g'H$mcrZ 縴c§V 'w匭 - Mission MPSC

PSI‘wcmIV 2017

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hf©c cd§Jmao, OìdmX H$mPr, B§ÐOrV ¶mXd

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A. H«$. {df¶ nmZ Z§~a

(1) XohmÝVmMr {ejm (Capital Punishment) 2

(2) amOÐmoh 4

(3) ã¶wamo Am°’$ nmo{cg [agM© A±S> S>oìhcn‘|Q>Mm Ahdmc 6

(4) añVo AnKmV Ahdmc 2016 8

(5) Ý¶m¶ ìhmdm OcXJVr 10

(6) gwajoMm {Vgam S>moim 12

(7) J^©qcJ {ZXmZmda A§Hw$e 14

(8) ‘mV¥Ëdcm^ (gwYmaUm) {dYo¶H$ 2016 15

(9) gamoJmgr 17

(10) CCTNS 20

(11) ^amogm H$j 21

(12) H¡$Úma§À¶m nJmamV dmT> 22

(13) {H«$‘r coAa ‘¶m©XoV dmT> 23

(14) Amnco gaH$ma 24

(15) gaXma gamoda 25

(16) ~wcoQ> Q´>oZ 26

2 "X ¶w{ZH$ A°H°$S>‘r'coIZ d g§H$cZ : hf©c cd§Jmao, OìdmX H$mPr, B§ÐOrV ¶mXd

XohmÝVmMr {ejm (Capital Punishment)

OJâm‘Ü¶o XohmÝV {ejoMr AZoH$ ñdéno AmT>iVmV. CXm. {eaÀN>oX, {dfmar dm¶y§À¶m M|~a‘Ü¶o ‘maUo, Cnmer R>odUo, {dÚwVIyMucm ~m§YyZ em°H$À¶m ghmæ¶mZo ‘maUo, H$S>ocmoQ> H$aUo, Jmoir ‘maUo, OmiyZ ‘maUo, ’$mer, hÎmtÀ¶m nm¶mImcr VwS>{dUo BË¶mXr. ¶mn¡H$s ^maVmV ’$maerMm Adc§~ H$aÊ¶mV Amcm Amho. g§¶wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoZo 2007, 2008 d 2010 amoOr XohmÝV {ejm aÔ H$aÊ¶m{df¶rMm R>amd ‘m§S>cm d Vmo ‘§Oya H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. ¶m{edm¶ g§¶wº$ amï´>g§KZoÀ¶m BVa g§ñWm VgoM A°åZoñQ>r B§Q>aZ°eZc gma»¶m ‘mZdr h¸$m§gmR>r H$m¶©aV AgUmè¶m g§ñWm ¶mXoIrc XohmÝV {ejm aÔ Ho$cr Omdr d hr {ejm ì¶º$sMm OJÊ¶mMm d {OdrVmMm A{YH$ma {hamdyZ KoV Agë¶m‘wio Vr ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ H$aVo Aer ^y{‘H$m KoVmV.

gÜ¶m MM}V Agì¶mMo H$maU

g§¶wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoMo ’$mer aÔ H$aÊ¶m~m~V ñdrH$macoco OmhraZm‘o. {dYr Am¶moJmMm 262 dm Ahdmc A°åZoñQ>r B§Q>aZ°eZcgma»¶m ‘mZdr h¸$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{‘H$m A{cH$S>rc H$mhr ^maVVrc ’$merÀ¶m {ejmZ§Va g‘mOmV ì¶º$ Pmcoë¶m XmoÝhr ~mOy§À¶m ^y{‘H$m

^maVmVrc XohmÝV {ejm àH$ën (Death Penalty Project in India) amï´>r¶ {dYr {dÚmnrR> (NLU), Zdr {X„r ¶m§Zr 2014 ‘Ü¶o ^maVmVrc XohmÝV {ejm àH$ën (Death Penalty Proj-

ect) Mr gwédmV Ho$cr. Á¶m‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zr XoemVrc 20 amÁ¶o d A§X‘mZ Am{U {ZH$mo~ma H|$Ðem{gV àXoe ¶m‘Ü¶o ’$merMr {ejm {Xcoë¶m H¡$Xçm§À¶m d Ë¶m§À¶m ZmVodmB©H$m§À¶m ‘wcmIVr KoVë¶m. ¶m àH$ënmV 385 H¡$Úm§Mr Zmdo hmoVr. n¡H$s 373 H¡$Úm§À¶m ‘wcmIVr KoVm Amë¶m, Cd©[aV 12 H¡$Xr Vm{‘iZmSy> amÁ¶mVrc Vwé§Jm‘Ü¶o {ejm ^moJV hmoVo. na§Vw ¶m H¡$Úm§Mr ‘wcmIV KoÊ¶mMr nadmZJr Vm{‘iZmSy> gaH$maZo ZmH$macr ¶m àH$ënm§VJ©V S>m°. AZwn gwa|ÐZmW ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImcr Ahdmc V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Amcm AgyZ hm Ahdmc XmoZ I§S>mV CncãY Amho. ^maVmV ^maVr¶ X§S> g§{hVm (1860) ì¶{V[aº$ BVa gw‘mao 17 H$m¶Úm§V ’$merMr {ejm AmT>iVo.

XohmÝV {ejo~m~V S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oH$am§Mo ‘V

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ñdV: ¶m ‘VmMo hmoVo H$s ’$merMr {ejm d Ë¶m {ejoMr A§‘c~OmdUr hr ^maVmÀ¶m ‘yi na§naoer {dg§JV Agë¶mMo {XgVo, ^maVmcm Aqhgm d g{hîUwVoMm àM§S> ‘moR>m àmMrZ B{Vhmg Amho. Xþgè¶m ~mOycm ’$merÀ¶m {ejoÀ¶m VaVyXr ‘wio AZoH$ dmX d {dg§JVr V¶ma hmoV AmhoV Ë¶m‘wio hr {ejm aÔ H$aUo OmñV gmoB©ñH$a hmoB©c, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ‘V hmoVo.

XohmÝV {ejo~m~V {dYr Am¶moJmMm 35 dm Ahdmc

1967 {Vgè¶m cmoH$gô‘Ü¶o cmoH$gôMo gXñ¶ lr aKwZmW qgJ ¶m§Zr ’$merÀ¶m {ejoMm ‘wÔm MM}gmR>r AmUcm d g§gXoÀ¶m gyMZoZwgma Vmo {dYr Am¶moJmH$S>o nmR>{dÊ¶mV Amcm. {dYr Am¶moJmZo ¶mdarc àXrK© Aä¶mgmZ§Va Amnë¶m 35 dm Ahdmc (1967) gmXa Ho$cm d Ë¶mV ho ‘V Zm|X{dco H$s ^maVmÀ¶m gÜ¶mÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ pñWVrMr nmhUr H$aVm ’$mer aÔ H$aUo ¶mo½¶ hmoUma Zmhr VgoM ^maVmVrc ZmJ[aH$m§Mr e¡j{UH$ pñWVr d XoemVrc JwÝhçm§Mm Xa cjm KoVm H$m¶Xm Am{U gwÊ¶dñWoÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ’$mer aÔ H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr Ago ‘V {dYr Am¶moJmZo Zm|X{dco. na§Vw Ë¶mM doir 1967 ‘Ü¶o Am¶moJmZo ho XoIrc AYmoao{IV Ho$co H$s, ""’$mer aÔ H$aÊ¶m~Ôc g‘mOm‘Ü¶o Or ‘Vo ì¶º$ hmoVmV Ë¶mMmhr Amåhmcm AmXa Amho. d ¶m ‘Vm§H$S>o Xþc©j Ho$co OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. ho ‘mZdr ‘yë¶m§H$S>o nmhÊ¶mMr EH$ doJir Ñï>r {Z‘m©U H$aVmV.''

XohmÝV {ejoÀ¶m A§‘c~OmdUr ñdénm~m~V {dYr Am¶moJmMm Ahdmc 2003

2003 ‘Ü¶o {dYr Am¶moJmZo nwÝhm EH$Xm hm {df¶ MM}gmR>r AmUcm. na§Vw ¶mdoir ’$mer Agmdr H$s Zgmdr ¶m ì¶mnH$ ‘wÔ¶mMr MMm© Am¶moJmZo Ho$cr Zmhr Va Ë¶mEodOr {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ VgoM Am¡fY{Z‘m©U emó joÌmV Pmcoë¶m g§emoYZm§Mm dmna H$éZ ’$merEodOr BVa nX²YVtMm dmna XohmÝV {ejm XoÊ¶mgmR>r H$aVm ¶oD$ eHo$c H$m? ¶m ‘¶m©{XV {df¶mMr MMm© Am¶moJmZo Ho$cr.


XohmÝV {ejoMr KQ>ZmË‘H$ d¡YVm (Constitutionality of capital Punishment)’$merÀ¶m {ejog§X^m©V {VMr KQ>ZmË‘H$ d¡YVm nwT>rc IQ>ë¶mV MMm© Pmcr.(1) OJ‘mohZ {déÜX CÎma àXoe amÁ¶ (OJ‘mohZ) - 1973

(2) amO|Ð àgmX {déÜX CÎma àXoe amÁ¶ (amO|Ð àgmX) - 1979

(3) Xc~raqgJ {déÜX n§Om~ amÁ¶ - 1979

(4) ~MZqgJ {déÜX n§Om~ amÁ¶ - 1980

(~MZqgJ IQ>ë¶mV Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo "Xþ{‘©iVm A{VXþ{‘©i' (Rarest of the Rare) ¶m g§H$ënZoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm.

(5) eerZm¶a {déÜX ^maVr¶ g§KamÁ¶ - 1991

(6) AmcmoH$ZmW XÎm {déÜX npíM‘ ~§Jmc amÁ¶ - 1993

(7) ñdm‘r lX²YmZ§X {daÜX H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ¶ - 1994

(8) g§Vmof ~[a¶a {déÜX ‘hmamï´> amÁ¶ - 1995

(9) ’$méH$ AãXþc J’y$a {déÜX ‘hmamï´> amÁ¶ -1996

(10) {XZm {déÜX ^maVr¶ g§KamÁ¶ - 1983

(11) na‘mZ§X H$Q>mam {déÜX ^maVr¶ na‘mZ§X JUamÁ¶ 1989 IQ>ë¶mV gdm}À¶ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo Ago ‘V Zm|X{dco H$s n§Om~ amÁ¶mÀ¶m Vé§J {Z¶‘mdcrV (Punjab Jail Manual) Aer VaVwX hmoVr H$s ’$merÛmao ‘¥Ë¶w Pmë¶mZ§Va Vo eara nwT>rc AYm© Vmg VgoM cQ>H$V R>odco Omdo. ¶mda Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo Amjon Zm|X{dcm d hr ~m~ KQ>Zm~mhç AgyZ ì¶º$sÀ¶m AmË‘gÝ‘mZmMo C„§KZ H$aUmar R>aVo, hm Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU©¶ {Xcm.

