ILLINOI SUNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

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ILLINOIS- NATURAL

F N T n T'iHISTORYT T6'7x T

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Section of Wildlife Research

Illinois Waterfowl Surveys and Investigations

W-43-R(S1) - 38

Annual Performance Report

by

William L. Anderson and Stephen P. HaveraIllinois Natural History Survey

1 July 1989 through 30 June 1990

P1 I __ I I I · rl IB 91___ · I I I __ I

II

'i-AirOF

SEGMENT PERFORMANCE REPORT - FY 1990Illinois Waterfowl Surveys and Investigations

Federal Aid in Wildlife RestorationW-43-R(S1) - 38

Study 101 LEAD POISONING INVESTIGATIONS

Job 101.1 Hunter Compliance with Nontoxic Shot Regulations.

Hunter-killed ducks and geese were examined with a modified metal detector at

public and private hunting areas in nontoxic shot zones throughout central Illinois

during the 1989 hunting season. In addition, Canada geese and ducks were live-

trapped during the winter and spring to determine the type of embedded shot present

in birds following the hunting season.

Lead shot was found in 15.0% of 1,274 hunter-killed ducks examined and 9.5%

of 2,260 live-trapped ducks. The incidences of lead shot in immature ducks was 8.7%

in hunter-killed birds and 11.1% in live-trapped specimens. Lead shot was found in

37.7% of 860 hunter-killed geese, but only in 4.4% of 641 live-trapped geese. The

incidences of lead shot in immature geese was 22.7% for hunter-killed birds and 3.8%

in live-trapped geese. There was a larger degree of non-compliance by goose

hunters than duck hunters. The percentage of waterfowl containing lead pellets was

noticeably lower for waterfowl harvested on public hunting areas (ducks 7.8%, geese

28.6%) than on private areas (ducks 19.3%, geese 34.1%) or turned in to commercial

pickers (ducks 19.9%, geese 43.5%).

A summary of the first year of this study is included in the attached report.

Study 102 SAMPLING WATERFOWL HUNTERS VIA MAIL-LETTER QUESTIONNAIRE

Job 102.1 Mail-letter Questionnaire to Waterfowl Hunters

The 1989 Illinois Waterfowl Hunting Questionnaire was sent to 3,841

systematically selected purchasers of the (1988) Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamp on

18 January 1990. Second and third mailings (to non-respondents) were sent on 1

March and 5 April, respectively. As of 30 May 1990, 2,865 usable questionnaires were

returned for a response rate of 75%. A copy of the 1989 questionnaire (included with

the preliminary report) is attached.

In addition, a systematically selected mailing list involving 4,200 purchasers of

the (1989) Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamp was prepared for the 1990 Illinois

Hunting Questionnaire.

Job 102.2 Report on Results of Questionnaire

A preliminary report on the results of the 1989 Illinois Waterfowl Hunting

Questionnaire was prepared, a copy of which is attached.

Also, the final report for the 1988 Illinois Waterfowl Hunting Questionnaire was

prepared. This report was printed and distributed as Periodic Report No. 64,

Waterfowl Program, Illinois Department of Conservation. A copy of this report is

attached.

Study 103 AERIAL CENSUSES OF WATERFOWL

Job 103.1 Spring Waterfowl Censuses Along the Illinois River,

Mississippi River, and Central-Southern Reservoirs.

Aerial inventories of waterfowl were conducted weekly during spring migration

from 21 February through 17 April in the Illinois River valley (Spring Valley to Grafton)

and upper Mississippi River valley (Grafton to Rock Island), and biweekly from 13

February to 11 April along the lower Mississippi River (Cairo to St. Louis) and on major

ii

reservoirs and power plant lakes in central and southern Illinois. The results are

presented in the attached report.

Job 103.2 Fall Waterfowl Censuses Along the Illinois River,

Mississippi River, and Central-Southern Reservoirs.

Aerial inventories of waterfowl were conducted weekly during fall migration from

1-15 September and 9 October to 11 December and 2 January in the Illinois River

valley (Spring Valley to Grafton) and upper Mississippi River valley (Grafton to Rock

Island). Biweekly censuses were conducted from 11 October to 30 January along the

lower Mississippi River (Cairo to St. Louis) and on major reservoirs and power plant

lakes in central and southern Illinois. The results are presented in the attached report.

iii

STUDY 101 LEAD POISONING INVESTIGATIONS

HUNTER COMPLIANCE WITH NONTOXIC SHOT REGULATIONS

Stephen P. Havera

JOB 101.1

Nationwide use of nontoxic (steel) shot for waterfowl hunting has the potential

for saving 1.6-2.4 million ducks and geese annually from lead poisoning. Nontoxic

shot must be used for all sport hunting of waterfowl in the United States by the 1991-

1992 hunting season. This is the first major change in regulations affecting waterfowl

hunters since the prohibition of live decoys and baiting and the implementation of the

3-shell limit for shotguns in the 1930's. Because the mandatory use of steel shot has

been opposed by many hunters, there is concern about compliance with nontoxic shot

regulations. Determination of the degree of hunter compliance with the phase-in of

nontoxic shot regulations is necessary.

During the 1989 waterfowl season, public hunting areas with mandatory check

stations in nontoxic shot zones were selected for monitoring hunter compliance. The

public hunting areas were chosen based on the magnitude of kill reported on 1988

harvest records. Before the hunting season, correspondence was sent to all public

areas mentioning that an unannounced visit to the area might be made. Ten public

hunting areas in the Illinois River valley were monitored once during the 1989 central

Illinois waterfowl hunting zone season (duck season: 4 November to 3 December;

goose season: 4 November to 2 January). Hunter-harvested birds were examined at

Marshall County, Woodford County, Powerton Cooling Lake, Rice Lake, Spring Lake,

Anderson Lake, Sanganois-Chandlerville, Sanganois-Browning, Batchtown, and

Stump Lake state public hunting areas. The number of ducks and geese examined at

each public hunting area was lower than expected based on the 1988 harvest for

these areas. The lower harvest was a result of unseasonably mild weather during the

waterfowl hunting seasons and, in some cases, poor waterfowl food resources.

Data were also obtained by periodically examining hunter-killed ducks and

geese at commercial waterfowl picking operations, at private hunting clubs, and at

cornfields located in nontoxic shot areas along the Illinois River. All ducks and geese

examined at the commercial waterfowl picking operations were harvested in nontoxic-

2

shot counties. Waterfowl examined from the commercial pickers, private clubs, and

private fields that contained both lead and steel pellets were not included in the

sample but were included at the public hunting areas.

Live-trapped waterfowl were monitored after the 1989 hunting season to

determine background levels of embedded shot. At Union County Fish and Wildlife

Area in southern Illinois, 641 live-trapped Canada geese were examined from 2-10

February. The goose hunting season in the quota zone was 20 November to 14

January. A total of 2,260 ducks were live-trapped and examined from 24 February to 5

May at two sites on Quiver Creek in Mason County in central Illinois.

At each trapping and harvest site, species, age, sex, and type of body shot (lead

or steel) were recorded for each bird. If a hunter-killed bird was examined and no shot

was found, it was recorded as containing steel shot because many small ducks such

as green-winged teal were shot with large steel pellets (No. 2) that passed completely

through the birds.

A Coinmaster 4900/D metal detector manufactured by White's Electronics,

Saddle Brook, New Jersey, was factory modified for determination of the differentiation

between lead and steel shotgun pellets embedded in waterfowl carcasses. A

Conservation Police Officer with the Illinois Department of Conservation successfully

field tested this device for law enforcement purposes during the 1987 Illinois waterfowl

season. The accuracy of the four operators of the metal detector in this study was

periodically tested with waterfowl carcasses embedded with known lead and/or steel

pellets, which were unknown to the operators of the metal detector, by examination of

wounds and removal and verification of shot from carcasses in hunter-killed birds, and

by checking known samples of lead and steel pellets with the detector.

A total of 1,274 hunter-killed ducks were examined and 15.0% contained lead

pellets (Table 1). Dabbling ducks comprised the majority of the sample (n = 1,023;

Table 2) with mallards representing 42.9%. For all dabbling ducks, 14.7% tested

3

positive for lead shot. Values for dabbling ducks containing lead shot ranged from

6.2% for gadwalls to 46.4% for shovelers.Lesser scaups and ring-necked ducks were

the most common hunter-harvested diving ducks examined (Table 3). A total of 15.8%

of the 247 hunter-killed diving ducks contained lead shot.

The incidence of embedded shot (both lead and steel) was 19.3% for all live-

trapped ducks. A total of 9.2% of all live-trapped dabbling ducks contained lead shot

and 9.5% contained steel shot. Lead shot was found in 11.3% and steel shot in 12.6%

of live-trapped diving ducks. A higher percentage of live-trapped diving ducks

contained embedded shot of either type than dabbling ducks (23.9 and 18.7%,

respectively).

The percentages of lead and steel shot in hunter-killed and live-trapped ducks

were examined by age class (Table 1). Adult hunter-killed ducks (dabblers and

divers) had a higher percentage of lead shot than immature hunter-killed ducks (21.1

and 8.7%, respectively; Table 1). Based upon the rate of lead shot in immature ducks,

the minimum rate of non-compliance for duck hunters was 8.7%. Adult live-trapped

ducks had nearly equal percentages of lead and steel shot (5.4 and 6.6%,

respectively). Steel pellets were about twice as prevalent in immature live-trapped

ducks as in adults (20.4 and 11.1%, respectively). Twelve percent of the adult ducks

and 31.5% of the immatures were carrying either lead or steel, or both, pellets.

The 860 hunter-killed geese examined consisted of 720 Canada geese, 80

blue and snow geese, and 60 white-fronted geese. Lead shot was found in 52.7% of

the adults and 22.7% of the immatures (Table 4). Thus, noncompliance for goose

hunters was at least a minimum of 22.7%, much higher than for ducks. The

percentage of hunter-killed geese containing lead shot (37.7%) was substantially

higher than the background levels of lead shot determined from the live-trapped geese

(4.4%).

4

In live-trapped geese, adults had only slightly higher percentages of lead and

steel shot (18.6%) than immatures (15.5%) (Table 4). Lead shot was found in 5.1% of

the adults and 3.8% of the immatures. Only 1 live-trapped goose contained both lead

and steel shot. Steel shot (12.5%) in live-trapped geese was detected approximately

3 times as often as lead shot (4.4%). A total of 17.1% of the live-trapped geese

contained embedded shot (both lead and steel) as compared with 19.3% for live-

trapped ducks.

The largest sample of hunter-killed ducks was obtained on opening day at the

Sanganois-Chandlerville Public Hunting Area and 9.9% of these birds contained lead

shot (Table 5). The percentages of ducks harvested on public areas containing lead

shot ranged from 0.0% to 12.1%.

The percentage of lead shot was noticeably lower in ducks and geese

harvested on public hunting areas than in birds examined at commercial picking

operations and private hunting areas. The percentages of harvested ducks containing

lead shot were 7.8% on public hunting areas, 19.9% at commercial picking operations,

and 19.3% on other areas such as private clubs and cornfields (Table 6). The

percentages of geese containing lead shot were 28.6% on public hunting areas,

43.5% at commercial picking operations, and 34.1% on private areas (Table 7).

Overall, compliance with nontoxic shot regulations was better for duck hunters

(85.0% compliance, 15.0% of harvested ducks contained lead shot) than for goose

hunters (62.3% compliance, 37.7% of harvested geese contained lead shot). Hunter

compliance with nontoxic shot regulations was higher on public hunting areas than for

birds taken to commercial picking operations or harvested on private areas. Better

compliance on public hunting areas was likely a result of hunters expecting a higher

probability of being checked by Conservation Police Officers.

Table 1. Percentage of lead and steel shot detected in hunter-killed and live-trapped ducks by age-class for all areas, 1989-1990.

Percentage of Shot

Age No. Examined Lead Steel Both

Hunter-killed Adult 608 21.1 78.5 0.52Immature 577 8.7 90.8 0.52Unknown 891 14.6 84.3 1.12

Total 1,2741 15.0 84.5 0.52

Live-trapped Adult 1,016 5.4 6.6 N/A3Immature 407 11.1 20.4 N/A3Unknown 837 13.6 8.6 N/A3

Total 2,260 9.5 9.8 N/A3

Includes 4 coots.Examined at public hunting areas only.N/A = Not available.

6

Table 2. Percentage of dabbling ducks containing embedded shot, lead shot,steel shot, or both lead and steel shot for all areas, 1989-1990.

Percentage of Shot

No.Species Examined Embedded Lead Steel Both

MallardHunter-killedLive-trapped

Black duckHunter-killed

Blue-winged tealHunter-killedLive-trapped

Green-winged tealHunter-killedLive-trapped

GadwallHunter-killedLive-trapped

PintailHunter-killedLive-trapped

WigeonHunter-killedLive-trapped

ShovelerHunter-killedLive-trapped

Wood duckHunter-killedLive-trapped

TotalHunter-killedLive-trapped

439486

79

6267

101284

65191

91146

104215

28257

110167

1,0232,013

100.021.2

100.0

100.016.9

100.015.5

100.015.2

100.023.3

100.018.6

100.016.0

100.024.6

66 (15.0)56 (11.5)

17 (21.5)

1 (16.7)18 (6.7)

8 (7.9)16 (5.6)

4 (6.2)10 (5.2)

13 (14.3)18 (12.3)

14 (13.5)22 (10.2)

13 (46.4)19 (7.4)

14 (12.7)27 (16.2)

100.0 150 (14.7)18.7 186 (9.2)

370 (84.3)47 (9.7)

62 (78.5)

5 (83.3)27 (10.1)

92 (91.1)28 (9.9)

61 (93.9)19 (9.9)

78 (85.7)16 (11.0)

90 (86.5)18 (8.4)

13 (46.4)22 (8.6)

96 (87.3)14 (8.4)

867 (84.8)191 (9.5)

Examined at public huntingN/A = Not available.

areas only.

