Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616): Calendrical Conversion Tables for the 16th and 17th...
19
Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100502 Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica José Miguel Santos Pinto dos Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) calendrical conversion tables for the 16th and 17th centuries Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, núm. 5, december, 2002, pp. 9-26, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, ISSN (Printed Version): 0874-8438 [email protected] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative
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Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal
Sistema de Información Científica
José Miguel Santos Pinto dos
Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) calendrical conversion tables for the 16th and 17th centuries
Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, núm. 5, december, 2002, pp. 9-26,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Portugal
How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage
Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies,
ISSN (Printed Version): 0874-8438
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Portugal
www.redalyc.orgNon-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative
IEYASU (1542-1616) VERSUS IEYASU (1543-1616):CALENDRICAL CONVERSION TABLESFOR THE 16th AND 17th CENTURIES
José Miguel Pinto dos SantosHiroshima University
Disputes concerning the time or place of occurrence of a certain eventare not uncommon among historians. One example that naturally comes tomind in the history of the relations between Portugal and Japan in thesixteenth century is the argument about the date of arrival of the firstPortuguese in Japan 1. These controversies are not, for the most part, futile. It is not only good sense to try to ascertain with the maximum possiblecertainty the background of a certain episode before attempting to offerhigher interpretations on its meaningfulness, but from these discussionsusually emerges a deeper understanding of the circumstances surroundingthe event.
There is no such a dispute concerning the date of birth of TokugawaIeyasu No serious doubt is on record that he was born on the 26th
day of the Twelfth Month of the 11th year of Tembun . However, the carefulreader of Western periodicals or collective works with articles pertaining tothe history of Japan of the 16th and 17th centuries might be forgiven if hethought that one such quibble was going on between two scholarly factions.He would notice in his reading that although the majority of authors wouldindicate 1542 as the year when Ieyasu first saw light, not a few others wouldoffer 1543 instead.
It is beyond the purpose of this short note to offer a careful statisticalanalysis of the relative frequency with which 1542 and 1543 are chosenamong scholarly writers for the first item in the date duplet following theopening reference to Ieyasu in their articles. Concerning fact, frequency ofopinion does not make right. But to substantiate the observation made that
BPJS, 2003, 5, 9-26 9
1 This was one of the longest polemics in this field. Before been closed in favor of 1543 by GeorgSchurhammer, “O descobrimento do Japão pelos Portugueses no ano de 1543”, Anais da Aca-demia Portuguesa de História, Ser. 2, 1 (Lisbon, 1946), pp. 1-172, another strongly advocatedpossibility was 1542, a date first advanced by António Galvão (see Antonie Galvano, The Discov-eries of the World from their first originall vnto the yeere of our Lord 1555, Londini, Impensis G. Bishop, 1601, p. 92).
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José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
there is a disparity between authors regarding the year attributed to the birthof the first Tokugawa, in Table I is presented a sample of thirty seven refer-ence works in eight languages that were inspected in their entries for Toku-gawa Ieyasu about the date of his birth.
Nineteen of the works listed, or about half, are Japanese. While one ofthese nineteen does not give a Western date for Ieyasu’s birth, sixteen choose1542, and just two opted for 1543. Six of these Japanese works specialize inhistory. In this category five prefer 1542 against one that selected 1543. Of theeighteen non-Japanese works in the table, thirteen give 1542 against five thatpresent 1543. Of the five that record 1543, one is Chinese, two are English(one specializing on Japan), one is French and another is German 2.
The widespread use of 1542 for Ieyasu’s birth date is, to say the least,unfortunate. It stems not from any doubt concerning when an event tookplace, but from an inappropriate correspondence that is usually madebetween the years in the Japanese traditional luni-solar calendar and theyears in Christian solar calendar 3. Although years in the Japanese luni-solarcalendar were not coterminous with the Julian and Gregorian calendars, aninaccurate correspondence between the Japanese luni-solar year and theWestern year has become common where, for example, Tembun 11 is identi-fied with 1542. To be sure, most days of Tembun 11 fell in 1542. The problemis that not all days of Tembun 11 fell in 1542, and thus the automatic identifi-cation made between the two years is inaccurate. 1542 has a precise meaningthat should be preserved. It indicates those days between its beginning inJanuary 1st (e.g., the 15th day of the Twelfth Month of the 10th year of Tembunin the Japanese traditional calendar) and its end in December 31st (e.g., the25th day of Eleventh Month of the 11th year of Tembun) to the exclusion of allother days. Likewise Tembun 11 has a precise meaning that should not betampered with. It indicates those days between the first day of its Shógatsu(e.g., January 16, 1542) and the last day of its last month (the 29th day of the
10
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Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 11
Table IYear of birth of Tokugawa Ieyasu according to several major reference works
Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
Zhong Guo Da Bai Ke Qan ShuEncyclopedia BritanicaGreat Soviet EncyclopediaKodansha Encyclopedia of JapanThe Columbia EncyclopediaThe Encyclopedia AmericanaDictionnaire Encyclopedique QuilletEncyclopaedia Universalis *Grand Dictionnaire EncyclopediqueLa Grande Encyclopedie LarousseLarousse 3 Volumes en CouleursBrockhaus EnzyklopadieDas Grosse Duden-LexikonMeyers Grosses Universal LexikonLessico Universale Italiano Britannica International EncyclopaediaEncyclopedia AppoloEncyclopedia HeibonshaEncyclopedia JaponicaEncyclopedia Nipponica 2001KobunkoKokumin Hyaka JitenKokushi DaijitenMypaediaNihon Kirisuto-kyo Rekishi DaijitenNihon Rekishi Dai-JitenNihon-shi Jiten (Tokyo Sógen-sha)Nihon-shi Jiten (Kadokawa Shoten)Nihon-shi Sogo JitenSeikai Dai-Hyaka JitenSengoku CronikShakai Kagaku DaijitenShó-Hyaka JitenThe Millennium Encyclopedic LexiconGrande Enciclopedia Portuguesa e BrasileiraEnciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-AmericanaNueva Enciclopedia Larousse
Language
Chinese
English
English
English
English
English
French
French
French
French
French
German
German
German
Italian
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Portuguese
Spanish
Spanish
Publication
Year
1990
2001
1980
1983
1963
1989
1969
1990
1985
1974
1966
1993
1966
1982
1980
1991
1970
1985
1977
1987
Taisho 5
1962
1989
1990
1988
1958
1990
1996
1991
1988
1995
1970
1954
1998
?-1960
1928
1980
Year of birth of
Tokugawa Ieyasu
1543
1543
1542
1543
1542
1542
1542
1543
1542
1542
1542
1543
1542
1542
1549
1543
1542
1542
1542
1542
—
1542
1542
1542
1543
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
1542
* No entry for Tokugawa Ieyasu; date taken from article on Japan.
