ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

When the wave of storm of life is up-roaring and ragging, and when

the burden of life become so unbearable I would rejoice in the

mercies of God Almighty knowing very well that with God there is

hope tomorrow. Habakkuk says “Though the fig tree may not blossom,

nor fruit be on the vines; though the labour of the olive may fail,

and the fields yield no food; though the flock may be cut off from

the fold, and there be no herd in the stalls yet I will rejoice in

the LORD, the God of my salvation”. I would therefore shout in the

praise of the Lord for His countenance of blessings, grace and

mercies shown me. I say, Ebenezer, of how far the Lord has brought

me.

My next thanks goes to my supervisor, Dr. Kyaruzi Silver Imani for

his immense contributions and unflinching support in carrying out

this work. I must confess that without him and his inputs this work

would not have seen the light of day. Secondly, I would like to

seize this great opportunity to also thank Mr. and Mrs. Bossman

1

Manso for their contributions to my general welfare and education.

Mr. Charles Nkrumah remains indeed a greatest friend I have ever

had in my life; Aristotle, you are really a true friend. Mr. George

Nipa and all my siblings I cannot forget you. I also salute all my

colleagues at Kanaso JHS, Mr. and Mrs. Nuako, Mr. and Mrs. Aidoo

and, Mr. and Mrs. Wonkyi all of Ghana Bauxite Company. Gloria,

Freda, Simon, and Ali are all remembered. Big thanks goes to Madam

Vida, Adasa, Mr. Albert Segbawu, Amy Luxford, Dr. Beljeet Daffur

and Dr. Samuel Osei-Nimo; all of University of Ulster-Birmingham

Campus in the United Kingdom.

DEDICATION

I am glad to dedicate this piece of work to the glory of God and

the following people; Madam Rose Sobre, Vivian Bandoh, the late

Martha Gyapong, and my future wife and children.

2

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The Research Onion……………………………………………………………..26

3

Figure 2: Stages for Thematic Data Analysis……………………………………………..33

Figure 3: Interlocking Rings of CSR……………………………………………………43

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

AGI: Association of Ghana Industries

4

BECE: Basic Education Certificate Examination

BP: British Petroleum

CCC: Community on Consultative Committee

ZGML: Zion Gold Mines Limited

CHPS: Community-Based Health Planning Service

C/PR Supt.: Community Public Relation Superintendent

CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acids

EMEs: Emerging Market Economies

EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

ESG: Environment, Social and Governance

GEA: Ghana Employers Association

GHS: Ghana Health Service

GNCCI: Ghana National Chamber of Commerce & Industry

HIV/AIDS: Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immuno-deficiency

Syndrome5

HSE: Health, Safety and Environment

ICT: Information and Communications Technology

ILO: International Labour Organisation

IMF: International Monetary Fund

JHS: Junior High School

MNCs: Multi-national Corporations

MoH: Ministry of Health

NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisations

NHIS: National Health Insurance Scheme

SD: Sustainable Development

UK: United Kingdom

UN: United Nations

US/A: United States of America

WACAM: Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining

WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development

6

WTO: World Trade Organisation

WW I/II: World War I/II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT................................................................1ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................2

DEDICATION..............................................................3LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................4

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS..................................5TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................7

1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................91.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION................................9

1.2 PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW....................................101.2.1 Sustainable Development (SD).................................11

1.3 AIM(S) AND OBJECTIVES............................................111.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS...............................................12

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................132.1 DEFINITIONS......................................................13

2.2 GLOBALISATION AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)........152.3 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORKS OF CSR.......................16

2.3.1 Stakeholder Framework........................................162.3.2 Sustainability Framework.....................................17

2.3.3 Responsive Philosophy Framework..............................182.4 ADOPTION, INCORPORATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CSR................19

7

2.4.1 Adoption and Incorporation of CSR............................192.4.2 Implementation of CSR........................................20

2.5 INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL PEOPLE IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF CSR INITIATIVES/POLICIES.................................................20

2.6 IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)..................213.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................24

3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY..............................................243.1.1 Positivism Versus Interpretivism.............................25

3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH...............................................263.2.1 Deductive Versus Inductive...................................26

3.3 RESEARCH STRATEGY (DESIGN).......................................273.3.1 Case Study...................................................27

3.4 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH VERSUS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH................283.5 DATA COLLECTION METHOD..........................................29

3.6 RESEARCH ETHICS..................................................293.7 DATA ANALYSIS....................................................29

3.8 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY........................................314.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS..........................................32

4.1 THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE DATA....................................324.1.1 Legal Mandate................................................32

4.1.2 Management Commitment........................................324.1.3 Local People and Community Involvement.......................32

4.1.4 Environmental Responsibility.................................334.1.5 Health and Malaria Control...................................33

4.1.6 Education and Academic Performance...........................334.1.7 Sustainability...............................................33

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................345.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS................................34

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................37

8

5.3 AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.........................................406.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................41

APPENDICES.............................................................55APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW GUIDE..........................................55

A1: Interview Guide for the HSE Staff..............................55A2: Interview Guide for the Community Relation Superintendent......55

A3: Interview Guide for the Opinion Leaders in the Communities.....56A4: Interview Guide for the Head Teachers..........................56

A5: Interview Guide for the Health Officials.......................57

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION

Companies and business organisations by their very nature of

existence have economic, legal, ethical and social responsibilities

assigned them either explicitly or impliedly by law, shareholders

and the society (Peattie, 1992). Therefore, it is assumed that

their continuous existence is largely dependent on how diligently

they discharge all these responsibilities. In both academic and

business literatures, these responsibilities are discussed under

the term corporate social responsibility (CSR), although some may

prefer using corporate citizenship or corporate governance. But for

the purposes of this research the term Corporate Social

9

Responsibility (CSR) is adopted. CSR has interestingly but

increasingly provided the focus and the lead way for exploring a

broader philosophical questions about the roles and

responsibilities of firms and their relationships with that of

governments and other stakeholders.

It is a well-known fact that the society bears the brunt of the

side-effects of mining activities which in most instances are

disastrous and inhumane. In the light of this, society takes steps

to avert, minimize and control such negative effects that may

likely arise in the future. It does so by demanding accountability

from the mining companies as far as their actions and operations

are concerned (Mensah, 2009).