3 (9.7)1N/A

0 (0.0)1

o (9.o0) 1N/A

1 ( .0)1N/A

0 (9.0)1N/A

0 (9.0)1N/A

0 (9.0)1N/A

2 (Z.1)1N/A

0 (9.0) 1N/A

6 (9.01) 1N/A

Table 3. Percentage of diving ducks containingsteel shot, or both lead and steel shot for all

embedded shot, lead shot,areas, 1989-1990.

Percentage of Shot

No.Species Examined Embedded Lead Steel Both

ScaupHunter-killed 73Live-trapped 117

Ring-necked duckHunter-killed 56Live-trapped 99

RedheadHunter-killed 24Live-trapped 31

GoldeneyeHunter-killed 26

BuffleheadHunter-killed 20

Ruddy duckHunter-killed 16

Common merganserHunter-killed 15

Hooded merganserHunter-killed 16

CanvasbackHunter-killed 1

TotalHunter-killed 247Live-trapped 247

CootHunter-killed 4

1 Examined at public hunting2 N/A = Not available.

100.023.9

100.020.2

100.035.5

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.023.9

100.0

areas only.

1113

98

27

9

2

3

1

2

0

3928

2

(15.1)(11.1)

(16.1)(8.1)

(8.3)(22.6)

(34.6)

(10.0)

(18.8)

(6.7)

(12.5)

(0.0)

(15.8)(11.3)

(50.0)

6215

4612

224

17

18

13

14

14

1

20731

2

(84.9)(12.8)

(82.1)(12.1)

(91.7)(12.9)

(65.4)

(90.0)

(81.3)

(93.3)

(87.5)

(100.0)

(83.8)(12.6)

(50.0)

0 (9.0) 1N/A

N/A

0 (o.0)1N/A

0 (o.o)1

0 (0.0)1

0 (0.0)1

0 (0.0)1

0 (0.0)1

0 (0.0) 1

1 (9.01) 1N/A

0 (0.0)1

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Table 4. Percentage of lead and steel shot detected in hunter-killed and live-trapped geese by age class for all areas, 1989-1990.

Percentage of Shot

Age No. Examined Lead Steel Both

Hunter-killed Adult 429 52.7 47.3 N/A1Immature 415 22.7 77.3 N/A1Unknown 16 25.0 56.3 18.82

Total 860 37.7 62.0 0.31

Live-trapped3 Adult 274 5.1 13.5 0.0Immature 367 3.8 11.7 0.3

Total 641 4.4 12.5 0.2

N/A = Not available.Examined at public hunting areas only.Canada geese only.

Table 5. Percentage of lead and steel shot detected in waterfowl harvestedfrom public hunting areas, 1989.

Percentage of Shot

Area No. Examined Lead Steel Both

Marshall CountyDucks 17 1 (5.9) 16 (94.1) 0 (0.0)Geese 2 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0)

Woodford CountyDucks 32 2 (6.3) 29 (90.6) 1 (3.1)

Powerton Cooling LakeDucks 22 1 (4.5) 20 (90.9) 1 (4.5)Geese 5 2 (40.0) 2 (40.0) 1 (20.0)

Rice LakeDucks 3 0 (0.0) 3 (100.0) 0 (0.0)

Spring LakeDucks 59 3 (5.1) 53 (89.8) 3 (5.1)Geese 1 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0)

Anderson LakeDucks 33 4 (12.1) 28 (84.8) 1 (3.0)

Sanganois-Chandlervi 1leDucks 243 24 (9.9) 219 (90.1) 0 (0.0)

Sanganois-BrowningDucks 4 0 (0.0) 4 (100.0) 0 (0.0)

BatchtownDucks 48 3 (6.3) 45 (93.8) 0 (0.0)Geese 5 2 (40.0) 2 (40.0) 1 (20.0)

Stump LakeDucks 27 0 (0.0) 26 (96.3) 1 (3.7)Geese 1 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0)

Total Ducks 488 38 (7.8) 443 (90.8) 7 (1.4)Total Geese 14 4 (28.6) 7 (50.0) 3 (21.4)

10

Table 6. Percentage of lead and steel shot detected in hunter-killedducks from public hunting areas, commercial picking operations, andprivate areas, 1989.

Percentage of Shot

No. Examined Lead Steel Both

Public Hunting Areas 488 7.8 90.8 1.4

Commercial Picking Operations 176 19.9 80.1 N/A1

Private Areas 610 19.3 80.7 N/A1

Total 1,274 15.0 84.5 0.52

1 N/A = Not available.2 Examined at public hunting areas only.

Table 7. Percentage of lead and steel shotgeese from public hunting areas, commercialprivate areas, 1989-1990.

detected in hunter-killedpicking operations, and

Percentage of Shot

No. Examined Lead Steel Both

Public Hunting Areas 14 28.6 50.0 21.4

Commercial Picking Operations 336 43.5 56.6 N/A1

Private Areas 510 34.1 65.9 N/A1

Total 860 37.7 62.0 0.32

12 N/A = Not available.

Examined at public hunting areas only.

11

STUDY 102 SAMPLING WATERFOWL HUNTERS VIAMAIL-LETTER QUESTIONNAIRE

MAIL-LETTER QUESTIONNAIRE TO WATERFOWL HUNTERS

William L. Anderson

JOB 102.1

Illinois Department of ConservationDivision of Wildlife Resources

Administrative Report -- 21 June 1990

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE1989 ILLINOIS WATERFOWL HUNTING QUESTIONNAIRE

Bill Anderson, Investigations and Surveys Program

The 1989 Illinois Waterfowl Hunting Questionnaire (copy

attached) was sent to 3,841 systematically selected purchasers of

the (1988) Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamp. The initial mailing

took place on 18 January 1990, and non-respondents were sent

follow-ups (additional questionnaires) on 1 March and again on 5

April. As of 30 May 1990, 2,865 usable questionnaires were

returned for a response rate of 75%. Of those returning

questionnaires, 537 (19%) did not purchase an Illinois Migratory

Waterfowl Stamp again in 1989. Of the 2,328 respondents who did

purchase a stamp, 87% hunted waterfowl in Illinois during the 1989

season.

With a projected sales of 59,300 stamps, and with appropriate

adjustments for non-hunting stamp purchasers, multiple-stamp

purchasers, and stamp-exempt hunters, the total number of waterfowl

hunters active in Illinois in 1989 was estimated at 59,300 (Table

1). This is a 3% increase over the number of hunters active in

1988. The 1989 hunters expended an estimated 797,425 days afield

(15% more than in 1988) and harvested an estimated 337,044

waterfowl (21% more than in 1988).

2

Of the 59,300 hunters who were active in 1989, 30% hunted

ducks only, 20% hunted geese only, and 50% hunted both ducks and

geese. Since 1985, there has been a steady increase in the

percentage of the hunters who hunt geese and a steady decrease in

the percentage who hunt ducks (Table 2).

September Teal Season

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) suspended the

September teal season in Illinois and in all other states for 1988

and 1989.

Regular Duck Season

An estimated 46,700 hunters were active during the regular

duck season in Illinois in 1989 (Table 3). They expended 433,900

days afield and harvested an estimated 238,800 ducks (19% more than

in 1988) and 2,200 coots (5% more than in 1988). Although the wood

duck harvest increased 16%, it was still about 50% less than the

harvest prior to 1988. The restrictive duck hunting regulations

in 1988 and 1989 has had a major negative impact on the harvest of

wood ducks, which is a locally nesting species whose populations

are healthy.

The duck hunters reported that the mallards they harvested

were 82% drakes and 18% hens, for a sex ratio of 4.6 drakes per hen

(Table 4). In comparison, wings collected and examined by FWS

personnel indicated that the sex ratio of mallards harvested in

Illinois ranged from 1.9 to 2.7 drakes per hen in 1983-1987. The

duck hunters claimed that they correctly identified 95% of the

3

drakes and 72% of the hens they harvested before shooting at the

birds (Table 4).

September Giant Canada Goose Season

This experimental season, approved by the FWS to exert hunting

pressure on giant Canada geese that reside in northeastern Illinois

(Region 2), resulted in an estimated harvest of 2,950 birds (30%

more than in 1988) (Table 5). An estimated 3,860 hunters (9% fewer

than in 1988) spent 12,975 days afield (10% more than in 1988)

during this early (1-10 September) season.

Regular Goose Season

About 42,000 hunters spent 363,525 days afield to harvest an

estimated 93,094 geese during the regular goose season in Illinois

in 1989 (Table 6). The number of goose hunters and days afield

were, respectively, 13% and 34% greater than in 1988. There was

an estimated 91,379 Canada geese harvested during the regular goose

season. The total harvest of Canada geese (regular season plus

September season) was 94,329 birds (26% more than in 1988) (Table

7).

In the Southern Quota Zone, 23,700 hunters expended 138,100

days afield and harvested 42,254 Canada geese (Table 7). In the

Rend Lake Quota Zone, 7,000 hunters spent 42,600 days afield and

harvested 12,613 Canada geese. The projected harvest for the Rend

Lake Quota Zone (i.e., projected from reported harvest on public

hunting areas) was 11,412 Canada geese. In the Tri-county Zone,

5,400 hunters spent 48,000 days afield and harvested 7,884 Canada

4

geese. In the remainder of the state (i.e., outside designated

goose zones) 15,900 hunters devoted 121,850 days afield to harvest

28,628 Canada geese.

Crippling Losses

Crippling losses (birds knocked down but not retrieved) were

estimated at 70,400 ducks, 23,100 geese, and 1,200 coots in

Illinois during the 1989 season (Table 8). These estimates equate

to rates of 29.5 ducks, 24.0 geese, and 54.5 coots lost per 100

birds harvested. After being somewhat elevated during the mid- and

late-1980's, the 1989 crippling rates for ducks and geese were back

down to the levels experienced in 1981.

Evaluation of Public Areas

Respondents were asked to rate the level of satisfaction they

experienced while hunting on selected public areas in Illinois

during the 1989 season (see question #16). Of the 5 criteria

listed, "control of skybusting" received the lowest overall rating

with an average of 2.4 (out of a possible 5.0) for all areas

collectively (Table 9). At the other extreme, "management for food

and/or water" (average 3.7) and "law enforcement" (average 3.7)

were given the highest overall ratings. As for comparison among

areas, the Union County Goose Area received the highest average

rating (3.5). Carlyle Lake was second highest (3.4 and 3.3) and

the Horseshoe Lake Goose Area was a close third (3.3). Rend Lake

came in last with ratings of 3.0 for the subimpoundments and 3.0

for the lake itself.

Attitudes and Opinions of Hunters

Shooting Time for Duck Hunting. Responses to question #8

indicate that hunters strongly prefer beginning legal shooting time

for duck hunting at 1/2 hour before sunrise (Table 10). 63%

favored 1/2 hour before sunrise and 35% went for sunrise. In the

1988 questionnaire, 65% voted for 1/2 hour before sunrise and 33%

voted for sunrise. Thus, the preference for beginning legal

shooting time at 1/2 hour before sunrise did not change from 1988

to 1989.

Split Goose Season Upstate. According to responses to

question #17, a majority of the waterfowl hunters in the northern

portion of the state support the idea of splitting the goose season

into 2 segments (Table 11). In the Northern Zone, 59% of the goose

hunters and 59% of the duck hunters favored the split season. In

Administrative Region 1A (9 northwestern counties), 66% of the

goose hunters and 55% of the duck hunters voted for the split

season. Similarly, in Administrative Region 2 (9 northeastern

counties), 60% of the goose hunters and 63% of the duck hunters

were in favor of the split goose season.

There was less support for the split goose season in the

central portion of the state. In the Central Zone, 49% of the

goose hunters and 46% of the duck hunters were supportive. In

Administrative Regions 1B, 3A, and 3B, 40-52% of the goose hunters

and 39-51% of the duck hunters were in favor of the split season.

Bag Limit for Canada Geese. Responses to question #12 suggest

that a plurality (36%) of hunters prefer allowing 5 geese per day

6

during the September giant Canada goose season in northeastern

Illinois (Table 12). An additional 30% favored 2 geese per day and

24% liked 3 geese per day. Data obtained from the 1987 and 1988

questionnaires indicate that about 90% of the Canada geese

harvested during this early season were taken by hunters who shot

1 or 2 birds per day. The 3rd, 4th, and 5th goose, which were

allowed in the daily bag limit, contributed little to the total

harvest.

Goose hunters who were active in the Southern Quota Zone

and/or Rend Lake Quota Zone were asked to express their opinions

of the daily bag limit for Canada geese in these zones (see

questions #15 and #18). Overwhelming majorities (72% in the

Southern Zone and 83% at Rend Lake) liked the arrangement that

allowing 2 geese per day through 31 December 1989 and then 3 geese

per day for the remainder of the season in January 1990 (Table 13).

