylamine hydro- chloride just before use). Silylation is performed by addition of hexamethyldisilazane and trifluoroacetic acid, and GLC separation then carried out, using xylose as internal standard for the monosaccharides and trehalose for sucrose. Full details are given of the quantities involved. Comparison o f this oximation-sily lation procedure, using temperature programming and applied to 30 samples of syrup and molasses, with direct silylation under isothermal conditions showed no significant difference, while the direct silylation method often presents difficulties in quantitative evaluation because o f production of a large number of overlapping anomeric peaks by dextrose and levulose. Application o f the modified method to determine the fate o f the two monosaccharides in the boiling house, using chloride as reference for direct comparison o f the syrup and molasses streams, showed that there was a seasonal trend in the levulose: dextrose ratio in molasses; reducing substances other than the monosaccharides are formed during boiling house operations, increase in the levulose:dextrose ratio being mainly due to a loss o f dextrose. Amino-nitrogen levels fell between syrup and molasses, although there was no apparent seasonal trend. An increase in optically active substances between syrup and molasses was also found. A tentative correlation was established between pol and sucrose, dextrose and levulose contents.

Some factors affecting the performance of polyacrylamide flocculants in juice clarification. G. S. Shephard. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 106-1 12.-Laboratory studies were conducted on polyacrylamide flocculants of different degrees o f hydrolysis (DHI to determine the effect o f preparation of the polymer solutions on clarification efficiency. While a flocculant concentration below 0.05% led to a rapid decrease in efficiency, above this concentration a constant settling rate was observed, although variations in concentration appeared t o have no effect on turbidity or final mud volume. Flocculant solution pH and ionic strength also affected only the settling rates, the effect of pH being governed by the DH. While water of high ionic content should be avoided, since this caused a fall in settling rate, there was littleadvantage in using distilled or deionized water in place o f tap water, since the quan- t i ty of dissolved ionic species would have to be raised considerably before there was any significant decrease in efficiency. Solution equilibrium was attained after 2 378

hours, while further agitation did not bring any improvement in settling rate. The flocculant of low (30%) DH ("Superf lox A1 10") increased the initial settling rate with increase in the quantity o f phosphate precipitated t o a maximum at 360 ppm, after which it was almost constant to 400 ppm, while the flocculant of intermediate (45%) DH ("Superflox A1 30") gave maximum initial settling rate at 270 ppm P20, precipitate, after which the rate fell. The flocculant of high (60%) DH ("Superflox A150") gave a much lower initial settling rate which remained almost constant over the entire range of phosphate precipitation. As regards turbidity, all three flocculants fell to relatively close minima at 300 ppm phosphate, after which the turbidities remained constant. The calcium concentration in the limed juice also had varying effect on the flocculant efficiencies, the turbidity values and the pattern o f the turbidity curves being very similar to those for phosphate precipitation effect, while mud volume was constant after 200 ppm CaCC with the flocculant o f lowest DH, rose slightly with that of intermediate DH and rose more markedly with the flocculant o f highest DH.

Sugar entrainment monitoring. K. J. Schaffler. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1978, 123- 124.-The flame photometric method described by Dale & Lamusse for on-line evaporator and vacuum pan entrainment monitoring1 is considered to have a number o f disadvantages which are listed. However, a technique has been devised at Huletts Sugar Ltd, in which sucrose is inverted in the presence of a solution of resorcinol in HCI at 9 5 O ~ and the levulose reacts with the resorcinol to form an orangecoloured compound which is measured at 520 nm. Ferric sulphate serves as sensitizer and cancels out any iron interferences. While continuous monitoring using the method still suffered from a number o f serious drawbacks, the problems were overcome b y using sequen- tial automatic analysis. Flocculation is necessary because of the turbid nature o f condenser and other factory waters, but treatment with basic lead acetate solution produces a water-white solution having 9597% transmission at 514 nm. A Technicon AA II auto-analyser installed in the Research & Development Dept. of the company analyses samples from five raw sugar factories at the rate o f 30 per hr.

An improved method for the determination o f soil "available" phosphorus. J. R. Burrows. Proc. 52nd Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc., 1 978, 195-1 99.-Details are given of a modification of the Murphy & Riley method for determination of available P in soil2, based on use of a 12-molybdoantimonylphosphate complex; the method has been adapted for automatic routine analysis using a LKB 2071 sample processor and a LKB 7400 calculating absorptiometer. Colorimetric measurement o f orthophos- phate by the new method gives results comparable to those given by the Dickman & Bray method3, while use of the automatic analyser saves 7 man-hours per 200 samples.

Theoretical aspects o f detection o f sugars in high-pressure liquid-chromatographic systems by polarimetry and refractometry. G. B. Cox and I. K. O'Neill. UVSpecrrom. Group Bull., 1977, (5). Suppl., 64-70; through Anal. Abr, 1978, 35. Abs. 3C16.-Because of the problems arising in the U.V. detection of sugars, optical rotation is

' I.S.J. 1978 80,180. : Anal . '~him. '~cta, 1975, 6.95-112. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1940.12.665SG8.

proposed as an alternative detection principle for carbohydrate analysis. The theory of polarimeter and chromatographic sensitivity i s discussed and consideration given to the problems of cell volume, time constant, sensitivity and temperature effects;optimum instrument parameters are derived mathematically. By comparison with the response of the refractive index detector. that of the polarimeter is assessed to be slightly less sensitive but less affected by variations in temperature and eluant composition.

Gas-chromatographic determination of di- and trisac- charide~. H. Schwind, F. Scharbert. R. Schmidt and R. Kattermann. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 1978, 16, (21, 145-149; through Anal. Abs.. 1978, 35, Abs. 3C18. Three methods are discussed. In the first, the sugars are converted into their methoximes and acetylated with acetic anhydride; then the resulting derivatives are subjected to GLC at 2 6 0 ' ~ on 0V-225, with gentiobiose as internal standard. Monosaccharides can also bedeter- mined by this method, with use of an ECNSSM column at 1 9 0 ~ ~ . The second method involves reduction with NaBH4 and acetylation of the resulting alditols with acetic anhydride; GLC is then carried out as in the first method, but trehalose is used as internal standard. With use of temperature programming, the derivatives of monosaccharides, amino-sugars and disaccharides can be separated on the same column. In the third method, methoximes formed as in the first method are trifluoro- acetylated; derivatives of disaccharides can be separated on OV-101 at 130°C. with trehalose as internal stamlard, and thoseof trisaccharides on the same column at 1 6 0 ~ ~ . with raffinose as standard.

Notes on control and sugar balance. E. David. ATAC, 1977, 36, (6). 51-53 (Spanish).-The author discusses the significance of new equipment and techniques employed in sugar laboratories, including the use of the refractometer for Brix determination, balances based on the load cell principle, automatic saccharimeters, etc., all of these tending to eliminate human errors. A modern trend is to true sucrose balances instead of using polarization, especially in the case of molasses and intermediate products. Use of Clerget double polarization for sucrose and refractometric Brix produces much more accurate figures for sugar loss in molasses, and an example is quoted of how two different factories with "high" and "low" molasses apparent purities were in fact operating at comparable efficiency when the true purities were worked out. The use of continuous belt weighers for bagasse, together with weights of cane and maceration water, now makes it easier to calculate the weight of mixed juice by difference where juice scales are not employed.

Colorimetric determination of reducing sugars in mixed juice, final molasses and raw sugar. I. Diaz, M. Juanes and C. Garcia. ATAC, 1977, 36, (6). 57-65 (Spanish). Application of the colorimetric method for reducing sugars determination devised by Edson & Poel has been studied for sugar industry products. To 2 cm3 of a standard is added 6 cm30f 2,4-dinitrophenol solution in a basic medium comprising phenol, NaOH and Rochelle's salt, and the mixture heated in a boiling water bath for 6 minutes, after which it is immediately cooled and i t s absorbency measured at 420 nm. Standard solutions of 0.01-0.1% w/v of dextrose were employed and linear graphs prepared of absorbency vs. concentration. The effect of heating time was examined and absorbency

Laboratory studies

found to increase between 2 and 6 minutes, after which time it became constant. The colour was stable, no change in absorbency being observed during a period of up to 70 minutes after cooling. Replicate tests on mixed juice, molasses and raw sugar samples with two colour instruments demonstrated the precision of the technique, while recovery experiments showed values of 100-1 12% on the added dextrose. The values obtained are very similar to those given by the Eynon & Lane method, greatest differences being found with molasses. The cost of the analysis and the time taken are less for the colorimetric method than for the Lane & Eynon method, and it is recommended that the colorimetric method become the official method of the Cuban sugar industry.

Fractionation of sugar colorants by high-pressure liquid chromatography. N. H. Smith. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 19-34.-A high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique has been applied to fractionation of sugar colorants. In contrast to gel- permeation methods, which yield few colour peaks, the technique separates more than a dozen colorants, although these are not identified. Applications of the method are described to illustrate i t s usefulness; these include examination of colorant composition variation between individual raw sugars, the role of enzymatic browning in sugar colour, and the colorant composition of granulated refined sugar.

A study of sugar inversion losses by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). M. A. Clarke, M. A. Brannan and F. G. Carpenter. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 46-56.-The technique was applied to study of the decomposition of sucrose at pH levels between 2 and 10. at 20.40.60 and 80°C. over 1- 20 days; measurements were made of sucrose, dextrose and levulose changes with time. The more rapid loss of levulose after formation, by comparison with dextrose, was observed. Dextrose concentrations were more readily and accurately followed, but the technique is not accurate enough to measure precisely the loss of sucrose.

Determination of refined sugar proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. M. A. Godshall and E. J. Roberts. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 57-72.-The proteins in raw and refined sugars were separated by dialysis and individual proteins examined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Semi-quantitative measurement of the proteins separated was possible using a colorimetric method based on elution of the protein dye, Coomassie Blue H-250, from the gels. The quantities of protein found ranged from slightly more than 1 ppm in raw sugars to 0.01 1 ppm in refined sugar. The separated proteins were found to cause flocculation of indigenous sugar cane polysaccharide in sugar solutions. One protein class was reduced markedly by affination and carbonatationand eliminated by char treatment. the other persisted to refined sugar but was largely reduced during refining, especially in the affination and crystallization stages.

The role of charged particles in floc formation. E. J. Roberts and M. A. Godshall. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 73-81 .-It has been shown that all cane sugars contain a heterogeneous polysaccharide which is indigenous to sugar cane. This polysaccharide forms a colloidal solution which carries a

' Anal. Chem., 1932.4.300-302.

379

Laboratory studies

negative charge over a wide pH range. It was also shown that refined cane sugar contains protein which changes its charge from negative in alkaline and neutral solutions t o positive in acid solutions. Combining solutionsof the isolated polysaccharide and the isolated protein at low pH in the presence or absence of sugar results in floc formation. It seems reasonable, therefore, t o conclude that the two materials are the basic factors in floc formation in acidified sugar solutions.

Microbiology of sugar: a taxonomic study . R. D. Skole, J. N. Hogu and A. 8. Rizzuto. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 81-99.-A survey is presented of the various micro-organisms encountered in raw sugars of different origins received by Amstar Corporation refineries. The yeasts included Saccham- myces cerevisiae, S. rouxii, S. mellis, S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus, S. carlsbergensis and Hansenula spp., while the most common moulds were Aspergillus spp., with smaller numbers o f Penicillium and other genera. Repre- sentative cultures of aerobic bacterial groups present were identified as Bacillusstearothermophilus, B. brevis, B. coagulans, 6. circulans and B. subtilis. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria included B. mega terium, 6. subtilis, B. brevis, B. circulans, B. sphaericus, B. coagulans and B. polymyxa, whiletheonly anaerobicthermophilic bacteria encountered were Clostridium nigrificans and C. thermo- sacchamlyticum. A spore-forming anaerobic mesophilic bacterium was identified as C. butyricum, while an aerobic spore-forming bacterium was found to be B. cereus.

Codex standards for sugars. J. A. Hupfer. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 100- 1 17. The work of the Codex Alimentarius Commission's Committee on Sugars in developing international standards for sugars is discussed by the Committee's US representative. Standards devised for 10 carbohydrate sweeteners are reviewed, including those for white sugar, powdered sugar and soft sugars. The current status o f each standard and the progress made toward acceptance o f Codex standards in the USA are noted.

Determination of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in refined sugar by an electroanalytical technique. R. Cormier. L. H. Mai and A. D'Antico. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 162-1 74.-The determination of metal elements in sugar products usually requires tedious preparations which may give rise to a loss of accuracy in the results. Use of a differential pulse anodic stripping voltammeter, coupled with a rotating mercury film electrode, may overcome this problem. Such analysis can be done, down to a sub-ppb level, without any prior ashing, ion exchange or other similar treatment.

Raw sugar quality analyses, from 1968 t o 1976, at the New York Sugar Trade Laboratory. W. Altenburg. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 175- 182.-The moisture, ash, colour, grain size and polarization of more than 500 raw sugar samples are measured at the New York Sugar Trade Laboratory each year, and the averages o f the values obtained each year from 1968 t o 1976 are recorded and discussed.

Raw sugar quality standards. J. V. Lopez-Oiia. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 1 9 5 213.-The No. 10 contract standards (for grain size,

colour, ash and safety factor) were introduced in 1968, and the author discusses the variations in raw sugar quality, as defined by the standards, of cargoes received by the National Sugar Refining Co. in Philadelphia. The numbers of premium and penalty cargoes (i.e. above and below standard) received in 1974 and 1975 are analysed. The author questions the value o f the safety factor or moisture standard.

Ten year trend in raw sugar analysis. Anon. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 214-224. Graphical records are presented o f the characteristics o f raw sugar refined by BC Sugars since 1966; in the first half o f this period they were mainly from Fiji and in the second half mostly from Queensland, while sporadic cargoes came from other origins, and their data are recorded separately.

Cane payment on a sucrose content basis. N. A. da Gloria, J. F. G. Pereira and A. A. Rodella. Saccharom (STAB, Brazil), 1978, 1, (1). 15-25 (Portuguese).-A study on sampling and analytical methods necessary for introduction of a cane payment system based on sucrose analysis began i n Alagoas in 1972173 but was extended to S o Paulo on the institution of Planalsucar. The paper is a summary o f work carried out in Brazil to date, with reference included to work in other countries; it is appreciated that, with the National Alcohol Programme, the prices of sugar and alcohol are the same, so that use o f cane for either is equally economical and this may affect the conclusions reached as regards cane analysis and payment. Studies have been made on sampling, especial reference being made to use o f the core sampler, and the digestion and press methods for cane analysis are described, with a table showingtheeffect o f fibrecontent on pol % cane. Core sampling followed by the more rapid press juice extraction is recommended because of the practice of cane storage at the factory for night crushing. Development o f formulae for calculating pol % cane and the cane value are discussed. and it is recommended that the system be adopted in Brazil in order to encourage maximum sugar production per unit area.

Method for assessment of sugar cane quality. A. P. Gupta. Indian Sugar Crops J., 1977, 4, 87-88.-A method for estimation o f pol % cane, based on analysis for pol % juice and pol % bagasse, and a procedure for determining fibre %cane are described.

Interaction of surface-active agents with sucrose molecules in aqueous solutions. N. S. D'yachenko. Ukrain. Khim. Zhurn., 1978, 44, 995-996 (Russian).-Nuclear magnetic resonance was used in a study o f the interaction between surfactants and sucrose molecules in sucrose solutions of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% concentration to which 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09% cetyl trimethylammonium bromide was added. With increase in the sucrose concentration (in the absence o f surfactant), the sucrose-water reaction becomes stronger than that between sucrose molecules, as indicated by a shift in the NMR signals of the water protons to a stronger magnetic field. When a surfactant is introduced, the energy o f the water molecules bound by the hydrogen bonds to the sucrose molecules becomes dissipated by the dispersive interaction between the surfactant and the sucrose. The water molecules are then replaced by surfactant molecules. Hence, the surfactant is adsorbed by the sucrose and the latter becomes hydrophobic.

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Commercial manufacture of citric acid by fermentation. Ill. Effect of fermentation conditions and different growth media on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. P. K. Agrawal, C. S. Bhatt and L. Viswanathan. Sharkara, 1975, 14, (3). 3-14. - A local strain of A. niger was isolated and cultured under controlled conditions, after which spore suspensions were grown on various media. Investigation of theeffectsof fermentation parameters on citric acid production showed that maximum yield after 7 days was obtained with a Doelger & Prexott medium (prepared from NH4N03, KH2P04 and MgS04) in which the sucrose concentratton was 14%. Increase in the sucrose content to 20% increased mycelial growth and energy production rather than citric acid yield up to 7 days, after which it resulted in a much greater quantity of citric acid (54.06 g . ~ m - ~ after 14 days) than did 14% sucrose (47.94 mg.~m-~). Other media gave much lower yields, while both clarified and unclarified molasses were found to be unsuitable. Optimum pH of the medium was 2.0 and optimum temperature 25OC. Surface fermentation gave much more citric acid with the Doelger & Prescott medium than did submerged fermentation.

GH2 pulp presses at SBrvir sugar factory. G. Katics. Cukoripar, 1978, 31. 70-73 (Hungarian). - Information is given on the GH2 vertical pulp presses at the author's sugar factory which are manufactured in East Germany under licence from Selwig & Lange Maschinenfabrik. Some performance data are given.

Alcoholic fermentation. C. J. Franco. Proc. Symp. lndus- trialization Sugar Cane (STAB. Brazil), 1978, 16 pp (Portuguese).-Aspects of alcoholic fermentation are discussed, including selection of the yeast t o be used, initiation of fermentation and the desirability of running two parallel fermentations in case of accident which interrupts one, preparation of dilute must and maintenance of reducing sugars content for continuous fermentation, mineral nutrition, industrial multiplication and prevention of infection, and preparation of the yeast suspension. Factors which interfere with fermentation are reviewed, as is the control of temperature, and the analyses needed for fermentation control, as well as determination of the sugars fermented and alcohol produced.

Preparation of juice for alcohol manufacture. L. A. R. Pinto. Proc. Symp. Industrialization Sugar Cane (STAB, Brazil), 1978, 10 pp (Portuguese).-Fermentation of a must is most efficient if the feed is maintained with optimum characteristics, i.e. sterile, at between 28 and 3 0 " ~ and from 18 to 2o06x with 15-16% reducing sugars. Thiscontrasts with the variability of raw material, viz. juice of between 6 and 2 0 ' ~ ~ and molasses of between 80 and 85O~x. The molasses may be diluted with various other materials or mixtures of e.g. clarified

juice, water, last mill juice, filtrate, etc., to give the desired characteristics; the last two are most favoured, since they can lead to problems in sugar manufacture but do not have any harmful effect on fermentation. A flow diagram of the process used for alcohol manufacture at Usina Santa Lydia is presented and discussed, and the results of operation are tabulated.

Concentration of vinasse. L. P. de Biase. Proc. Symp. Industrialization Sugar Cane (STAB, Brazil), 1978, 6 pp (Portuguese).-Vinasse is used widely in Brazil as a fertilizer but it is recognized as being ecologically harmful. At Usina Santa Elisa a plant has been installed for concentration of 70 tonnes.hr-' of vinasse from 6O to 60° Bx. The plant, its operation and automatic control are described and the advantage discussed of being able to dispose of the vinasse as a non-polluting fertilizer and as an animal feed supplement.

Cost of sugar and direct alcohol parity. P. B. Neto. Proc. Symp. Industrialization Sugar Cane (STAB, Brazil ), 1978, 22 pp (Portuguese).-At Usina da Pedra, in the 1977 season, 795,962 tonnes of cane were crushed for sugar manufacture while 403,634 tonnes were used for the direct production of alcohol, the latter also being produced from molasses. Using the detailed figures from the season, an economic examination is made and graphs produced to find the break-even points in terms of sugar and alcohol production.

Saccharification of bagasse pith. C. I Nee and W. F. Yee. J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol., 1977, 27, (12). 662-666; through S.I.A., 1978, 40, Abs. 78-1034.-Laboratory- scale experiments are described. On the basis of previous tests, a process for hydrolysis of pentosans was devised. in which bagasse pith was treated with 2% H2SO4 in an autoclave at 1 2 5 ~ ~ . The average pentose concentration in the hydrolysate was 3%, and total pentose yield was 93.2% of thetheoretical. An improved process for hydrolysis of the pentose-exhausted cellulosic residue to glucose was developed. The residue was milled with 3.5- 4.0 parts 41-43% HCI at 25-30'~ for 4-15 hours. HCI was distilled off under vacuum; the solution was diluted and heated at 1 0 0 ' ~ for 3 hr to convert the oligosac- charides to glucose, and the lignin was then separated by means of a suction filter. Under optimum conditions, the glucose yield reached 91.9% of the theoretical, and > 90% of the HCI was recovered. It is stated that it would be easy to crystallize glucose from the solution, which was of high purity.

Analysis of fatty acid esters of sucrose by means of HPLC. R. Cormier, L. H. Mai and P. Pommez. Proc. 1976 Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 35- 45.-High-pressure liquid chromatography has been applied to theseparation and determination of individual sucrose fatty acid esters, including the complex of esters formed by esterification of sucrose with tallow.

Cane diffuser for autonomous distilleries. C. Ebeling. Brasil Aquc., 1978, 91,249-257 (Portuguese).-Applica- tion of a diffuser to production of cane juice for direct fermentation to alcohol is discussed. It is possible to eliminate separate liming, heating, clarification and filtration of juice as normally carried out after milling, since these processes can be embodied in the diffuser operation, while losses are also lower than in a mill, and it i s calculated that an additional 540 m30f alcohol would be produced from a distillery processing 2000 tcd over a 150day season.

38 1

Power transmission and conveying components. Rexnord Inc., P.O. Box 2022, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.

New silo discharger. Bowerhill Engineering Ltd., Lysander Road, Bowerhill, Melksham, Wilts., SN 12 6SP, England.

A new discharger from Bowerhill Engineering is designed for installation in flat-bottomed silos or storage vessels. It can be fitted to round or square units up to 12 metres in diameter and is suitable for silos with capacities up to 2500 tonnes. A drive mechanism is housed within a triangular cross-beam over the floor of the silo, supported at each end, and permits a screw auger to rotate around the base area, drawing material to the centre of the silo for discharge through an aperture onto a cross conveyor. Deflectors over the outlet prevent any gravity flow of the silo contents. The rate of extraction may be varied by remote control.

Self-optimizing weigher control. Richard Simon &Sons, Park Lane, Basford. Nottingham NG6ODT. England.

A new self-optimizing control facility has been devised which, when fitted to Simon high-speed gravity and belt-feed net weighers, ensure that product "give- away" (to ensure compliance with minimum net weight legislation) is kept to a minimum and that containers are packed to finer limits. The controller has two separate sections, encased in a lockable, sealed cabinet containing the basic weighing function and the correction unit. A compact and ultra-precise load-cell is used to transmit to the basic weighing portion of the controller the weight required; when accurate weighment has been achieved, the controller cuts off the feed in, discharges the load and restarts the filling cycle.

The correction unit acts as an in-built checkweigher but with one important advantage; the checkweigher detects any tendency of the weighments to vary from the desired weight and feeds back corrections to the basic weighing section to have effect on subsequent weighments. This completely automatic function allows the weigher to cope with changes in material density, etc., and with dust build-up on the weigh pan. An optional print-out facility is available to monitor weighments.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Serving the sugar industry. VEB Chemieanlagenbau Stasfurtl Kombinat, Atzendorfer Strasse 19, DDR-325 Stassfurt, East Germany.

Descriptions are given of sugar factory equipment manufactured by VEB Maschinenfabrik Sangerhausen, an enterprise of the VEB CASIKombinat. The range includes plant for automatic beet sampling. sample washing and analysis for sugar, wet unloading of beet, a beet slicer, pulp press, filters, lime kiln, vacuum pans, crystallizers, distribution troughs, sugar screens, white sugar silos and pulp drying and pelleting units.

High-pressure water jetting. - One of the latest applications of high-pressure water jet equipment manufactured by Harben Systems Ltd., of Salisbury. Wiltshire, England, is maintenance of asbestos roofing material at sugar factories in the West lndies in a clean and white state so as t o attain maximum possible reflection of sunliqht and thus minimize the working temperature within the factory. Marine and Industrial Cleaners Ltd., of Bridgetown, Barbados, have been appointed as distributors.

382

A 624-page catalogue from Rexnord gives detailed descriptions and product index of the company's power transmission and conveying components, including chains and sprockets, roller bearings, shaft couplings, belt conveyor idlers and spray nozzles. as well as bucket and apron elevators, apron feeders and belt conveyor trippers. Apart from specification information, the catalogue covers product applications and, maintenance procedures, and contains selection and rating charts plus various engineering data.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Sugar factory process automation. Fischer & Porter GmbH, Postfach 701, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany.

A paper presented at the Spring Meeting of the Yugoslavian Sugar Association and Yugoslavian Sugar Institute in 1978 has been reproduced as a special bound version. Written by Hans Kemter. Sales Director of Fischer & Porter GmbH, i t is concerned with the trends in automation within the sugar industry, as exemplified by Appeldorn and Wevelinghoven sugar factories in West Germany. Fischer & Porter equipment described in connexion with Appeldorn includes the SIGMA 4000 process control system, electromagnetic flowmeter, liquid vortex flowmeter, differential pressure transmitter, instruments for continuous measurement of process variables and control components; at Wevelinghoven. boiling is automatically controlled by the Fischer & Porter rheometer system involving a DCI 4000 microcomputer. Some 150 automatic rheometer boiling systems are at present in operation. The article is well illustrated.

Liquid level switches. Delaval Turbine GmbH, D-6361 Reichelsheim 4, Germany.

A recent brochure from Delaval Turbine GmbH gives details of "Gems" liquid level switches, available as metallic and non- metallic types. single- or multi-level stations, with floats of various materials.

BAl activities. Booker Agriculture International Ltd.. Bloomsbury House, 74/77 Great Russell Street, London WClB 3DF. England.

A colourful 24page brochure describes BA l activities in the field o f agricultural management. consultancy and technical services. Since 1964 assianments have been undertaken in more than 50 countries, and information is given t o demonstrate the type of work entailed in such assignments, including those of a continuing nature.

Queen's Award for the "Talofloc": process. - A presentation of the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement was made on September 24 at the Bromley headquarters of Tate & Lyle Agribusiness by H.M. Lord Lieutenant of Greater London, the Right Hon. The Baroness Phillips. The Award was accepted on behalf of TALO Products and Pr0cesses.a division of Tate & Lyle Process Technology Ltd.. by Dr. Michael Bennett, Chief Executive. Also attending the ceremony were the Mayor of Bromley. Earl Jellicoe (Chairman, Tate & Lyle Ltd.) and Saxon Tate (Group Managing Director, Tate & Lyle Ltd.) as well as other senior directors of the parent company. The Award was made for inventing and pioneering the "Talofloc" process for removing impurities in the refining of raw sugar. I t involves the use of a non-toxic. sparingly soluble surfactant that enables colour to be removed quickly and economically by a simple chemical process. The precipitated coloured impurities can be separated by flotation, an operation which is much quicker than sedimentation and uses much less equipment than filtration. Tate & Lyle Engineering has obtained US Food and Drug Administration approval for the "Talofloc" process. I t has been adopted in 26 countries and there are 78 operating licensees; approximately 25% of the world's refined cane sugar is now made with its aid while it is incorporated into the majority of new refineries being built. Since the first commercial operations in 1970. annual turnover has grown t o over f2.000.000. Recognition of the Company's achievement in the form of the Queen's Award, said Dr. Bennett, leader of the team which pioneered the development. has given the process a distinction much appreciated in overseas markets and has contributed significantly to increased recent interest.

Statements published i n this section are based on information supplied b y the firm o r individual concerned. Literature can generallv be obtained on request from the address qiven.

South Korea sugar imports and exports4

1978 1977 1976 tonnes, raw value ---

Imports

AIS De Danske Sukkerfabrikker Annual Report 1978/79. Because the EEC is not a member of the ISA but Norway is, the traditional supplies of sugar by Denmark to that country have had t o be on a basis of the refining of raw sugar originating from ISA member countries. Should a working relationship between the EEC and ISA signatories be worked out for the new sugar regime after July 1980, Danish sugar will again have free access to Norway, but reductions in sugar production and free market exports will be necessary. During 1978 drought and low temperatures hindered germination of the beet seed, and the wet, dull summer and autumn gave a low sugar content. Only 352,000 of the contracted 365.000 hectares was harvested, and the contracted area offered for 1979 has been reduced t o 353,000 ha. Of the 352,000 tonnes of sugar produced in the 1978179 campaign, domestic consumption took 200,000 tonnes. the balance being exported t o Britain, the Faroes. Iceland, West Germany, etc., as well as the refined re-exports t o Norway. Investments in the factories are for increasing efficiency and no capacity increases are planned. Capital is also being spent on environmental protection. Reduced beet area and so beet seed yequirements in Spain have been compensated by increased sales In Italy. while the sugar machinery division has received an order for a complete cane sugar factory in Vietnam, among other plant sales. Membrane filtration and ultrafiltration equipment sales have developed well.

Guyana crop data 1978. - Tabulated data published by the Guyana Sugar Corporation Ltd. show that a total of 4.218302 long tons of cane were crushed in 1978 as against 3 108 378 tons in 1977 and 4,037.314 tons in 1976. Pol % cane vks ~dwer than in 1977 and markedly lower than 1976 (9.71 vs. 9.78 and 10.12%) and sugar production was 324.805 tons against 241.527 tons in 1977 and 332,457 tons in 1976. Lost time through strikes was only 3.50% of gross crushing time, against 24.82% in 1977. Cuban cane harvest 1978179~. - FurtQer t o the Cuban sugar production figures previousry reported , details of harvesting and processing performance have become available. Chopper- type cane harvesters are said t o have cut 44% of thecanecrushed the average daily output per machine reaching 92 tonnes, abou; 3.5 tonnes more than in 1977178. Machine efficiency fell short of the plan by 25%, mainly because of stoppages due t o breakdowns, rain and organizational shortcomings. 300 moremachines worked in the harvest than in the previous one. Some 38% of the cane was handled green. Lost mil l time due to breakdowns and other operating stoppages was reduced t o 7% in 1978179 against over 19% in the 1971 harvest. Some 180,000 hectares of new cane were reportedly planted during January - May 1979, 18% short o f the target but over 30,000 ha more than in the corresponding months of 1978. Although it is not likely that a further 60.000 ha would have been planted in June, t o meet the target, the relatively high renewal rate achieved indicates a substantial area of comparatively high-yielding plant cane will be available for harvesting in 1979180. Attention to the ratoons is also reported t o have improved, some 1,450,000 ha having been cultivated or over 330,000 ha more than at the corresponding date in 1978. Compared with 1978, an additional 20,000 ha has received compound fertilizer and about 46,000 ha more has received nitrogen. Given reasonable weather, these preparations point t o another bumper Cuban crop in 1979180. Early ripening cane varieties in lndia3. - Three new early maturing varieties have been developed at the Sugarcane Breedinq Institute, Coimbatore, and allocated the numbers CoC 607, CoA 7601 and Co 7201. They reach peak ripeness in eight months with a slight decline in sucrose after the ninth month, and could therefore permit growth of three crops in two vears. The varieties will vield as much as 169-221 tonnes of cane per hectare with 18.19% sucrose in juice of 90% purity. giving 20-27 tonnes of suqar per hectare. By contrast. the late-maturing variety Co 6304 reaches 16% sucrose and 85% purity juice at 12 months with yields of 210 tonnes of cane.

Australia 281,098 298,468 179,751 Brazil 15.180 0 0 Peru 13.350 0 0 Philippines 37,120 5,976 0 South Africa 35.552 0 fl Taiwan Thailand

Exports Egypt Hong Kong Indonesia Iraq Jordan Kenya Kuwait Spain USA

Dominican Republic sugar crop damage. - Hurricane David caused devastation in the Dominican Republic at the end of August, with many dead and thousands made homeless. Between 15 and 20% of the 1979180 sugar crop is estimated t o have been destroyed. Heavy rains in June and July had flooded plantations, washed away bridges and damaged roads and railway lines, bringing the 1978179 cane hprvest t o a premature end, with a clroduction of some 810.000 tonnes. 100.000 tonnes less . . than the target5. The average.sugar content of the cane fell from a normal 11-12%% t o about 8%-9%%. The Consejo Estatal de ~ z 6 c a r incurred losses of 26.8 million pesos in 1976177. 43.0 million pesos in 197718 and estimates losses of 25-30 million pesos for 1978179. The CEA is arranuinu a ten-vear loan equivalent to $90 million from a group i f rnternatibna~ banks.

Kenya project for alcohol from molasses6. - Kenya Chemical and Food Corporation has embarked on a project t o convert the molasses made by Kenyan sugar factories into power alcohol for incorporation in motor fuel. The estimated cost of the complex, t o be built near Kisumu in Western Kenya, will be 550 million shillings. When in ful l production the project will provide 20 million litres of power alcohol, 30.000 tonnes of citric acid, 18.000 tonnes of bakers' veast and about 2 million litres of vinegar annually. The citr ic acid and yeast will be sufficient t o meet the entire needs of the country and give a sizeable surplus to be exported.

Indonesia sugar production7. - Almost all of Indonesia's 58 sugar factories were built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The industry, which had produced more than 3 million tonnes in the early 1930's was badly damaged during World War II and, although the cane area war increased after the war, low yields meant that sugar production did not increase. As a result of measures adopted by the government, sugar production is gradually recovering and is expected t o reach 1.45 million tonnes in 1979180 against 1.3 million tonnes in 1978179. Five new sugar factories have been built since the war and a sixth was due for completion at Jatitujuh at the end of June, with a capacity of 4000 t.c.d. Expansion and modernization programmes for nine other factories have raised their combined capacities by 16.750 t.c.d. while there are plans to rehabilitate two more.

' F.O.Licht, International Sugar %t., 1979,111,497. ! I.S.J.. 1979.81.257. : Indian Suss;, 1979.28.739.

I.S.O., through C. Czarnikow Ltd., Sugar Review, 1979, (14581 187.

Bank of iondon & S. America Review 1979 13 560. Standard Chartered Review, Septembh 1976.16-1 1. WorldSugarJ.. 1979.2. (3). 16.26.

Sudan sugar imports'

Argentina Brazil China Cuba Czechoslovakia EEC

Egypt Germany, East Greece lndia Korea, South Portugal

1978 1977 - tonnes, raw value-

1 1,305 0 31,250 79.758

0 1 1,226 10,500 0 23,300 0 72,850 5,435

0 3,473 3,900 0

0 2,717 67,088 34,837

0 35,218

Jamaica sugar crop reduction2. - Jamaica's sugar production seems likely to fall below its original production target of 350.000 tonnes by roughly 84.000 tonnes. laraelv as a result of adverse weather condihons, accord~ng to the sugar Industry Author~ty. Heavy rams also affected juice quallty and Increased the TCTS ratlo from 10.2 to 14. Smut and rust d~seases were other factors contributing to the shortfall, reducing cane production by as much as 30% in some fields. In 1978, a prolonged strike and heavy rainfall in some areas led to an output of not more than 307.000 tonnes, substantially below that year's target also of 350,000 tonnes.

Papua-New Guinea sugar project. - Booker Agriculture International has been appointed by the Independent State of Papua-New Guinea to establish a domestic sugar industry at Gusap in the Ramu Valley in the northern mainland. The development will be undertaken by Ramu Sugar Holdings Ltd. and will involve an estate of 6000 ha of rain-fed sugar cane and construction of a factory to produce 40,000 tonnes of mill white sugar per annum. together with estate roads, housing. ancillary buildings and services. The project is estimated to cost some $100 million and is due to start commercial production in 1983.

Chemviron award 1980. - Chemviron S.A. created its award for outstanding contributions to the study of water treatment as it relates to environmental health. The prize - a cash award of #10,000 plus a commemmorative medal and certificate - is awarded every second year. It is limited to papers originating in Europe and to the area of physicochemical treatment of potable and waste water, with candidature open to virtually anyone from universities, municipal authorities or industry. Details are available from Chemviron. ~hauss'ee de Waterloo 11 35, 6-1 180 Brussels, Belgium.

Sugar consumption in Easi €urope3. -The panerns of chanae in per caput consumption have differed markedly between" six countries of Comecon (the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), as indicated in the following table:

1960 1970 1975 1977 kg, white value

Bulgaria 29.3 34.4 36.8 39.8 Czechoslovakia 17.7 32.9 32.5 34.0 Germany, East 36.3 37.7 38.0 38.0 Hungary 27.9 39.2 43.0 41.5 Poland 26.6 33.5 39.5 37.0 USSR 28.0 38.8 40.8 42.0

Headouarters move for the Queensland ~ u r e a u ~ . - The Bureau .-- of Sugar Experiment Stations has sold its headquarters premises on Greqorv Terrace. Brisbane. and work has commenced on site preparation and construction of a new headquarters building at Longpocket, adjoining the Brisbane suburb of Indooroopilly. Completion of the new premises is scheduled for early 1980. In mid-1978 the Bureau purchased from CSR Ltd. the site and buildings of the David North Plant Research Centre at Longpocket, and facilities at the Centre have since been modified to provide additional space for quarantine and the transfer of commercial cane varieties and germ plasm to and from overseas countries.

Iran sugar imports5

1978 1977 1976 tonnes, raw value-----

Argentina 28,043 13,696 0 Austria 0 2.556 0 Brazil Ch~le EEC Eavot ~ in iand o o India 0 Poland 0 11,367 0

135.127

Portugal 0 0 7,594 Sweden 3,391 12,826 0 Switzerland 23 1.21 7 0 Thailand 87,809 99,783 23,140 Other countries 23 2 0

875.868 376.820 188.019

Cane alcohol programme for the philippines6. -The Philippines plans to build ten new sugar-using alcohol distilleries costing 8US 380 million a~ a rtep towards widescale production of alcogas7. The Ministry of Energy said that the distilleries costing be bulk over the next ten years, are expected to produce 12,000 barrels of pure alcohol daily from sugar and cassava. The alcohol produced will be mixed with petrol as fuel and reduce Philippine dependence on oil by as much as 15%. Threedistilleries costing $38 million each, will be built within the next thre; years. The Government will develop 270,000 hectares of virgin lands into cane and cassava plantations to help supply the plants.

Tongaat Group Ltd. Annual Report. 1979. - A total of 785,437 tonnes of cane was harvested from company-owned and managed land in the 1978179 season, against 824.698 tonnes in 1977178. Some 37,000 tonnes were harvested mechanically with two chopper-type harvesters. Melville Sugar Estates was taken over during the year jointly with C. G. Smith Sugar Ltd. and the factory closed; a further 99.781 tonnes of cane from that company's 2155 ha under cane were harvested, 51,432 tonnes being harvested after the take-over. and diverted to the Tongaat factory. A total of 157,000 tonnes of cane was harvested in the Ndwedwe area of KwaZulu, of which 56,000 tonnes were harvested and delivered bv Zulu contractors and the balance bv -~ -

locally organized labour. Crop restriction had been practised during the season in order to curtail cane and sugar production; this involved reducing the cane area and curtailing irrigation to reduce yield. This was necessitated by the South African sugar industry's agreement to reduce farm mean peaks in face of low sugar prices and oversupply. The Tongaat factory crushed 1,875,351 tonnes of cane to produce 210.038 tonnes of sugar in 1978179, against 21 1.398 tonnes of sugar produced from 1,927,336 tonnes of cane in the previous year. Overall recovery was a record at 87.78%. Two new mechanically-induced draught cooling towers were commissioned towards the end of the season and will reduce the dependence of the factory on river water for cooling purposes.

World's largen bagasse boilers. - A new boiler of 277,000 kg steam Per hour capacity. consumina at that ratina 125 tonnes of bagasse per hour. has been commrssioned at t h i victoria mill of CSR Ltd. in Australia. The firing system comprises 8 feeders. 8 pneumatic distributors and a multi-section dumping-type grate. For stable conditions, wen when bagasse moisture is high, the furnace has a lining of refractory concrete and combustion air is preheated to 257%. Flue gases are cleaned by six cyclone wet scrubbers operating in parallel, and gas flow is 646 tonnes.hr1 at full boiler load, handled by a double-width induced fan. The unit is equipped with an advanced system to provide automatic control of steam pressure and of flow rate. The auxiliary oil burners can be operated remotely from the control panel. A self-supporting chimney 65 m high has been designed to withstand winds up to 240 km.hr-1 and is fitted with a device for constant monitoring of smoke density.

' I.S.O., through C. Czarnikow Ltd., Sugar Review. 1979, . 11454). 166.

F. 0. ~ic.ht, lnternational~ugar Rpt., 1979. 111,472. Die Lebensmittelind., 1979.26. 359. Australian Sugar J., 1979.71. 156.

5 Lamborn. 1979.36.143. F. 0. ~ i ch t , Int~rndfiDnal~ugar Rpt., 1979,111, 502. See I.S.J., 1979.81.288. Australian Sugar J., 1979.71.95,

Beware of sand. If you are ~nvolved with mechanical material is washed wlth a small harvesting of sugar cane, then you amount of washwater to recover the face a problem that didn't ex adhering sugar. The second stage hand cutting. Soil and sand get removes the grit from the sweet wash into the process. Thorough water. The two-stage approach washing won't always get the assures minimum sugar loss. sand out. And all it takes is a l~tt le bit of sand to ruin Compact package. expensive machinery. Or to LOW initial cost. overload equipment. And The compact packaged contaminate your juice. system can be located in any

DorrClone? The easy, convenient area or elevation. And if you already have effective answer. existing pumps, tanks or other

Ord~nary desand~ng systems machinery, your initial cost is can't handle the sand problem even lower than if you buy the adequately. For complete sand complete package. The package removal, with minimal sugar price is as little as $3-$6 (U.S.) you need the most advanced syste per M.T.C.D., ex works. The actual on the market - the DorrClone tw cost to any given user depends on stage sand removal system. This crushing capacity. Total installed economisal system is designed DOrr-O'lver Dorrc 'one dscharglng sand. Cost depends on factory layout to remove approximately 95% of tangential feed and pump pressure, and location. coarse and fine material, UP to Mineral particles in the feed are For further information, write Larry about 300 mesh (50 microns). It thrown against the walls and pass Engel, Dorr-Oliver, International handles any mill capacity. out through the bottom. Liquid Headquarters, Stamford,

How the DorrClone overflow passes through the top. Connecticut U.S.A. 06904.

cyclone works. Why a two-stage system? A vortex act~on is created inside Because it's twice as effective. After DORROLIVER the DorrClone separator by the the first desanding stage, gritty A step ahead in process equipment

TYPICAL

CROSS- SECTION

I I

FEEDCMANULII I

t UNDLliiLOW

Index to Advertisers

page ABR Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front Cover Maschinenfabrik Andritz AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx i ASEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Australian Sugar Journal . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover

Bosco lndustrie Meccaniche S.p.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii Brasil Acucareiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt . . . . . . . . . vii Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Peter Brotherhood Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i Bunger Engineering Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx i

Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

AIS De Danske Sukkerfabrikker . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi M. Dedini S.A. MetalOrgica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi i i Bryan Donkin Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi i Dorr-Oliver Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi i i

Maschinenfabrik H. Eberhardt GmbH & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside Back Cover

Engrenages et RBducteurs Citroen-Messian . . . . . . xxiv

Ferguson Perforating & Wire Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx i Fives-Cail Babcock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv, v Fontaine & Co. GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx

Gilmore Sugar Manuals . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover

J. Helmke & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv Gebr. Herrmann GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii i Hitachi Zosen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi Hodag Chemical Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

lndeck Power Equipment Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv

Jeffress Bros. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi i

Dr. W. Kernchen Optik-Elektronik-Automation . . xxi i i

Nori t N.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx

Optical Activity Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv

Renold Ltd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

SEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx i i SlRCO Environmental Systems Ltd. . . . . . . . . . xxxiv SmithIMirriees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi i i Stork-Werkspoor Sugar B.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Sugar Manufacturers' Supply Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . xv Sugar News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover

Vallourec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Veco Zeefplatenfabriek B.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi i

Western States Machine Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i World Sugar Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx i i

Zanini S.A. Equipamentos Pesados . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

research into novel processes for recovery of sugar and other products from sugar cane. PhO Chemistry plus 10 or mare years sugar research. publications, service ar editor or referee on international sugar panels,etc.Contact Dr. J. A. Palsck,Auduban Sugar Institute, Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, La. 70803. LSU is an equal opportunitylaffirmative aetion

Low and HighMItage Electric Motors. Immediate delivery. Deta~lea mtorrnatlon

New iEC Standard motors - am stork llsls on ct~qursl Largest stocks In Europe Helmke IS permanently at the Leadlng makes Hannover F a ~ r and at the E i E E Gear motors (Expos~l~on lnterndt~onale ae High voltage motors up to 1 Equl~ementElectrlque)lnParls ............ 10000 HP D C motors - Converters Ho~st motors Generator plants Transformers P O Box 8901 26 Garvens . Rebullt machtnes straRe 5 D 3000 Hannover 89 Spec~al constructions and West Germany Phone 5111 . repalrs - Eng~neer~ng 8640 21 Telex 921521 1

FOR SALE

7 ROBERTS WESTERN STATES CENTRIFUGALS: 48 "x 30" BASKET, L INE DRIVEN. 250 HP MOTOR, A IR IMANUAL OPERATION PLUS NEW EQUIPMENT T O CONVERT (3) UNITS T O F U L L Y AUTOMATIC OPERATION ON COMMERCIAL SUGAR.

INDECK Power Equipment Co., 1075 Noel Ave., Wheeling, ILL. 60090, U.S.A. Telephone 3121541-8300, Telex 28-3544.

How much valuable material is escaping from works processes into drainage systems.

This can mean increased trade effluent charges on pollution of watercourses leading to prosecution and heavy fines.

~ If Your Business handles Llquids of any Kind

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS LTD SWEYNES INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

T e l 0702 548026 Telex 99325

I "BEWARE OF IMITATIONS'

Photo: Courtesy Rlchard Hoxb.

Main pump station No. 2 of the Kenana sugar project

THE

INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL

EDITED BY: D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.1.C

M. G. COPE, M.I.L.

JANUARY TO DECEMBER

1979

V O L U M E L X X X I

PUBLISHED AT 23a EASTON STREET

HIGH WYCOMBE BUCKS.

PANEL OF REFEREES

A. CARRUTHERS, Consultant and former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd.

K. DOUWES DEKKER, Consultant and former Director, Sugar Milling Research Institute, South Africa.

H. EVANS, O.B.E., Director, Booker Agricultural International Ltd.

M. MATIC, Former Director, Sugar Milling Research Institute, South Africa.

T. RODGERS, Assistant Chief Executive, British Sugar Corporation Ltd.

S. STACHENKO, President-Directeur-General, Agro-Technip, Paris.

ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA

Page 15. Line 55 of Column 1. Read "1976" for "1978". Page 15. Line 4 of Column 2. Read "1976" for "1978". Page 53. Line 2 of Column 2. Read "P.B." for "B.P.". . L i e 44 of Column 1. Read "boiling" for "boiler". Page 186. Line 48 of Column 1. Read "Korting" for "Kotting". Page 219. Line 46 of Column 1. Read "Dauval" for "Daucal". Page 240. Line 63 of Column 2. Read "81,239" for "81". Page 240. Line 64 of Column 2. Read "81,239" for "81". Page 245. Line 47 of Column 1. Read "Vigoureux" for "Vigoreux".

Page 250. Line 27 of Column 1. Read "Urbaniec" for "Ubraniec". Page 279. Line 51 of Column 1. Read "evaporation5" for "evaporation' ". Page 284. Line 21 of Column 2. Read "Procter" fur "Proctor". Page 285. Line 57 of Column 2. Read "1979" for "1978". Page 313. Line 56 of Column 1. Read "Bereshchuk" for "Bereschuk".

Printed by the Wrightsons Group of Companies, London

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXI

I n using this Index i t should be noted that the principal entries cover the several stages of production: CULTIVATION (see Beet; Cane. Diseases; Fertilizers; Irrigation. Mechanization; Pests; Soils. Transport Varieties. Weeds, etc.): SUGAR PROCESSING isee Bagasse; Boilers; ~oiling;' Carbonatation; centrifugal;; clarification; ~rGtal l izat ion; Diffusion; Evaporators; Filters Massecuite Milling Mills Molasses. Pans Vacuum. Scale. Sucrose. Sugar. Sulphitation; Water, etc.); REFINING (see ~ & e Char; carbon; ~ d f i n i n i etc.); a i d B Y ~ P R O D U ~ T S (ske ~ l c o h h ; ~ n h a l Fodder; By-Products; Fermentation; Paper; Pulp; Yeast, etc.).

Subjects covered separately include Ash; Bulk handling and storage. Colour. Control, Automatic and Chemical. Countries; Ion exchange; Juice; Micro-organisms; pH; Polarization. ~ r a n s p d r t ; ~ e i g i i n g , etc. Glucose and Fructose are t d be found under Dextrose and Levulose. Statistics and Trade ~ o t i c e i are collected together under those headings. "Sucrose" implies the pure chemical; "Sugar" the commercial product. and "Sugars" the chemical family, rather than grades of sugar. When looking under the author's name, it should be remehbered that the surname may be the penultimate in Spanish. Names starting with "Mc" are treated as if they start with "Mac" and the next letter in the name after the "c" will determine the position in the author index. Where a name includes'the prefix "al", "d", "da", "den "del", "el", "la", "van" or "von" it is indexed under & D, E, L, or V, respectively. Where a name begins with the abireviation "St." or "Sto." it is indexed as if this were spelt in full.

(Abs.) indicates Abstract; (Brev.), Brevity; (NB), New Books; (NC), Notes and Comments; (Stat.), Statistic$ (TN), Trade Notice.

SUBJECTS

Acetic acid : manufacture from pwe

bagasse. W. Jaeggle. Abs 350 - molasses in Kenya. (Lev:] : : : : : 383

Affination. E. Svoboda and J. Klepal. 2 3 centrifuzals. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . 318 non-sugar removh. 1.F. Bugaenko

and A.I. Lapkin. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 347 - - A.P. Kozyavkin and N.I. Odorod'.

ko. LAbs.). . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 polysacc arlde removal. E.J. Roberts

e ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 protein reduction. M.A. Godshall

and E.J. Roberts. (Abs.) . . . . . . 379 refined sugar water content calcul-

ation. E. Svoboda and J. Klrpal. 217 Afghanistan: sugar factory. (Brev.)96,159 Air: flow in beet piles. T. Baloh. . . . 88 ... V.T. Serkin e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . 345

. . . . . . . . . . .-. S. Vajna. (Abs.) 88 Albumins: determination in raw sugar. . . I.F. Bugaenko and A.I. Lapkin. 347 Alcohol: bibliography. M.P.S.B.

Goncalves. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 canemolasses treatment for loss

reduction. A.D. Robertson. (Abs.) content in cane sugar factory

products. J.D. Blake and K.E. McNeil. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

fermentation. W. Engelbart and H. Dellweg. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . C.I. Franco. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . - beet molasses. V.N. Shvets e t ul. - - - effect of colour removal. V.N. . . . . . . . ..-.

Shvets e ta l . (Abs.) recycled vinasse. N. Taygun . . . . . . . . . . . e ta l . (Abs.)

.... ultrasonics. J. le Mao and R.O. Prudbomm. (Abs.) . . . .