The sweeping wave of globalisation across regions of the world has

served as impetus for national governments, civil societies, media

and the societies to be self-conscious to demand accountability

from companies and businesses operating within their jurisdiction

and even sometimes beyond (Porter and Kramer, 2006). Companies with

foresight thus anticipate these so they take steps to pre-empt

whatever could be threat to their business operations and readily

10

find remedies. One of such practical and obvious steps according to

Porter and Kramer (2006) is corporate social responsibility (CSR).

There have been many academic literatures on the effects of

activities of mining companies on the environment, and CSR

initiatives of firms in Ghana like Mensah (2009) and Amponsah-

Tawiah and Dartey-Baah (2011). But all these literatures have

failed to assess the real impact of CSR of mining firms on the

communities where they operate. This obvious and identifiable gap

raised the interest of the researcher to delve into this and to

bring to the fore the real impact of CSR of mining and

sustainability initiatives by mining companies in Ghana, but with

particular reference to Zion Gold Mines Limited (ZGML).

The researcher’s choice of this area of study is rooted in his long

quest to bring to the fore what really has been the impact of CSR

of mining companies in Ghana with reference to Zion Gold Mines

Limited (ZGML) based in Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District of the

western region of Ghana. It is envisaged that this research would

bring into bare the real issues on the ground from the perspective

of social actors, practitioners and academia.

11

1.2 PRELIMINARY LITERATURE REVIEW

Topa (2005) defines corporate social responsibility (CSR) as

companies being sensitive to the needs of all stakeholders in

society. Anon (2006b) believes CSR is not a mere concept but

rather a reflection of how firms operate and who they are. It

further reiterates, being socially responsible means trying to

instil firms’ ethics and values in all endeavours; from business

operations, to employees and customer treatment, to how to impact

the community it operates. Stakeholders include but not limited to;

employees, customers, suppliers, community organisations, partners,

investors, local neighbourhood and shareholders (Anon, 2005).

However, Baron (2001) believes firms are motivated to engage in CSR

initiatives purely on the grounds of profit; with Frankental (2001)

believing that CSR is nothing than a brand invention of public

relations (PR).

1.2.1 Sustainable Development (SD)

Although the precise definition of sustainable development (SD) is

under contention, Topa (2005) asserts SD is defined as seeking

different ways of living and working to secure economic lives

without endangering the environment for future generations. Meeting12

the development needs of the present generation without

compromising and jeopardising that of future generations is what

Brundtland (1987) refers to as sustainable development. In this, it

is assumed that while mining firms are engaged in extracting

mineral resources for the benefit of the present generation; care

must be taken in other not to endanger the lives of future

generations. According to Mensah (2009) SD serves as basis for

which society can utilise its scarce resources efficiently.

Sustainable livelihoods is also associated with SD amongst mining

firms in providing alternative means of providing for the

communities they have taken their lands through re-skilling the

people especially the youth, and other cottage industries like

grass cutter rearing, gari processing (Amponsah-Tawiah and Dartey-

Baah, 2011).

1.3 AIM(S) AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the research is to assess the impact of CSR and

sustainability initiatives by mining companies in Ghana with

special reference to Zion Gold Mines Limited (ZGML). Objectives of

the study include the following;

13

1. To review literature and identify the key theories and

frameworks of CSR.

2. To critically examine reasons assigned by firms for the

adoption, incorporation and the implementation of CSR.

3. To examine the role of local people or communities in the

decision-making process of CSR.

4. To critically assess the impact of CSR of mining companies in

Ghana with reference to ZGML.

5. To examine critically the sustainability of CSR projects and

initiatives.

6. To propose recommendations and best CSR practice guidelines

for further research.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Following the above aims and objectives the following research

questions are posed;

1. Why do companies adopt, incorporate and implement CSR

initiatives and programmes?

2. Are the local people consulted or involved in the decision-

making process of companies’ CSR initiatives and projects?

14

3. To what extent have these CSR policies, initiatives and

projects impacted on the life of the local communities?

4. How sustainable are these CSR initiatives and projects?

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

With the saying that, no place is an island in this world; no

research is also stand-alone. This presupposes that almost every

research might have in one way or the other been partly or wholly

researched into. Therefore, this topic tries to examine and review

related literature in the area of the study. This topic has been

discussed under the following sub-topics;

15

2.1 DEFINITIONS

Although, the concept of CSR is being discussed in both practice

and in academia but we are yet to witness emergence of well-round

universal definition of the term (Weber, 2008). Despite the broad

and complex nature of the concept; it is still evolving to embrace

new ideas and visions. Both academia and practice find it extremely

difficult to pin-point actually what corporate businesses are

responsible for in their attempt at defining CSR (Welford and

Frost, 2006; Engle, 2006). However, this assertion according to Van

Marrewijk (2003) is not wholly true since there exist many agreed

definitions but often scholars from their own self-biases tune the

definition just to suite specific interest.

WBCSD (1999) defines CSR as the commitment made by firms in

contributing to the sustainable national economic development while

improving the lives of employees, their dependants and the local

community in particular. By this definition, the WBCSD is

postulating that for a firm to be seen to be engaging in CSR, that

firm must in a wider sense make meaningful economic contribution

nationally and locally. Consequently, in 2000, WBCSD included

‘continually and ethical dimensions’ in their earlier definition16

making it more refined (WBCSD, 2000). However, critics see such

actions (CSR) as cosmetics and public relation (PR) tactics with

L’Etang (1994) arguing that CSR has become PR tool with which firms

communicate their goals and targets to the larger society as

against the assertion that CSR is of societal good.

Global Corporate Social Responsibility Project Policies (2003)

argues that respect for employees, environment and good ethical

business practices constitutes CSR. By inference, once a firm does

this then the talk on CSR is done. This is in tune with Jackson and

Hawker (2001) when they state that, the way and manner firms treat

their workers, stakeholders and the environment is what constitutes

CSR. But then, how can this be done, and how satisfactory it is

for a firm to respect each and every employee, and who measures

such satisfaction?

Consequently, Ackerman and Bauer (1976) in disagreeing with the

concept of CSR, proposed a rather to them a more proactive approach

for organisations and termed it as Corporate Social Responsiveness

as against Responsibility. To them, organisations operating in any

environment should adopt more proactive strategy rather than

17

reactive in dealing with social pressures. Frederick (1994)

describes this as, action-oriented concept since it seeks to

contemplate social pressure and takes steps to solve issues long

before they even emerge. Rallying support for the above concept,

Sethi (1979) claims it is appropriate to replace ill-defined

responsibility with responsiveness since responsive firms are by

definition also responsible.