José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
Twelfth Month 4, or February 3, 1543). Thus, although Ieyasu was born inTembun 11, he was not born in 1542 but in1543.
There are several possible causes to the prevalence of this undue corre-spondence between years in the two calendars. One might be the fact that theJapanese calendar has been coterminous with the Western one since 1873,when Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar (except for the use of nengóoooo, where years are counted according to a system of short duration eras).Thus an exact correspondence has existed for the beginning and end of theyears in the two calendars for about 130 years. Under these circumstancesand under the weight of custom it has become easy to make the assumptionthat even before 1873 a certain nengó year was coterminous with a Westernyear. Unfortunately this easy assumption has become all to common. Anotherreason might be the scant number of history textbooks, manuals and otherreference works, in Japanese and in Western languages, that acknowledgesthe no-coterminousness of years between the two calendars. On the contrary,the assumption of coterminousness is widespread both in Japanese and non-Japanese history publications and specially glaring in their chronologicaltables and time lines. The result is a low awareness to this problem. Finallyalthough there are many conversion tables for the two calendars 5, they mightnot be easily accessible, especially outside Japan, or be easily usable, particu-larly by those who have less than good knowledge of written Japanese 6.
To lessen this problem and having particularly in mind the students of thehistory of the Japanese-Portuguese relations, in Table 2 an instrument for theconversion of dates between the traditional Japanese calendar and the Julian
12
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and Gregorian Calendars is presented. Although the first period of contactbetween the two countries started in the 1540s and ended in the 1640s, this tablecovers the whole of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This extendedperiod was chosen because many people active in the 1550s were born andeducated early in the 16th century, and because many of those who had memo-ries of the 1620s and 1630s wrote and died later in the 17th century.
Table II is designed in the following way. Each line represents a year andeach column represents a month in the Japanese calendar. In the intersectionof a line with a column is given the Western date of the first day of the corre-sponding Japanese month. Western dates are given in either year/month/dayor month/day format. The first format is used always for the first month of aJapanese year and for intercalary months. It is also used when the first day ofmonth falls in a different Western year than the first day of the previousmonth fell. To simplify and save space the second format is used in all othercases. Thus, for example, it can be observed that the first day of the firstmonth of the first year of Kóji oooo fell in January 23, 1555, the first day of theSecond Month of the same year fell in February 22, 1555, and so on. Kóji 1had an intercalary month, in this case an Intercalary Tenth Month, what isindicated in the intercalary month column, the rightmost column, by an (10).The first day of this month fell on November 14, 1555. The previous day,November 13, 1555, was the twenty ninth day of the Tenth Month. We knowthis because an Intercalary Tenth Month follows a Tenth Month and we knowthat the Tenth Month of Kóji 1 had 29 days because the type is not bold. Boldtype indicates that a month had 30 days. This was the case of the IntercalaryTenth Month of Kóji 1 and the month that followed it, the Eleventh Month.October 4, 1582 (18th day of the Ninth Month of Tenshó 10) was the last day inthe Julian Calendar and was followed by the first day of the GregorianCalendar, October 15, 1582 (19th day of the Ninth Month of Tenshó 10).Western dates in italic indicate that the conversion is made into the JulianCalendar; otherwise the conversion is made to the Gregorian Calendar. Forastronomical calculations it is usually more convenient to use the GregorianCalendar. Adding ten days to the Julian date we obtain the “equivalent”Gregorian date. Finally it should be noted that name eras (or nengó) could bechanged anytime during the year. In Table II we follow the usual practice ofattributing the entire year in which a new era began to the first year of thenew era. However, Japanese documents written during the last year of an era,just before a new one was proclaimed, will be dated after that era.
From the discussion above it should be obvious how to convert datesfrom the Japanese calendar to the Western one. Conversion of dates from theWestern calendar to the Japanese calendar is slightly less convenient. Forexample, we know that Francis Xavier reached to Kagoshima in August 15,
Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 13
�&
José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
1549. To obtain the Japanese date, we first look for 1549 in the column corre-sponding to the first Japanese month. Having located this, one can do one oftwo things. We can move along this line until we find 08/23 in the columncorresponding to the Eighth Month. As we know that the Eight Month beganin August 23, August 15 must be the eighth day counting backwards from thelast day (inclusive) of the Seventh Month. As the Seventh Month had 29 days,Xavier arrived in Kagoshima the 22nd of the Seventh Month of Tembun 18.Another way would be to count the number of days between July 25 (when theSeventh Month began) and August 15: there are 22 days, inclusive of July 25,so we arrive again to the conclusion that Xavier arrived in Kagoshima the22nd of the Seventh Month.
This table is presented here having foremost in mind those historians whocannot read Japanese. Thus some other information that is normal in tablespublished in Japanese, such as sexagenary cycles, is omitted. Though this infor-mation may be important in certain cases for dating Japanese events and docu-ments the chances are that it will of no use for our target readers. It is expectedthat this table will be of use in two main cases. First, it may be used to convertdates in the Japanese calendar that may be found in modern translations ofJapanese primary sources. Considerable amount of Japanese primary sourceshave been translated into Western languages, usually giving the date in theJapanese calendar without conversion into the Western date 7. Second, it canalso be employed to convert dates given in the Japanese calendrical systemappearing in European primary sources of the sixteenth and seventeenthcenturies. For example, in a letter written from Japan in 1555 we can read:
“Auerá quarto dias que nos escreueo que tinha feito a casa noua, &Lourenço escreueo que ate 27. da lüa de Iunho andáraõ a fazer hüacasa de oito braças & mea de comprido, & seis de largo. Começáraõa dizer missa nella a 28. da lüa de Iunho.” 8
It is clear that dates mentioned here are not June 27 and 28. Making theobvious assumption that lüa de Iunho stands for the Sixth Month in theJapanese traditional calendar we have that these dates are probably the 27th
and 28th of the Sixth Month in 1555. Making use of Table II it can easily befound that these days are July 15 and 16, 1555.
14
7 For example, Adriana Boscaro, 101 Letters of Hideyoshi: The Private Correspondence ofToyotomi Hideyoshi (Tokyo, Sophia University, 1975).
8 Cartas qve os Padres e Irmãos da Companhia de Iesus escreuerão dos Reynos de Iapão & Chinaaos da mesma Companhia da India, & Europa, desdo anno de 1549. atè o de 1580. Primeiro tomo.(Euora, Manoel de Lyra, 1598), f. 44 v.
