GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM HEAVY

Twelfth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC12 2008, Alexandria, Egypt

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GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM HEAVY PUMPING IN NORTH GOVERNORATES OF GAZA STRIP,

PALESTINE (1994-2004)

Zeyad Abu Heen1, Khalil Tubail2 and Medhat Farouk Abu El-Naeem3

1. Dept. of Environment & Earth Sciences, Islamic University – Gaza, Palestine E-mail: [email protected]

2. College of Agriculture, Al Azhar University – Gaza, Palestine 3. Dept. of Geology, Al Azhar University – Gaza, Palestine

E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The northern part of the coastal area of Gaza Strip, Palestine, is considered as one of the most densely populated areas in the world with population density 5778 capita/km2. Groundwater is the only source of fresh water in this area while its inhabitants and water consumption increased rapidly. This study aims to study the effect of heavy pumping on water level declination and seawater intrusion. Maps for water level and rate of abstraction have been drawn, while a lithological cross section for the western side parallel to the sea shoreline has been drawn. Also, chlorographs (1994-2004) for the municipal and agriculture wells along the seashore line have been drawn to identify the areas of seawater intrusion. It is found that in (1994/1995) there were no data for rate of abstraction from municipal wells while a small cone of depression with average water level more than (1 m) below MSL and its area below zero level was about (2 km2) has been formed. In the second stage (1999/2000), about 64.5 % of the municipal production wells exceeded the recommended production rate (100 m3/hr) and reached to about 250 m3/hr. Most of the wells with high rate of production (> 200 m3/hr) were at the western part of Jabalia Town/Gaza City. This heavy pumping accelerated the formation of a big cone of depression with average water level more than (2 m) below MSL and its area below zero level was about (35 km2). So, the hydraulic gradients have been significantly reversed (from the sea). So, the chlorographs in this area showed a sudden change and fluctuation in chloride concentration with a value reached above 2000 mg/L. In the third stage (2003/2004), the percentage of wells that exceeded the recommended production rate (100 m3/hr) decreased to 47%, while the number of abstraction wells and their duration of production have increased to cover the population demand. Some of the wells with high rate of production (> 150 to < 250 m3/hr) were still next to chlorographs with sudden change and fluctuation in chloride concentration at western part of Jabalia Town/Gaza City. So, water level still declines rapidly and reached to more than 4 m below MSL and its area below zero level was about (44 km2). This situation has induced saline water from the sea to move into the aquifer. The average chloride concentrations was above 2500 mg/L and reached


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3346 mg/L at the western part of Jabalia Town far from the seashore by about 1.5 km. At the western part of Gaza city (next to seashore) was above 1000 mg/L and reached to 1459 mg/L at well R/162D far from the seashore by about 2 km. So, it can be concluded that this immensely important resource has been salinized rapidly in areas of heavy pumping by seawater intrusion. Consequently, a spatial and vertical re-distribution of the municipal wells and reduction the abstracted amount of water especially for the wells of high chloride concentration and those near to chlorographs of high chloride concentration is a must now for stopping this crisis. INTRODUCTION Groundwater is the most important component of the freshwater resources. It is the only source for many communities owing to its relatively low susceptibility to pollution and its relatively large storage.��In many coastal regions, severe groundwater deterioration as quantity and quality has been occurred mainly due to heavy pumping. The study area (Fig. 1) is the northern part of Gaza Strip. Its boundaries are Mediterranean Sea from the west, the Palestinian occupied areas to the east and north and Wadi Gaza to the south. It covers an area of about 135 km2. It consists of two Governorates (North and Gaza Governorates). At year 2004 more than 780,000 inhabitants are crowded into this area (5778 capita/km2). So, it is considered as one of the most densely populated areas all over the world. It has a characteristically semi-arid Mediterranean Sea climate, limited rainfall and negligible surface water resources while the groundwater is the only reliable resource for all uses. This tremendous increase in population accompanied with increasing in their demands. The density of wells is high with high abstraction rates and long pumping duration with low efficiency network system. This is beside highly intensive irrigated areas. These conditions lead to: 1) Groundwater level declination and formation of large drawdown cone. 2) Seawater intrusion. The objectives of this study are: (a) to obtain a comprehensive picture about the spatial distribution of rate of abstraction (of municipal wells); water level based on the hydrological year data, (b) to define the role of rate of abstraction on water level declination and seawater intrusion and its relation with the lithological distribution, (c) to provide considerable information that can be used in groundwater quality management and salinization control measures.


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Fig. 1: Location map of the study area HYDROLOGY BACKGROUND Israel has retained and changed the course of the two Wadis and they became dry (fresh surface water resources are negligible). The aquifer runs parallel to the Sea. It is basically phreatic, of sand, sandstone, and silt interbedded with clays that divide it vertically into several subaquifers. Rainfall is the major recharge component. The existing groundwater abstraction wells in the northern part are about 1556 agriculture wells (year 2000 well survey) and 57 municipal wells (year 2004 well survey) (PWA, 2005). It is believed that more water is pumped or discharged from the aquifer than naturally replenishes it (Fig. 3). The pumping rate is much higher due to illegal connections, illegal wells, and leakage in distribution system and eastern border Israeli wells (Mogheir, 1997).