- cane molasses. K. Hokama et al. - molasses, vacuum vs. atmospheric

pressure. A. Ramalingam. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . process package. (TN) - sugar factory effluent. G. Kaiser

et al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . fuel oroaramme in Colombia. (Brev.) manLfaiture from bagasse and .

cane. R.P. Humbert. (Abs.) . . . . 282 - - - molasses. K. Mannivannan. (Abs.)252 .... US. (Brev.). . . . . . . . . . . . 159 . cane. H. '~r i is ihke. (Abs.) . . . . . 253 ... K. Rudolph etal . (Abs.) . . . . . 253 ... Australian economic report. . . 351 ... in Brazil. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . 65.224 .... A.P. ~ a r i n i n . (~bs . ) . . . . . . . 9 4 - - - cost comparison with sugar

manufacture. P.B. Neto. (Abs.) 381 - - - impurities analysis. L.G. de

Souza and A.M.S. Llistb. (Abs.)282 -- - juice . P.M.A.M. Chenu. (Abs.) 126 .... . . . . . . . . C. Ebeling. (Abs.) 381 .... W.H. Kampen. (Abs.) . . . . . . 2 5 3 .... and molasses. L.A.H. Pinto. 381 .... ... in Philippines. (Brev.) 255, 288 ... molasses in Hawaii. (Brev.) . . . 256 . . . . . . . . . . .... Kenya. (Brev.) 383

pure Alcohol:

manufacture from cane products, economics in US. H.S. Birkett and . . . . . . . . J.A. Polack. (Abs.) , 2 5 4 . . . . . - i n India. M.K. Patll. (Abs.) 252

. . . . . . . . . from molasses. (TN) 318 - renewable sources. US conference 31 9 sucrose crystallization in aqueous

. . system. L. Carrazana R. e t al. , 2 1 9 see also Distillery and Fermentation . . . . Algeria: sugar imports. (Stat.) 31

Amino-acids: cane Leaf content, influence of manganese. G.S.C. Rao and A.P.Gupta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9

effects on dextrose:levulose ratio in sugar factory products. E. Reinefeld et al. (Abs.) . . . . . . 57

fuse1 oil oroduction burirk molasses fermmiation. K. Hokama et a1 2 2 1

lysine plsnt in Yugoslav~a. (Brev.) 35 1 - production from hret nlolasses.

L.E. Slatrr. (Abs.1 . . . . . . . . . 59 aill lard reacti6n or&ducts fraction-

ation. L. Gonzll& et al. (Abs.) . . 188 proline content and drought resistance

in cane. K.C. Rao and S. Asokan. 244 reaction with carbonvl comoounds

i i d colour formatidn. L. donzilez . . . . . . . . . . . . C. e ta l . (Abs.) 219 tryptophane production from beet . . . molasses. L.K. Smirnova et al. 27 valine oroduction from beet

kola&es. 2. Pooovaand I. Murgov. 350 see olso Clutam<c acid

Animal fodder: bagasse and cane . . . molasses. P.N. Soman. (Abs.) 9 3

- pellets. H.G. Ayala e t al. (Abs.) . . 27 . . . beet pulp. A.M. Paulais. (Abs.) 252 . . . . . . . . . . .. E. Pfeffer. (Abs.) 125

- - and molasses. A. Ciouzelyianne. 282 . . . . . . ... H. Teissier er 01. (Pat.) 29

- - - fluorine determination. . . . . . . . . P B. Koster et 01. 4

pesticide residue determination P.B. Koster. (Abs.) . . . . . .

- - and trash. W. Loopand J. Huberlant. (Abs.) . . . . . .

- tons. n. Charlesworth. (Abs.) . . - - - - - - - - - ~ - . , B. Frank. (Abs.) -. . . . . . . . . .

.. D. Stacey. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. and pulp. D. Charlesworth.

- - - a n d molasses. B. Frank. (Abs.) cane by-products project in Cuba. 0. Almazln d e l 0 . and A. Roca G

- - utilization. 0. Almazln. (Abs.) - molasses. C.M. Geerken. (Abs.) . . . . . .. P. Lezcano er al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . - - A . Molina. (Abs.) - tops . J. Deville and Y. Wong You

Cheong. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . - - F. Geoffrov and M. Vivier. (Abs.

- in cane molasses and yeast. ' '

G. NGfiez T. and C. Diaz de A. 58 - by ion exchange. T.K.K. Menon

and V.C. Nair. fAhs.l . . . . . . . 5 8

D. Hibbert e ta l . (Abs.j . . . . . . . 25 iron determination in sugars. -. Korenaga and -. Takashi. (Abs.) 348 metals determination in raw sugar.

K. Tomobe and T. Nagasaka. . . . 315 - -refined sugar. R. Cormier er 01. 380

in molasses fermentation. V.N. Shvets etal . (Abs.) . . . . . 221

reducing sugars ratio in cane molasses, effect of alcnhol. A.D. Robertson. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 349

INDEX

p w e Ash:

removal with active carbon. H. Zaorska. (Abs . 2 5 0

- affination. A.P. d i z ; & k i a i d ' N.I. Odorod'ko. (Abs.) . . . . . . 2 4

- clarification of remelt and raw syrup. N.L.C. Suzor. (Abs.). . . . 1 8 1

-electrodialysis. T. Hiramoto. (Abs.) 314 - - F. Perschak. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 279 -juice hydrocyclone treatment. Anon.213 silica determination. P. Devillets

e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 - - in raw sugar. I.F. Bugaenko and A.I. Lapkin. (Abs.) 347 . . . . . . .

sugar solution conductivity and purity determination. I. Ponant. 220

s e also Boilers; Bone char; Clarifica- tion; Furnaces, Bagassr;lon exchange and Pulp, Beet

Australia: bagasse boiler. (Brev.) 3 8 4 . . . bulk terminal. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . 287 Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations

new headquarters. (Brev.) . . . . . 384 cane agriculture journal changes. 1 5 9 . alcohol economics. . . . . . . . . . 351

breeding for Fiji disease resistance. 5 1 . - milling-diffusion. P.S. Kelly and R.G. Porter. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 3 1 1

pests. B.E. Hitchcock. (Abs) 341 . . . . . railway system in North Queensland 6 3 - r u s t in ~ u e e n s l a n d . (Brev.) . . . . . 1 6 0 -sugar production 1978179. (NC) 9 7 -transport. T.G. Fuelling. (Abs.) 340 - variety adoption. C.W. Chardon

e t 01. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 CSR Ltd. annual report 1979. (Brev.) 2 5 6 deep-water wharf. Anon. (Abs.) 2 1 5 . . . eye spot disease. T.G. Willcox and

C.M. McAleese. (Abs.) 371 . . . . . . . Fiji disease. B.T. Egan. (Abs.) . . . . 306 .. P.A. Jones. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 8 2 - - resistance testing of RCunion

cane varieties. (NB) . . . . . . . 9 0 flooding and drainage problems.

D.W. Beattie. (Abs.) 7 8 . . . . . . . . . furnace ash handling systems.

G.M. Sawyer and R.N. Cullen. 1 2 0 irrigation and land utilization.

A. Hegarty. (Abs.). 7 8 . . . . . . . . . . scheme. I. Wright. (Abs.) . . . . . . 239 -trials. N.R. Maclean. (Abs. leaf scald. 1.T. Freshwater. 0 ~ ~ s : ) : : 3i; Queensland Canegrowers report

1979. Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 6 raw sugar refining. A.C. Chatterjee

and A.R. Bhidc. (Abs.) 122 . . . . . . . quality. Anon. (Abs.) 3 8 0 - - - . . . . . .

roller bearing cane mills. G.D. Jacklineral. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 1 9

soil copper deficiency. E.A. Pembroke. ( A b r 0 . . . . . . . . 1 4

sugar economy study. Brev) . . . . 128 -exports. (Stat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 - factory power supply t o public

grid. K.W. Watts e t a l . (Abs.) 3 4 3 . . . - - technology research. Anon. (NB) 5 6 -industry. Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . 185 Toft agreement with Brazilian

company. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 7 Austria: beet agriculture. C. Nuh and

G. Onat. (Abs.) 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . - - and factory technology research.

Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 - diffuser and carbonatation control by computer at Tulln. 312

B a g a c i ~ ~ o : distillery waste mixture as fertilizer. R.S. Dubey e t al. (Abs.) 9 3

Bagasse: active carbon preparation. A,M,H,R. Khan e t a l , (Abs.) . . . . . 125 alcohol manufacture. R.P. Humbert. 282 - - K. Mannivannan. (Abs.) . . . . . , 2 5 2 .. in US. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 9 animal fodder. P.N. Soman. (Abs.) 9 3 board factory closure in South

Africa. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 - manufacture. B.S. Bryant. (Abs.) 3 5 0 - - M.S. lyengar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 222 cellulose manufacture. A. Fogarassy. 2 9 - - S. Shahine e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . 5 9 compost effect o n cane yield.

P.K. Moberly and J.H. Meyer. 339 . . . depithing equipment. ].Lois C . . . . 9 3 drying. R.T. Khurd. (Abs.) . . . . . 5 3 - heat economy evaluation.

S.K.Ghosh. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 1 5 4

page Bagasse: enzymatic saccharification

R.K. Andren e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . 350 N. Toyama. (Abs.) 282 - - . . . . . . . . .

fuelvalue. 1.E. Atchison. (Abs.) . . 125 furfural and acetic acid manufacture.

W. laeggle. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 0 - manufacture. G. Ocampo S. e t OL 2 5 3 .and protein manufacture. . . . . . . . G.D. Agrawal. (Abs.) 9 4 hemicellulose isolation and effect

o n paper A.E. el-ash maw^ e t a l . 9 4 lignin chemical composition.

C.J. Triana F. e t a l . (Abs.) 221 . . . . . micro-organisms. T. Sais H. e t al. 2 1 9 mixtures thermal insulation and

mechanical strength. R. Espinosa P. 222 pelleting and use as animal fodder.

H.G. Ayala e t a l . (Abs.) 2 7 . . . . . . . pith enzymatic saccharification.

L.H. wang and y . ~ . Kuo. (Abs.) . 1 2 6 - hydrolysis C,I, Nee and and W.F. dextrose Yee, recovery. (Abs,) . . 381

prehydrolysis and digestion. E.J. Villavicencio. (Pat.) . . . . . . 2 8

presses. I . Farmer. (Abs.) 1 2 0 . . . . . . S~~~~~:.n~."wp.t~~~Pd:Pd:(AbS.) 348 sand and water content, effect on

burning. ~ n ~ ~ , ( A ~ s . ) . . . . . . . 214 storage. R. Hesch. (Pat.) 285 . . . . . . . utilization. P. L6pez G. (Abs.) . . . 2 5 3 . J.M. Paturau. (Abs.) .,59, 252 ....... yield and consumption in Hawan. D, Murata and W. Gibson. (Abs.) 21 . effect of cane tops. R.P. Scot t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . e t a l . (Abs.) 3 4 8 see also By-products; Furnaces; Paper

and Pulp Bangladesh: sugar industry

modernization. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . 6 3 Barbados: sugar production 1978. 3 1 Barrier seals. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 Beet: agriculture in Austria. C. Nuh

and G. Onat. Abs ) . . .; . . . . . . 1 7 7 - combined wit cane agriculture . . . . in E, Lorduy. (Abs.) 206 - economics. S.K. Tewari and

P.S. Bhatnagar. (Abs.) . . . . . . 8 4 .. in Iran. M. Baghestani. (Abs.) . . 1 7 - -West Germany. W.C. von Kessel. 1 7 - faulty practices and crop

profitability. W.C. von Kessel. . . 177 -harvest date x nitrogen fertilizer

x irrigation trials in Iran. A. Kaschani and H, Farazdaghi. 17

for high yield. D.S. Oberoi and - H.G. Singh. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 1 7

. - - a n d quality. P.S. Bhatnagar and G.B. Pant. (Abs.) 1 7 . . . . . . . .

. in India. P.S. Arya and S.S. Saini. 246

.. N. ~ ~ k ~ ~ j i . A ~ S )

.. M.H. Patel. (Abs:) : : : : : : : 2 2 - practices in UK. W. Hollowell and

. . . . . D. Charlesworth. (Abs.) . 2 7 4 -research in Austria. Anon. (NB) . . 5 6 -. France. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 2 7 5 .. India. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 308

UK conference. 1 0 2 - . . . . . . . . . . . -winter beet. 2. Srzednicki. (Abs.) 275

automatic line. M.Z. Kbelemskii et al. (Abs.) . . . 188

betaine determination. G. Steinle

b ~ ~ ~ ; l ~ i " , ~ ; ; ~ * ~ ~ e ; O k n e and. 91 P. Longden. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 2 7 4

- - A . Vigoureux. (Abs. - seed stalk removal e f k c i d i ie ' ig i l i 245

and e t al. sugar (Abs.) 'Ontent. F'C' Ehlig 307 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ppe~",i$,".$;,"m~~",~iad.diti aid. . 19s correlation. H.L. Sharma e t a / . 309

-hybr id blend testing. A.W. Erichsen e t o l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

brei analysis, effect of freezing. A. Arbizzani and P. Laghi. (Abs.) 2 2 0 . ,,itrate and sugar content.

D.G. Westfall e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . 8 4 campaign starting and finishing dates

in Poland. G. S o b c z ~ k . (Abs.) 182 cleaning, mud solids content and . . . . disposal, F, Kastner. (Abs,) 22 composition, effect of herbicides.

T. Banaszkiewicz and H. Kozaczenko. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 211

damage by pumping. S. DuSek and 1. Ilyntar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

Beet: page

e t 01. (Abs.) . 2 7 7 dirt and stone separators. 1. RuL?i&a . . . . . . . . . . . . drilling and harvesting dates in India.

A.D. Kame e t a l . (Abs.). . . . . . . 1 8 elevator. N.D. Khomenko and

V.G. Yarmilko. (Abs.) 2 2 . . . . . . . extraneous matter pressing.

H. Lange. (Abs.) , 2 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . - - W. Loop and I. Huberlant. (Abs.) 222 ... P. Mathismoen. (Abs.) . . . . . . 22 1 --separation and treatment. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuer. (Abs.) 376

g ' , " ~ ~ h d ~ ! ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ p b ~ f ~ 8 . . . . 1 7 7

h ~ ~ ~ ~ h { ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ : f... . . . . . 1 8 - a n d soil disinfectant effects. . . . . . . G. Pritoni e t al. (Abs.) , 2 4 5

. . . leaf catcher. F' HruSka' (Abs') 218 lift. N.D. Khomenko e t al. (Abs.) 277 mannit01 occurrence. J. Caplovic . . . . . . . and F. Rendos. (Abs.) 57 marc determination. H. Gruszecka. 348 maturity determination.

M.A. Dymko e t 01. (Abs.) 246 . . . . . n ~ ~ ~ t ~ d ~ ~ h f i h b ; ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 283 nitrogen and quality'

M. O'Sullivan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 218 .uptake, assimilation and metaboli-

zation. K. Koch. (Abs.) . . . . . . 245 phenols. B. Winst3m-Oken

e t a l . . .................. 3 3 2 , 3 6 2 pieces processing. N.A. Arkhipovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . e t a l . (pbs.) 313 processing and by-products utiliza- . . . . . tion. M.G. Koukios. (Abs.) 182

nitrogen fertilizer. G. Hanslip. 1 8 - problems caused by excessive

quality, effect of agronomic factors. C. Winner. (Abs.) 8 4 . . . . . . . . . . .... and weather. P.S. Bhatnagar

. . . . . . and B. Raj. (Abs.) 8 4 - -n i t rogen, frost, etc. M. Loilier. . . 121 -evaLuation by diffusion juice purity

determination. M. Rnche. (Abs.) 376

A.I. Sidorenko. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 277 reception. V.S. Vyshtak and

. a t Aarberg. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 217 research centre in US. Anon. (Abs.) 91

S ~ ~ & ~ ~ , " ~ ~ ~ ~ t f ~ ~ ~ & ~ ~ . . 376 . . . . sampling. D. Bourdon. (Abs.) 376 - for yield prediction. M. Martens. 246 seed germination, effect of fungi-

cides. W. Hrubesch and F. Wieser. 245 -harvesting. E. Nicsulescu and . . . . . . . A. Stefanescu. (Abs.) 308

: ~ p ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , " , " ~ l d " , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ b s ' ) R. Vanstallen. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 177

-yield, effect of ~ t ~ c k l i n g s i z e . . . . . . . . S.S. Saini et al. (Abs.) 307 slicer. R. Cisak and A. Andrzejewski. 345 . [ibless knives and cassette cross.

section area calculation. V.N. Nechitailo and V.P. Zubchenko. 2 3

speed optimization. V.G. Bclik and . . . . . A.M. Shcherbakov. (Abs.) 2 3

S U f ~ t ~ ~ t ~ n ~ ~ ~ g f , " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , " . i " . . 2 7 7 ..... . . . . . . D. Bourdon. (Abs.) 376 - - - maleic hydrazide. 0 .P . Singh

e t a / . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ...weather and mechanical hand.

ling. A.I. Chekal' and V.V. Popovich. (Abs.) . . . . . 277

- products, dextrose:levulose ratio. W. Mauch and E. Krause. (Abs.) 124

-yield and quality, effect of irriga- . . . . . . . tion. I. Simon. (Abs.) 211 tarehouse equipment. 0. Krieger. 315

; ~ ~ ~ s $ ~ i ~ ~ g f " : d " ~ ~ eta" (Abs') 92

. -D:~.h~:!,"~~~?s.:"P":):::: .i::,'::: - - - I). Stacey. (Abs. washer. R.P. polishch;<;nh . . . . , 2 5 3

V.I. Kotlyarov. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 88 washing. H. ~ a b r o ~ ~ k ~ . (Abs.) 345 . . . yield, effect of cultivation and

liquid fertilizer. T. Agosti. (Abs.) 245 - -sowing date. J . Webb and

K. laggard. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 178 .and quality, of irrigation and

water table depth. G.A. Reichman e f 01. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 8

'adllatm-hq aqbanrni eGe COE . . ( ~ q y ) .').da!ld .f) .uo!leywIalap

sluamannbal lazrlrllal lor slsbn~ue

ESZ . . . . . ('s y) l o ~ a qdlopn1 .>I - - Z8Z ' ' ' . ' . . T'Sqg) '/ldqWnH 'd.1 - -

leqmaqa se uofiez!~ln leans p i e - SS "" (HN) ' u o w .ea11jv qlnos u! - I F F ' ' ' 'IMerew u1 amauas laorourletus -

. . . 'Csqv) .riouy-.in!)!;nefi - - . . . . . ('sqy) ~ o u y .ea!eme[ - - ' ' . ('s y ) .apuaz 'x's 'e!pul ' - . . (8 7 .A zalapuv .w .eqn3 - -

(8NY.A ~u!uuax .3 .e!n!loa - - : N) VOW .eu11ua8ni Ut u3nasa1-

8 b .<8i!s .I\.s pugn ldn j .d.v .e!pu[ U l ~dJ~UUl~0jldd blol3eJ UO SlJdjJa -

601 ' . 'sepuIqSn.ea 'n'a .luamdolan.>p - bnr ' ' ' ('SUV) 'enaaZSnl~> 'U 'eon7 U I

-- . ,., - . ... pue IaqoJsa '1'~ 'uollanpal tsoa -

s 1 'uemmah '(7'1 'Sutmrej inoluoa - 902 . . . . . ('sqv) . b n p i o ~ .3 .weds

ur aln)lna!18e laaq q z ! ~ pau!qmoa. zs . . ' . . . . . . (. sqy) 'altseau!lV '3 'erqmo103 u! arntlna!~Se

8~ . . . (.sqy) . j q 8 ! l ~ .I .uo!)eu!m!la pue slasuep auea pauopueqe :due3

E 6 1 . . . . . . . . . ' . . ( 3 ~ ) .3%3 P ~ V - uo!suedxa uo!lanpold Iesns :uno~ame3

am!? pue uo!lea!j!~e13 !uo!leuoqlej !qsv das mn!ale3

sj~npo.td-dq lvnp!n!pu! oqu aas 06 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . (HN) 'UOUy.UEM!UL - SZI ( ~ v ) .smarpuv 'r'x .BJ!YV utnos - 8 f z : : : : ' ' ' ('sqv) .uepeleA 's.3 - - E 6 ('sqv) .uemos ' ~ ' d 'e!pul u! - ;sZ; L6S :~qz.=.y~.v .o w p o j lem!ue s l -

(sqy) melnted 'my - 7 F Z . . . ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' (.SOV) .9 EON 'U -

- .. z z z . . . . . . . ' . . (. sqv) .3 eoox .v pue .g rap @zetulw 'V -son3 u!

marox I~ODOI l e u >OX~-KG .-- OZE y i ~ j 8 ~ 6 ' 1 uo!)mp&d maris :kmlng 96 'pueFeqL u! leans me1 :llodsue~z ylng osz . . . .' ( w v ) .lo za e11npo3 .d

.uo!laaiold lleM leula)u! - - - 99 . ' ' ' ' : : . ('nale) 'adbaa u! ogs - - ISZ: ' ' ' . ' ('sqy) .!puexnem 'A

uratsls Bu!l!oq jo iaajja 'Iesns avqm I 's!oqneaH '3 'sops mans :ale~ols ylna

aSod

sloXanuo3 oslo ads EZZ""""' (.hala) .sn!t!~new - - . . . . . . . . . . . f'sav) 'uouv - - -

,- aor . . . . ' . . 'it i ) . ; ~ ~ t ; r j uoiler30sse

ii- . ( .na~e) !rloi;'~j leans Mau :n!reslng s ~ o t e ~ o d e n 3

pun 1ea!maq3 ' l o l l u o ~ osln am LS . . . . . . . . ' ' ' . ( 'S~V) '10 l J

euezerre3 '7 'uellxap jo aaajja - - OZZ ')uRUOd ~uo!)eu!mlalap bl!lnd

pue Xllnllanpuoa uorlnlos leans 602 . . . : . . (.iqvJ .saeroyy ap . ~ . a

pug e n ~ s 'V ap ' ~ ' 3 'lor pue IaJoa l o 1aa11a 'auea ur uollanoax

6 L E . . . : :.:. . . ~(. - - - - sqv) .p!hea '3 - - ~ 8 1 ' ' (sqy) .uouv 'Ja)awolaayal bq -

' ' ' ' ' ('sqy) .sepu!qsyea 's'a 'SUIIS~I X11~nlem due3 101 -

~ 8 1 . . . . (.sqvj . I i p ~ j ~ .3 . l ~ ~ a ~ ~ a " a!aemolne uo!snjj!p laaq pue -

9 f ~ . ' ' ' ' Csqv) . loja u!y(!qznL 'I'A - LSI ('sqv) .!xabzzqoa .luamaInseam 6fE ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( ' s ~ v ) 'laUUO!? '3'1'3

.uoiIsneuxa 10 amseam se alrnaassem -. . ...

pue oyua iepuo~ .d.N ' [ o ~ u o a a!lemolne 'dnlds lotelodena

ZLE ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ('sqy) 'semoql 'Na .srools UMOIS-~I~II oue ssmroaas

wnnaeh 'sued pun al!naasse~ 'uo!lez!lp)sLr3 aslo ads

LS """" (sqv) d)~oue%e)l 'N'I pue u!yEqznL ' 1 ' ~ 'a~nssald Inodeh

OZ ' ' ' ('sqy) '8Un!SH 'A'S 'UEM!EL f l z ('sqy) ' u o w .)qS!am bllnp paas S L E . . ' ..,.." (. sqv) w!.=ea .3

ratndmoa bq uBFap amaqas 6LE ' C S ~ V ) straqoa '1'3

pue mqspog .y.&q 'Imomal u!a)ord t l E . . . . . . . . . . . . ' (=lv) 'lo l a

sllaqox '1'3 'lenomar ap!nqwesXlod 917, 'y!uolod 'A pue '8 zanS!rpox .W

'Su!llapour lea!$euraqlem ZS " " " ' ('sqy) .Key '3's pue

uemeJen!S '8 'uorlanpal bl!soas!h - 081 . . . . . . . . ( sqv) .ze!a .I pue

s o p o l 'I 'san!l!ppe an!rae-aaymns - LS """ ( ~ q y ) 'a eueze11e3 .?

'salqe) uo!telnresladns - 6 ~ 1 ('sqv) moladrez 'J pup enns 'XI

' lua~uoa qse pue Jnoloa leans pus - f I Z . ' ' ' ' ' - ('sqy) 'uouv .lajsuell

leaq pue uo!aa{naqa apnaassem 68 " " " ' ('sqy) 'lo J J u!nalJ '1.7

'sass01 mans 'a$!naassem apela-MO~ $8 ' ' ' ' ' ' ('SqV) .dapUed 'N'x pUE

ueserr!u!lg 'S 'reSns pau!el-aSrq B C E " " ' " . ('sqv) - u e ~ e q 3 '8'1

pue ged ' ~ 1 'uo!telnqea blanoaa1 - 9 f ~ ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ('sqy) 'ebeyshau!a

' ~ ' 7 pue l o x '0 'nh ' I U ~ I U O J JeSns sasserotu Due aonewlo~lad -

L L Z . ., . . (sqyj . lsui t a ue samaqas pue t8kb ;nba asnoq zzI . . . . . . . . . . . . . s V) 'lo w

qnsarL 3 . A .uo!leZ!iit%o IajsueIt - zz ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Csqv) 'xnoDa7 ~ ~ .uo!laz!mpdo uolldwnsuoa - f I C 'so!a sol ap 'y 'uo!lPllua?uoJaJd

~onhlu X~au l~a l 10 laalld 'a3uelea lea" 917 ' . u e i k i o l e ~ d ~ o o u e < jr.v :

v-.

pue yaue!Ing .i jb;iu& aiteGoiGe E I z . ' . . . . . . . . . (. sqv) 'Jalaa!z 'I 1 s t ' ' ' ' ' ('sqv) lpueinem 'A 'ilu!fioe

~al i f i -puo urea)s-!a@as ! ~ a ~ o d :saJeulnd !uorsono3 oslo ads

C I F . . - . . . . Csav) .abw .w-w one .. .- -

zz 'xnopa? s q y 'JaqnH 'H 'aauemlojlad 6s 7,$,nR m d nnp sarr~adord srR- an^

. , 7s ne o a a ~

f81 ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' I'sqy) ' n o w 'blolaer . . leans laaq bu'e L J ~ U ! J ~ J uauail

161 ' . ' ' ( . n a l a ) ' 6 ~ / 8 ~ 6 1 uolianpold - 261 ('leis) 'sl~odxa pue cllodw! laSns *PC (.*am\ 'bonls ~ u a r u ~ s a l l Jalem

60s ~ D J J 1aisiox .N :sl6!11 lela!mi-- LfZ" " ' ' ('sqv) '~~oonLa$s uen '7

'saseas!p pue stsad laaq :mn!Slae IaqleaM

pun atsefi 'lalefi !laleM tsa! -)a!le~ !podsuelL :aSelots :OOS !dlnd

!stsad !u!pad !luambed :sasseloyy :uo!tez!ueqaayy !aa!n[ :slaz!pllaJ

: Xlotaed !saseas!a !uo!snjj!a :srasnjj!a !lappoj ~eur!uv oslo aas

LO£ ' ' 'uoslaN ' ~ ' 1 'satep t s a m q pue %u!lueld pue uaSoIl!u - - - - c L z . . . . . . ' . . . . (' sqv) 'B!AORIX

'I ~uo!iegm!sse a!taqtuLsotoqd pug q 1 ~ 0 1 8 jeal jo laajja 'bt!lenb puv pla!X

: t aw

INDEX

Cane: . . . . breeding. B.T. Roach. (Abs.) 342 . in Areentina. J.A. Mariotti ef al. 5 1 .... .-- ....

- arrow mould formation. . . . . . . . . A.M. Whittle. (Abs.) 306

. . . Batcha and K. Palanichamy. 153 - for Fuji disease resistance. Anon. 5 1 - fist-generation inbred perform-

ances. A.S. E t h i r ~ l a n ef 01. (Ahs.) 2 10 . . . . . flowerine. K.J. N u s . (Abs.) 152 - - in Egyft. A.I. ~ l l a m ' e f al: (Ahs.) 244

. . . . . . ... Z.A. Menshawi. (Ahs.) 152 - - India. Q.Q. Khan and . . . . . . P.K. Bhatnagar. (Abs.) 117 . . . . . . - i n Hawaii. Anon. (Abs.) 372 - hvbrid cvtoeenetics.

- in India. S. ~ r i s h n a and. . . . . . R.B. C;addaglmath. (NB) 186

- inheritance of herblclde tolerance. T. Kuntoharrono er al. (Abs.) 145

. in Mauritius. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . 117 - isc can thus germplask in kaiwan. . . . . . . . C.C. Lo. e f a l . (Ahs.) 118 - for mosaic resistance.. R.D. Breaux . . . . . . . and H. Koike. (Abs.) 149 - mutation by radio-activity.

H.K.S. Rao e t o l . (Abs.) . . . . . . 117 . . . .. in ~ a i w a n . C.C. L;. ( ~ 6 s . ) .244 - nobilization with Saccharurn . . officinarum. W.M.Symington. 117 - - SGcharurn spontaneurn. . . . . . . . . B.T. Roach. (Abs.) 118 - Philippines germplasm collection.

A.T. Barredo and T.R. Escober. 83 - progeny frost resistance. R. Cesnik . . . . . . . . . . . efa l . (Abs . ) . ,210 - research In Argentina. . . . . . . . J.A. Mariotti. (Abs.) 152 . seedling losses in group transplant-

ing. T.G. Pimentaefal. (Abs.) . . 372 - - poiting compound trials. . . . . . . R. Cesnik e t al. (Abs.) 51

. . . --propagation. D.W. Thomas.. 372 - - vield and selection. R.S. Bond. 118 - silection. W.M. Symington. (Abs.) 342 - - ~nf luence ot clonal c&npetition.

A.M. (;alvez and L.T. Empig. 153 . . single stools. P.M. Lyrene. (.Abs.) 152 . . . tissue culture. R.C. llarba e t ul. 244 . . . . ... M. Krishnamurthi. (Abs.) 117 - i n US. P.H. Dunckelman and . . . . . . . . S. Nagatomi. (Abs.) 51 - varieties performance evaluation.

R.H. Farouhar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 342 . . . . . -. i n - ~ & n i d n . And". (NB) 90 -visual selection. J.A. Mariotti ef al. 51 - i n West Indies. D.I.T. Walker e t 01. 210 -wi th wild germplasm. . . . P. Sankaranarayanan. (Ahs.) 153 bud germination inhibition by leaf . . . sheaths. G.T.A. Benda. (Abs.) 148 burning and extraneous niattei . . . . . . reduction. J.P. Lamusse. 231 . . . . . . . . . - i n US. N. Rozeff. ,296 character inheritance. . . . . . . . P.A. Kandasami. (Abs.) 153 crop age and juice composition.

S.P. Dua and R.C. Singh. (Abs.) . . 238 cultivation, effect of varieties. . . . . . . . . . C.L. Toohey. (Abs.) 117 - experimental analysis. A. Martinez

G. and F. Cienfuegos I. (Abs.) . . 145 - by minimum tillage. W. Hadlow . . . . . and E.W. Millard. (Abs.) 109 - - - P.K. Moberly and P.E.T. . . . . . . . . . . Turner. (Abs.) 146 deterioration after burning and

hawesting. B.T. Egan e t 01. (Abs.) 109 -harvesting. J.E. lrvine and . . . . . . . B.L. Legendre. (Abs.) 110 . . . . .. G. El-K. Sayed e t a l . (Abs.) 156 - - dextran occurrence. S.E. Ferrari

and A.A. Rodella. (Abs - - effect of billet length an2b;rii;lg. 52

P.C. lvin and 13.H. Foster. (Abs.) 157 - - - o n sugar refining quality.

E. Whayman and T.W. . . . . . . . . Meredith. (Abs.) 184 . . . ... sulphitation. A.A. Delgado. 181 evapotranspiration and irrigation. . . G. Hunsigi and S.C. Srivastava. 148 - rainfall mathematical modelling.

A.C. Early. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 146

. " :ane: fibre content, effect of frost.

V.H. Chiappino. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 281 - - and yield, effect of harvest and

ratooning dates. K.C. Leverington e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

field condition'eva~uation. T.C. Ripoli ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 271

flowering. S. Singh. (Abs.) . . . . . . 174 - and apex chemical composition.

Z.A. Menshawi. (Ahs.) . . . . . . 176 - control. Z.A. Menshawi. (Abs.) 148 -ef fec t of nitrogen and mdis tu6. . . . . . . A.I. Allam er al. (Abs.) 109 frost damage assessmrnt by titratable

acidity measurement. F.A. Martin. 124 - - effect of irrieation. 0. Sineh and

R.S. ~anw;. . . . . . .: . . . . 359 . . . . -effects. R.S. Kanwar. (Abs.) 369 growth abnormality in Senegal.

C. Ricaud. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . .273 . o n calcareous soils. H. Evans. . . . 38 -ef fec t of minimum tillage. Anon. 369 - - s o i l oxveen content. Y.S. Sheu

- m i n i m u h tehpera ture requirement. O.O.S. Bacchi and

J.A.G.C.Sousa.(Abs.) . . . . . . 175 - nitroeen metabolism. U.S. Sineh. 370 - and fhotosynthests. U.S. ~ i n g i . 338 -regulator trials. S.Y Peng and

i.T. Twu. (Abs.) . . . ; . . . . . . 206 guttation. T.T. Yang and C.T. Chen. 176 height, effect of sett treatment with

growth promoters and fungicide. J.D. Nimhalkar and G.R. Naik. I S

intercropping. S.S. Narwal and K.L. Behl. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 370

-ef fec t o n growth and yield. J.D. Chougule and K.U. Sanghavi. 48

- with maize. J.P. Patil sf 01. (Abs.) 370 and planrrng effect <,n yneld and

quality. K.S. Rathi er 01. (Abs.) 48 uxlh bvtlt-at. P.A. Kandasamn er 01 145

leaf min no-acids, effect of manganese. (;.S.C. Rao and A.1'. (;uota. . . . . 99

- area estimation. U.S. ~ i n g h . (Ahs.) 239 - - index and yield, effect of fertili-

zers. E.L. Rosario e t al. (Abs.) 176 - flavonoid photography. N.H. Paton

e tn l . (Abs . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 - nitrogeh a n d tillering. U.S. Singh. 1 0 9 -nut r ient status, effect of variety

and fertilizers. J . Orlando ef ol. 112 - phenolic acids identification.

N.H. Paton. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 124 -sheath enzyme. F.E. Prado e t a l . 174 maturity testing value.

R.G. Hoekstra. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . 11 1 metabolism. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 370 mineral content estimation.

T.C. Ripoli e t a l . (Ahs.) . . . . . . . 281 nitroern fixation and fertilizer

uptake. A . P . ~ R U S C ~ P I er ii. ( ~ b s . ) 148 -mobility. U.S. Singh. (Abs.) . . . . 239 - uptake and utilization: U.S: Singh. 239 nitrate reductase activity, effect of

age and fertilization. E.L. Rosario and K. Sooksathan. (Abs.) . . . . . 176

nitroeenase activitv. Gffect'of fertaization and ikigation.

M.O. ~ b b - ~ e i d and M.G. Mansi. phosphatases. A.R. Sampietro e t al. photosynthesis a t different wave-

lengths. A.G. Alexander and 0. Bidduloh. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

plant and i t o d n cn;p nitrogen utilization. F. Chuiand G. Samuels. 144

planting, "bud chip" setts. M.N. Gokhale. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 117 .... . . . B.B. Ramaiah e t al. (Abs.) 147 .... M.N. Sath. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 271 - clonal method. R.G. Sharma. 238

K.C. Rao. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 304

2ane: production cost minimization. . . . . . . . . M.L. Agarwal. (Abs.) 15 quality determination. . . . . . . . V.H. Chiappino. (Ahs.) 57 - effect of aeronomic factors. . G.K. ~ e n a e . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 370

- - on processing. 9. Pasricha. (Ahs.) 20 - i n US, effect of frost. G.J. Durbin. 21 ratoon crop treatment. R.S. Kanwar . . . . . . . . . and H. Kaur. (Abs.) 145 ratooning effect of mechanical . . . . harvesti&. S.J. Yang. (Abs.) I09 reducing sigars decrease during

growth. T.T. Yang and T.S. Hsieh. 238 ripening. E.J. de A. Leme and . . . . . . . . . . R. Scardua. (Abs.) 175 . . . - w i t h chemicals. Anon. (Abs.) 370 .. M. St. J. Clowes. ( ~ b < ) . . . . . . . 339 . . . . . .. J. Fernandes e t al: (Abs.) 206 - - A.P. Hurney and K. Schmalzl. 337

. . . . . .. H. Jaramillo e t a l . (Abs.) 206 . . . . . . . .. M.H.R. Julien.(Abs.) 175

.. G. Kingston e t i l . ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . 337 - - A. Kumar and R. Naraslmhan. 112 - - Y.C. Pan and Y.P. Lee. (Ahs.) 174 - - K.C. Rao and S. Asokan. (Ahs.) 48

. . . . . . . . . .. K.W. Ratts. (Pat.) 284 ........ .. H. Rostron. (Abs.) 174. 175 . . . . . . . .. C.P.M. sweei. (Abs.) 174 - - K. Venkatamaran e t al. (Abs.) 338

- - P.C. Yang and Y.W. Ho. (Ahs.) 174 - - aerial aoolication. Anon. (Abs.) 77

- - eftect on c G p o s i t b n and en7yme activity. A.S. C'hacravarti ef 01. 48

- - - poqt-harvest de ter~ora l ion . M.51. J. (:lowesand K.A. Wood. 339

- - - o u % % ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ; e s ef al. (Abs.) 174 - e f f k of tempera ture and water

management. D.P. Gowing and . . . . . . N. Baniabbassi. (Abs.) 148 root development factors.

M. Fonseca and M. Dominguez. 241 - nitrogenase activity, effect of

N-fixing bacteria. A.P. Ruschel . . . . . . . . . . . . e t a l . ( ~ b s . ) 176 - uptake of soil water. G. Kingston. 144 row spacing effect o n yield, stalk

population and sugar content. R.I. Mathernc and J.E. Iwine. 206

~ & h a i m Fobusrum taxonomy. . . . . . . . J. Daniels e f al. (Abs.) 1 1 8 sample reparation. J.F.G. Pereira. I87 samblei. R: Bodger and

C.B. van der Riet. (Abs.) . . . . . . 374 sampling and analysis. N.A. da . . . . . . . . . Gloria e t a l . (Abs.) 380 ..... -. A.C. Sturion. (Abs.). 180,281 - Brix measurem;nt fdr maturity

testing. D.G. Dakshindas. (Abs.) 338 seedling production from fuzz. . . . . . . . . W.M. da Silva. (Abs.) 152 sett eermination. effect of soil

salhitv. S. Valdivia V. and J. pinria C. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 368

- - a n d emergence, effect of planting delay. D.A.C. Frazao e t a l . . . . 83

- an,tection with fungicide. -s.M. Yang and H.J: Braud. (Abs.) 116

soil determtnain[~n by ashlng. Anon. 2 13 standing-over. '1'.(;. Willuo~. (Abs.) 240 stool destrt~ction by herbicides.

Anon. (Abr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 sugar content prediction. T.L. Lin . . . . . . and W.H. Tung. (Ahs.) ,238 - recovery calculation. S.N. Sinha . . . . . . . . . . . . . e t al. (Abs.) 20 - Refining Research Technical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Session.. 13 - vield. effect of flooding and drain- . . . age inadequacy. I).W.~Beattie. 78 . . .. -hawesting, etc. C.R. Nalder. 15 tissue components and physiology. G. Ramchandran. (Abs.) . . . . . . 338

height and juice bsh content. . . . . L.K. Kirby and G. Ki~igston. 337 tops as animal fodder. I; Deville and . . . Y. Wong You Cheong. (Ahs.) 126 . . . -.. F. Geoffroy and M. Vivier. 59 trash content in Brazil. . . . . A.C. Fernandes ef al. (Abs.) 11 3 - - bffect of mechanical'hawhsting. . . . N. Tanlhosco er al. (Abs. ) 113 ..... and loading. Anon. (Abs.) . . 305 ...... A.C. Fernandes and

E.R. d e Oliveira. Abs ) . . . ...... E. ~ a m o r a n o C. (A&.) .??:

-- . ..- - . . .. - .aJnlaejnueur :p!ae a!1$!3 CZl""""' ('WV) 'noled 'H'N

'uo!lea!j!luap! sppe a!louaqd nn,. .............. 'are,) 'x ""-

.uo!wurwlalap sp!d!loqds~qd ;a!;[ auea l ade el-u!q~ 'Kqdz18o;ewo1q3

............. ('sqv) .lDlJ y!qarsn 'N'S 'uo!leqwlalap slelns

881 ' ' ' 'lola zalezuof) '7 .uo!Jeledas slueloloa :jaded 'Xuderilolewolun

8PZ '181 . . ' '. . ' (.WV) 'el!YY!aH 'H' pue o)s!Suo~ 'H '$uaurleait sasselow due3 :a8ueuaxa uoi 'Ludeldolewo~u?

92 . . : . . (shy) yaia niqo~s .a.H -7 sz lo ?a 8unH 'ru 'uo!leulmralap - 8LE ' ' . . ' ' ' ' ' ('SqV) 'IFaN'O 'X'I

pue xo3 '9.9 -uo!lJa)ap sldns 6LE.. ....... (' sqv) 'wms -H.N

.uolleuollaerr sluezoroa leans

-q%!~ 'dqdeiao1edilqj: JJS p!nb![ aauew~oj~ad-q%!~ 'dqderlo$ewoiq3

.... ('sqy) 'lola saquy .H .uo!] -eu!unalap lq%!dm IelnJalow u!pad 'lo la ZanXllpon 'y ~uo!pu!urralap

auaiuda p!olloo lanpold dlotaej ....... ('sqy) .lo ta raylea '3.d .uo!)euo!laeg snonu!tuoa alesLl

-orpXq ueqxap :la3 'dqderiiolewolq3 'lo ?a la!ulanelaa 'x 'sasselom

laaq u! uo!)eu!wralap xalem 'ZlyOySOH 'r'3 pUe lSaM '8'1

.dnlds uloa asolany q8!4 u! - - .amaqaS .8'7 pue uen![ln '3'1 - - ............. ('sqv? .lo la pu!mqag 'H 'uo!leu!wlalap srsans .... ('sqv) 'laUJerpS 'rn

pue poa np slow '3.d - - - - ......... ('sqv') .uouy .UO!,

-eu!wlalep asolnnal pue asorlxap - ........... ('sqv) .uouv

.uorqez!re[od ql!m paledmoa - - .... Ciqv) ')ql!ws .TI pue

IaUjeqJS .r)1 'sasselom put - - - - ............ (YV) 'lo lJ eqsuayoxg 'y'w .aa!nl auea ur - - ...... ('sqv) .uop~ean .[.L pie yoinN 'a 'uo!#eu!mlalap asor~ns

......... ('sqv) 'lawon 'a'd 'sasselom Due drnd laao

u! uo!leu!m~a~ aip!sar'ap!i!%sdd 16 ....... csqyP.lo$a salpuy .H

.uoIleqwlalap uo!les!jualsa uyaad z8z ('sqv) .?ts!17 .S.W.V pue eznos

ap '3'1 '$!rids due3 u! sa!l!lndm! LS 'z!leg 'H pue op8sox '3 'qsdleue

qseur paluamlaj pue sasselow auea 881 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . (~qv) .panpaw ,yy

pue yeun!lH 'uo!leqwralap splae bl)ej a~lelon sasselow -

~LE . . ('sqv) .lo ?a z$ur\auoi3 .L .uo!l -eu!mlazap am!q aauapw uo!snjj!p

laaq :p!nb![-sef) 'Aqds1So~ewoiq3 ;;; , . .,y,~!dp!yd rt;~ zUawaalaE apw

na~9) .6~/8~61 - - 621 ' . ' ' ' (3N) '8LILL61 uo!lJnpold - LZI 'sa!uedwoa nn pue dllsnpu! leans 882 'ELI (.na~g).sa!xol~ej reilns mau :eu!qD 6TE.. ......... Crew) .sJ!ls!?e,s - czz (Aalg) 'sa!llna!jj!p Luedwoa leans EZZ ' ' ' ' ' . ' . ('nalg) 'eale laaq :apq3 osz 'nouedals '~'3 'siodanuo~ dyer roj z8E'98Z ............... (NL) 'su!m

uo!leu!jjy oslo aas LIZ .ledam .I pue epoqons '3 'zuatuoa

1a)em leans woq uo!lenTena - 92 'ID la srall!naa 'alnleladural

pue dl!soas!n jo +3ajja 'aauemrojiad oE ............. (.narg) .Slaplo EZ ('spv) 'ledaln 'I Pup ~PO~O*S .3

dpnls lea!)euraq)ew 'uo!)erado :sle8nj!1)ua3

asod

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........... (. sqv) 'ID lJ olebarb, 'yx 'uoll!laduroa padM -

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sc yo ?a eddeuersqs 'g 'snloqdsoqd pue wn!sselod jo laajja - -

111 ' ' ' ' ' ('sqy) 'Ilo3Jew 'U 'dl!lenb - SC

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asod

INDEX

scum sugar recovery. Tate & Lyle Ltd. (Pat.) . . . . . . . 2 8 5

single- vs. multiple-tray clarifier performance. M. Mochtar. (Ahs.) 179

SRI clarifier oerformance. Anon. 213 zeta-potentid of calcium phosphates.

R. Fajardo G. and L.D. Bobrovnik. 216 - - refinery liquor non-sugars.

D.V. Freeland ef al. . . . . . . . 196 s r e also Clarifiers a n d Juice, Cane

Clarifiers: M. Bosnjak. (Pat.) . . . . . 61 cane wash water. L. Engel. (Abs.) 179 continuous. L.A.R. Pinto. (Abs.) . . 155 Enviro-Clear. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 6 plate-type settlers. S. Bednarski. 182 Sucro AMS. C.M. Madrazo and

E.A. Guena. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 2 1 5 E e also Clarification

Colombia: alcohol fuel programme. 351 cane rust. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 8 sugar expoits and the International

Sugar Agreement. ......... 190, .. US import policy. (NC) . . . . . . . industry. C. Alincastre. (Ahs.) . . . .. exoansion. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . project. re;.) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colour: beet Juice, liming system comparison. I. Vigh. (Abs.) . . . .

- molasses colouring matter and sugar content. N.P. Silina e t al.

- thick iuice. effect of carbonatation.

- - - and molasses colorints fractionation. M. Wachowicz. (Ahs.)

cane juice, effect of cane extraneous matter. R.P. Scot t e t a l . (Abs.) . . ... clarifier tvoe. M. ~ o c 6 t a r . . . . . - - - harvestini delay. Anon. (Abs.) colorants effrct o n calcium phosph-

a te /eta-potential. K. 1;ajUdo (;. and L.1). Hobrovnik. (Ahs.) . . . .

. in raw su~ar. I. Yamanc e t 01. . . . - 1~- fractionation b;~h&h-oressure-

liquid chromat6grai;hy. N.H. Smith. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 379

content in cane juice,syrup and sugar, effect of sulphicarbonata- tion. R.S. Dubey. (Abs.) . . . . . . 53

Colour: content r-a.

- effect of clarification and boiling. J.F. Silva and F. Zarpelon. (Abs.) 179

- in evaoorator iuice. effect of 1st carhonatatioh juice liming. A.P. Lapin e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . 54

- liquid sugar manufactured by ion exchange. S.E. Bichsel. (Abs.) . . 375

formation in aminocarbonyl reaction. L. Gonzilez C. e t al. . . . 219

- by beet phenols. B. Winstrom-Olsen e t al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332. 362

- in dextrose-dipeptide reaction. L. Gnnzi le iC; e t al. (Abs.) . . . 219

low-grade sugar reflectance as purity control narametrr. K.F. Miller

Maillard reactron droducts fractionation. L. Gonzilez e r al. (Abs.) 188

measurement. J. Dohrzycki. (Abs.) 187 - r a w sugar payment.

J.V. L6pez-Oiia. (Abs.) . . . . . . 187 . sugar products. Anon. (Abs.) . . . 315 raw sugar. W. Altenburg. (Ahs.) . . . 380 .. J.V. L6pez-O5a. (Abs.) . . . . . . 380 - - effect of storage. N.V. Kostenko

e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 - - seasonal changes. Anon. (Ahs.) . . 188 removal by affination. A.P. Kozyavkin

and N.I. Odorod'ko. (Abs.) . . . . 24 - f r o m cane juice. C.S. Lee. (Abs.) . 180 . carbonatation. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . 184

K. Bara. (Ahs.) 348 - - . . . . . . . . . . . .. V.P. Pasechnik e t al. (Abs.) . . . . 218 .. V.M. Priimak e t a l . (Ahs.) . . . . . 183 .. K.P. Zakharov ef a l .~(~h; . ) . . . . 313 - ion exchange. J.H. Barrett and

D.H. Clemens. (Pat.). . . . . . . . 285 ... L. Gonzilez C. efa l . (Abs.) . . . 2 19 ... P. Hoareau era l . (Abs.) . . . . . 122 ... V.P. Meleshko ef 01. (Ahs.) . . . 183 - - - F.X. Polllo and 0. caiipos: (Pat.) 284 - - - F.X. Polllo and F.X. McGarvey. 157 ... K. Sasaki e t a / . (Ahs.) . . . . . . 377 - - - K.W.R. Schoenrock e t a/. (Abs.) 346 - - - res in fouling. F. Maekawa e t al. 377 . - -. regeneration. K. Kawasaki e t a1. 377 - and molasses vrast fermentation.

V.N. ~hvet;efol. (Abs.) . . . . . 253 . ohosohatation. M. Matic e r al. . . . 184 - from'raw sugar, effect of non-sugars

zeta-potential. D.V. Freelandet al. 196 - by remelt and syrup clarification.

N.L.C. Suzor. (Abs.) . . . . . . . I81 - w i t h sodium sulphite.

L.D. Bohrovnik e tn l . (Ahs.) . . . 218 - ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis.

S. Kishihara and M. Komoto.. . . 347 sugar, effect of continuous carbona-

tion. S.L. Sang e f a l . (Abs.) . . . . 248 see also Bone char; Carbon, Active a n d Refinine

Commission l<ternationale Technique de Sucrerie 16th General Assembly

1979 ............... 95. 163, 194 Computers: application t o beet

payment. D.F.A. Horsley and A. Williams. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 279

- - - K. Szczot and H. Jochim. (Abs.) 346 - factory maintenance. R.A. Ailawai

and N.H. Barnes. (Abs.) . . . . . . 373 automatic control systems devel-

opment in Taiwan. Anon. (NB) . . 90 . weiehine. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 beet b i f f i s ion and carbonatation

control. J. Dober. (Ahs.) . . . . . . 312 boiling automatic controi.

J. Buriinek and M. Kminek. (Abs.) 182 H. Kemter. (TN) 382 - - - . . . . . . . . .

- - - G. Windal and A. Deieurence. 121 - continuousanalysis. A.D. Randolph

and C.S. Tan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 216 cane sugar factory crushing optimiz-

ation. R.G. Hoekstra. Abs ) commodity data bank. [Ere;.). : : : ::: comparison with programmable

calculators. J.R. Vyse and H. Morten. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 278

control systems. (TN) . . . . . . . . 286 heat and mass balance calculation.

E. Fanvick. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 375 laboratory data processing.

C.C. Bleyenherg e t al. (Abs.) . . . . 313 313

massecuite parameters analysis fur exhaustion determination. G.R.E. Lionnet. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 349

Computers: page

product feed automatic control. T. Kaiitydski. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 250

refining automatic control. T. Ozeki and M. lshida. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . 314

simulation of boiling. M. Rodriguez B. and V. Polonik. (Abs.) . . . . . . 2 16

- cane mill feeding. J.R. Abreu G. 215 - - transport. O.S. Libunao. (Abs.) 114 - - - O.S. Lihunao and R.M. Lantin. 241 - carbonatation and sulphitation

juice flow. C.H. Chen e t al. . . . 180 - crystallization. S.M.R. Maudarbocus

and E.T. White. (Ahs.) . . . . . . 343 - evaporation and j~iice heating.

#. McWhinney and A.J. Pinkney. 344 - sugar factory processes. H. Perez.

de A. and 1'. Friedman. . . . . . 67 ............................. sugar factory mass flow coordination.