When asked their opinion of the number of Canada geese that should

be allowed in the daily bag in 1990-91, 43% (Southern Zone) and

55% (Rend Lake) voted for the 2-3 geese arrangement, 37% and 33%

voted for 3 geese per day for the entire season, and 19% and 9%

voted for 2 geese per day for the entire season. It is clear that

the hunters strongly support allowing 3 Canada geese per day for

at least a portion of the season in both the Southern Quota Zone

and Rend Lake Quota Zone.

Table 1. Summary of Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamps purchased, hunteractivity, and waterfowl harvest in Illinois from 1981 through 1989. Theestimates for 1989 are preliminary.

Year Stamps Purchased Hunters Days Afield Waterfowl Harvested a

1981 61,929 63,652 874,730 413,264

1982 57,691 58,766 795,807 392,897

1983 56,162 58,240 815,523 475,601

1984 55,250 56,533 748,390 420,357

1985 55,670 56,899 699,113 392,253

1986 59,734 61,876 887,446 467,164

1987 58,803 b 60,371 814,918 354,194

1988 57,848 57,796 695,848 277,743

1989 59,300 c 59,300 797,425 337,044

a Teal, ducks, coots, and geese. The September teal season was suspendedfor 1988 and 1989.

b Excludes 5,550 stamps purchased by a commercial art company.

c Projected from an actual sales of 55,372 stamps through 30 April 1990.

Table 2. The percentage of waterfowlwho hunted geese, in Illinois

hunters who hunted ducks, and the percentagefrom 1981 through 1989.

Percentage Who Hunted: Percentage Who Were:

Ducks Geese Both Ducks Duck GooseYear Only Only and Geese Hunters Hunters

1981 63 14 23 86 37

1982 59 11 30 89 31

1983 55 13 32 87 45

1984 60 12 28 88 40

1985 61 10 29 90 39

1986 51 13 36 87 49

1987 47 14 39 86 53

1988 36 19 45 81 64

1989 30 20 50 80 70

9

Table 3. Summary of duck and coot harvest and hunter activity during the regular duckseason in Illinois in 1981 through 1989. The estimates for 1989 are preliminary.

Number of DucksDays Number

Year Hunters Afield Mallards Wood Ducks Other Ducks Total of Coots

1981 54,744 703,534 170,972 72,065 94,947 337,984 4,950

1982 52,220 646,394 163,439 61,706 101,989 327,134 5,905

1983 50,440 651,409 220,317 72,237 110,862 403,416 10,472

1984 49,715 606,325 182,132 52,955 120,016 355,103 7,702

1985 51,362 556,800 168,549 51,216 97,155 316,920 5,773

1986 53,588 638,090 201,676 65,414 112,490 379,580 7,372

1987 51,704 558,172 155,783 58,488 74,748 289,019 2,694

1988 46,748 413,046 128,837 25,674 46,319 200,830 2,093

1989 46,700 433,900 141,700 29,900 67,200 238,800 2,200

10

Table 4. The relative number of drake and hen mallards harvested in Illinois in1989, and the percentage of these drakes and hens that were correctlyidentified before they were shot, as reported by hunters.

Ratio Correctly Identified

Sex Number Percentage Number Percentage

Drake 7,879 82.1 7,450 94.6

Hen 1,714 17.9 1,227 71.6

11

Table 5. Canada goose harvest and hunter activity, by county, during theexperimental September giant Canada goose season in north-eastern Illinois in 1989. These estimates are preliminary.

County Hunters Days Afield Canada Geese

Cook 89 386 208

DuPage 119 416 117

Grundy 356 1,395 221

Kane 742 2,286 455

Kankakee 89 238 26

Kendall 89 208 39

Lake 772 2,553 585

McHenry 505 2,375 455

Will 1,099 3,118 844

Totals 3,860 12,975 2,950

12

Table 6. Summary of goose harvest and hunter activity during the regular gooseseason in Illinois in 1981 through 1989. The estimates for 1989 arepreliminary.

Number of Geese

DaysYear Hunters Afield Canada Geese Other Geese Total

1981 23,610 132,610 44,302(6,312) a 3,082(1,719) 47,384(8,031)

1982 24,058 107,557 29,574(4,968) 1,499( 710) 31,073(5,678)

1983 26,199 124,639 31,395(4,325) 962( 577) 32,357(4,902)

1984 22,426 102,583 23,147(2,859) 1,675( 593) 24,822(3,452)

1985 22,160 105,792 37,976(5,248) 2,324( 753) 40,300(6,001)

1986 30,327 200,291 45,535(11,348) 2,625( 832) 48,160(12,180)

1987 32,246 224,164 36,103(3,563) 1,525( 499) 37,628(4,062)

1988 37,258 271,451 72,550(3,871) 1,832( 350) 74,382(4,221)

1989 42,000 363,525 91,379(2,988) 1,715( 182) 93,094(3,170)

a Number of geese harvested coincidentally to duck hunting.

13

Table 7. Estimates of goose harvest and hunter activity, by zones andadministration regions, in Illinois during the 1988 and 1989seasons. The estimates for 1989 are preliminary.

Zone, Area, Days Canada Other Totalor Region Hunters Afield Geese Geese Geese

1988

Southern Quota Zone

Rend Lake Quota Zone

Tri-county Zone

Northeast (Sept.)

Remainder of State

1A

1B

2

3A

3B

4

5

Total

Entire State

20,842 129,446 39,332 a

5,861

4,276

4,246

1,136

2,332

3,887

2,512

568

778

1,675

12,888

37,258

34,328

31,337

11,781

7,116

11,991

24,370

15,041

2,512

6,668

8,642

76,340

283,232

9,236

6,708

2,270

1,999

2,722

5,095

2,967

555

1,342

2,594

17,274

74,820

568 39,900

103 9,339

297 7,005

2,270

26

181

103

400

0

116

38

864

1,832

2,025

2,903

5,198

3,367

555

1,458

2,632

18,138

76,652

Table 7 - continued.

14

Table 7. Continued - Page 2.

1989

Southern Quota Zone

Rend Lake Quota Zone

Tri-county Zone

Northeast (Sept.)

Remainder of State

1A

1B

2

3A

3B

4

5

Unknown

Total

Entire State

23,700 138,100 42,254 a

7,000

5,400

3,860

1,720

2,880

4,160

3,030

950

2,110

2,760

30

15,900

42,000

42,600

48,000

12,975

12,500

19,400

30,200

20,200

4,700

13,900

20,800

150

121,850

363,525

12,613

7,884

2,950

2,221

3,962

7,391

4,663

1,104

3,195

6,053

39

28,628

94,329

117 42,371

221 12,834

156 8,040

2,950

104

311

117

260

39

234

156

1,221

1,715

2,325

4,273

7,508

4,923

1,143

3,429

6,209

39

29,849

96,044

a Based on tabulations from hunter registration forms (Dennis D.Thornburg, pers. commun.).

15

Table 8. Summary of the number of ducks, geese, and coots that werecrippled (knocked down but not retrieved) during the huntingseasons in Illinois in 1981-1989. The estimates for 1989 arepreliminary.

Ducks Geese Coots

Per 100 Per 100 Per 100Year Total Bagged Total Bagged Total Bagged

1981 104,216 30.8 12,573 26.5 1,717 34.7

1982 82,287 25.2 5,868 18.9 1,595 27.0

1983 96,907 24.0 7,627 23.6 2,947 28.1

1984 84,665 23.8 5,711 23.0 3,236 42.0

1985 100,191 31.6 15,918 39.5 2,357 40.8

1986 145,283 38.3 20,699 41.5 2,770 37.6

1987 98,155 34.0 18,375 48.8 2,013 74.7

1988 71,211 35.5 24,578 33.0 1,103 52.7

1989 70,400 29.5 23,100 24.0 1,200 54.5

16

Table 9. Hunter evaluation of the quality of waterfowl hunting on selected publichunting areas in Illinois. Sample sizes are in parentheses.

* Responses to the statement, "The Illinois Department of Conservationis interested in learning more about the quality of waterfowl hunting onpublic hunting areas in Illinois. This year we are evaluating 4 areas:Carlyle Lake, Rend Lake, Union County, and Horseshoe Lake inAlexander County. If you hunted waterfowl on 1 or more of theseareas during the 1989-90 season, rate each area you actuall huntedby writing in a number (1 through 5) for each of the categories listed.The ratings are: 1 - very dissatisfied, 2 = somewhat dissatisfied, 3 =neutral, 4 = somewhat satisfied, and 5 = very satisfied."

Mange. Law OverallSpacing Control for Food En Quality

of of Sky- and/or force- ofName of Public Area Hunters busting Water ment Hunting Mean

Carlyle Lake--lakeportion (84) 3.5 2.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3

Carlyle Lake--sub-impoundments (126) 3.0 2.4 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.4

Rend Lake--lakeportion (141) 3.0 2.0 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.0

Rend Lake--sub-impoundments (165) 2.9 2.2 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.0

Union County GooseArea (198) 3.6 2.8 3.7 4.1 3.5 3.5

Horseshoe Lake GooseArea (191) 3.5 2.3 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.3

3.3 2.4 3.7Mean 3.7 3.4 3.3

17

Table 10. Attitudes of duck hunters toward the time that legal shooting timeshould begin during the regular duck season in Illinois. Sample sizeis in parentheses.

*Responses to the question, "In your opinion, should legal shootingtime during the regular duck season in Illinois begin at sunrise or1/2 hour before sunrise?"

(1,606) a

Sunrise

1/2 hour before sunrise

No opinion

34.6%

63.1

2.3

a Respondents who hunted a 1 days during the regular duck season inIllinois in 1989.

18

Table 11. Attitudes of waterfowl hunters toward splitting the goose season in northernand central Illinois. Sample sizes are in parentheses.

* Responses to the question, "Now that the migrant population of Canada geesehas recovered to healthy numbers, it is possible to have a goose huntingseason that runs for 60-70 days. With this in mind, would you favor or disfavorsplitting the goose hunting season in the North and Central Zones into 2 timeperiods? For example, the goose hunting season would open for 10 daysbeginning in early October, close for the following 10-15 days, and thenreopen for 50-60 days beginning the same date that duck season begins."

GOOSE HUNTERS a

Waterfowl Zones

North Central

(139) b (316)

59.0% 49.0%

37.4 42.1

Administrative Regions

Both

(455)

52.1%

40.7

2 3A 3B

(55) (99) (139) (101) (31)

65.5% 51.5% 60.4% 39.6% 51.6%

32.7 43.4 36.7 49.5 41.9

No Opinion 3.6 8.9 7.2 1.8 5.1 2.9 10.9

DUCK HUNTERS a

Waterfowl Zones

North Central Both

Administrative Regions

lA IB a ~8~

(260) c (921) (1,181)

58.5% 46.1% 48.9%

Disfavor

No Opinion

31.2 37.5

10.3 16.4

36.1

15.0

(120) (366) (225) (350) (61)

55.0% 50.0% 63.1% 38.9% 50.8%

35.0 34.2 30.2 42.9 32.8

10.0 15.8 6.7 18.2 16.4

a 87.0% of the goose hunters, and 33.5% of the duck hunters, hunted both geeseand ducks.

b Respondents who hunted geese >1 days in the respective zones and regions.

c Respondents who hunted ducks >1 days in the respective zones and regions.

Favor

Disfavor

6.5

Favor

Attitudes of waterfowl hunters toward the number of geese thatshould be allowed in the daily bag limit during the September giantCanada goose season in northeastern Illinois.

* Responses to the question, "If the September giant Canada gooseseason in northeastern Illinois is conducted again in 1990, what isyour opinion of the number of Canada geese that should be allowedin the daily bag limit?"

(n = 281) a

1 Canada goose

2 Canada geese

3 Canada geese

4 Canada geese

5 Canada geese

3.6%

29.5

23.8

7.1

36.0

a Respondents who reside in the 9 counties in northeastern Illinois.

19

Table 12.

Table 13. Attitudes of goose hunters toward the daily bag limit for Canadageese in the Southern Quota Zone and Rend Lake Quota Zone.Sample sizes are in parentheses.

*Responses to the question, "With regard to hunting regulations in theSouthern Quota Zone and Rend Lake Quota Zone in 1989-90, did youlike or dislike the arrangement that allowed 2 Canada geese per daythrough December 31 and then 3 Canada geese per day for theremainder of the season?"

Southern Quota Zone

(778) a

71.5%

Disliked

No Opinion

18.5

10.0

Rend Lake Quota Zone

(232) b

83.2%

6.0

10.8

* Responses to the question, "What is your opinion of the number ofCanada geese that should be allowed in the daily bag limit in theSouthern Quota Zone and Rend Lake Quota Zone during the1990-91 season?"

Southern Quota Zone

(781) a

2 per day

3 per day

2 per day throughDec. 31, then 3per day

No opinion

18.6%

36.5

42.5

Rend Lake Quota Zone

(232) b

9.1%

33.2

55.2

2.4 2.6

a Respondents who hunted geese > 1 days in the Southern Quota Zone.

b Respondents who hunted geese _ 1 days in the Rend Lake Quota Zone.