XohmÝV {ejo~m~V {dYr Am¶moJmMm 262 dm Ahdmc Am°JñQ> 2015

¶m AhdmcmV {dYr Am¶moJmZo Ago ‘V Zm|X{dco H$s Ho$di ’$merÀ¶m {ejoda AmnU Adc§~yZ Agë¶m‘wio BVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m ‘wÔ¶m§da Xþc©j Va hmoV Zmhr Zm ¶mMm {dMma H$aÊ¶mMr AmO JaO Amho. Ho$di ’$merda Adc§~yZ am{hë¶m‘wio AmamontMo nwZd©gZ VgoM Á¶mda AÝ¶m¶ Pmcm Amho Ë¶m {n{S>V ì¶º$sMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© ¶m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ‘wÔ¶m§H$S>o Xþc©j hmoV Amho. VgoM Vnmg ¶§ÌUm d JwÝho amoIÊ¶mV nmo{cgm§Zm ¶oUmao An¶e ¶mhr ‘wÔ¶m§da cj doYÊ¶mMr JaO Amho. nwamdo Zï> Ho$co OmUo, gmjrXma ni{dUo, gmj ~XcUo Aem ~m~tMm dmna JwÝhçmMm Amamon AgUmao à{V{ð>V d lr‘§V Amamonr H$aVmV d Ë¶mV Jar~ âS>co OmVmV. ¶m{edm¶ {dYr Am¶moJmZo gmjrXmam§À¶m g§ajUmdaVr â XoÊ¶mMr JaO ì¶º$ Ho$cr.

Xþgè¶m ~mOycm XheVdmXr H$madm¶m§gma»¶m ‘wÔ¶m§da H$R>moanUoM {dMma H$aÊ¶mMr JaO Amho, Ë¶mMm ¶mnX²YVrZo {dMma H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr åhUyZ XheVdmXr H¥$Ë¶o d Xoem{déÜX ¶wÜX nwH$maUo ¶m ~m~r dJiVm BVa gd© àH$maÀ¶m JwÝhçm§gmR>r ’$mer aÔ Ho$cr Omdr, Ago ‘V {dYr Am¶moJmZo Zm|X{dco.

g‘mamon

EHy$UM XohmÝV {ejo~m~V hm gd© Chmnmoh Ho$ë¶mZ§Va H$mhr VÁkm§À¶m ‘Vo ¶m~m~V Jar~ d lr‘§V Amamonr ¶m§À¶m~m~V Ho$cm OmUmam ôX^md d Ë¶m‘wio AmamontZm EH$ ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$ åhUyZ KQ>ZoZo àXmZ Ho$coë¶m H$c‘ 14 d H$c‘ 21 ¶m ‘yc^yV h¸$m§Mo hZZ hmoVmZm {XgVo. VgoM XohmÝV {ejoÀ¶m A§‘c~OmdUr ñdénm~m~V {dYr Am¶moJmZo 2003 nmgyZ gwé Ho$coë¶m MM}VyZ EH$ doJim Ñï>rH$moZ g‘moa ¶oVmZm {XgVmo. VgoM A°åZoñQ>r B§Q>aZ°eZcgma»¶m ‘mZdr h¸$m§gmR>r H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m g§ñWmZr XohmÝV {ejo~m~V ‘mZdr h¸$m§À¶m Xÿ{~©UrVyZ Ho$coco {ZarjUhr cjmV KoUo H«$‘àmá R>aVo. na§Vw XohmÝV {ejm nyU©nUo aÔ~mVc H$amdr Ago ‘V Zm|X{dUo XoIrc EH$m§Jr R>ê$ eH$Vo. H$maU ¶m~m~V {dYr Am¶moJmMm 262 dm Ahdmc d Ë¶mVrc XheVdmXr H¥$Ë¶o d Xoem{déÜX ¶wÜX nwH$maUo ¶mgmR>r XohmÝV {ejm Agmdr Ago {dYr Am¶moJmMo ‘V XoIrc {dMmaV KoUo JaOoMo Amho. VgoM XohmÝV {ejm EImÚm JwÝhçm~m~V gwZmdë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m~m~V g‘mOmVrc JwÝhoJmam§Zm Ë¶m JwÝhçmnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aÊ¶mg IamoIaM g§Xoe {‘iVmo H$m? ¶m~m~V gm§p»¶H$s¶ ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao {dícofU H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. n[aUm‘V: XohmÝV {ejm, Ë¶mMo A§‘c~OmdUr ñdén, g§¶wº$ amï´>g§KmMr Ë¶m~m~V ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo, ‘mZdr h¸$ ¶m gd© Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ¶mda ^{dî¶H$mcrZ MMm© d Ë¶mVyZ ¶m~m~V H$m¶Xm, ‘mZdr h¸$, ‘yc^yV h¸$ VgoM J§^ra JwÝhçm§Zm dMH$ ~gmdr åhUyZ emgZ ìhmdo ¶mg§X^m©V ^{dî¶mV ’$merMr {ejm d Ë¶m~m~VÀ¶m Zì¶m Am¶m‘m§À¶m MM}g dmd Amho.


amOÐmoh (Sedition)

IPC Zwgma amOÐmoh H$gm Amho?

Omo H$moUr ^maVm‘Ü¶o H$m¶Xoera ñWmnZ Pmcoë¶m emgZm~Ôc ÛofmMr qH$dm VwÀN>VoMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U H$aVmo AWdm Vgm à¶ËZ H$aVmo AWdm AàrVrMr ^mdZm MoV{dVmo qH$dm à¶ËZ H$aVmo, Ë¶mH$[aVm Vm|S>r qH$dm coIr eãXm‘m’©$V AWdm AÝ¶ ‘mJm©Mm dmna H$aVmo Va Vr ì¶º$s IPC À¶m H$c‘ 124-A Zwgma amOÐmohmÀ¶m JwÝhçmg nmÌ R>aVo. nU ÛofmMr, VwÀN>VoMr qH$dm AàrVrMr ^mdZm Z MoVdVm Zmng§Vr ì¶º$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$cocr Q>rH$m ¶m H$c‘mImcr AnamY R>aV Zmhr. amOÐmoh hm XIcnmÌ, AOm{‘ZnmÌ, non-compoundable JwÝhm Amho. ¶m H$c‘mZwgma Xmofr Agë¶mg AmOrdZ H$mamdmg d Ðì¶X§S> (fi ne) qH$dm VrZ dfm©Mm H$mamdmg d Ðì¶X§S> (fi ne) qH$dm Ðì¶X§S> (fi ne) ¶mMr VaVyX Amho. amOÐmoh hm IPC

(1860) À¶m ‘w»¶ ‘gwÚmV ZìhVm Vmo MwH$sZo am{hcm Jocm Ago gm§JyZ 1870 ‘Ü¶o IPC ‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> Ho$cm Jocm.

IPC À¶m ¶m H$c‘mMm Cn¶moJ {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo H$emàH$mao Ho$cm?

{~«{Q>em§Zr ¶m H$m¶ÚmMm Cn¶moJ amï´>dmÚm§À¶m (Nationalist) ñdmV§Í¶mgmR>rÀ¶m ‘mJÊ¶m Am{U AmdmOmMr ‘wñH$Q>Xm~r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$cm. ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶cT>çmVrc AZoH$ ZoË¶m§Zm ¶m H$m¶ÚmImcr AQ>H$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Ë¶m‘Ü¶o cmoH$‘mÝ¶ {Q>iH$, ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr, ^JV qgJ, Odmhacmc {àìhr n[afXoZo (Privy Council) amOÐmohmÀ¶m JwÝhmImcr AnamYr R>a{dco Am{U Ë¶m§Zm ghm dfmªÀ¶m H$mamdmgmMr {ejm {Xcr. Ë¶m§À¶m ¶m coImMo erf©H$ "XoemMo XþX£d' (The misfortune of the country) Ago hmoVo.

gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m 1962 À¶m {ZU©¶mZwgma gaH$mada Ho$cocr naIS> Q>rH$m hr amOÐmoh qH$dm ~XZm‘r Zmhr. ‘mÌ, amOÐmohmMm AW© gm§{KH$ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo Oo 1937 à‘mUo H$m¶© H$aV hmoVo Am{U {àìhr n[afX (Privy Council) Oo c§S>ZÀ¶m YaVrda AmYm[aV A{ncmMo gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶ hmoVo ¶m§Zr doJdoJim cmdcm. {ZhmaoÝXÿ XÎm ‘wOy‘Xma {déÜX g‘«mQ ¶m IQ>ë¶mV (1942) gm§{KH$ H$moQ>m©Zo (Federal Court) {ZU©¶ {Xcm H$s, cmoH$m§‘Ü¶o AamOH$Vm ’¡$cmdUo qH$dm AamOH$Vm ’¡$cmdÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm AgUo hm amOÐmohmÀ¶m JwÝhçmMm gam§e Amho. nU {àìhr n[afXoZo g‘«mQ> {déÜX gXm{ed Zmam¶U ^mcoamd, 1947 ¶m IQ>ë¶mV {ZU©¶ ncQ>{dcm. ¶m {ZU©¶mZwgma {àìhr n[afXoZo ñnï> Ho$co H$s, cmoH$‘mÝ¶ {Q>iH$m§À¶m IQ>ë¶mV qhgocm {MWmdUr XoUo ¶m AQ>rMr amOÐmohmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmV JaO Zmhr. ¶mZwgma gaH$ma~Ôc eÌwËdmMr ^mdZm CÎmo{OV H$aUo ho H$maU H$c‘ 124-A Zwgma AnamYr R>a{dÊ¶mg nwaogo Amho.

ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo H$c‘ 124-A Mm H$emàH$mao AW© cmdcm Amho? 1962 À¶m Ho$XmaZmW qgJ ¶m IQ>ë¶mV Ë¶mcm dº$ì¶mgmR>r H$c‘ 124-A Zwgma amOÐmohmÀ¶m {ejoZwgma H¡$X Pmcr

hmoVr. Ë¶mZo Ë¶mÀ¶m dº$ì¶mV CBI d H$m±J«og gaH$mada Q>rH$m Ho$cr hmoVr. Ho$XmaZmW qgJZo ¶m IQ>ë¶mg§~§Yr H$c‘ 124-A À¶m d¡YVo{df¶r Ý¶m¶mc¶mV A{nc Ho$co. hm H$m¶Xm KQ>ZoVrc H$c‘- 19, A{^ì¶º$s ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m {déÜX Amho. gm§{KH$ Ý¶m¶mc¶ (Fedral Court) Am{U {àìhr n[afX (Privy Council) ¶m§Zr {Xcocm {ZU©¶ nañna{damoYr hmoVm.

gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo ¶m IQ>ë¶m~Ôc H$moUVm {ZU©¶ {Xcm? Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo VnmgUr Ho$cr H$s, amOÐmoh H$c‘ 124-A hm Ia§M A{^ì¶º$s ñdmV§Í¶mda JXm AmUV Amho H$m? ¶mV Ë¶m§Zr amÁ¶mÀ¶m g§ajUmdahr cj {Xco. Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo {Xcoë¶m {ZU©¶mZwgma H$c‘ 124 -A Mr d¡YVm H$m¶‘ R>odÊ¶mV Amcr H$maU AamOH$Vo‘wio gaH$maÀ¶m ApñVËdmcm YmoH$m nmohMV hmoVm.