J. Oledzki e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 375 white sugar grist deterrilination.

G. Rens. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . , 2 5 1 Control, Automatic: beet diffusion.

G. Windal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 182 and carbonatatlon. J. Dober. 312 - - . . .

- - by equivalent cossette radius. A.I. Fel'dman e t a l . (Ahs.) . . . 218

- - w a t e r acidification. M. Roaowska and Z. Wegrzynowski. ( ~ b s . ) . . 346

-juice flow. S.L. Nemirovskayaet al. 346 boiling. B.A. Eremenko e t a / . (Ahs.) 87 . T. Kawamura and F. Kawata. . . . 2 4

G.R. Moller e t 01. (Abs.) 179 - . . . . . . . K. Sullivan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 - G. Windal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 182

G. Windal and A. Deleurence. 121 - . . . Brix. N.F. Bondarenko and

M.A. Marushchenko. (Abs.) . . . . 87 . . . . . V.I. Tuzhtlkln e t a / . (Ahs.)'. 346

cane mlll feedma. N. Chandapoa . . era l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

-milling. J. Abreu and V. Polonik. 216 - t ra in handling. R. Diplock and

K. Marshall. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 373 carbonatation j k c e lime salts.

W. Uhlenhrock. (Abs.) . . . . . . 278 distillery processes. V.I. Petrunya

e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 equipment. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . 286 - f o r fermentation. (TN) . . . . . . . 318 evaporator juice level. D.H. Mee. . . 88 flow. W. Hogrefe. . . . . . . . . . . . 323 introduction in a sugar factory.

V.A.F.I. Isoldi. (Abs.) . . . . . . . juice pH. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . low-grade sugar purity. K.F. Miller

and P.G. Wright. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . product feed. T. Kalitynski. (Abs.) refining. T. Ozeki and M. Ishida. sugar f ic tory laboratory.

C.C. Bleyenberg ef al. (Abs.) . . . . P.W. van der Poel ef al. - - . . . . . .

- - processes. B.A. Eremenko e t 01. - - . H. Kemter. (TN) . . . . . . . . . sulphitation. J.C. Gaiofatto and

A.T. Sobrinho. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . surfactant and antifoam agent feed-

ing. A.F. Kravchuk er 01. (Abs.) systems development in Taiwan.

Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . see also Computers

Control, Chemical: beet hrei analysis, effect of freezing. A. Arbizzani anc P. Laghi. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . .

-juice purity determination. M. Roche. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . .

- marc determination. H. Gruszecka. sampling. D. Bourdon. (Abs.) - . . .

- tarehouse data processing for beet payment. D.F.A. Horsley and A. Williams. (Abs

- - equipment. M.Z. d e i e ~ & i i . e i ;I: 0 . Krieger. (Ahs.) - - - . . . . . . . .

- - - A.Y. Zagorul'ko e t a l . (Ahs.) . . cane juice additional water calcula-

tion in milling. S. Nath and S.N. Tripathi. (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

- molasses exhaustibility determination. J. Bruijn. (Ahs.) . . . . . . .

- p o l and fibre determination. A.P. Gupta. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

- quality determination. V.H. Chiappino. (Abs.) . . . . . .

- sample preparation. J.F.G. Pereira. -sampler. R. Bodger and C.B. van

der Riet. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . -sampling and analysis. N.A. da

Gloria e t a / . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . viii

INDEX

Dextrose: isomerization and syrup page properties. K. Vukov e t a l . (Abs.) . . 2 5 kojic acid fermentation. P. Bajpai

ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 levulose ratio changes in factory

products. E. Reinefeld e f 41. . . . . 57 reaction with amino-acid and CO~OUI

formation. L. Gonz6lez C. e t 41. 219 . dipeptides and colour formation. . . . . L. Gonzhlez C. efa l . (Abs.) 219 recovery from bagasse pith hydro-

lysate. C.I. Nee and W.F. Yee. . . . 381 separation from Ievulose.

A.J. Melaja ef 01. (Pat.) . . . . . . . 2 8 solution alcohol fermentation.

W. Engelbart and H. Dellweg. . . . 2 5 3 . . . solvation saturation. A. Smelik. 2 5 utilization as sweetener and cbemicat

feedstock. G.G. Birch and K.J. Parker. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . 185

see also Invert sugar; Reducing sugars and Sugars

Dictionaries: English-Portuguese, cane d isases and pests. M.P.S.B. Gonqalves. (NB) . . . . . 1 8 6

Portuguese sugar terms. . . . . . M.P.S.B. Gonqalves. (NB) 186 Spanish-Russian sugar terms. j. Moreno P. and J. Lodos. (NB 9 0

.. Diffusers, Beet. C.H.J. Pinet. (Pat) 2 8 corrosionprevention.N.P.Romensk~~. 8 7 repair, modernization and adjust-

ment. 1.0. Andrianov ef 41. (NB) 280 ring. N.N. Pushanko ef al. (Abs.) . . 2 4 9 tower. Braunschweigische

. . . . Maschinenbauanstalt. (Pat.) 316 . . . . . . . A.P. Parkbod'ko. (Abs.) 249

see olso Diffusion, Beet Diffusers, Cane: BMA. Anon. (Abs.) 215

"Hi-Extractor". P. Triviz. (Abs.) . . 181 . . . transfer efficiency. G.V. Genie. 156 see also Diffusion, Cane

Diffusion, Beet. A.I. Fel'dman e f a l . 218 . . . Great Western Sugar Co. (Pat.) 317 . . . R. Shokrani and H.J. Delavier. 217

automatic control. J. Dober. (Abs.) 312 .. G. Windal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 182 cossette length optimization.

. . . . Y.A. Terent'ev ef 01. (Abs.) 313 counter-current combined with direct

flow. N.V. Pogorelova and . . . . . . V.M. Lysyanskii. (Abs.) 313

effect o n pulp moisture content. V.N. Bazlov. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 8 9

flow measurement and control. W. Hogrefe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

heat and mass balance calculation by computer. E. Farwick. (Abs.) 375

juice purity as performance . . . . indicator. M. Rocbe. (Abs.) 376

losses. M. Milic. (Aha.) . . . . . . . . 8 8 - measurement. R. Detavernier ef 41. 1 2 3 midbay acidification. J.F.T. Oldfield

. . . . . . . . . . . . . e t a l . (Abs.) 279 residence time determination.

. . . . . T. Cronewitz efn l . (Abs.) 376 scroll s p e ~ d fluctuation and sugar

. . . losses. Y.P. Dobrobaba. (Abs.) 8 9 steam consumption optimization. . . . . . . . . . . J. Ledoux. (Abs.) 2 2 water acidification. M. Rogowska

and Z. Wegrzynowski. (Abs.) . . . 346 see also Diffusers, Beet . . . Diffusion, Cane. B. St. C. Moor. 310 R. Shokrani and H.J. Delavier. . . . 217 for alcohol manufacture. C. Ebeling. 381 extraction vs. milling. P.S. Kelly and . . . . . . . . . R.G. Porter. (Abs.) 311 juice Brix profiles as performance

. . . . . . indicators. Anon. (Abs.) 2 1 3 . . . - f low. G.A. Matthesius. (Abs.) 1 2 0 see also Diffusers, Cane

Diseases, Beet: black leg control. . . . . . . . . N. Jarowaja. (Abs.) . 2 7 6

control in Poland. M. Kubacka- . . . . . . . . . Szmidtgal. (Abs.) , 2 7 6

curly top control. D.L. Mumford. 276 . . . fungi control. W.G. Miles e f a l . 212

. . . . fungicides. V. ~ o v l c s . (Abs.) 276 leaf spot control. C.N. Giannopolitis. 247 - - and leaf number effect on beet . . . sugar content. J. ~rhloviE. 2 7 4 - - r o o t lesions. C.N. Giannopolitis. 247 mildew of seed beet in France. A.

Lebrun. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . , 2 1 2 pelleted seed fungicide effect on

germination. W. Hrubesch and . . . . . . . . . F. Wieser. (Abs.) 245

page Control. Chemical:

cane juice sampling. A.C.Sturion.180, 2 8 1 soil content estimation. Anon. 2 1 3 . . . .

- sugar recovery calculation. S.N. Sinha ef el. (Abs.) . . . . . . 2 0

Codex Alimentarius sugar analysis methods. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 315

discrepancies between beet and cassette sugar contents. G.F. Tyazhelova. (Abs.) . . . . . . 3 7 6

laboratory cane mill juice analysis for cane payment. H.G. Ayala ef ol. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6

- data processing by computer. C.C. Bleyenberg r t o l . (Abs.) . . . 3 1 3

.... H. Rudolf e ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . 3 1 3 P.W. van der Poel ef 41. 1 6 8 .... . . . . .

- programmable calculator. B.L. Karren and M.K. Faviell. . . 2 7 8

... J.R. Vyse and H. Morten. (Abs.) 2 7 8 low-grade massecuite curing effiency

calculation. N.V.Soundrarajanefa1. 5 8 mass and beat balance calculation.

E. Fawick. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 375 massecuite and molasses analysis.

T.K.K. Menon and V.C. Nair. . . . 5 8 molasses sugar and thick juice purity

estimation. W. Drewnowska and A. Butwilowicz. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 345

reduced boiling house recovery calculation. R.T. Patil and J.B. Chavan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 3 4 8

sucrose vs. pol balances. Anon. 187 . . . - - - M.A. Brokensha ef 41. (Abs.) 349

R. Detavernier e t ol. (Abs.) 1 2 3 - - - . . . - - - K.J. Schaffler and I.A. Smith. 349 sugar factory balances calculation.

E. David. (Abs.) 379 . . . . . . . . . . . - - product analysis. J. Dobrzycki. 187 - solution purity determination.

J. Ponant. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 220 see also Ash; Brix; Colour; Filtra-

bility; Invert sugar; Losses; Polari- metry; Reducing sugars: Sucrose; Sugar a n d Water

Conveyors. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 286, 382 V. Urban. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 8 beet elevator. N.D. Khomenko and

V.G. Yarmilko. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 2 2 belt weighers. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . 2 8 6 bulk terminal link with deep-water

wharf. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 215 cane sampler. R. Bodger and

C.B. van der Riet. (Abs.) . . . . . . 3 7 4 filter-cake. Z. Kemblowski ef al. 312 rake. G.N. Stepanov. (Abs.) . . . . . 2 5 0 refined sugar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 tubular bridge housings. (TN) . . . . 318 see also Bulk handlingand Mills, Cane

Coolers: molasses. M.R. Player e f a l . 3 4 4 sugar. V. Duhem. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 376 white sugar. A.F. Zaborsin ef 01. 5 4 --fluidized bed. A.A. Dmytryuketol . 2 2

Corrosion: boilers. B.B. Khochare. 2 4 8 effect of incondensable gases. G. Mantovani. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 5 4

prevention. L. Zamecsnik. (Abs.) 250 - i n beet diffusers. N.P. Romenskii. 8 7 -evaporators. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . 1 8 3 - w h i t e sugar silo. P. Godulla e t 01. 250

Costa Rica: cane mill order. (Brev.) 9 5 sugar production 1977178. (Brev.) 287 - vitaminization. E. Portela er al. 179

Crystallization, Massecuite. Anon. 214 computer simulation. S.M.R.

Maudarbocusand E.T. White. . . . 3 4 3 protein reduction. M.A. Godshall and

E.J. Roberts. (Abs.) 379 . . . . . . . . . Tully sugar factory. R.J. Swindells

ef al. (Abs.) 31 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . see also Boiling a n d Massecuite

Crystallization,Sucrose. A. VanHook. 1 2 4 in aqueous alcohol. L. Carrazana R.

era!. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 9 effects of centrifugal force.

A. Voilley e l a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 315 - dextran, raffinose and KCI.

G. Mantovani ef al. (Abs.) . . . . 5 8 . kestoses. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 188 kinetics. A.I. Gromkovskii ef al. 220 . .

Crystallizers: BMAvertical. Anon. 2 1 8 performance. (TN) .- . . . . 318

continuous. M. Friml and R. giengl.' 277 - flow pattern andefficiency determin-

ation. I.K. Kirby and E.T. White. 3 4 3 - pressure hcad loss determination.

t .T. Whitr and S.M.R. Maudarbocus. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 3 4 3

page Cry stallizers:

design. E.E.A. Rouillard. (Abs.) . . . 1 5 6 massecuite feed flow rate.

J . Gebler e t 41. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 251 Cuba: aid for Ethiopian sugar

industry. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 265 bagasse paper pilot plant.

P.L. GutiCrrez and R. Molina M. 222 bulk sugar terminal (Brev.) . . . . . 265 by-products utilization project. 0. Almazin d e l 0 . and A. Roca G. 222

cane agriculture. H. Gruszecka. . . . 304 . harvest 1978179. (Brev.) . . . . . . 383 -p lanter manufacture. (Brev.) . . . . 255 -research. M. Anderez V. (NB) . . . 1 8 6 -varietal trials. R. Diaz M. ef 41. . . 244 nematodes. J.P. O'Reilly and

J.R. PPrcz M. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 150 new sugar factories. (Brev.) . . . . . 2 2 3 sugar expansion plans. (NC) . . . . . 6 6 - factory plant replacement. (Brev.) 9 5 -industry. H. Gruszecka. (Abs.) . . . 310 . production 1978179. (NC) . . . . . 257 -statistics. (Stat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 256 yeast plant. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . 6 3

Cube sugar see Tablet sugar Czechoslovakia: beet varietal trials. . . . . . . . L. Schmidt e f a l . (Abs.) 309

. . . . . sugar consumption. (Brev.) 384 . . . . . . . . . . . -exports. (Stat.) 255 . . . . -product ion 1978179. (Brev.) 224

Denmark: A/S De Danske Sukker- fabrikker annual report 1978179. 3 8 3

sugar production 1978179. (Brev.) 191 see also Europe, EEC

Density see Brix Dextran: content in cane, effect of

billet length and burning. P.C. lvin . . . . . . . and D.H. Foster. (Abs.) 157

- - - harvesting-crushing interval. J.E. lrvine and B.L. Legendre. 1 1 0

. . . . ..... J.D. Miller e t a l . (Abs.) 1 7 6 effect o n clarification. M. Darias P.

and J. Martin B. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 52 - massecuite and cane molasses

viscosity. G.L. Geronimos and . . . . . . P.F. Greenfield. (Abs.) 348 - raw and refined sugar filtrability.

R.P. Fulcher and P.A. Inkerman. 348 - refinery liquor filtration.

E. Whayman and T.W. Meredith. 1 8 4 - sucrose crystal shape.

M.T. Covacevich e t al. (Abs.) . . . 1 2 3 . -crystallization. G. Mantovani

e f al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 - sugar solution viscosity and

refractive index. L. Carrazana e r 41. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

hydrolysate continuous fractionation. P.E. Barker ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . . 282

occurrence in cane. S.E. Ferrari and A.A. Rodella. (Abs.) . . . . . 52

.. milling. E. Duarte P. and J.L. PPrez. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 2 4 8

production by sucrose fermentation. N.M. Sheikh and M. Hossain. . . . 125

Dextrose: adsorption o n active carbon. A.A. Larina and V.G. Alrinikov. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 314

content changes during beet and cane molasses storage. E.W. Krause. (Abs.) . . . . . . . , 2 8 1

crystallization, effect of centrifuging. . . . . . . . A. Voilley ef al. (Abs.) 315 destruction, effect of pH and

temperature. M.A. Clarke e t al. 379 determination in beet and cane

sugar products. W. Mauch and . . . . . . . . . . E. Krause. (Abs.) 1 2 4 - by gas-liquid chromatography. . . . . . . . . . . . . Anon. (Abs.) 188 - - - P.G. Morei du Boil and

K.J. Schaffler. (Abs.) . . . . . . 378 fermentation. M.A. el-Sayed and . . . . . . . . A. Abo-Shady. (Abs.) 2 7 isomerase. F.C. Armbruster e t al. 283 isomerization t o levulose. . . . L.E. Coker and I>.E. Gardner. 283 .. . . . . Corning Glass Works. (Pat.) 285 . . . .. CPC International Inc. (Pat.) 316 - - D.1. Lartigue and H.H. Weetall. 6 0 - - Rhone-Poulenc S.A. (Pat.) . . . . 317 . . . . - -Standard Brands Inc. (Pat.) 285

. . . . . . .. M. Suekane er al. (Pat.) 2 9 .. M. Tamura e t 01. (Pat.) . . . . . . 284

INDEX

Diseases. Beet: pare

powdery mildew control . P . Meeus . 212 root ro t and crownrot incidence.ef f.

ect of herbicide. pesticide and nitrogen . R.J. HeckerandE.G. Ruppel . 276 . . and leaf spot control .

P.S. Bhatnagar and G.B. Pant . 17 virus ypllows in Beleium . L . van

~ t e y v o o r t . ~ ~ b s . ) ' : . . . . : . . . . . 247 . . control in S J E Duffus (Abs) 2 7 6 .. vector control . Anon . (Abs.) . . . 212 .... L . van Strvvoort . (Abs.) . . . . 212

Diseases . Cane: drown sdot i n ' ~ a i ~

Brazil . ion. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 4 3

. in India . P.N. Avasthy . (Abs.) . . . 50

. by seed cane programm6 in h d i a . K . Singh . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 8 1

. sett beat treatment . G.T.A. Benda and C . Ricaud . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 1 5 0

.... with moist air . N.S.L. Srivastava era1 . (Abs.) . . . . 8 1

droopy top . E.A. Pembroke . (Abs.) 1 4 English-Portuguese dictionary .

M.P.S.B. Gongakes . (NB) . . . . . 186 eye spot in Australia . T.G. Willcox

and C.M. McAleese . (Abs.) . . . . . 371 Fiji disease in Australia . B.T. Egan . 306 . . breeding for resistance . Anon . 51 ..resistance testing of R6union

varietiesin Australia . Anon . (NB) 9 0 . . surveys in Australia . P.A. Jones . 8 2 fungi associated with weevil damage .

R . Acosta B . and F.A. Rodriguez . 209 fungicide effect o n cane height .

J.D. Nimbalkar and G.R. Naik . 1 5 -protection of cane setts . S.M. Yang

and H.J. Braud . (Abs.) . . . . . . 116 fungus formation o n cane arrows .

A.M. Whittle . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 306 Fusarlum moniliforme and

F . fricincmm . H . Koike . (Abs.) 306 leaf blight infe-ction mechanism .

Z.N. Wang and C.S. Lee (Abs.) 2 4 3 . scald in Australia . I.T. Freshwater . 82 . . diagnosis . Y . Masuda and

H . Tokeshi . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 306 ... A.R. Oliveira e t a1 . (Abs.) I 4 9 ... C . Ricaud c t ol . (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 4 9 . . survival in blady grass . Anon . 82 . .symptom development failure .

Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 mosaic alternative host .

K.S. Bhargava ef a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . 306 . control by heteropolyanions .

V.K. Srivastava e l a1 . (Abs.) . . . 1 6 -infection of Q 8 3 cane . A.L. Fors . 2 7 3 . inhibitor . R.D. Joshi and

J . Prakash . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 306 . resistance breeding of cane .

R.D. Breaux and H . Koike . (Abs.) 1 4 9 -virus infectivity . J.L. Dean . (Abs.) 1 1 5 . . strain identification .

A.G. Gillaspie e t a 1 . (Abs.) . . . 115 nutrient deficiency symptoms:

U.S. Singh . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 370 orange freckle . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . 337 in Paoua-New Guinra . H . Koike . . . 272 . .

disease control . G.R. Bechrt . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 242

pokkab boeng in Egypt . A.M. Higgy e t a 1 . (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

ratoon stunting anti.serum . A.G. Gillasoie . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 7 3 .. bacterium . ~ . f . 1

- ~ - .......... . . . . . . ATG . Gillaspie . (Abs.) 242 . . ... D.S. Teakle e t a 1 . (Abs.). 306 371 red rot biotypes and varietal

D.N. Srivastava . (Abs.) . . . . . . 242 . . infection and inveitase activity .

G.A. da Silva e t a1 . Abs ) 1 1 6 . . leaf sheath. control . 8 . ~ a t s " d < a '

and M.M. Aeuillera . (Abs.) . . . 1 6 . . midrib lesioni . H.D. ~ > w i n ' e t a1 . 273

Diseases. Cane: Pare

red rot resistant variety . K.K.P. Rao ef a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3

..transmission . V.P. Agnihotriet a1 . 263 . . . . . . . . . ... F . Alonso . (Abs.) 341

. -varietal reaction . K.K. Prasadarao . . . . . . . . . . . . e t al. (Abs.) 116

. stripe artificial inoculation . A . Cbinea e t nl . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 11 5

research in Mauritius . Anon . (Abs.) 8 1 rind disease . H.P. Liu r f a1 . (Ahs.) 115 ro t x borer effect on cane quality .

G.M. de A . Silva and R.S. de Moraes . 209 . . . . . . . . rust in Colombia (Brev.) 2 8 8

. . . . . control . M.B. Bachchbav e t a1 341 . new strain in Queensland . (Brev.) . 1 6 0 . . . . . . . - i n Puerto Rico (Brev. ) 64. 191 . U S . (Rev.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191. 351 smut control by sett hot water

treatment . M.R. Gupta . (Abs.) . . . 1 4 9 . . in South Africa . R.A. Bailey . 149 . emergency regulations in US . . . . 9 5 . and grassy shoot control .

V.V. Tembheker and D.K. Patel . 5 0 . in Guyana . V.M. Young.Kong . . . . 1 6 . incidence. effect of treatment

against ratoon stunting . . . . . . . . . . R.A. Bailey (Abs.) 115

. inoculation of seedlings . M.L.R. Duarte and H . Tokrshi . 1 1 6

. and leaf scald association . . . . . . . . . . R.A. Bailey (Abs.)

. resistance ratings . A.M.Wbittle.

. . testine . K.C. Alexander . IAbs.) - a n d r u z effects on sugar drodui t -

. . . . . . . ion in Jamaica (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . in S t . Kitts (Brev.)

. spore germination . K.C. Alexander and K . Ramakrishnan . (Abs.) . . .

. strains c o r n p a t i b i l i t y ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ i i e h and C.S. Lee . (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

. . in Hawaii . I.C. Comstock and D.J. Heinz . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

-varietal resistance . S . Vir and M S . Brhniwal . (Abs.) . . . . . . .

. ..r=ti"g..G.~. ~ i h g h . ( ~ b s . ) . . . . Sphacelolheca sch weinfurthiana in

India . M.B. Bachchhav . (Abs.) . . . streak virus strains . C . Ricaud and . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Filix (Abs.) symptoms and control .

V.P. Agnihotri and K . Singh (Abs.) varktal resistance trials in Uganda .

M . Simbwa.Bunnya . (Abs.) . . . . . white leaf transmission by leaf-

booarr . C.T. C h m . (Abs.) . . . . . vell6& soot in Mauri;i&s.-6. Ricaud . e t a 1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Distillery: automation . V.1. Petrunya e t a1 . (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

column tray efficiencies. R . AlemAn and G . Portal . (Abs.) . . 222

erection proposals in India . . . P.N.Soman. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 9 3

in Fiji . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 flow regulation calculations .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . J Blanc (Abs.) 279 in Kenya . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Mauritius . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Philippines . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . 288. 384 power supply by external associa-

tions . L.G. de Souza e t a1 . (Abs.) 310 . . voltagesin Brazil . C . Piedadr e t a1 . 2 4 8 waste concentration . L.P. de Biase . 381 . as fertilizer . M.L. Agarwal and

S.P. Dua . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 254 .. F . Brieger . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 5 9 . . J.M. Lorenzetti and P.C.R. Freitas.368 . . effect of nitrogen and phosphorus

addition . J.A. Magro and N.A. da Gloria . (Abs.) . . . . . . 207

. . mixed with hrrhicidt- . A . BUSS . 280

. fodder yeast cultivation . L.D. Il'ma er a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . 222

-mixture with beet pulp as animal fodder . Raffinerie Tirlemontoise . 317

. mushroom mycelium propagation . J.T. Aguinaldo . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 59

. potassium fertilizer manufacture . A.C. Cbatterjee ef a1 . (Abs.) . . . 252

. poultry feed and fertilizer production . B.B. Paul . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 252

. recycling and alcohol fermentation of beet molasses . N . Taygun e t a 1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

. treatment . C.A. Accorsi and . . . . . . . . . . . . 1: Zamr (Abs.) 9 3

.. R.S. Dubey e l ol . (Abs.) . . . . . . 9 3

pare Distillery: waste treatment . V . Hanumanulu and

P.V.R. Subrahmanyam . (Abs.) 254 .. S.T. Kale . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 254 . . V.A. Vitkovskaya e t a 1 . (Abs.) 254 ..by enzyme . L.H. Wang e t ol . . . . 252 . utilization . W . Lewicki . (Abs.) . . . 2 7 see also Alcohol a n d Fermentation

Dominican Republic: cane damage by hurricane . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 3

sugar factory study . (Brev.) . . . . . 290 .situation . (Brrv.) . . . . . . . . . . 32 -statistics 1978 . (Stat.) . . . . . . . 237

Drivcs . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 can? niill turbine repairs .

B.P. Bargaje . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 centrifugal motors . F . Bandel e t a1 . 375 .. A . Glowacki . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 375 massecuite mixer . Soc.D'Exploita-

tion d'usines Metallurgiques . (Pat.) 317 steam and diesel engine automatic

stop system . M.K. Biswas and M . Singh . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3

see also Steam turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryers (TN) 318 sugar . V . Duhem . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 376 -order from Mauritius . (Brev.) . . . 30 tablet sugar . V.A. Zubatov e t a1 . 122 white sugar . A.F. Zaborsin ef a1 . 5 4 . . fluidized bed . A.A. Dmytryuk

e t or . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Drying: bagasse . P.P. Chatumedi . 1 1 9

R.T. Khurd (Abs.) 5 3 . . . . . . . . . . . - b e a t economy evaluation .

S.K. Ghosh . (Ahs.). . . . . . . . . 154 b e d pulp . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 .. J . Malczewski . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 253 . . drum inlet temperature and

capacity optimization . H . Huber . 59 ..with eas turbine heat . W.J. Leibie . 282 excess activated sludge . J . ~ a m a g a

and S . Shirakawa . (Abs.) . . . . . . 282 Dust: fire hazards . H.E.C. Powers . 280

separators . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 - o r d e r from UK . (Brev.) . . . . . . . 286 sugar. separation . G.A. Abazyan . 313 . . 1.1. Prilutskii and P.A. Lyubarets . 22 see also Boilers a n d Furnacps

Ecuador : sugar situation . (Brev.) . . 95 Egypt: cane flowering and breeding .

. . . . . . . . A.I. Allam e t 01 (Abs.) 244 ... Z.A. Menshawi . (Abs.) . . . . . . 152 -varieties and yield . A.1. Allam . 244 pokkab boeng incidence . A.M. Higgy

e r a 1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 sugar expansion plans . (Brev.) . . . . 320 . situation . (Brev . 31 whlte sugar silo . )BrpVj) . : : : : : : : 6 4

Elrctrodialysis: beet Julce treatment . 1'. Perschak . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 279

effect on syrup crystallization rate . N.S. IPdorovaand L.D. Bobrovnik . 2 I 9

refinery molasses treatment . T . Hiramoto . (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . 314

Electrophoresis, Gel: colorants separation . L . Gonzilez e t a 1 . . . . 188

protein determination in raw and refined sugar . M.A. Godshall and

E.J. Roberts . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 379 Entrainment: continuous monitoring

for sugar . K.J. Schaffler . (Abs.) . . 378 separator . R . Archibald and

C . Mack . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Enzyme: activity in yeast fermenta-

tion, effect of molasses decolorization . V.N. Shvets e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . 253

browning compound formation in sugar . N.H. Smith . (Abs.) . . . . 379

cane fructofuranosidase . F.E. Prado e t a 1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

. nitratr rrduct&e activity. effect of age and fertilization . E.L. Rosario and K . Sooksathan . (Abs.) . . . . 176

. nitrogenass activity . A.P. Ruschel and R . Ruschel . (Abs.) . . . . . . 206

. ..effect of fertilizers . A.P. Ruschel e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . 176

.... nitrogrn-fixing bacteria .. A.P. Ruschrl e ra1 . (Abs.). . . 176

. phosphatases . A.R. Sampirtro e ta1 . IS

page Enzyme: determination of dextrose and levulose. W. Mauch and E. Krause. 124 - sugar losses in beet diffusion and

molasses. R. Detavernier ef al. 1 2 3 de;tra"~removal from raw sugar.

R.P. Fulcher and P.A. Inkerman. - - in sugar processing. B.T. Egan

e t ol. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . dextrose isomerase. F.C. Armbruster

r r o l . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - isomerization t o Ievulose.

L.E. Coker and D.E. Gardner. . . . ... Corning Glass Works. (Pat.)

- - - CPC International Inc. (Pat.) . . - - - D.L. Lartigue and H.H. Weetall. ... Rhone-Poulenc S.A. (Pat.) . . . . . . ... Standard Brands Inc. (Pat.)

. . . . . ... M. Suekane r r ol. (Pat.) . . . . . . ... M. Tamura e ta l . (Pat.)

distillery waste treatment. . . . . . . . L.H. Wang e t 01. (Abs.) Ievulose and levan production from

. . . . . . . . . . . sucrose. (Brev.) saccharification of bagasse. . . . . . R.K. Andreneta l . (Abs.). .. N. Toyama. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . - - vith. L.H. Wang and Y.C. Kuo. starch removal from sugar factory

products. S. Bose ef al. (Abs.) 157 . . . . . Ethiopia: HVA. Anon. (NB) 185 . . . . sugar industry aid from Cuba. 265

Europe: beet area 1979. (NC) 131 ,I 94,288 - sugar production 1979180. (NC) 321 EEC beet and sugar prices. (NC) 65, 225 .... . . . . . . and currencies. (NC) 162 - Cameroun sugar production

expansion. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 3 . ISA membership. (NC) . . . . . . . 1, 225 - levy on high fructose corn

syrup. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,255 -sugar dumping in US. (Brev.) 159, 256

. . . . . . . . .. exports, 1978. (NC) 354 - - . t o USSR. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 - - import quotas for ACP countries. 1 9 3

. . . . . .. production quotas. (NC) 3 5 3 .. regime. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . , 2 5 7 sugar production 1978179. (NC) 9 8

Evaporators. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 8 P. Christodoulou. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 182 K. Urbaniec era l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 250 condenser. V.I. Dovgopol e t n1. 8 9 downflow tube evaporation of cane

juice containing surfactant. 0.0. Omatete and H.H. Seohton. 120

evaporation coefficient calcblation. . . . . . . . B.B. Khochare. (Abs.)

hrat and mass balance calculation by computer. E. Farwick. (Abs.)

- transfer and vapour circulation rate increase. L. Gulminelli. (Abs.)

incondensablr gases. S. Mantovani. . . . .. withdrawal. S. Basso. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . ... S. Sacchi. (Abs.)

... I:. Zama. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . juice Brix measurement. . . . . . V.I. Tuzhilkin ef 01. (Abs.) - - regulator. N.F. Bondarenko and

M.A. Marushchenko. (Abs.) - colour, effect of 1st carbonatation

juice liming. A.P. Lapin er ol. - f e e d and condensate flow measure- . . . . . . . . . ment. W. Hogrefe. - glutamine content. J. Nedelkovits . . . . . . . and K. 1:Qhiin. (Abs.) - Irvrl control. D.H. Mee. (Abs.) . . - rs idpnce time determina'tion.'

B.A. Matvienko er 01. (Abs.) . . . . . . . long-tube. Anon. (Abs.)

mathematical modelling. W. McWhinncy and A.J. l'inknry.

noeration ootimi7ation. . . . . . . . i . 1 . ~orni ;nko. (Abs.)

- - for heat economy. I). Christoph . . . . . . and E. Manzke. (Abs.)

prrformances. R. Espinasa P. . . . . pressurp. T. Wardhana. (Abs.)

steam efficirncy. effect of heat . . . . . . pump. A. 1:Pnyes. (Abs.)

- heating surface and condenser requiremrnts for factory enerPy self-sufficiency. H.S. Birkrtt.

structural design. I). Macey. (Ahs.) vapour bleeding for juice heating. . . . . . . . . J.T. Jadhav. (Abs.) see also Control, Automatic: Corr-

osion; Entra inn~rnt and Scale

INDEX

"dPP -- ~

Factory: applications of stainless . . . . . . . . steel. E. Hale. (Abs.) 52 hactrrioloeical control. A. Simonart . . . . . . and J.P. 6 u b o n . (Abs.) , 2 5 0 bagasse and trash consumption and

power generation potential in Hawaii. D. Murata and W. Gibson. 21

. . . beet processing. M.G. Koukios. 182 . . . .. in India. A.D. Karve. (Abs.) 8 7 - - materials flow coordination.

J. Oledzki ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . 375 - - optimization. J. Poniecki. (Abs.) 346

. . . .. research in US. Anon. (Abs.) 9 1 cane crushing optimization by

dynamic programming. . . . . . . . R.G. Hoekstra. (Abs.) 374 - products alcohol content.

I.D. Blake and K.E. McNeil. 3 4 3 -reception and cleaning.

E. Cerrizuela. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 7 9 . . . . . . electrical equipment. (TN) 286 energy consumption reduction in . . . . . France. J. Lrdoux. (Abs.) 2 2

. . . . . . . . . . equipment. (TN). 158,382 -lubrication. T.M. Karne. (Abs.) 310 . . . manufacturer centenarv. ITN)'. 318 fuel effictency and steam c'onsump- . . . . . . tion. P.J.M. Rao. (Abs.) 311 heat economy. P.N.K. Rao and . . . . . . . . . S.K. Ghosh. (Abs.) 1 5 4 - l o w reduction. D. Christonh and - ~ --

E. ~ a n i k e . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 249 - - and steam economy. S.K. Ghosh. 119 - a n d mass balance caiculation by

computer. E. I'arwick. (Abs.) . . 375 laboratory programmable calculator.

R.L. Karrcn and M.K. Faviell. . . . 2 7 8 - - . . . ... J.R. Vvse and H. Morten. 278 location and average cane haulage

distance. C.M.R. Draijrr. (Abs.) maxntenance. R.A. Allaway and . . . . . . . . N.H. Barnes. (Abs.) mathematical simulation model.

H. PPrez de A. and P. Friedman. modernization and expansion at

Newark. I:. Robson and M. Flack. . . performance in Fiji. R. Karan. - improvsmenl policy in Brazil.

J.H. Payne.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . . in India. V.R.R. Bhosale er al. . . . . . .. A.P. tiupta and S.V. Singh. - UK. J.I:.T. Oldfield e t a l . (Abs.) . power factor improvement calcula.

tion. J. van Uokkum. (Abs.) . . . - generation and fuel cokumpt ion. -w. Leibig. (Abs.) . . . . . . .: . 154, 216

. . . . - - i n India. P.J.M. Rao. (Abs.) 52 - -supply t o public grid. P.J.M. Rao. 248 ..... K.W. Watts r f al. (Ahs.) . . . . 343 - suoply by rxternal associatii~ns.

L.G. d - - voltage in Bralil. C. Pirdade e t al. 248 - - - a n d equipment performance.

W. Goeorn. fAbs.1 . . . . . . . 250 proces\ autoinalic' conirol. (TN) . . 382

. . . . . . intrclductron. V.A b. lsoldl. 155 - r r n t r a l i ~ e d control. B.A. I r e m r n k o . . . . . . . . . . . . . e f a l . (Abs.) 1 8 3 -ef fec ts o n raw sugar colour.

J.V. L6oez-Ona. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 187 - rquipm;nt and in'stru&ntation

in I n d ~ a . C.S. Varadan. (Abs.) . . 248 - residence time determination.

T. Cronewitr r r al. (Abs.) . . . . . 376 - - - qtudieq with lithium. P.C. Wrieht .....

and R. 6;oadfoot. (Abs.) .: . 156 ~ r o d u c t analysis. J. I>ohrzycki. 187 :colloid coni rn t determination.

A. Rodriguez rr al. (Abs.) . . . . . 187 -conveying. V. Urban. (Abs.) . . . . 278 research in Australia. Anon. (NB) 56 -Austria. Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . -Jamaica. Anon. (Abs.) 310 . Mauritius. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 8 6 -Taiwan. Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . 9 0 solid waste disposal. 1;. Kastner. 22 - - q u a n t i t y and treatment. . . . . . . . F. Bellabarha. (Abs.) 2 1 8 steam balance. M.K. Hicks. (Abs.) 1 2 0 - consumption. P. Christodoulou. 375 - - effect "f pressure evaporation.

T. Wardhana. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 310 unknown L<ISSPS reduction.

A.Y. Zaeorul'ko erol . (Abs.) . . . 249 water ecc,&uny. V.G. Bahule6ar. 31 1

. . . . . . . . .. V. Lochman. (Abs.) 182 working temperature minimization . . . . hy roof spraying with water. 382

1

page Fermentation: beet molasses ash

component concentrations. . . . . . V.N. Shvets r t al. (Abs.) . 2 2 1 dextran production from sucrose. . . . N.M.Sheikh and M. Hossain. 125 dextrose and cane molasses.

M.A. el-Sayed and A. Abo-Shady. 27 distillery waste treatment.

V. ~ a n u m a n u l u and

. . . . . . . - w . P ~ Chen era l . (Abs.) 125 kojic acid manufacture'from cane

molasses, effect of clarification. P. Bajpai e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . .

- - . yeast extract. P. Bajpai er al. molasses, effect of invert sugar . . . content. E.W. Krause. (Abs.) - mash analysis by gas-liquid

chromatography. E. Rosado and . . . . . . . . . H. Batis. (Abs.)

- pre-treatment. M. Pietrzak. (Abs.) - protein production. L.E. Slater. mushroom mvcelium o r o ~ a ~ a t i o n

o n vinasse and cane molasies. . . . . . . . J.7. Aguinaldo. (Abs.) 59

sugar factory effluent treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . Anon. (Abs.) - 2 18 .... G. Kaiser era l . j Abs.) , ..:..:;: .... J.P. Lescure an P Bourlet .... D.E. Simpson and J. Hemens. 347 - refinery effluent treatment. . . . . K. Akiyama and M. Okada. 377 tryptophane production from beet . . . molasses. L.K. Smirnova er al. 2 7 valine production from beet molasses.

Z. Popova and 1. Murgov. (Abs.) 350 see also Micro-organisms nnd

individual fennentation products including Alcohol, Citric acid, Yeast. etc.

1:ertilizers: aerial application. . . . . . . . . . . C.A. Lang. (Abs.) 339 application in India. K. Singh ef 01. 304

. . . . irrigation water. Anon. (Abs.) 369 bagasse furnace ash. Y.C. Pan e r al. 109 beet drilling x variety trials in . . . . Hungary. L. Lukdcs. (Abs.) 308 - nutrient requirements. . . . R. Vanstallen and A. Jardin. 308 - thickjuice non-sugars.S.E. Bichsel. 375 calcium silicate treatment . . . . . . assessment. Anon. (Abs.) 7 8 cane requirements determination by . . soil and plant analysis. ti. Price. 304 dried activated sludge. J. Yamaga and . . . . . . . . S . Shirakawa. (Abs.) 282 effect on beet giowth. . . . . . . . W.C. von Kessel. (Abs.) 308 - cane chemical composition.

S.P. I>ua and R.C. Singh. (Abs.) 238 - - rnlvme activity. I .L. Rosario . . . anb K. sooksi than. (Abs.) 176 . . . ..-. A.P. Ruschel er al. (Abs.) I 7 6 - -leaf area, quality and yield. . . . . E.L. Rosario ef al. (Abs.) 176 - - - n u t r i e n t status. 1. Orlando er al. 112 - - ruwrntihilitv t o discase. Anon. 242

- sail coover deficiency. . . . . . . E.A. ~ i m b r o k e . (Abs.) 1 4 effectivity increase. P.K. Bose. 239 filter cake. V.S. Bawasakar e r 01. 240 . . . . . . .. O.D. Cur t i sefa l . (Abs.) 207 - - P.K. Moberly and‘^.^. heyer . 339 .. S.P. Patil er nl. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 239 liquid application i n d deep cultiva-

tion effect on beet yield. T. Agosti. 245 msneanese. A.P. Guota and .. - ~ ~ - - . - ~ . . . . . . . . . G.S.C. Rae.-l~bs.i 238 manufacture f iom dugar factory

effluent. C. Kaiser ef 01. (Abs.) 282 nitrogen, ammonium chloride. . . . . . . . . . A.N. Singh. (Abs.) , 2 3 8 -anhydrous ammonia. Anon. (Abs.) 337

. . ... M.V. Dahiphale. (Abs.) . 2 3 9 , 370 -application rates in UK. G. Hanslip. 1 8 - b e e t requirements. G.V. Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . er al. (Abs.) 307 - cane response. S. Saldarriaga e t al. 145 - -variety interaction on leaf growth.

. . . . ILL. Rosario ef 01. (Abs.) 147 - - - response differences. J.P. Patil . . . . . . . . . . s f ol. (Absi, . 2 3 8 - crotonylidene turea effect on

cane yield. Y.Y. Chan. (Abs.) . . 338

INDEX

Fertilizers: nitrogen, crotonyidene diurea mineral-

Y.Y. Chan and T.C. Juang. (Abs.) 147 -ef fec t o n beet. 1. Hebert. (Abs.) 245

. . . . ... aualitv. M. Loilier. (Abs.) I21 - - - root and crown rot incidence.

K.J. Hecker and E.C. Ruppel. 276 - - - yield, rarnfall ~nteraction. . . . . . . . H.J. Mullcr. (Ahs.) 246 . -. . and sugar conient. j . ~ . Nelson. 307 - - cane b iohass vroduction. . . . . . G.D. ~ h o m i s o n . (Abs.) 339 . . . ..- flowering. A.I. AJlam etal . 109

- - - w a t e r utilization and sugar yield. M.R. Reddv e f a/. ...... ,239.240

- - - yield, rainfill interaction. F.A. Fogliata and C.A. Gargiulo.146

- efficiency in plant and ratoon cane. F. Chui and G. Samuels. 144

- and hailstorm defoliation effects ...... o n beet vield. J . ~ : ~ a r t e r s f a/ . 307

- interaction with pesticide. . . . . . P.P. Singh and K. Kumar. 329

- and irrigation effects o n beet yield. P. Draycott and A. Messem. 246

- - and harvest date trials in Iran. .~~ A. ~ a s c h a n i and H. Farazdaghi. 17

- metabolism in cane. U.S. Singh. 370 - mobility in cane. U.S. Singh. (Abs.) 239 - o p t i m u m application rate in beet.

H.C. Scharpf and J. Wehrmann. 211 - a n d ootassium effects on beet

sudar content and quality. . . . . . . K. Biircky r ta l . (Abs.) 177 - uptake by cane. A.P. Ruschel r t al. 148 . . . . . . . ... U.S. Singh. (Abs.) ,239 -volatilization f rom urea. J. Pinna C.

. . . . . and S. Valdivia V. (Abs.) 147 nutrient effects o n cane. U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Singh. (Abs.) 370 - i n irrieation water. 1. Pinna C. and

p h o s p h ~ h & c e m ' r n t a h d beet uptake. F.N. Anderson and G.A. Petrrson. 275

- plus Awtohact r r culture effect on sane veld . M.L. Aaanval r f al. 304

-ef fec t o n cane and sugar yield. . . M.L. Agarwal and S.P. Dua. ,254 - - of nitrogen and phosphate

addition. J.A. Magro and . . . . . . N.A. da GL6ria. (Abs.) 207 - mixture. R.S. Dubey r ta l . (Abs.) 93

. . . . . . . . . . .. B.B. Paul. (Abs.) 252 srr also Beet; Cane; Lime and Soil

Fiii: distillerv. IBrev.) . . . . . . . . . 128 . . . &w sugar duahty. ~ n o n . (Abs.) 380

. . . . sugar economy study. (Brev.) 128 -factory performances. R. Karan. 213

. . . . . . . production 1978. (Brev.) 351 Filter aid: raw sugar solntlon floc . . . . . . orevention. Anon. (Abs.) 184 Filter cake: a p p ~ i c a t b n t o soil. . . . . . V.S. Bawasakar rtal . (Abs.) 240 . . . . . . .. O.D. Curtis r ta l . (Abs.) 207 - - P.K. Moberly and J.H. Meyer. 339

. - Filter cake: application t o soil. S P Patil r t al. (Abs. 239 - : 6. Vaccari and c.A:i.ic~rii: ' . ' 222 calcium carbonate recovery.

V.C. Mehta and S.D. Gomkale. 350 cane wax extraction. Anon. (Abs.) 125

. . . . . . . . . ... A.W. Lake. (Pat.) 29 conveying. Z. Kemblowski PI al. 312 losses, effect of low-pressure . . . filtration. S.P. Mishra. (Abs.) 53 - reduction. N.G. Lila rt a/ . (Abs.) 183 - - V.R. Maevskii and

V.M. Semenisova. (Abs.) . . . . 183

SPP also Carbonatation Finland: sugar production 1978179. Flow: air in beet piles. T. Baloh. ... V.T. Serkin r f ol. (Abs.) . . . . . ... S. Vajna. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . beet juice automatic control.

S.L. Nemirovskaya rt a/. (Abs.) carbonatation and sulphitation juice

pattern simulation by computer. C.H. Chen rt a/ . (Abs.) . . . . . . .

control oarameters calculation.

massecuite: J. Gkbler r t a/. (Abs.) . . - in crystallizers. L.K. Kirby and

E.T. White. IAbs.1. . . . . . . . . - - E T . ~ h r t e a i d

'

S.M R. Maudarbocus. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meters. (TN) ..... - a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Kemter. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . - J. Komerec and V. Valter. (Abs.) suear from storaee bin.

. . . . . K.J. Swindells ;t nl. (Abs.) Fluorine: determination in beet

pulp and molasses. P.B. Koster rt a/. Food: microscopy. J.G. Vaughan. France: beet research. Anon. (Abs.)

bulk handling terminal. (Brev.) . . . . .Anon. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . sugar factory closure. (Brrv.) - - efflurnt t r ra tmrnt and disposal.

J.P. Vellaud. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . - - energy consumption reduction.

1. Ledoux. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 22 . situation. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .we also Europe, EEC

French West Indies: mechanical cane harvesting efficiency. J . Dutartre. 113

Fructose &e Levulose Furfural: manufacture from bagasse.

G.D. Anrawal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 94

Furnaces, Bagasse: ash as fertilizer. . . . . . . . . Y.C. Pan rtal . (Abs.) - handling systems in Queensland.

G.M. Sawyer and R.N. Cullen. -removal. J.T. Logan and

A.L. Fitzmaurice. (Abs.) . . . . baeasse fuel combustion efficiencv

&termination. P.K. Hariharan. . .. costs. J.E. Atchison. (Abs.) . . . - - properties, effect of sand and

moisture, Anon. (Abs.) . . . . P.P. Chaturvedi. (Abs.1 . . . . . .

s?e also Botlers \ ,

Fusel oil production during alcohol fermenta t~on. K. Hokama rt nl. . .

Gears. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 cane m~lls. J.R. Partridge. (Abs.) 374 .. lubricant. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 21

General Agreement o n Trade and Tariffs: inquiry into EEC breach of rules. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

GEPLACEA: meetings. NC) 3 258 sugar stock financing. ( k c ) ..' I : '. : 193

Germany, East: sugar consumption. 384 Germany, West: Appeldorn sugar

factory. U. Curdts. (Abs.) . . . . . 279 beet agriculture costs.

W.C. von Kessel. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 17 -varietal trials. A. von Miiller. . . . . 309 sodium and magnesium fertilizer

trials. W.C. von Kessel. (Abs.) . . . 17 Siiddeutsche Zucker-AG annual

report 1978179. (Brev.). . . . . . . 351 - - campaign results 1978. (Brev.) 255 sugar factory closure. (Brev.) . . . . 191 . production 1978179. (Brev.) . . . . 127 mr also Europe, EEC

Gibberellic acid: effect on beet yield and sugar content. P.S. Bhatnagar and B. Raj. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . I8

Gilmore Louisiana-Florida-Texas- Hawaii sugar manual 1978. C.M. McKay. (NB) . . . . . . . . . 90

Glucose SPP Dextrose Glutamic acid: content in beet, juice

and molasses. J. Nedelkovits and K. Fabihn. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 91

production from beet molasses. L.E. Slater. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 59

Greece: sugar production 1978179. 96 Guatemala: Ingenio Terra Buena. 190 sugar export quota shortfall. 32 . production 1977178. (Brev.) . . . . 31 -statistics. (Stat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 351

inization. E. Portela rr 01. 179 Guinea-Bissau: sugar project. (Brev. 95 Gums sre Polysaccharides Gur: production and consumption in

India. S. Thangavelu and K. Sundaresan. (Abs.). . . . . . . . 238

Guyana: cane smut. V.M. Young-Kong. (Abs.) . . . . . 16

sugar production 1978. (Brev.) 31, 383

jawai l . alcohol manufacture from . . . . . . . can? molasses (Urrv.). 256

. . . . . cane breeding. Anon. (Abs.) 372 - growth andmetabolism research.

. . . . . . . . . . . . - ~ n o n . (Abs.) 370 . . . . . . . . . . -harvester. (Brev.) 32 - irritation research. Anon. (Abs.) . 369 - s m i t strains. J.C. ~ o m s t o c i t and

D.J. Heinz. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 16 Louisiana-Florida-TPxas sugar

manual 1978. C.M. McKay. (NB) 90 soil manranme availabilitv. - ~

G.J. C G c h o ?I a/. ( ~ b s . j . . . . . . 110 - nutrition research. Anon. (Abs.) 369

Hawaii: page

sugar factory bagasse and trash consumption and power generation potential. D. Murata and W. Gibson. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 .. closure. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 192 . manual. Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . 90 weed control research. Anon. (Abs.) 370 see also United States of America

Heat: balance of boiling house, effect of refinery liquor preconcentration. R. de 10s Rios. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 314

- calculation by computer. E. Farwick. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 375

- of lime kiln. W. Lippold. (Abs.) 22 consumption reduction, effect of

optimum carbonatation pH. K.E. Reznik and V.D. Vitvitskii. 218

economic evaluation of bagasse drying. S.K. Ghosh. (Abs.) . . . . . 154

economy in beet sugar factories. D. Christoph and E. Manzke. . . . 2 4 9

- cane surar factories P.N.R. Rao and ~ . k . Ghosh. (Abs.) . . . . . . 154

.... S.K. Gbosh. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 119

.... and energy p;oduction. W. Leibig. (Abs. 154

exchangers. M. Pietrzal. &s.j : : : 345 - ooeration ootimization. 1. Ledoux. 22 gerieration by raw sugar bacterial

degradation. N.V. Kostenko and V.Z. Nakhodkina. (Abs.) . . . . . . 347

- in stored beet. T. Baloh. (Abs.) . . 23 juice heater steam and heating

surface requirements for factory energy self-sufficiency. H.S. Birkett. (Abs ;I .... . . . . . . , 2 1 5

oan boilinn thprmo v n a m ~ c s -v.I. ~ u z 6 l k i n and i . ~ . Kaaanov. 57 pump effect o n evaporator ;team

efficiency. A. F4nyes. (Abs.) . . . . 89 recovery from flue gases.

P.P. Chaturvedi. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 119 sugar solution specific beat calcula-

tion. J. Dobrzycki. (Abs.) . . . . . 315 transfer in boiling. Anon. (Abs.) . . 214 - - e f f e c t of surfactants. J. Lodos

and I. Diaz. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 180 - - optimization. V.G. Tregub e t nl. 122 - deformed tubes. R. Pons M. (Abs.) 2 1 - evaporators. R. Espinosa P. (Abs.) 2 1 - - effect of incondensable gases.