Bun
ki 1
1501
/01/
1902
/18
03/1
904
/18
05/1
706
/16
08/1
409
/13
10/1
211
/11
12/1
102
/01/
09(6
)01
/07/
15
Bun
ki 2
1502
/02/
0803
/09
04/0
705
/07
06/0
507
/05
08/0
309
/02
10/0
110
/31
11/3
012
/30
Bun
ki 3
1503
/01/
2802
/27
03/2
804
/26
05/2
606
/24
07/2
308
/22
09/2
110
/20
11/1
912
/19
Eish
ó1
1504
/01/
1802
/16
03/1
705
/14
06/1
307
/12
08/1
009
/09
10/0
811
/07
12/0
705
/01/
06(3
)04
/04/
15
Eish
ó2
1505
/02/
0403
/06
04/0
505
/04
06/0
207
/02
07/3
108
/29
09/2
810
/27
11/2
612
/26
Eish
ó3
1506
/01/
2402
/23
03/2
504
/23
05/2
306
/21
07/2
108
/19
09/1
710
/17
11/1
507
/01/
13(1
1)06
/12/
15
Eish
ó4
1507
/02/
1203
/14
04/1
305
/12
06/1
107
/10
08/0
909
/07
10/0
611
/05
12/0
408
/01/
03
Eish
ó5
1508
/02/
0103
/02
04/0
104
/30
05/3
006
/28
07/2
808
/27
09/2
510
/24
11/2
312
/22
Eish
ó6
1509
/01/
2102
/19
03/2
104
/19
05/1
906
/18
07/1
708
/16
10/1
411
/12
12/1
210
/01/
10(8
) 09
/09/
14
Eish
ó7
1510
/02/
0903
/10
04/0
905
/08
06/0
707
/06
08/0
509
/04
10/0
311
/02
12/0
112
/31
Eish
ó8
1511
/01/
3002
/28
03/2
904
/28
05/2
706
/25
07/2
508
/24
09/2
210
/22
11/2
112
/20
Eish
ó9
1512
/01/
1902
/18
03/1
804
/16
06/1
407
/13
08/1
209
/10
10/1
011
/09
12/0
913
/01/
07(4
) 12
/05/
16
Eish
ó10
1513
/02/
0603
/08
04/0
605
/05
06/0
407
/03
08/0
108
/31
09/2
910
/29
11/2
812
/27
Eish
ó11
1514
/01/
2602
/25
03/2
604
/25
05/2
406
/23
07/2
208
/20
09/1
910
/18
11/1
712
/16
Eish
ó12
1515
/01/
1502
/14
04/1
405
/14
06/1
207
/12
08/1
009
/08
10/0
811
/06
12/0
616
/01/
04(2
) 15
/03/
16
Eish
ó13
1516
/02/
0303
/04
04/0
205
/02
06/0
106
/30
07/3
008
/28
09/2
610
/26
11/2
412
/24
Eish
ó14
1517
/01/
2202
/21
03/2
204
/21
05/2
106
/19
07/1
908
/17
09/1
610
/15
12/1
318
/01/
12(1
0)
17/1
1/14
Eish
ó15
1518
/02/
1003
/12
04/1
005
/10
06/0
807
/08
08/0
709
/05
10/0
511
/03
12/0
319
/01/
01
Eish
ó16
1519
/01/
3103
/01
03/3
104
/29
05/2
906
/27
07/2
708
/25
09/2
410
/24
11/2
212
/22
Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 15Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
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urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
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nese
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rM
onth
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thM
onth
Mon
thM
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thM
onth
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thM
onth
Mon
thM
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Mon
thM
onth
Not
es:
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old
Type
: mon
th w
ith 3
0 da
ys; o
ther
wise
mon
th w
ith 2
9 da
ys.
(2) I
talic
Typ
e: W
este
rn d
ate i
s Jul
ian;
oth
erw
ise is
Gre
gori
an. G
rego
rian
dat
e=Ju
lian
date
+ 1
0 da
ys.
(3) F
or m
ore d
etai
led
info
rmat
ion
how
to u
se th
is ta
ble s
ee th
e tex
t.
José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
Eish
ó17
1520
/01/
2102
/19
03/1
904
/18
05/1
706
/15
08/1
309
/12
10/1
211
/11
12/1
021
/01/
09(6
) 20
/07/
15
Taie
i 115
21/0
2/08
03/0
904
/07
05/0
706
/05
07/0
408
/03
09/0
110
/01
10/3
111
/29
12/2
9
Taie
i 215
22/0
1/28
02/2
603
/28
04/2
605
/26
06/2
407
/23
08/2
209
/20
10/2
011
/18
12/1
8
Taie
i 315
23/0
1/17
02/1
603
/17
05/1
506
/14
07/1
308
/11
09/1
010
/09
11/0
812
/07
24/0
1/06
(3)
23/0
4/16
Taie
i 415
24/0
2/05
03/0
504
/04
05/0
406
/02
07/0
207
/31
08/2
909
/28
10/2
711
/26
12/2
5
Taie
i 515
25/0
1/24
02/2
203
/24
04/2
305
/22
06/2
107
/20
08/1
909
/17
10/1
711
/15
26/0
1/13
(11)
25
/12/
15
Taie
i 615
26/0
2/12
03/1
304
/12
05/1
206
/10
07/1
008
/08
09/0
710
/06
11/0
512
/04
27/0
1/03
Taie
i 715
27/0
2/01
03/0
304
/01
05/0
105
/30
06/2
907
/28
08/2
709
/26
10/2
511
/24
12/2
3
Kyór
oku
115
28/0
1/22
02/2
003
/21
04/1
905
/18
06/1
707
/17
08/1
509
/14
11/1
212
/12
29/0
1/10
(9)
28/1
0/14
Kyór
oku
215
29/0
2/09
03/1
004
/09
05/0
806
/06
07/0
608
/04
09/0
310
/03
11/0
112
/01
12/3
1
Kyór
oku
315
30/0
1/29
02/2
803
/29
04/2
805
/27
06/2
507
/25
08/2
309
/22
10/2
111
/20
12/2
0
Kyór
oku
415
31/0
1/19
02/1
703
/19
04/1
705
/17
07/1
408
/13
09/1
110
/11
11/0
912
/09
32/0
1/08
(5)
31/0
6/15
Tem
bun
115
32/0
2/06
03/0
704
/06
05/0
506
/04
07/0
308
/01
08/3
109
/29
10/2
811
/27
12/2
7
Tem
bun
215
33/0
1/25
02/2
403
/26
04/2
505
/24
06/2
307
/22
08/2
009
/19
10/1
811
/16
12/1
6
Tem
bun
315
34/0
1/15
03/1
504
/14
05/1
306
/12
07/1
108
/10
09/0
810
/08
11/0
612
/06
35/0
1/04
(1)
34/0
2/13
Tem
bun
415
35/0
2/03
03/0
404
/03
05/0
206
/01
07/0
107
/30
08/2
909
/27
10/2
711
/25
12/2
5
Tem
bun
515
36/0
1/23
02/2
203
/22
04/2
105
/20
06/1
907
/18
08/1
709
/16
10/1
512
/13
37/0
1/12
(10)
36
/11/
14
Tem
bun
615
37/0
2/10
03/1
204
/10
05/0
906
/08
07/0
708
/06
09/0
510
/04
11/0
312
/03
38/0
1/01
Tem
bun
715
38/0
1/31
03/0
103
/31
04/2
905
/28
06/2
707
/26
08/2
509
/23
10/2
311
/22
12/2
2
Tem
bun
815
39/0
1/20
02/1
903
/20
04/1
905
/18
06/1
608
/14
09/1
310
/12
11/1
112
/11
40/0
1/09
(6)
39/0
7/16
Tem
bun
915
40/0
2/08
03/0
904
/07
05/0
706
/05
07/0
408
/03
09/0
109
/30
10/3
011
/29
12/2
8
Tem
bun
1015
41/0
1/27
02/2
603
/28
04/2
605
/26
06/2
407
/23
08/2
209
/20
10/1
911
/18
12/1
8
Tem
bun
1115
42/0
1/16
02/1
503
/17
05/1
506
/13
07/1
308
/11
09/1
010
/09
11/0
712
/07
43/0
1/06
(3)
42/0
4/15
16Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le (c
ont.