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Fig. 2: Hydrogeological cross section of aquifer (PWA, 2000a)

Northern Governorate

Gaza Governorate

Medite

rranea

n Sea

Wadi Gaza

Groundwater Balance

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Inflow <�� = Water deficit

Fig. 3: Water balance of the study area


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APPROACH, METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS In this study a principle of using data for a hydrological year (October to September) has been applied for 3 stages 1994/1995, 1999/2000 and 2003/2004 through the study period (1994-2004). Rainfall data used in this study are collected from eight rainfall stations. The production rate data of each municipal well in the North Governorate and Gaza Municipality were collected from LEKA and from the Coastal Municipal Water Utility (CMWU) for the hydrological years (1999/2000) and (2003/2004) respectively. Unfortunately, there were no data for their rates of abstraction consequently; we were concerned here with the municipal wells only. For the hydrological years 1994/1995, 1999/2000, and 2003/2004, there were 45, 49 and 64 agricultural monitoring wells respectively throughout the study area. It can be observed from the maps (Fig. 4 a, b and c) that there was not a uniform distribution for water level monitoring wells in the study area.

A/95

A/53A/53A/53A/53A/53A/53A/53A/53A/53A/53

F/75F/75F/75F/75F/75F/75F/75F/75F/75F/75F/75

A/31

24

F/21

24

2C

F/21

24

2C

A/112

2C

2424

A/95A/95

2C

24

A/95

2C2C

24

2C

D/34

D/6

24

2CQ/2

24

A/95

24

A/95

D/6

24

E/3225A25A

E/3225A

E/32E/3225B25B25B

A/21

25A

A/95

25BE/32

A/21

25A

Q/31

Q/15

Q/31

E/32

Q/31

A/21

25B

Q/31

A/95

Q/31

E/32

A/115

25A

Q/31

A/21

25A

Q/31

G/24B

Q/31

Q/20

Q/31

A/112

Q/20

25B

Q/31

D/3425B

Q/31

Q/20

25A

Q/20

Q/31

D/6

A/115

A/47

Q/2

3B

Q/20

A/115

Q/20

25B

C/79

Q/20

C/79C/79

Q/20

C/79C/79

A/64

D/34

C/79

25B

A/115

Q/20

A/115

C/79 C/12A

A/64

3B

25A

G/24B

Q/20

C/79

F/21

G/24BG/24B

3B3B

Q/20

C/12A

G/24B

F/43

G/24B

F/21F/21

A/107

A/115

A/64

G/10

A/115

G/24BG/24B

F/21F/21G/10

C/3C

F/21

G/24B

3B

C/12A

A/31

G/13 F/21

G/24B

G/10

C/12A

Q/15

A/115

F/43

F/21

G/24B

G/13

C/12AC/12AC/12AC/12A

G/10

C/104

C/78

F/21

A/64

G/10G/10

A/64A/64

G/10

A/64

G/10F/26

C/78

A/31

C/104

G/10

C/12A

F/43

C/104

F/141

Q/2

G/103B

C/104

C/78C/78

F/141

A/107

3BG/10

F/26

Q/15Q/56

F/85

F/43

C/78

3B

C/78C/78

Q/56

C/104

Q/56

A/115

G/26

F/26 3BF/26F/26 3B

F/85

Q/56

C/104

G/13

C/78

F/26

Q/56

C/104

F/26

C/78

A/64

F/85

A/107

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G/13F/26

F/85

C/78

A/115

C/78

3B

F/85

G/26

F/85

F/26F/26 3B

A/107

G/13

F/43

C/12A

F/26

F/85

A/64

Q/56

F/85

C/104

G/13

Q/56

S/11

F/85

G/13

A/107

B/4

G/13

Q/56

C/104B/4

A/64

C/3C

Q/56

B/4

A/107

G/13

29

C/49

29

Q/56

C/49

F/134

C/3CC/3C

G/13

C/49C/3C

8B

29

G/13

C/3CC/3C

8B

F/141F/134

S/11

F/68A

8A

C/79C/3C

29

F/68A

8A

C/91

B/4

F/134

29

8B

C/3CC/3C

B/4

A/21 C/3CC/3C

S/15

F/43

26B

F/134

8A

F/134

26B

F/43

B/4

C/79

8B

29

S/11

S/15

C/12A

F/848B

B/4

26B

S/11

8A8B

27

C/79A/21

F/134F/134

29

B/4

26B

S/15

F/68A

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S/11

A/21

S/11

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8A

F/43

A/21

B/4

F/134F/85

A/112

S/15

8B

F/68AF/68A

F/84

S/11S/11

27

F/134

27

A/21

S/15

B/4

F/134F/43

8B

S/15

8A

B/4

S/11

F/134

26B

F/85

A/21

8B

S/11

S/15S/15

26B

F/43

F/68A

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C/49

S/15

F/84

A/21

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F/848A

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S/15

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27

S/11

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27

F/84

26B

C/49

F/84

F/68A

27

F/68A

8A8B

C/49

F/84

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C/49

F/84

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C/24

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C/49C/49

F/84

2727

F/96F/96F/84

27

F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96

B/5

C/3CC/3C

91000 93000 95000 97000 99000 101000 103000 105000 107000

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wells Location

1994/1995

F/68B

F/213B

G/10

G/21

G/13