G. Mantovani. (Abs.). . . . . . . 54 - - - surfactant. 0.0. Omatete and

H.H. Sephton. (Abs.) . . . . . . 120 - - - vapour circulation rate. c V.L. Gulminelli. (Abs.) . . . . . 54 SPP also Steam

High fructose corn syrup ser Syrup Holland: Amsterdam. . . . . . . . . . 164

CITS 16th General Assembly 163, 194 HVA. Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . 185 sugar factory laboratory automation

and data processing. C.C. Bleyenberg r t 01. (Abs.) 313 ...... P.W. van der Poel r t n l . . . . 168 - - operation resumption. (Brev.) 31 . imports and exports. (Stat.) . . . . 224 . industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 .. Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 SPP also Europe. EEC

Honduras: new sugar factory. (Brev.) 223 sugar prospects. (Brev.) . . . . . . . 288 - vitaminization. E. Portela r t nl. 179

Hungary: beet agriculture. P. Pint&. 308 - variety x drilling x fertilizer trials.

L. Lukhcs. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 308 Kaba sugar factory. A. Hanftwurcel. 345 new sugar factory. (Brev.) . . . . . . 223 sugar consumption. (Brev.) . . . . . 384

Hydrocyclones: cane juice and press water suspended solids removal. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 3

sugar dust separation. G.A.Abazyan.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . 313

Icing sugar: Codex Alimentarius standards. J.A. Hupfer. (Abs.) . . . 380

conditionine and storaw. D. Nahler. 88 Indla. alcohoimanufacttire. M.K. Patrl.2 52

bagasse paper factory. (Brev.) . . . . 288 - - manufacture incentives. (Brev.) . 288

INDEX

Viscosity; Water; etc. International: conference o n

effluent treatment. (Brev.) . 287 International Societv of Suaar Cane

Internatio<al Sugar ~ g r e e m e n t . Anon. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

additional quotas. (NC) . . . . . . . 162 Colombia sugar exports. (Brev.) 190, 257 Council meetinas. (NC) 1. 33.225.321 daily and pr~val'ling sugar pricis. 353 EEC membership. NC) 1,225 export quotas. (NcJ . : : ..': : .... 258 .. shortfalls. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . 32 GEPLACEA meetina tooic. INC) . . 258 - . , . . support. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 membership and US imports

policy.. ................... . 2 , 3 3 special stocks financing. (NC) 193, 354 US membershio ratification

delays (NC) .............. 97,353 USSR sugar imports from EEC. 223

International Sugar Organization: suaar economv studies. (Brev.) 128. 320 - fear book 1577. ~ n o n : (NBS ' 56

Invert sugar: content in b e i t juice, effect of diffuser acidification. J.F.T. Oldfield r t a l . (Abs.) . . . . 279

- - in Poland. W. Drewnowska and A. Butwilowicz. (Abs.) . . . . . 345

P w e Invert sugar: degradation, liming system

. . . . comparison. I. Vigh. (Abs.) 375 determination. J. Dobrzycki. (Abs.) 187 - i n cane juice and molasses.

E. Krause r t (11. (Abs. manufacture. A. Mal?. 1Ak1.j : : 1.1 ::: w e also Dextrose; Levulose; Reduclng

sugars; Sugars a n d Syrup Ion exchange. V. Maurandi. (Abs.) . . 2 18 applications in cane sugar processing.

F.X. Pollio and F.X. McGarvev. 157 beet and cane juice treatment.

F.X. Pollio and 0. Campos. (Pat.) 284 . . . -juice treatment. Anon. (Abs.) 217 . . . ... J.C. Giorgi and R. Gontier. 12 I

... V.P. Melrshko r t al. (Abs.) . . . 183 \ ,

... F. Perschak. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 375 - - - K.W.R. Schoenrock r t al. (Abs.) 346 - - - a n d boiling costs. V. Maurandi. 251 -molasses treatment. M.I. Daishev . . . . and T.P. Trifonova. (Abs.) 88 ..... ... J.F.T. Oldfield ef nl. 103, 138 - - - Sliddeutsche Zucker-AG. (Pat.) 285 . . boiler feedwater treatment.

B.B. Khocbare. Abs ) . . . . cane molasses and maisecuit; 248 nnnlvsis. T.K.K. Mrnon and -~ --, --- - - - ~-

V.C. Nair. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . 58 colourremoval. L. Gonzilez C . r t a1 219 .. P. Hoareau r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . 122

. . . . . . . .. K. Sasaki r t a l . (Abs.) 377 effluent sulphuric acid recovery by

rleetrodialvsis. F. Perschak. (Abs.) 279 liquid sugar.manufacture from thick

juice. S.E. Bicbsel. (Abs.) . . . . . . 375 resin fouling after sugar solution

. . . . treatment. F. Maekawa r t nl. 377 - restoration after foulinfl.

K. Kawasaki r t al. (A&.) . . . . . 377 - synthesis. J.H. ~ a r r e t t and

. . . . . . . D.H. Clemens. (Pat.) , 2 8 5 . . . Iran: bagasse paper plant. (Brev.) 127 beet agricultural costs. M. Baghestani. 17 irrigation x nitrogen fertilizer x

harvest date trids. A. Kascbani . . . . . and H. Farazdagbi. (Abs.) 17

sugar imports. (Stat.) . . . . . . . . . 384 . industrv. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 winter cbnditionb and cane ripening.

D.P. Gowing and N. Baniabbassi. 148 Iraq: cane agriculture. M.M. Salih. 144 Ireland: sugar imports and exports. 320

WP also Europe, EEC Irrigation. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 206

L.M. Blaquier r t nl. (Abs.) . . . . . . 145 . . . . . . . A.J. Gonzalez. (Abs.). . 206 application rates in South Africa.

D.B. Hellmann. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 368 in Australia. A. ~ b g a r t k . (Abs.) 78 . . . . . . . . . . P.A. Jones. (Abs.) , 2 4 0 . . . . . . . . . . -1. Wright. (Abs.). 239 beet subsurface system. G. Hanslip. 177 in Brazil. J.A.G.C. Sousa and

. . . . . . . . . . R. Scardua. (Abs.) 112 canal distribuiion 6f vinasse as

fertilizer. J.M. Lorenzetti and P.G.R. Freitas. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 368

cane evapotranspiration. G. Hunsigi and S.C. Srivastava. IAbs.) . . . . . 148

- farm waterway consiructibn. C.D. J o n ~ s and P. Rudd. (Abs.) . 15

- water requirement determination. N.A.V. Nova r t al. (Ahs.) . . . . . 369

witical application time. P.K. Bose. 239 drip. B.A. McElhoe and J.G. Tabrah. 28 . E. Paz-Vergara P. (Abs.) . . . . . . 368 . . . . . . . L.L.P. Shan r r al. (Abs.) 144 - in Australia. L.S. Chapman. (Abs.) 304 -effect o n cane and sugar yield. . . . . . . . L.S. Chapman. (Abs.) 337 - vs. overhead and beet yield. . . . . A. Bramm and C. Sommer. 274 . -. . F.J. Braun. (Abs.). . . . . . . . 274 -research in Hawaii. Anon. (Abs.) 369 effect o n beet sugar yield and

quality. J. Simon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 211 - c a n e flowering. A.1. Allam r t al. 109 - - moisture and sugar production.

E.J. da A. Leme and R. Scardua. 175 - - nitrogenase activity. A.P. Ruschel

e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 - - yield and sugar content. . . . . . . E. Llerena r t al. (Abs.) 207 - minimum temperature requirement

for cane growth. O.O.S. Bacchi and J.A.G.C. Sousa. (Abs.) . . . . 175

Mauritius projects. (Brev.) . . . . . . 287

xiii

INDEX

Pogp Irrigation:

nitrogen effects on beet sugar yield. G. Rizescu. (Abs.) . . . . . . 308 .... P. Draycott and A. Messem. 246 - and harvest date trials in Iran.

A. Kaschani and H. Farazdaghi. 17 overhead in Swaziland. . . . . . . . R.P. Humbert. (Abs.) 49 reduction of cane deterioration by

frost. 0. Singh and R.S. Kanwar. 359 soil moisture level and cane yield.

R.D. Phulare and U.C. Upadhyaya. 240 sprinkler herbicide application.

Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 technique and beet sugarcontent

and yield. N. Vanliand S. Kaimoglu. 177 trash management effect o n cane

yield. J.M. Gosnell and J.E. Lonsdale. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 148

trials in Australia. N.R. Maclean. 337 water carbon dioxide addition.

P.N. Soman. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 93 - fertilizer application. Anon. (Abs.) 369 -nutrient content. J. Pinna C. and

S. Valdivia V. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 147 - salinity and cane juice ash content.

L.K. Kirby and G. Kingston. 337 - table depth effects on beet yield

and quality. G.A. Reicbman ef al. 18 see a b o Water

Israel: sugar factory closures. (Brev.) 190 Italy: sugar factory closures. (Brev.) 223 . production 1978179. (Brev.) . . . . 224 see also Europe, EEC

Ivory Coast: sugar industry. R.E. Haresnape. (Abs.) 20

Zuenoula sugar factory. (Brev.) . . . 287

Jamaica: cane damage by floods. 287 - pest research. Anon. Abs ) 272 - research. Anon. A ~ s \ . : . ' ' . ' 271 . varieties. Anon. {Abs.) . . . : : : : 372 sugar export quota shortfall. (Brev.) 32 . factory research. Anon. (Abs.) . . . 310 -production 1978. (Brev.) . . . . . . 31 .. prospects. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . 384 weed control. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . 271

Japan: high fructose corn syrup use. 288 raw sugar analyses and refining.

A.C. Chatterjee and A.R. Bhide. 122 --imports. (Stat.). . . . . . . . . . . 191 refining capacity. (Brev.) . . . . . . . 63

Juice: pump. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Juice, Beet: active carbon treatment.

H. Zaorska. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 250 alcohol fermentation. W. Engelbart

and H. Dellweg. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 253 ammonium carbonate recovery after

delirning. S. Zagrodzkietal. . . . . 312 betaine determination. G. Steinle

and E. E'ischer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 91 changes in dextrose:levulose ratio.

E. Reinefeld e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . 57 chloride determination. R. Detavernier e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . 123

colloid particle size determmation. S.T. Krylov e ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . . 92

electrodialysis. F. Perscbak. (Abs 279 glutamine. gutamic acid, amlno-d

and pyrrol~done carboxylic acid contents. J . Nedelkovits and K. FQbiln. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 91

heat content calculation. I. Dobrzycki. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 315

heaters. K. Urbaniec and M. Kulig. 312 - incondensable gas withdrawal.

S. Basso. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 54 -.-. . . . . . . . . S. Sacchi. (Abs.) 54 .... F. Zama. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 54 . . . ion exchange treatment. Anon. 217 - - - J.C. Giorgiand R. Gontier. (Abs.) 121 ... V.P. Meleshko eta l . (Abs.) . . . 183 ... F. Perscbak. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 375 - - - F.X. Pollio and 0. Campos. 284 - - - F.W.R. Schoenrock e t 01. (Abs.) 346 - - - a n d boiling costs. V. Maurandi. 251

phenols B, WinstrOm-O1sen determination. et al,, . , , 332, 362 purity determination, M. Roche. 376 quality and factory performance in

UK. J.F.T. Oldfield e t a l . (Abs.1 279 residence time determination.

T. Cronewitz e t a l . ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . 376

Juice, Beet: silica determination. P. Devillers

e ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 sucrose degradation, effect of

potassium lactate. Z.A. Mil'kova . . . . . . . . . . . . . etal . (Abs.) 92 thick juice Brix measurement.

. . . . . V.I. Tuzbilkin e ta l . (Abs.) 346 - - - regulator. N.F. Bondarenko and

M.A. Marushchenko. (Abs.) 87 - - colouring matter fractionation.

M. Wachowicz. (Abs.) . . . . . . 315 - - i on exchange treatment for liquid

sugar manufacture. S.E. Bicbsel. 375 - - purity estimation. W. Drewnowska

and A. Butwilowicz. (Abs.) . . . 345 - - storage and processing losses.

A.Y. Zagorul'ko e t al. (Abs.) 375 .- treatment in centrifuges.

W.K. Nielsen. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 88 see also Carbonatation; Filtration

and Sulphitation Juice, Cane: acidity and frost damage

assessment. F.A. Martin. (Abs.) . . 124 alcohol content. J.D. Blake and

K.E. McNeil. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 343 -manufacture. P.M.A.M. Chenu. 126 .. W.H. Kampen. (Abs.) . . . . . . .253 -. M.K. Patil. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .252 - - L.A.R. Pinto. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 381 .. K. Rudolph r r al. (Abs.) . . . . . 253 - - in Philippines. (Brev.) . . . . . . . 255 colloid removal, effect of pH.

M. Darias P. and M.C. Ruiz G. 215 colour reduction by sulphi-carbona-

tation. R.S. Dubey. (Abs.) . . . . . 53 enzymatic starch removal. S. Bose

e ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 extraction without colour formation.

P. Grau y Triana. (Pat.) . . . . . . . 285 - and quality, effect of extraneous

matter. R.P. Scott e t al. (Abs.) 348 heater. M. Singh e t al. (Abs.) . . . . 52 -design. A. Valdis D. (Abs.) . . . . . 154 - mathematical modelling.

W. McWhinney and A.J. Pinkney. 344 . tubeplate erosion prevention.

T.W. Gatley. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 373 heating with bled vapour.

J.T. Jadhav. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 85 invert sugar determination.

E. Krause ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 187 ion exchange treatment. F.X. Pollio

and 0. Campos. (Pat.) . . . . . . . 284 micro-organisms control, effect o n

analysis. H.G. Ayala e ta l . (Abs.) 180 -effects. M.T. Hernlndez N. e t 01. 220

- n ~ r o g e n , opulations. phosphorus T. SaisH. and Abs ) poiassium 188 contents, effects of fertilizer and crop age. S.P. Dua and R.C. Singh. 238

phenolic acids identification. N.H. Paton. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 124

phospholipids. A. Garg. . . . . . . . 200 reducing sugars determination.

1. Diar r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 379 sand separator. P. Chenu eral . . . . 310 sucrose vs. pol balances.

M.A. Brokensha e t al. (Abs.) . . . . 349 - - - K.J. Schaffler and I.A. Smith. 349 suspended solids and ash removal

by hydrocyclone. Anon. (Abs.) 213 weight calculation. E. David. (Abs.) 379 white sugar manufacture. C.S. Lee. 180 yeast effect. M.T. Herndndez N. ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

see also Carbonatation, Clarification, Sulpbitation and Syrup

.

Kenya: distillery. (Brev.) . . . . . . . 383 Mumias sugar factory extension. 194 S U ~ P development~. (Brev.1 . . . . . 127 . production. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . 95 .. 1978. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 -project. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 128

K , " ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g " ' . i m p ~ ~ I " a ~ d . . .383

Lact ic acid: formation in sugar page

processing. L. McMaster and . . . . . . . . . A.B. Ravnii. (Abs.) 156

Lebanon: sugar factory refinery . . . . . . . . . . . . section. (Brev.) 127 Levan: enzymatic production from . . . . . . . . . . . . sucrose. (Brev.) 159 Level: controlinevaporator. D.H. Mee. 88

Liquor tank automatic control. . . . . . . . . . . G. Windal. (Abs.) 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . switches. (TN) 382 Levulose: adsorption o n active carbon.

A.A. Larina and V.G. Aleinikov. 314 content changes during beet and

cane molassesstorage. E.W. Krause. 281 determination. M. Shibosato. (Abs.) 315 - in beet and cane sugar products.

W. Mauch and E. Krause. (Abs.) 124 - by gas-liquid chromatography.

Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . I88 - - - P.G. Morel du Boil and

K.J. Schaffler. (Abs.) . . . . . . 378 destruction, effect of time and

temperature. M.A. Clarke ef al. 379 dextrose ratio changes in factory

products. E. Reinefeld e l al. 57 enzymatic isomerization of

dextrose. F.C. Armbruster e ta l . 283 ... L.E. Coker and D.E. Gardner. 283 .. -Corning Glass Works. (Pat.) . . . 285 ... CPC Interntional Inc. (Pat.) . . . 316 ... D.J. Lartigue and H.H. Weetall. 60 ... Rhone-Poulenc S.A. (Pat.) . . . 317 - - -Standard Brands Inc. (Pat.) . . 285 ... M. Suekane e t al. (Pat.) . . . . . 29 ... M. Tamura r t al. (Pat.) . . . . . . 284 - production from sucrose. (Brev.) 159 high fructose corn syrup vs. beet

sugar. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .... EEC levy. (NC) . . . . . . . 194,255 ..... production quotas. (NC) . . . 225 - - - - licence for US company. . . . . 191 - - - - plant in Canada. (Brev.) . . . . 351 ..... US. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 256 .-.. production technology.

K. Vukov e t al. (Abs.) . . . . 25 .... use in Japan. (Brev.) . . . . . . 288 separation from dextrose.

A.J. Mrlaja e t al. (Pat.) . . . . . . . 28 see also Invert sugar; Reducing

sugars and Sugars Liberia: sugar factory. S.N. Wu and

P.W. Ho. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 20 F.0. Licht's international sugar

economic yearbook and directory 1978. (NB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Lime: application t o soil. O.D. Curtis etal. wbs.) .207 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. W.C. von Kessel. (Abs.) . . . . . . 308 applicator. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 241 bagasse mixture thermal insulation

and mechanical strength. R. Espinosa P. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 222

balance calculation. L.M. Tuchinskii and B.P. Kuz'menko. (Abs.) . . . . 249

beet wash water clarification. H. Dabrowski. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 345

hydration plant. (Brev .J : .,. .: . . 158 kiln. A.A.Connolly an V G Dulgan 250 - fuel and flue gas COz content.

N. Marignetti and G. Mantovani. 88 -hea t balance. W. Lippold. (Abs.) 22 - performatwe, effect of coke

properties L. Bazynski. (Abs.) 346 -waste quantity and treatment.

E'. Bellabarba. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 218 milk-of-lime metering. J . Zlruba. 346 stone mechanical handling.

J. Woladski and M. Trepka. (Abs.) 182 see also Carbonatation and

Clarification Liquid sugar: manufacture.

. . . . . . . . . M. Pietraak. (Abs.) 345 - bacteriological control.

A. Simonart and J.P. Dubois. 250 - b y ion exchange. S.E. Bichsel. 375 - - - F.X. Pollio and F.X. McGarvey. 157 water determination. C.A. Accorsi

and G. Vaccari. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 251 Losses. N.R. Tagore. (Abs.) . . . . . . 119

beet cleaning. J. Pichenez. (Abs.) 211 -damage in loadinglunloading.

P.So6s and A. Lengyel. (Abs.) 89 .. mechanical handling. A.I. Chekal'

and V.V. Popovich. (Abs.) 277 -. pumping. S. DuFrk and 1. Dyntar. 22 - diffusion. R. Detavernier e t al. 123 -. M. ~ i l i c . ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . . 88

INDEX

Losses: page

in beet diffusion . N.V. Pogorelova and V.M. Lysyanskii . (Abs.) . . . . 313

. . effect of scroll speed fluctuation . Y . P . Dobrobaba . A b s ) 89

. juice electrodialysis . 4 . ~e;sc;aik: . 279

.storage . M . Loilier . (Abs.) . . . . . 121 . . . . . . . .. determination P Devillers 345

. . . . . . . . . ... t e m ~ e r a t u r e . ' ~ . Baloh (Abs.) 23 .... R.E. Wyse . (Abs.) .....I.. 307

weight . 1 . ZahradniEek r t a1 277 ... . . thick juice storage and processing .

A.Y. Zagorul'ko r t a l . (Abs.) . . . 375 .washing . H . Dabrowski . (Abs.) 345 boiling. effect of surfactants .

J . Lodos and 1 . Diaz . (Abs.) . . . . 180 . . temperature fluctuation .

L.I. Trebin s t aL (Abs . 89 calculat~on by Droerammabli . ' ' .

calculator . B..L . h r r e n and M.K. Faviell . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 278 J.R. Vyse and H M o r t m . (Abs.) 278 ... .

cane deterioration after burning and harvesting . B.T. Egan r t a1 . 109 . . harvesting . J.E. lrvine and

B.L. Legendre . (Abs.) . . . . . . 110 J.D. Miller r r a l (Abs.) 176 ... . . . . . . . ... dextran occurrence S.E. Ferrari

and A.A. Rodella . (Abs.) . . . 52 . . -effect of billet length and

burning . P.C. Ivin and D.H. . . . . . . . . . . . Foster (Abs.) 157 .... ripener . M . St . J . Clowes and

R.A. Wood . LAbs.) ....... 339 - ju ice degradation y mlcro

organisms . M.T. Hernandez r t a l . (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . . 220

yeast M.T. Hernandez e t a 1 219 ... . . . milling. effect of cane burning .

J.P. Lamusse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 ... harvesting delay after burning .

G . E1.K . S a ~ e d r t a1 . (Abs.) 156 micro.organisms . E ~u.ar te 6 ... . . . .

. . . . . . and J.L. Pirez (Abs.) 248 .... R.P. Mittal . (Abs.) 119 . . . . . . .

trash W.F. Allison (Abs.) 11 9 ... . . . . . . .... F.A. Fogliata era1 . (Abs.) . . . 180 . . reduction by bacteriological

control . R.H. Tilbury r t a l . 157 determination, pol balance errors .

K.J. Schaffler and I.A. Smith . 349 effect of beet nitrogen over-

application . G . Hanslip . (Abs.) 18 filter cake, effect of Low- ressure

filtration . S.P. Mishra . r ~ b s . ) . . . 53 lactic acid formation in sugar

processing . L . McMaster and A.B. Ravno.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 156

mechanical cane harvesting . A.G. De Beer and T.C. Boevey . 114

raw sugar degradation in storaee .

. carbonaiation . V.A. ~6lesn:kov .

e t a 1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Y.F.Tsyukalortal.(Abs.) 313 .. . . . .

. filtration . M.I. Zhenchuk r r a1 . 346 sucrose inversion determination

b high pressure liquid cgromatography . M.A. Clarke

. r r a l (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 . . in sulohitation iuicr . effect of

Z.A. Mil'kova r t a l . (Abs.) 92 Wr also Bagasse; Diseases; Filter cake: Molasses: Prstr: Pulp; Beet and~e;$er

Lubrication. T.M. Karne . (Abs.) . . . 310 automatic low oil pressure alarm .

M.K. Biswas and M . Singh . . . . . . 53 cane mill pears . J.R. Partrider . . . . 374 . . journalb . I.D. ~ lackburne-r t a1 . 373 . . and steam turbine . Anon . (Abs.) 21 diesel engine oil analysis and

maintenance scheduling . E . Clavery and R.L. Kincaid . 114

Madagascar: sugar statistics . (Stat) 287

Maintenance: cane mechanical equip- p a w

. . . . . . . m m t . W.W. Paty (Abs.) 113 centrifugals . A.C. Chatterjee . (Abs.) 52 computer-based system . R.A.

Allaway and N.H. Barnes . (Abs.) . 373 cost reduction. effect of clarification

system . J.C. Gaiofatto and A.T. . . . . . . . . . . Sobrinho . (Abs.). 181

diesel engine scheduling . E . Clavery . . . . . . . and R.L. Kincaid (Abs.) 114 steam traps . K . Nakazato and E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuwa . (Abs.) 377 ser also Lubrication

Malawi: centrifugal order . (Brev.) 30 Nchalo sugar factory . A .

McMartin . (Abs.) 20 . . . . ... prrformance . J.P. Lamusse 374

smallholder cane project . (Brev.) 351 Malaysia: refining . A.C. Chatterjee

and A.R. Bhide . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 122 Mannitol: occurrence in beet . J . Cap-

lovic and F . R m d o s . (Abs.) . . . . . 57 Massecuite: analysis . T.K.K. Menon

and V.C. Nair . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 58 consistency measurement . F . Pantuso

N . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 conveying . V . Urban . (Abs.) . . . . . 278 cooling and reheating . E.E.A. Rouill-

ard . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 crystal content determination . F . . . . . Pantuso N . andV.S. Polonik 219 exhaustion . G.R.E. Lionnet . (Abs.) 349 . . . . . . . . . . filtration . Y . Thirrl 293 flow rate . J . Gebler era1 . (Abs.) 251 mixer drive . Soc . d'Exploitation

d'Usines Metallurgiques . (Pat.) 317 pH calculation . N.A. Arkhipovxch

PI a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 pump.(TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 reheater . J.C. Giorgi and B . Richard 89 . N.A. Ramaiah and H.N. Gupta . 120 . R.C. Sharma . 6 A b s ) . . . . . . . . . . . 20 residence time e termmat~on . T .

Cronewitz r t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 376 sugar determination by polarimetry

after active carbon t rea tmmt . A.Y. Zagorul'ko e t a 1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 26

viscosity. effect of dextran . G.L. Geronimos and P.F. Greenfield . 348 . . temperature and time . R.C.

Sharma . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 311 washing in centrifugals and molasses

sugar content . Y.D. Kot and L.N. Binevskaya . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 346

we also Boiling; Centrifugals; Crystallization a n d Pans. Vacuum

Matprials grinding. batching and blend- ing rquipment . (Brrv.) . . . . . . . 158

Mauritius: bagasse paper study . . . . 71 bulk sugar terminal . (Brev.) . . . . . 223 . . . . . ... silos . G . Beaubois (Abs.) 31 1 by-products research . Anon . (Abs.) 93 cane agricultural research . Anon . 77

breeding and varieties Anon 117 . . . . . . . mechanization research . Anon . 79 . pest and disease research . Anon . 81 distillery . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 160 irrigation projects . (Brev.) . . . . . . . 287 raw sugar grain size analysis . E.C. . . . . . . . . Vignes . ( A b s i : : : : 124 sugar dryer or er (Brev) . . . . 30

factory strike (Brev.) 351 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. trchnology research Anon 86

. . . . . . . . . production 1978 (NC) 161 .statistics . (Stat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 190 weed control . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . 49 yellow spot . C . Ricaud r t a l . (Abs.) 341

Mechanization. Beet: drill . E.A.H. Ribouleau . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . 317 G Spre (Abs.) 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

drilling t o stand . S . Krasucki and S . Siwicki . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 246

in US Anon (Abs.) 274 .. . . . . . . . . . . . x variety x fertilizer trials in Hun-

. . . . . . . . gary . L . Lukics (Abs.) 308 harvesters . Comhlucht Siuicre Eire-

ann Teo . (Pat.). . . . . . . . . . . 285. 317 . Ransomes Sims & J e m r i e s Ltd .

(Pat.) .................. 285, 316 W.C. von Kessel (Abs.) 274 . . . . . . . . .

harvesting and cleaning . J . Pichenez . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 211 . in Poland . C . Zolnierczyk . (Abs.) 308 in Hungary . P . Pintir . (Abs.) . . . . 308 loading/unloading losses . P . Sobs and

A . Lrngyel . (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . 89 machinpry and beet row width dis-

crepancirs . I . von Alten . (Abs.) 308

xv

Pags Mechanization. Beet:

seed harvesting . E . Nicsulescu and A . Strfanescu . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 308

seedbed preparation and drilling . G . Clotan and N . Bria . (Abs.) . . . 246

thinning . G . Brown . (Abs . 178 topping . Z . Stanescu and . i)ii ' ' 17

M Umari and W Brinkmann 307 . . . . . . . in UK . T.P.J. Dyke . (Abs.). . . . . . 275

Spring Demonstration 1979 159 . . . . . . Mechanization. Cane: cleaner . L.G.

Fowlrr . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Dedini-Toft agreement . (Brev.) . . . 287 diesel engine oil analysis . E . Clavery

and R.L. Kincaid . (Abs.) . . . . . . 114 harvested cane trash content . N .

Tambosco sf a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 113 harvester . Brev ) 32 .Anon . ( ~ 6 s . ) .......... : . ;9.i&. 305

D.J. Quick (Pat.) 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.A. Scott and J.C. Hudson . (Pat.) 60 0 Shunichi (Pat.) 28 . . . . . . . . . . . .

-Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . 285

. base cutter standards . G . Rivas N . 1 1 3

. billet elevator . D.J. Quick . (Pat.) 60

. blockage warning system . Anon . 80 comparison E Zamorano C 113 . . . . . . . . . performances . T.G. Fuelling r t ol . 340

C.R. Henkel r t n l (Abs.) 340 .. . . . . . . V Mason r t a1 (Abs.) 340 .. . . . . . . . . .

topper D.J. Brassrtte (Pat.) 29 . . . . . . . . . D.J. Brassette and R.A. Duncan . 60 -trash separation . J . Brito M . and I .

Abreu C . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 113 ..separator . D.J. Quick . (Pat.) . . . 28 . trials in Brazil . N . Tambosco r t a1 . 305 harvesting . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 80

L.A.R. Pinto (Abs.) 340 . . . . . . . . . . -analysis and calculation . L.V.B.

Gentil and T.C. Ripoli . (Abs.) . . 114 . cane stalk cutting resistance measure-

ment . C.S. Chang . (Abs.) . . . . . 241 . effect of cane growth factors . E .

Casanova and 1 . Robella . (Abs.) 241 . . on soil properties and cane ratoon-

ing . S.J. Yang . (Abs.) . . . . . . 109 . efficirncv in French West Indies . J .

~ u t a r t i e . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 113 green cane Anon (Abs.) 241 . . . . . . . . . . and loading effect on cane trash .

Anon . ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 ..... A.C. Fernandes and E.R. de Oliveira . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 305

- a n d transport E Cerrizuela 79 . . . . . . . . losses . A.G. De Beer and T.C.

Boevey . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 114 - los t time analysis . L.V.B. Gentil . 241 . in narrow rows . W . Jackson . (Abs.) 305 . whole-stick cane . J.C. Hudson . 113 lime applicator . Anon . Abs loading hopper . Anon . {Abs:] : : : : 2:i machinery effect o n cane root

development . M . Fonseca and M . Dominguez . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 241

personnel training . W.W. Paty . . . . 113 planter . Anon . (Abs.). ...... 241 305

C.V. Allain (Pat.) : 6 0 . . . . . . . . . . . L.G. Fowler (Pat.) 284 . . . . . . . . . . . C.M. McAleese (Abs.) 80 . . . . . . . . . L.G. Mialhe (Abs.) 305 . . . . . . . . . . . P Populin e t a 1 (Pat.) 60 . . . . . . . . . .

.manufacture in Cuba . (Brev.) . . . 255 planting . C . Morton . (Abs.) . . . . . 79 research in Mauritius . Anon . (Abs.) 79 soil cultivation . S.W.D. Baxter . . . . 114 -estimation in harvested cane . T.C.

Ripoli r t ol . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 281 stubble shaver . N.S.L. Srivastava . 340 tractor tyres vs . tracks .

W.W. Brixius . (Abs.). ...... 113 . 305 Metering feeder . (TN) . . . . . . . . . 30 Mexico: fertilizer trials . M . Torres

B . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 irrigation . A.J. Gonzalez . (Abs.) 206 sugar expansion . (Brev.) . . . . . . . 31

industry recovery . (NC) . . . . . . 35 . problems (NC) 322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . statistics 258. 288 . .................

Micro-organisms: activity determination in cane mills . M.T. Hernindrz s t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 52 . in stored raw sugar . N.V. Kostenko

r t a l . ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Azotobacter culture effect on cane

yield . M.L. Agarwal r t a1 . (Abs.) 304 bacterial biomass production from

beet molasses . L.E. Slater . (Abs.) 59

INDEX

PWF Micro-organisms:

bactericide effects on cane juice . . . . . . analysis . H.G. Ayala eta1 180 . . . . . .evaluation R.H. Tilbury et a1 157

in bagasse . T . Sais H . e t a1 . (Abs.) 2 1 9 . . . . . . beet diffusion losses M Milic 88

in cane mills . R.P. Mittal . (Abs.) 119 control . F . Hollaus . (Abs.) . . . . . . 2 3 . in beet sugar factory . A . Simonart . . . . . . and J.P. Dubois . (Abs.) 250 -cane milling . M.T. Hemlndez N .

266.291 ... M.T. Hemindez et a1 . (Abs.) 215 effect on cane juice . M.T. Hernandez

eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 lactic acid formation in sugar process-

ing . L . McMaster and A.B. Ravno . 156 Leuconostoc deterioration of burnt

and harvested cane . B.T. Egan e t a1.109 nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cane

root nitrogenase activity . A.P. Ruschel et nl . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 176

populations in cane juice and imbibi- . . . . tion water . T . Sais H . (Abs.) 188 in raw sugar . R.D. Skole . (Abs . . 380 . . during storage . N.V. Kostenhd '

and V.Z. Nakhodkina . (Abs.) 347 see also Diseases; Fermentation;

Losses; Water. Waste and individual fermentation products

Milling. Cane: cane preparation . H.N. Gupta . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3

effect of delay with burnt cane . G . E1.K . Sayed e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . 156

-trash W.F. Allison . (Abs.) . . . . . 119 .. F.A. Fogliata eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . . 180 . . S . El-N.A. Hemaida et a1 . (Abs.) 155 efficiency. effect of cane burning .

J.P. Lamusse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 .. setting . J.S. Huja . (Abs.) . . . . . 85 extraction vs . diffusion . P.S. Kelly

and R.G. Porter . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 31 1 imbibition and juice extraction . F .

Serna S . (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 . water micro-organism populations .

T . Sais H . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 188 juice additional water calculation .

S . Natb and S.N. Tripathi . (Abs.) 85 laboratory mill juice extraction .

H.G. Ayala ptal . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 2 6 losses. effect of micro.organisms . E .

Duarte P . and J.L. PPrez . (Abs.) 2 4 8 . reduction by micro-organism con-

trol . R.H. Tilbury et nl . (Abs.) 157 mathematical modelling . J . Abreu G .

and V . Polonik . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 2 1 6 micro.organisms . R.P. Mittal . (Abs.) 119 . activity determination . M.T.

Hernindez et a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . 52 .control . M.T. Hernlndez N . 266. 291 . . M.T. Hernandez r t a l . Abs ) 2 15 EL Potrero sugar factory.L.1. ' ' ' '

Medina . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 3 shredder performance . S.M. Alam . 85 .. L.B. Rodriguez e f a1 . (Abs.) . . . 52 see also Mills. Cane

Mills, Cane . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 carrier durability improvement . 158 . shaft breakage . V.M. Murugkar

and J . Laksminarayan . (Abs.) 5 3 feeder . D.S. Shann . (Abs.) . . . . . . 154 . . . . feeding . J.R. Abreu G . (Abs.) 215 . . . . . . J.R. Abreu G . eta1 . (Abs.) 216 -automatic control . N . Chandappa

etal.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 flangeless top rollers . J.A.P.

Jacquelin . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 119 gears . J.R. Partridge . (Abs.) . . . . . 374 -reducer lubricant . Anon . (Abs.) 21 journal lubricants . I.D. Blackburne

eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 . . . order from Costa Rica . (Brev.) 95 roller bearings . G.D. Jacklin et a1 . 119 rollers . R.P. de Ramalho . (Abs.) . . 310 . grooving and juice extraction . F . . Serna S (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 155 shredder . 1.G. Flanders er a1 . (Abs.) 373 . L.B. Rodriguez eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . 311 toothed roller pressure feeder . N.C.

Farmer . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 turbine drive repairs . B.P. Bargaje . 5 3 . 85 see also Milling. Cane

Mixers . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 massecuite. drive . Soc . d'Exploitation

d'Usines Metallurgiques . (Pat.) 317 Molasses: alcohol fermentation . W .

Engelbart and H . Dellweg . (Abs.) 253

Molasses: . .

alcohol fermentation automatic control . V.I. Petrunya et a1 . (Abs.) 350 .. olant . (TNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 . . bnder Gacium vs . atmospheric

pressure . A . Ramalingam . . . . . 27 animal fodder . C.O. McKmzie . . . . 2 8 4 .. F.M. Snyder . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . 2 9 .. J.F. Wilson and R.S. Parish . . . . 6 0 exhaustion, effect of viscosity . P .

Devillers e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 6 optimum potassium ferrocyanide

dose determination for citric acid fermentation . W . LeSniak . (Abs.) 9 4

pre-treatment for fermentation . M . Pietrzak . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 345

pump . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 sucrose determination by gas-liquid

chromatography . D . Nurok and T.J. Reardon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 58

sugar recovery by ion exchange . Siiddeutscbe Zucker.AG . (Pat.) . . 285

sugars determination . H . Janshekar and J.R. Mor . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 6

sulphur dioxide determination . C . Christiane . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 220

water determination . H . Schiweck etol.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

yeast manufacture, effect of dissolved oxygen concentration . T .

MiSkiewicz e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . 9 4 Molasses, Beet: addition t o factory

effluent for fermentation treatment . G . Kaiser r t ol . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 282

alcohol fermentation, effect of recycled vinasse . N . Taygun e t al . 282 ... ultrasonics . J . Ie Mao and R.O.

Pmdhomm . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 350 animal fodder . N.B. Davis and P .

Tory . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 .. A . Giouzelyianne . (Abs.) . . . . . 282 .. R . Teissier et a1 . (Pat.). . . . . . . 2 9 betaine determination . G . Steinle

and E . Fischer . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 91 citric acid manufacture . H . Hustede

and H . Rudy . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . 6 0 ... yeast activity measurement . V.M.

Golubtsova . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 222 colloid particle size determination .

S.T. Krylov e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . 92 colorants fractionation . M . Wacho- wicz . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

enzymatic s"crose vs . pol . R . Deta- vernier e f a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 123

exhaustion . R.A. McGinnis . Abs ) 2 5 0 .formula . R . Detavernier an6 J . '

Roger . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 123 fluorine determmation . P.B. Koster

formation and viscosity. effect of nucleosides . N.V. Remeslo et a1 . 281

food in~rrdient oroduet . Food Tech- nology 1nc . (PA.) . . . . . . . . . . 317

glutamrc acid content . I . Nedelko- vits and K . Flbi in . (Abs.) . . . . . 9 1 . . lysine and bacterial biomass

production . L.E. Slater . (Abs . 5 9 invert sugar degradation. effect 02

temoerature . E.W. Krause . (Abs.) 281 lysini manufacture in

. . Yugoslavia . (Brrv J . . . . . . . . . . . 351

pesticide residue etermmatlon . P.B. Koster . (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

pH calculation . N.A. Arkhipovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . eta1 (Abs.)

sugar content . A.Y. Zagorul'ko er a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . determination, effect of active

carbon . A.Y. Zagorul'ko et a1 . ..effect of colloids . N.P. Silina

er a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 ... filtration . M.I. Zhenchuk eta1 . 346 ... soil salinity . C . Mathieu and

F.W. Hesse . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 21 1 . . prediction . W . brewhowska and

A . Butwilowicz . (Abs.) . . . . . 345 ... M.Z. Khelemskii eta1 . (Abs.) 188 . . reduction by carbonatation pki

optimization . K.E. Reznik and V.D. Vitvitskii . (Abs.) . . . . . . 218

... ion exchange . M.I. Daishev and T.P. Trifonova . (Abs.) . . . . . 8 8

. - i n USSR . Y . D . ~ o i a n d i . ~ . Binevskaya . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 346

. . and yield. effect of juice ion exchange treatment . V.P. Meleshko

eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 183 . recovery . A . Kubasiewicz . (Abs.) 346

Molassrs. Beet: sugar recovery by liquid distribution

chromatography . M . Munir . (Abs.) . . Quentin process . J.F.T. Oldfield

eta1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, tryptophane production . L.K. Smirnova e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

valine production . Z . Popova and I . Murgov . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . .

volatile fatty acids determination . J . Hrivnik and M . Medved . (Abs.)

washing of low-grade sugar in centri- fuga l~ . A.P. Kozyavkin et a1 . . . . .

water determination . C.A. Accorsi . . . . . . . . . and G Vaccari (Abs.) .. R . Detavernier rr a1 . (Abs.) . . . . yeast fermentation. changes in ash

components concentration . V.N. Shvets eta1 . Abs ) . . e m c t of colour ;ei&a~:ir.f.r: ' .

Shvets et a1 . Abs ) Molasses. Cane: addition id fan; io; '

alcohol fermentation . K . Rudolph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e t ol (Abs.)

. effect on citric acid fermentation . D.V. Vadehra et a1 . (Abs.) . . . .

alcohol fermentation . H.S. Birkett and J.A. Polack . (Abs.) . . . . . . . .. K . Hokama era1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . .. M.K. Patll . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

L.A.R. Pinto . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L.H. Wang et a1 (Abs.) . . . . . . . . costs P.B. Neto (Abs.) in Hawaii . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . .

.. Kenya . (Br;v.) . . . . . . . . . . . .

. and yeast fermentation . K . Manni- vannan . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . .

analysis . T.K.K. Menon and V.C. Nair . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by gas-liqu~d chromatography . E .

Rosado and H . Batiz . (Abs.) . . . animal fodder . . . P . Lezcano e

.... - .... ash determi

C.M. ~ e e i k e n : . . . t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . ibs.) . . . . . . . . . . . A . Molina . (1

.. P.N. Soman . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . nation . G . N6iirz T . and

C . Diaz de A . (Abs.) . . . . . . Azotobacter cultivation. M.A. el .

Sayed and A . Abo.Shady . (Abs.) Brix optimization . Anon . (Abs.) citric acid manufacture . H . Hustede

and H . Rudv . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . compositlon:ef'fect of lime . N.A. da

. . . . . Gloria and E da Silva (Abs.) cooler . M.R. Player r f a1 . (Abs.) dextrow and Ievulose content . W .

Mauch and E . Krause . (Abs.) . . . . exhaustibility determination . I .

Bruijn . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . exhaustion . effect of viscosity .

Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . food ingredient product . Food Tech

nology Inc . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . incorporation in cane tops silage .

I . nevi l le nnd Y . Won c You ................. .... Cheong . (Abs) . . . . . . . . . . . .

invert sugar degradation . effect of temperature . E.W. Krause . (Abs.)

kojic acid manufacture . P . Bajpai ptnl . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

mushroom mycelium propagation . J.T. Aguinaldo . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 59

reducing sugars determination . 1 . Diaz . e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 ... E . hrauie r t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . ... instrument failure . Anon . . . . . sucrose, dextrose and levulose deter-

mination . P.G. Morel du Boil and K.J. Scbaffler . (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

sugar content determination . E . David . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... by alcohol treatment . A.D.

Robertson . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . loss reduction . A.P. Chinnaswamy . ... melt liquor clarification . N.L.C.

Suzor . (Abs.,) . . . . . . . . . . ... Sucro "AMS' clarifier . C.M.

Madrazo and E.A. Guena . . . . -recovery by ion exchange chromatc

graphy . H . Hongisto and H . Heikkila . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 181,

utilization . J.M. Paturau . (Abs.) 59. vinasse mixture for animal fodder

production . J.T. Aguinaldo . . . . . viscosity . E.R. Fleites and C .

Gonzilez . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . -effect of dextran . G.L. Geronimos

and P.F. Greenfield . (Abs.) . . . .

- -

Molasses, Cane: p a w

viscosity, effect of massecuite surfact- {ants. J. Lodos and I. Diaz. (Abs.) 180

- - temperature and time. K.C. '

Sharma. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 water determination. C.A. Accorsi

and G. Vaccari. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 251 yeast cultivation. P. ~ d r n i n d e z S. . and 1. Morrell F. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . 222 .. P. Hernandez S. e t al. (Abs.) . . . 59 .- A. Madi r t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 7 - and oxalic acid manufacture. M.S.

Iyengar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 222 yield and purity, effect of continuous

centrifugals. A.P. Chinnaswamy e t al. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5

- - - dolomitic lime. J.M. Zuazua N. 1 8 1 see also By-products

Molasses, Refinery: loss reduction by electrodialysis. T. Hiramoto. (Abs.) 314

Morocco: rucar factor" orders . . . . 9 6

~ d z a m h i q u e : sugaiexpdrt quota shortfall. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 32

- factory performances. J.P. L a m u m 374

Nepal: sugar factory. rev.) . . . . . 32 New Zealand: r ~ f l n e d sugar product-

sion. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 6 sugar economy study. (Brev.) . . . . 128

Nicaragua: sugar factory destruction. 237 -production 1977/78. (Brev.) . . . . 6 4

Niger: sugar complex. (Brev.) . . . . . 32 Nigeria: Numan sugar factory. (TN) 318

sugar expansion plans. (Brev.) . . . . 1 2 7 . project study. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . 224

Nitrogen: amino-nitrogen content in beet, effect of irrigation. J. Simon. 211

- - - j u i c e and molasses. 1. Nedelkovits and K. Fib i in . (Abs.) . . . . . 9 1

- - removal by affination. A.P. Kozyavkin and N.1. Odorod'ko. 2 4

ammonia determination in condensate. H. Zaorska r t al. (Ahs.) . . . . . . 312

ammonium carbonate recovery from beet juice. S. Zagrodzki r t al. 312

compounds in beet. M. Loilier. 1 2 1 - - effect on aualitv. M. O'Sullivan. 2 1 8 content in cane. effect of ripeners.

A.S. Chacravarti e t al. (Ah;.) . . . . 4 8 - - leaf and nitrogenase activity. A.P.

Ruschel and R. Ruschrl. l A b s 3 206 see also Amino-acids: fertilize;^

and Soil Norway: sugar imports 1978. (Stat.) 1 2 7

Oxal ic acid: manufacture from cane molasses. M.S. lyengar. (Ahs.) . . . 222

Packaging: company division formed. 30 Pakistan: Deh Bijora sugar factory. 2 8 6

new sugar factories. (Brev.) . . . . . 2 5 5 sugar production 1977178 (Brev.) 9 5

Panama: sugar exports 1978. (Brev.) 224 - vitaminilaion. E. Portela r t al. 1 7 9

Pans, Vacuum. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . 318 condenser. V.1. Dovgopool r t al. 8 9 continuous. C.J. Abraham. (Abs.) 8 5 - W.S. Graham and D.J. Radford. 2 0 . F. Langreney. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . 155 Copersucar. DivMo Industrial d o

Departamento TPcnico ds Coper- sucar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 0

dimensions and incondensable gas trapping. F. Zama. (Abs.) . . . . . 5 4

feedautomatic control. T. Kalityfiski.2SO steam and power consumption,

effect of refinery computer control. T . Ozeki and M. Ishida. (Ahs.1 314

- requirement and factory'enerby self-sufficiency. H.S. Birkett. 2 1 5

structural design. D. Macey. (Abs.) 1 2 0 s r also Boiling; Crystallization;

Entrainment: Heat; Massecuite a n d Scale

I'aper, Bagasse: factory in Argentina. 255 . India. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 8

Iran. (Urev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 manuf~clure . t'.L. Cult(rre7. (Abs.) 252 - in Indja. govemmrnt i,!centrves. 288

mini-plants. P.J.M. Kao. (Ahs.) . . . . 126

INDEX

. Paper Bagasse:

pilot plant in Cuba. P.L. GutiPrrez and R. Molina M. Abs ) 222

study in Mauritius.!Bre;.) : : : : : : 7 1 see also Pulp, Bagasse

Papua-New Guinea: cane by-products project. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 287

. . . . . . . . . sugar project. (Brev.) 384 Payment, Beet: computerized calculation.

D.F.A. Horsley and A. Williams. 279 in EEC. (NC) ............... 6 5 , 2 2 5 Iran. M. Baghestani. (Ahs.) . . . . . 1 7 Poland. K. Szcaot and H. Jochim. 346

. . . USSR. G. 1. Bereshchuk. (Abs.) 313 .......... . S.R. Bostanov.jAbs., 277 - A.I. Chekal' an V V Popovlch 277 - V.M. Karasik e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . 277 . . . . . . . . M.N. Kozlmko. (Ahs.) 3 1 3 see also Beet and ~ o l a r ~ m e t r y

Payment, Cane. W.F. Allison. (Abs.) 11 9 E.J. Buchanan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 1 5 7 A.C. Sturion. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 281 in Argentina, effect o n topping. C.

Hoffmann. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 calculation from laboratory mill

juice analysis. H.G. Ayala e t al. 2 6 research in Brazil. N.A. daGlbriaeta1.380 ser also Cane analysis; Cane sampling

and Polarimctrv Pectin: determination. H.. Andres

. . . . . . . . . . . . . r t el. (Abs.) 9 1 Peru: fertilizer trials. S. Saldarriaga

. . . . . . . . . . . . . r t a l . (Abs.) 145 .. S. Valdivia V. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . 368 irrieation. A.J. Gonzalez. (Abs.) 2 0 6

- - t r a s h mulching. A. Subramanian . . . . . . . . . . . r r 01. ( ~ b s . ) . 2 4 3

- damage and red ro t infection. I.'. Alonso. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 341

PWP 'ests. Cane: hor6r damage and sugar loss estimation.

G.~rceneaux. (Absy) . . . . . . . . 369 - effect o n cane and juice quality. . . . . . 0. Valsechi e t al. (Abs.) , 2 4 2 - - -y ie ld . R. PPrez G. r t a l . (Ahs.) 1 5 1 .... and quality. P.R. Moholkar

. . . . . . . . . . r t a l . (Ahs.) 1 6 -incidence in South Africa. R.J. . . . . . . . . . . . . Smaill. (Abs.) 371 -leafhopper and scale insect control.

V.V. Temhheker and D.K. Patrl. 50 .... and white grub control. D.S.

. . . . . . . . . . . Ajri. (Abs.) 50 - mass rearing and artificial infesta-

tion in South Africa. P.R. Atkin- . . . . . . . . . . . . . son. (Abs.) 371 . . . . moroholoev. E.E. Carbonell.. 371 - moth~rearrng and trapping Y. I t o

and M. Kinjo. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 209 - oviposition o n cane varieties. G.T.

. . . . . Lim and Y.C. Pan. (Abs.) 1 5 1 - oarasitrs. F.D. Bennett. (Abs.) 150

. . . . . . . : M. Daniali r t al. (Ahs.) : 242 - - A.F.H. El-Shrrif and M.T. Kira. 242 . . . . . . . . . .. T. Falloon. (Abs.) 1 5 1 . . . .. A.k. M e n d o n ~ a e f al. (Abs.) 2 0 8 - - breedme. N.G. Saraceni and C.A.

. . . . . . . . . . M ~ G G . ( A ~ s . ) i s 1 - - characteristics. E.G. King r t al. 1 1 6 - - distribution. A.F.H. El-Sherif . . . . . . . . . . . ~ t o l . (Abs.) , 2 4 2 - - larviposition. J.P. Roth and E.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . Kine. (Abs.) 1 5 0 - - relea& ;n ~ a c w a n . W.Y. Cheng and

T.11. Su. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 272 - - sire relalionsh~p$. R.M. McPherson . . . . . and S.D.Hensley. (Abs.) 15 1 - oooulntion. effect of wrather.

r ~ : ~ . ~ . ~ ~ & e l h o r t al. (Ahs.) . . . . 208 - x ro t effect on cane quality. G.M.

de A. Silva and R.S. de Moraes. 209 -sampling and control. W.G. des

Vignes. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 209 -varietal resistance. S.D. Henskv . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . r t al. (Abs.) 1 5 0

. . . . . ... N. Macrdo r t al. (Abs.) 208 - - - Y.S. Pan and S.L. Yang. (Abs.) 150 - in Venezuela. E.N. Moralrs and

N. Falcon C. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 0 9 - and white erub control. A.S. Patil . . . . . . . . . . . . . r t a l . (Abs.) cane sett protection. K. Sineh. . . . control by agronomic practices.

K.C. Alexander and H.C. David. . in India. P.N. Avasthy. (Abs.) . . . English-Portuguese dictionary.

M.P.S.B. Gongalves. (NB) . . . . . froghopper biology. E.J. Marques. - population, effect of weather. M.K

El-Kadi. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . .... A. de C. Mendes r t al. (Abs.) incidence in plant cane and ratoons.