However, Carroll (1979) believes that the term responsiveness is

conceptually misleading which in essence cannot replace

responsibility because to Wood (1991) responsiveness concept

permits action without reflection. Conceivably according to Jones

(1980) companies can be responsive but irresponsible.

In summary, one thing is clear from all the definitions that; CSR

is when firms contribute meaningfully to the well-being of the

society and environment in the past, present and in the future.

This encompasses firms taking responsibility of their actions and

doing their best to minimize any negative impact their actions may

have on society and the environment now or later.

18

2.2 GLOBALISATION AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)

According to Hill (2011) the momentous strength with which

globalisation is sweeping across regions, borders, breaking

barriers and building bridges has had influence on the relationship

between business and society. As a result, writers like Wood et al

(2006), Crane and Matten (2004) and Pedersen and Huniche (2006)

associate CSR to the social, political, and environmental

challenges of globalisation. According to Demirag (2005) the

destiny of CSR is linked directly to that of globalisation in that;

globalisation is boosting private sector growth in wealth and

power, and weakening powers of national governments. For this

reason, Stiglitz (2002) asserts that CSR in this era has become the

panacea in solving the hard-core challenges facing societies today.

The growth in the private sector with increased wealth creation due

to globalisation has also come with its attendant effects since

globalisation although creates common markets; it is at the same

time collapsing weaker economies rendering people redundant and

jobless (Hill, 2011). This phenomenon therefore necessitate the

need to institute measures to make sure that lives in society

become paramount no matter the situation whether in work or out of19

work. As a result, CSR is deemed to be only solution in finding

ways of supporting society in this era of globalisation (Blowfield

and Murray, 2011). For instance, Tata Group (2009) states CSR forms

the DNA of corporations especially in this globalised world.

Meanwhile, companies especially MNCs preached CSR but always fail

to live by it (Pfau et al., 2008), Verschoor (2008) also notes,

paradoxically there exists gap between what companies say they

value and what they actually practice. But, in a sharp rebuttal,

Blowfield and Murray (2011) note that scholars have opined that

companies naturally undergo changes both structurally and in form

which definitely affect their level of responsibility towards the

external environment without necessarily dependent of time

occurrence.

However, Klein (1999) in criticising globalisation gave a term as

‘McDonaldisation’ depicting how fast Western culture is weakening

local cultures and values. According to Baron (2001) firms are

motivated to engage in CSR initiatives purely on the grounds of

profits because consumers and society would identified with the

firms as a locally responsive which is likely to increase their

sales and profits.

20

2.3 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORKS OF CSR

2.3.1 Stakeholder Framework

Stakeholder is defined as “any group or individual who can affect

or is affected by the achievement of the organisation’s objectives”

(Freeman, 1984, p.32; Vinten, 2000, p.78). It is believed that

issues of CSR and stakeholder theory are said to be intertwine and

interwoven. Carroll (1991, p.43) expresses this as follows:

“There is a natural fit between the idea of corporate social

responsibility and an organisation’s stakeholders. […] The

concept of stakeholder personalises social or societal

responsibilities by delineating the specific groups or persons

business should consider in its CSR orientation.”

Currently, there is no consensus among scholars as to the scope of

stakeholder theory (Harrison and Freeman, 1999). However, Hillman

et al., (2001) posits that there appears to be general acceptance

of stakeholder theory although there appears to be unified

stakeholder theory. Jones and Wicks (1999) suggest four main

checklists for the stakeholder theory: The relationship between

firms and stakeholders, there is mutual relationship amongst

21

interest in the stakeholder group, there is legitimacy in the

claims of stakeholders, and managerial commitment is core to

stakeholder model (Hillman et al., 2001).

The underlying motive of the stakeholder framework however, is to

arrive at a ‘win-win’ outcome in short-term and medium-term to the

long-term (Carroll, 1991); but Post et al. (2002) warn that

stakeholders cannot in anyway be manipulated to reach such a deal.

However, Weiss (2003) intimates that inasmuch as there is

legitimacy in the stakeholder claims; their interest or claims are

already catered for in either economic, social, legal or ethical

considerations of firms. Again, Ehrenfeld, (2000) opines that this

framework fails to develop an integrated system which takes into

account the concerns of all humans and non-humans as stakeholders.

2.3.2 Sustainability Framework

The idea that businesses are supposed to live into the foreseeable

future and thus must economically remain viable gave birth to

sustainability framework. Economic viability is however, wholly

dependent on profit maximization of the firm (Millon, 2011).

It is noted that the long-term survival of organisation rests on

the prosperity of stakeholders: workers, suppliers, and customers.22

Sustainability on the other hand requires that resources today must

be used judiciously without compromising the benefits of the same

resources for future generation. The idea behind this model is that

organisations play important roles in influencing, nurturing and

building solid welfare services and cordial relationships among

stakeholders to achieve a common goal (Millon, 2011). Proponents of

this model assume that, it best suits MNCs in developing nations

and EMEs with the assumption that the long term benefits for

sustainable CSR is far more beneficial than the cost of CSR. The

model seeks to embark on development programmes such as

infrastructure, education and health care. These investments

according to Porter and Kramer (2006) are expected to better and

improve the lives of the communities thereby translating into

higher productivity and high quality of products. With the

incorporation of sustainable livelihood programmes as part of CSR

by mining companies into their business strategy community members

are now being re-skilled to engage in alternative livelihood

programmes especially in soap making, gari processing and grass

cutter farming. These programmes are aimed at making community

23

members self-dependence even after the closure of the mines

(Amponsah-Tawiah and Dartey-Baah, 2011).

Conversely, RCCG (2007) intimates that till date there is no

empirical research that examines how corporate sustainability is

understood and enacted by organisations.

2.3.3 Responsive Philosophy Framework

This model looks at how organisations response to social issues in

the communities they operate. It looks at two main things; doing

nothing or reactive approach and proactive approach. On the first

hand, business assume to have social responsibility but sit-relaxed

until such is requested. The essence here is that, firms believe

that the needs of society are numerous and varied and until

specific requests are made the firm would just be throwing away

good resource. But, this approach is seen as fire-fighting

approach which in most instances takes organisations by surprise.