F/68A

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F/106

F/121

C/12A

S/15

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6A6D6B6C

G/24B

6A6D6B

F/43

6C

G/24B

E/4536B36A

E/32

A/107

E/12

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2C

24

A/95

29

2D

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A/21

D/34

A/115

A/64

Q/31

C/78

Q/20

C/61

D/30

Q/12

A/53 B/4

Q/56

C/49 C/12A

F/96

C/48

F/121

F/138

F/134

C/104

S/15

S/11

C/3C

F/106

F/68B

6A

F/43

F/21

F/68A

G/24B

6D6B

8B8A

3B

6C

G/21

F/26G/10G/13

F/84

F/68B

6A

F/43

F/21

F/68AG/21

G/10

G/24B

6D

G/13

6B

F/84

8B8A

3B

6C

F/138F/68BF/68BF/68A

D/34

6A

F/68B

6D6B

3B

F/68A

6C

8B

F/84

8A F/96

C/48

S/11

F/121

S/15

E/45

A/53

A/107

A/21

A/64

A/115

E/32

A/95

D/30

6A

G/10

6D

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6B

G/21

6C

G/24B8B

F/43F/84

F/26

F/85

G/13

F/121

S/11

S/15

F/213B

F/43

8B

F/84

8A

F/121

S/15

F/138

S/11

E/4536B36A A/21

25B25A

2C

24

E/12

E/32

A/95

29

D/30

26B

G/21

G/10G/13F/26

D/34

Q/31

F/134

C/78

B/4

F/106

C/49C/48

F/96

C/12A

F/121

F/138

Q/12

C/3C

C/104

F/68B

Q/31

3B

F/68A

S/11

S/15

F/138F/68A

A/53

D/34

A/64

A/107

A/115

C/78

Q/56

C/61

C/49C/48 C/3C

C/104

F/68B

G/10

G/24B

G/21F/68A

Q/20

F/84F/85

F/26G/13

S/11

S/15

G/10 F/21

F/43F/134

F/26G/13

C/48

F/134

F/138

E/4536B36A

25B25A

2CE/12

24

A/95

29

26B

Q/31

F/43

Q/20

F/84

8B8AF/85

F/134

F/96

Q/12

F/138

E/4536B36A A/21

25A25B

A/115

E/32

2C

A/95

24

29

26B

2D

E/4536B36A A/21

A/115

25B25A

E/12

E/32

2C

29

24

26B

D/30

2D

A/53

D/34

A/64

D/30

E/12

A/107

B/4

C/49

C/61

C/104

E/45

A/107

36B36A

A/95

2C

29

24

2D

25B25A D/30

26B

A/53

A/64

Q/31

A/107

B/5

C/49

C/104

Q/12

E/4536B36A A/21

27

25A25BE/32

2C

29

A/95

24

26B

2D

E/4536B36A

25A25BE/32

2C

6A

24

G/24B

6D

2D

6B

26B

6C

C/78

Q/56

C/12A

C/48

F/121

C/3C

F/138

A/53

A/21

A/115

E/12

B/4

C/61

C/49

C/104

C/78C/12A

Q/20

C/61

F/96

C/48 C/3C

F/134

A/53

A/64

A/115

A/107

C/12AC/49

C/104

C/48 C/3CE/4536B36A

A/115

D/34

E/12

A/64

25A25B

A/107

E/32

2C

D/30

24

29

A/95

2D

26B

A/53

A/21

A/64

E/12

A/107

D/30

A/11529

C/78

A/95

C/49

C/61

C/12A

C/104

C/3CE/45

A/53

36B36A

D/34

A/21

A/64

25A25B D/30

A/115

2C

24

A/95

29

26B

2D

Q/31

F/21

Q/20

F/43

F/96

3B

Q/12

F/68A

F/84

8B

S/15

8A

S/11

F/85

A/64

Q/31

C/78

E/32

C/12A

F/96

C/3CC/48

Q/12

F/21

F/68B

F/43

3B F/121

F/68A

S/15

F/84

8B

S/11

8A

F/106

E/4536B36A

27

25A25B

E/12

E/32

2C

29

A/95

24

26B

2D

Q/31

C/78

C/61

Q/20

Q/12

A/21

Q/31

B/4

C/78

Q/20

Q/56

C/49C/48

C/61

C/12A

Q/12

C/104

A/107

E/12

E/32

C/49

C/104

Q/12

F/68BG/21

G/10G/13

F/134F/106

E/45

27

36B36A

A/115

A/107

25A25B

E/12

E/32

2C

A/95

29

24

D/30

26B

2D

F/21

F/68B

Q/56

Q/20

F/43

G/24B

3B F/121

F/68A

S/15

F/84

8B

S/11

8AF/85

6A

G/24B

6D6B6C

A/53

A/21

A/64

A/115

A/107

C/78C/12AC/49

C/61

C/48

E/12

F/121

F/138

S/15

S/11

C/3CE/45

A/53

36B A/2136A

A/64

E/12

25A25B D/30

A/115

E/32

2C

24

A/95

29

26B

2D

Q/31

C/78

B/4

Q/20

C/12A

C/61

C/48

F/134

F/138F/106

A/53

A/64

A/21

C/78C/49

F/134F/106

Q/31

Q/20

C/104

C/3C

Q/12

F/106

F/68B

F/21G/13

F/43

F/1213B

F/68A

S/15

F/84

8B

S/11

8A

E/4536B A/2136A

D/34

A/115

E/12

25A25B

2C

24

D/30

29

A/95

2D

26B

F/68B

6A

F/43

F/21

F/68A

G/24B

G/10

6D6B

F/106

G/13

F/96F/84 F/134

8B8A

3B

6C

B/4D/34

A/107

Q/56

C/49

C/61

C/104

F/68B

Q/56

F/96

3B F/121

F/84

8B8A

S/15

C/3C

Q/56

B/4C/104

F/96

Q/12

C/48

G/21

6B

G/10

6D

G/13

6A6C

G/10

G/21

G/13

F/68B

F/21

F/43

F/121

F/134

3B

F/68A

F/84

8B

S/11

8A

G/21

6A

G/10

G/24B

6D6B6C

G/21

Q/31

F/21

Q/20

C/78

F/43

F/96

C/48

3B

F/84

F/121

F/106

C/12A

Q/12

8B8A

F/138

C/3C

6A

G/24B

6D6B6C

Q/31

D/34

Q/20

F/43

C/12A

C/61

F/134

C/3C

F/84

8B8AF/85

F/106

S/15

A/53

Q/31

A/64

A/107

E/32

C/78

Q/20

B/4

C/61

C/49 C/12A

C/48

Q/12

C/104

C/3C

D/34

Q/31

B/4

Q/20

Q/56

C/48

Q/12

6A6D

G/24B

6B

F/134

S/15

6C

S/11

F/68B

F/121

S/11

6A

G/24B

6D6B6C

91000 93000 95000 97000 99000 101000 103000 105000 107000

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95000

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100000

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103000

