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Integration of Smart Grid with the Existing Power Network of Bangladesh: Power Grid and Renewable

Power Generation

Sultana R. Akhter, Student MIEEE, Kawsar Ahmed, Sujjad Hussan and Abu Khalid

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Stamford University Bangladesh

Dhaka, Bangladesh razia.sub.26@gmail.com, kawsar37@live.com,

sujjad.hussan.sh@live.com, khalid.inferno@live.com

Md M. Biswas, Graduate Student MIEEE Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh

multan_eee@stamforduniversity.edu.bd

Abstract—People of Bangladesh are now fully conscious of the significance of greener and sustainable environment and global warming. It promotes high expectations for clean power generation, optimal use of electricity, and application of eco-friendly smart technologies. In this regard “smart grid” which effectively controls supply and demand of electric power using advanced communication technology, is a leading tool towards developing “Greener Digital Bangladesh”. There is a growing interest for implementation of smart grid in different nations. In this work, the theoretical concepts of smart grid has been presented to highlight alternative, automated technologies that may bring important benefits to the existing Transmission and Distribution (T&D) networks of Bangladesh. Finally, on the basis of country’s practical situation, the development plans of renewable energy power generation for integration of smart grid with existing power network are proposed.

Index Terms--Bangladesh, power grid network, renewable energy, smart grid, system integration.

I. INTRODUCTION

To alleviate the crisis of energy all over the world along with the environmental issue, recently many countries concurrence to develop a power generation system which will be clean and safe for the atmosphere, use of the renewable energies and cost effective. Moreover, with the arrival of advance communication technology, customers’ aspiration for improved power quality and electricity supply reliability has been highly increased. These benchmarks introduce some new challenges for the existing thermal power generation oriented power system. To face these challenges, it has been a goal of engineers in power industry to establish a new form of grid, which can be “smart grid”. The smart grid has been proposed successively in United States, Europe, Canada, Australia, and China [1]-[4]. Many other countries in the world are also thinking about smart grid as the upgrading trend of power grid [4], [5]. Although the advancement of future grid is very prompt throughout the world, but due to dissimilarity in the

power condition of different countries creates different motivations, challenges, and visions towards smart grid. In US, the distributed generations and grid incorporation of renewable energy resources such as solar and wind power have been initiated in several provinces under the smart grid demonstration program (SGDP) [6]. In Europe a prototype smart grid has been demonstrated on the Danish island Bornholm [7] and the primary objective of this prototype is to operate the region’s power system using more than 50% renewable generation. South Korea has successfully established a smart grid test bed in an island [8] and integrated some renewable energy generations along with smart meters, in-home displays, and electric vehicle-charging infrastructure.

Due to geographical position, there is a significant potential for renewable power generation in Bangladesh. It has tropical low-lying, monsoon-type climate, riverine land and numerous natural resources, which provides decent possibility of the solar power, wind power, biomass or biogas and hydropower generation. For sustainable environment and to meet up the excess power demand, there is no exception to integrate smart grid with the existing power network and accumulate of renewable energy power generations towards smart grid in this south Asian developing country.

This paper presents a brief description of smart grid technology with its definition, visions, and comparison with existing traditional grid. On the basis of present grid situation and practical condition, authors elaborately review the available renewable energy technologies with its prospects in Bangladesh and propose a combined energy map of feasible renewable energy power plants which could be incorporated with future smart power grid.

II. SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

Smart power grid introduces a two way dialogue where electricity and information can be exchanged between the utility and its customers [5], [9]. It is a developing network of

IEEE ISGT Asia 2013 1569806531

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communications, controls, computers, automation and new technologies, all of which are working together to make the grid more efficient, more reliable, more secure and greener [10], [11]. The smart grid enables newer technologies to be integrated such as wind, hydro and solar energy production and plug-in vehicle charging [12], [13]. With the participation of the consumers the smart grid will replace the aging infrastructure of today’s grid.

A. Definition of Smart Grid

There is no specific definition of smart grid. Different nations have their own view regarding smart grid definition. According to the US Department of Energy [10], the smart grid is self-healing, consumers oriented, resilient, associates with different distributed generations and storage systems, introduce new scope for business, enhance the use of several assets, and moreover deliver better quality of power for the modern economy. According to the European Technology Platform [14], a smart grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it, in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. According to the Australian Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency [15] smart grids combine advanced telecommunications and information technology applications with ‘smart’ appliances to enhance energy efficiency on the electricity power grid, in homes and businesses.

In short, a smart grid is an electrical grid that enables two way communication systems with real time response capability and allowing renewable energy sources, improves the efficiency, reliability, and economics of the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The basic idea of smart grid is demonstrated in Fig. 1. “Smart grid” is a vision for the electric delivery systems of the future. Table I summarizes the functional comparison between existing and future smart grid [16], [17]. Fig. 2 illustrates the structural difference of traditional and smart power grid.

Figure 1. Smart grid concept.

TABLE I. COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL AND SMART GRID

Comparative Topic Traditional Grid Smart Grid

Communication One-way Both-way

Interaction with the user Infrequently Frequently

Instrument type Electromechanical Digital

Generation Centralized Distributed

Control Limited Pervasive

Operation and management

Artificial device calibration

Remote monitoring

Use of Sensors Few Through-out

Response to system Vulnerable Resilient

Response type Failures and Blackouts Adaptive

Power Restoration Manual Self-healing

B. Vision of Smart Grid

Future intelligent power grid can be measured as a “trans active” agent. That is, it will empower some basic informational, economical, along with “electrical” transactions among the consumers, grid and the suppliers. This intelligent grid can be functionality defined [18]-[21] by the following primary characteristics:

Interactive: The smart grid practically introduces the consumers with the electricity markets by providing the real time information, control, and choices about the instant condition of electricity which make them capable for balancing of their demands along with the resources.