)
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
alar
y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Tem
bun
1215
43/0
2/04
03/0
604
/04
05/0
406
/03
07/0
208
/01
08/3
009
/29
10/2
811
/27
12/2
6
Tem
bun
1315
44/0
1/24
02/2
303
/24
04/2
205
/22
06/2
007
/20
08/1
909
/17
10/1
711
/15
45/0
1/13
(11)
44
/12/
15
Tem
bun
1415
45/0
2/12
03/1
304
/11
05/1
106
/09
07/0
908
/08
09/0
610
/06
11/0
512
/04
46/0
1/03
Tem
bun
1515
46/0
2/01
03/0
304
/01
04/3
005
/30
06/2
807
/28
08/2
609
/25
10/2
511
/24
12/2
3
Tem
bun
1615
47/0
1/22
02/2
003
/22
04/2
005
/19
06/1
807
/17
09/1
410
/14
11/1
312
/12
48/0
1/11
(7)
47/0
8/16
Tem
bun
1715
48/0
2/10
03/1
004
/09
05/0
806
/06
07/0
608
/04
09/0
210
/02
11/0
111
/30
12/3
0
Tem
bun
1815
49/0
1/29
02/2
803
/29
04/2
805
/27
06/2
507
/25
08/2
309
/21
10/2
111
/19
12/1
9
Tem
bun
1915
50/0
1/18
02/1
703
/18
04/1
705
/17
07/1
408
/13
09/1
110
/10
11/0
912
/08
51/0
1/07
(5)
50/0
6/15
Tem
bun
2015
51/0
2/06
03/0
804
/06
05/0
606
/04
07/0
408
/02
09/0
109
/30
10/2
911
/28
12/2
7
Tem
bun
2115
52/0
1/26
02/2
503
/25
04/2
405
/24
06/2
207
/22
08/2
009
/19
10/1
811
/16
12/1
6
Tem
bun
2215
53/0
1/14
03/1
404
/13
05/1
306
/11
07/1
108
/09
09/0
810
/08
11/0
612
/06
54/0
1/04
(2)
53/0
2/13
Tem
bun
2315
54/0
2/02
03/0
404
/02
05/0
205
/31
06/3
007
/30
08/2
809
/27
10/2
711
/25
12/2
5
Kój
i 115
55/0
1/23
02/2
203
/23
04/2
105
/21
06/1
907
/19
08/1
709
/16
10/1
612
/14
56/0
1/13
(10)
55
/11/
14
Kój
i 215
56/0
2/11
03/1
204
/10
05/0
906
/08
07/0
708
/05
09/0
410
/04
11/0
212
/02
57/0
1/01
Kój
i 315
57/0
1/31
03/0
103
/31
04/2
905
/28
06/2
707
/26
08/2
409
/23
10/2
211
/21
12/2
1
Eiro
ku 1
1558
/01/
2002
/19
03/2
004
/19
05/1
806
/16
08/1
409
/12
10/1
211
/10
12/1
059
/01/
09(6
) 58
/07/
16
Eiro
ku 2
1559
/02/
0803
/09
04/0
805
/07
06/0
607
/05
08/0
409
/02
10/0
110
/31
11/2
912
/29
Eiro
ku 3
1560
/01/
2802
/26
03/2
704
/26
05/2
506
/24
07/2
308
/22
09/2
010
/19
11/1
812
/17
Eiro
ku 4
1561
/01/
1602
/14
03/1
605
/14
06/1
307
/13
08/1
109
/10
10/0
911
/07
12/0
701
/05
(3)
61/0
4/15
Eiro
ku 5
1562
/02/
0403
/05
04/0
405
/03
06/0
207
/02
07/3
108
/30
09/2
810
/28
11/2
712
/26
Eiro
ku 6
1563
/01/
2402
/23
03/2
404
/23
05/2
206
/21
07/2
008
/19
09/1
810
/17
11/1
612
/16
(12)
64
/01/
14
Eiro
ku 7
1564
/02/
1303
/13
04/1
105
/11
06/0
907
/09
08/0
709
/06
10/0
511
/04
12/0
465
/01/
03
Eiro
ku 8
1565
/02/
0103
/03
04/0
104
/30
05/3
006
/28
07/2
708
/26
09/2
410
/24
11/2
312
/23
Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 17Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le (c
ont.