104000

105000

106000

107000

108000

109000

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111000

1999/2000

Medite

rane

an S

ea

wells Location

24

27272727

25A25B

26B

2C2D

2E

2F

36A36A36A

36A36B36B36B36B

3A3B3B3B

8A

8A

8A8B8B8B

A/107A/107

A/107

A/107A/107

A/21

A/21

A/21A/21

A/31A/31A/31

A/47A/47A/47A/53 A/53A/53A/53

A/64

C/104C/104

C/104

C/104C/104

C/126C/126C/126

C/12AC/12AC/12A

C/12A

C/12AC/12AC/12A

C/27C/27C/27C/27C/30C/30C/30

C/3CC/3C

C/3C

C/3CC/3CC/3CC/48C/48C/48C/48C/48

C/49C/49C/49C/49C/49C/49

C/61C/61

C/61

C/61

C/78

C/78

C/78

D/34D/34

D/34

D/34

D/6D/6D/6

E/116E/116

E/12E/12E/12

E/12

E/32E/32

E/32

E/32

E/45E/45

E/45E/45

F/121F/121F/121

F/121

F/121F/121

F/21F/21F/21F/21F/21F/21F/21F/21F/21

F/43F/43F/43

F/43

F/43F/43F/43F/43

F/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68B

F/68BF/68BF/68B

F/84

F/84

F/84F/84F/84F/84

G/10G/10G/10

G/10

G/10G/10G/10G/10G/10G/13G/13G/13

G/24BG/24BG/24B

G/24B

G/24BG/24BG/24BG/24B

G/26G/26G/26G/26G/26

Q/2Q/2

Q/20Q/20

Q/20

Q/20Q/20

S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11

S/11

S/11S/11

S/15S/15S/15S/15

S/15S/15

91000 93000 95000 97000 99000 101000 103000 105000 107000

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96000

97000

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99000

100000

101000

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103000

104000

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106000

107000

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109000

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Med

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Sea

Wells Location 2003/2004

Figure4 a, b and c: Location map of water level wells in the study area in 1994/1995


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In this study, 14 lithological wells had been used to draw a cross section close to the shoreline in the western side (Fig. 5) using WinLog and WinFence software. Chloride concentration (1994-2004) for agriculture and municipal wells were chosen for drawing chlorographs along the seashore.

Fig. 5: Lithological wells used in drawing a cross section

Data analysis had been done using softwares programs involving the use of Excel for drawing graphs, tables and making statistics for data, Surfer (Version 8) for drawing maps, WinLog 4 and WinFence to graphically create detailed, full-color, cross-sections and fence diagrams to interpret and map soil and rock layers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Rainfall Conditions The major renewable resource of groundwater recharge in the study area changed from year to year and from place to another. Average amount of rainfall in all rain stations decreased from (1994/1995) till it reached to lowest value in 1998/1999 as shown in (Fig. 6). Then, it began to increase till it reached to the highest value in 2002/2003 and then decreased again in (2003/2004).


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Av erage amount of rainf all f or the eight stations

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Fig. 7: A graph for rate of production (1999/2000)


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Table 1. Rate of production in study area (1999/2000)

Location No. of wells Production rate > 100 Production rate < 100 North 27 70% 30%

Gaza Municipality 18 56% 44% North and Gaza 45 64.50% 35.50%

It can be seen also from the map (Fig. 8) that the production wells mostly concentrated within a limited part of the study area. Most of the wells with high rate of production were found in the western side of the North Governorate and Gaza City and especially in the North Governorate. The highest rate of production in the North in well (Q68) was toward the eastern part while highest rate of production in Gaza in well (R162L) was toward the western part. Most of the production wells with rate above (200 m3/hr) were toward the western part of the study area. The total amount of water abstracted from the study area for the hydrological year (1999/2000) was about (41) Mm3. The wells distribution and their rates of abstraction had been affected by the urban area and their rapid growth in limited areas.

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In (2003/2004) the pumping rate was reduced but the number of wells and their pumping duration increased to cover the population demand (Fig. 9) and (Table 2).