Voìhm amOÐmoh åhUOo H$m¶? Ho$XmaZmW qgh IQ>ë¶mVrc gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m {ZU©¶mZwgma "qhgm' qH$dm "AamOH$Vm' ho eãX amOÐmohmÀ¶m ì¶m»¶oV ¶oVmV.


H$c‘ 124-A ‘Ü¶o {Xcoë¶m AWm©Zwgma emgZm~Ôc ÛofmMr qH$dm VwÀN>VoMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U H$aUo AWdm AàrVr {Z‘m©U H$aUo, ho ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m {Z¶‘mZwgma X§S>mË‘H$ Agoc. H$maU gaH$ma{déÜX Ðmoh^mdZm qH$dm eÌyËd hr AamOH$ {dMma àd¥Îmr, qhgm qH$dm qhgocm {MWmdUrgmR>r H$maH$ R>aVo. Xþgè¶m eãXmV gm§Jm¶Mo Pmco Va, H$moUË¶mhr Vm|S>r AWdm coIr eãXm‘wio AWdm AÝ¶ ‘mJm©Zr gaH$macm qhgoZo Zï> H$aUo åhUOoM g§{jánUo H«$m§Vr hr g§km H$c‘ 124-A Zwgma X§S>mË‘H$ ~Z{dcocr Amho.

H$moUVr Jmoï> amOÐmoh hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr? Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma gaH$maÀ¶m H$m¶Xoera gwYmaUm, ~Xc ¶m~m~V Zmng§Vr ho amOÐmoh Zmhr. H$moUVrhr AamOH$Vm, qhgm Z ’¡$cdVm gaH$maÀ¶m {ZU©¶mda H$S>H$ eãXmV ì¶º$ Ho$cocr Q>rH$m hm X§S>mË‘H$ JwÝhm Zgoc. XoemVrc H$moUË¶mhr ZmJ[aH$mg gaH$maÀ¶m YmoaUmda, Cnm¶m§da Q>rH$m qH$dm {Q>ßnUrÛmao ~mocÊ¶mMm qH$dm {c{hÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho. ‘mÌ Vmo ¶mÛmao qhgo{dfrMr {MWmdUr XoD$ eH$V Zmhr qH$dm gaH$ma{df¶r AamOH$Vm dmT>dy eH$V Zmhr.


"ã¶wamo Am°’$ nmo{cg argM© A±S> S>oìhcn‘|Q'

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A°co³g naoam IQ>cm - H$mhr OcXJVrZo {ZH$mcr H$mT>Ê¶mV Amcoë¶m IQ>ë¶m§‘Ü¶o ‘w§~B©Vrc EH$m CÚmoJnVrMm ‘wcJm A°co³g noaam ¶mÀ¶mdarc IQ>ë¶mMm Img C„oI H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶m VéUmÀ¶m JmS>rZo dm§Ðo ¶oWo Pmoncoë¶m gmV OUm§Mm ~ir KoVcm d AmR> OU OI‘r Pmco hmoVo. VWm{n {edS>rÀ¶m gÌ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo Ë¶mcm AdYr ghm ‘{hÝ¶m§Mr {ejm d nmM cmI én¶m§Mm X§S> R>moR>mdcm hmoVm Am{U n{hcmM JwÝhm åhUyZ "àmo~oQ>eZ Am°’$ Am°’o$ÝS>g© A°³Q>' Imcr Ë¶mcm EH$ dfmªn¶ªV H$moUVmhr JwÝhm H$aUma Zgë¶mÀ¶m h‘rda gmoSy>Z {Xco hmoVo. Ë¶m{damoYmV ‘w§~B© Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo VËH$m{cZ ‘w»¶ Ý¶m. ñdV§ÌHw$‘ma ¶m§À¶m I§S>nrR>mZo gÌ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMm {ZH$mc Ad¡Y R>adyZ Ë¶mcm VrZ dfmªMr gº$‘Owar gwZmdcr. Vr {ejm gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mVgwÜXm H$m¶‘ Pmcr. gÌ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo Ý¶m. A{OV {‘lm ¶m§Zr Vnmg ¶§ÌUoZo nwaogm nwamdm Jmoim Ho$cm Zgë¶mMr Q>rH$m H$éZ A°co³gcm ghm ‘{hÝ¶m§Mr {ejm {Xcr. ‘mÌ Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mH$Sy>Z Ý¶m. {‘lm ¶m§À¶mdaM Q>rH$m Pmë¶mZo Ë¶m§Zm amOrZm‘m Úmdm cmJcm. 12 Zmoìh|~a, 2006 amoOr hr CnKmVmMr KQ>Zm KS>cr hmoVr Am{U 13 E{àc, 2007 ‘Ü¶o Ad¿¶m ghm ‘{hÝ¶mV Ë¶mMm {ZH$mchr XoÊ¶mV Amcm. OcXJVr Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo Va EH$m ‘{hÝ¶mV gmjrnwamdo VnmgyZ {ZU©¶ {Xcm.

eº$s {‘c ~cmËH$ma IQ>cm - ‘w§~B©Vrc eº$s{‘c ~cmËH$mamÀ¶m 2013 À¶m KQ>ZoVrc AmamontZm 4 E{àc, 2014 amoOr gÌ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo ^maVr¶ X§S>g§{hVoVrc Zì¶m XþéñVrZwgma gm‘y{hH$ ~cmËH$mamÀ¶m IQ>ë¶mV Xmofr R>adyZ ’$merMr {ejm gwZmdcr hmoVr. {X„rVrc {Z^©¶m KQ>ZoZ§Va ~cmËH$ma JwÝhçmV gm‘y{hH$ ~cmËH$ma ¶m JwÝhçmgmR>r ’$merMr {ejm XoUmao H$c‘ OmoS>Ê¶mV Amë¶mZo Ë¶m AmYmao ¶m AmamontZm ’$merMr {ejm gwZmdÊ¶mV Amcr.

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gm^ma : gwaoeM§Ð d¡Xç, ‘hmamï´> Q>mBåg


gwajoMm {Vgam S>moim

‘w§~B©Vrc ‘{hcm d ~mcgwajm A{YH$ MmoI

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gm¶~a ’$mog©

^{dî¶mV "ñQ´>rQ> H«$mB‘' H$‘r hmoD$Z "gm¶~a H«$mB‘' dmT>Uma AmhoV. ¶m Ñï>rZo {S>{OQ>c JwÝhçm§g§X^m©V 1100 nmo{cgm§Mo {S>{OQ>c ~oñS> ’$mog© {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV ¶oV Amho. gm¶~a H«$mB‘er g§~§{YV àH$aUm§gmR>r ¶m joÌmVrc g§ñWm§Mo ghH$m¶© KoÊ¶mV ¶oUma Amho. nwUo gm¶~a gwajm H|$Ð C^maÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m¶H«$mogm°âQ>gma»¶m Zm‘m§{H$V H§$nZrer ‘w»¶‘§Í¶m§Zr MMm© Ho$cr Amho. OmñVrÀ¶m Ý¶m¶d¡ÚH$ à¶moJemim VgoM àË¶oH$ {OëhçmV Ý¶m¶d¡ÚH$ à¶moJemim, ‘mo~mB©c ¶w{ZQ> H$m¶m©pÝdV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oV Amho. JwÝhoJmar amoIUmar n{hcr gmoec {‘{S>¶m c°~ M§Ðnya ¶oWo hmoV Amho.

dmhVwH$sgmR>r B© - McZ àUmcr

ZmJnya nmo{cgm§Zr H$m¶m©pÝdV Ho$coë¶m B©-McZ àUmcr‘wio dmhVwH$s~m~VMr {Z¶§ÌU ì¶dñWm A{YH$ H$mQ>oH$moa hmoUma Amho. Ë¶m‘wio dmhZMmcH$mZo Ho$coë¶m dmhVyH$ {Z¶‘m§À¶m C„§KZm~m~V g§^«‘ amhUma Zmhr. gd©M dmhZMmcH$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m {déÜX XmIc àH$aUmV X§S>mMr {dídgZr¶ ‘m{hVr Eg. E‘. Eg. ñdénmV CncãY hmoUma Amho. dmhZMmcH$mZo doirM X§S> ^aë¶mg X§S>mMr a¸$‘ O‘m Pmë¶mMr nmdVrXoIrc EgE‘EgÛmao {‘iUma Amho. hr ‘m{hVrXoIrc VmVS>rZo S>mQ>m~ogda AÚ¶mdV hmoB©c. ~±Ho$À¶m H$m‘H$mOmà‘mUo amoIrMo ì¶dhma MmoI R>odÊ¶mV ‘XV hmoUma Amho. nmo{cgm§À¶m H$m‘mV nmaXe©H$Vm ¶oD$Z Anàd¥ÎmtZm Amim ~goc. ¶m ¶§ÌUo‘wio gm°âQ>doAa‘YyZ AnKmVm§À¶m JwÝhçm§Mo Vm§{ÌH$ {dícofU H$aVm ¶oUo e³¶ Agë¶mZo, g§nyU© {OëhçmVrc AnKmVm§Mr H$maU‘r‘m§gm H$aUo e³¶ hmoB©c. ¶m‘wio ‘mZdr MwH$m H$‘r hmoD$Z Anàd¥Îmr Q>miVm ¶oUo e³¶ hmoB©c. doJdJio [anmoQ>© V¶ma H$aVmZm cmJUmao l‘ d doi ¶m§Mr àM§S> à‘mUmV ~MV hmoB©c. B©- McZm‘wio H$mJXr A{^coImnmgyZ ‘wº$s {‘iyZ n¶m©daUmMo ajU H$aVm ¶oB©c. doJdoJù¶m àH$maÀ¶m [anmoQ´>©gMo H$m°på~ZoeZ EH$m p³cH$da E³gc erQ>‘Ü¶o CncãY hmoD$ eHo$c. dma§dma McZ hmoUmao dmhZ qH$dm MmcH$mMr ‘m{hVr CH$m p³cH$da CncãY hmoUma Amho. {Z¶‘ ‘moS>Umè¶m JmS>rMm H«$‘m§H$ nmocrg H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zo ¶§ÌUoVrc ‘mo~mB©‘Ü¶o Q>mH$ë¶mg Ë¶m JmS>r‘mcH$mMr g§nyU© ‘m{hVr ‘mo~mB©cda CncãY hmoUma Amho.

ZmJnya‘Ü¶o DCRMS Dial- 100

DCRMS - Distress Call Report Management System ZmJnya nmocrg {Z¶§ÌU H$jmVrc ¶m ¶§ÌUo‘wio nmo{cgm§Mr H$m¶©j‘Vm dmTy>Z OZVocm A{YH$ JwUmË‘H$ godm XoUo gwc^ hmoUma Amho.