20

Liked

211989 ILLINOIS WATERFOWL HUNTING qUESTIONNAIRE

NORTHEASTERNr/fcVc ffw

INSTRUCTIONS TRI -C0GOOSE 2

Please fill out the questionnaire on thefollowing pages for your waterfowl huntingactivities during the 1989-90 season.

If you did not hunt waterfowl in Illinoisin 1989-90, answer the first two questionsand return this form.

The questionnaire is divided into fiveparts: General Information, Regular DuckSeason, September Giant Canada Goose Seasonin Northeastern Illinois, Regular GooseSeason, and Other Topics.

Report only your kill. DO NOT report thekill of others with whom you may have hunted.

Write in the number of days on which you huntedducks and the number of days on which youhunted geese. Include your unsuccessful days.

If you hunted both ducks and geese at thesame time, count the day toward your primarytarget -- that is, primarily ducks or primarilygeese. DO NOT count the hunt as a day of duckhunting and also as a day of goose hunting.

If you can't remember the exact figures, giveyour best estimate.

When completed, insert questionnaire into theself-addressed envelope and mail.

Your comments are welcomebut please write them onthe separate paper providedto receive proper attention

POSTAGE IS PREPAID

Thank you for your cooperation

22

1989 ILLINOIS WATERFOWL HUNTING QUESTIONNAIRE(see instructions on first page)

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. How many 1989 Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamps did youpurchase for your personal use? (do not include Federal stamps).

2. Did you hunt waterfowl in Illinois during the 1989-90-season?(circle number for appropriate answer) Yes.....l

Numbers at rightare for officialuse only

9-10

11No.....2

REGULAR DUCK SEASON

3. How many different days did you hunt ducks during the regular duckseason in Illinois in 1989?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. In which county did you hunt ducks most during the regular duckseason in Illinois in 1989. ..... Name of county

5. List the number of ducks and coots you personally harvested during theregular duck season in Illinois in 1989. DO NOT include birds killedin other states or countries.

17-1920-2223-2526-28

6. Of the mallards you harvested, how many were drakes and how many werehens?

*Drake mallards harvested .... .

*Hen mallards harvested . . . . .. .

7. How many of these mallards did you correctly identify (as drake mallardsor as hen mallards) before you shot them?

*Drake mallards identified. .. . .

*Hen mallards identified. .... ..

8. In your opinion, should legal shooting time during the regular duckseason in Illinois begin at sunrise or 1/2 hour before sunrise?

(circle number for appropriate answer)

Sunrise...,, 1/2 hour before sunrise,.,,.2 No opinion.,..,3

(continued on following page)

I personally killed I knocked down in sightand retrieved: but could not retrieve:

MallardsWood Ducks DucksOther DucksCoots Coots

12-13

14-16

29-31

32-34

35-3637-38

39-40

41-42

43

23

SEPTEMBER GIANT CANADA GOOSE SEASON IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS

NOTE: This was a special experimental season that took place on September 1-10in the following 9 counties only: Cook, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kankakee,Kendall, Lake, McHenry, and Will (see map on first page).

9. How many different days did you hunt Canada geese during the Septembergiant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1989? . . . 44-45

10. In which county did you hunt Canada geese most during the September giantCanada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1989?. . County 46-47

11. How many Canada geese did you personally harvest during the Septembergiant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1989?. . . .48-49

12. If the September giant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois isconducted again in 1990, what is your opinion of the number of Canadageese that should be allowed in the daily bag limit? (circle numberfor appropriate answer)

*1 Canada goose....1 *3 Canada geese....3 *5 Canada geese....5 50*2 Canada geese....2 *4 Canada geese....4

REGULAR GOOSE SEASON

13. List the number of days you hunted geese and the number of geese youpersonally harvested during the regular goose season in Illinois in1989-90. DO NOT include Canada geese killed during the September giantCanada goose season in northeastern Illinois. NOTE: If the geese werekilled coincidental to your duck hunting, leave the number of days blank.

Days Canada Geese Other Geese*In Southern Quota Zone (see map)..... ___ 51-56*In Rend Lake Quota Zone (see map)...._ 57-62*In Tri-County Zone (in Fulton, Knox,

and Henry counties, see map)....... _ 63-68*Other areas (write in name of each

county): a.___ _ __ _ 69-77b. 78-86c. 87-95

14. How many geese did you knock down in sight but neither you nor anyoneelse could retrieve? ........ . ............... ___ 96-98

15. With regard to hunting regulations in the Southern Quota Zone and RendLake Quota Zone in 1989-90, did you like or dislike the arrangement thatallowed 2 Canada geese per day through December 31 and then 3 Canada geeseper day for the remainder of the season? (circle number for appropriate answer)

Liked.....1 Disliked.....2 No opinion.....3 99

(continued on following page)

24

OTHER TOPICS

16. The Illinois Department of Conservation is interested in learning moreabout the quality of waterfowl hunting on public hunting areas in Illinois.This year we are evaluating 4 areas: Carlyle Lake, Rend Lake, Union County,and Horseshoe Lake in Alexander County. If you hunted waterfowl on 1 ormore of these areas during the 1989-90 season, rate each area you actuallyhunted by writing in a number (1 through 5) for each of the categorieslisted. The ratings are: 1 = very dissatisfied, 2 = somewhat dissatisfied,3 = neutral, 4= somewhat satisfied, and 5 = very satisfied.

Manage. Law Overall

Name of Public Area Spacing Control for Food En- Qualityof of Sky- and/or Force- ofHunters busting Water ment Hunting

Carlyle Lake (lake portion). . 100-104

Carlyle Lake (subimpoundments) 105-109

Rend Lake (lake portion) . . . 110-114

Rend Lake (subimpoundments). . 115-119

Union County Goose Area. ... __ _ _ ___120-124

Horseshoe Lake Goose Area. .. 125-129

17. Now that the migrant population of Canada geese has recovered to healthynumbers, it is possible to have a goose hunting season that runs for60-70 days. With this in mind, would you favor or disfavor splittingthe goose hunting season in the North and Central Zones into 2 time periods?For example, the goose hunting season would open for 10 days beginning inearly October, close for the following 10-15 days, and then reopen for50-60 days beginning the same date that duck season begins. (circlenumber for appropriate answer)

*Favor split goose hunting season ..... 1

*Disfavor split goose hunting season. . . . 2 130

*No opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

18. What is your opinion of the number of Canada geese that should be allowedin the daily bag limit in the Southern Quota Zone and Rend Lake QuotaZone during the 1990-91 season? (circle number for appropriate answer)

*2 Canada geese per day for entire season. . ..... 1

*3 Canada geese per day for entire season. . .... . 2

*2 Canada geese per day through December 31, then 1313 Canada geese per day for remainder of season . . 3

*No opinion. . ................. . .. . 4

Thank you for your cooperation

POSTAGE IS PREPAID

STUDY 102 SAMPLING WATERFOWL HUNTERS VIAMAIL-LETTER QUESTIONNAIRE

JOB 102.2 REPORT ON RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

William L. Anderson

ILLINOIS WATERFOWL HARVEST, HUNTER ACTIVITY, AND ATTITUDES TOWARD SHOOTING

HEN MALLARDS, LEGAL SHOOTING TIME, POINT SYSTEM, AND SEASON DATES IN 1988

William L. Anderson, Investigations and Surveys Program

Robert A. Williamson, Waterfowl Program

Abstract: Purchasers of the (1987) Illinois Migratory Waterfowl

Stamp were sampled via mail-letter questionnaire to obtain

information on waterfowl harvest, hunter activity, and attitudes

toward selected issues, during the 1988 season (57,848 stamps were

sold in 1988). Of 3,007 respondents (74% response), 752 (25%) did

not purchase a stamp again in 1988. Thus, the sample size was

reduced to 2,255 respondents, 87% of which hunted waterfowl in

Illinois in 1988. An estimated 57,796 hunters (4% less than in

1987) expended an estimated 695,845 days afield (15% less than in

1987) and harvested an estimated 277,743 waterfowl (22% less than

in 1987). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service suspended the

September teal season for 1988. During the regular duck season,

46,748 hunters expended 413,046 days afield and harvested 200,830

ducks (31% less than in 1987) and 2,093 coots. During an

experimental September giant Canada goose season in 9 northeasterncounties (Region 2), 4,246 hunters spent 11,181 days afield and

harvested 2,270 Canada geese. For this experimental season, 79%

of the hunting occurred before 10 a.m. or after 5 p.m., and the 1st

and 2nd goose (in a daily bag limit of 5) accounted for 87% of the

harvest. During the regular goose season, 37,258 hunters devoted

271,451 days afield to harvest 72,550 Canada geese (101% greater

than in 1987) and 74,382 total geese. The Canada goose harvest

included 39,332 (6% greater than quota) taken in the Southern Quota

Zone, 9,236 (17% less than quota) taken in the Rend Lake Quota

Zone, 6,708 taken in the Tir-County Zone, and 5,095 taken in Region

2. Harvest in the latter (regular season and September season

combined) averaged 818 Canada geese per county, or 10% greater than

the statewide average for all 102 counties. Majorities (or

pluralities) of the duck hunters thought the restrictive hunting

regulations in 1988 were about right, liked the dates for opening

the season, liked the Conventional System for determining the daily

bag limit, and disliked the sunrise shooting time.----------------------------------------------------------

L

,o 1t 72.. -

2

The purpose of this study was to collect information via mail

questionnaire from a systematic sample of waterfowl hunters in

Illinois following the 1988 hunting season. Data were obtained for

waterfowl harvest, hunter activity, and attitudes of hunters toward

selected hunting regulations and other subjects. The question-

naire used for the 1988 season (Fig. 1) was similar to those

employed in previous years (Anderson 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987,

1988, and 1989). The mailing list was developed from the names of

purchasers of the Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamp.

Acknowledgement is made to D.D. Thornburg and R.M. Whitton for

critically reading a preliminary draft of this report; R.E. Warner

for computer programming; and M.M. Georgi and D.A. Todd for

processing data. This study was funded in part by Federal Aid in

Wildlife Restoration Project W-43-R, the Illinois Department of

Conservation (DOC), Illinois Natural History Survey, and U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service (FWS), cooperating.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Methods used to mail the 1988 Illinois Waterfowl Hunting

Questionnaire and to process data from returned questionnaires were

similar to those employed in previous years (Anderson 1983). The

questionnaire and a letter of explanation (Figs. 1 and 2) were

mailed to 4,077 purchasers (3,681 residents and 396 non-residents)

of the (1987) Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamp on 6 January 1989.

Non-respondents were mailed 2nd and 3rd copies of the

questionnaire, and accompanying letters (Figs. 3 and 4), on 10

February and again on 16 March, respectively. As of 17 May 1989,

3,007 usable questionnaires were returned for a response rate of

74%.

The mailing list for the 1988 questionnaire was developed by

systematically selecting stubs from the sales of 40,000 of the

(1987) Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamps. The stamps are printed

with matching (i.e., same I.D. numbers) stubs attached. Vendors

are instructed to write each stamp purchaser's name and mailing

address on the stub, and to return the stubs to the DOC Permit

Office in Springfield. Persons on the mailing list were notified

via letter postmarked 10 November 1988 that they would receive a

questionnaire at the close of the hunting season. The notice

included a form for keeping records of hunting activity and

waterfowl harvested (Fig. 5).

Procedures used to estimate numbers of hunters, days afield,

waterfowl harvested, cripples lost, and confidence intervals were

described in the final report for the 1984 questionnaire (Anderson

1986). The 1988 estimates were based on a sales of 57,848 of the

1988 Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamps.

SEASON LENGTHS AND BAG LIMITS

The duck hunting regulations employed in 1988 were more

restrictive than those used during the 3 previous years. The 1988

regulations permitted a 30-day season, a bag limit of 3 ducks (2

mallards) per day using the Conventional System, and sunrise

shooting (Table 5). In contrast, the regulations in 1985-1987

included a 40-day season, a maximum bag limit of 5 ducks (3

4

mallards) per day using the Point System, and 1/2 hour before

sunrise shooting time. As directed by the FWS, the intent of the

restrictions in 1988 was to reduce the nationwide duck harvest to

no greater than 75% of what it would have been had the 1985-1987

regulations continued for another year. The FWS also suspended the

September teal season for 1988.

For Canada geese, the season length was 50 days (40 days in

1987) for most of the state, and the bag limit was 2 Canada geese

per day (same as in 1987). In the Tri-County Zone, Canada geese

(mostly giants) were hunted for 50 days and the daily bag limit was

2 geese. In the Southern and Rend Lake Quota Zones, the season was

50 days or when 37,000 and 11,100 Canada geese, respectively, were

harvested; the daily bag limit was 2 Canada geese in both zones.

The FWS approved an experimental early Canada goose season for

9 counties in northeastern Illinois for 1987-1989. This hunting

effort was directed at local giant Canada geese, which are

excessive in urban areas. As specified by the FWS, this early

season was held on 1-10 September, and the bag limit was 5 geese

per day.

FINDINGS

Characteristics of Respondents

Of the 3,007 respondents to the questionnaire, 752 (25%) did

not purchase an Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamp again in 1988.

Of the 2,255 respondents who did purchase a 1988 stamp, 87% hunted

waterfowl in Illinois during the 1988 season.