Production Rate of Northern Governorates 2003/2004

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Fig. 9: A graph for rate of production (2003/2004)

Table 2. Rate of production in study area (2003/2004)

Location No. of wells Production rate > 100 Production rate < 100 North 28 50% 50%

Gaza Municipality 21 43% 57% North and Gaza 49 47.00% 53.00%

Figure (10) shows that most of the wells with rate above 200 m3/hr were found toward the western part of the study area and especially in the North Governorate. The production wells mostly concentrated in a limited part of the study area. The highest rate of production in the North in wells (Q68) which was toward the eastern part and (D74) which was toward the western part, while highest rate of production in Gaza in well (R25D) was toward the eastern part. The total production of the wells for this year was about (44.5 Mm3) (PWA, 2005). The high rate of production exceeds the recommended production rate from PWA (100 m3/hr) of course will affect extremely the produced water quality with time. It will accelerate the water salinity problem with time especially in the western areas which are near to the seashore.


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Fig. 10: A map for rate of production (2003/2004) 3 Groundwater Level and Flow Regime Conditions Changes in water levels in wells reflect changes in recharge to and discharge from an aquifer. Groundwater level can be influenced by many factors, including precipitation and abstraction. Water-level changes leads to changes in groundwater flow direction. The maps in Figure (11 a, b and c) shows a cone of depression in the northern part of the study area that has expanded through three stages. It began in (19994/1995) with a water level less than 1m below MSL, and its area below zero level was about (2 km2). In (1999/2000), this cone had expanded and depressed where water level became less than 2 m below MSL and its area below zero level became about (35 km2) and in (2003/2004), it became less than 4 m below MSL and its area below zero level became about (44 km2). This hydrological depression which formed as a result of the overexploitation of the aquifer, have diverted the natural flow direction.


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Fig. 11 a, b and c: Maps of average groundwater levels and direction of movement

The dry period from (1994/1995) till it reached to lowest value in (1998/1999) accelerated the lowering and expanding of this cone. After that, in spite of the increasing trend in rainfall amount from (1999/2000) to (2002/2003) there was a continuity in increasing of over-exploitation of groundwater especially under paved urban areas (Gaza City and Jabalia Town). These areas decreased the area of recharge with rainfall and included high density of wells and high rate of abstraction that led to the continuity in lowering and expanding of this cone. The municipal wells have been operate almost 24 hours a day with an abstraction rate exceeds a 100 m3/hr, noting that these wells are very close to each others which led to a low pressure zone that leads to seawater intrusion to invade this low pressure zones.


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In (2003/2004) the water level in the southeastern part is increased to some extent as a result of presence of wide scorched lands in this area. The abstracted water from agriculture wells nearly stopped by destroying from Israel military while the received rainfall percolates without interception on the surface by plants. An overlay for correlation has been made between water level map and rate of abstraction map for the hydrological years (1999/2000) and (2003/2004) as shown in (Fig. 12 a and b). In (1999/2000) the deepest part of the cone of depression coincided with four wells D/68, D/69, E/154 and E/157. The rate of abstraction of these wells was above 200 m3/hr. This means that there was a direct effect of the rate of abstraction on the water level in the aquifer. Pumping is the other main factor affecting the water level beside rainfall. The effect of rainfall is regional in scale while the effect of pumping is local. In (2003/2004), it is well observed that the lowest parts of the big cone of depression with average level (-4) meters (below M.S.L.) are located in Jabalia Town.

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Fig. 12 a, b: Overlay between water level maps and rate of abstraction maps This area was conceding with the area of high rate of abstraction of well D/74 (above 200 m3/hr) and high density of wells most of them above 150 m3/hr such as D/68, D/69, D/71, E/157, A/185 and D/72. 4. Lithological Cross Section For studying the role of lithology in seawater intrusion in the study area, data of (14) lithological wells are used in drawing a cross section (NE–SW) as shown in (Fig. 13). The importance of the western side cross section is to show the role of the aquifer's


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lithological characteristics on limiting seawater intrusion where seawater can intrude into the aquifer at different rates, depending on the hydraulic regime inland and lithological characteristics. The western section extends along NE - SW parallel to the shoreline and far by about (1-1.5 km). It can be observed from this cross section that the lithological log of wells (A/196, 25A-B and R/162E) does not contain clay within their lithological record. The high permeability of the sand and calcareous sandstone in the upper vadose zone and absence of clay layers or lenses in these wells enables rapid seawater intrusion in it.

Fig. 13: Cross section along the western border in the direction of NE-SW

5. Chlorographs along the Seashore Line In the study area where continuous heavy pumping causes a reduction of the water levels and forming a big cone of depression reached to 4 m below MSL, seawater intrusion or a vertical up-coning in summer season due to the increase of the abstraction rate of the pumping wells results in a salinity breakthrough. Thus a time-series of chloride concentrations can record the early evolution of relatively rapid salinization (Bear et al. 1999). Some of the municipal (Fig. 14) and agricultural wells (Fig. 15) that are close to the seashore line show a sudden and/or fluctuating increase in the concentration of chloride with time from 1994 until 2004.