)
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
alar
y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
Eiro
ku 9
1566
/01/
2202
/20
03/2
204
/20
05/1
906
/18
07/1
708
/15
10/1
311
/12
12/1
267
/01/
11(8
) 66
/09/
14
Eiro
ku 1
015
67/0
2/09
03/1
104
/10
05/0
906
/07
07/0
708
/05
09/0
310
/03
11/0
112
/01
12/3
1
Eiro
ku 1
115
68/0
1/29
02/2
803
/29
04/2
705
/27
06/2
507
/25
08/2
309
/21
10/2
111
/19
12/1
9
Eiro
ku 1
215
69/0
1/17
02/1
603
/18
04/1
705
/16
07/1
408
/13
09/1
110
/10
11/0
912
/08
70/0
1/07
(5)
69/0
6/15
Gen
ki 1
1570
/02/
0503
/07
04/0
605
/05
06/0
407
/03
08/0
208
/31
09/3
010
/29
11/2
812
/27
Gen
ki 2
1571
/01/
2602
/24
03/2
604
/24
05/2
406
/23
07/2
208
/21
09/1
910
/19
11/1
712
/17
Gen
ki 3
1572
/01/
1503
/14
04/1
305
/12
06/1
107
/10
08/0
909
/08
10/0
711
/06
12/0
573
/01/
04(1
) 72
/02/
14
Tens
hó1
1573
/02/
0303
/04
04/0
205
/02
05/3
106
/29
07/2
908
/28
09/2
610
/26
11/2
512
/24
Tens
hó2
1574
/01/
2302
/22
03/2
304
/21
05/2
106
/19
07/1
808
/17
09/1
510
/15
11/1
475
/01/
12(1
1)
74/1
2/14
Tens
hó3
1575
/02/
1103
/13
04/1
105
/10
06/0
907
/08
08/0
609
/05
10/0
411
/03
12/0
376
/01/
01
Tens
hó4
1576
/01/
3103
/01
03/3
004
/29
05/2
806
/27
07/2
608
/24
09/2
310
/22
11/2
112
/20
Tens
hó5
1577
/01/
1902
/18
03/2
004
/18
05/1
806
/16
07/1
609
/12
10/1
211
/10
12/1
078
/01/
08(7
) 77
/08/
14
Tens
hó6
1578
/02/
0703
/09
04/0
705
/07
06/0
607
/05
08/0
409
/02
10/0
110
/31
11/2
912
/29
Tens
hó7
1579
/01/
2702
/26
03/2
704
/26
05/2
606
/24
07/2
408
/22
09/2
110
/20
11/1
912
/18
Tens
hó8
1580
/01/
1702
/15
03/1
605
/14
06/1
207
/12
08/1
109
/09
10/0
911
/07
12/0
781
/01/
05(3
) 80
/04/
14
Tens
hó9
1581
/02/
0403
/05
04/0
405
/03
06/0
207
/01
07/3
108
/29
09/2
810
/28
11/2
612
/26
Tens
hó10
1582
/01/
2402
/23
03/2
404
/23
05/2
206
/20
07/2
008
/18
09/1
710
/27
11/2
612
/25
Tens
hó11
1583
/01/
2403
/24
04/2
205
/22
06/2
007
/19
08/1
809
/16
10/1
611
/15
12/1
484
/01/
13(1
) 83
/02/
23
Tens
h ó12
1584
/02/
1203
/12
04/1
105
/10
06/0
907
/08
08/0
609
/05
10/0
411
/03
12/0
285
/01/
01
Tens
hó13
1585
/01/
3103
/02
03/3
104
/30
05/2
906
/28
07/2
708
/25
10/2
311
/22
12/2
186
/01/
20(8
) 85
/9/2
4
Tens
hó14
1586
/02/
1903
/20
04/1
905
/19
06/1
707
/17
08/1
509
/13
10/1
311
/11
12/1
187
/01/
09
Tens
hó15
1587
/02/
0803
/09
04/0
805
/08
06/0
607
/06
08/0
409
/03
10/0
211
/01
11/3
012
/30
Tens
h ó16
1588
/01/
2802
/27
03/2
704
/26
05/2
507
/24
08/2
209
/21
10/2
011
/19
12/1
889
/01/
17(5
) 88
/6/2
4
18Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
alar
y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Tens
hó17
1589
/02/
1503
/17
04/1
505
/15
06/1
307
/13
08/1
109
/10
10/1
011
/08
12/0
890
/01/
06
Tens
hó18
1590
/02/
0503
/06
04/0
505
/04
06/0
207
/02
07/3
108
/30
09/2
910
/29
11/2
712
-27
Tens
hó19
1591
/01/
2503
/25
04/2
405
/23
06/2
107
/21
08/1
909
/18
10/1
811
/16
12/1
692
/01/
15(1
) 91
/02/
24
Bun
roku
115
92/0
2/13
03/1
404
/12
05/1
206
/10
07/0
908
/08
09/0
610
/06
11/0
412
/04
93/0
1/03
Bun
roku
215
93/0
2/02
03/0
304
/02
05/0
105
/31
06/2
907
/28
08/2
709
/25
11/2
312
/23
94/0
1/22
(9)
93/1
0/24
Bun
roku
315
94/0
2/20
03/2
204
/21
05/2
006
/19
07/1
808
/16
09/1
510
/14
11/1
212
/12
95/0
1/11
Bun
roku
415
95/0
2/09
03/1
104
/10
05/1
006
/08
07/0
708
/06
09/0
410
/04
11/0
212
/01
12/3
1
Kei
chó
115
96/0
1/30
02/2
803
/29
04/2
805
/27
06/2
607
/25
09/2
210
/22
11/2
012
/20
97/0
1/18
(7)
96/0
8/24
Kei
chó
215
97/0
2/17
03/1
804
/17
05/1
606
/15
07/1
508
/13
09/1
210
/11
11/1
012
/09
98/0
1/08
Kei
chó
315
98/0
2/06
03/0
804
/06
05/0
606
/04
07/0
408
/02
09/0
110
/01
10/3
011
/29
12/2
8
Kei
chó
415
99/0
1/27
02/2
503
/27
05/2
406
/23
07/2
208
/21
09/2
010
/19
11/1
812
/18
00/0
1/16
(3)
1599
/04/
25
Kei
chó
516
00/0
2/15
03/1
504
/14
05/1
306
/11
07/1
108
/09
09/0
810
/07
11/0
612
/06
01/0
1/05
Kei
chó
616
01/0
2/03
03/0
504
/03
05/0
306
/01
06/3
007
/30
08/2
809
/26
10/2
611
/25
02/0
1/23
(11)
160
1/12
/25
Kei
chó
716
02/0
2/22
03/2
404
/22
05/2
206
/20
07/1
908
/17
09/1
610
/15
11/1
412
/14
03/0
1/12
Kei
chó
816
03/0
2/11
03/1
304
/12
05/1
106
/10
07/0
908
/07
09/0
610
/05
11/0
312
/03
04/0
1/02
Kei
chó
916
04/0
1/31
03/0
103
/31
04/2
905
/29
06/2
707
/27
08/2
510
/23
11/2
112
/21
05/0
1/19
(8)
04/0
9/24
Kei
chó
1016
05/0
2/18
03/2
004
/18
05/1
806
/17
07/1
608
/15
09/1
310
/13
11/1
112
/10
06/0
1/09
Kei
chó
1116
06/0
2/07
03/0
904
/08
05/0
706
/06
07/0
508
/04
09/0
310
/02
11/0
111
/30
12/3
0
Kei
chó
1216
07/0
1/28
02/2
603
/28
04/2
606
/24
07/2
408
/23
09/2
110
/21
11/2
012
/19
08/0
1/18
(4)
07/0
5/26
Kei
chó
1316
08/0
2/16
03/1
704
/15
05/1
406
/13
07/1
208
/11
09/0
910
/09
11/0
812
/08
09/0
1/06
Kei
chó
1416
09/0
2/05
03/0
604
/05
05/0
406
/02
07/0
207
/31
08/3
009
/28
10/2
811
/27
12/2
6
Kei
chó
1516
10/0
1/25
02/2
404
/24
05/2
306
/21
07/2
008
/19
09/1
710
/17
11/1
612
/15
11/0
1/14
(2)
10/0
3/25
Kei
chó
1616
11/0
2/13
03/1
504
/13
05/1
306
/11
07/1
008
/08
09/0
710
/06
11/0
512
/04
12/0
1/03
Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 19Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le (c
ont.