{Z¶§ÌU H$jmV nyduÀ¶m 10 EodOr 20 cmBÝg‘wio AmVm A{YH$ ì¶mnH$ d VËna godm XoUo e³¶. ¶m ¶§ÌUo‘wio {Z¶§ÌUH$jmH$S>rc H$m°c S´>m°nMo gÜ¶m 80-85 Q>¸o$ Agcoco à‘mU eyÝ¶mda AmUUo e³¶ AgyZ, Ë¶mgmR>r ~g{dÊ¶mV Amcoë¶m {deof gm°âQ>doAa‘wio gd© H$m°cMm Ahdmc àmá hmoUma. VgoM ¶§ÌUocm OmoS>coë¶m pìh{S>Amo ‘m°{ZQ>a gw{dYo‘wio 100 H«$‘m§H$mda ¶oUmao H$m°c Amdí¶H$ Vnercmgh àX{e©V hmoUma AgyZ VH«$maXmamg {Z¶§ÌU H$jmH$Sy>Z EgE‘Eg àmá hmoUma Amhso. H$m°c àmá hmoÊ¶mgh H$m°cMo cmoHo$eZ, H«$‘m§H$, AmoiI AmXr Vnerchr àmá hmoUma Agë¶mZo VH«$mat~m~V nmocrg Xj hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoUma. 100 H«$‘m§H$mda ¶oUmè¶m H$m°cMr AmoiI nQ>dUmam Vnerc nydu {‘iV Zgë¶mZo ImoQ>çm d {ZZmdr VH«$matMo à‘mU OmñV hmoVo. Ë¶mcm AmVm Amim ~gUma Amho.


DCRMS ¶m ¶§ÌUocm ~rQ> ‘me©c Am{U JñVr nWH$m§Mr OmoS> {‘imë¶mZo Ho$di ‘m{hVr {‘iUo EdT>çmnwaVrM nmo{cgm§Mr H$m¶©j‘Vm ‘¶m©{XV Z amhVm Ë¶m~m~V ËdaoZo H$madmB© H$aÊ¶mVhr nmocrg Xc AmKmS>rda amhUma Amho.

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{Z¶§ÌU H$jmH$S>o H$m°c àmá Pmë¶mZ§Va VH«$maXmamMm Vnerc nmhÿZ Ë¶m joÌmVrc JñVrnWH$mcm VmËH$mi gy{MV Ho$co OmB©c. KQ>ZmñWir n[apñWVrZwgma XmoZ AWdm A{YH$ ~rQ> ‘me©c nmohmoMVrc. ¶m gd© ¶§ÌUogh {d^mJmÀ¶m Ë¶m~m~VÀ¶m gwgyÌ {Z¶moOZo‘wio nmo{cgm§Mm EImÚm KQ>Zo~m~VMm àjVgmX H$mcmdYr AmVm 20-25 {‘{ZQ>m§déZ Ho$di 5-7 {‘{ZQ>o BVH$m H$‘r H$aUo e³¶ Pmco Amho.


J^©qcJ {ZXmZmda A§Hw$e

amÁ¶mVrc gmoZmoJ«m’$s g|Q>a‘Ü¶o ~g{dUma A°p³Q>ìh Q´>°H$a

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Aer AgVo ¶§ÌUm

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à¶moJ VS>rg Zocm Zmhr

H$moëhmnya‘Ü¶o A°p³Q>ìh Q´>°H$aMm à¶moJ ‘Ü¶§Var am~dcm hmoVm. nU ghm-gmV ‘{hÝ¶m§VM hm à¶moJ ~§X Ho$cm. ¶mQ´>°H$aMo ’$m¶Xo qH$dm Ë¶mMo n[aUm‘ AmH$S>odmargh nwT>o ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r {H$‘mZ EH$ df© Var dmQ> nmhmdr cmJVo; nU Amnë¶mH$S>o H$mhr ‘{hÝ¶m§VM hm à¶moJ ~§X Ho$cm, Aer I§V Am¶moJmÀ¶m AÜ¶jm {dO¶m ahmQ>H$a ¶m§Zr ì¶º$ Ho$cr.

H$Q> à°p³Q>g H$m¶Xm g{‘VrdéZ dmX

‘w§~B© : d¡ÚH$s¶ joÌmVrc H$Q> à°p³Q>g{damoYmV R>m‘ ^y{‘H$m KoÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶ gaH$maZo ¶mg§X^m©Vrc H$S>H$ H$m¶Xm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVcm Amho. ¶m H$m¶ÚmMm ‘gwXm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r VÁkm§Mr g{‘Vrhr Zo‘cr Amho. ‘mÌ ¶m g{‘Vr‘Yrc gXñ¶m§À¶m {Z¶wº$sdéZ Zdm dmX {Z‘m©U Pmcm Amho.

H$Q> n°p³Q>g{damoYr H$m¶ÚmMm ‘gwXm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Zo‘coë¶m ¶m g{‘Vr‘Ü¶o {‘aOÀ¶m Agmo{gEeZ Am°’$ p³c{ZH$c c°~moaoQ>arO A°Zm{cñQ> A°ÊS> à°p³Q>gogMo AÊUmgmho~ H$amoco ¶m§Mo Zmd Amho. ‘mÌ hr g§KQ>Zm H$Q> à°p³Q>gcm hmV^ma cmdÊ¶mgmR>r AàË¶jnUo ‘XV H$aV Agë¶mMm Amamon H$aV H$amoco ¶m§Mm H$m¶ÚmgmR>rÀ¶m g{‘Vr‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe Agy Z¶o, Aer ‘mJUr ‘hmamï´> Agmo{gEeZ Am°’$ à°p³Q>qgJ n°Wmcm°{OñQ> A°ÊS> ‘m¶H«$mo~m¶mocm°{OñQ> ¶m g§KQ>ZoZo g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j àdrU Xr{jV ¶m§À¶mH$S>o nÌmÛmao Ho$cr Amho.

gm^ma : gwaoeM§Ð d¡Xç, ‘hmamï´> Q>mBåg 18 Am°JñQ> 17


‘mV¥Ëd cm^ (gwYmaUm) {dYo¶H$ 2016

‘mV¥Ëd cm^ XþéñVr {dYo¶H$ (2016)

11 Am°JñQ> 2016 amoOr ‘{hcm amoOJma {Z¶‘Z ‘mV¥Ëd cm^ H$m¶Xm 1916 XþéñVr {dYo¶H$ ‘Zwî¶~i {dH$mg H$m‘Jma Am{U amoOJma ‘§Ìmc¶mÛmao amÁ¶g^oV ‘§Oya Pmco.

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‘mV¥Ëd cm^ A{Y{Z¶‘ 1961 ‘Yrc XþéñVr

(1) àgyVr aOm H$mcmdYr 3 ‘{hÝ¶m§dê$Z 26 AmR>dS>o (gmS>oghm ‘{hZo) H$aÊ¶mV Amcm Amho.

(2) 10 nojm OmñV H$‘©Mmar AgUmar H§$nZr qH$dm g§ñWm§gmR>r hm {Z¶‘ cmJy H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma Amho.

(3) 50 nojm OmñV H$‘©Mmar {R>H$mUr ‘wcm§Zm gm§^miÊ¶mMr ì¶dñWm H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©c.

(4) ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma hm cm^ àgyVrÀ¶m g§^mì¶ VmaIoÀ¶m AJmoXa ghm ‘{hZo cmJy hmoUma Zmhr. Vr aOm ’$º$ àgyVrÀ¶m VmaIoÀ¶m OmñVrV OmñV 6 AmR>dS>o H$mcmdYrn¶ªV ‘§Oya hmoD$ eH$Vo.

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(6) JamoXanUmV EImÚm órZo gwÅ>r KoVcr Agë¶mg ¶m H$mimV {Vcm H$m‘mdéZ H$‘r H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. (H$m‘mdê$Z H$‘r Ho$co Joë¶mg Ë¶mgmR>r doJir VaVyX Amho. Vrd« ñdê$nmÀ¶m dV©ZmgmR>r ho H$c‘ cmJy Zmhr)

(7) JamoXanUmgmR>r H$m‘mda J¡ahOa am{hcoë¶m órg {VMm nyU© nJma XoÊ¶mMr VOdrO Amho.

(8) àgyVr aOoMm cm^ {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r Aer ór {VÀ¶m àñVyVrÀ¶m VmaIo AJmoXÀ¶m EH$m dfm©V H$‘rV H$‘r 80

{Xdg Var H$m‘mda CnpñWV AgUo ho {Vcm àgyVrÀ¶m nJmar aOm d BVa ’$m¶Úm§Mm cm^ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r

A{Zdm¶© Amho. (Amgm‘ amÁ¶mV doJim {Z¶‘ cmJy.)

(9) ZmoH$aXma órcm Z¡g{J©H$ J^©nmVmZ§Va qH$dm J^m©À¶m ‘o{S>H$c Q>{‘©ZoeZ Z§VaÀ¶m ghm AmR>dS>çm§Mr nJmar

gwÅ>r {‘iy eH$Vo.

(10) H|$Ð gaH$maÀ¶m ór H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm àgyVrgmR>r 180 {Xdgm§Mr nJmar aOm {‘iVo.

(11) Zg~§Xr H$éZ KoUmè¶m órcm XmoZ AmR>dS>çm§Mr nJmar aOm {‘iVo.

(12) VgoM JamoXa órcm ~aoM Vmg nm¶mda C^o amhÿZ H$am¶Mo qH$dm A{V[aº$ emar[aH$ VmU nS>oc Ago l‘mMo

H$m‘ Eåcm°¶a ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë¶mMm CÔoe JamoXa ór d {VMm J^© ¶m§Mo ñdmñW OnUo hm Amho.

(13) Oa ~mi§VnUmV EImÚm órMr Vã¶oV OmñV Iam~ Pmcr Agoc, Va d¡ÚH$s¶ VÁkm§Mo Vgo {e’$magnÌ

XmIc Ho$co AgVm {Vcm 1 ‘{hZm OmñVrMr aOm {‘iy eH$Vo.

(14) àgyVr H$mimVrc nJmar aOm d AÝ¶ cm^m§gmR>r Ë¶m ór H$‘©Mmè¶mZo Amnë¶m Eåßcm°¶aH$S>o qH$dm d[að

>A{YH$mè¶m§H$S>o {d{hV Z‘wÝ¶mgh AO© H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. Ë¶mV {Vcm Ë¶m H$mimV Vr AÝ¶ H$moUË¶m


{R>H$mUr ZmoH$ar H$aUma Zmhr ho {chÿZ Úmdo cmJVo. Vr H$moUË¶m VmaIonmgyZ J¡ahOa amhrc ho Ë¶mV Z‘yX H$amdo cmJVo. gXa aOm qH$dm gwÅ>r hr {VÀ¶m àgyVrÀ¶m VmaIoÀ¶m OmñVrV OmñV 6 AmR>dS>o nmgyZ ‘§Oya hmoD$ eH$Vo.

(15) gamoJoQ> ‘mVocmhr ~mi§VnUmÀ¶m aOoMm d d¡ÚH$s¶ IMm©Mm naVmdm {‘iUo ¶mgma»¶m ’$m¶Úm§Mm cm^ hmoD$ eH$Vmo Agm Vgm {ZU©¶ ‘Ðmg Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo ‘mM© 2013 ‘Ü¶o EH$m {ZH$mcmÛmao {Xcm Amho. Aer aOm XoÊ¶mMm CÔoe ZdOmV {eeyMo ZrQ>nUo g§JmonZ H$aVm ¶mdo d ‘yc Am{U nmcH$ ¶m§À¶mV KÅ> ^md{ZH$ ZmVo {Z‘m©U ìhmdo hm AgVmo Ago ñnï>rH$aU ¶m Xaå¶mZ Ý¶m¶‘yVvZr {Xco.