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Municipal Wells 2003 / 2004

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Fig. 14: Municipal wells show sudden and fluctuating increase in salinity

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B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5B/5

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C/111C/111C/111C/111C/111C/111C/111C/111C/111C/111C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113C/113

C/114C/114

C/121 C/122C/122

C/125C/125C/125C/125C/125C/125

C/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12AC/12A

C/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12BC/12CC/12CC/12CC/12CC/12CC/12C

C/13C/13

C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14C/14

C/15AC/15AC/15AC/15AC/15AC/15AC/15AC/15A

C/15BC/15BC/15BC/15BC/15BC/15B

C/16AC/16AC/16AC/16AC/16AC/16AC/16A

C/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16BC/16B

C/17AC/17AC/17AC/17AC/17AC/17A C/17BC/17B

C/2C/2C/2C/2C/2C/2C/2C/2C/2C/2C/2

C/20C/20C/20C/20C/20C/20C/20C/20

C/21C/21C/21C/21C/21C/21C/21C/21C/21C/23C/23C/23C/23

C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33C/33

C/34C/34C/34C/34C/34C/34C/34C/34C/34

C/35C/35C/35C/35C/35C/35C/35C/35C/35

C/36C/36C/36C/36C/36C/36C/36

C/38C/38C/38C/38C/38

C/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3AC/3A C/3BC/3BC/3BC/3BC/3BC/3B

C/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3CC/3C

C/43C/43C/43C/43C/43C/43C/43C/43

C/47C/47C/47C/47

C/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47AC/47A

C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48C/48

C/49C/49C/49C/49C/49C/49C/49

C/4AC/4A

C/50C/50C/50C/50C/50C/50C/50C/50


C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/52C/53

C/54C/54

C/55AC/55AC/55AC/55AC/55AC/56AC/56A

C/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56BC/56B

C/6

C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61C/61

C/67

C/69C/69C/69C/69C/69C/69

C/7C/7C/7C/7C/7C/7C/7

C/70C/70C/70C/70C/70C/70

C/76C/76

C/77C/77C/77C/77C/77C/77

C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78C/78


C/9C/9C/9C/9C/9C/9

C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91C/91 C/92C/92C/92C/92C/92C/92C/92C/92C/92

C/93

C/95

D/11D/11D/11D/11D/11D/11D/11

D/14D/14D/15D/15D/15D/15D/15D/15D/15D/15

D/20D/20D/20D/20D/20D/20D/20D/20

D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30D/30

D/32D/32D/32

D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34D/34

D/4D/4D/4D/4D/4D/4D/4D/4

D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43D/43

D/5

D/55D/55D/55D/55D/55D/55

D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58D/58

D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6D/6

D/60

D/65

D/9D/9D/9D/9D/9D/9D/9D/9D/9D/9D/9

E/1E/1E/1E/1

E/10E/10E/10E/10E/10E/10E/10E/10E/10E/10E/10

E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102E/102

E/104

E/107E/107E/107

E/109E/109E/109E/109E/109E/109E/109E/109E/109E/109E/109

E/110E/110E/111E/111E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113E/113

E/114AE/114AE/114AE/114AE/114AE/114AE/114AE/114BE/114BE/114BE/114BE/114BE/114BE/114B

E/115E/115E/115E/115

E/11AE/11A

E/11CE/11C

E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12E/12

E/125E/127E/127E/127E/127E/127E/127E/127E/127E/127E/127E/127

E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128E/128

E/138E/138E/138E/138E/138E/138E/138E/138E/138

E/144E/144E/144E/144E/144

E/149E/149

E/158E/158E/158E/158

E/17

E/23E/23E/23E/24BE/24BE/24BE/24BE/24BE/24BE/24BE/24BE/24B

E/25

E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26E/26

E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28E/28

E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/30E/31

E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32E/32

E/33E/33

E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35E/35

E/37E/37E/37E/37E/37E/37E/37E/37E/37

E/4

E/40E/41E/41E/41E/41 E/42E/42E/42E/42E/42E/42E/42E/42E/42

E/43E/43E/43E/43E/43E/43E/43E/43E/43

E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45E/45

E/47 E/5E/50


E/58E/58E/58E/58E/58E/58E/58

E/6E/6E/6

E/60E/60E/60E/60

E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/61E/62E/62E/62E/62E/62E/62E/62E/62E/62

E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63E/63 E/64E/65E/65E/65E/65E/65E/65E/65

E/66


E/73E/73E/73 E/74E/74E/74

E/75

E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/78E/79E/79E/79E/79E/79E/79E/79E/79E/79E/79E/80

E/81

E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/85E/88E/88E/88E/88E/88E/88

E/89E/89

E/9E/9E/9

E/93E/94E/94E/94E/94E/94E/94E/94E/94E/94E/94

F/103

F/105F/105F/105F/105F/106F/106F/106F/106F/106F/106F/106F/106

F/108F/108F/108F/108F/108F/108F/108F/108F/108

F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109F/109

F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111F/111

F/112F/113

F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114F/114

F/117F/117F/117F/117F/120F/120F/120F/120

F/120A


F/124F/124F/124 F/125

F/127F/127F/127F/127F/127F/127F/127F/127F/127F/127

F/128F/128F/128F/128F/128F/128F/128F/128F/128

F/131F/131F/131

F/134F/134F/134F/134F/134F/134F/134F/134

F/136F/136F/136F/136F/136F/136F/136F/136F/136

F/137F/137

F/138F/138F/138F/138F/138F/138F/138F/138F/138

F/141F/141F/141F/141F/141

F/143F/143F/143F/143F/143

F/146

F/152

F/156F/156F/156 F/157F/157F/157

F/16F/16F/16F/16F/16F/16F/16F/16F/16

F/163

F/171

F/182F/182

F/198

F/24F/24F/24F/24

F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35F/35

F/36F/36F/36F/36F/36F/36F/36F/36F/36F/36

F/37F/37F/37F/37F/37F/37F/37F/37F/37F/37

F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/43F/46

F/47F/47F/47F/47F/47

F/52F/52F/52F/52F/52F/52F/53F/53F/53F/53

F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/62F/64 F/67

F/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68AF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68BF/68B