)
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
alar
y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
Kei
chó
1716
12/0
2/02
03/0
304
/01
05/0
105
/31
06/2
907
/28
08/2
709
/25
10/2
412
/22
13/0
1/21
(10)
12
/11/
23
Kei
chó
1816
13/0
2/20
03/2
204
/20
05/2
006
/18
07/1
808
/16
09/1
510
/14
11/1
212
/12
14/0
1/10
Kei
chó
1916
14/0
2/09
03/1
104
/09
05/0
906
/08
07/0
708
/06
09/0
410
/04
11/0
212
/01
12/3
1
Gen
na 1
1615
/01/
2902
/28
03/2
904
/28
05/2
806
/26
08/2
409
/23
10/2
311
/21
12/2
116
/01/
19(6
) 15
/07/
26
Gen
na 2
1616
/02/
1703
/18
04/1
605
/16
06/1
407
/14
08/1
309
/11
10/1
111
/09
12/0
917
/01/
08
Gen
na 3
1617
/02/
0603
/08
04/0
605
/05
06/0
407
/03
08/0
208
/31
09/3
010
/30
11/2
812
/28
Gen
na 4
1618
/01/
2702
/25
03/2
705
/24
06/2
307
/22
08/2
009
/19
10/1
911
/17
12/1
719
/01/
16(3
) 18
/04/
25
Gen
na 5
1619
/02/
1503
/16
04/1
505
/14
06/1
207
/11
08/1
009
/08
10/0
811
/06
12/0
620
/01/
05
Gen
na 6
1620
/02/
0403
/04
04/0
305
/03
06/0
106
/30
07/3
008
/28
09/2
610
/26
11/2
412
/24
(12)
21
/01/
23
Gen
na 7
1621
/02/
2203
/23
04/2
205
/21
06/2
007
/19
08/1
809
/16
10/1
511
/14
12/1
322
/01/
12
Gen
na 8
1622
/02/
1103
/12
04/1
105
/11
06/0
907
/09
08/0
709
/06
10/0
511
/03
12/0
323
/01/
01
Gen
na 9
1623
/01/
3103
/01
03/3
104
/30
05/2
906
/28
07/2
808
/26
10/2
411
/22
12/2
224
/01/
20(8
) 23
/09/
25
Kan
’ei 1
1624
/02/
1903
/19
04/1
805
/17
06/1
607
/16
08/1
409
/13
10/1
211
/11
12/1
125
/01/
09
Kan
’ei 2
1625
/02/
0703
/09
04/0
705
/07
06/0
507
/05
08/0
309
/02
10/0
210
/31
11/3
012
/30
Kan
’ei 3
1626
/01/
2802
/27
03/2
804
/26
06/2
407
/23
08/2
209
/21
10/2
011
/19
12/1
927
/01/
18(4
) 26
/05/
26
Kan
’ei 4
1627
/02/
1603
/18
04/1
605
/15
06/1
407
/13
08/1
109
/10
10/0
911
/08
12/0
828
/01/
07
Kan
’ei 5
1628
/02/
0503
/06
04/0
505
/04
06/0
207
/02
07/3
108
/29
09/2
810
/27
11/2
612
/26
Kan
’ei 6
1629
/01/
2502
/23
04/2
305
/23
06/2
107
/21
08/1
909
/17
10/1
711
/15
12/1
530
/01/
14(2
) 29
/03/
25
Kan
’ei 7
1630
/02/
1203
/14
04/1
305
/12
06/1
107
/10
08/0
909
/07
10/0
611
/05
12/0
401
/03
Kan
’ei 8
1631
/02/
0103
/03
04/0
205
/02
05/3
106
/30
07/2
908
/28
09/2
610
/25
12/2
301
/22
(10)
31
/11/
24
Kan
’ei 9
1632
/02/
2003
/21
04/2
005
/19
06/1
807
/17
08/1
609
/14
10/1
411
/12
12/1
233
/01/
10
Kan
’ei 1
016
33/0
2/09
03/1
004
/09
05/0
806
/07
07/0
608
/05
09/0
410
/03
11/0
212
/01
12/3
1
Kan
’ei 1
116
34/0
1/29
02/2
803
/29
04/2
805
/27
06/2
607
/25
09/2
210
/22
11/2
112
/20
35/0
1/19
(7)
34/0
8/24
20Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le (c
ont.