M.L. Agrawal and B.N. Pandey. leafhopper control. S.K. Sharma. - - pesticide toxicity determination. . . . . . . . . K.K. Nirula. (Ahs.) - as white leaf vector. C.T. Chen. moth and caterpillar activity. A.J.M. . . . . . . . . . . . Carnegie. (Abs.) nematodes, cane varietal tolerance.

M.M. Aguillera and S. Matsuoka. . control. K.J. Chandler. (Abs.) . . . - in Cuba. J.P. O'Reilly and J.R. . . . . . . . . . . . Perez M. (Ahs.) - Mauritius. J.R. Williams andM. Luc. . Peru. E.E. Carbonell. (Abs.) . . . . - population seasonal fluctuation

and control. K. Singh and S.R. Miua. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . .

pesticide interaction with nitrogen. P.P. Singh and K. Kumar. . . . . .

rat control. B.E. Hitchcock and R.E. . . . . . . . . . . . Kerkwyk. (Abs.) research in Jamaica. Anon. (Abs.) -Mauritius. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . scale insect. J. Etienne. (Abs.) . . . . - - damage t o cane. A.V. Rao and

M.S. Murty. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . .... and control. B.H.K. Rao . . . . - - and mealy bug control. A.H. Shah

e t nl. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . weevil damage and fungal disease. R.

Acosta B. and F.A. Rodriguez. white eruh control. P.R. Moholkar

r t a l . (ABs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 - - distrtbution damage t o cane and

control. G.K. Veeresh. (Abs.) 5 0

INDEX

P W ~ Pests, Cane: white grub and greyback grub

control. W.A.C. Webb. (Abs.) . . . 243 - - wireworm wsistance t o pesticide.

S.A. Hsieh. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 371 - - - in Taiwan. M.Y. Chen and S.T.

Tseng. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 272 wireworm damage and control. A.A.

Matthews. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 243 pH: automatic control. TN) 158

- - diffusion water. M. kogo~sl& . . and Z. Wegrzynowski. (Abs.) 346

beet juice, effect of invert sugar degradation. W. Drewnowska and A. Butwilowicz. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 345

calculation of sugar, massecuite and molasses. N.A. Arkhipovich r f al. 188

cane juice, effect of bactericides. H.G. Ayala r f al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 180

- - - cane extraneous matter. R.P. Scott etal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 348

- - - clarification system. J.C. Gaiofatto and A.T. Sobrinho. Abs) 181

- - - clarifier type. M. Mocitar: : : : 179 .-. frost. 0. Singh and R.S. Kanwar. 359 carbonatation juice optimum, deter-

mination. F.A. Baczek and V.M. Jesic. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . I82 .... N. Sendokmen and0.C. Akyar. 182 - - - e f f ec t on heat and cost savings.

K.E. Reznik and V.D. Vitvit- skii. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

decrease in chopped cane. J.E. lrvine . . . . . and B.L. Legendre. (Abs.) 110 effect on beet juice glutamine

content in evaporation. J. Nedel- kovits and K. Fibiln. (Abs.) 91

- calcium phosphates zeta-potential. R. Fajardo G. and L.D. Bobrovnik.216

-cane juice colloid removal. M. Darias P. and M.C. Ruiz G. (Abs.) 21 5

- raw sugar zeta-potential. D.V. Freeland r f al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 196

-yeast cultivation on cane molasses. P. Hernindez S. and 1. Morrell F. 222

flocculant solution, effect on clarification. G.S. Shephard. (Abs.) 378 . . .

harvested cane juice. J.D. Miller r f a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

sulphitation juice, effect of potass ium lactate. Z.A. Mil'kova r f al. 92

ser also Carbonatation; Clarification and Sulphitation

Philippines: alcohol manufacture (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 ,288 ,384

cane crop damage by storm. (Brev.) 64 - germplasm collection. A.T. Barredo

and T.R. Escober. (Abs.) . . . . . 8 3 -varieties morphology and cytology.

N.S. Diviniagracia and D.A. Ramirez. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 210

- - trials. E.V. Vergara r t al. (Abs.) 5 1 Fletcher and Stewart sugar projects. 194 International Society of Sugar Cane

Technologists, 17th Congress 1980 352 soil magnesium hlease. R.N. Nartea

and V.G. Castro. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 144 sugar statistics. (Stat.) . . . . . . . . 320 trade agreement with China. (Brev.) 319

Phosphatation. S.P. Mishra. (Ahs.) 85 flotation of cane syrup. C.M.

Madrazo. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 215 polysaccharide removal. E.J. Roberts

r ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 refinery melt liquor. M. Matic r t 41. 184

Pipeline: fittings. (TN) 30 . . . . . . . . . Poland: beet campaign starting and

finishing dates. G. Sobczyk. (Abs.) 182 - payment. K. Szczot andH. Jochim. 346 - pests and diseases. M. Kubacka-

Szmidtgal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 276 sugar consumption. (Brev.) . . . . . 384 -exports. (Stat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 223 -industry decline. (Brev.) . . . . . . 95 - - expansion. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . 6 4

Polarimetry : automatic saccharimeters. E. David. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Codex Alimentanus method. Anon. 315 comparison with gas-liquid chromato-

graphy for sucrose determination. Anon. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 ..... M.A. Brokensha r t al. (Abs.) 349 ..... K.J. Schaffler and I.A. Smith. 349 effects of clarifying agent and poly-

saccharides. B. Guzmin. (Abs.) 124 -temperature. A. Emmerich. (Abs) 2 5 high-colour products. A.Y. Zagorul'.

ko r t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Polarimetry : sugars detection in high-pressure

liquid chromatographic systems. . . . . . G.B. Cox and 1.K.O'Neill. 378 srr also Control, Chemical

Polarization measurement srr Polarimetry

Polyelectrolytes see Carbonatation; Clarification and Filtration

Polysaccharides: content in cane juice, effect of flowering. J.C. Salata and . . . . . . . . . L.J. Ferreira. (Abs.) 207 .... frost.0. Singh andR.S. Kanwar. 359 .--- harvesting delay. Anon. (Abs.) 2 1 3 ....-- J.E. Irvine and B.L. Legen- . . . . . . . . . . dre. (Abs.) 110 - in raw sugar, determination. I.F. . . . . Bugaenko and A.I. Lapkin. 347 . --seasonal effects. Anon. (Abs.) 188 effect on cane juice settling. S.C.

Sharma. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . . 180 - - molasses viscosity. Anon. (Abs.) 188 . polarimetry. B. Guzmin. (Abs. 124 floe formation in refined sugar. L.J. . . . . Roberts and M.A. Godshall. 379 - - sugar solution, effect of proteins.

M.A. Godshall and E.J. Roberts. 379 formation in cane juice, effect of

micro-organisms. M.T. Hernindez . . . . . . . . . . . . . r t al. (Abs.) 220 .... yeast. M.T. Hernindez r t al. 219 gum fermentation of sugar. W.P.

Chen rf al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 125 removal from cane juice. M. Darias

P. and M.C. Ruiz G. (Abs.) . . . . . 215 - b y melt phosphatation. M. Matic

r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 - i n refining. E.I. Roberts r f al. . . . 314 see also Dextran and Starch

Portugal: beet sugar factory plans. . . 194 Powdered sugar srr Icing sugar Power: consumption by cane mills,

effectof cane burning. J.P. Lamusse.231 ..... trash. F.A. Fogliata r ta l . . . . 180 -vacuum pans, effect of refinery

computer control. T. Ozeki and . . . . . . . . . . M, Ishida. (Abs,) 314 factor improvement calculation. J.

van Dokkum. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 374 generation, effect of high-pressure

steam utilization. T. Wardhana:. 310 - and fuel consumption in Hawaa.

D. Murata and W. (Abs.) Z1 - heat economy in cane sugar factories.

W. Leibig. (Abs.). ....... 154, 216 - for supply to the public grid. P.J.M.

Rae. (Abs.) ............ 52, 248 - .-. . . . . K.W. Watts r f O1. (Abs.) 343 soil drainage pump requirement

calculation. C, Henkel, (Abs.) , . . supply to sugar factories by external

- : ~ f $ ~ & , " ; ~ $ ~ , " ~ , " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i i 23:; - - and factory equipment erfor

: : EEC green currencies. (NC) . . . . . 162 . sugar. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 - - a n d beet. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . 225 International Sugar Agreement daily

and prevailing prices. (NC) . . . . . 353 New York spot price resumption. 1, 290 raw sugar hedging, E.P, Roy et al, 55 worldsugar.(NC) 2 , 3 3 , 6 6 , 9 8 , 131, 162

193, 225, 257, 289, 322 seralso Payment

Puerto Rico: cane rust. (Brev.) 64, 191 irrigation. A. J. Gonzalez. (Abs.) 206

Pulp, Bagasse: bleaching. Z. Herrera rra l ' (Abs') . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

hemicellulose quality. A.E. el-Ash- mawy r f al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 9 4

manufacture. A.J. Ernst andT.F. Clark. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 j. ,p;l'p;l', . . . . . . . 252 . P.L. GutiPrrez. Abs

- J.J. HOugh and Venter. IZ6 - S.C. Lin. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 221 - E.A. Villavicencio. (Pat - black liquor recovery. d iisieil: ' 28

C. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 93 -mathematical model. R. Suirez R. . . . . and L, Gonzilez P, (Abs.), 9 3 srr also Paper, Bagasse

Pulp, Beet: animal fodder. N.B. Davis and P. Tory. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 282 -. B. Frank. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 221 - - A. Giouzelyianne. Abs ) --A.M. Padais. (Abs.J . : . : : : : : 2;;

page Pulp, Beet: animal fodder. E. Pfeffer. 125 - - Raffinerie Tirlemontoise. (Pat.) 317 -. R. Teissier rf al. (Pat.) . . . . . . . 2 9 betaine determination. G. Steinle

and E. 1,'ischer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 91 drying. J. Malczewski. (Abs.) . . . . 253 -d rum inlet temperature and capac-

. . . ity optimization. H. Huber.. 59 -with gas turbine heat. W.J. Leibig. 282 fluorine determination. P.B. Koster

r t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 mannitol occurrence. J. Caplovic and

F. Rendor (Abs) 57 . . . . . . . . . . pesticide residue determination. P.B.

Koster. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . presses. (TN) 318 - G. Katics. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 381

. . . . . . pressing and drying. (TN) 318 -effect o f diffuser acidification.

J.F.T. Oldfield r fa l . (Abs.) . . . . 279 quantity determination.V.N. Bazlov. 89 texture measurement. R. Vanstallen. 350

Pumps. (TN) ................ 30, 318 M. Pietrzak. (Absd . . . . : : : 345 beet. S. D d e k an J Dyntar 22 - N.D. Khomenko andV.G. Yarmilko. 22

. . . . N.D. Khomenko r f al. (Abs.) 277 carbonatation mud. Z. Kemblowski

r ta l . (Abs.) 312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . power requirements for land drain-

age. C. Henkel. (Abs.). . . . . . . . 15 type and clarification mud filtration.

A.G. Noble and G.A. Brotherton. 344

Raffinose: determination. J. ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cki. (Abs.) 187

effect On crysta'lization. ~ ~ ~ $ ~ ~ ~ : s i r fa l ' (Abs.) . . . . . 58

Raw sugar: colorants. T. Yamane et al. 31 5 . determination by high-pressure

liquid chromatography. N.H. Smith. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

colour drtPrmination and

. J.V. polysacchari6e L6pez-Ofia. Abs cdntb"t; ) &&,n.187 al effects. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 188

dextrose and levulose contents. W.

enzymatic Mauch and removal E. Krause. of starch. (Abs.) S. . . . . BOS? 124 rfol.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

filtrability, effect of dextran. R.P. Fulcher and P.A. Inkerman. (Abs.) 348

grain size analysis in Mauritius. E.C. Vignes. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

hedging. E.P. Roy r ta l . (NB) . . . . 55 high polymers determination and

removal. I.F. Bugaenko and A.I. Lapkin. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Indian standards. A.C. Chatterjee and A'R. (Abs') . . . . . . . 122

micro-0rganismS. R.D. Skole. (Abs.) 380 and centrifugal efficiency.

E. Svoboda and J. Klepal. (Abs.) 217 London (NC) 289 354

. YO'kspotpricerrsumption... .. 1:290 n o n - ~ u g a r ~ zeta-potential and colour

"moval' I)". . . . 196 phenolic acidsidentification. N.H.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paton. Abs) 124 etermmatrOn. M'A' God-

, , S d h ~ ~ i : ~ ~ $ ~ ; s ~ ~ ~ ~ $ i ~ , " ; , p , " n ~ I: . . 379 Diaz r t 01. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 379

refining qualrty. Anon. (Ahs.) 380 . . . . .. W. A'tmburg' (Abs') . . . . . . . 380 - - J.V. L6pez-Oiia. Abs)

and bacteriar devplopmbnt: . 380 N.V. Kostenko and V.Z. Nakhod- . . . . . . . . . . . . . kina. (Abs.) 347

- colour increase. N.V. Kostenko r f 41. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

trace metals determination. K. Tomobe

world and T. markets Nagasaka. in 1979. (Abs.) (Nc) . . . . . . . . . . 315 129 . -Prices (NC).. 2 , 3 3 , 66 ,98 ,131 ,162