Adoption of this approach clearly tells that such organisations do

not plan ahead of time and does not take into account the needs of

society in their corporate strategy (Blowfield and Murray, 2011).

On the proactive approach, organisations integrate CSR issues into

their managerial actions in order to anticipate the needs of the24

communities where they operate. This approach assume that

organisations are integral part of the society and that their

actions affect the communities where they operate, hence efforts

must be made at contributing to these communities. Therefore, the

needs of society is anticipated and programmed far in advance with

the collaborations of all stakeholders (Frederick, 1987).

2.4 ADOPTION, INCORPORATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CSR

2.4.1 Adoption and Incorporation of CSR

The competitiveness in global business has been a force behind

companies acting responsibly both inside and outside. It is a

worldwide notion that a company with society’s at heart identifies

itself more easily with the people which results in general

acceptance, cooperation and even high patronage. But then, what are

these organisations responsible for, to whom and what is the

motivation behind such responsibility (Moir, 2001)? In the adoption

of CSR by firms, the basic question which leads one to discover the

purpose of CSR by firms is; why firms engage in CSR? According to

Blowfield and Murray (2011), firms are exposed to vary issues that

affect their financial performance of which if CSR is neglected

25

could worsen their case. These exposures range from costly legal

suits and risks to company’s reputation. They further reiterate

that it would make economic sense therefore for firms to engage in

productive CSR. However, critics like Mat (2006) argues that firms

attempt to addressing social issues like health, education and

social infrastructure stand to derail them from their conventional

purpose of business.

Despite all these hindrances to CSR adoption and incorporation,

Kramer and Kania (2006) proposed “defensive and offensive”

approaches to CSR adoption (p. 25). The defensive approach is when

external risks are considered vulnerability with less investment.

That is, companies engage in PR, advertising and lobbying anytime

issue of CSR is raised by stakeholders or civil societies. BP is an

example of a company that adopts offensive approach especially in

the oil industry. The defensive stance is adopted when companies

try to preserve their reputation and also avoid protracted

litigation anytime it decides to solve self-created problems. The

contrasting view is offensive approach where companies offer to

solve societal problems which are not necessarily created by the

firms. According to Amponsah-Tawiah and Dartey-Baah (2011) the26

extractive (mining) industry in Ghana began CSR as defensive and

reactive measures to complaints from community members and the

civil societies, but has since adopted proactive strategy of

engagement. Mining firms are using community relations in carrying

out it CSR policies across and also engage in community support

programmes aimed at enhancing the lives of the community members.

However, Waddock (2006) argues that offensive and defensive

approaches are comprehensively not enough tools for CSR adoption

and incorporation since they both could lead to scandals and

crises, or process of harnessing organisations’ business prowess

and potential for societal good. Again, Kramer and Kania (2006)

claim while offensive approach to CSR cannot protect companies but

distinguish their reputation, defensive approach does the reverse.

2.4.2 Implementation of CSR

Implementation is seen as key area in every policy being developed

or planned. And in order to appreciate the implementation of CSR,

theories are used to match up the implementation. To this end,

specific CSR implementation is being explored in order to

understand the concept. In recent past, there has been growing

27

concern as to how efficiently CSR can be implemented (Ruggie, cited

in Economist, 2008). Consequently, it is imperative to critically

assess the frameworks and approaches by which CSR could be

implemented to benefit organisations and the communities they

operate. Raps (2005) proposed a checklist-structure for successful

CSR implementation;

2.5 INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL PEOPLE IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF

CSR INITIATIVES/POLICIES

Pio (2005) asserts that CSR practice can only be effective when it

accommodates the cultural perspectives of the locations in which it

is being implemented. Holliday et al. (2002) state the fundamental

purpose of business is to provide continually improving goods and

services for increasing numbers of people. Warner and Sullivan

(2004) suggest that community involvement helps to maintain

relations with local and global communities, to prevent and resolve

disputes, and to manage the impacts of investment and disinvestment

in particular locations. It is also to engage stakeholders, solve

operational challenges, and respond to public pressure and for

greater accountability (Svendesen and Laberge, 2005). However,

Blowfield and Murray (2011) argue that such actions are highly28

debatable and too overrated since the involvement of locals in CSR

implementation does not guarantee optimum utilization and

sustainability of CSR facilities or projects.

2.6 IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)

In a broader view, CSR embraces more sustainable economic growth;

improving lives of employees and the communities, and propelling

acceleration growth and development. ‘Impact’ refers to “outcomes

associated with particular actions” (Blowfield and Murray, 2011:

p.291). Notwithstanding this definition, the authors argue that

‘impact’ has different meaning and differs from the normative

dimension of performance. Impact assessment is also defined as

systematic analysis of intended or unintended changes (positive or

negative) in the lives of all stakeholders as a result of actions

or series of actions by businesses (Roche, 1999).

2.6.1 Environmental Impact

According to Blowfield and Murray (2011) issues about the

environment remain the heart of CSR since it encompasses broad

spectrum of recycling, managing waste, pollution prevention and

control, and management of natural resources. Peck and Sinding

29

(2003) intimate that, the entire processes of mineral extraction

are the most environmentally and socio-economic disruptive in

Ghana. The observation of Warhurst (2001) has it that due to the

environmental pollution caused by the mineral companies there have

been growing public concern among citizens in the last four

decades. For instance, BP despite withdrawing from the Kyoto

Protocol was able to reduce emissions to an approximate 9.6 million

tonnes saving the firm US$250 million (Vogel, 2005). Meanwhile,

Vogel (2005) contends that organisations do not engage in

environmental protection from their own evolution but rather from

legal compulsion.

2.6.2 Socio-Economic Impact

The social impact looks at issues of education, health, human

rights and labour issues, employees’ safety, and societal impacts

of business activities. Locke et al. (2006) contend that improved

factory management and monitoring labour conditions are likely to

improve the lives of employees and other stakeholders. This,

however, is in contrast in the opinion of Blowfield and Murray

(2011) as they argue that there is less evidence to suggest that

CSR is responsible for increases in wages. They went further to30

state that human rights and security issues in the local

communities where mining companies operate are difficult to

measure, while investment and disinvestment policies by these

companies which has direct effect on the local communities are not

normally addressed. The mining industry in Ghana despite its

disruptive tendencies has been contributing to community

development through the provision of employment, education and

other livelihood programs. However, deprivation of livelihoods

through environmental degradation and acquisition of traditional

farming lands have been the resultant effects of mining activities

(Amponsah-Tawiah and Dartey-Baah, 2011). Meanwhile, Ghana Chamber

of Mines (2006) reveals that there is consortium of mining firms in

Ghana with mission of building energy plant to provide eighty (80)

megawatts of power to help boost energy supply in the country.