F/70F/70F/70F/70F/70F/70F/70F/70F/70F/70F/70

F/71F/71F/71F/71F/71F/71F/71F/71F/71F/71

F/73

F/75F/75F/75

F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76F/76

F/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76AF/76A

F/77F/77F/77F/77F/77F/77F/77F/77F/77F/77F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78F/78

F/82F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/83F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84F/84

F/85F/85


F/92

F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96F/96

F/97F/97F/97

F/98F/99F/99

F-I-14

F-I-22

F-I-29F-I-30

G/24AG/24AG/24AG/24AG/24A

G/24BG/24BG/24BG/24BG/24BG/24BG/24BG/24BG/24B

G/24CG/24CG/24CG/24CG/24CG/24C

G/42G/42G/42G/42G/42G/42G/42G/42G/42

G/43G/43G/43G/43G/43G/43

Q/1Q/1Q/1Q/1Q/1Q/1Q/1Q/1Q/1Q/1

Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10Q/10

Q/11Q/11Q/11

Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/12Q/14Q/14Q/14Q/14Q/14Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15Q/15

Q/16Q/16

Q/17Q/17Q/17Q/17Q/17Q/17Q/17Q/18Q/18Q/18Q/18Q/18Q/18Q/18Q/18

Q/19Q/19

Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2Q/2

Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/20Q/21Q/21Q/21Q/21Q/21Q/21Q/21Q/21

Q/22Q/24Q/24

Q/26Q/26Q/26Q/26Q/27Q/27Q/27

Q/28Q/28Q/28

Q/29Q/29

Q/3Q/3Q/3Q/3Q/3Q/3Q/3Q/3

Q/30Q/30

Q/31Q/31Q/31Q/31Q/31Q/31Q/31Q/31Q/32

Q/33Q/33Q/33Q/33Q/33Q/33Q/33Q/33Q/33

Q/35Q/37Q/37

Q/38Q/39Q/39

Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/4Q/40AQ/40AQ/40AQ/40AQ/40A

Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41Q/41

Q/45

Q/46Q/46

Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48Q/48

Q/5Q/5Q/5Q/5Q/5

Q/50Q/50

Q/51

Q/53Q/53Q/54AQ/54AQ/54AQ/54AQ/54AQ/54AQ/54AQ/54AQ/54AQ/54A

Q/54B

Q/54DQ/54DQ/54DQ/54DQ/54DQ/54DQ/55Q/55Q/55Q/55Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56Q/56

Q/57Q/57Q/57Q/57Q/57

Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58Q/58

Q/6Q/6

Q/7Q/7

Q/8Q/8Q/8Q/8Q/8Q/8Q/8Q/8Q/8Q/8

R/10R/10

R/101R/101R/101R/101R/102

R/106

R/107

R/108R/108R/108R/108R/108R/108R/108R/108

R/109 R/110

R/112R/112R/112R/112R/112R/112R/112

R/116

R/12R/12R/12

R/120R/121

R/122

R/125R/125R/125R/125R/125R/125R/125R/125R/125R/125R/126

R/127

R/128R/128R/128R/129R/129R/129R/129R/129

R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13R/13

R/130R/130R/130R/130R/130R/130R/130R/131R/131R/131R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133R/133

R/134R/134

R/135R/135

R/136

R/137

R/141R/141R/141

R/142R/142R/142R/143

R/146R/146R/146R/146R/146R/146R/146R/146

R/147R/147R/147R/147R/147R/147R/147

R/160R/160R/160R/160R/160R/160R/160R/160R/160

R/162B

R/162C

R/162LR/162LR/162LR/162LR/162LR/162LR/162L

R/16AR/16AR/16AR/16AR/16AR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/16BR/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170R/170

R/171

R/174

R/179

R/183

R/184R/184

R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185R/185

R/189R/189R/189R/189

R/194

R/197R/197R/197R/197R/197R/197R/197R/197R/199R/199R/199R/199R/199R/199R/199R/199

R/2

R/20R/20R/20R/20R/201/1R/201/2 R/207

R/210R/210R/210R/210R/210R/210R/210R/210R/210R/210R/210

R/211

R/212R/212R/212R/212R/212R/212R/212R/212

R/216R/216R/216R/216R/216R/216R/216R/216R/216R/216R/216

R/218R/218

R/219R/219

R/22

R/222R/222

R/225

R/23R/23R/23R/23

R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236R/236

R/240R/240R/240

R/243

R/247R/247R/247

R/249R/249R/253R/253R/253R/253

R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255R/255

R/256

R/257

R/259R/259R/259R/259

R/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25AR/25BR/25CR/25CR/25D

R/26AR/26AR/26A R/27

R/28R/28R/28R/28

R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3R/3

R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30R/30

R/32R/33R/33

R/34

R/38R/38R/38R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42R/42

R/43R/43R/43

R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46R/46



R/54R/54

R/6R/6

R/60R/60R/60R/60R/60R/60R/60R/60R/60R/60

R/62R/62R/62R/62R/62R/62R/62R/62R/62 R/67R/67

R/75

R/84R/84R/84


R/88R/88

R/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8AR/8A

R/8BR/8BR/8BR/8B

R/90R/90

R/93


S/1

S/10S/10S/10S/10S/10S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11S/11

S/55S/55S/55S/55S/55S/55S/55

S/6S/6S/6S/6

S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/7S/8

S/9S/9S/9S/9S/9S/9S/9S/9S/9S/9S/9

Registered Agriculture Wells

Medite

rrane

an S

ea

fluctuating increase in salinity

Circled wells with sudden and

E/28

R/112

Fig. 15: Agriculture wells show sudden and fluctuating increase in salinity Wells such as E/85, E/154, R/162D, R/112, E/144, E/60 E/61 E/62 E/85 E/37 E/65, E/35, E/65 and A/159 have been impacted by localized shallow seawater intrusion, as demonstrated by the chloride breakthrough curves. In well E/85, chloride values reached 3498 mg/l during the summer season of 2002. Reduced pumping as a result of the wet year 2002/2003 helped in recovering of the salinity in this well to about 2357 mg/l, but in 2004, chloride levels started increasing sharply once again to about 3346