(16) ImOJr H§$nÝ¶m qH$dm H$m°nm}aoQ> joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m {ó¶mhr ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma àgyVr aOm d AÝ¶ cm^ KoD$ eH$VmV.H§$nZrMr Xadoir doJir nm°crgr AgVoM Ago Zmhr. Ver nm°{cgr Zgë¶mg ‘°Q>{Z©Q>r ~o{Z’$sQ A°³Q>Zwgma ór H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm àgyVr aOm d AÝ¶ cm^ {‘iy eH$VmV. Oa H§$nZr nm°{cgr ApñVËdmV Agcoë¶m H$m¶Úmnojm A{YH$ cm^ XoV Agoc Va Vo A{YH$ cm^ {‘iUo hm Ë¶m ór H$‘©Mmè¶mMm h¸$ AgVmo.

(17) àgyVrV Oa Ë¶m ñVrMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmcm Va {Vcm àgyVrgmR>r {‘iUmam A{YH$ cm^ hm {VZo Amnë¶m AOm©V Zm°{‘ZoQ> Ho$coë¶m ì¶º$sH$S>o qH$dm {VÀ¶m H$m¶Xoera à{V{ZYrÀ¶m hmVr gmondUo ho Eåßcm°¶agmR>r ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.

(18) ‘°Q>{Z©Q>r ~oZ{’$Q>g Zwgma nJma Z XoUmè¶m Eßcm°¶acm EH$ dfm©Mm Vwé§Jdmg d nmM hOma én¶m§n¶ªV X§S> hmoD$ eH$Vmo. H$‘rV H$‘r {ejm hr 3 ‘{hZo Vwé§Jdmg d XmoZ hOma én¶m§Mm X§S> Aer Agy eH$Vo.

H$moU Amho cm^mWu?

H§$ÌmQ>mÛmao qH$dm WoQ> ZmoH$arV Agcoë¶m {ó¶m, em°ßg d H$‘{eªAc EñQ>°pãce‘|Q>‘Ü¶o Agcoë¶m, JamoXa Agcocm ór ZmoH$aXma dJ©. gaH$mar, {Z‘gaH$mar, ImOJr gJù¶mM AmñWmnZm§Zm hm H$m¶Xm cmJy hmoUma Amho.

’$º$ g§K{VQ> joÌmVë¶m {ó¶m§ZmM hm H$m¶Xm cmJy Amho. National Commission for Enterprises in unorgnised sector À¶m AhdmcmZwgma Amnë¶m XoemV 96% {ó¶m ¶m Ag§K{Q>V joÌmV AmhoV. KaÀ¶m Kar H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m, {dS>çm diUmè¶m, qenr H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ~m§YH$m‘ ‘Oya, eoV‘Oya àM§S> H$ï> H$aUmam {dñVrU© g‘wXm¶ ¶m gwYmaUm§À¶m n[aKmVM Zmhr.


gamoJgr

gamoJgr/ gamoJoQ> hm eãX c°{Q>Z ^mfo‘Yrc "gamoJoQ²g' ¶m eãXmdéZ KoÊ¶mV Amcm Amho. gamoJoQ²g = gpãñQ>QçyQ> åhUOo n¶m©¶ Or ór Xþgè¶mMo ‘yc Amnë¶m J^m©e¶mV dmT>{dVo Ë¶m {ócm "gamoJoQ> ‘Xa' Ago åhUVmV Va ¶m g§H$ënZocm gamoJgr åhUVmV.

EImÚm órÀ¶m J^m©e¶mMr J^© ZD$ ‘{hZo dmT>{dÊ¶mMr j‘Vm Zgë¶mg Ë¶m órMo ~rOm§S> (Egg) earam~mhoa H$mTy>Z Ë¶mMo ewH«$mUy§er (sperm) ’${cV H$éZ ho ’${cV ~rOm§S>gj‘ J^m©e¶ Agcoë¶m órÀ¶m (gamoJoQ> ‘XaÀ¶m) J^m©e¶m‘Ü¶o R>odco OmVo. Ë¶mMo amonU hmoVo d ZD$ ‘{hÝ¶mZ§Va ‘wcmMm OÝ‘ hmoVmo.

¶m ‘wcm‘Ü¶o gamoJoQ> ‘XaMr H$moUVrhr JwUgyÌo ZgVmV Ë¶mÀ¶mV OoZo{Q>H$ AmB©- d{S>cm§Mr JwUgyÌo AgVmV.

gamoJgrÀ¶m nÜXVr

(1) Q´>°S>reZc ¶m nÜXVrV gamoJoQ> ‘Xa hr ñdV:M hmoUmè¶m AnË¶mMr ~m¶mocm°{OH$c (Z¡g{J©H$) ‘mVm AgVo. AnË¶ hdo Agcoë¶m Xm§ånË¶mVrc nVrÀ¶m ewH«$mUyÀ¶m (sperm) g§¶moJmZo J^©YmaUm hmoVo. c¢{JH$ g§~§Y d ewH«$mUyÀ¶m H¥${Ì‘ amonUmVyZ (AmQ>u{’${e¶c BZgo{‘ZoeÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ) Aer J^©YmaUm hmoVo.

(2) OoñQ>oeZc ¶m nÜXVrV gamoJoQ> ‘Xa hr hmoUmè¶m AnË¶mMr ~m¶mocm°{OH$c ‘mVm ZgVo. ór~rO d ewH«$mUy§Mm earam~mhoa g§¶moJ KS>dyZ Ago ~rOm§S> gamoJoQ> ‘XaÀ¶m J^m©e¶mV ê$OdÊ¶mV ¶oVo.

ì¶mdgm{¶H$ gamoJgr (Commercial Surrogacy)

ì¶mdgm{¶H$ gamoJgr R>amdrH$ H$ama gamoJoQ> ‘XaMr ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>Umè¶m ‘{hcocm Xþgè¶mMo ‘yc Amnë¶m J^m©e¶mV dmT>{dÊ¶mMm ‘mo~Xcm åhUyZ a¸$‘ {Xcr OmVo. 2002 nmgyZ ^maVmV ì¶mdg{¶H$ gamoJgr hm àH$ma A{YH¥$V ‘mZcm Jocm.

ì¶mdgm{¶H$ gamoJgrgmR>r ^maV H$m cmoH${à¶ Amho? H$maU

(1) ^maVmV gamoJgrgmR>r BVa XoemÀ¶m VwcZoV IM© H$‘r ¶oVmo.

(2) ^maVm‘Ü¶o egg donations ho d¡Ym{ZH$ d H$‘r I{M©H$ Amho. H$mhr XoemV ¶mda nyU©nUo ~§Xr Amho Va H$mhr XoemV hm EH$ ì¶dgm¶M ~Zcm Amho.

gamoJgr BZ B§{S>¶m (Surrogacy In India)

Amnë¶m XoemV gamoJgr g§X^m©Vrc ~o~r ‘ZOr {déÜX ^maV gaH$ma hr Ho$g à{gÜX Amho. OnmZr OmoS>ß¶mMo ho ‘yc 2008 ‘Ü¶o ^maVmV gamoJgrÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ JwOamV‘Yrc AmZ§X BWo OÝ‘mcm Amco hmoVo. 4 E{àc 2013 - ‘Ðmg Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mVrc Ho$g gamoJgr ‘wcm~Ôc {ZH$mc- gamoJgr~m~V H$moUVohr H$m¶Xo Zgë¶m‘wio gÜ¶m AmhoV VoM H$m¶Xo cmJy hmoVrc.

1978 - OJmV gd©àW‘ ë¶wgr ~«mD$Z ¶m ~m{cHo$Mm OÝ‘ H¥${Ì‘ J^©YmUm ¶m V§ÌmZo KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mV Amcm. Ë¶m~Ôc am°~Q>© Or. ES>dS>©g ¶m§Zm earaemó d d¡ÚH$emó ¶m emIoVrc Zmo~oc nwañH$ma 2010 gmcr XoÊ¶mV Amcm.

gamoJgr {Z¶‘Z {dYo¶H$ 2016

ho {dYo¶H$ 24 Am°JñQ> 2016 amoOr H|$Ðr¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>imZo ‘§Oya Ho$co d ho {dYo¶H$ g§‘V Pmë¶mZ§Va Oå‘y d H$mí‘ra dJiVm g§nyU© XoemV cmJy hmoB©c.

¶m {dYo¶H$mMm ‘gwXm ‘§Í¶m§À¶m JQ>mZo (Gom) V¶ma Ho$cm Amho Ë¶mV Amamo½¶‘§Ìr Oo. nr. ZÈ>m, dm{UÁ¶ ‘§Ìr {Z‘©cm grVma‘Z Am{U AÞ à{H«$¶m‘§Ìr ha{g‘aV H$m¡a ~mXc hmoVo.


{dYo¶H$mMr d¡{eï>ço/VaVwXr

(1) H$m¶Xoera {ddmh Pmcoco ^maVr¶ Xm§nË¶M ’$º$ gamoJgrZo AnË¶ OÝ‘mcm Kmcy eHo$c. ‘mÌ Ë¶mgmR>r XmoKm§n¡H$s EH$mMo d§YËd d¡ÚH$s¶Ñï>çm {gÜX Pmcoco AgUo ~§YZH$maH$.

(2) {ddmhmc 5 df} nyU© Pmcr AmhoV nU ‘yc Zmhr Aem§ZmM gamoJoQ> ‘XaÛmao ‘yc KoVm ¶oB©c.

(3) H$moUË¶mhr órcm Ho$di X¶miy ^mdZoVyZ BVa H$moUmÀ¶m Var ‘wcmMr ^mS>moÌr ‘mVm (gamoJoQ> ‘Xa) hmoVm ¶oB©c. Ë¶mgmR>r {Vcm d¡ÚH$s¶ IMm©IoarO H$moUVmhr ‘mo~Xcm {‘iUma Zmhr.

(4) gamoJoQ> ‘Xa hr Ho$di OdiMr ZmVodmB©H$ Agcr nm{hOo. {Vcm ’$º$ EH$XmM gamoJoQ> ‘mVm hmoVm ¶oB©c, Ë¶mgmR>r Vr {ddm{hV d EH$m {ZamoJr AnË¶mMr AmB© AgUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.

(5) gamoJoQ> ‘yc KoUmè¶m ‘{hcoMo d¶ 23 Vo 50 dfm©Xaå¶mZ Va nwaéfmMo d¶ 26 Vo 55 Xaå¶mZ Agmdo.

(6) gamoJoQ> ‘wcJm qH$dm ‘wcrcm g§~§{YV Xm§nË¶mÀ¶m ‘mc‘ÎmoV BVa ‘wcm§à‘mUo dmQ>m {‘ico.