193,.225,25?, 289, 322, 353 mr also Afflnatton; Bollmg; Bulk

handling: Bulk storage; Colour;

~~~~yat:sqf.~~~~~h,",:~~~~bf$$~i &:z' Refinery' Refining "'

Reducing sugars: content in stored beet, effect of temperature. R.E. Wyse. (Abr) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- cane juice, effect of bactericides. H.G. A ~ a l a eral. (Abs) . . . . . .

- - - - bore; and rot. h . ~ . da Silva

- -. . and R.S. de Moraes. (Abs.) extraneous matter. R.P. Scott

. . . . . . . . . . eta l . (Abs.) .... . -. .

frost. 0. Singh andR.S. Kanwar. ripeners. A.S. Chacravarti ef al. ..... I. Fernandes r t al. (Abs.)

- carbonatation juice. K.P. Zakharov . . . . . . . . . . . . . r t a l . (Abs.) - - - effect of intermediate liming.

.4.P. Lapin r to l . (Abs.) . . . . . decrease in growing cane. T.T. Yang

and T.S. Hsteh. (Abs.) . . . . . . . determination. B. Slutzkv and A.

Lara. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . - in cane juice, molasses and raw

sugar. I. Diaz rf a1. (Abs.) . . . . . - - molasses. instrument failure.

Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . formation in cane milling, effect of micro-organisms. E. Duarte P. and J.L. P4rez. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . .

ratio t o ash in cane molasses, effect of alcohol. A.D. Robertson. (Abs.)

- sucrose in cane, effect of ripdning: E.J. de A. Leme and R. Scardua. 175

removal by affination. A.P. Kozyav- kin and N.I. Odorod'ko. (Abs.) 2 4

ws~ralso Dextrose. Invert $;ear.' Levulose a n d Sugars

Refined sugar: colorants drtrrminalion by high- ressure l ~ q u i d rhromato- cranhv. R.II. Smnth. (Abs.). . . . . 379

fiitribiiity, effect of drxtrah. R.P. Fulcher and P.A. Inkerman. (Abs.) 348

-USSR. (B;ev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 metals determmation. R. Cormirr

r i a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 moisture and centrifugal efficiency.

E. Svoboda and 1. Kleaal. (Abs.) 2 I 7 proteins d e t ~ r m i n a t i o n . ~ ~ . ~ . GO&-

shall and E.J. Roberts. A b s ) . 379 solution floc formation. h .A: ~<a;ke

e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 4 - - - effect of polysaccharides and

proteins. E.J. Roberts and M.A. . . . . . . . . . Godshall. (Abs.) 379 .. prevention. Anon: (Abs.) . . . . . I 4 4 synthetic medium for yeast activity

measurement. V.M. Golubtsova. 222 SPP also Icing sugar; Liquid sugar;

Sugar; Tablet sugar a n d White sugar Refinery: Amstar Corporation,

Boston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 baeeed sugar conve~ors . . . . . . . . 347

R. Dellinger. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 122 - treatment. K. Akiyama and M.

Okada. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 377 - - sluder drvine. J. Yamana and S.

in Lebanon. (Biev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 7 products pH calculation. N.A.

Arkhiaovieh era l . IAh3.b . . . . . 148

paym<nt. J.V. Loper-Oiia. (Abs.) 1 8 7 Revere Sugar Corporation. . . . . . . 1 3 5 steam trap inspection and mainten-

ancr. K. Nakazato and E. Fuwa. 377 in Sudan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 syrup stainless steel tanks. (Brev.) 3 0

Refining. A.C. Chatterjee and A.R. Bhide. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2

acid floc precursor removal. Anon. 1 8 4 .... M.A. Clarke r to l . (Abs.) . . . . 1 8 4 aids manufacturer receices be en's

Award t o Industry. (Brev.) . . . . . 382 - new UK company formed. (Brev.) 9 6 automatic control. T. Oaeki and

M. Ishida. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . 314 carbo-pbosphatation vs. carbo-

sulehitation. K.K. G u ~ t a e l al. 122 c~arBication scum sugai recovery.

Tate L Lyle Lid. (Pat.) . . . . . . . 285 colour removal with active carhon.

S. Sakamaki and T. Onishi. (Abs.) 122

INDEX

Refining: colour removal, active carbon consumption determination. A. Curbelo S. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . -.-. fixed vs. moving bed. E. Krauss

P. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . - - effect of non-sugars zeta-potential

D.V. Freeland r f a l . . . . . . . . - - ion exchange resin. P. Hoareau

e t al.JAbs.), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . - F. Pol 10 and F X. Mc

Garvey. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . -. . K. Sasaki e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . effect of raw sugar high polymers.

1.F. Bugaenko and A.I. Lapkin. . . . . in India. G.S. Varadan. (Abs.) Japan industry capacity. (Brev.) liquor carbonatation with flocculant

Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... F.M. Runggas. (Abs.) . . . . . . - clarification with flocculants. J.T.

Rundrll and P.R. Pottage. (Pat.) ... J.T. Rundell e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . ... Tate & Lyle Ltd. (Pat.) -filtration. effect of raw s u ~ a r

components. E. Whayman and T.\v. Meredith. (Abs.) . . . . . . . I 8 4

- ion exchange treatment and resin foulinn. F. Maekawa e t al. (Abs.) 377

. . . . . . . . . . 377 . . . . phosphatation. M. Matic e t a l . 184 - preconcentration and boiling house . . . heat balance. R. de 10s Rios. 314 polysaccharide removal. E.J. Roberts

r t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 protein'removal. M.A. Godshall and

E.J. Roberts. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 319 quality of raw sugar. W. Altenburg. 380 ... J.V. L6oez-Oiia. (Abs.) . . . . . 380 Technical ~ b s s i o n on%an/Sugar

Refining Research. . . . . . . . . . 1 3 see also Affination; Bone char; Car-

bon; Active; Ion exchange; Raw sugar a n d Syrup

Refractometers. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . I 8 7 beet diffusion automatic control. ti Windal (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 182

sugars d r t e c l ~ o n In high pwssurr l ~ q u r d chromatography systems. G.B. Cox and 1.K.O'Neill. (Abs.) 378

Riunion: ARTAS 2nd lnternationil Congress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

cane breeding. Anon. (NB) . . . . . 9 0 Reverse osmosis: decoloririne resin

effluent treatment. S. ~ i s f i h a r a and M. Komoto. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 347

Rum: fermented mash analysis by gas-Itquid chromatography. E. Rosado and H. Batiz. (Abs.) . . . . 5 7

Rumanla: beet harvesters. 2. Stanescu and N. Bria. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 1 7

- root aphid. V. Ciochia era l . (Abs.) 1 9 - varieties. 2. Stanescu e l al. (Abs.) 309

. . . . S a i n t Kitts: cane smut. (Brev.) 6 4 sugar production 1978. (Brev.) 3 1

St. Vincent: sugar factory. (Brev.) 7 1 Salvador: Central American Sugar . . . Technologists meeting. (Brev.) 287

Jiboa sugar factory.. . . . . . . . . . 227 Sampling. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

w e also Control, Chemical Saponin determination in sugar. A.

Kurkowska-Mielczarek. (Abs.) . . . 281 Scale: formation in boilers. B.B.

Khochare. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 8 -ef fec t of lime. N.A. da G16ria and

E. da Silva. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 1 8 0 prevention in boilers. E. Frochlich. 2 4 8 removal from juice heaters. effect

of clarification. J.C. Gaiofatto and A.T. Sobrinho. (Abs.). . . . . . . . 1 8 1

Scale, Evaporator: formation monitoring. R. Detavernierrtal. (Abs.) 1 2 3

-reduction. N.E. Chiang e r al. . . . 215 - - by carbonatation juice lime salts

control. W. Uhlenbrock. (Abs.) 2 7 8 - - - pH optimization. K.E. Reznik

and V.D. Vitvitskii. (Abs.) . . . 218 - - clarification with dolomitic lime.

J.M. Zuazua N. (Abs.) . . . . . . 181 removal. P.C. Ivin. (Abs.) . . . . . . 3 7 3 . J.W.V. Lewisr ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . 374

Shredders we Mills, Cane Soil: analysis. ti. Ramchandran.. . . . 338

xix

Soil: analysis for nutrients, and nematode

counts. C. Winner. (Abs.) . . . . . . - - requirements assessment. G. Price. - - and texture. K.V. Joshi. (Abs.) - potassium deficiency diagnosis.

R.P. Humbert. (Abs.) . . . . . . . beet seedbed preparation. G. Spoor. .-. K. Thompson. (Abs.) . . . . . . - - - a n d fertilization effects o n

beet growth. W.C. von Kessrl. boron determination. M.M. Kao and

T.C. Juang. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . cane growth on calcareous soils.

H. Evans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 - trash incorporation. C.M. McAleese. 1 4 - - - for horer control. A. Subramanian

carbonatathn m'ud avolication. . . . : . . . . . . . . Anon. (Abs.) : 252 -. . C Vnrrsri and F A A r m r ~ i 222 - . . - - - - . -. . - - . . -. . - - - -. -. . - - - chemical weed control in beet o n

l i ~ h t soils. F. Mavkuhs. (Abs.) . . . 1 7 7 coGpaction and cane yiel'd. R.'

Rlcaud. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 -wheel vs. crawler tractors. W.W. . . . . . . . . . . . Brixius. (Abs.) 113 condition and herbicide effect o n

beet. E. Dalleinne. (Abs.). . . . . . 1 8 conservation. C.T. wise. ( ~ b s . ) . . . 338 copper drficirncy. E.A. Prmbroke. 14 culttvation, effect o n cane yield. J.

kernandrs r fa l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 112 - machane efftcirncv. S.W.D. Baxler. 114 - minimum tillage &stem. W. Hadlow

and E.W. ~ i l i a r d ; (Abs.) . . . . . 1 0 9 .... P.K.Moberly and P.E.T.Turner.146 -tillage method effect on cane yield

and soil orooerties. A.A. Cam- grande ahd 6 .p . Godoy. (Abs.). . 1 4 7

disinfectant effect on beet. G. Pritoni

.--. A.V. Rudd. (Abs.) . . . . . . . I 5 - and irrigation in Argentina. L.M.

Blaauier r r a l . IAbs.) . . . . . . . 145 - pumd power re iu i redents calcula-

tion. C. Henkel. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 5 -wi th underground tubing. G. Gall- . . . . . . . . . . . . arate. (Abs.) 275 ... L.K. Izatt. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 338 effect on cane iuice turbidity. Anon. 2 1 3 - - leaf Cu. ke. ~n and Zn. ~ :Orlando

and E. Zambello. (Abs. 1 4 - . - nutrnent composltlon. I? b;~anho

e t a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . elements, effect o n cane yield. E.R Beaufils and M.E. Sumncr. (Abs.)

erosion prevention. G. Spec. (Abs.) - in Trinidad. J.E.W. Georges. (Abs.) estimation in cane by ashing. Anon. factors and cane yield decline in

India. G.R. Naik e t al. (Abs.) . . . herbicide residues and degradation.

B.J. Eaton er al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . injection with ethylene, effect o n

beet yield and sugar content. L.J. Francl r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

land utilizationin Australia. A.Hegart) lime application. Anon. (Abs.) . . . - - and potassium availability. D.A.

Cordeiro r r al. (Abs.) . . . . . . - filter-cake and gyps~m'a~pl ica t ion .

O.D. Cur t i se ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . . 207

- effect o n cane leaf amino-acids. G.S.C. Rao and A.P. Gupta. . . .

nitrogen uptake, distribution and metabolism in hert. K. Koch. . . . . -- ~ ~- -~~ .. ~- .--- . .

oxveen content and cane erowth. Y..$. Sheu r t a l . (Abs.) . . . .

- - m Brazil. M.L. ~ a r i n h o and G.A.(

Mryer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . physlcal properties, effect nf mech-

anlcal cane harvesting. S.J. Yang.

INDEX

Soil: salinity effect on beet quality . C .

Mathieu and F.W. Hesse . (Abs . . . cane sett germination . S . Vald)ivia

V . and I . Pinna C . (Abs.) . . . . ... yield and ohotosvnthesis . G.V.

. loshi and^.^. ~ a i k . (Abs.) . . . reduction with calcium chloride .

I.A.C. Gonqalves and A.G. Santos . . . by drainage . S.J. Yang and P.L.

Wang . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . and texture in Peru . J.C. Sevilla G .

water content bnd cane guttation . T.T. Yang and C.T. Chen . (Abs.) . depletion and can? water utiliza-

tion . M.R. Reddy et a1 . 239 -effect on cane varietal yield . D.B.

Hellmann . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . management in Florida . S.F. Sbith

et a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and nitiogen effect on cane flower-

ing . A.I..Allam eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . 109 . source location . L.K. Izatt . (Abs.) 109 -stress effect on smut disease

i n z d r n c c . R.A. ~ai lb<(Abs l IS . tahle depth and hprt yield a n d

quality . C.A. Relchman P I a1 . 18 . uptake by canr roots . G . Kingston . 144 waterlogging and ferttlizer foliar

application . P.K. Rose . (Ahs.) . . . 239 ztnc effect nn cane vleld . T.C. Juane

r t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . w e also Fertilizers; Irrigation and

pests Somalia: sugar expansion plans . . . .

.project . (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorghum: syrup manufacture and

properties . K . Vukov r t a1 . (Abs.) South Africa: activated sludge treat-

ment of waste water . I . Bruijn . . . bagasse board factory closure . . . . . by-products utilization.R.1. Andrews cane agriculture . Anon . (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . .. research . Anon . (NB) . mechanization developments . Anon . . study group recommendations .

Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . .payment . E.J. Buchanan . (Abs.) . smut control . R.A. Bailey . (Abs.) Eldana saccharinn incidence . R.J.

Smaill . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mass rearing and artificial infest-

ation . P.R. Atkinson . (Abs.) herbicide guide . Anon . (NB) . . . . . ittigation application rates . D.B.

Hellmann . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . rainfall . T.G.J. Dyer and J.M. Gosnrll (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

soil phosphate fixation and cane fertilization . J.H. Mever . (Abs.)

sugar exports . (Stat.) : . . : ...... -factory performances . I.P. Lamussr . .. research . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . production 1978179 . (NC) . . . . . . year book 1977.78 . Anon . (NB) Tongaat Group Ltd . annual report

1979 . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain: beet area . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . I and cane growing . E . Lorduy . sugar factory closures . (Brev.) . . . . . industry . F . Lozano B . (Abs.) . aroduction 1978179 . (Brev.) . . . .

S r c ~ a n k a : cane dev6loom&1t khemes sugar vroject . . . . . . . . . . 191

ianks for refinery syrup . (Brev.) 30 Starch: content in cane. effect of

ripeners . A.S. Chacravatti et a1 . 4 8 . . juice. effect of harvesting delay .

Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 213 . stored raw sugar. effect of micro-

organisms . N.V. Kostenko r t aL 2 4 deteimination in raw sugar . I.F. Bug-

aenko and A.I. Lapkin.(Abs.) . . . 347 effect on cane juice clarification .

S.C. Sharma . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 180 .... and refinpry liduor ohosohata-

tion . &on . ( A b s j . . . . . . . . 213 .. .turbidity . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . 213 . refinery Liquor clarification . D.V.

Freeland r t a1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Starch: = u

effect on refinery liquor filtration . E . Whayman and T.W. Mrredith . 184

removal by enzymes from sugar factory products . S . Bose r t a1 . 157

-melt ohosohatation . M . Matic r ta l . I84 statistics: ~ i g e r i a sugar imports . . . 31

Argentina sugar exports . . . . . . . 127 Australia sugar exports . . . . . . . . 223 Belgium sugar imports and exports 192 Brazil surar exaorts . . . . . . . . . . 128 . e

Canada sugar imoorts . . . . . . . . . 237 . . Chile sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Cuba sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Czechoslovakia sugar exports . . . . 255 Dominican Renuhlic r 7

Holland sunat"tmoorts and exoorts 224 . . India sugar ................. 32.288 Indonese sugar imports . . . . . International Sugar Organization

yearbook 1977 (NB) . . . . . . Iran sugar imports . . . . . . . . Japan sugar imports . . . . . . . Madagascar sugar . . . . . . . . . Mauritius sugar . . . . . . . . . . Mexico sugar . . . . . . . . . . . Noway sugar imports . . . . . . Peru sugar exports . . . . . . . . Philippines sugar . . . . . . . . . Poland sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa sugar exoorts . . . South Korea sugar imports and

exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Sudan sugar imports ........ . 2 8 7 . 384 Swaziland sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Taiwan sugar exoorts . . . . . . . . . 159 . . Tanzania sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Thailand sugar exports . . . . . . . . 128 UK sugar imports and exports . . . . 160 US sugar imports . . . . . . . . . . . 190 USSR sugar imports and exports 2 7 0 West lndies sugar . . . . . . . . . . . 191 world sugar production 1978179 62. 189

Steam: balance in a sugar factory . M.K. Hicks . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 120

consumption. effect of evaporator vapour bleeding . B.B. Khochare . 2 0 .. pressure evaporation . T . Wardhana . 310 . in French sugar factories . I .

Ledoux . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 . reduction . S.K. Ghosh . (Abs.) . . . 119

W Leibig (Abs.). 154. 216 .. . . ........ P.I.M. Rao (Abs.) 311 .. . . . . . . . . . .

. . by use of heat pump . A . F6nyes . 89

. . vapour compression . P . Christod- oulou . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 375

. by vacuum pans. effects of refinery computer control . T . Ozeki and M . Ishida . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 314

ejectors . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 . for vapour-gas mixture recirculation

in carbonatation . N . Marignetti and G . Mantovani . (Abs.) . . . . . 88

engine automatic stoppage system . M.K. Biswas and M . Singh . (Abs.) 5 3

flow regulation. parameters calcula- lion . J . Blanc . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 279

pressure optimization in boiling . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

requirements and factory energy self.sufficiency . H.S. Birkett . . . . 215

trap inspection and maintenance in a refinery . K . Nakazato and E . Fuwa . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

turbines . (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 -and compressors . (TN) . . . . . . . 318 .lubricant . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 21 . repairs t o cane mill drive . P.B.

Bargaje . (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . . 53 . 85 see also Boilers; Furnaces, Bagasse;

Heat and Power Storage: bagasse . J.E. Atchison . . . . 252

R Hesch (Pat.) 285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P L6pez G (Abs.) 253 . . . . . . . . . . . .

beet thick juice losses . A.Y. Zagorul'. ko et a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

fuel and solid waste space requirements . F . Kastner . (Abs.). . . . . . 22

icing sugar conditioninp . D . Nahler . 88 molasses invert sugar digcadation .

E.W. Krause . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 281 raw surar colour increase . N.V.

sugar caking and moisfure migration . C.I. Lu er a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 156

W P nlvn Rulk storace ........ ..- . SioiaG; Beet: at Aarberg sugar

factory . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 217

Storage. Beet. . - . .

losses . M . Loller . (Abs.) . . . . . . . I21 . G.F. Tyazhelova . (Abs.) . . . . . . 376 . determination . P . Devillets . (Abs.) 345 -effect of beet weieht . 1 . Zahradnikk

et a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 ..temperature . R.E. Wyse . (Abs.) 307 pile air flow . V.T. Serkin rtal . (Abs . 345 . forced ventilation . T . Balob . (Abs] 88 ... S . Vajna . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 8 8

. ... with freezing air M.Z. Khelemskii et a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9 . . . ... thermodynamics T Baloh 2 3

-fungicide treatment . W.G. Miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rral (Abs.) 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . polar silo (TN) 318

in USSR . V.S. Vvshtak and A.I. Sidorenko . ( ~ b i . ) . . . . . . . . . . 277

Sucrose: derivatives . Tate &Lyle Ltd . 285 determination . I . Dobrzycki . (Abs.) 187 . by gas-liquid chromatography .

Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 .... P.G. Morel du Boil and K.J.

Schaffler . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 378 .... D . Nurok and T.J. Reardon . 58 .... vs . polarization . Anon . (Abs . 187 ..... M.A. Brokensha r t 01 . (Abs) 349 ..... K.J. Schifflrr and I.A. Smith . 349 . by polarization us . enzymatic

method . R . Detavernier r t a1 . 123 esters analysis . R . Cormier et a1 . 381 .synthesis . G.P. Rizzi and H.M.

Tavlor . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . - 2 8 4 hvd&valkvl &her oreoaration . D . . . . . .

Maassen r t a1 . (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . 60 incorporation in resins . C.H. Lin

eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 interaction with metal i ons L .

Poncini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . surfactants . N.S. D'yachmko . . . . 380 inversion catalysis by oxidized

carbons . A.A. Larina and V.G. Aleinikov . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 314 . determination by high pressure

liquid chromatography . M.A. Clarke r t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 379

. in syrup ion e2chakge treatment . V . Maurindi . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 218

kojic acid fermentation . P . Bajpai r t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

solu Ion boiling point elevation . E . g6rka e ta , . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 251 . vapour pressure . V.I. Tuzhilkin

and I.N. Kaganov . (Abs.) . . . . . 57 .viscosity. effect of timpeiature and

concentration . K . Koziol r t a l . 281 w r also Crystallization; Fermentation;

Suear and Suears Sudan: Kenana sugar project . . . . . . 355

sugar imvorts . (Stat.). ...... 287. 384 . projecl.jSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 . schen~r ~ f f~cu l t i e s . (RIPv.) . . . . . 96

Sugar: alcohol fermrntation . H.S. Rlrkett and J.A. I'olack . (Ahr.) 254

analysis . Anon . (Abs.) .......... 315 as chemical feedstock . (TN) . . . . . 318 citric acid fermentation . P.K. Agrawal

etnl . (Ah%.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 . 381 Codex kltmintarius standards for

soft sugar . J.A. Hupfer . (Abs.) . . . 380 colorants fractionatation by high

~ a r p e i o i . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 179 -effect of continuous vs . batch

carbonatation . S.L. Sang r t a1 . 248 . . sulphi.carhonatation . R.S. Dubey . 53 conveying . V . Urban . Abs ) crystal shape. effect o$ de;tr& . ' ' ' 278

M.T. Covacevich r t a1 . (Abs.) . . . 123 ... kestoses . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . 188 crystallization . H.E.C. Powers . (NB) 280 determination in condensate . H .

Zaorska r t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 312 dextran fermentation . N.M. Sheikh

and M . Hossain . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 125 dust separation . 1.1. Prilutskii and

P.A. Lyubarets . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 22 economic pocket book 1978179 . K .

Dankowski et a1 . (NB) . . . . . . . 55 entrainment detection . K.J.Schaffler.378 flow from storaee bins . R.1. Swindells

eta1 . c b s . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 future. K conference . . . . . . . . . 320 gum production by fermentation .

W.P. Chen el a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 125 industrial utilization . M.J. Kort . (NB) 56

Sugar: P a w

Industry Technologists Inc., 1978 meeting Proceedings . (Brev.) 3

... 1979 meeting . . . . . . . . . . . 132 international economic yearbook

and directory. 1978 .Anon . (NB) 55 Ievulose and levan enzymatic prod-

uction . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 low-grade sugar affination. effect of

crystal size and urity . A.P. Kozya- vkin and N.1. ~ f o r o d ' k o . Abs ) 24

manufacture . S . Nikiel . (NBJ . . . . . 280 .economics in US . D.L. Brooke . 119 -effect of cane trash . W.F. Allison . 119 packet palletizer . T.A. Field . (Abs.) 278 pH calculation . N.A. Arkhipovich

era1 . (Absh). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Portuguese Ictlonary . M.P.S.B.

Gon~alves . (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . 186 research in Taiwan . Anon . (NB 280 saponin determination . A . Kurh-

owska.Mielczarek . (Abs.) . . . . . . 281 science and technology . G.G. Birch

and K.J. Parker . (NB) . . . . . . . . 185 small-scale production . . . . . . . . . 236 soft drink turbidity prevention .

Naarden lnternational N.V. (Pat.) 317 s utlon boiling point elevation . E . f i r k a r r a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 251 . carbonatation . K . Bara . (Abs.) 348 . changes in drxtrose:levulose con-

centration ratio . E . Reinefeld

. polysacc'harid> flocculation by prate M.A. Godshall andE.1. Roberts . 379

. purity determination . J . Ponant . 220

. specific heat calculation . J . Dobrzy- cki . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

. viscosity and refractive index, effect of dextran . L . Carrazana rf a l . 57

Spanish-Russian dictionary . J . Moreno P . and J . Lodos . (NB) . . . . . . . . 9 0

tramp iron separation by magnet . D.B. Chinchwade . (Abs.) . . . . . . 53

vitamin A addition . E . Portela r f a1 . 179 water content. effect of affination tem-

perature and crystal size . E.Svoboda and J . Klepal . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 23

-migration and caking . C.J. Lu rf a1 . 156 world balance 1978179 . (NC)

34. 161,225.290 .. 1979180 . (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . 321 . markets in 1979 . (NC) . . . . . . . 129 production 1978179 .

33 62 162 189, 289 .. prospects.dNC) .. [ . . ' .... :(: . . 289 -supply and emand (NC) 3. 130 year book 1977 . Anon . (Abs.) . . . 56 w r also Bulk handling; Crystallization;

Liquid sugar; Polarization; Prices; Raw sugar; Refined suear; Sucroscond White sugar

Sugars: detection in high pressure liquid chromatographic systems .

G.B. Cox and I.K. O'Neill . Abs determination . J . Dobrzycki . [Abs:] ::!: . by gas-liquid chromatography . H .

Schwind e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 379 .... I.E. Sullivan and L.R. Schewe . 58 . high pressure liquid chromatography .

D.C.Huntrfal.(Abs.) . . . . . . 25 ..... H.D. Scobell rf a1 . (Abs . levulose syrups . I.R. West a n d 6 . j .. 2 6

Moskowitz . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 123 . molasses . H . Janshekar and J.R.

Mor . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . by paper chromatography and d m -

sitornrtry . S.N. Karchik rf a1 . . . 26 enzymatic production from bagasse .

. . . . . R.K. Andren r t n l . (Abs.). 350 ... pith . L.H. Wang and Y.C. Kno . 126 esters preparation . V . Prey . (Pat.) 283 iron determination ... Korenaga and .. Takashi . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 348

krstose isomers and sugar crystal . . . . . . elongation . Anon . (Abs.) 188

solution thermodynamics . A.V. . . . . . . Zubchenko r t a1 . (Abs.) 251

. vapour pressure and hydration . V.1. Buravleva r t a1 . (Abs . 25

as sweeteners and chemical f'ec'd: ' ' stocks . G.G. Birch and K.J. Parker . 185

w r also Dextrose; Fermentation;lnvert sugar; Levulose; Polysaccharides; Raff- inose; ReducingsugarsandSucrose

INDEX

Sulphitation: burnt and unburnt cane juice . A.A. Delgado . (Abs.). . . . .

cane juice colour removal . C.S. Lee . carbonatation process . R.S. Dubey . efficiency and white sugar ash

content . N.A. da G16ria r t a1 . . . . juice flow simulation by computer .

C.H. Chen r f a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . large-grained sugar manufacture . S .

Srinivasan and K.N. Pandey . (Abs.) Sulphur dioxide: determination in

molasses . C . Christian? . (Abs.) . . . . white sugar . M . Prasad r t a1 . (Abs .

Swaziland: centrifugals order . (Brevj overhead irrigation . R.P. Humbert . suear factorv oerformances . J.P.

iarnusse . i ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . . . 374 project (Brev.)' 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.statistics . (Stat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Sweden: sugar factory closure . . . . . 32

-production 1978179 . (Brev.) . . . . 190 Switzerland: beet area . (Brev.) . . . . 224

rral.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 stainless steel tanks . Brev ) sucrose. dextrose and ~ c v u i o k h;t;r: 30

mination . P.G. Morel du Boil and K.J. Schaffler . (Abs . b ...... : . . 378

sugars determination y gas l ~ q u ~ d chromatography . J.E. Sullivan and L.R. Schewe . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 58

viscosity. effect of temperature and time . R.C. Sharma . (Abs.) . . . . . 31 1

water determination . H . Schiweck r i a l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1

SPC also Evaporators; Invert sugar; Juice. Beet ;Liquid sugar and Refining

Tablet sugar: dryer . V.A. Zubatov e t a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

wrapping unit . M.E. Balyasnyi and A.F. Livshits . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 24

Taiwan: cane breedine . C.C. Lo . . . . 244 . . with Miscanfhus &rmolasm .

C.C. Lo eta1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 118 . brown spot disease . W.H. Hsieh

and D.S. Twng . (Abs.) . . . . . . 371 van boiling oractices . S.Y. Hsiune . 20 Iugar expo;is 1978 . (Stat.) . . ." . . 159

production 1978(.79 IBr.ev.) 320 . . . . . . .research . Anon . NB) .... 90. 280

Tanks . cleaning equlpmmt . (TN) 30 stainless steel. for refinery syrup . 30

Tan~ania: sugar rxpansiun programme r% . factory destroyrd . (Hrrv.) . . . . . 190 .project . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 352

statistics (Stat.) 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thailand: drought and sugar product-

ion . 1978179 . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . 237 raw sugar bulk handling . (Brev.) . . 96 sugar exports 1978 . (Stat.) . . . . . 128 . situation . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . 64

Togo: sugar complex . (Brev.) . . . . . 31 Trade Notices:

Actuated Controls Ltd . . . . . . . . 30 A.P.V.Co. Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Booker Agriculture lnternational

Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Bowerhill Engineering Ltd . . . . . . 382 Braunschweigische Maschinenbauan- stalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Peter Brotherhood Ltd . . . . . . . . 318 Chemap AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 VEB Chemieanlagenbau Stassfurtl

Kombinat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Cocksedge & Co . Ltd . . . . . . . . . 318 Delaval Turbine GmbH . . . . . . . . 382 Electronic Instruments Ltd . . . . . . 30 Enviro-Clear Division. Amstar Corpor-

ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Ewart Chainbelt Co . Ltd . . . . . 158. 286 Farrel Machinery Group . . . . . . . . 30 Fischer & Porter GmbH . . . . . . . . 382 ... FivesCail Babcock . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Humphreys& Glasgow Ltd . . . . . . 318 Korting International Ltd . . . . . . . 286 Mechanical Handling Engineers'

Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Neptune Chemical Pump Co . . . . . 30 Netzsch Mohno-Pumpen GmbH . 318 Pegler & Louden Ltd . . . . . . . . . 30 Rexnord lnc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Richard Simon &Sons . . . . . . . 30. 382 Simon-Solitec Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . 30

. . . . . . . . . . . . . SPP Grouo Ltd 30 Starcosa ~ m b ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Stord Bartz A/S . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Tate & Lyle Process Technology Ltd .

158 318 Trocknungsanlapn.GmbH . . . . . :318 United Erectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Transport: bagasse . P . L6pez G . . . . 253 beet . Z . Stanescu and N . Bria . . . . . 17

Transport. Cane: analysis and calculation . L.V.B. Genti1andT.C. Ripoli . 114

in Australia . T.G. Fuelling . (Abs.) 340 bin trailer . Anon . (Abs.) . . . . . . . 79, 80

R.B. Newton (Abs.) 80 .. . . . . . . . . . computer simulation . O.S. Libunao . 114 . . O.S. Libunao and R.M. Lantin . 241 Dedini-Toft equipment agreement . 287 economics . A.B. Santos . (Abs.) . . . 305 factory location and average hauling

distance . C.M.R. Draijer . (Abs.) 179 new railway system in Australia . 63 rail truck loading . Anon . Abs ) 79 systems . E . Cerrizuela . ( 6 s . ) .. : : : 79 .design . B.J. Cochran and R.W.

Whitney . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 114 trailer load. effect of cane burning .

J.P. Lamusse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 train dynamics investigation . R.J.

Dullow rf a1 . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 340 . handling automatic control . R .

Diplock and K . Marshall . (Abs.) 373 . proximity sensor . G.F. Pnkallus and

A.K. Roseier . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 340 in T n n ~ d a d . L.P. b o n i w a . (Abs.) . . 114 weight transfer tractor system . H.G.

Poole . (Abs.) . . . . . : . . . . . . . 241 Trinidad: cane transport . L.P.

Donawa . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 114 soil erosion . J.E.W. Georees . IAba.) 147 sugar export quota shor ta l l . (Bib;) -32 -production 1978 . (Brev.) . . . . . . 31

Tubing: stainless steei . (TN) . . . . . 30 Tunisia: sugar expansion . (Brev.) . . . 31 Turbiditv: cane iuicr . effect of cane ...........

P . Scot t r f a1 . 348

cloth . Y.F. Tsyukalo r f a1 . (Abs.) 376 prevention in soft drinks . Naarden

. . . . . . International N.V. (Pat.) 317 refinerv liauor . reduction bv melt

ohosdhatition . M . Matic r i a l . . . . 184 sugar factory products . A . Rodriguez . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r a l . (Abs.) 187

xxi

INDEX

Turbidity: syrup, reduction P a w

by C-melt clarification. N.L.C. Suzor. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 . . . Turkey: sugar expansion. (Brev.) 224 . . . . . production 1978179. (Brev.) 319

Uganda: cane disease resistance trials. M. Simbwa-Bunnya. (Abs.). . . . . 341

sugar factory reconstruction. (Brev.) 336 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:

beet molassessugar content. Y.D. Kot and L.N. Binevskaya. (Abs.) . . . . 346

-payment . G.I. Bereshchuk. (Abs.) 313 .. S.R. Bostanov. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 277 - - A.I. Chekal' and V.V. Pooovich. 277 .. V.M. Karasik ef al. (Abs.j . . . . . 277 .. M.N. Kozlenko. (Abs.) . . . . . . 313 -production 1978 (Brev.) . . . . . . 31 -reception and storage. V S. Vyshtak

and A.1. Sidorenko. (Abs.) . . . . 277 new sugar factories. ( ~ < e v . ) . . . . . . 223 raw sugar storage and deteiioration.

N.V. Kostenko ef al. (Abs.) . . . . 24 refined sugar production. (Brev.) 127 sugar eonsumotion. IBrev.1 . . . . . 384 - d\st separation. 1.1: ~r i lu iski i and

P.A. Lyubarets. (Abs.) . . . . . . 22 - impor ts from the EEC. (Brev.) . . . 223 .. and exports. (Stat.) . . . . . . . . 270 . production 1978. (Brev.) . . . . . . 128

United K i n ~ d o m : A C P suiar"supply consultations. 131 hrer agrauulture. W. Hollowell and

D. Charlesworth. (Abs.) . . . . . . 274 . . .. conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 -mechanization. T.P.J. Dyke. . . . 275 - sugar production 1978179. (NC) 97 -varietal trials. D. Kimber and S.

McCullagb. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 309 Booker Agriculture International

Ltd. activities. (TN) . . . . . . . . . 382 .... project in Papua-New Guinea. 384 Booker McConnell Ltd. 1978report. 194 British Sugar Corporation Ltd.

computer data handling. D.F.A. Horsley and A. Williams. (Abs.) 279 .... molassed pulp marketing. N.B.

Davis and P. Tory. (Abs.) 282 .... Quentin plant. J.F.T. Oldfield

e f a l . ... . ... . ... . .. 103. 138 .... sugar factory performances.

J.F.T. Oldfield e t el. (Abs.) 279 Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. centenary. 318 companies and China sugar industry. 127 company packaging division. (Brev.) 30 computrrized commodity data bank. 255 dust separator order. (Brev.) . . . . . 286 efflurnt treatment confrrence. . . . 287 Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. diversifi-

cation. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 National Spring Beet Demonstration,

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 nematode control. R.A. Dunning

andT.P.1. Dyke.(Abs.). . . . . . . 19 new London raw sugar contract.

354,289 Newark sugar factory modernization

and expansion. F. Robson and M. Flack.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ,72

nitrogen fertilizer dosage rates. G. Hanslip. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Rrnold Grouo c m t m a r v . (Brev.) 158 sugar future, ionferenci. ..... : . . 320 . im orts and e x p o r t s . . ...... 130,160 . intustry expansion. (NC). . . . . . 130 Tat? &Lyle company s Queen's

Award t o Industry. (Brev.) . . . . . 382 ... new company. (Brev.) . . . . . . 96 . --refinery closure. (Brev.) . . . . . 320 . . .... conveyors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 .-.. syrup tanks. (Brev.) . . . . . . . 30 - - -sugar project consultancy con-

tract. (Brev.). . . . . . . . . . . 286 weed contrhl herbicides. N.V.

Turner. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 w e also Eurooi, EEC

United Nations Conference o n Trade and Development: Common Fund for Commodities. (NC) . . . . . . . 161

United States of America: alcohol oroduction from bapasse. 159

Pa#< United States of America:

cane varieties. (Brev. A: . . . . . . . . ,.3: -variety trials. C.A. ]chard ef al. Colorado, high fructose corn syrup

plant. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . , 2 5 6 Commodity Futures Trading Comm-

ission proposals. (NC) . . . . . . . . 322 corn sweetener consumption. (NC) 2 EEC sugar dumping. (Brev.) . . 159,256 Florida, cane growing and sugar

production economics. D.L. Brooke. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

- - r u s t . (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 - - variet~es. G. Kidder and E.R. Rice. 342 -soil manganese availability. G.J.

Gascho e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 110 - - watrr management. S.F. Shih

ef a/. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1 forfeited loan programme sugarsales. 290,

322, 354 Gilmore Louisiana-Florida-Texas-

Hawaii sugar manual 1978. C.M. McKay. (NB). . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0

high f uctose corn syrup licensee. 191 Louisiana, cane breeding. P.H. Dun-

ckelman and S. Nagatomi. (Abs.) 51 .. rust outbreak. (Brev.) . . . . . . . 351 --varieties borer resistance. S.D.

Hensley ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 150 - frost and cane quality. G.J. Durbin. 2 1 -sugar factory closures. (Brev.) 63, 190 Massachusetts. Amstar Boston

New ~ o r k , sporpr ice resumption. 1,290 - - Sugar Trade Laboratory raw sugar

analyses. W. A l t m b u ~ g . (Abs.) 380 raw sugar imports. (Stat.) . . . . . . 190 refinery effluent pollution limita-

tions. R. Dellineer. (Abs.1 . . . . . 122 renewable sourc& of-eneriv confer- -.

ence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 3 1 9 sugar economy study. (Brev.) . . . . 320 - i m p o r t fee. (NC) 33.66, 131, 226,290,

177 --- - imports policy. (NC) 2 - industry and legslation. Anon. 90 - - restructure possibility. (NC) 65 -legislation. (NC) 33, 66, 130, 162, 226,

257,290, 321,353 - - and t h e International Sugar Agree-

ment. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 - l o a n period extensions.. .... 63.354 - -programme for 1979. (NC) 162,226

production 1978. (NC) 98 - . . . . . . . - - cost calculation doubts. (Brrv.) 190

prospects. (NC) 34 - - . . . . . . . . . . Technical Session o n Cane Sugar

Refining Research. . . . . . . . . . 13 Texas, c&e burning. N. Rozeff.. . . 296 - - varietal trials. S.A. Reeves. (Abs.) 5 I - sugar production 1978179. (Brev.) 191 see also Hawaii

Valves: (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 diaphragm. A.F. Kravchuk ef a1. 23 flow regulation. J. Blanc. (Abs.) 279 incondinsable gas removal from

evaporators. F. Zama. (Abs.). . . . 54 Varieties, Beet: crown and root

comoosition. R. Milrtic. (Abs.1 . . 92 drill& x fertilizer t r ia ls in '~"niarv .

- spacing and yield. A. ~ b z u k i rf al. 84 trials in Belgium. N. Roussel e l a/. 309 -Czechoslovakia. L. Schmidt e t al. 309 -Hungary. L. Lukics and I. Zana. 309 . India. L. Bishnoi e t a l . (Abs.) . . . 246 - Rumania. Z. Stanescu ef al. A b s ) 309 - UK. D. Kimber and S. McCu(lagh. 309 -West Germanv. A. von Muller. 309 see also Beet bieeding

Varieties, Cane: adoption in Australia. C.W. Chardon ef a/. (Abs.) . . . . . 342

bibliography. M.P.S.B. Gongalves. 186 borer oviposition. G.T. Lim and Y.C.

Pan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 -resistance. N. Macedo ef al. (Abs.) 208 - - Y.S. Pan and S.L. Yang. (Abs.) 150 - - in Louisiana. S.D. Hensley er al. 150

xxii

in India. ( ~ r i v . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 . K.C. Rao. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . 304 in Jamaica. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 372 juice volume reduction, effect of

flowering. J.C. Salata and L.J. Ferreira. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 207

leaf Cu, Fc,Mn and Zn, effect of soil type. J. Orlando and E. Za bello. 14

- nutrient status and fertilizers. 1. Orlando ef al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 112

in Mauritius. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 117 N 11. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 372 nematode tolerance. M.M. Aguillera

and S. Matsuoka. (Abs.) . . . . . . 273 nitrogen interaction o n leaf growth.

E.L. Rosario e t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . 147 -response differences. J.P. Patilefal. 238 nitrogenas? activity. A.P. Ruschel

and R. Ruschel. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 206 phenotypic stability in Brazil. R.

Ruschel. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 210 - - effect o n yield. J.A. Mariottiefal. 83 Philippines, cytology and morphology.

N.S. Diviniagracia and D.A. Ram- irez. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

post-harvest deterioration. J.D. Miller e r a / . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

proline content and drought resistance. K.C. Rao and S. Asokan. 244

Q 83 infection by mosaic. A.L. Fors. 273 Q 96. H.L. Boyle. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 244 red ro t reac~ions. K.K. Prasadarao rf al.hAbs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 ... M. S a r m ~ and M.A. Rao. . . . 50 rind disease resistance. H.P.Liu er al. 115 Saccharurn and Miscanthus species

cytology. L.M. Englr ef a/. (Abs.) 153 smut resistance. K.C. Alexander. 341 - - M.L.R. Duarte and H. Tokeshi. 116 .. G.R. Singh. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 243 - - S. Vir and M.S. Behniwal. (Abs.) 273

-A.M. Whittle. (Abs.) 341 - . . . . . . . . sugar recovery estimation by small-

scale milling. G. Arceneaux. . . . . 369 suitability for gur production. S.

Thangavelu and K. Sundaresan. 238 sunlight utilization efficiency and

yield. N. Shimabuku and K. Higa. 153 trials in Cuba. R. Diaz M. era l . 244 - Philippines. E.V. Vergara ef al. 51 -US. S.A. Reeves. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 51

C.A. Richard ef al. (Abs.) 342 - - . . . . . in US. 6 Brev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 32 - G. Ki d r r and E.R. Rlce. (Abs.) 342 yellow spot susceptibility. C. Ricaud

e f al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

INDEX

Varirtirs, Cane: . -

yields, effect of soil moisture. D.B. Hellmann. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 146

- - wide furrow olantinn. C. Richard. 368 SPP also Canr bierding"

Vrnrzuela: sugar expansion plans. 319 -imports. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Vinassr see Distillery waste Viscosity: beet molasses, effect of

nucleosides. N.V. Rrmeslo r t a l . 281 cane molasses. E.R. Fleitrs and C.

Gonzllrz. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 219 . - effect of massecuite surface- active additives. 1. Lodos and 1. Diaz. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . I 8 0

- - and massecuite, effect of dextran. G.L. Geronimos and P.F. Grem- firld. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 - - and syrup, effrct of temperature

and time. R.C. Sharma. (Abs.) 311 effect n molassesexhaustion. Anon. 188 -.. P. Devillers r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . 26 reduction in boiling. R. Sivaraman

and S.C. Ray. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 52 sucrose solution, rffect of tempera-

ure and concentration. K. Koziol r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

sugar solution, effect of dextran. L. Carrazana r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 57

P a 8 Water Waste:

beet'trasb press water analysis . . . and disposal. P. Mathismoen. 221

cane cleaning effluent and boiler ash water treatment. L. Engrl. (Abs.) 179

...... dissolved oxygen meter. (TN) 30 - - as quality indicator. J.C.P. Chen. 21 flume-wash water losses. G.F. Tyazh-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . elova. (Abs.) 376 - - - pH and soil sedimentation. H. . . . . . . . Dabrowski. (Abs.) 345 pondioss reductibn. J.P. Lescure . . . . . . . and P. Bourlet. (Abs.). 121 press water quantity calculation. . . . . . . . . . V.N. Bazlov. (Abs.) 89 - - susaended solids removal bv hvdro- . .

cyclone. Anon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 213 solids separation. S. Marie-Jeanne. 155 treatment with activated sludge. K.

Akiyama and M. Okada. (Abs.) . . 377 . . . . . . . . . .-. 1. Bruijn. (Abs.) 154

- - - D.E. Simoson and I. Hrmms. 374 - in ~ustral ia : R.R. Bathgate r t al. 156 - by fermentation. Anon. (Abs.) 218 . . . . . . . . .. C. Kaiser r tnl . (Abs.) 282 - - J.P. Lescure and P. Bourlet. 121 - in France. J.P. Vellaud. (Abs.) 249 - international conference. IBrev.) 287

. . ...... . study award. (Brev.) : 384 US rrknrry poilutiori limitations. . . . . . . . . . R. Drllinger. (Abs.) 122

Wax, Can : analysis. B.Y. Rao r t al. 254 determination in raw suear. 1.F.

Bugaenko and A.I. ~ a p i t m . (Abs.) 347 hydrogenation. S.C. Ray and P.F.

Jain.(Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 recovery from filter cake. Anon. 125

. . . . . . . . . ... A.W. Lake. (Pat.) 29 Weather: drought effect on beet weed

control on liaht soils. F. Maykuhs. 177 - resistance an3 cane proline cbntmt.

K.C. Rao andS. Asokan. (Abs.) 244 - resistant variety. K.K.P. Rao pt ol. 83 . in Thailand. IBrev.) . . . . . . . . . 237 effeEt on beet'hgar'content, P.S. . . . . Bhatnagar and B. RaJ. (Abs.) 84 ... D. Bourdon. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 376 - - - A.I. Chekal' and V.V. Popovich. 277 - cane borer population. P.S.M.

Botrlho r t al. Abs ) - - growth and Diot&yIItirsl;. U:S. . 208 . . . . . . . . . . . -Singb. (Abi.) 338 - froghopper population. M.K. El- . . . . . . . . . . . Kadi. (Abs.) , 2 0 8 - - - A. de C. Mendes r t al. (Abs.) 208 - herbicide effectivmess. w'.R. '

Schiiufele and C. Winnter. (Abs.) 245 - ripening. D.P. Gowing and N. . . . . . . . . Baniabbassi. (Abs.) 148 - vrllow soot incidence. C. Ricaud. 341 flbod damage in Jamaica. (Brev.) 287

. . . -effect on cane. D.W. Beattie 78 frost, cane damage effect assrssment

by juice acidity measurement. F.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . Martin. (Abs.) 124 - - -protection. R.S. Kanwar. (Abs.) 369 - - f ibre effects. V.H. Chiappino. 281 - -juice constituents changes. 0. . . . . . Singh and R.S. Kanwar 359 - - quality effects in the U.S. G.1.

Durbin. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 - - varktd re&takce. 0. Brinholi

r t 81. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 .... R. Cesnik r t a l . (Abs.) . . . . 16, 210 . -. . S.D. Fasihirt al. (Abs.) . . . . 244 .... J.E. Irvine. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 152 - - - - R.E. Sloan and R.H.Farquhar. 342 -effect on beet quality. M. Loilier. 121 hailstorm defoliation and nitrogen

effects on beet yield. D.J. Traieller . . . . . . . and S.M. Bosma. (Abs.) 307 hurricane damage in Dominican . . . . . . . . . . Reaublic. IBrev.) 383 rainfall and'cane ;vapotranspiration

mathematical modelling. A.C. Early.146 - effect on cane yield. F.A. Fogliata . . . . . and C.A. Gargiulo. (Abs.) 146 - - nitroeen influence on bret vield.

- - suear oroduction in l a aica. 384 - in ~ b t h Africa. T.G.I. Dyer and

J.M. Gosnell. (Abs. : ...... : . . 368 storm damag~ in the hl l~pp~nes 64 wind erosion orrventlon in bret

. . . . . . . soils. G. Hatislip. (Abs.) 177

page . . Weeds: abandonrd cane. J. Wright. 78

blady grass as leaf scald host. Anon. 82 boltid-beet elimination. W. Perownr . . . . . and P. Longdm. (Abs.) 178.274 . . . . . . . ... A. Vigoureux. (Abs.) 245 . . . chemical control. Anon. (Abs.) 177 ......... .. A. Alvrs pr al. (Abs.) 112 - - J.M. BelienandJ.F.Salembier. 18, 211 .. A.C. Bhalerao r ta l . (Abs.) . . . . 18 .. W. Bray. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 178 .. J.D. Chougule r t al. (Abs.) . . . . 238

. . . .. G. Ebers and R. Wiistemann. 17 . . . . . . . . . .. D. Kirstrn. (Abs.) 17 . . . .. V.I. Kolesnikov r t al. (Abs.) 238

. . . . . . .. L.F.G. Mclntyre. (Abs.) 144 . . . . . . . . .. S.A. Reeves. (Abs.) 146 - - F.E. Richardson. (Abs. 145 - - W.R. Schiufele and C. ki':mn;~ ' .245

. . . . . . . . . . . ... G. Beckrr. (Abs.) 177 - - - M.Y. Cben and Y.T. Hsu. Abs) 271 - - - J. Everitt and I . Louw. (As . ) ' 369 - - - J. van der W. Jooste r t al. (Abs.) 339 - - - aetivitv. effect of surfactants. . . . . . . . . H.J. i'eh. (Abs.). 206 - - -aerial application. C.A. Lang. 339 - - - application by irrigation sprinklrr. . . . . . . . . . Anon. (Abs.) . 2 4 5 - - - degradation. B.J. Eaton e t al. 11 1 - - - rffect on beet. E. Dalleinnr. 18

..... . . . . G. Pritoni r t a11 (Abs.) 245

..... com osition. T. Banaszkiewicz a n l ~ . Kozaczrnko. IAbs.) 211

R.J. Heckrr and E.G . . . . . . .

--.. Ruppel. (Abs.) 276 . . . on cane. H.J. Yeb. (Abs.) 238

. . . . . . . . ... guide. Anon. (NB) 90 - - - miseibilitv. M. Kubacka-Szmidt-

dextrose and levulo& contents. W. Mauch and I:. Krause. (Abs.). . . . 124

dryer/cooler. A.A. Dmytryuk ~ t s l . 22 A.F. Zahorsin rr ol (Abs.) 54 .. . . . .

elrctrlcal resistance mra\urrmrnt. A.M. Kostenyuk r t a l . (Abs.) . . . 281

INDEX

White sugar: Paw

evaluation. 1. Dobrzycki. (Abs.) 187 grist determination. G. R e n s (Abs.) 251 large grain production. S. Srinivasan . . . . . . and K.N. Pandey. (Abs.) 85 quality, e m c t of cane jurce trrat-

m m t . C.S. Lee. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 180 silica determination. P. Drvillers

r t (11. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . storage, effect of boiling. V. Maur-

andi. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . - silo in Egypt. (Brev.) . . . . . . . . - - w a l l protective lining. P. Godulla

rr al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . sulphur dioxide determination. M.

Prasad et al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . water determination. H. Schiweck

r ta l . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . world markets in 1979. (NC) - prices. (NC) 2, 33, 66, 98, 131,

193, 225, 257, 289, 322, Re also Icing sugar. Refined sugar;

Sugar and Tablet kugar World: sugar balance 1978179. (NC)

34, 161, 225, - - 1979180. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . . - industry expansion plans. H. . . . . . . . . . . . Ahlfeld. ( N B ) . . market, 1979. (NC) . . . . . . . . .

. . -. sugar market, effect of HFCS. (NC)

effect of HFCS. (NC) . . . . . . . -prices. (NC) 2, 33, 66, 98, 131,

193. 225, 257, 289, 322, - production 1978179.

33, 62, 162, 189, - - prosprcts. NC) - supply and demand. ilrid). : : : : : .... balance. (NC) . . . . . . . . . . w r also International

Yeast: animal fodder. L.D. Il ' inart al. 222 S.T. Kale. (Abs.) 254 - - . . . . . . . . . . A. Madi r f al. (Abs.) 27 - - . . . . . . . .

- - projrct in Cuba. 0. Almazln del 0. and A. Roca G. (Abs.) . . . . . , 2 2 2

ash determination. G. NGiiez T. and C. Diaz de A. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 58

cultivation o n beet molasses. V.N. Shvets r t al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 282 - - -effect of decolorization. V.N.

.... dissolved oxygen concentration. T. MiSkirwicz and W. LrSniak. 94

....... T. MiSkirwicz ~ t n l . (Ah..) 9 4 - cane molasses. P. ~;in-B"d;z's?'

and I. Morrell F. (Abs.) . . . . . . 222 - - - P. Hernindez S. e f al. (Abs.) 59

Yeast, cultivation o n cane molasses . . . . . . . . M.S. lyrngar. (Abs.) . . . . ... K. Mannivannan. (Abs.)

L.H. Wang e ta l . (Abs.) - - - . . . . . . . . . ... Kenya project. (Brev.) extract kojic acid fermentation. P.

Bajpai e f al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . plant in Cuba. (Brrv.) . . . . . . . - operation economics. I. Morrell F

et 01. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . ribonucleic acid and nicotinamide

adenine dinuclrotide production. M.C. Hsie. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

sugar loss in cane juice. M.T. Hem- Bndez et al. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

w e also Alcohol; Animal fodder and Micro-organisms

(ugoslavia: Lysine plant. (Brev.) . . new sugar factory. (Brrv.) . . . . . Osijek sugar factory carbonatation

process. K. Vojin. (Abs.) . . . . . sugar exports possibility. (Brev.) . . . . industry expansion. (Brrv.)

zaire: sugar project. (Brev.) . . . . .237 Cambia: sugar export plans postponed. 63 Cuckenvirtschaftliches Taschenbuch

1978179. K. Dankowski r f aL (NB) 55

INDEX NAMES

Abazyan, G.A. Sugar dust separator. Abbott, J.L., see Johnson, G.V. Abd-Elrazik A.A sea Higgy A.M ~ h d y k e r i m d v A.&. see ~ h v g t s V:N. Abo-Shady, k., see bl-dayed, MIA. Abraham C.J. Vacuum pan. Abs.) Abram, J:C. and Bennett, MA.

Temperatue effect o n bone char structure and decolorizing capacit]

Abreu, C., J., see Brito M., J. Abreu G., J.R. Cane mill feeding.

and Polonik V. Dynamic modelling of a cane mill. (Abs.) . . . . .

et al. Cane mill feeding.(Abs.) . . . Abu-Zeid, M.O. and Mansi, M.G.

Optimum plot size for cane yield trials. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acconi, C.A. and Vaccari. G. Water determination in molasses and

liquid sugar. (Abs. .... and Zama, F. Distill'er; wait; 251

treatment. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 93 see also Mantovani, G. and

Vaccari, G. Acosta B. R. and Rodriguez F A .

Cane wekvil damage and fur& diseases. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Adamenko, E.S., sea Vitkovskaya, V.A.

Agarwal, M.L. Cane production cost minimization. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 15 and Dua, S.P. Distillery waste a s

fertilizer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 254 ef a/ . Azotobacter culture effect

o n cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 204 Agnihotri, V.P. arid S h g h K. Cane

disease symptoms and cdntro~. . . . 8 1 ef al. Red ro t transmission. . . . . . 263

Agosti. T. Deeu cultivation and liquid fertilizer effect o n beet yield. 245

Agrawal, G.D. Furfural and protein manufacture from bagasse. (Abs.) . 94

Aarawal. M.L. and Pandev. R.N. Pert incidence in vlant cane a"dratoo& 243

Agrawal, N., ske Srivastava, V.K. Agrawal P.K and Viswanathan L.

Citric acid iermentation. ( ~ b s . j . . . 93 e t aL Citric acid fermentation. 94. 381 see also Bajpai. P.

Aguinaldo, J.T. ~ i s h r o o m mycelium propagation o n vinasse and fane

molasses. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Ahlfeld. H. World suzar industrv -- - ----

expansion plans. (NB) . . . . . . . . 55 Ajri, I1.S. Early shoot borer, leaf-

hopper, scale insect and white grub control. (Abs 2 . . ..,......... 50

Akiyama, K. an Okada M Refmery effluent treatment. (Abs.) . . . . . . 377

Akyar, O.C., see Sendokmen. N. Alam, S.M. "Unigrator" performance. 85 Alba, A.C., see Rodriguez, L.B. A!buquerque, G.A.C., see Marinho,

M.L. Alegret R., M.. see Conzilez C.. L. Aleinikov V G. see Larina, A.A. Alemin, d. &d Portal, G

Distallation column trav efficiencies. (Abs.). 1. . . . . . . . 222

Alexander, A.G. and Biddul~h. O. Cane photosynthesis a t difierbnt

wavelengths. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 148 Alexander, K.C. Cane smut resis-

tance testing. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 341 and David, H.C. Cane vest and

disease control by agronomic practices. Abs )

and Ramakrisina", i(.'dini .%it ' . . . . .spore germination. (Abs.) Alincastre, C. Colombia sugar

industry (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Alison, M., see Chardon, C.W. Allain, C.V. Cane planter. (Pat.) . . Allam, A.I. Cane varieties and yield

in Egypt. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . ef aL Cane flowering and breeding

in Egypt. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . - Soil nitrogen and water effect o n

cane flowering. (Abs.) . . . . . . Allaway. R.A. and Barnes, N.H.

Factory maintenance. (Abs.) . . . Allen J.R., see Broadfoot R. ~ l l i s d n , W.F. Cane payme;lt. (Abs.)

Effect of cane trash on sugar recovery. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . .

Almada. G.H.. s e Mariotti. J.A. page

~ l m a z i n del 0.. 0. Cane by-vrod- ucts utilization as animal fodder. 252 and Roca G., A. Animal fodder

oroiect in Cuba. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 222 ~ l ; n & , F. Red ro t iransmission. 341 Alonso, O., see Tambosco, N. Altenburg, W. Raw sugar analyses

at New York Sugar Trade Lab- oratory. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Alves. A.S. eta l . Chemical weed control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 - Ripener effect o n cane juice

quality. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 174 see also Azzi, G.M.

Alves. E.. see Castro. P.R.C. ~ m e s , R.'R., see ~ i l e s , W.G. Amin, M.H., see El-Sherif, A.F.H. Anderez V., M. Cane research in

Cuba. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Anderson. F.N. and Peterson. G.A.

~ h o s v h a t e vlacement and beet uptake. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . .275

Anderson, R., see Nossier, M. Andren, R.K. er aL Enzymatic

saccharification of bagasse. (Abs.) 350 Andres. H. et al. ~ectt<determin- '

reoair. modernization and adiust-

swamy, A.P..' '

Appleton, J.M., see Teakle, D.S. Arbizrani, A. and Laghi, P. Freezing

effect o n beet brei analysis. (Abs.) 220 Arceneaux. G. Cane breedinn. (Abs.) 83

Estimation of cane sugar reeoiery. and losses caused by cane borers. 369

Archibald, R. and Mack, C. Entrainment seoarator. fAbs.1. . . . 374 s e also Lewis, ~ . w . v .

. ,

Ardashev, V.A., see Matvienko, B.A. Arevalo, C.G., see Mariotti, J.A. Arivalo, R.A. Chemical weed

control in Argentina. (Abs.) . . . . . et 01. Weed competition for cane

in Argentina. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . Arias de F., E., see Sampietro, A.R. Arkhioovich. N.A. eta ! . Factorv and

refinery products pH cakulatibn. - Processing of beet pieces. (Abs.) see also Remeslo, N.V.

Armbruster, F.C. e t a l . Dextrose isomerase. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . .

Arnold, M.H: ~ e ; t breeding. . . . . . Arroyave, G., see Portela, E. Artiles S., J., see Morrell F., I. Arya, P.S. and Saini, S.S. Beet

cultivation in India. (Abs.) . . . . . . Asai. H.. see Yamane. T. ~ s o k a n ; ~ . , see Rao, K.C. Aspillaga, J., see Saldarriaga A,, S. Atchison, I.E. Fuel value of

bagasse. (Abs.). ............ 125. Atchutaramarao. M.. see

Prasadarao, K.K. '

Atkinson, P.R. Mass rearing and artifical infestation of Eldana

saccharins. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . Sedge as borer host. (Abs.) . . . . .

Autrey, J.C., see Ricaud, C. Avasthy. P.N. Cane vests and disease

- ~ a i e juice extraction in laboratory mill. (Abs.) . . . . .

see also Fogliata, F.A. Avre. G.L. and Semok. R.B.

?ethnops myopaefb&b trapping. Azeredo, D.F., see Manhbs , M.S. +i, G.M. et 01. Cane ripening with

Polaris". (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . see also ~l ;es . A.S. and

Fernandes, J.

Bacchi, O.O.S. and Sousa, J.A.G.C. Minimum temperature requirement

for cane growth. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 175 see also Nova, N.A.V.

Bachchhav, M.B. Sphacelotheca schweinfurthiana in India. (Abs.) 306 ef nl. Cane rust control. (Abs.) . . . 341

Baczek, F.A. and Jesic, V.M. Pare

Optimum carbonatation alkalinity and pH determination. Abs )

Baghestani, M. Beet agncu\turi ' ' ' costs in Iran. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 17

Bahulekar, V.G. Sugar factory condensate reutilization and

water consumption. (Abs.) . . . . . 31 1 Bailey, R.A. Cane smut control in

South Africa. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 149 Effect of ratoon stunting treat-

ment o n cane smut incidence. 11 5 Leaf scald and smut association 341

Bains, B.S., see Sharma. H.L. Baizhienov, E.G., see Serkin, V.T. Bajpai, P. etol. Clarification effect

on koiic acid manufacture from cane molasses. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 93 - Kojic acid manufacture from

yeast extract. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 93 Balachandran, G., see Chandappa, N. Ballesteros H.. R.. see Abreu G.. J. Baloh. T. ~ e e i storage thermo-

dynamics. (Abs.). .......... 23.88 Balyasnyi, M.E. and Livshits, A.F.

Tablet sugar wrapping machine. 24 Banaszkiewicz. T. and Kozaezenko.

H Herbicide effect o n beet '

Bara. K. SU& solution carbon atation. (xbs.). . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Barba, R.C. ef al. Cane tissue culture. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Barbin, D., rze Valsechi, 0. Bargale, P.B. Cane mill turbine

repairs. (Abs.) ............. 53, 85 Barker, P:E. ef a/ . Dextran hydro-

lysate continuous fractionation. 282 Barnes. M.G.. s e Westfall. D.G. Barnes; N.H.; &e ~ l l s w i y : R.A. Barredo, A.T. and Escober, T.R.

Cane germplasm collection in the Philippines. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 83

Barrett. J.H. and Clemens. D.H. Suaar solution decolorization. (Pat.) 285

K. Character inheritance in cane. 153 Bathgate, R.R. et al. Waste water

ourification. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 156 ~'a t t s ta . L.F.. ske co'rdeiro. D.A. Batiz, H., see Rosado, E.

.

Bavaskar, V.S., see Patil, J.P. Bawasakar, V.S. etn l . Filter cake

auulication as fertilizer. (Abs.) . . . 240 see olso Patil, S.P. '

Baxter, S.W.D. Mechanical soil cultivation efficiency. (Abs.) . . . . 114

Bayer AG. Herbicide. ( I

see also Maassen. D. Bazhal, I.G., see reb bin, L.I. Bazlov, V.N. Beet pulp and press

water quantities determination. 89 Bazynski. L. Coke quality effect

o n Lime kiln performance. (Abs.) 346 Beattie, D.W. Flooding and

drainage inadequacy effects o n cane. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Beaubois, G. Bulk sugar silos (Abs.) 311 Beaufils. E.R. and Sumner. M.E.

Effect of soil elements on cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Bechet, G.R. Pineapple disease control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Becker, G. Beet spraying with insecticides. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 247 "Goltix" herbicide. (Abs.) . . . . . . 177

Becker & van Hullen Nieder- rheinischc Maschinenfahrik. see Hesch. R ; ~ ~ - - ~ - ~'

Bednarski, S. Plate-type settlers. 182 Behl, K.L., see Bishnoi, L., Narwal,

S.S. and Singh, K. Behniwal, M.S., see Vir, S. Beiss, U., s e Biircky, K. Bekker, A.M., see Zubatov, V.A. Belenko, A.P., see Tsyukalo, Y.F. Belien, J.M. and Salembier, J.F.

Chemical weed control. (Abs.) 18. 211 Belnk, V.G. a n d ~ h c h e r b a k b v . ~ : ~ . '

Heetslicerspredoptimization. . . . 23 Rellaharba. F. tactory solid waste quantity and treatment. (Abs.) 218

INDEX

Belolipetskii, B.I. see Mil'kova, Z.A. page

Joh. A. Benckiser GmbH, see Hustede, H.

Benda, G.T.A. Cane bud germination inhibition by leaf sheaths. (Abs.) I48

and Ricaud, C. Cane disease control by sett heat treatment . . . 150

Benez, S.H., see de Souza, L.G. and Piedade, C.

Bennett, F.D. Cane borer parasites. 150 Bennett, M.C. e t al. Syrup clarifica-

tion with flocculant. (Abs.) . . . . . 179 see also Abram, J.C.

. . Benz, L.C. see Reichman, G.A.

Bereshchuk, G.I. Beet payment in USSR. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Beringer. G.. see Bindel. F. Berti-Filho, E., see Gallo, D. Bhalerao, A.C. ef al. Weed control

with "Nitrofen". (Abs.) . . . . . . . 18 see also Karve A.D. and Singh O.P.

Bhargava, K.S. h a l . ~ l t e r n a t i v d mosaic host. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 306

Bhatia, N.L., see Bishnoi, L. and Sinsh. K. - - ~ ~ - -. ---

Bhatnagar P.K. see Khan Q.Q. ~ h a t n a a a r : P.S. and ant.'^.^.

Agronomic practices fo; high beet yield and quality. (Abs.

and Raj, B. Gibberellic acid effect. ' . o n beet yield and suear content. . - Weathei and agronomy effects

on beet quality. (Abs.) . . . . . . see also Tewari, S.K.

Bhatt C.S. see Agrawal P.K. Bhatt: l.p.,'see Shah, ~ . k . Bhide, A.R., see Chatterjee, A.C. Bhosale, V.R.R. ef al. Indian factory

equipment modifications and ycformalcq. (Absa . . . . . . . . .

B ulyan, T A . see han.A.M.H.R. Bichsel, S.E. Liquid suga~manufacture by thickjuice ion exchange treatment

Bickle, R.E. and Moir, M.K . Bagasse furnace ooeration oroblems IAhs.)

Biddulph, 0.. see ~ i e x a n d e r l A,&.--' Binevskaya, L.N., see Kot, Y.D. Birch, G.G. and Parker, K.J. Sugar: science and technology. (NB) . . . .

Blrch R.G. sep Trakle D.S. ~ i r k e i t , ~ . d . ~ v a o o r a t d r . juice

heater and pan dimensiohs. (Abs.) and Polack, J.A. Alcohol

fermentation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . Bishnoi. L. e t nl. Beet varietal trials ..........

in India. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . Biswas, M.K. and Singh. M. Auto-

matic engine stoppage system. (Abs.) Bittencourt, V.C., see Cordeiro, D.A. Blackbume. I.D. e t 01. Cnne mill , ............... -. journal lubricants. (Abs.) . . . . . .

Blake, J.D. and McNeil. K.E. Alcohol content in cane sugar factory

products. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Blanc, J. Parameters calculation for

flow regulation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 279 Blanco C.. G.. see Ocamoo S.. G. Blaquier, L.M.. e t al. irrigation. (Abs.) 145 Bleijenberg, C.C., see van der Poel,

P.W. Bleyenberg, C.C. e f a l . Sugar factory

laboratory comouter aoolication. 313

Bogdanchikova, V.S., see hromkov- skii, A.I.

Boiko, E.S., see Zagorul'ko A.Y. Bond. R.S. Cane seedline v b l d as

a selection guide ( ~ b s " ' - - - -- 118 Bondarenko, and hi)arui,iienid. M.A. Evaporator juice Brix regulator.' 87

Bormann H. see Maassen D. Bose. P.I(. ln(creasine fertiiizer

. . . . effectiveness. ( ~ b s : ) . .-:-I-. 239 see also Thakur, K.

Bose, S. e f 01. Enzymatic starch removal from sugar factory

oroducts. IAbs.) . . . . . . . . Bosma, S . ~ . ; s e e carter, 1.N: Bosnjak, M. Clarifier. (Pat.) . . . Bostanov, S.R. Beet payment in

USSR. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . .

Botelho, P.S.M. e t al. Weather effect page

o n moth borer population. (Abs.) 208 see also Macedo, N. and Mendes, A d e r ' - - . - - - .

Botger. -. Nematode cyst counting '

insoil. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Bourdon, D. Beet sampling. (Abs.) 376 Bourlet, P., see Lescure, J.P. Boyle, H.L. Q 96 cane variety. (Abs.) 244 Bramm, A. and Sommer, C. Drip

vs. overhead irrigation and beet yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Brannan, M.A.. see Clarke, M.A. Brassette, D.I. Cane harvester

topper. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 and Duncan, R.A. Cane harvester

topper. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Braud, H.J., see Yang, S.M. Braun, F.J. Drip vs. overhead irrigation

and beet yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 274 Braunschweigische Maschinen-

bauanstalt. Continuous centrifugal. 317 Tower diffuser. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . 316 see nlso Schaper;H. '

Bravo L., D., see Ayala, H.G. and Fogliata, F.A.

Bray, W. Chemical weed control. Breaux. R.D. and Koike. H. Cane breeding for mosaic resistance.

Brenman, S.A., see Kostenko, N.V. Bria, N., see Clotan, G. and

Stanescu, Z. Brieger, F. Cane varieties in Brazil.

Vinasse utilization as fertilizer. Brinholi, 0. ef al. Cane varietal frost

resistance. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Brinkmann, W., see Umari, M. Brzto M., J. and Abreu C., J. Cane

harvester trash separation. (Abs.) Brixius, W.W. Wheel vs. crawler

tractor comparison. (Abs.) 113, Broadfoot, R. and Allen, J.R.

Continuous boiling. (Abs.) . . . . . . and Wright, P.G. Low-grade

continuous boiling. (Abs.) . . . . . see nlso Wright, P.G.

Brobst, K.M., see Scobell, H.D. Brokensha, M.A. ef al. Cane juice

sucrose us. pol balances. (Abs.) Broniarz, L., see Koziol, K. Brooke. D.L. Cane erowinp and

suaar Droduciion & o n ~ i 9 & i n fiorida. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . .

Brotherton; G.A:, see Noble, A.G., Stewnrt, P.N. and Swindells, R.J.

on. N.W.. .we Oldfield. 1.F T

Bruhns, G., see Dankowski, K: ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ - Bruijn, J. Activated sludge treat-

ment of waste water in South Africa. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . cane molasses exhaustibility

determination. (Abs.) . : . . . . . . Brunelli S. see Chenu, P. ~riischk'e, A. Alcohol fermentation

of cane. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . Bryant, B.S. Corrugated board

manufacture f rom bagasse. (Abs. Buchanan, E.J. Cane payment. (Ats.) Buckau R. Wolf AG. Continuous

centrifugal. (Pat.). ......... 316, Budharaja, T.R., see Agnihotri, V.P. Bugaenko, I.F. and Lapkin, A.I.

Cane raw suaar hiah oolvmers.

~uravleva , V.I. e t al. Sunars hvdra- tion. (Abs.) . . . . . .- . . . . . . see also Zubchenko, A.V.

Biirckv. K. ef 01. Nitroeen and

determination in soil. (Abs.j . . . . . Burtch, L.M., see Smith, R. Buss, A. Herbicide-vinasse mixture

for week control and fertilization. see nlso Alves, A.S.

Butwilowicz, A,, see Drewnowska, W.

;ampos, O., see Pollio, F.X. .amposilvan, D., see Fernandes, J.

ucvi

Cafiada, A., see Chinea, A. Caplovic. J. and Rendos, F. Mannitol

orrntrrence In beet pulp. (Abs ) 57 %ell T.. L.L. Elarmonolnur

Mematodes in Peru. (xbs'.) ....... 150 Cardoso M., R., see Pdrez d., R. Carnegie, A.J.M. Moth and caterpillar

activity in cane fields. (Abs.) . . . . 209 Caroenter. F.G.. see Clarke. M.A.

anb ~ o b e r t s , E.I. Carrazana R., L. Massecuite super-

saturation tables. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 57 e t nl. Dextran effect o n sucar solutlon viscosity and refFactive

iation and nitrogen effects o n beet yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 307

Carville, L., see Roy, E.P. Casagrande, A.A. and Godoy, O.P.

Effect of soil tillage method o n cane yield and soil properties. 147

Casanova, E. and Robella, I. Cane growth factors and mechanical

harvesting. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . ,241 Casey, J.A. Cane juice liming tank. 284 Castellanos C., M. ef al. Black

liquor recovery from bagasse pulp manufacture. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 93

Castilho, H.J. see Gallo, D. Castro, P.R.C. e t a l . Cane varietal

growth parameter differences. . . . . 207 Castro, V.G., see Nartea, R.N. Catizone P see Pritoni G. ~ e p e l i k , j . 'and Osvald, k. Filtration

coefficient calculation. (Abs.) . . . . 217 Cerrizuela, E.A. Mechanical cane

harvesting. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 see also A r h a l o , R.A.

Cesnik, R. et al. Cane seedling potting compound trials. (Abs.) . . . 5 1 - Frost resistance of cane

varieties. (Abs.) .......... 16,210 Chacravarti. A.S. ef nl. Chemical

ripening effect o n cane comoosi- t ion and enzyme activity. (Abs.) 48

Chan, P., see Shan, L.L.P. Chan, Y.Y. Slow release CDU nitrogen

fertilizer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 and Juang, T.C. Trials with CDU

nitrogrnfertllizer. (Abs.) . . . . . . 147 Chandappa. N . e f a l . Automatic

c<!ntrlll o f mill feeding. (Abs.) . . . . 119 Chandler. K.J. Nematude control. 371 Chang, C.H., see Juan% T.C. Chang, C.S., Cane stalk cutting

resistance measurement. (Abs.) 241 Chane. C.Y.. see Wane. I..H. ~ h a n i h a . N.: see ~ o s i i i r . E.L. Chapman, L.S. Drip irrigetion in

Australia. (Abs.). .......... 304, 337 see nlso Kineston. C..

C h a r d o n , ~ . t r i n d Rudd, A.V. Soil drainage inadequacy and cane

as animal fodder. ( ~ b i . ) . . . . . .-. . 221 Beet seed pelleting. Abs . . . . . ) : . .I:; Beet tops as animal odder (Abs) see also Hollowell, W.

Charnyakhovskii, I.B., see Dovgopol, v 1 ....

Chatterjee, A. and Math B.R. Manufacture of continLous centri-

vinasse. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Chaturvedi, P.P. Heat recovery from

flue gases. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . Chavan, J.B., see Patil, R.T. Cheek L.M see Willett J D ~ h e k a i ' , ~ . i . and ~opo;ich, L.v.

Beet payment in USSR. (Abs.) . . Chemical Services (Pty.) Ltd.,

see Lake, A.W. Chen, C.H. ef 01. Carbonatation and

sulphitation juice flow pattern simulation by computer. (Abs.)

see also Sang, S.L. Chen, C.T. White leaf transmission

by leafhopper. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . see also Yang, T.T.

INDEX

P w e Chen, J.C.P. Clarification with

flocculants. (Abs.) 2 1 Dissolved oxigen-as effluent quality indicator. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 21

Chen. M.Y. and Hsu. Y.T. ~ -. - . .-~- ----

Herbicides. (Abs.) .. 1 . . . . . . . . . . 271 and Tseng, S.T. wireworm and

white grub in Taiwan. (Abs.) . . . . 272 Chen, W.H., see Liu, M.C. and

LO, C.C. Chen, W.P. e t al. Fermentation gum

production from sucrose. (Abs.) 125 Cheng, S.L., see Chen, W.P. Cheng, W.Y. and Su, T.H. Borer

parasite release in Taiwan. (Abs.) 272 Cheng, Y.C., see Chen, C.H. Chenu, P.M.A.M. Alcohol from

cane juice. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 126 et al. Juice sand separator. (Abs 310

Chernenko, V.A., see Tsyukalo, 4.F. Chernikina, V.G., see Silina, N.P. Chia, Y.H., see Lo, C.C. Chiang, N.E. e ta l . Evaporator scale

prevention. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 215 Chiappino, V.H. Cane quality

determination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 57 Frost effect on cane fibre. (Abs.) 281

Chinchwade, D.B. Tramp iron separation by magnet. (Abs.) . . . . 5 3

Chinea, A. et al. Artificial inoculation of red stripe cane disease. (Abs.) 115

Chinnaswamy, A.P. Cane molasses loss reduction. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 et nl. Continuous centrifugal effect on molasses yield and purity. (Abs.) 85

Chougule, J.D. Fertilizer application rate and cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 4 and Patil, K.D. Soil cultivation and

cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 and Saoghavi, K.U. Cane inter-

cropping effect on growth and yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8

e ta l . Chemical weed control. (Abs.) 238 Chougule, S.B. Cane agronomic

programme t o raise yield in Maharashtra. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 48

Christiane, C. Sulphur dioxide determination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 220

Christodoulou, P. Boiler efficiency determination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 22 Evaoorator. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 182 Steim consumption reduction by

vapour compression. (Abs.) . . . . 375 Christoph, D. and Manzke, E.

Factorv heat Loss reduction. (Abs.) 249 Chugunova, -. T.I., see ~emirovs'kaya: S.L.

Chui, F. and Samuels, G. Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in plant and

ratoon cane. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 144 Cienfucgos I., F., see Martinez G.. A. Ciochia, V. and lonescu, M. Soil . . . . . pests control in beet. (Abs.) 247

e t al. Root aphid in Rumania. 19 Ciolaus, A. Herbicide trials in

Rumania. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Cisak. R. and Andrzeiewski. A. Beet - .

slicer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 E i i , K., see Gebler, J. Clark, T.F., see Ernst, A.J. Clarke. M.A. et aL Cane raw suxar - - -

and acid beveragefloc. (Abs.)-l . . . 184 - Sucrose inversion determination

by high pressure liquid chromatography. (Abs.) . . . . . .

see also Roberts, E.J. Claverv. E. and Kincaid. R.L. Diesel

engiie'oil analysis. ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . Clayton, J.E., see Miller, J.D. Clemens, D.H., see Barrett, J.H. Clotan, G. and Bria, N. Beet seedbed

preparation and drilling. (Abs.) Clowes, M.St.J. Cane ripening with

chemicals. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Cochran, B.J. and Whitney, R.W.

Cane transport system design. Codrescu, V., see Stanescu, Z. Coker, I..E. and Gardner, D.E.

Dextrose isomerization t o levulose. Colas, J.L., see Teissier, R. Comhlucht Siuicre Eireann Teo.

Beet harvesters. (Pat.). ...... 285, Comstock, J.C. and Heinz, D.1. Cane

smut strains in Hawaii. (Abs.) . . . . Connolly, A.A. and Duigan, V.G.

Lime kiln. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Cooke, D.A. Beet cyst nematode. Cordeiro, D.A. e t aL Soil liming and

potassium availability. (Abs.) . . . .

pwe Cormier, R. e t al. Metals determina- . . . . . tion in refined sugar. (Ahs.) 380

-Sucrose esters analysis by high- pressure liquid chromatography. 381

Corning Glass Works. Dextrose isomeiization t o levulose. (Pat.) 285 . . see also Lartigue, D.J.

Correa W.J. see Tambosco, N. Cory k . ~ . &e Armbruster F.C cossib. R.P. eral. ~erb i c id ; tolerance . . . . . . . o f c a n e varieties. (Abs.) Costa, J.D., see FrazHo, D.A.C. Costa, J.M.B., see Mendonpa, A.F. Costesso, D., see Schoenrock, K.W.R. Covacevich M.T. e t al. Effect of

dextran oh crystal shape. (Abs.) Cox G.B. and O'NeiU 1.K Sugars

deiection in high-pre'ssure li uid chromatographic systems. ? ~ b s . )

CPC International Inc. Dextrose isomerization t o levulose. (Pat.) see also Armbruster, F.C., Suekane, M. and Tamura, M.

Crees, O.L. et aL Cane juice settling. Cremata, J.A., see Rodriguez, A. Cronewitz, T. et al. Residence time . . . . . . . . determination. (Abs.)

see also Schiweck. H. Cuer, M. Beet extraneous matter

separation and treatment. (Abs.) 376 Culten. G.R. Straicht fertilizers vs. - - - - ~ ~ . - - --- - . . . . . . . . . . . . mixtures. (Abs.) 78 Cullen. R.N.. see Mason, V., Sawyer,

G.M. and Watts, K.W. Curbelo S., A. Active carbon

consumption determination. (Abs.) 184 Curdts. U. Ao~e ldo rn sugar factorv. 279 ~ u r t i s , ' ~ . ~ . kial . Fertilizer, .

recommendations for Loulsrana. 207

Dabrowski H. Beet washing. Ahs.) 345 da Glbria, 6 . ~ . and Da Silva, d.

Lime effect on scale formation and iui- ice, syrup and molasses com~ositi6n.180

et al. ,hh~constituents determination in white sugar. (Abs.) . . . . . 187 - Cane payment research in Brazil. 380 see also Macro. J.A.

Dahiphale, hi^: Anhydrous ammonia as fertilizer. (Abs.) .......... 239, 370

Daishev, M.I. and Trifonova, T.P. Beet molasses ion exchange treatment. (Abs.b: . . . . . . : . . . . . . 88

Dakshindas, G. Cane agriculture develo~ment. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 109 Cane simpling'and ~ r i x measure-

ment for maturity testing. (Abs.) . 338 Dalleinne, E. Herbicide effect on

beet. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Damann, K.E. e t aL Cane ratoon stunt-

ing disease bacterium detection. . . . 149 Damiin, Y., see Kolesnikov, V.I. Damodaran, K., see Chandappa, N. Daniali, M. e t al. Cane borer parasite. 242 Danielc. I. et nl. Taxonomv of - .~. -..~ .. Saccharurn r ibui&ml-(~br) . . . . 118

Dankowski, K. e t 01. Zuckenvirt- schaftliches Taschenbuch 1978179. 55

D'Antico A. see Cormier R. Darias and an and Martin $.,I.

Colloid effects on clarification. 52 and Ruiz G.. M.C. Cane juice

colloid removal. & Abs . . . . )- : ..... . 215 da Silva, E., see da lorla, N A da Silva G.A. et al. Red rot and

cane irhertase activitv. IAbs.) . . . . 116 Ea Silva, M.A.A., see da d i l v a , ~ . ~ . da Silva, W.M. Cane seedling product-

ion from fuzz. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 152 Dauval, C., see Hernandez, M.T. David. E. Laboratorv eouioment and

Dazd, H.C., see Alexander, k . ~ . ' Divila I., A., see Diaz M., R. Davis, N.B. and Tory, P. Molassed

beet oulo oroduction and

Dean, J.L. Cane mosaic virus infectivity. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 115

De Beer, A.G. and Boevey, T.C. Mechanical cane harvesting losses. 114

de ~ i a s e , ~ . ~ . Vinasse conc&t%ibn. 3 8 1 de Bittencourt, V.C. e ta l . Soil

phosphate analysis. (Abs.) . . . . . . 112 see also Ruschel, A.P.

de Boer, A.J., see Chardon, C.W. de Carvalho. P.C.T.. see da Silva, G.A.

.R.

Delavier, H.J., see Shokrani, R. page

Deleurence, A,, see Windal, G. Delflni, A.A., see Ayala, H.G. ond

Fogliata, F.A. Delgado, A.A. Sulphitation of juice

from burnt and unburnt cane. 181 Dellinger, R. US refinery effluent

pollution limitations. (Abs.) . . . . . 122 Dellweg, H., see Engelhart, W. de 10s Rios, R. Refinery liquor

preconcentration and boiling house heat balance. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 314

de Moraes, R.S., see Silva, G.M. de A. de Morais, G.J., see Gallo, D. Dennis, R.E., see Francl, L.J. de Novais. H.P.. see Riooli. T.C. Deol, D.s:, see ~ha rma ; H.L. de Oliveira, E.R., see Fernandes, A.C. and Valsechi, 0.

de Queiroz, L., see Fernandes, A.C. de Ramalho. R.P. Cane mill

et al. Factory power supplyby '

. . . . external associations. (Abs.) 310 see also Piedade, C.

des V~gnes, W.G. Borer sampling and control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 209

Detavernier, R: and'loger, I . Beet molasses exhaustion formulae. 123 e t al. Analytical methods. (Abs.) 123 see also Devillers, P.

de Ulhvarri, R.F., see Blaquier, L.M. Devaraj, G., see Kadwel, A.K. Deville, 1. and Wong You Cheong, Y.

Cane tops silage. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 126 Devlllers, P. Stored beet sugar loss . . . . . . . . determination. (Abn.) 345

et al Silica determination. (Abs.) 25 I - Viscositv effect on molasses

exhaustion. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . de Visser. N.H.M.. see Bleyenherg,

& e > & ~ o d o s j.- ' Diaz de A, C. sic Nfiiiez T., G. Diaz M., R. et al. Cane varietal trials

in Cuba. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Dikshit, R.K., see Gupta, K.K. Diplock, R. and Marshall, K. Auto-

matic cane train handling. (Abs.) Diviniagracia, N.S

Cane variety morphology in the Philippines. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . .

Diviszo Industrial do Departamento Tecnico da Cooersucar. Vacuum

yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . Drewnowska, W. and Butwilowicz, P

Molasses sugar and beet thick juice purity estimation. (Abs.& . : : . .

Dua, S.P. and Singh, R.C. ertdlza- tion and crop age effects o n cane

juice nitrogen, phosphorus and ~otass ium. (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

seialso Agar&, M:L. Duarte, M.L.R. and Tokeshi, H.

Smut inoculation of cane seedlings. 116

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INDEX

Gillaspie, A.G. Ratoon stunting page

disease anti-serum. (Abs.) . . . . . . 2 7 3 e t of. Mosaic virus strain

identification. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 115 see also Damann, K.E. and

Harris, R.W. Gimenez L., 0.. see Mariotti, J.A. Giordano, G. Carbonatation. (Abs.) 312 Giorgi, J.C. a n d Gontier, R. Ion

exchange treatment of beet juice. 1 2 1 and Richard, B. Massecuite reheater. 8 9

Giouzelyianne, A. Beet pulp and molasses as animal fodder. (Abs.) 282

Gladkii, V.N., see Pasechnik, V.P. Glass, J.S., see Flanders, I.G. Glowacki, A. Centrifugal motors. 375 Glozman, I.M., see Petrunya, V.I. Godoy, O.P., see Gasagrande, A.A.

and FrazFio, D.A.C. Godshall, M.A. a n d Roberts, E.J.

Proteins determination by gel electrophoresis. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 379

see also Clarke, M.A. and Roberts, E.J.

Godulla, P. e t al. White sugar silo internal wall treatment. (Abs.) . . . 2 5 0

Goel, S.K., see Joshi, N.N. Goepen, W. Factory power supply

voltage and losses (Abs.) 250 . . . . . . Gogia, V., see Vadehra, D.V. Gokhale, M.N. Cane propagation

with bud chips. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 1 1 7 Golden, L.E., see Curtis, O.D. Golodnik. V.N., see Kravchuk, A.F. Golubtsova, V.M. Determination of

yeast activity in citric acid fermentation of molasses. (Abs.) 222

Gomkale, S.D., see Mehta, V.C. Goncalves J.A.C. and Santos A.G.

Soif s a l i i t y reduction with kalcium chloride. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Goncalves, M.P.S.B. Alcohol bibliogravhy. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 6 Cane varieties bibliography. (NB) 1 8 6 English-Portuguese dictionary of cane diseases and pests. (NB 1 8 6

Portuguese sugar dictionary. . 1 8 6 Gontier, R., see Giorgi, J.C. Gonzalez, A.J. Cane irrigation. (Abs.) 206 Gonzalez, C., see Fleites, E.R. Gonzilez, R., see Llerena, E. Gonzilez C., L. e t 01. Colour forma-

tion in amino-carbonyl reactions. 219 Colour formation in dextrose-

dipeptide reaction. (Abs.) . . . . . 2 1 9 Colourremoval by synthetic resin. 219 Maillard reaction products

separation. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 8 Gonzalez P., L., see Suarez R., R. Gopalam, B., see Rao, K.K.P. Gosnell, J.M. and Lonsdale, J.E.

Irrigation and trash management effects o n cane yield. (Abs.) 148 . . . .

see also Dyer, T.G.J. Gowing, D.P. and Baniabbassi, N.

Cane ripening in Iran in winter. 1 4 8 see also Daniali, M.

Gradowczyk, M.H., see Blaquier, L.M. Graham, S.D., see Tilbury, R.H. Graham, W.S. and Radford, D.J.

Continuous boiling. Abs ) 20, 181 see also Matthesius, &.A,' ' .

' . .

Grau y Triana, 1'. Cane juice extractionwithout colour formation. 2 8 5

Great Western Sugar Co. Beet diffusion. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Greenfield, P.F., see Geronimns, G.L. Grivtseva, E.A., see Arkhipovich, N.A.

and Silina, N.P. Gromkovskii, A.I. e t al . Sucrose

crystallization kinetics. (Abs.) 2 2 0 . . . . Groult, M.! see Devillers, P. and

Detavern~er, R. Gruszecka, H. Beet marc

determination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 348 Cane agriculture in Cuba. (Abs.) 3 0 4 Cuban sugar industry. (Abs.) 3 1 0 . . . .

Gubanova, L.L., see Smirnova, L.K. Guena, E.A., see Madrazo, C.M. Gulminelli, L. Evaporator heat

transfer and vapour circulation rate increase. (Abs.) 5 4 . . . . . . . . . . .

Gulya, O.I., see Dymko, M.A. Gulyi, I.S., see Trebin, L.1. Gupta, A., seeschoenrock, K.W.R. Gupta, A.P. Cane pol and fibre

determmation. (Abs.) 380 . . . . . . . . and Rao, G.S.G. Manganese

application t o cane. (Abs.) 2 3 8 . . . . .

page Gupta A.P. and Singh S.V. Factory

periormances in ~ n d i a . (Abs.) . . . 4 8 see also Rao, G.S.C.

Gupta, H.N. Cane preparation. . . . . 5 3 see also Ramaiah, N.A.

Gupta J.K. see Vadehra, D.V. Gupta: ICK: e t 01. Carbo-pbosphata-

tion vs. carbo-sulphitation in refining. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Gupta M.R. Cane smut control by sett i o t water treatment. (Abs.) . . 1 4 9

Gurgel M.N. see Cordeiro, D.A. Gutieriez, ~ . i . Bagasse paper pilot

plant in Cuba. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 222 Guzmin, B. Effect of clarifying

agent and polysaccbarides o n polarization. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4

Gyte, D.W., see Oldfield, J.F.T.

Haag, H.P., see Orlando, J. Hadlow, W. and Millard, E.W.

Minimum tillage. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 1 0 9 Hafner, R.G., see Blackburne, I.D. Hagemann, R.W., see Ehlig, C.F. Hagibara, H. H., see Gascho, G.J. Hale, D.J., see Crees, O.L. Hale, E. Stainless steel applications

in sugar factories. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 52 Ham, G.J., see Leverington, K.C. Himgliinen, L., see Melaja, A.J. Hanftwurcel A. Kaba sugar factory. 345 Hanslip, G. i e e t irrigation. (Abs.) . . 1 7 7

Beet nitrogen fertilization and profitability in t h e UK. (Abs.) . . . 1 8

Hanumanulu, V. and Subrahmanyam, P.V.R. Distillery waste treatment. 2 5 4

Hapase, D.G., see Bacbcbhav, M.B. and Moholkar, P.R.

Haquenne, W. Herbicide effects on beet. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1

Hardy, C., see Lezcano, P. Hardy, M., see Sban, L.L.P. Haresnape, R.E. Ivory Coast sugar

industry. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 Hariharan, P.K. Bagasse furnace

combustion efficiency . . . . . . . . determination. (Abs.) 2 4 8

Harris, R.W. and Gillaspie, A.G. Ratoon stunting disease diagnosis. 242

Harvey, C.W., see Oldfield, I.F.T. Hasagawa, S., see Tamura, M. Hasegawa, S., see Suckane, M. Hatchett, J.H., see King. E.G. Hatt, B.W.,see Barker, P.E. Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association,

see McElhoe, B.A. Heady, R.E., see Armbruster, F.C. HObert, J. Nitrogen effect on beet. 2 4 5 Hecker, R.J. and Rupell, E.G.

Herbicide, pesticide and nitrogen effects o n beet root and crown rot. 276

Heffelfinger, G.P. Brix meter. (Abs.) 9 2 Hegarty, A. Land utilization in

Australia. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8 Heikkila, H., see Hongisto, H. Hein Lehmann AG. Continuous

centrifugal. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Heineman, H.W.B., see Bennett, M.C.

and Rundell, J.T. Heinz, D.J., see Comstock, J.C. Hellmann, D.B. Effect of soil water

on cane varietal yields. (Abs.) . . . . 1 4 6 Irrigation application rates in

South Africa. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 368 Hemaida, S. El-N. A. e t 01. Effect of

. . . . . trash on cane milling. (At's.) 155 see also Sayed, G. El-K.

Hemens, J., see Simpson, D.E. Henis, Y., see Ruschel, A.P. Henkel, C. R. Ikainage pump power

requirements calculation. (Abs.) . . 1 5 e t nl. Cane harvester performances. 340 see also Fuelling. T.G.

Henrique, J.L. de P.,see Tambosco, N.

Hensley, S.D. e t al. Louisiana cane varieties borer resistance. (Abs.) . . 150 see also McPherson, R.M.

Hernindez N., M.T. Cane milling bacteriological control. ...... 2 6 6 , 2 9 1 e t al . Bacterial activity deter- . . . mination in cane mills. (Abs.) 52 - Cane juice degradation by

bacteria. (Abs.) 220 . . . . . . . . . . . - Microbiological control of cane

milling. (Abs.) 2 1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . .

page Hernhndez N., M.T. e t al. Yeasts

metabolism of sucrose in juice and sugar solutions. 2 1 9

Hernindez S., P. and Morrell F., I. Yeast cultivation o n cane molasses. 5 9 e t al. Yeast cultivation o n cane

molasses. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 see also Momell F., I .

Herrera, N., see Herndndez N., M.T. Herrera, Z. e t 01. Bagasse pulp

bleaching. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Hesch, R. Bagasse storage. (Pat.) 285 Hesse, F.W., see Mathieu, C. Hibbert, I). e t al. White sugar ash

distribution and Crystal Regularity Index. (Abs.) . . . . . . 25

seealso Koster, P.B. Hicks, M.K. Sugar factory steam

balance. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 Higa, K., see Shimabuku, M. Higgy, A.M. e t a l . Pokkah boeng cane

disease in Egypt. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 1 5 0 Hiramoto, T. Refinery molasses

electrodialysis. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 314 B.E. c a n e pests in

Australia. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 341 and Kerkwyk, R.E. Rat control. 3 7 1

Hluie, J., see RutiPka, J. Ho, F.W., see Yang, P.C.

~ ~ ~ ~ , " ; : ~ e e $ ~ ~ ~ d U r removal by ion exchange. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 1 2 2

Hobikovi, V., see Gebler, 1. Hoekstra, R.G. Cane sugar factory

crushing optimization.. (Abs.) 374 . . . . Value of cane maturity testing. 1 1 1

Hoffmann, C. Topping effect o n cane value. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5

Hogarth, D.M., see Leverington, K.C. Hogrefe, W. Flow meters. . . . . . . . 3 2 3 Hogu, J.N., see Skole, R.D. Hokama, K. e t a l . Fusel oil

production from cane molasses. 221 Hoks, D. Continuous centrifugal for

white sugar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 7 Hollaus, F. Bacteriological control. 2 3 Hollingsworth, B.S., see Tilbury, R.H. Hollowell, W. and Charlesworth, D.

Beet a ricultural practices in the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UK. t ~ b s . ) 2 7 4 Honda, T., see Alves, A.S. Hongisto, H. and Heikkila, H. Cane

molasses treatment by ion exchange chromatography. (Abs.) .... 1 8 1 , 2 4 8

Horiki, Y., see Kawasaki, K. and Maekawa, F.

Horsley, D.F.A. and Williams, A. Beet payment calculation by

. . . . . . . . . . computer. (Abs.) 279 Hossain, M., see Sheikh, N.M. Hough, J.J.and Venter, I.S.M.

Bagasse pulp production. (Abs.) . . 1 2 6 Hristodoulou, P., see Christodoulou,P. Hrivnik, J. and Medved, M. Beet

molasses volatile fatty acids determination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 1 8 8

mubesch, W. and wieser, F.

on germination. (Abs.) 245 Pelleted beet seed fungicide effect . . . . . . .

HruSka, F. Beet leaf catcher. (Abs.) 2 1 8 Hsie, M.C. Ribonucleic acid and

production from yeast. (Abs.) 125 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide . . .

Hsieb, S.A. White grub and wireworm resistance to - ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ h l ~ ~ ~ . 371

$ $ : , S ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ $ ~ ' Hsieh, W.H. and Lee, C.S. Smut

strains compatibility. (Abs.) . . . . . 2 4 3

and Tseng, D.S. Brown spot in . . . . . . . . . . . . Taiwan. (Abs.) 3 7 1

Hsiung, S.Y. Taiwan boiling practices. 2 0 Hsu, E.H., see Lu, C.J. HSU, y . ~ , , see then, M.Y. Huber, H. Beet pulp drying. (Abs.) 5 9 Huberlant, J., see Loop, W. Hudson, J.C. Whole-stick mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . harvesting. (Abs.) 1 1 3

see also Scott, D.A. Hughes, C.G. Eradication of cane . . . . . . . . . . . . . disease.(Abs.) 1 1 6 Huja, J.S. Cane mill setting and

performance. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 8 5 Humbert, R.P. Alcohol manufacture . . . . from cane and bagasse. (Abs.) 282

Fertilizer placement effect o n cane Cane potassium deficiency. (Abs.) 304

. . . . . . uptake and yield. (Abs.) 4 9 Overhead irrigation in Swaziland. 4 9

page Hunsigi, G. and Srivastava, S.C.

Cane evapotranspiration and irrigation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 8

Hunt, D.C. e t ol. Sugars determina- t ion by high-performance liquid

chromatography. (Abs.) . . . . . . 2 5 Hupfer, J.A. Codex Alimentarius

standards for sugar. (Ahs.) . . . . . . 380 Hurney, A.P. and Schmalzl, K. Cane

ripening with "Polaris". (Abs.) . . . 3 3 7 see also Kingston. G.

Hurst, K.B., see Blackburne, 1.D. Hustede, H. and Rudy, H. Citric acid

manufacture from molasses. (Pat.) 60 Hyndshaw, A.Y., see

Dominguez, A.R.

Ilaga, M. Effect of moisture strpss, burning and harvesting delay o n

cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 6 Il'ina, L.D. e t al . Fodder yeast

. . . . cultivation o n vinasse. (Abs.) 222 Inkerman, P.A., see Fulcher, R.P. lonescu, M., see Ciochia, V. Iruthayaraj, M.R., see

Venkatamaran, K. Irvine, J.E. Frost tolerance of cane

varieties. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 and Legendre, B.L. Cane deteriora-

t ion after harvest. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 1 0 see also Matherne, R.J.

Ishida, M., see Ozeki, T. Ishikawa, Y., see Suekane, M. lsik H. see Taygun N. ~ s o d e , M., see ~ a s c h ' o , G.J. Isoldi, V.A.F.I. Introduction of

sugar factory automation. (Abs.) . 155 Ito, Y. and Kinjo, M. Borer moth

rearing and trapping. (Abs.) . . . . . 209 Ivanov, I.I., see Kostenyuk. A.M. Ivanov, S.Z., see Mil'kova, Z.A. Ivanyuk, A.A. eta ! . Carbonatation

juice treatment with p O l ~ e l e ~ t 1 0 l ~ t e S . (Ahs.). . . . . . . 183

Ivashchenko, E.V., see Parkhomets, A.P.

Ivin. P.C. Evaporator scale removal. 3 7 3 and Foster, D.H. Effect of billet

length and burning o n cane deterioration. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 1 5 7

Iyengar, M.S. Bagasse and cane molasses utilization. (Ahs.) . . . . . 222

Izatt, L.K. Soil seepage and drainage. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 8 Soil water source location. (Abs.) . . 109

Jac in tho , A.O., see da Glbria, N.A. Jacklin, G.D. e t a l . Australian

roller bearing cane mills. (Abs.) 119 Jackson, P.A., see Hunt, D.C. Jackson, W. Mechanical cane

harvesting in narrow rows. (Abs.) 305 see also Richard, C.A.

Jacquelin, J.A.P. Flangeless cane mill t o p rollers. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Jadhav, J.T. Juice heating with bled vapour. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 8 5

Jaeggle, W. Furfural and acetic acid manufacture from bagasse. (Abs.) 350

laggard, K., see Webb. 1. Jain, P.F., see Ray, S.C. James, D., see Hoareau, P. James, R.A., see Dullow, R.J. and

Mason, V. Janshekar, H. and Mor, J.R. Sugars

determination in molasses. (Abs.) 2 6 Jaramillo, H. e l al. Cane ripening

with "Ethrel". (Ahs.). . . . . . . . . 206 Jardin, A,, see Vanstallen. R. Jaro3, J., see Schmidt, L. Jarowaja, N. Black leg o f beet. (Abs.) 2 7 6 Jelinkovi, L., see Schmidt, L. Jesic, V.M., see Baczek, F.A. Jochim, H., see Szczot, K. Johnson, G.V. e t al . Beet nitrogen

requirements. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 3 0 7 Jones, C.D. a n d Rudd, P. Cane farm

waterway construction. (Abs.) . . . 1 5 Jones, G.C., see Oldfield, J.F.T. Jones, P.A. Australian cane farm

irrigation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 0 Fiji disease surveys in Australia. 82

Jooste, J. van der W. er al. "Metolachlor" herbicide trials. 339

INDEX page

Joshi G.V. and Naik G.R. Soil salii i ty effect o n cake yield. (Abs.) 4 8 seealso Naik, G.R.

Joshi, K.V. Soil testing and . . . . . . . . . . . evaluation. (Abs.) 1 5 Joshi N.N. e t al . Continuous

clarification and filtration. (Abs.) 1 5 4 Joshi, R.D. and Prakash, J. Mosalc . . . . . . . . . . . . inhibitor, (Abs.) 306

see also Bhargava, K.S. Joshi, S.B., see Rao, B.Y. Jozefy, V., see RuZiEka, J. Juanes, M., see Diaz, I. Juang, T.C. e t al . Effect of zinc o n

cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 see also Chan, Y.Y. and Kao, M.M.

Julien, M.H.R. Cane ripening with chemicals. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 5 and Delaveau, P. Harvest da te

effect o n cane dry matter. (Abs.) 1 7 5 e t ol. Cane flowering and yield. 1 7 5

AG Jungbunzlauer Spiritus- und Chemische Fabrik, see Kahil, A.J.

Kabi l , A.J. Citric acid manufacture. 2 9 Kaczmarski, E., see Urbaniec, K. K6d61, A. Chemical weed control

in Hungary. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 8 Kadirvel, A.K. and Devaraj, G. CoC

6 7 1 cane variety. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 8 3 Kadlec P. see Sarka E. ~ a ~ a n d v , i . ~ . , see ~ G z h i l k i n , V.I. Kaimoglu, S., see Vanli, N. Kaiser, G. e t al . Sugar factory effluent

treatment by fermentation. (Ahs.) 2 8 2 Kakiya, K., see Saiga, K. Kale S.T. Distillery waste treatment. 2 5 4 ~ a l i i ~ b s k i , T. Automatic product

feed control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 250 Kampen, W.H. Alcohol fermentation

of cane juice. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 2 5 3 Kan, Z.G., see Zubatov, V.A. Kandasami, P.A. Cane character

inheritance. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 3 Cytogenetics o f cane hybrids. . . . . 2 1 0 eta ! . Cane intercropping with

. . . . . . . . . . . . wheat. (Abs.) 1 4 5 Kanibolotskii, V.A., see Ivanyuk, A.A. Kanwar, R.S. Frost effects on cane. 369

and Kaur, H. Cane ratoon crop treatment. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 5

see also Singh, 0. Kao, J., see Damann, K.E. Kao, M.M. and Juang, T.C. Boron

determination in soil. (Abs.) . . . . . 3 3 8 see also Juang, T.C.

Karan, R. Factory performance in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiji. (Ahs.) 2 1 3

Karasik, V.M. e t al. Beet payment . . . . o n sucrose basis in the USSR. 277

Karchik S.N. er aL Sugars deter- minatihn by paper chromatography

and densitnmetry. (Ahs.) . . . . . . 2 6 . . . Karne, T.M. Lubrication. (Abs.) 310 Karpenko, V.A., see Eremenko, B.A. Karren, B.L. and Faviell, M.K.

Laboratory programmable computer.278 Karve, A.D. Beet processing in India. 8 7

et al. Beet drilling and harvesting dates in India. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . I 8

see also Bhalerao. A.C. Karve, R.C., see Pawar, B.B. Kaschani, A. and Farazdaghi, H.

Irrigation x nitrogen fertilizer x harvest date trials in Iran. (Abs.) . 1 7

Kastner, F. Solid waste disposal. . . . 22 Katics, G. Beet pulp presses. (Ahs.) 3 8 1 Kattermann, R., see Schwind, H. Kaur H. see Kanwar R.S. ~ a v & , N.A. F~LS-60'filter-thickener

performance. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 3 1 3 Kawamura T. and Kawata, F.

~ u t o m a t i c boiling control. (Abs.) 2 4 Kawasaki, K. e l nl. Restoration o f

fouled ion exchange resin. (Abs.) . . 377 see also Maekawa, F.

Kawata, F., see Kawamura, T. Kec, V., see Schmidt, L. Kelly, P.S. and Porter, R.G. Cane

diffusion us. milling a t Inkerman. 311 Kemhlowski, 2. et al. Filter cake

conveying. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Kemter, H. Sugar factory process

automation. (TN) . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Keniry, J.S., see Bathgate, R.R. Kenning V., G. Cane research in

Bolivia. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 6 Kerkwyk, R.E., see Hitchcock, B.E.

page Khan, A.M.H.R. e t a l . Active . . . . . carbon f rom bagasse. (Abs.) 124 Khan, Q.Q. and Bhatnagar, P.K. Cane flowering induction i n India. 1 1 7

Khan, Z.A., see Aganual, M.L. Khelemskii, M.Z. et al. Automatic

. . . . . . beet tarehouse line. (Abs.) 1 8 8 - Freezing of stored beet. (Abs.) . . 8 9

Khochare, B.B. Boiler feedwater . . . . . . . . . . . treatment. (Abs.) 2 4 8 Evaporation coefficient calculation. 2 0

Khomenko, N.D. and Yarmilko, V.G. . . . . . . . . . Beet elevator. (Abs.) 2 2 e t al . Beet lift. (Ahs. J . , . . . . . . , 2 7 7

Khurd, R.T. Bagasse rymg. (Abs.) 5 3 Kidder, G. and Rice, E.R. Cane . . . . . . varieties in Florida. (Abs.) 342

see also Shih, S.F. Kimher, D. a n d McCullagh, S. Beet

varietal trials in the UK. (Abs.) . . . 309 Kincaid, R.L., see Clavery, E King, E.G. e t al. Cane borer

. . . . parasite characteristics. (Ahs.) 116 see olso Roth , J.Y.

Kingston, G., Soil water uptake b y cane roots. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . I 4 4 e t al . Cane ripener trials. (Abs.) 337 see also Kirby, L.K.

Kinjo, M., see I to , Y. Kira, M.T., see El-Sherif, A.F.H. Kirby, L.K. and Kingston, G. Cane

topping height a n d juice ash content. 337 a n d White, E.T. Continuous crystal-

lizer performance evaluation. 3 4 3 see also Egan. B.T.

Kirk, R.S., see Hunt , D.C. Kjrsten, D. Weed control with

Fervin". (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Kishihara, S. and Komoto, M.

Decolorizing resin effluent treatment. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 347

Kisiel, Z., see Urbaniec, K. Klepal, I., see Svoboda, E. Klochkova, T.A., see Meleshko, V.P. Kminek, M., see Buriinek, J. Knogotkova, E.I., see Shvets, V.N. Knovl, E., see Moller, G.R. Koch, K. Beet nitrogen uptake.

assimilation and metabolization. 245 Koike, H. Cane diseases in Papua-

New Guinea. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 272 Fusarium moniliforme and

F tricincrum pathogenicity. . . . 306 see also Breaux, R.D.

Kolesnikov, B.F., see Kolesnikov, V.A.

Kolesnikov, V.A. er al. Carbonatation. 87 Kolesnikov, V.1. e l a l . Chemical

. . . . . . . . . weed control. (Ahs.) 238 Komerec, 1. and Valter, V. Flow

. . . . . . . . . . . . . meter. (Abs.) 250 Komoto, M., see Kishihara, S. Konings, J., see Bleyenberg, C.C.

and van der Poel. P.W. Kontaxis, D.G. and Thomason, I.J.

. . . . . . Nematode control. (Ahs.) 212 Kopkova, L.V., see Gromkovskii.

A.1. Korenaga, -. and Takashi, -. Iron

. . . determination in sugars. (Abs.) 348 Kornfeil, F., see Andres, H. Kornienko, L.I. Evaporation optimization. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 278

Korobeinikova, L.A.. see Zagorul'kc.. A.Y.

Korolcv, A.t. see Karchik, S.N. Korol'kov, A.S., see Meleshko, V.P. Kort. M.J. Sugar and by-products

utilization. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Korzun, A.A., see Fedotkin, 1.M. Kostenko. N.V. and Nakhodkina, V.Z.

Bacterial degradation of stored raw sugar. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 347

el nl. Colour increase in stored raw sugar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 24

Kostenyuk, A.M. e t a l . White sugar electrical resistance measurement. 281

Koster, P.B. Pesticide residue determination in beet pulp and molasses. 91 e t al. Fluorine determination in

heet pulp and molasses.. . . . . . . 4 Kot, Y.D. and Binevskaya, L.N.

Molasses sugar content. (Ahs.) . . . 346 Kotlyarov, V.I., see Polishchuk, R.P. Koukios, M.G. Beet processing and

. . . by-products utilization. (Ahs.) 182 Kovacs, V. Fungicides and pesticides. 276 Kovalenko, B.D., see Pushanko, N.N. Kozaczenko, H., see Banaszkiewicz. T.

INDEX

P W ~ Koziavkin, A.P., see Carrazana, L. and Kozyavkin, A.P.

Koziol, K. e t al. Temperature and concentration effects on sucrose

solution viscosity. (Abs.) . . . . . . 281 Kozlenko, M.N. Beet payment in

USSR. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Kozyavkin, A.P. and Odorod'ko,

N.I. Non-sugars removal by affination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 24

e t al. Centrifugal nozzle location for low-grade sugar washing. . . . . . . 89

see also Bobrovnik, L.D. and Koziavkin, A.P.

Kraft, K.J., see Maassen, D. Kralovi?, 1. Leaf growth and

photosynthetic assimilation effects on beet yield and sugar content. 274

Krasucki, S. and Siwicki, S. Beet drilling t o stand. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 246

Krause, E.W. Molasses invert sugar degradation and fermentation value. 281 e t al. Invert sugar determination. 187 see also Mauch, W .

Krauss P., E. Fixed vs. moving active carbon bed. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 184

Kravchuk, A.F. et al. Diaphragm valve. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 see also Eremenko, B.A.

Kravets, Y.M., see Vitkovskaya. V.A. Krems-Chemie Ges. m.b.H., see

Prey, V. Krieger, 0. Beet tarehouse

equipment. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 315 Krishna, S. and Gaddagimath, R.B. Cane breeding in India. (NB) . . . . 186

Krishnamurthi, M. Cane breeding by tissue culture. \Abs.) : . . . . . . 117 Cane pollen. (Abs . . . . . . 152

Krishnamurthy, N., see Soundrarajan, N.V.

Kruglovenko, V.I., see Zahorsin, A.F. Krutikova, V.E., see Kostenyuk, A.M. Krylov, S.T. etal . Colloid particle

size determination in juice, syrup and molasses. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 92

Kubacka-Szmidtgal, M. Beet pest and disease control in Poland. (Ahs.) . . 276 Herbicide miscibility. (Abs.) . . . . . 276

Kubasiewicz, A. Beet moiasses sugar recovery. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 346

Kubiak, I. , see Zagrodzki, S. Kugo, M., see Saiga, K. Kulasekaran, K., see Subramanian, A. Kulig, M., see Urbaniec, K. Kumagai, M., see Yamane, T. Kumar, A. and Narasimhan, R. Cane

ripening with chemicals. (Abs.) . . . 112 see also Alves, A.S., Azzi, G.M. and Fernandes, J.

Kumar, K., see Singh, P.P. Kuntohartono, T. e t al. Herbicide

tolerance inheritance in cane varieties. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Kunz, M., see Reinefeld, E. Kuo, C.C., see Lin, C.H. Kuo., Y.C., see Wang, L.H. Kurllenko, O.D., see Eremenko. B.A. Kurinskii, BS., see Khomenko, N.D. Kurkowska-Mielczarek, A. Saponin

determination in sugar. (Abs.) . . . . 281 Kuz'menko. B.P. see Tuchinskii, L.M.

Lad , A.P., see Chatterjee, A.C. Laga~e, S.J., see Singh, M. Lagh~, P., see Arbizzani, A. Lagoda, V.A., see Arkhipovich, N.A. Lake, A.W. Cane wax recovery from

filter cake. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Lakhani? S.U., see Rao, B.Y. Lakshmmarayan, I., see

Murugkar, V.M. Lamusse, J.P. Cane burning effect on

millingefficiency.. . . . . . . . . . . 231 Sugar factory performances in

Southern Africa. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . 374 see also Hoareau, P.

Lang, C.A. Aerial application of agricultural chemicals. (Abs.) . . . . 339

Lange, H. Press for beet extraneous matter. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Langreney, F. Continuous bodmg. 155 Lantin, R.M., see Libunao, O.S. Lapin, A.P. e t a l . Effect of juice

pre-treatment with lime on 2nd carbonatation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 54

Lapkin, A.I., see Bugaenko, I.F. and Tuzhilkin, V.I.

k page

Lara, A., see Slutzky, B. Larina, A.A. and Aleinikov, V.G.

Sucrose inversion catalysis by oxidized carbons. (Abs.) . . . . . . 314

Lartigue, D.J. and Weetall, H.H. Dextrose isomeriaation t o levulose. 60

Lauden, L.L. Flat planting of cane. 207 Lazhe, Y.Y., see Zaborsin, A.F. Lehrun,A. Seed beet mildew in France. 19 Ledesma, F.I., see Escoher, T.R. Ledoux, J. Energy consumption in

French sugar factories. (Abs.) . . . . 22 Lee, C.S. Cane juice treatment for

white sugar manufacture. (Abs.) . . 180 see also Hsieh, W.H. and Wang, Z.N.

Lee, Y.P., see Pan, Y.C. Legendre, B.L., see Irvine, J.E. Lee, Y.P., see Pan, Y.C. Legendre, B.O., see Irvine, J.E. Leibig, W. Heat economy and power

production in cane sugar factories. (Abs.) .......... 154, 216

Leibig, W.J. Beet pulp drying with gas turbine heat. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . 282

Leibovich, D.M., see Kolesnikov, V.A. le Mao, J. and Prudhomm, R.O.

Ultrasonics effect on alcohol fermentation of molasses. (Abs.) . 350

Leme, E.1. de A. and Scardua, R. Cane ripening. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 175

Lengyel, A,, see Sobs, P. Lescure, J.P. and Bourlet, P. Anaerobic fermentation of beet

waste waters. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 121 - Reduction of water loss from

effluent ponds. (Abs.) . . . . . . 121 Leiniak, W. Molasses optimum

potassium fertocyanide dose for citric acid fermentation. (Abs.) . . 94

see also Midkiewicz, T. Leverington, K.C. e t al. Harvest and

ratooning date effects on cane fibre content and yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . 337

see also Fuelling, T.G. Levi, C., see Mariotti, J.A. Lewicki, W. Vinasse utilization. . . . 27 Lewin, H.D. et ol. Red rot midrib

lesions o n cane. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 273 Lewis, J.W.V. e t al. Evaporator

scale removal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 374 Lezcano, P. et al. Cane molasses as

animal fodder. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 27 Li de A., A., see Gonzilez C., L. Libunao, O.S. Cane transport

computer simulation. (Abs.) . . . . . 114 and Lantin, R.M. Computer

simulation of cane transport. (Abs.) 241 Lila, N.G. Beet water separator. . . . 249

et al. 8-40 filter modifications. . . . 183 Lim, G.T. and Pan, Y.C. Borer

oviposition on cane varieties. (Abs.) I S 1 e t al. Cane aphid trapping and

flight activity. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 151 Limanskaya, A.Y., see Zakharov, K.P. Lin, C.H. et al. Sucrose incorpora-

tion in resins. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 125 Lin, S.C. Bagasse pulp manufacture. 221 Lin, T.L. and Tung, W.H. Cane sugar

content prediction. (Abs.) . . . . . . 238 Linedale, A.I. Drain construction aids. 78

Reed control. (Abs 240, 337 Ling, s.H., see Pan, k:. ' ' ' ' '

Linga, C.K., see Barba, R.C. Lionnet, G.R.E. Massecuite

exhaustion. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 349 see also Scott, R.P.

Lipai, L.V., see Tsyukalo, Y.F. Lipetsker, E.G., see Nemirovskaya,

S.L. Lippold, W. Lime kiln heat balance. 22 Lisik, K., see Zagrodzki, S. Liu, H.P. e ta l . Cane rind disease. 115

see also Oliveira, A.R. Liu, L.J. Ratoon stunting disease

bacterium. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Liu, M.C. et al. Cane breeding by

cell culture. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 118 Livshits, A.F., see Balyasnyi. M.E. Llerena, E. e t a1. Irrigation effect o n

cane yield and sugar content. (Abs.) 207 Llistb, A.M.S., see de Souza, L.G. Lo, C.C. Cane mutation breeding in

Taiwan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 et al. Miscanthus germplasm for cane breeding in Taiwan. (Abs.) 11 8

Lochman, V. Factory watereconomy. 182 Lodos, 1. and Diaz, 1, Boiling with surface-active agents. (Abs.) . . . . . 180 see also Moreno P., J.

page Logan, J.T. and Fitzmaurice, A.L.

Furnace ash removal. (Abs.) . . . . . 374 Logvin, V.M., see Fedotkin, I.M. Loilier, M. Beet quality effects of

nitrogen, frost, etc. (Abs.) . . . . . . 121 Lois C., I. Bagasse depithing

equipment. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 93 Lokan, R., see Chinnaswamy, A.P. Lokeshwarappa, G.V., see

Nadagoudar, B.S. Loncin, M., see Voilley, A. Long, E. Barley effect on beet . . . . . . . . . . . . growth. (Abs.). 177 Longden, P., see Perowne, W. Lonsdafe, I.E. Cane planting depth . . . . . and sett germination. (Abs.) 110

see also Gosnell, 1.M. Loop, W. and Huberlant, J. Beet

extraneous matter pressing. (Abs.) 222 Lopez, M.B., see Rosario, E.L. Lbpez G., P. Bagasse utilization . . . 253

see also Castellanos C., M. Lbpez-Oiia, J.V. Raw sugar colour . . . . . . . . . and payment. (Abs.) 187

Raw sugar refining quality. (Ahs.) 380 Lorduy, E. Beet combined with

cane growing in Spain. (Abs.) . . . . 206 Lorenzetti, J.M. and Freitas, P.G.R.

Vinasse application as fertilizer. 368 Loupe, D.T. er al. Chemical weed

control in Louisiana. (Abs.) . . . . . 207 see also Curtis, O.D.

Louw, I., x e Everitt, 1. Lozano B., F. Spanish sugar industry. 376 Lu, C.J. e ta l . Sugar caking and

moisture migration. (Abs.) . . . . . . 156 see also Chiang, N.E.

Luc, M., see Williams, J.R. Lucchesi, A.A., see Castro, P.R.C. Ludwicki, M., see Zaorska, H. Lukics, L. Beet drilling x variety

x fertilizer trials in Hungary. (Abs.) 308 and Zana, J. Beet varietal trials

in Hungary. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 309 Luxford, R.W.A. Bagasse sampling

and moisture determination. (Ahs.) 348 Lyrene, P.M. Single stool selection

in cane breeding. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 152 Lysyanskii, V.M., see Fel'dman, A.I.

and Pogorelova, N.V. Lyubarets, P.A., see Prilutskii, 1.1.

Maassen, D. e ta l . sucrose hydroxy- alkyl ether preparation. (Pat.) 60

McAleese, C.M. Cane planter. (Abs.) 80 Cane trash incorporation in soil. 14 see also Willcox, T.G.

MacColl, D. Cane yield and quality. 11 1 see also Walker, D.I.T.

F.W. McConnel Ltd., see Scott, D.A. McCormick, L.L., see Loupe, D.T. McCullagh, S., see Kimber, D. Macedo, N. e ta l . Cane varietal

susceptibility t o moth borer. (Abs.) 208 see also Botelho, P.S.M. and

Mendes, A. de C. McElhoe, B.A. and Tabrah, J.G.

Drip irrigation. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . 28 Macey, D. Structural design of

evaporators and pans. (Abs.) . . . . 120 McGarvey, F.X., see Poilio, F.X. McGinnis, R.A. Beet molasses

exhaustion. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . .250 Machado, G.R., see Miocque, J.Y.J. Machado, J.R., see Brinholi, 0. Machkovskii, A.A., w e Terent'ev. Y.A. McIntyre, L.F.G. Chemical weed

control. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 McIntyre, R.J., see Watts, K.W. Mack, C., see Archibald, R. and

Lewis, J.W.V. McKay, C.M. Gilmore Louisiana-

Florida-Texas-Hawaii sugar manual 1978 (NB) 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

McKenzie, C.O. Molasses feed block. 284 Maclean, N.R. Irrigation trials in

Austrialia. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 337 McLucas, G.N., see Flanders, I.G. McMartin, A, Malawi sukar factory. 20 McMaster, L. and Ravnb, A.B.

Lactic acid formation in sugar processing. (Abs.) 156

McNeil, K.E., see Blake, J.D. McPherson, R.M. and Hensley, S.D.

Cane borer:parasite size relationships. (Abs.) : 151

INDEX

McWhinney, W. a n d Pinkney, A.J. page

Mathematical modelling of evaporator and juice heater. (Abs.) 3 4 4

Madi, A. r t a l . Fodder yeast manufacture f rom cane m0laSst.s. 2 7

Madrazo, C.M. Cane syrup phosphatation-flotation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 1 5 a n d Guena, E.A. Sucro AMS

clarifier. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 5 Madsm, R.F., we Moller, G.R. and

Winstrdm-Olsen, B. Maekawa, F. et aL Ion exchange resin

fouling. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 7 see also Kawasaki, K.

Maevskii, V.R. a n d Semenisova, V.M. BOU.40 filter modifications. ( A b r ) 1 8 3

Magro, J.A. and d a Glbria, N.A. Vinasse application as fertilizer. 2 0 7

Mai, L.H., see Cormier, R. Makeprace,P.K.Soilsodium toxicity. 2 4 0 Maksyutov, V.A., see Kolesnikov,

V.A. Malczewski, J. Beet pulp drying. . . . 2 5 3 Malik, K.B., see Fasihi, S.D. Mallion. A.K., see Barba, R.C. Mal?, A. Invert sugar and syrup

manufacture. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 3 4 5 Malyuk, V.F., see Zakharov, K.P. Mandel'shtein, M.L., see Petrunya.

V.I. Manhles, M.S. et 01. Fertilizer trials

in Brazil. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 9 Mannivannan. K. Bagasse and cane . . . . molasses fermentation. (Abs.) 252 Maosi, M.G., see Abu-Zeid, M.O. Mantovani, G. Evaporator

incondensable gases. (Abs.) . . . . . 5 4 ~t 11. Impurities effects o n sucrose crystallization. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 5 8

srr also Marignetti, N. Manzke, E., see Christoph, D. Marchenko, O.P. Disc filter seal. . . . 2 4 9 Marcondes, D.A.S., see Brinholi, 0. Marie-Jeanne. S. Waste water solids

separation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Marignetti, N. and Mantovani, G.

Carbonatation gas utilization efficiency. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 8 8

Marimuthu, P., see Chinnaswamy. A.P. Main P., A., see Diaz M.. R. Marioho, M.L. a n d Albuquerque,

G.A.C. Extractable phosphorus in Brazil soils. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 5

Mariotti, J.A. Cane breeding research in Argentina. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 152 et dl. Cane breeding in Argentina. 5 1 -Varietal"stability"andcanryield 5 3 - Visual selection of cane clones. 5 1

Markitan, S.V., sre Dovgopol, V.I. Mar ues E J Cane leaf froghopper

bidog;. ( A ~ s . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Mirquez, F.R., see Chinea, A. Marshall, K., see Diplock, R. Martens, M. Beet sampling for yield