��

mg/l. Well No. (E/80) is located about one km from the shoreline with chloride concentration is 12124 mg/l at 2003, and is presently shut down. Similarly, by well No. E/65 that located at about 750 m far from the shoreline has chloride concentration increased from 558 mg/l in (1994/1995) to 595 mg/l in 1999, then sharply to more than 2,260 mg/l in 2001. Some of these wells are far from the sea shoreline by about 1.5 km. CONCLUSIONS Groundwater, which is immensely important resource, is facing a huge and accelerated depletion and seawater intrusion due to heavy pumping. The Poor hydrological management accelerated water level declination (< 4 m) and increasing in area of the cone of depression from 2 to 35 to 44 km2 induced seawater intrusion to about 1.5 Km. Rapid salinization along the seashore (West of Jabalia/Gaza City) (Cl > 2500 mg/l) was a result of the high density and rate of abstraction wells. The lithological characters of little clay lenses interbeded among sands and calcareous sandstones at the western side of Jabalia Town and Gaza City played an important role in accelerating landward penetrating of seawater intrusion. West of Gaza City, there are five production municipal wells which affected the water level and leads to seawater intrusion. This is recorded from a fluctuation in chloride concentration for the municipal well R/112. On the other hand, the declining in water level in this area in the water level map was obscured due to the absence of monitoring water level in this area. There was an improvement in the southeastern part of the study area that attributed to the presence of wide scorched lands where the recharge by rainfall became higher while the abstracted water from agriculture wells nearly stopped by destroying from Israel Military. REFERENCES - Abu-Zahra, B. A. (2001). Water Crisis in Palestine. Journal of Desalination 136:

93-99. - Appleyard, S. (1995). The Impact of Urban Development on Recharge and

Groundwater Quality in a Coastal Aquifer near Perth, Western Australia. Hydrogeology Journal, 3/2.

- Aroglu, F. and Gultekin, G. (1997). Impacts of Human Activities on Groundwater Quality of an Alluvial Aquifer. A Case Study of the Eskiehir Plain, Turkey. Hydrogeology Journal, 5/3.

- Bear, J. and Cheng, A. (1999). Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifer, Concepts, Methods and Practices. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 51-69, Dordrecht -Boston-London.

- Ghassemi, F., T. H. Chen, A. J. Jakeman, and G. Jacobson, (1993). Two and Three Dimensional Simulation of Seawater Intrusion. Performances of the SUTRA and HST3D models, AGSO J. Australian. Geology. & Geophysics, 14/2-3: 219-226.


��

- Kamra, S. K., Khajanchi Lal, Singh O. P. and Boonstra J. (2002). Effect of Pumping on Temporal changes in groundwater quality. Agricultural Water Management 56/2:169-178.

- Kumar, C. P. (2001). Management of Groundwater in Salt Water Ingress Coastal Aquifers. National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee – 247667.

- Melloul, A. J. and. Azmon, J. (1997). A Graphic Expression of Salinization and Pollution of Groundwater The case of Israel’s groundwater. Environmental Geology 30 (1/2) March.

- Melloul, A. J. and Goldenberg, L. C. (1997). Monitoring of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. Basics and Local Concerns Environmental Management Journal 51: 73–86.

- Mogheir, Y. (1997). Seawater Intrusion Modeling and Monitoring in the Gaza Strip Aquifer Palestine. M.Sc. Thesis. IHE Delft, Holland.

- Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), (2004). - Palestinian Water Authority PWA, (2001a). Cl and NO3 Concentration Maps

Evaluation and Assessments 2000. Water Resources and Planning Department, Hydrology Section, Gaza, Palestine.

- Palestinian Water Authority PWA, (2001b). Municipal wells in the Gaza Governorates Evaluation and Assessment. Water Resources and Planning Department, Hydrology Section Gaza, Palestine.

- Palestinian Water Authority PWA, (2001c). Wells Lithology in Gaza Governorates. Second edition Unpublished report, Gaza, Palestine.

- Palestinian Water Authority PWA, (2004). Data Base Division, municipal and agricultural water quality data, Gaza, Palestine.

- Palestinian Water Authority PWA, (2005). Agricultural and Municipal Water Demand in Gaza Governorates for 2004. Strategic Planning Department, Water Resource and Planning Directorate, Gaza, Palestine.

- PWA / USAID, (2000a). Coastal Aquifer Management Program (CAMP), Integrated Aquifer Management Plan (Task-3) Appendix A, Palestinian Water Authority, Gaza, Palestine.

- PWA / USAID, (2000b). Coastal Aquifer Management Program (CAMP), Integrated Aquifer Management Plan (Task-7), Palestinian Water Authority, Gaza, Palestine.

- Qahman, K. (2005). Identification of Saltwater Intrusion in Gaza Aquifer. Session III, Lecture notes in Agriculture Ministry, Gaza, Palestine.

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GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM HEAVY

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