(7) nwT>rc ì¶º$s¨Zm gamoJgrMm cm^ KoVm ¶oUma Zmhr

A{ddm{hV naXoer OmoS>nr g‘qcJr

OCI H$mS>©YmaH$ EHo$ar nmcH$ (single parents) Live-in-Relationship ({ddmh~mhç g§~§Y) EH$ AnË¶ Agcoco Xm§nË¶

(8) gamoJgrÀ¶m ZmdmImcr J«m‘rU d Am{Xdmgr ^mJmVrc ‘{hcm§Mo emofU hmoD$ Z¶o åhUyZ Img VaVwXr.

(9) gamoJgrÀ¶m ì¶dhmam§Mo {Z¶‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H|$Ð d amÁ¶m§À¶m nmVirda ñdV§Ì ‘§S>io ñWmZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma.

(10) amï´>r¶ gamoJgr ‘§S>i H|$Ð gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aUma AgyZ Ë¶mMo AÜ¶j H|$Ðr¶ Amamo½¶‘§Ìr AgVrc d àË¶oH$

amÁ¶mV VoWrc Amamo½¶‘§Í¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr Ago ‘§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma Amho.

(11) gamoJgr p³c{ZH$Mr Zm|XUr ~§YZH$maH$ Agoc. Ë¶mMà‘mUo gamoJgr‘YyZ OÝ‘mcm ¶oUmè¶m AnË¶mMo g§nyU©

Vnerc 25 dfm©n¶ªV gm§^miyZ R>odUo ¶m p³c{ZH$da ~§YZH$maH$ Agoc.

(12) Aem p³c{ZH$Zo qH$dm ~mimMm Ë¶mJ Ho$cm Va 10 cmI é. X§S> Am{U 10 df} Vwé§JdmgmMr {ejm R>moR>mdcr

OmB©c.

(13) ì¶mdgm{¶H$ gamoJgrda nyU©nUo ~§Xr

(14) XoemV 2000 gamoJgr p³c{Z³g AmhoV. p³c{ZH$Zo 25 dfm©Mo aoH$m°S>© R>odUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.

{dYo¶H$mMr JaO

(1) Joë¶m H$mhr dfm©V ^maV gamoJgrMo Am§Vaamï´>r¶ H|$Ð ~ZV Mmccm hmoVm. ¶m AZ¡{VH$ ì¶dhmamg à{V~§Y KmcÊ¶mgmR>r.

(2) gamoJoQ> AmB© d ¶màH$mao OÝ‘coë¶m ‘wcmcm H$m¶Xoera ‘mÝ¶Vm XoÊ¶mgmR>r.

(3) J«m‘rU d Am{Xdmgr ‘{hcm§Mo emofU amoIÊ¶mgmR>r

(4) ì¶mdgm{¶H$ gamoJgrcm cJm‘ cmdÊ¶mgmR>r

¶m g§X^m©Vrc àc§{~V {dYo¶H$ -

The Assisted Reproductive Technologies - ART (Regulation) Bill 2008 gamoJoQ> ‘Xa ¶m àJV V§ÌkmZmMm Xþén¶moJ hmoD$ Z¶o d Ë¶mda àemgZmMo {Z¶§ÌU Agmdo ¶mgmR>r 2008 ‘Ü¶o B§{S>¶Z H$mD$pÝgc Am°’$ ‘o{S>H$c


[agM©Mo AÜ¶j S>m°. Ama. Eg. e‘m© ¶m§À¶m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImcr 'The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Regula-tion) Bill' V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Amco ‘mÌ Vo AOyZ g§gXoV ‘m§S>Ê¶mV Amco Zmhr.

¶m ‘gwÚmVrc ‘hËdmÀ¶m VaVwXr

(1) gamoJoQ> ‘Xa hmoD$ BpÀN>Umar ‘{hcm {ddm{hV Agmdr.

(2) {VMo d¶ 21 Vo 35 d¶moJQ>mVrc Agmdo.

(3) Vr ‘{hcm ‘yc Amnë¶m J^m©e¶mV dmT>{dÊ¶mg gj‘ Amho H$m? ¶mMr d¡ÚH$s¶ VnmgUr H$éZ KoUo

Amdí¶H$.

(4) gamoJoQ> ‘Xacm ñdV:Mo EH$Var ‘yc Agmdo Am{U {VMr àgyVr Z¡g{J©H$arË¶m Pmcocr Agmdr.

(5) VrZnojm A{YH$ doim gamoJoQ> ‘Xa hmoVm ¶oUma Zmhr.

(6) nVrÀ¶m g§‘Vr~amo~aM Hw$Qw>§~mMrhr gh‘Vr Agmdr.

(7) gamoJoQ> ‘Xa hmoD$ BpÀN>Umè¶m ‘{hcoZo "A{gñQ>oS> [aàm°S>H$Q>rìh Q>o³Zm°cm°Or (ART) g|Q>a‘Ü¶o arVga noe§Q> åhUyZ ‘yi ZmdmZo Am{U gÜ¶m amhV Agcoë¶m nÎ¶mgh Zmd Zm|XUo Amdí¶H$.

(8) ~mimMm OÝ‘ XmIcm OoZo{Q>H$ nmcH$mÀ¶m ZmdmZwgmaM V¶ma hmoUma.

(9) ¶m à{H«$¶oV qcJ{ZXmZ MmMUr H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr Vgo Ho$ë¶mg Vmo H$m¶Xoera JwÝhm R>aoc.

(10) J^©YmaUm Vo àgyVrXaå¶mZMm Am{U ~mimer g§~§{YV gd© IM© OoZo{Q>H$ nmcH$m§Zm H$amdm cmJUma.


>H«$mB©‘ A±S> {H«${‘Zc Q´>°qH$J ZoQ>dH©$ A±S> {gñQ>‘

H«$mB©‘ {H«${‘Zc BÝ’$m°‘}eZ {gñQ>råg Am{U H$m°‘Z B§{Q>J«oQ>oS> nmocrg A°pßcHo$eZ ¶m g§JUH$ àH$ënm§Mo AÜ¶¶Z H$éZ gd© amÁ¶mVrc nmocrgm§À¶m H$m‘mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo hr ¶moOZm gwé Ho$cr Amho.

C{Ôï>o g§JUH$ {Z¶‘Z VÎdm§Mm dmna H$éZ Am{U JwÝømMm Vnmg Am{U JwÝhoJma emoYyZ H$mT>Uo hr C{Ôï>o {d{eï> ‘wXVrV gmÜ¶ H$aUo C{Ôï> H|$ÐñWmZr R>odÊ¶mV Amco Amho.

‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$éZ A{Ve¶ ZmdrÝ¶nyU© ^mJ KoÊmmè¶m àUmcrMm {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§nyU© XoemV nm¶m^yV gw{dYm§Mo Omio {Z‘m©U H$éZ nmocrg R>mUo nmVirda nmocrgm§À¶m H$m‘m§Mr j‘Vm Am{U n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm dmT>{dUo ho grgrQ>rEZEg àH$ënmMr C{Ôï>o AmhoV.

gÜ¶mÀ¶m A§VJ©V gwajm n[apñWVrÀ¶m g§X^m©V Aem àH$maMr àUmcr hr EH$ ‘hËdmMr JaO Amho.

grgrQ>rEZEg àH$ënmMo ’$m¶Xo

AZoH$ ^mfm§V ‘m{hVr CncãY nmocrg R>mUr/{Oëho/amÁ¶o ¶m§À¶m Xaå¶mZ ‘m{hVrMr XodmUKodmU gwa{jV gmR>dU ‘m{hVrMo EH$sH$aU, ‘m{hVrMo à‘mUrH$aU àJV emoY Am{U Mm¡H$er gmono ZopìhJoeZ Am{U Cn¶moJ H$aUmè¶mgmR>r gmoB©Mo V§Ì ZmJ[aH$ {‘iUmao ’$m¶Xo (nmocrgm§H$Sy>Z ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àmá hmoUmar godm) ZmJ[aH$ g§JUH$mÛmao VH«$ma XmIc H$é eH$VmV/{VMm ‘mJmodm KoD$ eH$VmV KQ>Zog§~§Yr ghO ‘m{hVr gmXa H$é eH$VmV AZoH$ AO© g§JUH$m‘YyZ àmá H$é eH$VmV B©-‘oc/do~gmB©Q>/EgE‘Eg ¶mgmaIr nmocrgm§er g§nH©$ gmYÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ gmYZo nmocrg R>mÊ¶mV/H$m¶©c¶mV CncãY AmhoV.


âmogm H$j

‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo AmO g‘mOmVrc qhgoMo ñdén ~XcV Amho. ¶mgmR>r g‘mOmV H$m¶ÚmMo ^¶ AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ZmJnya nmo{cg {d^mJmÀ¶m dVrZo gwé H$aÊ¶mV Amcoë¶m âmogm goc‘wio H$moUË¶mhr àμH$maÀ¶m qhgm-Mmamg ~ir nS>coë¶m ‘{hcm d ‘wcm§Zm AË¶mMmam{dê$ÜX cT>Ê¶mgmR>r ‘mZ{gH$ ~i àmá hmoB©c. ¶mM YVuda amÁ¶mV BVa {R>H$mUr âmogm H$jmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©c.

H$m¡Qy>§{~H$ qhgmMmam§À¶m KQ>Zm§‘Ü¶o ‘{hcm§Zm Ý¶m¶ XoÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo ZmJnyamV gd©àW‘ âmogm goc gwé H$aÊ¶mV Amco Amho.

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CRIMINALIZATION OF MARITAL RAPE Justi ce Krishna Iyer in the case of Rafi q v. State of U.P. made a remark that, “a murderer kills the body, but a rapist kills the soul”. Supreme Court of India described rape as a "deathless shame and the gravest crimeagainst human dignity."

Why is marital rape in NEWS?

• Secti on 375 of the IPC deals with rape. • It gives an excepti on that “sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife,

the wife not being under 15 years of age, is not rape”• Thus by implicati on marital rape is not a criminal off ence and only civil

remedies are available against it. • Delhi High Court is hearing peti ti ons seeking the declarati on of excepti on

under Secti on 375 of the IPC as unconsti tuti onal.• Another perti nent point is that marital rape is an off ence under the Indian

Penal code when the husband and the wife are separated though sti ll married to each other under secti on 376B

• Protecti on of Women from Domesti c Violence Act, 2005-The act did not consider marital rape as a crime, but sti ll giving a ray of hope to the women; it considered it as a form of domesti c violence and provided civil remedy for the same. If a woman is undergoing marital rape, then she can approach the court, seeking judicial separati on from her husband.

Internati onal Trend

• Arti cle 2 of "The Declarati on on the Eliminati on of Violence against Women" encircles marital rape in its defi niti on of vehemence against women

• Marital rape has been impeached in approximately 106 countries, out of which 32 countries consider it as a special criminal off ence, and in the rest 74 countries, marital rape is included in the general rape provisions.

• Several countries in Asia have considered it as a criminal off ence• India also has the internati onal commitment to protect women

from marital rape. The "United Nati ons Committ ee on Eliminati on of Discriminati on against Women" also wants India to criminalize marital rape.

Debate on the marriageable age

• As per the above cited provision if the wife is below 15 years of age then the man can be accused of rape for having a sexual intercourse with her

• This provision is contradictory as it creates a dichotomy in the laws since age of marriage as well as of consent is considered to be 18 years

• Consequently there is a lack of protecti on of married girls within the age group of 15-18


What is the government's stand on it?