Waterfowl Harvest and Hunter Activity

An estimated 57,796 waterfowl hunters were active in Illinois

during the 1988 season (Table 1). They spent an estimated 695,845

days afield and harvested an estimated 277,743 waterfowl. These

estimates are 4, 15, and 22% less, respectively, than those

calculated for the 1987 season.

September Teal Season. The FWS suspended the September teal

season in Illinois and in all other states for 1988.

Regular Duck Season. An estimated 46,748 individuals hunted

ducks during the regular duck season in Illinois in 1988 (Table 2).

In 413,046 days afield, these hunters harvested an estimated

200,830 ducks. There were more duck hunters (11,491), more days

afield (118,278), and more ducks harvested (65,000) in Region 3A

than in any other region. Region 1B was 2nd in all 3 categories.

For the entire state in 1988, hunting success was 0.49 duck per day

afield and 4.30 ducks per hunter. The duck harvest was 31% less,

ducks per day afield 6% less, and ducks per hunter 23% less in 1988

than in 1987 (Table 3).

The 200,830 ducks harvested in Illinois in 1988 included an

estimated 128,837 mallards, 25,674 wood ducks, and 46,319 other

ducks. In comparison, the FWS estimated that 79,432 mallards,

9,705 wood ducks, 23,055 other ducks, and 112,192 total ducks were

harvested during the regular duck season in Illinois in 1988

(Martin et al. 1989). The FWS estimates indicate that duck harvest

decreased 49% in Illinois, 52% in the Mississippi Flyway, and 50%

6

in the United States, from 1987 to 1988 (Martin et al. 1989).

Coot Harvest. The coot harvest, most of which is coincidental

to duck hunting, was estimated at 2,093 birds in Illinois in 1988,

22% less than the estimated harvest for 1987 (Tables 2 and 3). The

FWS estimated the Illinois coot harvest at 338 birds for the 1988

season, down 78% from that agency's estimate for 1987 (Martin et

al. 1989).

September Giant Canada Goose Season. This experimental 10-

day (1-10 September 1988) season, approved by the FWS to exert

hunting pressure on giant Canada geese that reside in northeastern

Illinois (Fig. 7), resulted in an estimated harvest of 2,270 Canada

geese (Table 4). An estimated 4,246 hunters spent 11,181 days

afield during this early season. During the same 10 days in 1987,

an estimated 5,283 hunters expended 15,425 days afield and

harvested 1,660 Canada geese. In 1988, 3 counties (DuPage,

McHenry, and Will) accounted for 50% of the days afield and 59% of

the harvest. Most (79%) of the hunting occurred from 1/2 hour

before sunrise to 10 a.m. and from 5 p.m. to sunset (Table 5).

Responses to question #13 indicated that 87% of the Canada

geese harvested during the September season in 1988 were taken by

hunters who shot 1 or 2 birds per day (Table 6). The 3rd, 4th, and

5th goose, as allowed in the daily bag, contributed little to the

total harvest of Canada geese during this experimental season.

These data support similar findings reported by hunters for the

giant Canada goose season in September 1987

Regular Goose Season. A total of 37,258 goose hunters was

estimated to have been active during the regular goose season in

Illinois in 1988, and they spent an estimated 271,451 days afield

(Table 7). The Southern Quota Zone, located in Region 5, accounted

for 56% of the goose hunters and 48% of the days afield. The Rend

Lake Quota Zone, also in Region 5, accommodated 16% of the hunters

and 13% of the days afield. The Tri-County Zone (in Fulton, Knox,

and Henry counties) was responsible for 11% of the hunters and 12%

of the days afield. The values for Region 2 were 10% and 9%,

respectively.

There was an estimated 74,382 geese harvested during the

regular goose season in Illinois in 1988, which included 72,550

Canada geese and 1,832 other geese (Table 8). For Canada geese,

the harvest increased 101% from 1987 to 1988 (Table 7). The total

harvest (regular season plus September season) in 1988 included

74,820 Canada geese (98% greater than in 1987) and 76,652 geese of

all species (95% greater than in 1987). The FWS estimated that

64,890 Canada geese, 0 other geese, and 64,890 total geese were

taken in the state in 1988 (Martin et al. 1989).

The Canada goose harvest in the Southern Quota Zone was

tabulated at 39,332 birds during the 1988 season (D.D. Thornburg,

pers. commun.). This represents 54% of the statewide harvest of

white-cheeked geese during the regular goose season. In the Rend

Lake Quota Zone, an estimated 9,236 Canada geese (13% of state's

total harvest) were taken. This estimate is 22% less than the

projected harvest (i.e., projected from the reported harvest on

8

public hunting areas) of 11,874 Canada geese for the entire Rend

Lake Quota Zone (D.D. Thornburg. per. commun.). The Tri-County

Zone was credited with a harvest of 6,708 Canada geese or 9% of

the state's total. The other 17,274 Canada geese (24% of total)

were harvested in the remainder of the state. These birds included

an estimated 5,095 Canada geese taken in Region 2, 2,967 taken in

Region 3A, and 2,722 taken in Region lB. One-fifth (20%) of the

Canada geese harvested outside designated goose zones were taken

coincidentally to duck hunting (Table 7).

Hunters had an overall success rate of 0.26 goose per day

afield and 1.88 geese per hunter during the regular goose season

in 1988 (Table 7). This compares to a success of 0.15 goose per

day afield and 1.04 geese per hunter in 1987. In the Southern

Quota Zone, success was 0.31 and 1.90 geese, respectively, in 1988.

Similarly, hunting success was 0.27 and 1.59 geese at Rend Lake,

0.22 and 1.60 geese in the Tri-County Zone, and 0.19 and 1.13 geese

in the remainder of the state.

Crippling Losses. Crippling losses were estimated at 71,211

ducks, 24,578 geese, and 1,103 coots in Illinois during the 1988

hunting season (Table 9). These estimates equate to 35.5 ducks,

33.0 geese, and 52.7 coots lost per 100 harvested. The crippling

rates, as reported by hunters via the Illinois Waterfowl Hunting

Questionnaire, were higher in 1988 than during the early 1980's.

Nationwide crippling rates during the 1988 season, as measured by

hunter questionnaire surveys conducted by the FWS, were similar to

the rates that prevailed in the 1950's and 1960's (Table 11).

9

Attitudes and Opinions of Hunters

Duck Hunting Regulations. Responses to question #8 indicate

that Illinois hunters slightly preferred the Conventional System

(47%) over the Point System (42%) for determining the daily bag

limit of ducks (Table 12). This finding was unexpected because the

Point System had been used for 17 years prior to resurrection of

the Conventional System in 1988. The state's duck hunters

apparently adjusted to the Conventional System very quickly in

1988.

Responses to question #9 suggest that hunters were evenly

divided as to whether the regular duck season should begin on a

weekend (Saturday or Sunday) or on a weekday (Table 12).

According to responses to question #10, hunters strongly

preferred beginning legal shooting time 1/2 hour before sunrise

(65%) over sunrise (33%) (Table 12).

Also, according to responses to question #11, hunters strongly

preferred opening the duck season on a date different from the

opening of the upland game season (Table 12). 62% of the

respondents favored a different date compared to 18% who wanted to

open the duck season on the same date as the upland game season.

Finally, responses to question #19 indicated that most hunters

(54%) felt that the restrictive duck hunting regulations in 1988

were about right, given the condition of the continental duck

population (Table 12). 29% of the respondents thought the

regulations were too restrictive and 12% believed they were too

liberal.

10

Shooting Hen Mallards. Responses to question #7 indicated

that 22% of the duck hunters never shoot hen mallards and that 63%

shoot hens only occasionally (Table 13). Only 10% of the hunters

stated that they shoot hen mallards as readily as other species of

ducks. These findings are similar to those for the 1987 season,

when the Point System was in effect for determining the daily bag

limit of ducks.

Duck and Goose Season Dates. In responding to question #20,

hunters generally showed support for the dates used to open the

regular duck and goose seasons in Illinois in 1988 (Table 14).

Statewide, 48% of the duck hunters thought similar dates should be

used for setting the 1989 duck season. In like fashion, 53% of the

goose hunters believed that similar dates should be used for the

goose season in 1989. The only groups of hunters who expressed

dissatisfaction were duck hunters in southern portions of the state

and goose hunters at Rend Lake; pluralities of these hunters

thought the dates are too early.

Unsolicited Comments. Respondents returned 1,145 unsolicited

comments with the 1988 questionnaire. Of these, 452 (40%)

pertained to duck hunting; 186 (16%) dealt with dates for the

regular duck or goose hunting seasons; 178 (16%) were about

waterfowl hunting in general; 107 (9%) related to public areas; 81

(7%) were concerned with goose hunting; 50 (4%) were directed to

steel shot and/or lead poisoning; 49 (4%) were attitudes toward the

11

September giant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois; and

42 (4%) expressed opinions of the September teal season.

Of the 452 comments relating to the duck season, 19% advocated

closing the season for 1 to 5 years; 14% felt that shooting time

should begin 1/2 hour before sunrise (versus 5% who argued for

sunrise) , primarily to increase opportunity to harvest early-flying

wood ducks; 7% said they voluntarily curtailed their duck hunting

activities in 1988; 6% expressed support for the restrictive

hunting regulations; 6% were arguments for a longer season; 5%

wanted to reinstate the Point System (versus 3% who liked the

Conventional System); 5% believed the hen mallard should be totally

protected; 5% proposed a split season; and 25% dealt with 25

miscellaneous subjects.

Of the 186 comments dealing with season dates, 67% were to the

effect that the duck and/or goose seasons should be later; 24%

believed the dates should be earlier; and 9% thought they were

about right.

Regarding the 178 comments about waterfowl hunting in general,

28% expressed the belief that violations were rampant and/or that

additional law enforcement was needed; 25% were complimentary to

the DOC, especially the management of Canada geese; 13% were

concerns for protecting and/or enhancing waterfowl habitat; 11%

were requests for more (and earlier) information about the annual

hunting regulations and/or for providing more educational

materials; and 23% addressed 12 miscellaneous subjects.

With regards to the 107 comments relating to public hunting

areas, 16% urged the DOC to purchase additional areas, particularly

12

in northeastern Illinois; 14% believed the Rend Lake area was

overcrowded and out of control and/or regulated hunting (i.e.,

check stations with daily drawings) was necessary (5% argued

against regulated hunting at Rend Lake); 13% felt that too much

food was available on the goose refuges in the Southern Quota Zone;

7% were of the opinion that the Carlyle Lake area was overcrowded

and/or regulated hunting was needed (4% were against regulated

hunting at Carlyle Lake); and 41% dealt with 39 other areas.

Of the 81 comments concerned with goose hunting, 17%

complained that "skybusting" was excessive and/or should be

minimized via limits on the number of shotgun shells or by

legislation; 14% wanted a longer season; 10% stated they had a good

season; 9% were grateful for the 50-day season throughout the

state; 9% wanted to hunt to 4 p.m. or sundown in the Southern Quota

Zone and Rend Lake Quota Zone; 7% advocated a split season; and 34%

addressed 11 miscellaneous subjects.

Of the 50 comments directed at steel shot or lead poisoning,

74% were complaints about steel shot (primarily that it was

ineffective) and/or nontoxic shot regulations; 14% were supportive

of and/or positive to steel shot; 6% wanted to legalize size #F

steel shot; 4% felt the public should be provided more educational

materials on shooting steel shot; and 2% believed the problem of

lead poisoning was exaggerated.

Of the 49 comments regarding the September giant Canada goose

season in northeastern Illinois, 35% believed the season should be

later (in late September, October, or January); 23% complained that

the geese were not on accessible and/or huntable areas; 14% were

supportive of the season; 12% were negative to the season; 10%

Table 1. Percentage of lead and steel shot detected in hunter-killed and live-trapped ducks by age-class for all areas, 1989-1990.

Percentage of Shot

Age No. Examined Lead Steel Both

Hunter-killed Adult 608 21.1 78.5 0.52Immature 577 8.7 90.8 0.52Unknown 891 14.6 84.3 1.1

Total 1,2741 15.0 84.5 0.52

Live-trapped Adult 1,016 5.4 6.6 N/A3

Immature 407 11.1 20.4 N/A3

Unknown 837 13.6 8.6 N/A3

Total 2,260 9.5 9.8 N/A3

Includes 4 coots.Examined at publicN/A = Not available

hunting areas only.123

13

stated that the season was poorly publicized; 4% felt the season

was too short; and 2% wanted the season to include Boone County.

Of 42 comments about the September teal season, 48% supported

closure of the season; 45% wanted the season reinstated; and 7%

wanted to allow harvesting of wood ducks and other species.

DISCUSSION

Because of prolonged drought in prairie Canada and reduced

duck populatins, the duck seasons were reduced in all states in the

Mississippi Flyway from 40 days in 1985-1987 to 30 days in 1988.

Similarly, the daily bag limit was reduced from a maximum of 5

ducks (3 mallards) using the Point System to 3 ducks (2 mallards)

using the Conventional System, and shooting time was changed from

1/2 hour before sunrise to sunrise. The restrictions were

designed to reduce the nationwide harvests of mallards and of total

ducks by at least 25%. The present survey indicates that the

harvests decreased 17% for mallards and 31% for total ducks in

Illinois (Table 3). According to FWS harvest surveys, (Martin et

al. 1989), the 1988 harvests were reduced by 29% for mallards and

49% for total ducks in Illinois, by 44% for mallards and 52% for

total ducks in the Mississippi Flyway, and by 42% for mallards and

50% for total ducks in the entire nation. Thus, the objective to

reduce the harvests by at least 25% appears to have been achieved.