In summary, social impact dwells on the general well-being of

people and society or communities where the business operates.

Rajak (2008) contends that mining companies can redefine what they

mean by CSR and hence determine the ingredients of the impacts of

their actions.

31

2.6.3 The Business Case

This framework tends to analyse the link between CSR and financial

performance of companies or shareholders value. According to

Margolis and Walsh (2003) there is little to suggest that there is

strong correlation between doing good for society and impressive

financial performance. But Vogel (2005) posits that there is still

relevance in making a business case of CSR. On the flipside

however, the same author suggests that it is difficult to draw

conclusions that firms have been punished or rewarded by

shareholders for their CSR commitments. There is however an amount

of evidence to suggest that employees and sometimes prospective

applicants and investors value firms’ image. For instance, Nike

workers after many taunts about the firms’ reputation changed their

attitudes inside the firm (Vogel, 2005). Making same case, Smith

(2003) reveals that many brand boycotts were averted as a result of

CSR cumulating into consumer loyalty; citing Mark and Spencer’s

global reputation and recognition due to its success in CSR

policies. More crucially, Kanter (2009) argues that the key to

business success in the future is hugely dependent on good social

management.

32

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Every research comes with its own tools of execution just as it is

for every report. The various tools and procedure used in gathering

data for research is what is referred to as research methodology.

The research methodology is heavily dwelt on the research onion

designed by Saunders et al.

Figure 1: The Research Onion (Saunders et al., 2012)

33

3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY

Research philosophy looks at the development of body of knowledge

and the nature of that knowledge. It involves the assumptions of

how a researcher views the world. In thinking through research

philosophy the following considerations were made; Ontology

(objectivism and subjectivism) and Epistemology. Ryen (2008)

intimates that the idea of ontology assumes what is real, and what

is perceived and known to be reality. That is, whether social

entities be considered real or perceptions (Bryman and Bell, 2007).

Objectivism and subjectivism are the two main ontological

positions.

34

Saunders et al. (2012) believe that objectivism as social entities

really exist and their existence do not depend on social actors.

However, Lakoff (1987) argues that objectivism is the view of

reality as a fact that is independent of humans’ personal views.

Despite the fact that many researchers see this as the best

approach for research with the touch of impersonal point of view- a

shift from a personal view; critics like Holden and Lynch (2004)

however, see objectivism as appropriate for natural sciences but

not for social sciences (business and management researches) as it

cannot deal properly with the complexities of the latter.

Subjectivism according to Bahari (2010) is an approach that views

reality from beliefs and interactions of social actors. The

researcher in this instance permits certain level of abstraction

(personal views) to interact with the research. Smith (2000)

believes that since ontology involves metaphysics, subjectivism

allows researchers to investigate abstract realities like human

behaviours or other social phenomena in local contexts. But, Morgan

and Smircich (1980) reckon that this approach to social science

research is mere projection of human imaginations.

35

Another consideration is the epistemology stance which looks at

what can be considered as acceptable knowledge (Bryman, 2004), and

the nature of that knowledge (Saunders et al., 2012). According to

Ryen (2008) epistemology seeks to define the relationship between

what can be known and the knower; thereby given rise to positivism,

interpretivism and realism (Saunder et al,. 2012).

3.1.1 Positivism Versus Interpretivism

Research philosophy includes positivism, interpretivism, realism,

and pragmatism. Proponents of positivism hold the view that the

canons that are used in the physical sciences can be applied to the

study of society, and that truth is written on walls hence, there

is no need searching for it. They believe that reality is

objective. On the other hand, the interpretivist advocates the

designing of a set of procedures that are applicable in the study

of social phenomena and not necessarily follow the natural science

model (Bryman, 2004). Believers of interpretivism state that

reality is subjective, and that research and reality are mutually

exclusive.

In spite of the above arguments, it must be said that no theory is

better than the other, but rather each is better in its own right;36

and thus the choice of any of them depends on research questions

used (Saunders et al., 2003). Therefore, the researcher adopts the

interpretivism philosophy of research owing to its subjective

belief of social reality and obviously subjectivism of ontological

consideration (studying the views and perceptions of human actors).

3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH

The research approach is categorised into deductive and inductive

approaches.

3.2.1 Deductive Versus Inductive

This involves the development of theory and testing hypothesis

where the theory is subjected to a rigorous test as it is done in

natural science (Saunders et al., 2003). Deductive approach to

research is set out to find casual relationships between research

subjects with the assumption that the researcher is independent of

the research participants. Data is measured quantitatively in an

attempt to put into operations the concepts leading to the

generalisation of the theory developed (Saunders et al., 2003).

However, critics argue that this approach of research does not

allow alternative explanations due to its rigid methodology.

37

On the other hand, inductive approach involves the drawing of

inferences out of data collected in research. Whereas deductive

approach starts with process of theory through to findings,

inductive entails the process of findings to theory (Bryman and

Bell, 2007). Induction emphasises on gaining understanding of the

meaning of human behaviour, and the collection of qualitative data

(Saunders et al., 2003). They further suggest that whilst deduction

assumes independence of the researcher, induction believes that the

researcher is part and parcel of the research process.

Owing to the numerous advantages associated with the inductive

approach over that of deductive approach; the researcher intends

adopting inductive approach for this research.

3.3 RESEARCH STRATEGY (DESIGN)

The research strategy looks at the general plans on how the

researcher intends answering the research questions.

3.3.1 Case Study

Yin (1994) states, a case study is an empirical investigation into

a contemporary phenomena within a context of real life; when the

boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident

38

and which several sources of evidence are employed. Bryman and Bell

(2007) contend that with case study, the researcher aims at

providing insight discussions of a case which is an object of

interest in its own right.

Whereas many authors argue that the use of case study inhibits

generalisation of theory both Mitchell (1983) and Yin (1984)

believe that that is not the issue but rather how well a theory is

generated by the researcher out of the findings. The definition

suggests that the strength of case study lies in its ability to

undertake an enquiry into a phenomenon in its context; it is not

necessarily a replication of phenomenon in a laboratory or

experimental setting in order to better understand the phenomena.