prediction. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 Martin, D.F., see King, E.G. Martin, F.A. Cane frost damage assess-

ment by juice acidity measurement. 1 2 4 Martin B., I., see Darias P.. M. Martini, J.F., see Julien, M.H.R. Martinez G., A. and Cienfuegos I., F.

Cane cultivation experimental analysis. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 5

Martinez G., F., see Abreu G., J . Marushchenko, M.A., see

Bondarenko, N.F. Maschinenfabrik Buckau R. Wolf AG,

see Buckau R. Wolf AG. Mason, V. et al. Cane harvester performances. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 340

Massey-Ferguson Services N.V., see Quick, D.J.

Masuda, Y. and Tokrshi, H. Leaf . . . . . . . . scald diagnosis. (Abs.) 3 0 6 Math, B.R., see Chatterjee, A. Matherne, R.J. and Irvine, E.J.

Influence of r o w spacing o n cane stalk population, sugar content . . . . . . . . . . and yield. (Abs.) 2 0 6

Mathieu, C. and Hesse, F.W. Soil . . . salinity and beet quality. (Abs.) 2 1 1 Mathismoen, P. Press for beet

extraneous matter. (Abs.) . . . . . . 22 1 Mathur, B.K. Cane agricultural

practices. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 and Nath, A. CoS 7 5 8 cane variety. 372

Matic, M. etal . Refinery melt phosphatation. ( A b r ) . . . . . . . . 1 8 4

Matsui, E., we Ruschel, A.P.

page Matsuoka, S. and Aguillera, M.M. page

Red ro t of cane leaf sheath control. 1 6 we also Aguillera, M.M.

Matthesius, G.A. Juice flow in cane diffusers. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . I 2 0 et al. Continuous boiling . . . . . . . 3 4 9

Matthews, A.A. Wireworm damage and control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 3

Matvienko, B.A. etal . Evaporator juice retention time determination. 1 8 3

Mauch, W. and Krause, E.W. Dextrose and levulose determination in

sugar products. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 124 we also Kaiser, G. and Krause, E.W.

Maudarbocus, S.M.R. and White, E.T. Crystallization simulation by

computer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 see also White, E.T.

Maurandi, V. Boiling. (Abs.) . . . . . 251 Ion exchange. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 2 1 8

Mayer, J.H. Soil phosphate fixation and cane fertilization. (Abs.) . . . . 146

Maykuhs, F. Chemical weed control in beet o n light soils. (Abs.) . . . . . 177

Marur, O.I., see Silina, N.P. Mrdeiros, J.E., ser Andren, R.K. Medina, F.J. Cane milling a t El

Pot r r ro factory. (Abs. 2 1 3 Medved, M., see ~ r i v n l k , ' ~ : ' ' ' ' . ' Mee, D.H. Julce level control in an

evaporator. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 Meeus, P. Powdery mildew control. 212 Mehta, V.C. and Gomkale, S.D.

Calcium carbonate recovery f rom filter cake. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 0

Melaja, A.J. ef al. Dextrose and levulose separation. (Pat.) . . . . . . 2 8

Meleshko. V.P. et al. Beet juice ion exchange treatment. (Abs.) . . . . . 1 8 3

Mrl'nikov, E.M., see Karchik, S.N. Mendes, A. de C. et ol. Weather effect

o n froghopper population. (Ahs.) . . 2 0 8 we= also Botelho, P.S.M. and Macedo, N.

Mendonca, A.F. et al. Borer parasite-. 2 0 8 Mendoza, P.C., see Mariotti, J.A. Meng, K.J., see Mason, V. Menon, T.K.K. a n d Nair, V.C. Cane

molasses and massecuite analysis. 5 8 Menshawi, Z.A. Cane flowering a n d

apex chemical composition. (Abs.) 176 Cane flowering control. (Abs.) . . . 1 4 8 Cane flowering induction in Egypt. 152

Mercier, A. Continuous centrifugal. 6 1 Meredith, T.W., ser Whayman, E. Mpssem, A., see Draycott , P. Meyer, J.H., see Moberly, P.K. Mialhe, L.G. Cane planter. (Abs.) . . 3 0 5

SPC also Ripoli, T.C. Miles, W.G. r t a l . Beet rotting fungi

control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Miletic, R. Beet crown and root

composition. ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . 92 Milic, M. Beet diffusion losses caused

by micro-organisms. (Abs.) . . . . . 8 8 Mil'kova, Z.A. et al. Potassium lactate

effect o n sulphitation juice. (Abs.) 9 2 Millard, E.W., see Hadlow, W. Miller, J.D. et 01. Post-harvest cane

deterioration. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . 176 Miller. K.F. and Wright, P.G. C-sugar

purity control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 3 4 3 Millhollon, R.W. Chemical control of

Johnson grass. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . I 4 5 Germination ofRottboeNiaexaltata. 1 I 1 SPP also Loup?, D.T.

Miocque, J.Y.J. and Machado, G.R. Cane breedingandvarirtiesin Brazil. 1 1 7

Miroshnik, V.A., see Tregub, V.G. Mishor. J.W., see Shih, S.F. Mishra. S.P. Carbonatation vessel and

low-pressure filtration system. . . . 5 3 Phosphatation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 8 7

Miikiewicz, T . and Lesniak, W. Dissolved oxygen effect o n yeast

manufacture from molasses. (Abs.) 9 4 r t al. Dissolved oxygen effect o n Yeast

manufacture f rom molasses. (Abs.) 9 4 Misra, S.R., we Singh, K. Mit'kova, M.M., see Meleshko. V.P. Mittal, R.P. Micro-organisms in cane

mills. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Mobarak, F., see el-Ashmawy, A.E. Moberly, P.K. and Meyer, J.H.

I'ilter cakp as fertilizer. (Abs.) . . . . 3 3 9 a n d Turner, P.E.T. Minimum

tillage system of cane cultivation. 1 4 6 Mochtar, M. Single- vs. multi-tray

clarifier performance. (Abs.) . . . . 1 7 9

Mock, R.G., see Gillaspie, A.G. pagr

Mogueira, M.C.S., see Crsnik, R. Moholkar, P.R. etal . Borer effect o n

cane yield and quality. (Abs.) . . . . 1 6 see also Patif, A.S.

Moir, M.K., ,we Bickle, R.E. Mollla, A. Cane molasses as animal

fodder. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Molina M., R.. see Gutiirrez, P.L. Moller, G.R. r t a!. Automatic

boiling control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 179 Monsanto Co., we Katts. K.W. Monszpart-SPnyi, J., ser Vukov, K. Montano, R., see Triana F., C.J. Moor, B. St. C. Cane diffusion. (Abs.) 310 Mor, J.R.. see Janshekar, H. Morales, E.N. and Falcon, C., N.

Borers in Venezuela. (Abs.) . . . . . 2 0 9 Morales, G., A., see Sais, H.T. Morel du Boil,P.G.andSchaffler, K.J.

Sucrose, dextrose and levulose determination by gas-liquid

chromatography. (Abs.) . . . . . . 378 Moreno P., J. and Lodos, J. Spanish-

Russian dictionary for the sugar industry. (NB) . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0

Morrell, F., I. et al. Yeast plant operation economics. (Abs.) . . . . . 222 s e ~ also Hernindez. S., P.

Morten, H., see Vyse. J.R. Mortlock, R.E., ser Hunt, D.C. Morton, C. Mechanical cane planting. 7 9 Moskalev, B.N., see Dovgopol, V.1. Moskowitz G.J., sre West, I.R. MourZo, c.'A., see Saraceoi, N.G. Mukerji, N. Beet agriculture in

Rajasthan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 Mvkherjee, K.C., see BOSP, S. Muller, C., see Cronewitr, T. and

Schiweck, H. Muller, H.J. Rainfall effect o n

nitrogen influence o n beet yield. . . 2 4 6 Mumford, D.L. Curly t o p control. . . 276 Munir, M. Sugar recovery f rom

molasses by liquid distribution chromatography. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 345

Murashko, E.I., see Eremenko, B.A. Murata, D. and Gibson, W. 1:actory

bagasse and trash consumption in Hawaii and power generation

potential. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 21 Murgov, I., set. Popova, Z. Murry. C.K., see I)uIIow, R.J. Murty, MS. , we Rao, A.V. Murugkar. V.M. and Lakshminarayan.

J . Intermediate carrier shaft breakage. (Abs.) 5 3 . . . . . . . . . . .

Muthusamy, S.. see Lewin, H.D. Myhre, D.L.. we Shih, S.1.'.

Naarden international N.V. Sof t drink turbidity prevention. (Pat.) 317

Nadagoudar. B.S. and Lokeshwarappa, G.V. Cane sulphur

requiren~ents. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 7 8 see also Sharaoappa, B.

Nagasaka, T., ser Tomohe. K. Nagatomi. S., we Dunckelman. P.H. Nahler, 1). Icing sugar conditioning

and storage. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 88 Naik, G.R. et 01. Cane yield decline

in India. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 sre also Joshi. G.V. and

Nimbalkar, 1.D. Nair, V.C., we Menon, T.K.K. Naito, T., we Szsaki, K. Nakamura, T., sec Oliveira, A.R. Nakasone, Y., we Hokama, K. Nakazato, K. and I'uwa, E. Steam trap

inspection a n d maintenance. (Abs.) 377 Nakhodkina, V.Z., see Kostenko. N.V. Naldrr. C.R. 12actors affecting

cane sugar yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . IS Narasimhan, R., w r Kumar. A. Nartea, R.N. and Castro, V.C.

Philippines soils magnesium release. 144 Narwal, S.S. and Behl, K.L. Cane

m t ~ r c r o p p i n g . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 370 Nasoetion, A.H., w e Kuntohartono. T. ~ a s t , R., tdaassen, D. Nath, A,, see Mathur, B.K. Nath, I'., sre Rishi, N. Nath, S. and Tripathi, S.N. Cane juice

additional water calculation in milling. ( ~ b ~ . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5

Navolokin, V.V., w r Krylov. S.T. and Mil'kova, Z.A.

INDEX

Nechitailo, V.N. a n d Zubchenko, V.P. pas?

Cossette cross-section area calcula- t ion for ribless knives. (Abs.) . . . 2 3

Nedelkovits, J. and Fdbian, K. Carbonatation and evaporation

effects o n beet juice glutamine. . . 9 1 Nee, C.I. and Ye?, W.F. Dextrose

recovery f rom bagasse pith hydrolysate. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 381

Nelson, J.M. Nitrogen and planting and harvest date effects o n beet

yield and sugar content. (Abs.) . . 307 Nemirovskaya, S.L. r t al. Automatic

beet juice flow control. (Abs.) . . . 3 4 6 Ness, J.N., srr Player, M.R. Neto, P.B. Alcohol U S . Sugar

production costs in Brazil. (Abs.) . . 381 Neto, S.S., w e Botelho, P.S.M. and

Mendes, A. de C. Nr to , V.L.F., s r Fernandes, J. Newton, R.B., Cane tipper bin

trailer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 Nicsulescu, E. and S t e f a n ~ s c u , A.

Mechanical beet seed harvesting. 308 Nielsen, W.K. Beet thick juice

treatment in centrifuges. (Ahs.) . . . 8 8 SPC also Winstr9m-Olsen

Nielson, A.K., srr Miles, W.G. Niemeyer, R.H., s ~ r Brokensha, M.A. Nikam, B.K., srr R t i l , J.P. Nikiel, S. Sugar manufacture. (NB) 2 8 0 Nimbalkar, J.D. a n d Naik, G.R.

Fungicide and growth promoters effects o n cane height. (Abs.) . . . 1 5

wrnlsn Naik, G.R. Nirula, K.K. Leafhopper pesticide

toxicity determination. (Abs.) . . . 5 0 Noa S., H. Cane by-products

utilization. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Noble, A.G. and Brotherton, G.A.

Pumping effect o n clarification mud filtration. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 344

we also Egan, B.T. and Stewart, P.N. Nossier, M. an dAnderson, R. Cane

area surveying by satellite. (Abs.) . . 144 Nour. A.H., srr Allam, A.1. Nova, N.A.V. rt 01. Cane water

requirement determination. (Abs.) 3 6 9 Novaretti, W.K., w r Teran, F.O. Novosrletskii. V.D., srr

Zagorul'ko, A.Y. Nowakowski. S., sre Koziol. K. Nowatzyk, H. Thin-film juice filter. 8 8 Nuh, C. and Onat , G. Austria beet

agriculture. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 7 NGiiez, T., G. and Diaz de A,, C.

Ash determination in cane molasses a n d yeast. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 5 8

Nurok, D. and Reardon. T.J. Sucrose determination by gas-liquid

chromatography. (Abs.) . . . . . . 5 e Nuss. K.J. Floral induction for cane

breeding. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Oberoi , D.S. and Singh, H.G. Beet agronomy for high yield. (Abs.) . . . 1 7

Ocamuo S., G. r t 01. Furfural manufacture from bagasse. (Abs.) 2 5 3

OCeniSkovd, J. srr Schmidt, L. rind Zahradnikk . J.

Odorod'ko. N I.. ire Bobrovn~k. L.D and Kozyavkin, A.P.

Ogorodnikova, A.N., w e Shvrts, V.N. Okada, M., wp Akiyama, K. Oldemeyer, R.K. rr a/. Variety and

harvest date effects o n beet yield and quality. (Abs.) . . . . . .

srr also Erichsen. A.W. and Suzuki, A.

Oldfield, J.F.T. rral . Bret diffuser midbay acidification. (Abs.) . . . . . Bert juice quality and factory

performances in the UK. (Abs.) . . The Quentin process. . . . . . . . 103,

OIea, I.L., scr Arivalo. R.A. O l r d z k ~ . J . r t al. Mass flow

coordination in a heet sugar factory. Oleinik. D.P., w r Zagorul'ko, A.Y. Oleinikova, A.Y., spr Buravleva, V.I.

and Zubchmko. A.V. Oliveira, A.R. r t 01. Cane leaf scald

detection. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Oliveira. E.R., spr I'ernandes. A.C. Olivrira, F.F.S.. scr Cesnik, R. Omatr te . 0.0. a n d Seohton. H.H.

!<vaporation of cane juice . . . . containing surfactant. (Ahs.) 120

Omet to , J.C. Cane yield estimation pas?

. . . . . . . . . . . . in Brazil. (Abs.) 110 Onat G. spr Nuh C. 0nd;iCei, M., s r r ' z a h r a d n i b k , J. O'Neill. 1. K.. see Cox. G.B.

Mn and Zn contents. (Abs.) . . : . 1 4 rt nl. Effect of variety and soil o n

cane leaf nutrient status. (Abs.) . . 112 srr also d e Bittencourt, V.C. and

Ruschel. A.P. Orlov, L.A:, S P P Zaborsin, A.F. Osa. J.M., w r Mariotti, J.A. Osbiro, S., spr Hokama, K. O'Sullivan, M. Beet nitrogen com-

oounds a n d oualitv. (Abs.1 . . . . . 2 1 8 ~ w a l d , R., sr; Cep;ldk, J. ' Owsianowski, R.. spr Rudolph, K. Oyarzabal, E.S., srr Mariotti, J.A. dzdemir . R., srr Taygun, N. Ozeki, T. and Ishida, M. Automatic

refining control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 314

Palanichamy, K., w r Batcha, M.B.G.R. Pan, Y.C. and Lee, Y.P. Cane ripening

with "Polaris". (Abs.) . . . . . . . . I 7 4 P C al. Bagasse furnace ash as

fertilizer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 109 w~ also ~ i m , G. f .

Pan, Y.S. and Yang, S.L. Cane varietal borer resistance. (Abs.) . . . 150

Pandey, B.N., spr Agrawal, M.L. Pandev. K.N.. spr Sr~nivasan. S. Pang, ZS., sip Lim, G.T. Pant, G.B.. w e Bhatnagar, P.S. Pantuso N., F. Massecuite consistency

. . . . . . . . . measurement. (Abs.) 216 and Polonik, V.S. Massecuite

crvstal content determination.. . . 2 1 9 ~ a r a h h o s , S B., w r Castro, P.R.C. Parish. R.S., w r Wdson, J.F Parker, K.J., w r Birch, G.G. Parkhod'ko, A.P. KDA-30-66 beet

tower diffuser modification. (Abs.) 2 4 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . Prelimer. (Abs.) 277 n r also ~ ; l d r i a h o v . 1.0.

Parkhomets, A.P. rtal . Waste water COD determination. (Abs.) . . . . . 9 2

Parsons. D.K., spr Francl. L.J. Partrider. J.R. Cane mill eears. . . . . 374 Pasechnik. V.P. e t al. carbonatation

vessel. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 8 Pasricha, B. Cane quality effect

o n processing. Abs ) 2 0 . . . . . . . Patel, A.J., J P P S k a h , - A : ~ .

Patel. D.K., see Tembheker. V.V. Patel, M.H. Beet agriculture in

Gujarat. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 Patil, A.O., s r Bachchhav, M.B. Patil. A.S. r f 01. Shoot borer and

white grub control. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 6

- Cane varieial reiuonse tonitroaen. 2 3 8 Patil. K.D., spr Cho;gule, J.D.

-

Patil, M.K. Alcohol manufacture in India. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 w e a b o Dubev. R.S.

Patil, R.T. a n d y h a v a n , J.B. Reduced boiling house recovery calculation. 348

Patil, SIN., w~ Pawar, B.B. P:'il, S.P. rr al. Filter cake as

fertilizer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 srr also Bawasakar. V.S.

Patil, S.S., ser Patil, J.P. Patil. V.D., srr Patil, J.P Pdtkai, G.. w r Vukov, K. Paton, N.H. Phenolic acids identifica-

tion in cane leaves, juice and raw sugar. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

rr 2. c a n e leaf flavonoid photography. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 152

Patv. W.W. Cane mechanization uirsonnel training. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 1 3

p a r Pavlyucbenko, L.N., spr Shvets, V.N. Pawar, B.B. rt al. Low-grade

continuous centrifugal performance. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 8 5

Pavne. J.H. Factorv orrformance imurovement u o l h i in Brazil. . . . . 310

Peiia, M.V:, sbr Rodriguez, A. Prnce, N.E., st' W~stfa l l , D.G. Peng, S.Y. and Twu, L.T. Cancgrowtb

regulator trials. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 0 6 Prnniman. J.G.. spr Freeland. D.V. pereira, J.P.G. c a n e sample '

preparation. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 7 spr also da G16ria. N.A.

Prreira, T.G., w r Pimenta, T.G. I irez. C.. srr Carrazana R.. L. Pirrz, ~.i., w e Duarte P., E. Pirez, M.E., w e Hernindez N.. M.T. Pirez, M.L., srr Herrera, Z. Pirez, M.R., srr Gonzilez, L. Pirez de A,, H. and Friedman, P.

Suear factor" mathrmatical ~ "- ~ , ~-

simulation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 Pirez G., R. rral. Effect of borer

Perschak. F. Beet iuicr ion exchanre treatment. ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . Electrodialy sis. (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

Peterson, G.A., spr Anderson, F.N. Petrunva. V.I. rr 01. Distillerv

automaiion. (Abs.) . . . . . Pett.A.W.L., wr Rundell, J.T. Pfeffer, E. Beet pulp as animal fodder. Phillips Petroleum Co., wr Wilson, J.F Ph~llipson, R.T., me Hibbett, D. and

Koster, P.B. Phulare, R.D., a n d u p a d h y a y a , U.C.

Irrigation number a n d cane yield. Pichaimuthu, S. Centrifugal design. Pichenez, J. Mechanical beet

harvesting and cleaning. (Abs.) . . . Piechota, H., srr Maassen, D. Piedade, C. r t a/ . Voltages in

Brazilian sugar factories. (Abs.) . . . SCP also de Souza, L.G.

Pietkiewicz, J., srr MiSkiewicz, T. Pietrzak, M. Alfa-Laval equipment. Pilley, J.V., w r Matthesius. G.A.

Pinkney, A.J., srr ~ c ~ b i n n b y , w Pinna C., J. and Valdivia V., S.

Irrigation water nutrients contents in Peru. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . - Nitrogen volatilization from urea. w e also Valdivia V.. S.

Pintir , P. Beet mechanization and chemical weed control in Hungary.

Pinto, L.A.R. Alcohol manufacture f rom cane juice and molasses. . . . Continuous clarifier. (Abs.) . . . . Mechanical cane h a r v h i n g . (Abs.)

Piotrowski, D., srr Oledzki, J.

Polack, J.A., w r Blrkezt, H.S. Pol~shchuk, R.P. and Kotlyarov, V.I.

Beet washer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . Pol l~o , t.X. and Campos, 0. Beet and

cane juice ion exchange treatment. and McGawev. k.X. Ion rxchanee

applicationiih cane sugar - processing. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 1 5 7

Pollock, J.S. Cane variety interaction with environment a n d performance. 342

Polonik. V.S.. we= Abreu G.. I.. ~ a n t u s ' o N., 'F. and ~ o d r i & e z B., M.

Poltavskii. Y.A., srr Karasik, V.M. l'ommez, P.. w r Cormier, R. Pompeu, R.M., spr Alves, A.S. Ponant, J. Conductimetric Brix and

uuritv mrasurement. iAbs.1 . . . . . 220 ~bnci r i i . L. Metal ions <nteriction

with sucrose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Poniecki, J. Beet sugar factory

process optimization. (Abs.) . . . . . 3 4 6

Ponomarmko, A.A., wr pagp

Zagorul'ko, A.Y. Pons, M., R. Heat transfer in

deformed tubes. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 2 1 Poole, H.G. Weight transfer tractor

system for cane transport. (Abs.) 241 Pop, E., spe Stanescu, Z. Popov, V.D., we Tregub, V.G. Popova, 2. and Murgov, I. Valinr

synthesis from beet molasses. (Abs.) 350 Popovich, V.V., W P Chekal', A.I. Populin, L., spe Populin, P. Populin, P. rt al. Cane planter. (Pat.) 60 Portal, A,, we Hernandez N., M.T. Portal, G., we Alemdn, R. Portela. E. rtal. Vitamin A addition

t o sugar. ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Porter, R.G., srr Kelly, P.S. Pottage, P.R., see Bennett, M.C.,

Rundell, J.T. and Tilbury, R.H. Powers, H.E.C. Sugar crystallization. 280 Prado, F.E. rt al. Cane leaf sheath

enzyme. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Prakash, I., w r Joshi, R.D. Prasad, M. rt al. Sulphur dioxide

determination in white sugar. . . . . 58 we also Sinha. S.N.

Prasadarao, K.K. rtal . Varietal reaction t o red rot. (Abs.) . . . . . . 116 wr also Rao %K.P. .

PraZgk, M., sir arka, E Prey, V. Sugars esters preparation. 283

wc also Andres, H. Price, G. Cane nutrient requirement

assessment by soil and plant analysis. 304 Priimak, V.M. etal. Carbonatation. 183 Prikhod'ko, I.A., wr Remeslo, N.V. Prilipko, L.T., we Shvets, V.N. Prilutskii, 1.1. and Lyubarets, P.A.

Sugar dust separation. (Abs.) 22 . . . . Pritoni, G. r t al. Herbicide and

soil disinfectant effects on beet. 245 Process Evaluation & Development

Corp., s r r Villavicencio, E.J. Procter & Gamble Co., ser Rizzi, G.P. Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann, see Teissier, R.

Prudhomm, R.O., see Lr Mao, 1. Pukallus, G.F. and Roseler, A.K. Cane train proximity sensor. (Abs.) 340

Pushanko, N.N. rtal . Ring-type beet diffuser. (Abs.) 249 . . . . . . . . .

Pyshnyak, V.V., wr Reva, L.P.

Q u a q u a r e ~ ~ i , s., see Pritoni, G. Quick, D.J. Cane harvester billet

elevator. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Cane harvester trash separator. 28 . . . Cane harvesters. (Pat.) 60 . . . . . . . .

Quintero, N., wr Herndndez N., M.T. Quiroga, E., wr Sampirtro, A.R.

Radford., D.J., we Graham. W.S. Radhaknshnan, C.M., ser

Kandasami, P.A. Rae, J.F., wr Blackburne, 1.D. Raffinerie Tirlemontoise. Vinassp-

beet pulp mixture as animal fodder. 317 SPC also Pinet. C.H.J.

Raha, A.C. Juice settling rates. (Abs.) 179 Rahul, R.M., wr Joshi, N.N. Rai, Y., we Thakur, K. Rainey, D.P., wr Eaton, B.I. Raj, B., see Bhatnagar, P.S. Raj, M., r e Vadehra, D.V. Raju, J.S.N., wr Rao, K.K.P. Ramachandra, J.T., we Sharanagpa, B. Ramaiah, B.B. et al. "Bud chip

cane setts. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Ramaiah, N.A. and Gupta, H.N.

Electrical massecuite reheater. 120 . . . Ramakrishnan, K., we Alexand~r , K.C. Ramalingam, A. Vacuum vs. pressure

fermentation of molasses. (Abs.) . . 27 Ramamani, K.S. Boiler feed water

treatment. (Ahs.) 338 . . . . . . . . . . . Ramchandran, G. Cane physiology

and soil analysis. (Abs.) 338 . . . . . . . Rarnirez, D.A., see Diviniagracia, N.S. and Engle, L.M.

Ramos, E.L., see Rodriguez. A. Ranadive, S.I., we Bawasakar, V.S.,

Patil, J.P. andpatil . S.P. Randolph, A.D. and Tan, C.S. Continuous boiling. (Abs.) . . . . . . 216

Ransomes Sims & Jefferies Ltd. Beet harvester. (Pat.). ....... 285, 316

INDEX

Rantanen, L., we Melaja, A.J. page

Rao, A.V. and Murty, M S . Scale i n x c t effect o n cane. (Abs.) . . . . . 50

Rao. B.H.K. Scale insect incidence, damage t o cane and control. (Abs.) 50

Rao, B.J., we Roo, K.K.P. Rao, B.R., we Rao, P.N. Rao, B.Y. rtal . Cane wax analysis. 254 Rao, C.V.N., we Rao, B.Y. Rao, G.H.P., spr Ramaiah, B.B. Rao. G.N., s-r Ramaiab, B.B. Rao, G.S.C. and Gupta, A.P. Influence of manganese o n cane leaf

amino-acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Rao, G.S.G., we Gupta, A.P. Rao, G.V.S., see Rao K.K.P. Rae, H.K.S. rtal . Cane mutation

breeding. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Rao, J.P., we Rao, K.K.P. Rao, J.T., wr Rao, T.C.R. Rao, K.C. Cane varieties and harvest

and planting times in India. . . . . . 304 and Asokan, S. Cane proline

content and drought resistance. . . 244 - Cane ripening with "Polaris". . . . 48

Rae, K.H., wr Gupta, K.K. Rao, K.K.P. etal. CoA 7601 cane

variety. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 - 03.4 7701 cane variety. (Abs.) . . 83 wr also Prasadarao, K.K.

Rao, K.L., we Rao, K.K.P. Rao, M.A., wr Sarma, M.N. Rao, P.J.M. Improving fuel utilization

efficiency. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Mini-plants for bagasse paper

production. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 126 Power generation in Indian sugar

factories. (Abs.). ........... 52, 248 Rao, P.N. and Rao, B.R. Recommend- ed cane agricultural practices for

India. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Rao, P.N.R. and Ghosh. S.K. Heat economy in sugar factories. (Abs.) 154

Rao, P.S., we Walker, D.I.T. Rao, S.N.G., see Dubey, R.S. Rao, T.C.R. and Rao, J.T. Character

inheritance in Saccharum robusturn hybrids. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Rao, T.K.G., see Venkatamaran, K. Rastogi, K.B., srr Saini, S.S. Rathi, K.S. rtal . Cane intercropping

and planting effects on yield and CIualit~. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Ratts, K.W. Chemical cane ripening. 284 Ravno, A.B., srr.McMaster. L. Ray. S.C. and Jam, P.F. Cane wax

hydrogmation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 93 wr also Sivaraman, R.

Reardon, T.J., we Nurok, D. Reddy, M.R. et al. Nitrogen and soil

water depletion effects on cane water utilization. (Abs.) . . . . 239, 240

Reddy, S.C., s re Reddy, M.8. Reeves, S.A. Cane varietal trials in

Texas. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Chemical weed control. (Abs.) . . . 146

Reghenzani, J.R. Cane weigher. . . . 340 Rricbardat, K., sre Femandes, J. Reichman. G.A. rtal . Irrigation and

water table depth effects on beet yield andquality. (Abs.) 18 . . . . . .

Reinefeld, E. rt al. Changesin dextrose: levulose concentration

ratio in factory products. (Ahs.) . . 57 Reitor A., N.. r r Hernindez S., P. Remeslo. N.V. rt a!. Nucleosidp

melassigenesis (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 281 Rendos, F., srr Caplovic, J. Rens, G. White sugar grist

determination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 251 Research Corporation, wr Willett, J.D.

Reva, L.P. and Simakhina, G.A. Optimum alkalinity determination

in preliming. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 92 ?tal. Prelimer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 183 wr also Fedotkin, I.M. and

Silina, N.P. Reynoso, R.Y., we Ehlig, C.F. R e z n ~ k , K.E. and Vitvitskii, V.D. Carbonatation pH stabilization. stabilization. . 218 Rhone-Poulmc S.A. Dextrose . . isomerization t o ievulose. (Pat.). 317 Ribouleau, E.A.H. Beet drill. (Pat.) 317 Ricaud, C. Cane growth abnormality in Senegal. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 273 CP 70-321 and CP 70-330 cane

varieties. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 372 and FClix,S. Canestreakvirusstrains 149

Ricaud, C. r t al. Cane leaf scald pagr

detection. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 149 - Yellow spot in Mauritius. (Ahs.) 341 we also Brnda, G.T.A.

Ricaud, R. Effect of subsoiling o n soil compaction and cane yield. . . . 11 1 srr also Curtis, O.D.

Rice, E.R., r r Kidder, G. Richard, B., we Giorgi, J.C. Richard, C.A. CP 70-321 and CP 70-330 cane varieties. (Ahs.) . . 342 Wide furrow planting and cane

yields. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 .-f al. Cane varietal trials in Louisiana. 342

Richards, G.N., we Covacevich, M.T. Richardson, F.E. Chemical weed control. ( ~ b s . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Ridge, D., r e Henkel, C.R. Riffer, R., spr Freeland, D.V. Ripoli. T.C. r t al. Cane mineral

content estimation. (Abs.) . . . . . . 281 - Evaluation of cane field condition. 271 we also Gentil, L.V.B.

Risco, B.. S.H. Borer control in Brazil. 209 we also Mendonqa, A.F.

Rishi. N. and Nath, P. Ratoon stunting disease bacterium. (Ahs.) 273

Rivas, N., G. Cane harvester base cutter standards. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 113

Rizescu, G. Irrigation and nitrogen effects o n beet sugar yield. (Abs.) 308

Rizo, J.J., wr Kolesnikov, V.I. and Yamit, D.P.

Rizri. G.P. and Taylor, H.M. S u c r o x ester. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Rizzuto, A.B., r e Skole, R.D. Roach, B.T. Cane breeding. (Abs.) . . 342 Cane nohilization with Saccharurn

. . . . . . . . . sponmnrum. (Abs.) 1 I 8 we also Daniels, J.

Rohella, I., we Casanova, E. Roberts, E.J. and Godshall, M.A. Floc formation by polysaccharide and . . . . . . . . . . . . protein. (Abs.) 379 rr al. Polysaccharide removal in

. . . . . . . . . . . refining. (Abs.) 314 we also Clarke. M.A. and Godshall.

M.A. Robertson, A.D. Molasses loss reduct-

ion by alcohol treatment. (Abs.) . . 349 Robertson, L.S., wr Wang, C.C. Robichaux, H., spe Richard, C.A. Rohson. F. and Flack, M. Newark factory modernization and ............... expansion.. .41,72

Roca G., A., we Almazin del O., 0. Roche. M. Diffusion juice purity . . . . . . . . determination. (Abs.) 376 Rodella. A.A.. wr da Glirria, N.A. and Ferrari, S.E.

Rodriguez, A. et al. Factory product . . . colloid content determination. 187

Rodriguez, F.A., r r Acosta, B., R. Rodriguez. L.B. rtal . Cane prepara-

tion with the "Unigrator". (Abs.) 52, 31 I Rodriguez, B., M. and Polonik, V.

Boiling mathematical modelling. 216 Roelants, W., see Rousel, N. Roger, J., wr Devillers, P. and

Detavernier, R. Rogowska, M. and Wegrzynowski, 2.

Diffusion water acidification. (Abs.) 346 Rohm & Haas Co., ser Barrett, J.H. and Pollio, F.X.

corrosion prevention. (Abs.) 87 Rornenskii, N.P. Beet diffuser

. . . . . Rosado, E. and Batia, H. Cane

molasses and fermented mash analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. 57

Rosales, L., A,, we PGrez, G.. R. Rosario, E.L. and Sooksathan, K.

Fertilizer and plant age effects on cane nitrate reductasr activity. 176

rt al. Fertilizer effect on cane leaf area index, quality and yield. . . . 176 - Nitrogen x cane variety inter- . . . action on leaf growth. (Abs.) 147

Roseler, A.K.. wr Pukallus, G.F.

Ethrel". (Ahs.). 174, 175 R,?stron, H. Cane ripening with

. . . . . . . . . . . Roth, J.P. and King. E.G. Cane borer

. . . . . parasite lawiposition. (Abs.) I50 Rouillard, E.E.A. Crystallizer design

for massecuite cooling and reheating. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Roussel, N. rt al. Beet varietal trials . . . . . . . . . . in Belgium. (Ahs.) 309

Roy, E.P. et al. Raw cane sugar hedging. (NB) 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INDEX

page Rozeff, N. Cane burning in Texas. . . 296 Rud', V.T., w e Tsyukalo, Y.F. Rudd, A.V. Soil drainage inadequacy and cane yield. (Abs 1 5 see= also Chardon, C . J . ' . ' ' ' ' ' '

Rudd, P., x r Jones, C.D. Rudnichenko, L.V., see Il'ina, L.D.

Rudy, H., a r ~ h s t e d i , H. Ruiz, J., ~ P P Llerena, E. Ruiz G., M.C., SPP Darias, P., M. Rumawas, F., w r Kuntohartono, T. Rundell. J.T. and P o t t a ~ c . P R.

r t al. Clarification with f l o c c d a n t i 215 sre also Bennett, M.C.

Runggas, P.M. Floeculant application. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 377 x r also Matic. M.

Ruppel. E.G., &r Hecker, R.J. Ruschel, A.P. and Ruschel, R. Cane nitrogenase activity. (Abs.) . . . . . 206 r t al. Cane nitrogen fixation and

fertilizer uptake. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 148 - Effect of N-fixine bacteria o n

cane root nltroge-nase activity. . . 1 7 6 - Fertilizer and irrigation effects

o n cane root nitropenase activity. 1 7 6 Ruschel, R. Phenotypic stability of Brazil cane varieties. (Abs.) . . . . . 210 SPC also Pimenta. T.G: and

Ruschel. A.P. Rushdi M.H. see Higgy A.M. ~ u g i ~ k k , J. r i a l . Beet d k t and stone

separators. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Sacchi, S. Juice heater and evaporator incondensable gas withdrawal. . . . 54

Sachan, R.S., a r Rao, H.K.S. Saiga, K. r t a l . Carbonatation mud

recalcination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 314 Saini. S.S. c r nl. S t e c k l i n ~ size effect

SPC also ~ r y a ; P.S. . '

Sais, H., T. Micro-organisms in can? juice and imbibition water. (Abs.) r t al . Bagasse micro-organisms, . .

Saito, T., sr? Maekawa, t . Sakaki, M., srr Saiga, K. Sakakida, M., see Yamane, T. Sakamaki, S. and Onishi, T. Colour

removal with granular carbon. . . . Salata, J.C. and Ferreua, L.J. Cane

flowering effect o n juice volume and gum content. (Abs.) . . . . .

SPC also Tambosco, N. Saldarriaga, A,, S. p t ol.Cane

response t o nitrogen. (Abs.) . . . . Salembier, J.F., srr Belieu, J.M. Salih, M.M. Cane agriculture in Iraq. Salzgitter Maschinen AG., srr

Weinrr, W. Samodurov, A.M., srr Nemirnvskaya,

S.L. Samoedi, D.. a r Wirioatmodjo. B. Sampietro. A.R. r t nl. Cane

phosphatases. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . I 5 srr also Prado. F.F..

Samuels, ti., srr Chui, I:. Sanchez. R., srr Hernindrz , N., M.T. Sandhu, J.S. and Duhra, M.S. T o p

horer control trials. (Abs.) . . . . . . 50 Sang, S.L. rt 01. Continuous

carbonatation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 2 4 8 ser also Chen, W.P. and Chiang, N.E.

Sannhavi. K.U. ser Chounule. J.D. ~anyeevi, P.S.. spr ~ e w i n : ~ . ~ . Sankaranarayanan, P. Cane breeding

with wild germplasm. (Abs.) . . . . . 1 5 3 Santhakumariamma. P.N.. see

b t h s a ~ a n . A S and Kandasamo P A S a n t o s , . ~ . ~ . Cane transport

economics. (Ahs.). . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Santos, A,(;., we- (;ongalves. J.A.C. Santos, R.I.., srr da GlAria N.A. Saraceni. N.G. and ~ o u r S d . C.A. . . . . Cane borer parasite hrerding. 151

ol manufacture Saranin, A.1'. Alcohl ,from cane in Brazil. (Abs.) . . . . . . 9 4 Si rka . R. r t or. Sucar solution

bolllng pornt ele, Sarkar. A.K.

Fition. (Abi.) . . . . 251 , wr. Chacravarti. A.S.

Sarkar, K.R., src Bhargava, K.S.

Sarma. M.N. and Rao. M.A. Cane Page

extraneous matter on jurce extraction, quality and clasi&ation.

S?k, J., x r Kemblowski, Z. Selyagina, N.A., w r Arkhipovich, N.A Semenenko, V. Z., w e Lapin, A.P. Semenisova. V.M.. w r Maevskii. V.R. Semple, R.B., w q ~ y r r , G.L. Scnha, Y., W P Saiga, K. Sendiikmen N. and Akrar O.C.

Optimum harbonatation alkalinity and a H determination. (Ahs.) . . .

~ e o h t o k . H H.. w e 6mate ie . 0.b. %;kin, v.T., h a l . Air flow in beet

Sers M. srr Voilley A. ~ e u k n , k., W P van ~ i e y v o o r t , L. Sevilla, ti., J.C. Soil texture and

salinity in Peru. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . Shah. A.H. r t al. Scale insect and

mealy hug control. (Abs.) . . . Shahine, S. r t al. Cellulose manu-

facture from bagasse. (Abs.) . . Shaker, P.M., wr Miles, W.G. Shan. L.L.P. r t al . DriD irrieation

of iane:(~bs.) . . r . . y . . 1 . . . Shang, K.C., a r Liu, M.C. and

Lo, C.C. Shann, D.S. Cane mill feeder. (Abs.) 1 5 4 Shannon, R., w r Paton, N.H. Sharanappa, B. r t al. Phosphorus and

potassium effects o n cane yield and quality. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 4 8

Sharma, H.L. r f al. Beet genetic parameter variability and correlation. 309

Sharma, M.P.. w r Srivastava, N.S.L. Sharma, P.P.. srr Saini. S.S. Sharma, R.A. r t al. Cane ripening

with chemicals. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . 1 4 Sharma, R.C. Maswcuite reheaters. 2 0

Temperature and time effects on viscosity. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1

Page Sharma, R.G. Clonal planting of cane. 2 3 8 Sharma, R.K., JPP Sharma, R.A. Sharma, S.C. Non-sugars effect on cane

. . . . . . . . . juice settling. (Abs.) 180 Sharma. S.K. Leafhoooer control. 1 6 ~ h a r m a ; s.R.,;~ ~h;;ma, R.A. Sbcherbakov, A.M., x r Belik, V.G. Sltrhata, Y.M.. w r M3di. A. Shenkh, N.M. and Hossain, M. I)e&tran

fermentation of sucrose. (Abs.) . . . 125 Shen. I.S.. a r Lo. C.C. Shephard, G.S. Clar~frcation with

. . . . . . . . . . flocculants. (Abs.) 378 SPP also Matk, M.'

Sheu, Y.S. r t nl. Soil oxygen content and cane growth. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 369

Sbevchenko, A., SPP Hernindrz, N., n" T L . L . 1 .

Shewale, B.S., w r Moholkar, P.R. and Patil, A.S.

Shibosato, M. Levulose determination. 31 5 Sbib, S.C., srr Liu, M.C. and Lo, C.C. Shih, S.F. r t al. Soil water manage-

. . . . . . . . ment in Florida. (Abs.) 1 1 1 Shilova, M.A., w e Smirnova, L.K. Shimabuku, M. and Higa, K. Varietal

sunlight utilization efficiency and cane rield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . I 5 3

~hinau; . A.G.. w r ~ o z s a v k i n . A.P.

Shore. M., x r Oldfield, J.F.T. '

Shut. N.A., srr 'Eremenko, B.A.

and sugar content. A b s ) Silva, G.M. de A. and de Morais; k:~: 346

Borer and rot effects on cane . . . . . . . . . . . quality. (Abs.) . 2 0 9 Silva, J.F. and Zarpelon, k'. Boiling

and clarification effects o n sugar . . . colour and ash content. (A&) 1 7 9

Silva, S.A., see Alves, A.S. Simakhina, G.A., w r Reva, L.P. Simbwa-Bunnya, M. Cane disease

resistance trials in Ueanda. (Abs.) . . 341

sugar y ie lds jnd quality. (Ahs.) . . . 21 1 Simonart. A. and Uuhois, J.P.

I n f e c r ~ o ~ i prevention in a sugar factory. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 0

Simpson, D.E. and Hemms, J. Activated sludee treatment of

. . . . . . . . . . . . effluent. (~h;) 374 Singh, A.N. Ammonium chloride as

fertilizer. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Singh, G.R. Cane smut infection. 243 Singh, H.G., srr Oberoi, D.S. Sineh. K. Seed cane oroeramm? for

disease control. (A&)-. . . . . . . . 8 1 and Misra, S.R. Seasonal fluctua-

tions of nematode population and control. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 208

r t al. Fertilization in India. (Abs.) 304 SPP also Agnihotri, V.P. and Srivastava, N.S.L.

Singh, L., x e Bose, S. Singh, M. r t al. Cane juice heater. 52 Sineh. 0. and Kanwar. R.S. Irriea-

tion'and cane deterioration byfrost. 359 Singh, O.P. Stalk borer control. . . . 50

r t al. Maleic h y d r a z i d ~ effect o n . . . . . . beet sugar content. (Abs.) 1 8

a r also Bhalerao, A.C. and Karve, A.D.

Singh, P.P. and Kumar, K. Gamma- BHC interaction with nitrogen. . . . 329 - Vertical and horizontal cane

planting. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . . . . 109 Sineh. R.A.. x r Rathi. K.S. Singhi R.c.; a r Dua, S.P. Singh, S. Cane flowering. (Abs.) . . . 1 7 4 Singh, S.V.,se-e Gupta, A.P. Sineh. U.S. Cane crowth and

bane liaf area esiimafion. (Abs.) . . 239 Cane leaf nitrogen and tillering. . . . 1 0 9 Cane nitrogen content during . . . . . . . . . . . . growth. (Abs.) 239 Nitroecn metabolism in cane. . . . . 370 ~ u t r i i n t effects o n cane. (Abs.) 370

INDEX

I pagp Singh, V.P., w r Rathi, K.S. Stewart, E.J., w r Swindells, R.J. Sinha. K.P., w e Gupta, K.K. Stewart P.N. r t a l . Centrifuge Sinha. S.N. rt al. Cane sugar recovery treatmLnt of clarifier mud. (Abs.) 1 5 4

calculation. (Abs.2 . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 Sitnik N.G. see 11 ma, L.D. s ivara6an. k. and Rau. S.C. Masse- c u i t e viscbsits reducifon in boiling. 52 Siwicki, S., w; Krasucki, S. Sklyarenko, V.D., w r Andrianov, 1.0. Skole, R.D. r t n l . Raw sugar

micro-oreanisms. (Abs.1 . . . . . . . 380 Slater. ~ . f . ~ r o t e i n o r o d u c t i o n from

sugars determination. (Abs.) . . . . 2 2 0 Slyusarenko, T.P., s r r Shvets, V.N. Smadl, R.J. Borer infestations in

South Africa. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 371 Smelik, A. Dextrose solvation

saturation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 Smirnova. L.K. e t a l . Tryotoohane

S m ~ t h . N.H: Suear colorahts fractionation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. (Abs.) . .

Smith, P., s r r Daniels, J. a n d Paton. N.H.

Smith, k. r t al. Nematode control. Snyder, F.M. Molassebcontaining

animal fodder. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . Sohc7yk. G. Beet campaign starling

and f~nishmg dat rs in Poland. (Ahs Sobrinho A.T. PCP Gatofatto J.C SoaPr i d '~xol&lar ion d'usinks

~Cta i lura iabes . Massecuite mixer drive. (Pat ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SociCti d e Promotion e t d'Exploita- tion lndustrielle de ProcPd6s de Brevets S.A., w r Fogarassy, A.

Soman. P.N. Maharashtra suear

Stockman, R., w e Bandel, F.' '

Stokie, G., w e Covacevich, M.T. Stratienko, O.V., w r Fel'dman, A.I. Stroehlein J.L. see Johnson, G.V. Strong, ~ . b . , s i r Bathgate, R.R. Sturion, A.C. Cane sampling and

............ analvsis. (Abs.) 180. 281

i d n i s o 5 c i m p o s., i;. ' Subbarao, V.V., s r r Singh, M. Subrahmanyam, P.V.R., w r .. . .

Subramanian. A. r r al. Borer control . . . b) cane trash mulching. (Abs.) 243

S~iddeutsche Zucker-AG. Molasses sugar recovery. (Pat.) . . . . . . . . . 285

Suekane, M. r t al: Dextrose . . isomerization t o Ievulose. (Pat.). 2 9 Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative

of Florida. Cane harvester. (Pat.) . . 2 8 5

Sugawara. M.. SPP Saiga, K Sugimori, M.H., w r Oliveira, A.R. Sullivan, E.F. and Fagala, L.K.

Chemical weed control in beet. . . . 8 4 ~ u l l & a n ; ~ . ~ . ~ a n d ~ S c h e w ~ , L . ~ .

Sugars determination by gas-liquid chromatography. (Abs.) . . . . . . 5 8

Sullivan, K. Automatic boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . control. , 2 5 9 Sullivan S. wr Ricaud C. S u m n e r : ~ : ~ . , w e ~ e a i f i l s , E.R. Sundaresan, K., see Thangavelu, S. Suomen Sokeri Oy., w r Mrlaja, A.J. Suzor, N.L.C. C-melt clarification. 1 8 1 Suzuki. A. r t al. Beet soacine effect

on yihld and sugar ~ o i t e n t . ~ ( ~ b s . ) 8 4 SPP also Erichsen, A.W. a n d ntdrmrx,rr R K - . - ..... , .. , -..--.

industry. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 . . . . . 9 3 Svohoda, E. and Klepal, I. Affination Sommer, C., w e Bramm, A. temperature and crystal size effect Sooksathan, K., ser Rosario, E.L. o n sugar moisture content. (Abs.) 2 3 S o o p ~ g n a n i e n , G.C., s r r Julien, Centrifugal performance determin-

M.H.K. Sohs, P. and Lenerel. A. Beet losses

s r r h l s o Bacchi, 0 . 0 : ~ . ' Soundrarajan, N.V. r t al. Low-arade

massecuite curing efficient)

ation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweet, C.P.M. Cane ripening with

Ethrel". (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . Swindells, R.J. rf al. Crystallizer

performance at Tully. (Abs.) . . . L Sugar flow from storage bins. . .

Symington, W.M. Cane nobilization with Sarcharurn nfficinarum. . . .

.................. Srivastava, ~ . ~ . , ' s e r P r a s a d . ' ~ . Takashi, -., sre Knrenaga, -. Srivastava, N.S.L. s tubble shaver. 340 I Takeda. R.. s r r Saiea. K.

calculation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 Spee, G. Beet drill and soil erosion

S;~;~~~~;;$P~b~bedddwP'aiaiidR~ . :;; Srinrvasan, S. and Pandry, K.N.

Large-grained sugar manufacture. 8 5 Srinivasan, T.R., s ~ r Venkatamaran, K. Srivastava. D.N.. srr Wilson. K.I.

Szczmiowski, M., s r r ~lhdzki, '~. Szczot, K. and Jochim, H. Computer

application t o beet payment. (Abs.) 346

Tabrah, J.G., s r r McElhoe, B.A. Tagore. N.R. Losses. (Abs.) . . . . . . 1 1 9 Taisnc. D.. .WP Teissier. R.

anlon effect o n cane mosaic: (Ahs.) 1 6 1 atron t o levulose. (Pat.) . . . . . . 284

r t al. Seed cane treatment with moist hot air. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 8 1

Srivastava, S.C., x r Hunsigi, G. Srivastava, S.K., s r r Sinha, S.N. Srivastava, V.K. e t a / . Heteroooly-

Stamper, E.R.,~sPP Loupe. D.T.' I = - ~ ..,-,.-.-.,... --.

ane. K.H. Effect of inter-row

~ a m b o s c o . ' ~ . r t a i d a n e harvester trials in Brazil. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 305 - Machine harvested cane trash

content. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 3 Tamura. M. ei al. Dextrose isomeriz-

Standard Brands Inc. Dextrose spacing on cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . 1 0 9 isomerization t o I~IUIOSP. ( A t . ) . . 285 I Tantsyura, L.V.. w r Arkhipovich, N.A.

Stanescu. 2. and Bria. N. m e t Tanav R E., SPP Rosario, E.L. T.. .see Ciochia. V. . . . e t al. Beei varieties h ~ u m a n i a .

see also Ciochia, V. Stark?, H.D., see Codulla, P. Steele, E.M., SPP ScoheII, H.D. Stefan. G.. w e Stanescu. 2.

Strfsnrscu. P.. SPP Stanescu. 2. Strgnil. N.G., s r r Kravchuk, A.F. S t r~nhauer , E., w r Rudolf, H. Strinle. ti. and 1:ischrr. I.' Brtaine

determination hy high-pr&surc liquid chromatographg. (Ahs.)

,s?r also Koster, P.B.. Stengl, R., SPP liriml, M. Steoanov. G.N. Rake conve\,or

modifications. (Abs.) . . . .

Tate & ~ s l b ~ t d . clarification with

SPC also ~ u n d e l l , J.T. Taygun, N. r r al. Vinasse recycling

and alcohol fermentation of molasses. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Taylor, H.M., w r Rizzi, G.P. Teaeue, H.J.. s r r Oldfield. J.F.T.

Teixrira. J.P.B., w e Tambosco, N. C-D'

Tello A,, H., ~ ~ S a l d a r r i a g a A., S. Iembheker. V.V. andPate l , D.K. Cane disease and pest control in

India. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 Tentscher, W.. w e Rudolph, K. Teran, F.O. and Novaretti, W.R.

Borer control in Brazil. (Abs.) . . . . 2 0 8 Terent'ev. Y.A. r t a l . 0 o d m u m

cossette length. (Abs.)' . . . . . . . . 3 1 3 Tewari, S.K. and Bhatnagar, P.S.

Beet aeticulture economics in ............... - - - ~ ~ Raiasthan. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 8 4

~ h a k b r , A . K . , ' ~ P dhacravarti, A.S. Thakur, K. r t al. Fertilizer effect o n

cane yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Thangavelu, S. and Sundaresan, K.

Gur production and consumption in India. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 8

Thippeswamy, M.K., w e S o ~ ~ n d r a r n i l n N V ......... -, ... , .....

Thirel. Y. Continuous massecuite filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

Thomas. D.W. Field survival of above-and below-ground parts of

potted seedlings.<Abs.) . . . . . . . . 372 Thomason, I.J., spr Kontaxis, D.G.

a n d Smith. R. homoso on.'^.^. Can? biomass

prodiction. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 339 Thompson, K. Beet seedbed

preparation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 8 Thomson International Co., w r

Brassette, D.J. Tilbury, R.H. r t at. Mill sanitation

and losses. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Tilley, L.G.W. Cane farm records

system. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Timonin. A.N., w r Pasechnik, V.P. Tobilevich, N.Y., w r Matvienko, B.A. Todt, F., xr Krause, E.W. Toguchi, M., w r Hokama, K. Tokeshi, H., w r Duarte, M.L.R. a n d Masuda, Y.

Tomaneng, A.A. Soil factors affecting cane yield and sugar content. . . 206

Tomobr , K. and Nagasaka, T. Raw sugar trace metals determination. 315

Tong, J.F., w e Chen, C.H. andsang, S.L. Toohey, C.L. Effect of variety on

cane cultivation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 117 Torres, B., M. Fertilizer trials in

Mexico. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Tory. P., SPC Davis, N.B. Tovstenko, Y.V., spr Zagorul'ko, A.Y. Toyama, N. Bagasse saccharification. 282 Traveller, D.J., w r Carter, J.N. Trebin. L.I. r t a l . Low-grade

massecuite boiling wiih temperature fluctuation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 89

Treeub. V.G. r r 01. Heat transfer .............. oGi&zation in boiling. (Abs.) . . . 122

Trepka, M., w r Wolahski. J. Trrana F., C.J. rf a/ . Bagassr lignin

chemical iompositic>r~. (Ahs.) . . . . 22 1 I'rifonova. T.P.. s r U38shr\, hl.1. Trinchuk. G.S.. we Pefrunsa. V.1. Tripathi. A.M., w r srivastava. V.K. Tripathi, S.N., w r Nath, S. Triviz. P. "Hi-Extractor". (Abs.) . . . I 8 1 Trubenko,V.N.,srr Terent'ev, Y.A. Tseng. D.S., w r Hsieh, W.H. Tseng. H.C., w r Lu, C.J. Tseng, S.T., w e C h m , M.Y. Tsukui, K., spr S a a k i , K. Tsygura, V.G., w r Ivanyuk, A.A. Tsrukalo. Y.F. et ol. rnrhonatation

- Filter cloth sleeves.-(~bs.) ..... j16 Tubol'tsev. V.K., w r Tuzhilkin, V.I. Tuchinskii, L.M. and Kuz'menko, B.P.

Lime balance calculation. (Abs.) 249 Tung, W.H., w e Lin. T.L. Turner. N.V. Chemical weed control

in the UK. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Turner, P.E.T. Chbmical weed

control. ( A b r ) . ............ 146,339 w e also Moberly, P.K.

Tuzhilkin, V.I. and Kaganov. I.N. Vapour pressure in boiling. (Abs.) 57 r t al. Brix measurement. (Abs.) . . . 346

Twu,L.T..wrPeng.S.Y. '

Tpazhelova. G.F. Discrepancy between beet and cossette sugar contents. . . 376

Uhlenbrock, W. Carbonatstion juice lime salts determination and contro1.278

Ulkii, G., spr Taygun, N.

p a w Umari. M. and Brinkmann, W. Beet

topging. (A?) . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Upa hyay, S K., w r Prasad, M. Upadhyaya, U.C., JPP Phulare, R.D. Urban, V. Factory product conveying 278 Urbaniec, K. and Kulig, M. Juice

heater. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 efa l . Evaporators. (Abs.) . . . . . . 250 SPC also Oledzki. J.

Ushuo, S., SPP Tamura. M. Ustulin, E.J., r r Tambosco, N

u c c a r i , G. and Accorsi, C.A. Carbonatation mud application

t o soil. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 se? also Accorsi. C.A. a n d

Mantovani, G. Vadehra, D.V. r f a l . Molasses effect on

citric acid fermentation. (Abs.) . . . 94 Vaghela, N.V., SPP Shah, A.H. Vajna, S. Air flow in artificially

ventilated beet piles. (Abs.) . . . . . 88 Valdis B.. E., see Gonzalez C.. L. Valdis D., A. Juice heater design. . . 154 Valdivia V., S. Effect of excess soil

sodium o n cane yield. (Abs.) . . . 109 Fertiiizer trials in Peru. (Abs.) . . . . 368 and Pinna C., J. Soil salinity and cane

sett germination. (Abs.) 368 SPP also Pinna C., J.

Valsechi, 0. rf a/. Borer effect o n cane and juice quality. (Abs.) . . . . 242

Valter, V., w r Komerec, J. van Biljon, J.J., w e Jooste, 1.

van der W. van Blommestein, P.C.. w r Jooste. J.

van der W. van der Poel, P.W. r t .I. Sugar factory

laboratofy automation and data processmg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I68

SPC also Bleyenberg, C.C. van der Riet, C.B., spr Bodger. R. van der Schans, C., spr Alves. A.S.

a n d Eaton, B.1. van Dokkum, J. Power factor

improvement calculation. (Abs.) . . 374 VanHook, A. Sucrose crystal growth

and dissolution. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 124 Vanli, N. and Kaimoglu, S. Irrigation

effect o n beet sugar content and . . . . . . . . . . . . . yield. (Abs.) 177

Vanstallen, R. Beet pulp texture measurement. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 350 Beet seed spacing and population. 177 and Jardin, A. Beet fertilization. 308 s w o l s o Roussel, N. and Vigoureux, A.

van Steyvoort L. Beet pests and . . . . . . diseases in Belgium. (Abs.) 247

Beet virus yellowsvector control. 212 andseut in , E. Insect controlin beet. 212

Varadan, G.S. Sugar industry in India. 248 Varma, N.C., w e Dubey. R.S. Vattuone, M.A., see Prado, F.E. Vaughan, J.G. Food microscopy. 280 Veeresh, G.K. White grub distribution,

damage t o cane and control. (Ahs.) 50 Vega, K., I., see Hernindez. S., P. Velayautham, B., w e Subramanian, A. Vrlavutham. N.. SPP Ethiraian. A.S. ve l i iud 1.P: waste water tieatment and diiPosal in 17rance. Abs.) . . .

Venkatachari, A,, w r ~ e 6 d y . M.R. Venkatachary, A., SPP Reddy. M.R. Venkatamaran, K. ef al. Cane

ripening with chemicals. (Abs.) . . Venter, J.S.M., ser Hough, J.J. Venturi, G., S?P Pritoni, G. Vergara, E.V., ef al. Cane varietal

trials in the Philippines. (Abs.) Veurman, J.D. Contour farming. Vigh, I. Liming vessel. (Abs.) . . . . Vignes, E.C. Raw sugar grain si7.e . . . . analysis in Mauritius. (Abs.) Vigoureux, A. Bolted beet

elimination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . and Vanstallen, R. Pesticide

application rate determination. Villasanta, S.M., w e Vergera, K.V. Villavicencio, E.J. Bagasse

prehydrolysis and digestion. (Pat.) Viotti, A.V., sve- Chenu, IJ.M.A.M. Vir, S. and Behniwal, M.S. Cane

varietal resistance t o smut. (Abs.) Viswanatban. L., w r Agrawal, P.K.

a n d Bajpai, P. Vitkovskaya. V.A. rf al. 1)istillery

. . . . . . waste treatment. (Abs.) Vitvitskii, V.D., w r Keznik, K.E.

INDEX

p a w Vivier, M., w e Geoffrey, F. Vlitos, A.J. Cane agronomy and sugar

use as a chemical feedstock. (Abs.) 304 Voilley, A. e t al. Centrifuging and

dextrose crystallization. (Abs.) . . . 315 Vojin, K. Carbonatation at Osijek . . . . . . . . . . . . factor).. (Abs.) 23 Voloshanenko, G.P., w e Remeslo,

,.I 1, .I. v .

von Alten. J. Machinery and beet row width discrepancies. (Abs.) . . .

von Krssel, W.C. Beet agriculture costs in West Germany. (Abs.) . . . Beet agricultural practices and

crop profitability. (Abs.) . . . . . . Beet har~esters. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . Nematode control. (Abs. Sodium and magnesium beriiiizt.; . .

trials in West Germany. (Abs.) . . Soil preparation and fertilization

effects o n beet crop. (Abs.) . . . . von Miiller, A. Beet varietal trials

in West Germany. (Abs.) . . . . . . . Vreven, T., w r RousseI. N. Vukov, K. rf al. High invert syrup

manufacture and properties (Abs.) Vyse, J.R. and Morten, H. Labora-

tory programmable calculator. . . . Vyshtak, V.S. and Sidorenko, A.I.

Beet reception and storage. (Abs.) Vyskrebtsov, V.B., see Pasechnik, V.P.

Wachowicz. M. Colouring matter fractionation by gel fill

Wagner. P., SPP Rudolf, H. Walker. D.I.T. r t n l . Cane hreedine

in the . . Wandre, S.S., ser ~ h b u g u f e , J.D. Wang, C.C. r f aL Soil phosphorus

availability. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . Wang, L.H. and Kuo. Y.C. Enzymatic

saccharification of bagasse pith. rf al. Cane molasses alcohol and

yeast fermentation. (Abs.) . . . . . Wang. P.L., w r Yang, S.J. Wang, S.L., w r Liu, H.P. Wana. Z.N. and Lee. C.S. Leaf b l i ~ h t

infection mechanism. (Abs.) . . Wardhana, T. Pressure evaporation. Watts, K.W. pr ol. Factory power

supply t o public grid. (Abs.) . . . . . Wawro. S., w e Zanrodzki. S. Webb, J. and Jaggird, K. Sowing

date and beet yield. (Abs.) . . . . . . Webb. W.A.C. Gruh control. IAb8.l weetail, H.H., spr Lartigue, 6.1. ' Wenener, M.K.. w r Fuellmn. T.G. Wegenhoft, K., see Roy, E.P. Wegrzynowski, Z., s r e Rogowska, M. Wehrmann. J.. spr Scharaf. H.C. Weidner, H'. A'utomatic filier press. . Werner, W. and Buge, K. Centrifugal. West, I.R. and Moskowitz, G.J. Sugar!

determination in high fructose corn syrup. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Westfall. D.G. rf a/. Beet brei nitrate and sugar content. (Abs.) . . . . . .

Whayman, E. and Meredith, T.W. Raw sugar components and refinery

liquor filtration. (Abs.) . . . . . . . SPC also Crees, O.L.

White, D.R. Syrup preparation. (Pat.) White, E.T. and Maudarbocus, S.M.R.

Head loss determination in continuous crystallizers. (Abs.) . . . . . . .

sre olso Kirby, L.K., Maudarbocus, S.M.R. andSwindells, R.J.

Whitney, R.W., w e Cochran, B.J. Whittle, A.M. Cane smut resistance

ratings. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fungus formation on cane arrows.

Wiebe. G. Nematode control. (Abs.) Wieser. F., w e Hrubesch, W. Willcox. T.G. Cane crop forward

planning. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . Cane standing-over. (Abs.) . . . . . . and McALeese. C.M. Eye soot in

Australia. ( ~ b s . ) . . : . : . . . . . . Willett, J.D. and Cheek, L.M.

Nematode hatching agent. (Pat.) Williams, A,, w r Horsley, D.F.A. Williams. J.R. and Luc. M. Nematodes

Wilson, B. Cane agrkultural practices for increased yield. (Abs.) . . . . . .

Wilson. J.F. and Parish. R.S. Mrrlasses-containing animal fodder

-- -

page Wilson, K.I. and Srivastava, D.N. Red rot effect o n cane tissue phenol

content. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Windal, G. Automatic boiling control. 182 Automatic water:cossette control

in beet diffusion. (Abs.) . . . . . . 182 I Deleurence, A. Computer and

control of boiling. (Abs.) . . . . . . 121 Winner, C. Agronomic factors and beet aualitv. IAbs.1 . . . . . . . . . . 84 see a!& ~iiick;.. K. bndschaufele. W.R.

Winstram-Olsen, B. r t al. Beet phenols investigations. ....... 322,362

Wirioatmodjo, B. and Samoedi, D. Cane borer control. IAbs.1 . . . . . . 15 1

Wise, C.T. Soil conw&atiok. (Abs.) 338 Wismer, C.A., w r Liu, H.P. W6jcikowski, K., w e Urbaniec, K. Wolatiski, J. and Trepka, M.

Limestone mechanical handline. . . 182 ~ o n g You Cheong, Y., w r ~ e v i h e , J. Wood, R.A., see Clowes, M.St.1. Woodwark, W., w e Hibbert, D. Wright, 1. Abandoned cane dangers and elimination. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 78 Australian irrieation scheme. iAbs.l 239

Wright, P.G. ana Broadfoot, R.' '

Factcry equipment residence time studies with lithium. (Abs.) . . . . 156

w e also Broadfoot, R. a n d Miller, K.F.

Wu, S.N. and Ho, P.W. Liberia surar factory. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Wiistemann, R., SPP Ebers, G. WISP. R.E. Temaerature effect on

Yakimov, A.F. Carbonatation with mud separation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . .

Yamaga, J. and Shirakawa, S. Refinery sludge drying. (Abs.) . . .

Yamane, T. ef al. Raw sugar colorants. Yamit, D.P. and Rizo, 1.1. Chemical

weed control (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . Yang, J.P.W., w e Lin,C.H. Yang, P.C. and Ho, F.W. Cane

ripening with "Polaris". (Abs.) . . . Yang, S.J. Effect of mechanical

cane harvesting on soil properties and ratooning. (Ahs.) . . . . . . . .

and Wang, P.L. Soil salinity correction by drainage. (Abs.) . . .

s?r also Sheu, Y.S. Yang, S.L., see Pan, Y.S. Yang, S.M. and Braud, H.J. Cane sett

protection with fungicide. (Abs.) Yang, T.C., w r Sheu, Y.S. Yang, T.T. and Chen. C.T. Cane

guttation. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . and Hsieh, T.S. Reducing sugars

decrease in growing cane. (Abs.) Yaremchuk, I.G., w r Dymko. M.A. Yarmilko, V.G., w r Khomenko, N.D. Yee, W.F., w e Nee, C.I. Yeh, H.J. Herbicide tolerance of cane varieties. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . Surfactant effpct o n herbicide

activity. (Abs.). . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Young, M.A., S P ~ Ocampo S., G. Young-Kong, V.M. Cane smut in

Guyana. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Yuzefcbuk, K.I.,we Karasik, V.M.

Zaborsin, A.F. r f al. White sugar dr~er lcool r rs . (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 54

high-colou~products. (Abs.) . . . . 26 - Beet tarehouse line. (Abs.) . . . . 92 - Losses in thick juice storage and

processing. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . 375 - Unknown losses reduction. (Abs.) 249

Zagrodzki, S. rf al. Active carbon regeneration kiln. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 314 - Ammonium carbonate recovery

from beet juice. (Abs.) . . . . . . 312 w e also Zaorska, H.

Zagrodaki, S.M., s r r Zagrodzki, S. a n d Zaorska, H.

Zahradnifek, I . ef al. Stored beet weight and sugar losses. (Abs.) . . . 217

Page Zakharov, K.P. r t al. Carbonatation at Sambor sugar factory. (Abs.) . . . 313 w r also Lapin, A.P.

Zama, F. luicr heater and evaporator incondmsable gaswithdrawal. (Abs.) 54 w e also Accorsi, C.A..

Zambello E. we de Bdtencourt v.c., odanho, I. and Ruschel, i.~.

Zamecsnik, L. Corrosion prevention. 250 Zamora, A.B., s r r Barba, R.C. Zamorano C., E. Cane harvester comparison. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 11 3

Zana, J., SPP Lukacs, L. Zaorska, H. Bert juicp treatment with active carbon. (Abs.) . . . . . . 250 r t a l . Ammonia and sugar deter-

mination in condmsate. (Abs.) . . 312

Zarprlon, F., see Chenu, P.M.A.M. and Silva T R - . . - - . . . - , - . . . .

Zaruha, 1. Milk-of-limr metrring syslrm. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Zdikhovski~. O.B., w r Kostenyuk, A U . . . . . . .

Zmdr, G.K. Agronomic factors and cane quality. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 370 Cane research in India. (Abs.) . . . . 48 w r also Bawasakar. V.S. and Patil. S.P

Zhizhina, R.G., spr Ivanyuk, A.A. Ziegler, J. Boiling. (Abs.) . . . . . . . 213 Zoidl, H. Carbonatation mud dewatering. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . . . 313

Zolnierczvk. C. Mechanical beet hawesting in Poland. (Abs.) . . . . . 308

Zotkina, L:V., e r Fql'dman; A.I. Zuazua N., J.M. Clar~fication with dolomitic lime. (Abs.) . . . . . . . . 181

Zubatov. V.A. r t 01. Tablet suear

Zubchenko, A.V. r t al. Sugars solutions thermodynamics. (Abs.) 25 1 see oI.vo BU~VICVII. V.I.

~ u b c h i n 6 , V.P., we ~echi ta i lo , V.N.

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International Sugar Journal 1979 Vol.81 No.972

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Transcript of International Sugar Journal 1979 Vol.81 No.972