)
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
alar
y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Kan
’ei 1
216
35/0
2/18
03/1
904
/17
05/1
706
/15
07/1
408
/13
09/1
210
/11
11/1
012
/10
36/0
1/08
Kan
’ei 1
316
36/0
2/07
03/0
804
/06
05/0
506
/04
07/0
308
/01
08/3
109
/29
10/2
911
/28
12/2
8
Kan
’ei 1
416
37/0
1/26
02/2
503
/27
05/2
406
/23
07/2
208
/20
09/1
910
/18
11/1
712
/17
38/0
1/15
(3)
37/0
4/25
Kan
’ei 1
516
38/0
2/14
03/1
604
/14
05/1
406
/12
07/1
208
/10
09/0
810
/08
11/0
612
/06
39/0
1/04
Kan
’ei 1
616
39/0
2/03
03/0
504
/04
05/0
306
/02
07/0
107
/31
08/2
909
/27
10/2
711
/25
40/0
1/23
(11)
39
/12/
25
Kan
’ei 1
716
40/0
2/22
03/2
304
/21
05/2
106
/20
07/1
908
/17
09/1
610
/15
11/1
412
/13
41/0
1/12
Kan
’ei 1
816
41/0
2/10
03/1
204
/10
05/1
006
/09
07/0
808
/07
09/0
510
/05
11/0
312
/03
42/0
1/01
Kan
’ei 1
916
42/0
1/31
03/0
103
/31
04/2
905
/29
06/2
707
/27
08/2
609
/24
11/2
212
/22
43/0
1/20
(9)
42/1
0/24
Kan
’ei 2
016
43/0
2/19
03/2
004
/19
05/1
806
/16
07/1
608
/15
09/1
310
/13
11/1
212
/11
44/0
1/10
Shóh
ó1
1644
/02/
0803
/09
04/0
705
/07
06/0
507
/04
08/0
309
/01
10/0
110
/31
11/3
012
/29
Shóh
ó2
1645
/01/
2802
/26
03/2
804
/26
05/2
607
/23
08/2
209
/20
10/2
011
/19
12/1
846
/01/
17(5
) 45
/06/
24
Shóh
ó3
1646
/02/
1603
/17
04/1
605
/15
06/1
407
/13
08/1
109
/10
10/0
911
/08
12/0
747
/01/
06
Shóh
ó4
1647
/02/
0503
/07
04/0
505
/05
06/0
307
/03
08/0
108
/30
09/2
810
/28
11/2
712
/26
Kei
an 1
1648
/01/
2503
/24
04/2
305
/23
06/2
107
/20
08/1
909
/17
10/1
711
/15
12/1
549
/01/
13(1
) 48
/02/
24
Kei
an 2
1649
/02/
1203
/13
04/1
205
/12
06/1
007
/10
08/0
809
/07
10/0
611
/05
12/0
450
/01/
03
Kei
an 3
1650
/02/
0103
/03
04/0
105
/01
05/3
006
/29
07/2
908
/27
09/2
610
/25
12/2
351
/01/
22(1
0)
50/1
1/24
Kei
an 4
1651
/02/
2003
/22
04/2
005
/20
06/1
807
/18
08/1
609
/15
10/1
511
/13
12/1
352
/01/
11
Jóó
116
52/0
2/10
03/1
004
/09
05/0
806
/06
07/0
608
/04
09/0
310
/03
11/0
112
/01
12/3
1
Jóó
216
53/0
1/29
02/2
803
/29
04/2
805
/27
06/2
508
/23
09/2
210
/22
11/2
012
/20
54/0
1/19
(6)
53/0
7/25
Jóó
316
54/0
2/17
03/1
904
/17
05/1
706
/15
07/1
408
/13
09/1
110
/11
11/0
912
/09
55/0
1/08
Mei
reki
116
55/0
2/07
03/0
804
/07
05/0
606
/05
07/0
408
/02
08/3
109
/30
10/2
911
/28
12/2
8
Mei
reki
216
56/0
1/27
02/2
503
/26
04/2
506
/23
07/2
208
/20
09/1
810
/18
11/1
612
/16
57/0
1/15
(4)
56/0
5/24
Mei
reki
316
57/0
2/13
03/1
504
/14
05/1
406
/12
07/1
108
/10
09/0
810
/08
11/0
612
/05
58/0
1/04
Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 21Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le (c
ont.
)
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
alar
y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
Man
ji 1
1658
/02/
0303
/04
04/0
305
/03
06/0
107
/01
07/3
008
/29
09/2
710
/27
11/2
512
/24
(12)
59
/01/
23
Man
ji 2
1659
/02/
2203
/23
04/2
205
/21
06/2
007
/20
08/1
809
/17
10/1
611
/15
12/1
460
/01/
13
Man
ji 3
1660
/02/
1103
/12
04/1
005
/09
06/0
807
/08
08/0
609
/05
10/0
511
/03
12/0
361
/01/
01
Kam
bun
116
61/0
1/31
03/0
103
/31
04/2
905
/28
06/2
707
/26
08/2
510
/23
11/2
212
/22
01/2
0(8
) 61
/09/
24
Kam
bun
216
62/0
2/19
03/2
004
/19
05/1
806
/16
07/1
608
/14
09/1
310
/12
11/1
112
/11
01/1
0
Kam
bun
319
63/0
2/08
03/1
004
/08
05/0
806
/06
07/0
508
/03
09/0
210
/01
10/3
111
/30
12/3
0
Kam
bun
416
64/0
1/28
02/2
703
/28
04/2
605
/26
07/2
308
/21
09/2
010
/19
11/1
812
/18
65/0
1/16
(5)
64/0
6/24
Kam
bun
516
65/0
2/15
03/1
704
/16
05/1
506
/14
07/1
308
/11
09/0
910
/09
11/0
712
/07
66/0
1/06
Kam
bun
616
66/0
2/04
03/0
604
/05
05/0
406
/03
07/0
208
/01
08/3
009
/29
10/2
811
/26
12/2
6
Kam
bun
716
67/0
1/24
02/2
304
/23
05/2
306
/22
07/2
108
/20
09/1
810
/18
11/1
612
/15
68/0
1/14
(2)
67/0
3/25
Kam
bun
816
68/0
2/12
03/1
304
/12
05/1
106
/10
07/0
908
/08
09/0
710
/06
11/0
512
/04
69/0
1/03
Kam
bun
916
69/0
2/01
03/0
204
/01
04/3
005
/30
06/2
807
/28
08/2
709
/25
10/2
512
/23
70/0
1/22
(10)
69
/11/
24
Kam
bun
1016
70/0
2/20
03/2
104
/20
05/1
906
/18
07/1
708
/16
09/1
410
/14
11/1
312
/13
71/0
1/11
Kam
bun
1116
71/0
2/10
03/1
104
/10
05/0
906
/07
07/0
708
/05
09/0
310
/03
11/0
212
/02
12/3
1
Kam
bun
1216
72/0
1/30
02/2
903
/29
04/2
805
/27
06/2
508
/23
09/2
110
/21
11/2
012
/19
73/0
1/18
(6)
72/0
7/24
Empó
116
73/0
2/17
03/1
904
/17
05/1
706
/15
07/1
408
/12
09/1
110
/10
11/0
912
/08
74/0
1/07
Empó
216
74/0
2/06
03/0
804
/06
05/0
606
/04
07/0
408
/02
08/3
109
/30
10/2
911
/28
12/2
7
Empó
316
75/0
1/26
02/2
503
/26
04/2
506
/23
07/2
308
/21
09/2
010
/19
11/1
712
/17
76/0
1/15
(4)
75/0
5/25
Empó
416
76/0
2/14
03/1
504
/13
05/1
306
/12
07/1
108
/10
09/0
810
/08
11/0
612
/05
77/0
1/04
Empó
516
77/0
2/02
03/0
404
/02
05/0
206
/01
06/3
007
/30
08/2
809
/27
10/2
711
/25
12/2
5(1
2)
78/0
1/23
Empó
616
78/0
2/21
03/2
304
/21
05/2
106
/19
07/1
908
/17
09/1
610
/16
11/1
412
/14
79/0
1/13
Empó
716
79/0
2/11
03/1
204
/11
05/1
006
/09
07/0
808
/07
09/0
510
/05
11/0
412
/03
80/0
1/02
Empó
816
80/0
2/01
03/0
103
/31
04/2
905
/28
06/2
607
/26
08/2
410
/23
11/2
112
/21
81/0
1/20
(8)
80/0
9/23
22Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le (c
ont.