Case study is exceptionally valuable according to Yin (1994) in

answering how, who and why questions in business research. Yin

(2003) reckons that case study provides a richer understanding of

real life context.

3.4 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH VERSUS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Asamoah-Gyimah and Duodu (2007) reckon that quantitative research

uses statistical methods in describing, recording, analysing and

interpreting conditions that exist. That is statistical analysis is39

used to describe the result of the study. In quantitative research

all aspects of the study are carefully designed by the researchers

before data is collected. By contrast, qualitative research

describes a number of different techniques that share some common

characteristics (Asamoah-Gyimah and Duodu, 2007). Bryman and Bell

(2007) believe qualitative research is understood to emphasise on

words and statements in the analysis data instead of quantification

of data as in the case of quantitative research. They further argue

qualitative research tends to adopt induction approach to research

and theory as against testing theories.

Data collected in qualitative research are in the form of words and

or pictures and are analysed using sorting and categorisation, but

quantitative data are in the form of numbers and figures and

analysed using statistics (Seaman, 1999). Whereas qualitative

research begins with identification of phenomenon leading to

generation of theory quantitative research begins with generating

and testing of hypothesis.

Cresswell (2003) reveals that a quantitative method of research

lends itself towards the positivist philosophy of research with

40

deductive reasoning approach of research (Ketokivi and Mantere,

2010) to develop and test hypothesis. On the contrary, Van Maanen

(1983) intimates that qualitative method of research adopts

interpretism philosophy of research which looks at describing,

translating and decoding meaningful findings as against frequencies

and charts representations in quantitative methods in business

research with inductive reasoning.

From the foregoing arguments, the researcher settles on qualitative

research method in-line with the research philosophy.

3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

According to Gay (1992), all research studies involve data

collection in either testing hypothesis or answering research

questions. Data collection refers obtaining relevant information

aimed at answering the research questions. Two sets of data were

collected; primary and secondary. Primary data refers to the first-

hand information the researcher gathers directly from the field of

study. They include original reports published by the company and

semi-interview data. The secondary data which the researcher

41

considered were the company policy documents (if any) and annual

reports of the company-ZGML.

3.6 RESEARCH ETHICS

Every researcher gathers data from research participants (people,

places and objects), analyse them and draw meaningful conclusions.

It is as a results of this that ethical issues come to bare

especially in this era of information technology. The

appropriateness of the behaviour of the researcher relative to the

rights of the research participants is what Saunders et al. (2007)

refer to as ethics. In academic research, ethics refers to the code

that regulates the behaviour of the researcher in the conduct of

research (Zikmund, 2000). Bryman and Bell (2007) posit that ethical

consideration dwells heavily on openness and honesty in gathering

data and communicating the research information. Hence, in the

gathering of the data explicit permission was obtained from the

study company and all the research participants. Findings were also

reported as collected in the data.

42

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS

Thematic analysis was used in the analysis of the data collected

from the interview sessions. Thematic analyses seek to unearth the

salient themes in a text or the interview. Thematic analyses are

widely used in qualitative analysis (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). The

thematic analyses procedure aimed at breaking up texts and finding

their explicit and implicit significance to the study. Thematic

analysis is employed due to the nature of the data adopted-

unstructured interview session of which Erlandson et al. (1993)

argues that the collection and analysis of the data obtained go

hand-in-hand as theories and themes emerge during the study.

Maureen (2010) admits that the thematic approach allows

commonalities and differences between research participants to be

identified and analysed while also allowing for the extraction of

key themes for discussions and for subsequent conclusions and

recommendations. From the transcripts themes would be identified

and respondents’ words and or phrases would be used in the findings

and discussions.

The figure below illustrates four main stage processes for thematic

data analysis professed by Colazzi (1978). It is based on which

43

the data obtained from the study through the interviews would be

analysed.

Figure 2: Stages for Thematic Data Analysis (Colazzi, 1978)

3.8 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

Reliability refers to the accuracy and consistency of information

obtained in a study (Polit and Beck, 2006). LeCompte and Goetz

(1982) also define reliability as the extent to which a research or

study could be replicated. The degree of stability exhibited when a

measurement is repeated under identical conditions. Lack of

reliability may arise from divergences between observers or

44

Stage 1Read the entire respondents' transcript to help gain insight

Stage 2Extract valuable statements, phrases and or word(s) from the interiew transcript(s) relating to the study case

Stage 3Formulate and deduce meanings out of each extracted statement

Stage 4Arrange and organise the formulated meangings into cluster of themes.

instruments of measurement or instability of the attribute being

measured (Litwin, 1995).

Validity on the other hand, looks at the soundness of the study’s

evidence, thus, whether the findings are cogent, convincing, and

well grounded. Parahoo (2006) asserts that validity takes into

consideration the accuracy with which the findings reflect the

phenomenon under study. Lincoln and Guba (1985) suggest that the

credibility of a research project involves two aspects: first

carrying out the investigation in a way that believability is

enhanced, and secondly by taking steps to demonstrate credibility

(Polit and Beck, 2006). The researcher in all intent and purposes

would strive to ensure that all findings are valid and reliable.

45

4.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

The focus of this chapter is to analyse and interpret the data

collected from the respondents using various instruments. The

analysis of the data is geared towards answering the research

questions framed since the interview guide prepared was based on

the research questions. Thematic analysis was adopted for the data

analysis.

4.1 THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

The major themes emerged from the data included; legal mandate,

management commitment, involvement of local people, issues on

health and education, employment and skills training, reputation

and sustainability.

4.1.1 Legal MandateThe first emerging theme from the data gathered was the legal

mandate (whether or not CSR is a legal requirement in Ghana) for

companies and corporations. From the responses gathered it was

revealed that CSR is not legally enforceable on companies since46

none of the respondents attributed CSR of the company to any legal

document.

4.1.2 Management CommitmentThe second theme was the management commitment in the

implementation of CSR by the company. The structure of corporate

governance at Kinrose (refer to figure 5) and their ten guiding

principles all reflect management commitment to CSR.

4.1.3 Local People and Community InvolvementOn this theme, it was revealed that they are involved and consulted

they have formed a committee called Community on Consultative

Committee (CCC) which is the apex community-body with the power of

providing for reviews in CSR initiatives and projects. However, a

responding teacher revealed they are not involved in the conception

and development of any CSR initiative for the schools but are only

told when it is ready.