• The HC had earlier asked the Centre to clear its stand on peti ti ons seeking to criminalise marital rape.

• The Government has submitt ed an affi davit before the court stati ng that it is against the criminalizati on of marital rape

• It would destabilize the insti tuti on of marriage• It will be an easy tool for harassment of husbands• The Centre has cited Sec 498 A (Anti -Dowry Harassment Law)of the IPC as

an instance• It can endanger the insti tuti on of marriage in the country• Mere deleti on of the provision will not stop marital rapes and only social

awareness can change the situati on • There is no way to verify if there was consent or no n part of the wife• The unique positi on of the Indian society must also be factored in

considering problems such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of fi nancial empowerment of the majority of females, mindsets of the society, vast diversity etc.

• In 2015 the then Minister of State for Home had said in a reply to the Parliament that the concept of marital rape, as understood internati onally, cannot be suitably applied in the Indian context.

• One of the chief reason for that being marriages are treated as a sacrament in the country

• The Law Commission in its 172 Report had suggested that enactment of any law relati ng to marital rape will lead to excessive interference within marriage, and had ignored the provision of resti tuti on of conjugal

rights wherein the state is intervening in private relati onship between two people to control their role in a bedroom.

What is the rati onale of criminalizing it?

• The bodily integrity, autonomy and dignity of a woman is sacrosanct and must be respected in a liberal democracy

• Marriage does not exti nguish such rights of the women• It is a violati on of FR under Art 14 and 21• The United Nati ons (UN) Committ ee on Eliminati on of Discriminati on

against Women has recommended its criminalizati on.• Rape must be considered as rape irrespecti ve of the victi m's relati onship

with the perpetrator• Rape is an off ence which is regarded as the highest kind of torture, infl icted

upon womanhood• It shakes the dignity and self-respect of the woman from the very core and

when it is perpetrated by her husband it shatt ers her completely• Though countries in Europe and the US started criminalising marital rape in

the last century• Marital rape is a fact in the country and as per a sample UNFPA study 75%

of married women have faced it• Women are silent suff erers because of lack of proper legislati on• Women face tremendous impact on their physical and mental health

because of it • As per NFHS an overwhelming number of girls getti ng married are child

brides and consequently they are not having the protecti on on account of the excepti on of 15 years.


What was the Justi ce Verma Committ ee's recommendati ons on it?

• The Justi ce Verma Committ ee, set up to review laws against sexual assaults on women in the wake of the Delhi gang rape of 2012

• It had stated that "the law ought to specify that marital or other relati onship between the perpetrator or victi m is not a valid defence against the crimes of rape or sexual violati on".

Rapes in India some stati sti cs

• 94% committ ed by persons known to the victi ms • According to an esti mate from 2014, only 5-6% of rape cases in India are

reported to the police.• A UN study of 57 countries esti mates just 11% of rape and sexual assault

cases worldwide are ever reported• Data from the Nati onal Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and the Nati onal

Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2005 shows that 5.8% of rapes by men other than the victi m's husband was reported, and 0.6% of rapes by the husband were reported

• Human Rights Watch projects more than 7,200 minors – 1.6 in 100,000 minors – are raped each year in India

• Offi cial data on marital rapes is not available as the cases are not registered under a separate law

What is meant by rape?

• As per the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 the defi niti on has been elaborated-

Sec 375 (IPC). A man is said to commit "rape" if he:–– (a) penetrates his penis, to any extent, into the vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (b) inserts, to any extent, any object or a part of the body, not being the penis, into the vagina, the urethra or anus of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (c) manipulates any part of the body of a woman so as to cause penetrati on into the vagina, urethra, anus or any part of body of such woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person; or (d) applies his mouth to the vagina, anus, urethra of a woman or makes her to do so with him or any other person, under the circumstances falling under any of the following seven descripti ons:Firstly.–– Against her will.Secondly. –– Without her consent.Thirdly. –– With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putti ng her or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hurt.Fourthly. –– With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.Fift hly.–– With her consent when, at the ti me of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxicati on or the administrati on by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome Substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.Sixthly. –– With or without her consent, when she is under eighteen years of age.Seventhly. –– When she is unable to communicate consent.

• Provided that a woman who does not physically resist to the act of penetrati on shall not by the reason only of that fact, be regarded as consenti ng to the sexual acti vity.

JUSTICE VERMA COMMITTEE: BACKDROP AND RECOMMENDATIONS


What was the backdrop of the Justi ce Verma Committ ee?

• In 2012 a three member Committ ee headed by Justi ce J.S. Verma, former Chief Justi ce of the Supreme Court, was consti tuted to recommend amendments to the Criminal Law.

• The formati on of the Committ ee was in the backdrop of the infamous Nirbhaya Gang rape and the public outcry that followed it.

• Objecti ve: • to review for possible amendments to the criminal law and • to provide for quicker trial and enhanced punishment for criminals

accused of committi ng sexual assault against women• It identi fi ed ‘lack of good governance’ as the central cause of violence

against women.• It criti cized the government, the abysmal and old-fashioned police system

and public apathy• Gave recommendati ons on laws related to rape, sexual harassment,

traffi cking, and child sexual abuse, medical examinati on of victi ms, police, electoral and educati onal reforms.

• It also created some off ences like disrobing a woman, voyeurism, stalking and traffi cking.

• This eventually led to the passing of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, which was criti cised as not adequately applying the Committ ee’s work and recommendati ons.

Recommendati ons on Rape

• Punishment for rape - rigorous imprisonment or RI for seven years to life. • Punishment for causing death or a “persistent vegetati ve state” - RI for a

term not be less than 20 years, but may be for life also, which shall mean the rest of the person’s life.

• Gang-rape - not less than 20 years, which may also extend to life • Gang-rape followed by death - life imprisonment.• Didn't recommend the death penalty for rapists.

Recommendati ons on other sexual off ences

• Voyeurism - upto seven years in jail• Stalking or att empts to contact a person repeatedly through any means by

up to three years. • Acid att acks would be punished by up to seven years if imprisonment• Traffi cking will be punished with RI for seven to ten years.

Registering complaints and medical examinati on

• Every complaint of rape must be registered by the police • Civil society should perform its duty to report any case of rape coming to its

knowledge. • “Any offi cer, who fails to register a case of rape reported to him, or

att empts to abort its investi gati on, commits an off ence which shall be punishable as prescribed,”

Bill of Rights for women

• A separate Bill of Rights for women that enti tles a woman a life of dignity and security

• It will ensure that a woman shall have the right to have complete sexual autonomy including with respect to her relati onships.


The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013

• Amended as well as inserted new secti ons in the IPC with regard to various sexual off ences

• New off ences like, acid att ack, sexual harassment, voyeurism, stalking have been incorporated into the Indian Penal Code.

Sexual Harassment – Secti on 354A

• Sexual harassment is bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.

• Sexual harassment has been made a gender neutral off ence • Punishable by imprisonment of up to three years. • Making sexually coloured remarks also amounts to sexual harassment,

which is punishable by imprisonment for up to one year.

Assault or Use of Criminal Force to woman with intent to disrobe – Secti on 354B

• There was no specifi c provision regarding this off ence. • The act was dealt under Secti on 354. Outraging a woman’s modesty was

punishable with imprisonment for maximum 2 years and fi ne under IPC.• Secti on 354B – If a man assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or

abets such act with the intenti on of disrobing or compelling her to be naked in any public place, he commits an off ence under secti on 354B, which is punishable with imprisonment between three and seven years.

Voyeurism – Secti on 354C

• There was no specifi c off ence under IPC. • Informati on Technology Act, 2000 - punishment for the act was up to 3

years and/or fi ne up to Rs. 2 lakh.• Secti on 354C -

• fi rst convicti on- imprisonment is not to be less than one year, but may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fi ne

• second or subsequent convicti on - imprisonment of not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fi ne

Stalking – Secti on 354D

Following a person and making or att empti ng to make contact for personal interacti on, despite a clear disinterest being displayed by the other person. Stalking may be committ ed both physically and through electronic media.

• Stalking has been made a specifi c off ence under this new secti on. • Punishment -

• imprisonment of up to three years for the fi rst ti me, • fi ve years for the subsequent convicti ons.

• Excepti ons like where a person can show that the acts done were in • pursuance of some law• amounted to reasonable conduct or • in order to preventi on of some crime.


Rape related provisions

• Act expands the defi niti on of rape to include oral sex as well as the inserti on of an object or any other body part into a woman’s vagina, urethra or anus.

• The punishment for rape is seven years at the least, and may extend up to life imprisonment.

• Any man who is a police offi cer, medical offi cer, army personnel, jail offi cer, public offi cer or public servant commits rape may be imprisoned for at least ten years.

• A punishment of life imprisonment, extending to death has been prescribed for situati ons where the rape concludes with the death of the victi m, or the victi m entering into a vegetati ve state.

• Gang rape has been prescribed a punishment of at least 20 years under the newly amended secti ons.

• The new amendment defi nes ‘consent’, to mean an unequivocal agreement to engage in a parti cular sexual act

• The absence of resistance will not imply consent. • Non-consent is a key ingredient for commission of the off ence of rape.

Issue of gender neutrality in rape laws

• Earlier the rape laws were gender neutral but subsequently have been made into a women centric law

• Thus by implicati on only a man is considered to be a perpetrator of rape and that too against a woman only

• This creates dilemmas in situati ons where the third gender persons are raped or men are raped by men

• Potenti ally there can be cases of sexual assault by women against men

Criti cism of 2013 Act

• Marital rape, reducti on of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act so that no sancti on is needed for prosecuti ng an armed force personnel accused of a crime against woman were the recommendati ons that did not fi nd a place in the Act.

AFSPA

What is AFSPA and why is it in News?

• Armed Forces Special Powers Act is an Act enacted in 1958 by the Indian Parliament. It's aim is to provide certain immuniti es to the armed forces to enable them to bring disturbed areas to state of normalcy.

• The Union Home Ministry is set to give up its power to impose the ‘disturbed areas’ tag on Assam and Manipur

• It will be the States’ decision to either conti nue the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) or revoke it

• the Home Ministry used to issue a noti fi cati on declaring States “disturbed areas” every six months. The durati on was later changed to three months, pending a periodic review.

AFSPA in NE • It is eff ecti ve in the whole of Nagaland, Assam and Manipur (excluding seven Assembly consti tuencies of Imphal).

• In Arunachal Pradesh, it is in force in 16 police stati on areas and in Tirap, Longding and Changlang districts bordering Assam.

• Tripura withdrew the AFSPA in 2015. It is not in force in Meghalaya (except in a 20-km area along the border with Assam) and Mizoram.


Immuniti es to Army offi cers

1.Aft er giving due warning, an offi cer is allowed to open fi re or use other kinds of force even if it causes death.2.Destroy any arms dump, hide-outs, prepared or forti fi ed positi on or shelter or training camp from which armed att acks are made or can be made by by the armed volunteers.3.To arrest anyone without warrant who has committ ed cognizable off ences or is reasonably suspected of having done so. 4.To enter and search any premise in order to make such arrests, or to recover any person wrongfully restrained or any arms, ammuniti on or explosive substances and seize it.5.Stop and search any vehicle or vessel reasonably suspected to be carrying such person or weapons.6.Army offi cers have legal immunity for their acti ons. There can be no prosecuti on, suit or any other legal proceeding against anyone acti ng under AFSPA. 7.Government's judgment on why an area is found to be disturbed isn't subject to judicial review.