The restrictive duck hunting regulations--especially the

change to sunrise shooting time--had a major negative impact on the

harvest of wood ducks, a locally nesting species not affected by

drought in Canada. Because they leave their roosts early and are

14

active during twilight, wood ducks are most vulnerable to the gun

before sunrise. The present survey suggests that the number of

woodies harvested in Illinois decreased from 58,488 birds in 1987

to 25,674 birds in 1988, a decline of 56%. FWS surveys indicate

decreases of 71% in Illinois, 52% in the Mississippi Flyway, and

49% for the entire nation. It is unfortunate that the wood duck,

whose populations are healthy, could not have been harvested at

higher rates in 1988.

The restrictive duck hunting regulations in 1988 were met with

reasonable acceptance by the state's hunters (Table 12). A

majority (54%) of the hunters thought the restrictive regulations

were about right, given the condition of the continental duck

population. More specifically, a plurality (47%) of the hunters

favored the conversion from the Point System to the Conventional

System for determining the daily bag limit, and nearly one-half

(44%) liked changing opening day from a weekday to a weekend.

A plurality (48%) of the hunters also supported the dates used for

opening the duck season (Table 14). On the down side, most (62%)

of the hunters did not like opening the duck season on the same

date as the upland game season, and most (65%) disliked changing

shooting time from 1/2 hour before sunrise to sunrise (Table 12).

The latter manifested more dissatisfaction among hunters in

Illinois, as well as other states in the Mississippi Flyway, than

any other change in the duck hunting regulations for 1988.

The harvest of Canada geese increased by 36,447 (101%) birds

during the regular goose season in 1988 (Table 8). For individual

zones, the harvest increased by 20,747 (112%) Canada geese in the

15

Southern Quota Zone, by 4,364 (90%) Canada geese in the Rend Lake

Quota Zone, and by 3,429 (105%) Canada geese in the Tri-County

Zone. The harvests in the Southern and Rend Lake quota zones were,

respectively, +2,332 (+6%) and -1,864 (-17%) of the maximum number

of Canada geese allowed via the quota system.

The harvest of Canada geese in northeastern Illinois (Region

2) increased from 3,361 to 5,095 (52%) birds during the regular

goose season in 1988, for an average of 566 geese per county. When

the 2,270 geese taken during the 10-day experimental September

giant Canada goose season are included, the harvest in northeastern

Illinois totals 7,365 Canada geese or an average of 818 geese per

county. This is 10% greater than the statewide average of 734

Canada geese per county in 1988. The liberalization in regulations

for hunting Canada geese, and the increases in harvests of these

highly prized game birds, should have boosted hunters satisfaction

in the northeastern counties and throughout the state.

16

LITERATURE CITED

Anderson, W.L. 1983. Illinois waterfowl harvest, hunter activity,and attitudes toward shooting hours, lead poisoning, and steelshot in 1981. Ill. Dep. Conserv., Waterfowl Program, Period.Rep. 39. 36pp.

. 1984. Illinois waterfowl harvest, hunter activity, andattitudes toward September teal season, duck hunting zones,and goose hunting regulations in 1982. Ill. Dep. Conserv.,Waterfowl Program, Period. Rep. 47. 39pp.

_. 1985. Illinois waterfowl harvest, hunter activity, andattitudes toward illegal kill during September teal season andgoose hunting regulations in 1983. Ill. Dep. Conserv.,Waterfowl Program, Period. Rep. 48. 31pp.

_. 1986. Illinois waterfowl harvest, hunter activity,zones for Carlyle Lake, and shotguns, ammunitions, and boatsused in 1984. Ill. Dep. Conserv., Waterfowl Program, Period.Rep. 54. 32pp + appendix.

. 1987. Illinois waterfowl harvest, hunter activity, andattitudes toward restrictive duck hunting regulations andsteel shot in 1985. Ill. Dep. Conserv., Waterfowl Program,Period. Rep. 59. 33pp.

. 1988. Illinois waterfowl harvest, hunter activity, andattitudes toward duck season dates, shooting wood ducks, andSeptember giant Canada goose season in 1986. Ill. Dep.Conserv., Waterfowl Program, Period. Rep. 60. 43pp.

. 1989. Illinois waterfowl harvest, hunter activity, andattitudes toward duck season dates, shooting hen mallards, andSeptember giant Canada goose season in 1987. Ill. Dep.Conserv., Waterfowl Program, Period. Rep. 61. 39pp.

Martin, E.M., A.N. Navara, P.H. Geissler, and S.M. Carney. 1989.Preliminary estimates of waterfowl harvest and hunter activityin the United States during the 1988 hunting season. U.S.Fish and Wildl. Serv., Off. Mig. Bird Manage., Admin. Rep.dated 7 July 1989. 23pp + supplement.

/7

Table 1. Summary of Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamps purchased, hunteractivity, and waterfowl harvest in Illinois from 1981 through 1988.

Year Stamps Purchased Hunters Days Afield Waterfowl Harvested a

1981 61,929 63,652 874,730 413,264

1982 57,691 58,766 795,807 392,897

1983 56,162 58,240 815,523 475,601

1984 55,250 56,533 748,390 420,357

1985 55,670 56,899 699,113 392,253

1986 59,734 61,876 887,446 467,164

1987 58,803 b 60,371 814,918 354,194

1988 57,848 57,796 695,848 277,743

a Teal, ducks, coots, and geese.suspended for 1988.

The September teal season was

b Excludes 5,550 stamps purchased by a commercial art company.

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Table 3. Summary of duck and coot harvest and hunter activity during the regular duckseason in Illinois in 1981 through 1988.

Number of DucksDays Number

Year Hunters Afield Mallards Wood Ducks Other Ducks Total of Coots

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

54,744

52,220

50,440

49,715

51,362

53,588

51,704

46,748

703,534

646,394

651,409

606,325

556,800

638,090

558,172

413,046

170,972

163,439

220,317

182,132

168,549

201,676

155,783

128,837

72,065

61,706

72,237

52,955

51,216

65,414

58,488

25,674

94,947

101,989

110,862

120,016

97,155

112,490

74,748

46,319

337,984

327,134

403,416

355,103

316,920

379,580

289,019

200,830

4,950

5,905

10,472

7,702

5,773

7,372

2,694

2,093

Table 4. Canada goose harvest and hunter activity, by county, during theexperimental September giant Canada goose season in north-eastern Illinois in 1988.

County Hunters Days Afield Canada Geese

Cook 389 837 181

DuPage 419 1,465 490

Grundy 448 1,196 271

Kane 538 1,794 322

Kankakee 209 628 103

Kendall 60 149 0

Lake 688 1,256 65

McHenry 718 1,914 374

Will 777 2,542 464

Totals 4,246 11,781 2,270

Table 5. Time of day hunters were active during the experimental Septembergiant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1988.

Hunters

Time of Day Number Percentage

1/2 hour before sunrise - 8 a.m. 77 34.1

8 a.m. - 10 a.m. 55 24.3

10 a.m. - 12 noon 9 4.0

12 noon - 3 p.m. 6 2.7

3 p.m. - 5 p.m. 32 14.1

5 p.m. - sunset 47 20.8

Table 6. The contribution that the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th goose in the dailybag made to the harvest of Canada geese during the experimentalSeptember giant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois in1988.

Occurrence

(n = 71 daily bags)

Contribution:

(n = 126 geese)

Dail Bag

1 Goose 2 Geese 3 Geese 4 Geese 5 Geese

31 31 5 2 2

(43.7%) (43.7%) (7.0%) (2.8%) (2.8%)

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31

31

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2

2

71

31

5

2

2

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5

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2

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(56.3%) (31.8%) (7.1%) (3.2%) (1.6%)

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Table 8. Summary of goose harvest and hunter activity during the regular gooseseason in Illinois in 1981 through 1988.

Number of Geese

DaysYear Hunters Afield Canada Geese Other Geese Total

1981 23,610 132,610 44,302(6,312) a 3,082(1,719) 47,384(8,031)

1982 24,058 107,557 29,574(4,968) 1,499( 710) 31,073(5,678)

1983 26,199 124,639 31,395(4,325) 962( 577) 32,357(4,902)

1984 22,426 102,583 23,147(2,859) 1,675( 593) 24,822(3,452)

1985 22,160 105,792 37,976(5,248) 2,324( 753) 40,300(6,001)

1986 30,327 200,291 45,535(11,348) 2,625( 832) 48,160(12,180)

1987 32,246 224,164 36,103(3,563) 1,525( 499) 37,628(4,062)

1988 37,258 271,451 72,550(3,871) 1,832( 350) 74,382(4,221)

a Number of geese harvested coincidentally to duck hunting.

Table 9. Number of waterfowl that were crippled (knocked down but notretrieved) during the hunting seasons in Illinois in 1988 (n = 2,255).

Cripples Lost

Species Number Per 100 Birds Bagged

Ducks a 71,211 + 7,530 35.5

Geese 24,578 ± 3,437 33.0

Coots 1,103 ± 1,029 52.7

a Regular duck season.

b 95% confidence interval.

Table 10.Summary of the number of ducks, geese, and coots that werecrippled (knocked down but not retrieved) during the huntingseasons in Illinois in 1981-1988.

Ducks Geese Coots

Per 100 Per 100 Per 100Year Total Bagged Total Bagged Total Bagged

1981 104,216 30.8 12,573 26.5 1,717 34.7

1982 82,287 25.2 5,868 18.9 1,595 27.0

1983 96,907 24.0 7,627 23.6 2,947 28.1

1984 84,665 23.8 5,711 23.0 3,236 42.0

1985 100,191 31.6 15,918 39.5 2,357 40.8

1986 145,283 38.3 20,699 41.5 2,770 37.6

1987 98,155 34.0 18,375 48.8 2,013 74.7

1988 71,211 35.5 24,578 33.0 1,103 52.7

Table 11. Summary of the number of waterfowl that were crippled (knockeddown but not retrieved) per 100 birds retrieved during the huntingseasons in the United States from 1952 to 1988. Data from U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management,Hunter Questionnaire Surveys.

Year Ducks Geese Coots

1952 27.9 22.9

1953 22.5 16.1

1954 23.0 17.1

1955 23.6 19.9

1956 23.3 16.8

1957 21.8 17.6

1958 23.3 19.6

1959 20.2 19.9

1960 23.0 17.9

1961 22.1 17.9

1962 22.6 17.5

1963 23.8 18.6

1964 23.8 17.9

1965 23.5 18.6

1966 22.4 16.1

1967 22.0 15.9

1968 23.2 16.1

1969 22.5 14.4

Table 11 - continued

Table 11. Continued - page 2.

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

21.1

22.1

22.4

21.9

21.5

20.3

19.4

20.5

20.2

20.3

19.2

19.4

19.2

19.4

19.5

19.7

20.1

24.5

23.9

15.3

15.4

15.5

14.8

14.3

13.0

14.2

14.9

15.7

14.3

12.9

13.2

15.2

14.4

14.2

14.0

15.7

20.5

16.3

28.2

29.6

29.2

29.1

28.9

26.8

28.9

29.0

27.1

30.9

22.7

27.7

23.7

30.4

24.3

32.5

27.5

31.0

Table 12. Attitudes of hunters toward selected duck hunting regulations inIllinois In 1988. Sample sizes are In parentheses.

*Responses to the question, "Do you prefer the Point System or theConventional System for determining the daily bag limit for duckhunting?"

Point SystemConventional SystemNo opinion

(1,595) a42.0%46.711.3

*Responses to the question, "Do you prefer beginning the regular duckseason on a weekend (Saturday or Sunday) or on a weekday?"

WeekendWeekedayNo opinion

(1,603) a43.5%44.711.8

*Responses to the question, "In your opinion, should legal shootingtime during the regular duck season In Illinois begin at sunrise or1/2 hour before sunrise?"

Sunrise1/2 hour before sunriseNo opinion

(1,605) a32.5%65.22.3

*Responses to the question, "In your opinion, should the regularduck season In Illinois begin on the same date as the upland gameseason or on a different date?"

On same date as upland gameOn different dateNo opinion

(1,599) a17.5%62.120.4

*Responses to the question, "Given the condition of the continentalduck population, what is your opinion of the duck hunting regulations(30 days, 3 ducks per day, sunrise shooting time, no September tealseason) that were In effect in IIllnois In 1988?"

Too restrictiveToo liberalAbout rightNo opinion

(1,533) a28.7%11.953.75.7

a Respondents who hunted 2 1 days during the regular duck season inIllinois in 1988.

Table 13. Attitudes of hunters toward shooting hen mallards in Illinois in1988. Sample sizes are in parentheses.

*Responses to the question, "What is your personal attitude towardshooting hen mallards in Illinois?"

I never shoot hen mallardsI occasionally shoot hen mallardsI shoot hen mallards Just as readily as other ducksI prefer shooting hen mallards to other ducksI shoot hen mallards onlyNo opinion

(1,598) a22.4%63.39.50.10.04.7

a Respondents who hunted 2 1 days during the regular duck season inIllinois In 1988.

Table 14. Attitudes of hunters toward the dates for the regular duck and goose huntingseasons In Illinois in 1988. Sample sizes are In parentheses.