)
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
alar
y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Tenn
a 1
1681
/02/
1903
/20
04/1
905
/18
06/1
607
/15
08/1
409
/12
10/1
211
/10
12/1
082
/01/
09
Tenn
a 2
1682
/02/
0803
/09
04/0
805
/08
06/0
607
/05
08/0
309
/02
10/0
110
/31
11/2
912
/29
Tenn
a 3
1683
/01/
2802
/27
03/2
804
/27
05/2
607
/24
08/2
209
/21
10/2
011
/19
12/1
884
/01/
17(5
) 83
/06/
25
Jóky
ó1
1684
/02/
1603
/16
04/1
505
/15
06/1
307
/13
08/1
109
/10
10/0
911
/07
12/0
785
/01/
05
Jóky
ó2
1685
/02/
0403
/05
04/0
405
/03
06/0
207
/02
07/3
108
/30
09/2
810
/28
11/2
612
/26
Jóky
ó3
1686
/01/
2402
/23
03/2
405
/22
06/2
107
/20
08/1
909
/18
10/1
711
/16
12/1
587
/01/
14(3
) 86
/04/
23
Jóky
ó4
1687
/02/
1203
/14
04/1
205
/11
06/1
007
/09
08/0
809
/07
10/0
611
/05
12/0
588
/01/
03
Gen
roku
116
88/0
2/02
03/0
204
/01
04/3
005
/29
06/2
807
/27
08/2
609
/24
10/2
411
/23
12/2
3
Gen
roku
216
89/0
1/21
03/2
104
/20
05/1
906
/17
07/1
708
/15
09/1
410
/13
11/1
212
/12
90/0
1/11
(1)
89/0
2/20
Gen
roku
316
90/0
2/09
03/1
104
/09
05/0
906
/07
07/0
608
/05
09/0
310
/02
11/0
112
/01
12/3
0
Gen
roku
416
91/0
1/29
02/2
803
/30
04/2
805
/28
06/2
607
/25
08/2
410
/21
11/2
012
/20
92/0
1/18
(8)
91/0
9/22
Gen
roku
516
92/0
2/17
03/1
804
/16
05/1
606
/15
07/1
408
/12
09/1
110
/10
11/0
812
/08
93/0
1/06
Gen
roku
616
93/0
2/05
03/0
704
/06
05/0
506
/04
07/0
308
/02
08/3
109
/30
10/2
911
/27
12/2
7
Gen
roku
716
94/0
1/25
02/2
403
/26
04/2
405
/24
07/2
208
/21
09/1
910
/19
11/1
712
/17
95/0
1/15
(5)
94/0
6/23
Gen
roku
816
95/0
2/13
03/1
504
/13
05/1
306
/12
07/1
108
/10
09/0
810
/08
11/0
712
/06
96/0
1/05
Gen
roku
916
96/0
2/03
03/0
404
/02
05/0
105
/31
06/2
907
/29
08/2
809
/26
10/2
611
/25
12/2
4
Gen
roku
10
1697
/01/
2302
/21
04/2
105
/20
06/1
907
/18
08/1
709
/15
10/1
511
/14
12/1
398
/01/
12(2
) 97
/03/
23
Gen
roku
11
1698
/02/
1103
/12
04/1
105
/10
06/0
807
/08
08/0
609
/04
10/0
411
/03
12/0
299
/01/
01
Gen
roku
12
1699
/01/
3103
/02
03/3
104
/30
05/2
906
/27
07/2
708
/25
09/2
311
/21
12/2
100
/01/
20(9
) 99
/10/
23
Gen
roku
13
1700
/02/
1903
/21
04/1
905
/19
06/1
707
/16
08/1
509
/13
10/1
211
/11
12/1
001
/01/
09
Ieyasu (1542-1616) Versus Ieyasu (1543-1616) 23Ta
ble
II–
Cal
endr
ical
Con
vers
ion
Tab
le (c
ont.
)
Year
in Ja
pa-
Firs
tSe
cond
Thir
dFo
urth
Fifth
Sixt
hSe
vent
hEi
ghth
Nin
eth
Tent
hEl
even
thTw
elve
thIn
terc
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y
nese
Cal
enda
rM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
Mon
thM
onth
José Miguel Pinto dos Santos24
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José Miguel Pinto dos Santos
Abstract
This note argues that the one to one correspondence that exists between thedates in the Japanese traditional calendar and those in the Julian and Gregoriancalendars should be carefully preserved. Unfortunately this correspondence is notalways respected. The birth date of Tokugawa Ieyasu is presented as an example of theimprecise conversion that is often made between those calendars. To help those whowish to convert dates between the Japanese and Western calendars we publish asimplified conversion table for the 16th and 17th centuries.
Resumo
Este artigo defende que a correspondência biunívoca entre o calendário tradi-cional japonês e os calendários Juliano e Gregoriano deve ser cuidadosamente preser-vada. Infelizmente esta correspondência nem sempre é respeitada. É apresentadacomo exemplo de conversão imprecisa, que é frequentemente feita entre o calendáriojaponês e os ocidentais, a data de nascimento de Tokugawa Ieyasu. Para ajudaraqueles que pretendam efectuar conversão de datas entre os calendários referidosapresentamos uma tabela de conversão para os séculos XVI e XVII.
26
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