Integration of Distributed Generation: To support a “plug-and-play” level of convenience, future intelligent grid will flawlessly add all forms and sizes of electrical generation and storage systems using simplified process and universal standards. Central power plants and nature welcoming renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro will play most important role along with large numbers of smaller distributed resources, including plug-in electric vehicles, are deployed.

High-quality: This intelligent grid will provide high quality of power for the modern economy system. It uses some sensors like phasor measurement units (PMU) distributed throughout the network to monitor power quality and occasionally respond automatically to power quality deficiencies.

Self-healing: Future smart power grid will predict and respond to system disturbances (self-heal) by performing continuous self-assessments to detect and analyze issues and take effective action to alleviate them and quickly restore grid components or network sections, if necessary.

Economic: Environment friendly future grid will enable a new scope to the market of electricity involving new products, services, and opportunities. In addition it also introduces smart billing process which will connect customers and vendors together – all the way through generation, distribution and transmission from central to the regional level.

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Figure 2. Smartening electric grid system.

III. TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES OF SMART GRID

INTEGRATION IN BANGLADESH

The smart grid is a promising platform for future electricity networks. However, there are some significant technological challenges on the way towards its implementation. Therefore, different market players need to combine their efforts and concentrate on making the technologies and infrastructure possible for smart grid implementation as well as finding the sources of financing and returns. Some important technology challenges of integrating smart grid in Bangladesh are discussed in following sub-sections:

A. Grid Network Design

Future models of electricity grids have to adapt to changes in technology, environment and business. System operation is going to be divided between generation (central & distributed) and control. The distributed generation trend will continue to gain its power along with the environmental concerns growth.

B. Distributed Energy Resources Integration

Smart grid will enable more intelligent incorporation of the distributed energy generation by utilizing sensors and two-way metering. This will enable customers to play a role of energy supplier if they have excess energy. However, distributed energy generation is partially weather-dependent and non- scheduled (in case of wind or solar generation). This fact brings certain challenge in regards of controlling the variable energy flow. As the penetration of distributed generation increases in Bangladesh, more advanced control of the power system is required to maintain the system reliability, including more efficient use of transmission and use of demand response with energy storage.

C. Energy Storage Technology As integration of renewable energy power plants to the

system is one of the main focus of smart grid for producing greener energy, so storage systems plays a vital role in smart grid integration. These storage systems can store the extra energy as well as can provide the energy during the power blackouts. In order for massive penetration into current grid

to take place energy storage technologies must become cheaper.

D. Choice of Communication Technology

Selecting a felicitous communication technology for smart grids is focused on three categories of competing technologies in Bangladesh. The first group is based on the traditional technologies like RF, PLC, broadband etc. that are continuously improving in terms of bandwidth and Internet protocol capabilities. The second group is the advanced communication technologies like 3G, GPRS, WiMAX etc. And the third group is established on customer interaction and service facility through an existing internet connection.

E. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

Smart meters or AMIs are central parts of future intelligent grid. It is a matter of great challenge to implement smart meters. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain a good level of data interoperability and allow evolution of the technology without any dependence on a single manufacturer. The adoption of standards will help to solve this issue. In order to prepare for the massive smart meters installment roll-out, pilot projects have been set up across Europe [22]. In Bangladesh, there is no significant development of smart meters commercially, some prototype are being evolved in academia.

F. Information Security

Security is one of the very major issues of any control system. In the smart grid, there have layers of control and communication system to the grid in places. If any control system is connected with the communication line/system, then it needs a very high cyber security which will provide a safe control system. The challenge of the cyber security can be simulated [17], [23] by cyber solutions - defence in depth access control policy and procedures, information security and key management systems for smart grid.

IV. POWER GRID SCENARIO OF BANGLADESH

This south Asian nation was introduced with electricity in 1901 with a personal installation of small generator in “Ahsan Monjil”, Dhaka. From that time many updates and upgrades had been done in electricity generation, transmission, and

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three types of renewable power plants such as solar, wind, and micro-hydro power plant. From the proposed map it is observed that if large or distributed renewable power generations can be accomplished in the analyzed proposed locations then it will be a significant step towards integration of smart grid technology with the existing power grid system as well as sustainable environment.

VI. CONCLUSION

The purpose of the smart grid is to transform the traditional power grid by integrating emerging energy and advanced communication technologies to generate, transmit, distribute and consume energy in a more efficient, clean and cost-effective manner. It can bring electricity generated from renewable sources to the grid line of traditional electricity through twin meter. Implementation of the smart grid is essential with the sustainable development of Bangladesh and building an energy-saving and environment-friendly society.

The comparison between the existing grid and smart grid depicted in this work will present the indispensable driving factors in Bangladesh power sectors. Present power grid will be integrated into an intelligent grid involving two transitions: firstly, from large centralized power generation to coexistence of centralized power generation and distributed generation; secondly, from power supplier oriented grid to fully interactive grid with customers. Distribution generations from different renewable energy have been addressed in different stages and finally, a proposal for renewable energy power generation graphical outline throughout the whole country has been demonstrated with an intense study and analysis. Collaboration among governments, industries, utilities, and academia will be essential in integration of smart grid with present grid network in this south Asian country.

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