*Responses to the question, "The dates for beginning the regular duck and goosehunting seasons in Illinois in 1988 were October 29 In the North Zone, November 5In the Central Zone, and November 11 (ducks) and November 21 (geese) In theSouth zone. As they apply to the county In which you hunt most, how do you feelabout using similar dates for beginning the duck and goose hunting seasons In 1989 ?(For purposes of answering this question, assume that the season lengths will be30 days for ducks and 50 days for geese In 1989.)"

Duck Hunting: Responses by Hunting Zones

North

Too earlyToo lateAbout rightNo opinion

(287) a20.9%30.747.0

1 .4

Central

(934)25.6%22.050.51.9

South

(351)47.9%

8.541.3

2.3

Entire State

(1,582)29.8%20.547.72.0

Duck Hunting: Responses by Administrative Regions

IA

Too earlyToo lateAbout rightNo opinion

(109) a23.9%32.144.00.0

1B

(352)16.5%29.552.3

1.7

(269)25.7%23.049.41.9

(388)28.9%18.350.3

2.5

(57)29.8%22.845.61.8

(110)40.9%10.048.20.9

Goose Hunting: Responses by Hunting Zones

Rend LakeQuotaNorth Central c Qoth d Trl-county

Too earlyToo lateAbout rightNo opinion

(81) b24.7%24.750.60.0

(287)48.8%9.4

39.42.4

(210)30.0%14.355.20.5

SouthernQuota

(86)39.5%10.550.00.0

(138)18.1%9.4

70.32.2

(191)49.2%4.7

44.51.6

EntireState

(1,236)36.3%8.3

53.32.1

(677)41.4%4.6

51.03.0

Continued: Table 14

Too earlyToo lateAbout rightNo opinion

Goose

IA

(29) b20.7%31.048.30.0

hunting:

1B

(201)16.8%13.467.91.9

Responses by.

2 3A

(90) (80)35.6% 28.8%13.3 16.251.1 55.00.0 0.0

Administrative Regions

3B _4_ 5

(14) (18) (914)57.2% 50.0% 43.4%7.1 0.0 4.6

35.7 50.0 49.20.0 0.0 2.8

a Respondents who hunted _ 1 days during the regular duck season In Illinois in 1988.

b Respondents who hunted _ 1 days during the regular goose season in Illinois in 1988.

c Excluding tri-county zone.

d Excluding Rend Lake and Southern Quota Zones.

Page 2

1988 ILLINOIS WATERFOWL HUNTING QUESTIONNAIRE

NORTHEASTERNr-rnr~c 70fr~i

INSTRUCTIONS TolIo

Please fill out the questionnaire on thefollowing pages for your waterfowl huntingactivities during the 1988 season.

If you did not hunt waterfowl in Illinoisin 1988, answer the first two questionsand return this form.

The questionnaire is divided into fiveparts: General Information, Regular DuckSeason, September Giant Canada Goose Seasonin Northeastern Illinois, Regular GooseSeason, and Other Topics.

Report only your kill. DO NOT report thekill of others with whom you may have hunted.

Write in the number of days on which you huntecducks and the number of days on which youhunted geese. Include your unsuccessful days.

If you hunted both ducks and geese at thesame time, count the day toward your primarytarget -- that is, primarily ducks or primarilygeese. DO NOT count the hunt as a day of duckhunting and also as a day of goose hunting.

If you can't remember the exact figures, giveyour best estimate. Your comments are welcome

but please write them onWhen completed, insert questionnaire into the the separate paper providedself-addressed envelope and mail. to receive proper attention

POSTAGE IS PREPAID

Thank you for your cooperation

Figure 1. The 1988 Illinois Waterfowl Hunting Questionnaire.

Figure 1 - continued.

1988 ILLINOIS WATERFOWL HUNTING QUESTIONNAIRE(see instructions on first page)

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. How many 1988 Illinois Migratory Waterfowl Stamps did youpurchase for your personal use? (do not include Federal stamps).

2. Did you hunt waterfowl in Illinois during the 1988 season?(circle number for appropriate answer) Yes.....1

Numbers at rightare for officialuse only

9-10

11No.....2

REGULAR DUCK SEASON

3. How many different days did you hunt ducks during the regular duckseason in Illinois in 1988?. ................... _____.

4. In which county did you hunt ducks most during the regular duckseason in Illinois in 1988?. .... .Name of county

5. List the number of ducks and cootsregular duck season in Illinois inin other states or countries.

you personally harvested during the1988. DO NOT include birds killed

I personally killed I knocked down in sightand retrieved: but could not retrieve:

MallardsWood Ducks __

Other Ducks DucksCoots Coots

6. On how many different days did you shoot your limit of ducks duringthe regular duck season in Illinois in 1988? .. . . . . . . ...

17-1920-2223-2526-28

29-31

32-34

35-36

7. What is your personal attitude toward shooting hen mallards in Illinois?(circle number for most appropriate answer)

*I never shoot hen mallards. ............... 1*I occasionally shoot hen mallards ............ 2*I shoot hen mallards just as readily as other ducks . . . 3*I prefer shooting hen mallards to other ducks . ..... 4*I shoot hen mallards only . ............... 5*No opinion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

8. Do you prefer the Point System or the Conventional System for determiningthe daily bag limit for duck hunting? (circle number for appropriate answer)

Point System...1 Conventional System...2

(continued on following page)

No opinion...3

Figure 1. Continued - page 2.

12-13

14-16

37

38

9. Do you prefer beginning the regular duck season on a weekend (Saturdayor Sunday) or on a weekday? (circle number for appropriate answer)

Weekend...1 Weekday...2 No opinion...3

your opinion, should legal shooting time during the regular duck seasonIllinois begin at sunrise or 1/2 hour before sunrise?

(circle number for appropriate answer)

Sunrise.....1 1/2 hour before sunrise.....2 No opinion.....3

11. In your opinion, should the regular duck season in Illinois begin onthe same date as the upland game hunting season or on a different date?

(circle number for appropriate answer)

On same date as upland game...1 On different date...2 No opinion...3

SEPTEMBER GIANT CANADA GOOSE SEASON IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS

NOTE: This was a special experimental season that took place on September 1-10in the following 9 counties only: Cook, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kankakee,Kendall, Lake, McHenry, and Will (see map on first page).

12. How many different days did you hunt Canada geese during the Septembergiant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1988?. . . .

13. At what time of the day did you do most of your hunting during thegiant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1988?

(circle more than one number, if applicable)

September

a.b.c.

1/2 hour before sunrise to 8am . . 18am to 10am. . ........... 210am to 12 noon. . ......... 3

d. 12 noon to 3pm .e. 3pm to 5pm . . .f. 5pm to sundown .

14. In which county did you hunt Canada geese most during the September giantCanada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1988?. . County

15. How many Canada geese did you personally harvest during the Septembergiant Canada goose season in northeastern Illinois in 1988?. . . .

16. If you harvested 1 or more Canada geese during the September giant Canadagoose season in northeastern Illinois in 1988, on how many different daysdid you harvest 1 goose, 2 geese, 3 geese, 4 geese, or 5 geese?

a.b.c.d.e.

harvestedharvestedharvestedharvestedharvested

1 Canada2 Canada3 Canada4 Canada5 Canada

goosegeesegeesegeesegeese

ononononon

days?days?days?days?days?

(continued on following page)

Figure 1. Continued - page 3.

10. Inin

39

40

41

42-43

44-49

50-51

52-53

54-5556-5758-5960-6162-63

REGULAR GOOSE SEASON

17. List the number of days you hunted geese and the number of geese youpersonally harvested during the regular goose season in Illinois in 1988.DO NOT include Canada geese killed during the September giant Canadagoose season in northeastern Illinois. NOTE: If the geese were killedcoincidental to your duck hunting, leave the number of days blank.

Days Canada Geese Other Geese*In Southern Quota Zone (see map)..... _______ 64-69*In Rend Lake Quota Zone (see map).... 70-75*In Tri-County Zone (in Fulton, Knox,

and Henry counties, see map)....... 76-81*Other areas (write in name of each

county): a.___ 82-90b. 91-99c. 100-108

18. How many geese did you knock down in sight but neither you nor anyoneelse could retrieve? .. . . . . . . .......... . . . . . ___ 109-111

OTHER TOPICS

19. Given the condition of the continental duck population, what is youropinion of the duck hunting regulations (30 days, 3 ducks per day,sunrise shooting time, no September teal season) that were in effectin Illinois in 1988? (circle number for appropriate answer)

Too restrictive...1 To liberal...2 About right...3 No opinion...4 11220. The dates for beginning the regular duck and goose hunting seasons inIllinois in 1988 were October 29 in the North Zone, November 5 in the

Central Zone, and November 11 (ducks) and November 21 (geese) in theSouth Zone. As they apply to the county in which you hunt most, how doyou feel about using similar dates for beginning the duck and goosehunting seasons in 1989? (For purposes of answering this question, assumethat the season lengths will be 30 days for ducks and 50 days for geese in1989.) (circle one number for duck season and one number for goose season)

Too Early Too Late About Right No OpinionDuck Season .. .. 1 . . . .. 2 . . . . . 3 .. . .. 4 113Goose Season ... 1 .. . . . 2 . . . . . 3 ..... 4 114

Thank you for your cooperation

POSTAGE IS PREPAID

Figure 1. Continued - page 4.

Illinois Department of Conservationlife and land together

LINCOLN TOWER PLAZA * 524 SOUTH SECOND STREET * SPRINGFIELD 62701-1787CHICAGO OFFICE * ROOM 4-300 * 100 WEST RANDOLPH 60601MARK FRECH, DIRECTOR

Dear Fellow Sportsman:

You are oneinformation onseason.

of a selectyour waterfowl

group of Illinoisans asked tohunting activities during the past

The information supplied by you and other selected hunters is vital tothe management of our waterfowl resources: (1) to safeguard waterfowlpopulations, (2) to grant maximum waterfowl hunting opportunity tolicense holders, and (3) to maintain an attractive level of huntersuccess.

The information you provide is used to better understand the welfare ofthe various waterfowl populations. These statistics includedistribution of total harvest, number of hunters, and hunting success.

Your reply is very important, even if you did not hunt waterfowl or werenot successful. Only a limited number of waterfowl hunters can becontacted, therefore, your response is urgently needed.

Please take a few minutes and fill out the parts of the questionnairethat apply to you. If you do not remember exact figures, please giveyour best estimate.

Drop the completed questionnaire in the mail. Postage is prepaid.

Yours for better waterfowling.

Sincerely,

J . k, ChiefDivision of Wildlife Resources

Enclosure

Figure 2. The letter that accompanied the first mailing of the questionnaire.

furnishhunting

Illinois Department of Conservationlife and land together

LINCOLN TOWER PLAZA * 524 SOUTH SECOND STREET * SPRINGFIELD 62701-1787CHICAGO OFFICE * ROOM 4-300 * 100 WEST RANDOLPH 60601MARK FRECH, DIRECTOR

Dear Fellow Sportsman:

Recently we mailed you a Waterfowl Hunting Questionnaire, and requestedthat you fill out and return it as soon as possible. We have notreceived your form at this time -- perhaps because you have misplacedthe questionnaire or haven't found time to complete it and return it tous.

We are enclosing another questionnaire which we hope you will completeand return to us. If you have already returned a questionnaire, pleasedestroy this one. The information supplied by you and other waterfowlhunters being sampled will be of great value to the ConservationDepartment in better directing the management of Illinois' waterfowlresources.

Please fill out the questionnaire completely and return it even if youdid not hunt waterfowl, or were not successful.

Postage is prepaid for returning the completed questionnaire.prompt attention will be sincerely appreciated.

Your

Thank you.

James'H. Moak, ChiefDivision of Wildlife Resources

Enclosure

Figure 3. The letter that accompanied the second mailing of the questionnaire.

Illinois Department of Conservationlife and land together

LINCOLN TOWER PLAZA * 524 SOUTH SECOND STREET * SPRINGFIELD 62701-1787CHICAGO OFFICE * ROOM 4-300 * 100 WEST RANDOLPH 60601MARK FRECH, DIRECTOR

Dear Fellow Sportsman:

This letter is to remind you that we still would like to receive areport of your waterfowl hunting activities for the past season. Wedon't like to keep bothering you, but this information is very importantwhich only you can supply.

Another copy of the questionnaire is enclosed. We hope you willcomplete it and return it as soon as possible. If you have alreadyreturned a questionnaire, please destroy this one. Your response isneeded--even though you did not hunt waterfowl or had an unsuccessfulseason.

Postage is prepaid for returning the questionnaire.and drop in the mail. Please help us complete thisyour questionnaire now. Your prompt attentionappreciated.

Just fill it outsurvey by sendingwill be greatly

Thank you.

DJim Mbak, ChiefDivision of Wildlife Resources

Enclosure

Figure 4. The letter that accompanied the third mailing of the questionnaire.

Figure 5. The preseason notice that was sent to persons on the mailing listfor the Illinois Waterfowl Hunting Questionnaire.

Illinois Department of ConservationWildlife Resources - WaterfowlLincoln Tower Plaza524 South Second StreetSpringfield, Illinois 62701-1787

(Return Postage Guaranteed)

DEAR WATERFOWL HUNTER: I MY PERSONAL HUNTING RECORD.EA lAEFW UTR

The Department of Conservation needs your coop.eration and assistance to determine the harvest ofwaterfowl in Illinois during the approaching hunt-ing season. Please keep an accurate record of thenumbepof days you hunt, the number and kindsof waterfowl you harvest, and the number of water-fowl you knock down but can not retrieve.