4.1.4 Environmental ResponsibilityThe next theme was environmental responsibility. The impact here

therefore has been protecting lives and properties in the mines and

the catchment areas.

47

4.1.5 Health and Malaria ControlHealth and malaria control were also among the themes emerged from

the data. Here, all the respondents enumerated clinic, CHPS

(Community-Based Health Planning Service) with nurses quarters and

malaria control programme as the health initiatives embarked upon

by the company so far. The company’s report indicate that since

2009, ZGML has invested $5.6 million in an integrated malaria

control program of which at the end of 2011, the program has

reduced malaria incidence rate by 81% in the workforce, and a 53%

reduction in the beneficiary communities covering 13,700 people;

including around 2,250 children under five years of age and (on

average) about 200 to 250 pregnant women (Kinrose Corporate

Responsibility Country Report, 2011).

4.1.6 Education and Academic PerformanceAll the respondents stated the building of school blocks; ICT

laboratories, libraries, allowances for teachers for the conduct of

extra classes for school children and exercise books as the CSR

initiatives and projects carried out by the ZGML. One of the

respondents even mentioned scholarship scheme by the company which

to a large extent have helped increased enrolment, improved

performance and retention of students.48

4.1.7 SustainabilityOn the issue of sustainability, the company is providing skills

training for people especially the youth, helping farmers to

increase their yields (self-economic empowerment) and helping to

reduce spread of diseases (securing good health for sound economic

activities and productivity).

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter depicts drawn conclusions and recommendations, theory

proposal and suggestion(s) made for future research work. The

conclusions are drawn based on the findings in chapter four of the

research in line with the four main research objectives.

5.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONSFor the research to be seen as successful it must show whether or

not the research objectives are achieved with respect to the drawn

conclusions. Objective 1and 6 have already been achieved in the

literature review and recommendations respectively. The discussion

here would focus mainly on objectives 2,3,4 and 5 on which the

research questions are based on.

49

5.1.1 To critically examine reasons assigned by firms for the

Adoption, Incorporation and Implementation of CSR Initiatives,

Policies and Projects.

From the findings and discussions it is concluded that there is no

legal requirement for companies to undertake any CSR initiative,

policy and project in Ghana. This is because the 1992 Constitution

of Ghana, PNDCL 153 of 1986 and the Minerals and Mining Act, 2006,

Act 703 have all failed in providing a legal requirement and

framework for CSR in Ghana. Again, although Kinrose Gold

Corporation as MNC has a broad documented policy on CSR it is

however sad to mention that there is no documented policy on CSR

for ZGML, a country-specific subsidiary. Such policy document is

still in the process of being formalised by the Community on

Consultative Committee (CCC).

5.1.2 To examine the role of Local People in the Decision-Making

Process of CSR Initiatives, Policies and Projects

At Kinrose, CSR is regarded as the core value of the company;

believing that it is both business and moral duty to be good

neighbour. The company holds the belief that maintaining their

50

social license is hugely dependent on the mutual relationship they

build between the stakeholders and the community in their area of

operation. Consequently, from the findings it is safe to conclude

that the local people and the community are involved and have been

involved in CSR initiatives, projects and policies embark upon by

the company. This is done through the CCC, communal meetings, and

durbars with chiefs and people.

5.1.3 To critically assess the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

It is also concluded here that the environmental interventions as

part of the company’s CSR initiatives have helped reduced

environmental pollution both water and air from the mine

operations; and their rehabilitation projects also make land

useable again even after mine closure. On the socio-economic

impact which looked at issues of health, education, employment and

economic empowerment; it is concluded from the findings that CSR

initiatives, projects and policies have had both positive and

negative impacts. It is concluded that their interventions have

helped reduced the rate of malaria infections within the

communities. Again, access to primary healthcare has been made

51

easier and prompt due to the proximity of the health facility to

the communities. Healthcare has also been affordable for the

community members courtesy NHIS with support from the company. The

extension services like the community and home visits, and HIV/AIDS

awareness programme by the health staff with the company’s support

are in no small a boost for quality healthcare. Also, the findings

indicate that there have never been issues of spillage and

pollution suggesting that the company has been environmentally

responsible in its operations.

On education, their interventions like the extra classes support

and exercise books distribution have resulted in improved

performance of pupils especially BECE candidates, and increased

enrolment and retention in schools. The computers given to schools

by the company have also resulted in pupils having at least basic

knowledge in ICT making them somehow part of global information

age. Again, the scholarship although informal has helped in

lessening the financial burdens of some of the parents in the

communities and at the same time helping people to attain higher

education.

52

Although, it was evident from the findings that the company in an

attempt at making the communities economic independent has been

employing some of the local people directly (in the mine) and

indirectly (through mine contracts); and also offering some of the

local people especially the youth skills training and graduate

training programmes; it is however not enough in meeting the

economic challenges facing the people due to deprivation of their

sole source of economic wealth, farming. It was again evident from

the findings and interactions with the respondents that most of the

youth are not directly employed by the company-ZGML but rather

through contract work. This is so because it was argued that the

mining is a specialised area which needs well-informed persons of

which such is lacking in the communities.

On the reverse side of the impact, the finding results indicated

the district assemblies because of the interventions from the

company have shirked their responsibilities to the communities. The

communities have therefore been relying on the company heavily for

project(s) which is supposed to be done by the central government

and the assemblies.

53

5.1.4 To examine critically the Sustainability of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives and Projects

With sustainability, mining firms embark on alternative livelihood

initiatives as part of their CSR business strategy to re-skill

catchment area or community members to engage in cottage industrial

business like soap making, gari processing, palm oil extraction bee

rearing and grass cutter farming. Consequently, whereas most of the

CSR projects and initiatives like the school blocks, clinic and the

ICT Laboratory are highly sustainable since they are under the

management and control of the central government hence it is

responsible for staff, maintenance and repairs; others like the

allowance given to the teachers by the company for the conduct of

extra classes for pupils and the computers are hugely threatened

should the company seizes to exist today or decides not to support

again since there seems to be no help coming from the communities.

Also, the given of seedlings to farmers and the skills training

given to the youth are also regarded as highly sustainable since

they are seen as economic empowerment that the local people

affected by the mine could still depend on even long after mine

54

closure. The rehabilitation projects undertaken by the company

would also guarantee land reuse by these farmers.