At the close of the hunting season, we will mailyou a questionnaire to fill out and return to us.This information will assist the Department ofConservation in the proper management of ourwaterfowl resources.

Thank you for your cooperation.

Printed by authorlty of the Sate of Illinoit 4M.-7.6

The Detnment of Conservtlon does not discrlminte on the basis of r=c& color, s, nratlonalorigin f ap hadic~t In aonission to, or treatment oremiploment In rasoractivitites Incom,-plt•a it the inols Mbumam Righlt At. the Illinois alionT Vl of the 14CMIvRighlts Act. Section 50• of the ReI)llalita•ion Ac of 1973 as armded." the US Co•atltutlontLThe Ea"l Ernponianere Opponunity OMcer i responsible to, compliance ad mar be reachedm X ^Kt^ 7,Tri-EVasa3

IL 422-0582 Season Totals

I

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RTHEAS TERNAINT CANADA)SE ZONE

LAKE~UOTA ZONE

TRI - C(GOOSE

FigurConse:

DY 103 AERIAL CENSUSES OF WATERFOWL

SPRING WATERFOWL CENSUSES ALONG THE ILLINOISRIVER, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, AND CENTRAL-SOUTHERN

RESERVOIRS

Stephen P. Havera

AERIAL CENSUSES OF WATERFOWL

Job 103.1 Spring Waterfowl Censuses Along the Illinois River,

Mississippi River, and Central-Southern Reservoirs.

Aerial inventories were conducted periodically during the 1990 spring migration

in the Illinois River valley from Spring Valley south to Grafton and in the upper

Mississippi River valley from Grafton north to Rock Island. Censuses were made on 21

February; 5 and 19 March; and 3 and 17 April. Biweekly censuses were also

conducted in the lower Mississippi River valley from Cairo north to St. Louis and on

major reservoirs and power plant cooling lakes in central and southern Illinois on 18

and 30 January; 13 and 26 February; 12 and 26 March; and 11 April.

No aerial censuses were made during spring 1988 or 1989. However, peak

(highest) population values in spring 1990 in the Illinois Valley were higher than those

for 1987 for all species of waterfowl. During spring 1990 the peak number of ducks in

the Illinois Valley was 410,415 as compared with 129,215 in spring 1987 and a 1981-

1985 5-year average of 309,116. The peak number of mallards was 190,965 in 1990

as compared with 69,010 in 1987 and an average of 147,229 for 1981-1985. The

peak number of Canada geese in the Illinois Valley was 151,335 in 1990, a noticeable

increase from 46,105 in 1987 and an average of 68,435 for 1981-1985.

In the upper Mississippi River valley peak numbers of all species inventoried

increased between 1987 and 1990 with the exception of lesser scaups. The peak

number recorded for lesser scaups during spring 1990 was 47,770, as compared with

62,970 for 1987 and an average of 150,372 for the period of 1981-1985. Peak

numbers in spring for mallards in 1990, 1987, and the 1981-1985 period were 57,590,

23,965, and a mean of 74,396, respectively. The 1990 peak number of 23,975

Study 103

2

Canada geese in 1990 was higher as compared with 12,180 for 1987 and a 1981-

1985 5-year average of 11,067.

For the first time since 1985, aerial waterfowl censuses of selected cooling

lakes and reservoirs in central and southern Illinois and the floodplain of the lower

Mississippi River from Cairo to St. Louis were conducted during the 1990 spring

migration. Areas censused included Clinton, Sangchris, Coffeen, Newton, and

Baldwin cooling lakes and Shelbyville, Carlyle, and Rend reservoirs. The peak

number of all ducks censused in the lower Mississippi River valley during the spring of

1990 was 108,759, higher than the 1985 peak of 19,538 and the 1981-1985 5-year

average of 69,017. For cooling lakes and reservoirs, the peak number for all ducks in

1990 was 23,010, which was higher than the 2,285 for 1985 and the 1981-1985

average of 19,511. During 1990, 1985, and the 1981-1985 period, peak numbers of

mallards in the lower Mississippi River valley were 60,797, 3,905, and a mean of

30,516, respectively. For cooling lakes and reservoirs, peak numbers for mallards

were 10,330 in 1990, 1,125 in 1985, and an average of 11,500 for 1981-1985.

Peak numbers of Canada geese in 1990 showed little change from 1985 in the

lower Mississippi River valley but increased on cooling lakes and reservoirs. In the

lower Mississippi River valley peak numbers for Canada geese censused during

spring migrations of 1990, 1985, and the 1981-1985 period were 77,407, 79,365, and

a mean of 65,894, respectively. On cooling lakes and reservoirs peak numbers of

Canada geese were 14,565 in 1990, a sizeable increase from 175 in 1985 and an

average of 3,368 for 1981-1985.

3

ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI RIVERS. BY DATE

KEY TO SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS

MALLARDBLKPNTBWTGWTWIGGADSHSCAUPRNCNVBRHRDYGLDBHOLDC.MERRB.MERH.MERTOT.DUCKCGSM.CGGT.CGTOT.CGB&SGCOOTMUTESWH.FRWH.SWNPEL

Black duckPintailBlue-winged tealGreen-winged tealWigeonGadwallShovelerLesser and greater scaupRing-necked duckCanvasbackRedheadRuddy duckGoldeneyeBuffleheadOldsquawCommon merganserRed-breasted merganserHooded merganserTotal ducksCanada geeseSmall Canada gooseGiant Canada gooseTotal Canada gooseBlue and snow goose

Mute swanWhite-fronted gooseWhistling swanPelican

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Table 1. Percentage of lead and steel shot detected in hunter-killed and live-trapped ducks by age-class for all areas, 1989-1990.

Percentage of Shot

Age No. Examined Lead Steel Both

Hunter-killed Adult 608 21.1 78.5 0.52Immature 577 8.7 90.8 0.52Unknown 891 14.6 84.3 1.12

Total 1,2741 15.0 84.5 0.52

Live-trapped Adult 1,016 5.4 6.6 N/A3Immature 407 11.1 20.4 N/A3Unknown 837 13.6 8.6 N/A3

Total 2,260 9.5 9.8 N/A3

Includes 4 coots.Examined at public hunting areas only.N/A = Not available.

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Y 103 AERIAL CENSUSES OF WATERFOWL

FALL WATERFOWL CENSUSES ALONG THE ILLINOISRIVER, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, AND CENTRAL-SOUTHERN

RESERVOIRS

Stephen P. Havera

Study 103 AERIAL CENSUSES OF WATERFOWL

Job 103.2 Fall Waterfowl Censuses Along the Illinois River, Mississippi River, and

Central-Southern Reservoirs

Aerial inventories of waterfowl were conducted weekly during the 1989 fall

migration in the Illinois River valley from Spring Valley south to Grafton and in the

upper Mississippi River valley from Grafton north to Rock Island. Censuses were

made on 5 and 11 September; 9, 16, 23 and 31 October; 6, 14, 20, 28 November; 4

and 11 December; and 2 January. Biweekly censuses were conducted in the lower

Mississippi River valley from Cairo north to St. Louis and on major reservoirs and

power plant cooling lakes in central and southern Illinois on 11 and 25 October; 9 and

21 November; 12 and 20 December; and 3 January.

Peak numbers of all ducks censused during the fall of 1989 in the Illinois River

valley were higher than the values for 1988 whereas 1989 peak numbers for the upper

Mississippi River region were lower than the values recorded for 1988. In the Illinois

River valley, the peak number of all ducks censused was 515,885 for 1989, 29.1%

higher than the 1988 peak of 399,625 and slightly higher than the 5-year mean of

509,434 for 1984-1988. The peak number for all ducks censused in the upper

Mississippi River valley during the fall of 1989 decreased 10.7% from the 1988 peak of

407,240 to the 1989 peak of 363,750 and decreased 34.7% from the 1984-1988 5-

year mean of 557,433.

All species of ducks censused in the Illinois River valley during the fall of 1989,

with the exception of pintails, blue-winged teal, and buffleheads showed increases in

peak numbers. During 1989, 1988, and the 1984-1988 period, the peak numbers of

mallards inventoried in the Illinois Valley were 435,305, 344,735, and a mean of

364,548, respectively. In the upper Mississippi River valley, 1989 peak numbers for

2

mallards, black ducks, green-winged teal, gadwalls, shovelers, ring-necked ducks,

and goldeneyes were all slightly higher than the 1988 peaks. Peak numbers for

mallards were 193,905 for 1989, 171,470 for 1988, and an average of 195,328 for the

1984-1988 period. Fall 1989 peak numbers for all other duck species censused in the

upper Mississippi River valley were lower than in 1988 with lesser scaups and

canvasbacks showing the largest decreases. The fall 1989 peak number for lesser

scaups in the upper Mississippi River region was 40,355, the lowest fall peak recorded

since the first Illinois Natural History Survey aerial census in 1948, 57.4% lower than

the 1988 peak of 94,765 and 72.5% lower than the 1984-1988 5-year mean of

146,944. Peak numbers for canvasbacks in 1989, 1988, and the 1984-1988 5-year

average were 23,305, 37,695 and 77,982, respectively.

Peak numbers of Canada geese in 1989 increased in both the Illinois and

upper Mississippi river valleys. In the Illinois Valley numbers increased from 23,365 in

1988 to 55,560 in 1989. Similarly, the peak number of Canada geese censused in the

Mississippi Valley was 19,780 in 1988 as compared with 31,720 in 1989. Five-year

(1984-1988) averages of peak numbers in the Illinois and Mississippi valleys are

31,950 and 22,696, respectively.

The number of use-days expended by waterfowl during the 1989 fall migration

in the Illinois River valley were higher than use-days for 1988 for all species except

blue-winged teal. In the Illinois Valley use-days for 1989 and 1988, respectively, were

22,452,138 and 18,855,050 for total ducks, 16,468,678 and 14,791,660 for mallards,

and 2,456,484 and 1,396,728 for Canada geese. In the upper Mississippi River valley

the number of use-days expended by blue-winged teal, scaups, canvasbacks,

redheads, ruddy ducks, and goldeneyes during the 1989 fall migration were lower

than 1988 use-days, whereas all other species showed increases from 1988. In the

upper Mississippi River valley, use-days for 1989 and 1988, respectively, were

3

17,474,044 and 16,597,380 for total ducks, 8,986,380 and 8,212,643 for mallards,

1,371,475 and 2,056,130 for scaups, and 1,396,887 and 891,358 for Canada geese.

For the third consecutive year since 1984, aerial waterfowl censuses of selected

cooling lakes and reservoirs in central and southern Illinois and the floodplain of the

lower Mississippi River from Cairo to St. Louis were conducted during the 1989 fall

migration. Areas censused included Newton, Sangchris, Clinton, Coffeen, and

Baldwin cooling lakes and Shelbyville, Carlyle, and Rend reservoirs. In the lower

Mississippi River region the peak number of all ducks inventoried during the fall of

1989 was 114,897, which was higher than the 1988 value of 61,103 and the 1980-

1984 5-year mean of 83,878. For cooling lakes and reservoirs, the 1989 peak number

of 10,620 for all ducks was higher than the 1988 value of 5,395 but lower than the

1980-1984 5-year mean of 17,184. During 1989, 1988, and the 1980-1984 period, the

peak numbers of mallards inventoried in the lower Mississippi Valley were 50,028,

48,968, and a mean of 70,915, respectively. For cooling lakes and reservoirs, the

peaks for mallards were 8,575 for 1989, 3,400 for 1988, and a 5-year 1980-1984

average of 15,760.

Peak numbers of Canada geese in 1989 were higher than the 1988 values. In

the lower Mississippi River valley, peak numbers for all Canada geese censused

during fall migrations of 1989, 1988, and the 1980-1984 period were 35,167, 26,321,

and an average of 28,103, respectively. For cooling lakes and reservoirs peak

numbers of Canada geese were 6,025 in 1989 compared with 1,925 in 1988 and the

1980-1984 5-year average of 636.

4

ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI RIVERS BY DATE

KEY TO SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS

MALLARDBLK = Black duckPNT = PintailBWT = Blue-winged tealGWT = Green-winged tealWIG = WigeonGAD = GadwallSH = ShovelerSCAUP = Lesser and greater scaupRN = Ring-necked duckCNVB = CanvasbackRH = RedheadRDY = Ruddy duckGLD = GoldeneyeBH = BuffleheadOLD = OldsquawC.MER = Common merganserRB.MER = Red-breasted merganserH.MER = Hooded merganserTOT.DUCK = Total ducksCG = Canada geeseSM.CG = Small Canada gooseGT.CG = Giant Canada gooseTOT.CG = Total Canada gooseB&SG = Blue and snow gooseCOOTMUTES = Mute swanWH.FR = White-fronted gooseWH.SWN = Whistling swanPEL = Pelican

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64

PREPARED BY:

William L. Andersonand Stephen P. HaveraCenter for Wildlife Ecology

APPROVED BY:

Glen C. Sanderson, DirectorCenter for Wildlife EcologyIllinois Natural History Survey

DATE: 14 August 1990