Again, to ensure sustainability there exist a standing community

advisory group called the CCC which provides support and reviews

for CSR initiatives, policies and projects by ZGML. This is done

for capacity building and sustainable community economics.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

From the conclusions drawn the following recommendations are made;

Companies in pursing CSR should strive to hold broader stakeholder

consultations especially for the core policy implementers in this

instance; teachers, nurses and doctors in the cases of school and

health initiatives.

The current malaria control programme should also be expanded to

include more beneficiary communities, and with support and

partnerships from governmental agencies like MOH and GHS, NGOs and

private-sector investors in other to sustain the programme even

after the exit of the mines.

55

Broadly on employment, the local content policy by the central

government be fully pursued and expanded to include more sectors of

the economic in other to empower the citizenry economically, and

also equip them with the managerial skills necessary to propel our

country for sustainable development.

It is recommended that the time is due for Ghana to develop a legal

framework for CSR initiatives, policies, programmes and projects by

business co-operations which would require firms to make proposal

from short to medium to long-term CSR initiatives and policies.

There should also be dedicated state agencies responsible for CSR

policies of firms and ensuring collaborations between businesses,

the state and the local communities.

It is also suggested that a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of

large scale mining that embraces social and environmental costs and

includes the needs of the affected communities be undertaken before

granting future production licenses.

Following the conclusions and the recommendations the researcher

seeks to propose a framework- Interlocking Rings of CSR which to a

56

large extent would solve the deficiencies currently present in the

CSR of companies in Ghana.

Figure 3: INTERLOCKING RINGS OF CSR (Source: The Researcher)

The figure above represents a framework- Interlocking Rings of CSR

designed to be a model of CSR that can be suit the CSR activities

in Ghana. The rings are interlocked suggesting that business

organisations cannot concentrate on only one of the rings to the

neglect of the others. For instance, if a firm is embarking on

economic, social or environment it should not be ethically or

culturally wrong or insensitive. Each ring is interdependent of

57

each other meaning that the effect on one has replica effect(s) on

the rest. It also represents unity in diversity which its combining

effects could result in contributing meaningfully to the

development of communities in particular and the country in

general. The interlocking rings revolve round the central theme-

CSR. That is, all activities in the rings exist but for CSR. Unlike

the Carroll’s 3-D model, the interlocking rings model is in the

form of circle suggesting that there is no end to CSR and

sustainability. There is also the introduction of social and

environment dimensions. It is suggested that whereas the

environment dimension concentrates on the land, air and water the

social dimension is expected to look at health, education,

sanitation/drainage, and recreation. It must be mentioned here that

the environmental issues are being vigorously pursued by the EPA of

Ghana; however it must be embraced by CSR especially for nations

without strong environmental laws. The economic dimension is also

aimed at focusing on employment, skills training and most

importantly local content policy. The ethical and discretionary

dimensions as the name suggest should be what they are, and lastly

legal dimension should not only deals with companies complying with

58

national and local laws including agreements reached between

communities and business organisations; cultural and customary laws

within cultures and societies. The legal dimension again means that

at each of the rings the laws (national laws, agreements and

commitments) must be obeyed to the latter, and there must be

constant monitoring by legally mandated agencies and bodies.

It is interesting to note that this model takes into account all

other frameworks whether responsiveness, shareholder and

stakeholder frameworks, offensive and defensive approaches. The

unending nature of the interlocking rings clearly gives the idea of

sustainability of CSR projects, initiatives and policies.

5.3 AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCHAlthough the aims and objectives of the study have been achieved

and to a large extent a successful research; it is suggested that a

more quantitative approach could be helpful in future research

owing to limitations encountered especially in the gathering of

data from the management. Again, the findings and conclusions have

revealed that there is a tussle: in whose interest is the impact

understood, a research gap which could in future be tackled. Future

59

research into the CSR impact of mining companies in Ghana could

also focus on CSR and compensation to farmers and land owners and,

CSR and financial impact of mining companies in Ghana.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW GUIDE

A1: Interview Guide for the HSE Staff

1. Does your company have any policy on the environment?

82

2. Is it incorporated as part of the company’s corporate

strategy? Why?

3. Why does ZGML embark on environment initiatives/projects?

4. Environmentally, how responsible is your company-ZGML?

5. To what extent has environmental initiatives impacted on the

corporate image of ZGML and relationship with the communities?

6. What are the plans put in place by your company to guarantee

environmental sustainability?

A2: Interview Guide for the Community Relation Superintendent

1. Does your company have CSR Policy/ document?

2. To what extent are the local people consulted and involved

during the designing and development of the policy?

3. Why does CGML embark on CSR programmes/projects?

4. To what extent are the locals involved in the implementation

of the policy?

5. How often is your good office involved in CSR implementation?

6. In the area of health, what has the company done for the

communities and how has such affected the communities?

7. In the field of education, what has the company done for the

communities and how has such affected the communities?83

8. How are the local people factored in your employment issues,

and what have been the outcomes?

9. To what extent has CSR of ZGML improved its relationship with

the communities and its corporate image?

10. What have been the challenges so far as CSR

implementation is concerned?

11. What are the plans put in place by your company to

guarantee long-term sustainability of CSR implemented

programmes?

A3: Interview Guide for the Opinion Leaders in the Communities

1. To what extent are you aware of CSR of ZGML?

2. What do you think are the reasons for such policy?

3. How are you involved in the design of CSR policy of ZGML?

4. Environmentally, what have been the impacts of CSR of the

company?

5. Have there been incidences of spillages and pollution?

6. How were your lives affected by such incidences?

7. How did the company respond to such situations?

8. Socially, what have been the impacts of CSR of the company?

84

9. How have the mining activities affected economic lives of the

community?

10. In areas of health and education, what has the company

done?

11. How well or otherwise has CSR of ZGML impact the

relationship between the community and the company?

A4: Interview Guide for the Head Teachers

1. To what extent are you aware CSR programmes by ZGML?

2. What are the CSR programmes on education embarked upon by

ZGML so far?

3. How far have these programmes impacted on performance,

teaching and learning in your school?

4. How sustainable are these CSR programmes?

A5: Interview Guide for the Health Officials

1. To what extent are you aware CSR programmes by ZGML?

2. What are the CSR programmes on health embarked upon by ZGML

so far?

3. How far have these programmes impacted on health in the

community?

85

4. How sustainable are these CSR programmes?

86