Historical Background

• The Act was enforced in the North East since incepti on and later in the 1980s was applied to Punjab and Chandigarh in the wake of the Khalistan militancy.

• AFSPA was implemented in Kashmir from the 1990 and conti nues to be applicable

Role of Governor and State govt

• Sec 3 of the AFSPA enables the Governor or to issue an offi cial noti fi cati on in the Offi cial Gazett e of India and aft er that the Centre becomes consti tuti onally enti tled to send forces.

• Once declared a 'disturbed' region, an area has to maintain status quo for a minimum of three months, according to The Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976.

• All the state government can recommend whether the Act must be made applicable or no, its opinion can be overruled.

Consti tuti onal Validity

• The Supreme Court has upheld the validity of the AFSPA in principle and in one of the cases upheld the procedural dos and don’ts adopted by the army in AFSPA areas

What was the Justi ce Jeevan Reddy Commsisson

• The central government had set up a fi ve-member committ ee under the Chairmanship of Justi ce B P Jeevan Reddy, former judge of the Supreme Court. The panel was given the mandate of reviewing the provisions of AFSPA and advising the Government of India whether

(a) to amend the provisions of the Act to bring them in consonance with the obligati ons of the government towards protecti on of human rights; or(b) to replace the Act by a more humane Act.

• The Commission submitt ed its report in 2005 and recommended the repeal of the act. While admitti ng that the SC had upheld its validity, it observed that it did not approve of the desirability of the said Act. It noted that the Act had become an symbol of oppression and instrument of high handedness.

• Subsequently he second Administrati ve Reforms Commission (ARC) (in 2007) had recommended repeal of the controversial Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), 1958, saying that its scrapping would remove the feeling of discriminati on and alienati on among the people of the northeastern States.


What was the July 2016 SC judgment on AFSPA

• The Supreme Court while hearing the plea for judicial enquiry into the 1528 deaths alleged to be fake encounters (Extra Judicial Executi on Victi ms Family Associati on (EEVFAM) vs Union Of India case) held that the every death caused by armed forces in a disturbed area involving either a common person or an insurgent must be thoroughly enquired into so as to fi nd out whether the killing was extra-judicial or not.

• "It doesn't matt er whether the victi m is a common person or militant or terrorist nor does it matt er whether the aggressor was a common person or the State. The law is the same for both and equally applicable to both.. This is the requirement of democracy." the court had held.

• Earlier in 2013, the Santosh Hegde Commission, set up by the Supreme Court, probed six “sample cases of alleged fake encounters” in that year and found that every one of them “had not been an encounter’’ and had not been carried out by the security forces in self-defence. The commission further found that in all six cases, the perpetrators (in many cases a combined force of the Assam Rifl es and the Manipuri Commandos) were also the investi gators and that police offi cials involved in an encounter would lodge an FIR against the victi m

Arguments Against

• It has been alleged that the powers granted under the Act have been abused

• Allegati ons of extra judicial killings and sexual misconduct have been reported

• It undermines the democrati c ethos of the Consti tuti on • Despite the applicati on of the Act the states have not be restored to

normalcy on many occasions • Once an area is declared as disturbed it takes many years to revoke it• It violates basic Fundamental Rights of the citi zens • It breeds a culture, real or perceived, of victi mizati on

Arguments For • It is important for maintaining the unity and integrity of the country • It is essenti al in maintaining peace and order in disturbed areas • The repealing of AFSPA will lower the morale of the forces • Declaring areas inoperati ve of AFSPA can result in safe havens for militants• It is important for the security of the men and establishments on the fi eld

RIGHT TO PRIVACY JUDGMENT , THE AADHAR & SEC 377 DEBATE

What is meant by Right to Privacy

• According to Black’s Law Dicti onary “right to be let alone; the right of a person to be free from any unwarranted publicity; the right to live without any unwarranted interference by the public in matt ers with which the public is not necessarily concerned”.

• But there is no universally accepted defi niti on of Right to Privacy


What does the SC judgment say

• A nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court has ruled that Indians enjoy a fundamental right to privacy, that it is intrinsic to life and liberty and thus comes under Arti cle 21

• the Supreme Court has overruled verdicts given in the M.P. Sharma case in 1958 and the Kharak Singh case in 1961, both of which said that the right to privacy is not protected under the Indian consti tuti on.

• The SC’s rules that the “Right to Privacy is an integral part of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Arti cle 21 of the Consti tuti on”. From now on, ‘Right to Privacy’ is a fundamental right

According to the court, Privacy enables each individual to take crucial decisions which fi nd expression in the human personality

• It enables individuals to preserve their beliefs, thoughts, expressions, ideas, ideologies, preferences and choices against societal demands of homogeneity

Privacy is an intrinsic recogniti on of heterogeneity, of the right of the individual to be diff erent and to stand against the ti de of conformity in creati ng a zone of solitude

Why is the debate in NEWS?

• The debate has come to fore in the nati onal discourse on account of a case fi lled before the SC alleging against the Aadhar scheme

• It alleges that is a violati on of privacy of the citi zens and creati on of a totalitarian state

• A 5 judge bench has referred the matt er to a 9 bench judge for pronouncement on the issue whether Right to Privacy is a Fundamental Right or no

• In its submission before the court the government had submitt ed that Right to Privacy is not a Fundamental Right and it was expressly kept out of the purview of the Consti tuti on by the founding fathers

• The government also cited as Case Law some cases in the early decades post-independence to butt ress its argument. But considering the evolving nature of the society the 5 member bench thought it to be fi t to refer the questi on of Right to Privacy being a FR or no being decided by a larger bench

• Based on this pronouncement the 5 member bench will give its decision on the validity of the Aadhar scheme that has been made compulsory in many areas by the government

What are internati onal standards on Right to Privacy

• Arti cle 12 of Universal Declarati on of Human Rights (1948) states that “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence nor to att ack upon his honour and reputati on. Everyone has the right to protecti on of the law against such interference or att acks.”

• Arti cle 17 of Internati onal Covenant of Civil and Politi cal Rights (to which India is a party) states “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home and correspondence, nor to unlawful att acks on his honour and reputati on”

• Arti cle 8 of European Conventi on on Human Rights states “Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence; there shall be no interference by a public authority except such as is in accordance with law and is necessary in a democrati c society in the interests of nati onal security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the protecti on of health or morals or for the protecti on of the rights and freedoms of others.”


Arti cle 21 and Right to Privacy

• Arti cle 21 of the Consti tuti on of India states that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”.

• Arti cle 21, has been interpreted that the term ‘life’ includes all those aspects of life which go to make a man’s life meaningful, complete and worth living.

• In this context SC has ti me and again resorted to the Internati onal Charters to give the widest amplitude to the terms Life and Personal Liberty

• In the Kharak Singh v. State of UP case the Supreme Court held that Regulati on 236 of UP Police regulati on was unconsti tuti onal as it clashed with Arti cle 21 of the Consti tuti on. It was held by the Court that the right to privacy is a part of right to protecti on of life and personal liberty. Here, the Court had equated privacy to personal liberty.

• Later in Govind v. State of Madhya Pradesh , the Court accepted the right to privacy as an emanati on from Art. 19(a), (d) and 21, but right to privacy is not absolute right.

• In Naz Foundati on Case (2009) Delhi HC gave the landmark decision on consensual homosexuality. In this case S. 377 IPC and Arti cles 14, 19 & 21 were examined. Right to privacy held to protect a “private space in which man may become and remain himself”.

What is Aadhar?

• Aadhaar is a paperless online anyti me-anywhere identi ty assigned to a resident to cover his/her enti re lifeti me. The verifi cati on of his identi ty is done online with the help of authenti cati on devices which connect to UIDAI’s Central Identi ty Repository and return only a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response to the basic query-“Is the person who he/she claims to be?” based on the data available with UIDAI.

• Aadhaar means foundati on , therefore it is the base on which any delivery system can be built. It can be used in any system which needs to establish the identi ty of a resident and/or provide secure access for the resident to services/benefi ts off ered by the system.

Why Government supports Aadhar despite the concerns raised stand

• It is important for the poor availing important services • It helps in developing a bett er social security programme for eff ecti ve

targeti ng of the benefi ciaries• It reduces corrupti on in the delivery of government services resulti ng in the

opti mizati on of precious resources. It is reported that the government could save close to 50000 crores on account of the DBT

• It will help to promote a cashless economy with digital initi ati ves such as the Jan-Dhan Yojana, pension payments, digital certi fi cates, biometric att endance.

• It increases the administrati ve effi ciency and reduces the costs associated with it

• It helps in putti ng tabs on money laundering and terror funding• lt provides end-to-end transparency and traceability of various subsidies and

benefi ts. • For an overwhelming majority the benefi ts of the scheme far outweigh the

sharing of private data• The Aadhar bill passed earlier addresses privacy concerns by establishment of

Central Data Identi ty Repository.• Privacy was not expressly menti oned in the Fundamental Rights by the

founding fathers of the Consti tuti on


Those opposing it

• It can create a surveillance state • It may result in targeti ng of citi zens based on the informati on shared • In today's age where data is the new currency, it can be misused • The collecti on of the data is outsourced increasing the risk of data theft • There is no provision in the Aadhar bill that will prevent security agencies in

using the Aadhar number to track the acti viti es of a person • By making Aadhar compulsory for various schemes the one would be forced

to share his biometrics despite not wishing the same • It may be leaked to the private sector players resulti ng violati on of privacy • The data can become vulnerable to cyber-att acks by foreign state as well as

non-state actors as well as from domesti c actors• The legal provision for violati on of data is not strong in INdia unlike in the

West. Furthermore there are no measures to compensate the aggrieved for the loss of their data

• UIDAI is the sole authority to take up the cases for the violati on of such data resulti ng in clash of interest

• There have been various reports of violati on of data of UIDAI• The competencies of foreign actors to make such data vulnerable has been

demonstrated several ti mes. Russian hackers have hacked a UID like initi ati ve in Turkey and Chinese hackers have ti me and again hacked the websites of US government.

• Unlike the US and UK, India does not have data protecti on laws

Way Ahead • There is a need of a clear cut defi niti on and understanding of the term privacy in Indian context.

• In the changed ti mes privacy is an indivisible aspect of a person's dignity. Further a compromise on it can never be redressed with a compensati on. Hence making it a Fundamental Right will help in assuring this essenti al right.

• Government must pass strict laws for data protecti on and only such data that is of utmost importance must be collected from the citi zen.

• Here also, as the SC had mandated earlier, the choice must be given to the citi zen whether to parti cipate in it or no

• Strict provisions for accountability, grievance redressal and compensati on must be enshrined in the laws to act as deterrence against any possible misuse by players, both public and private

• Capacity building of all the stakeholders must be enhanced to develop leak proof platf orms of data

SC judgment and Sec 377

• The Supreme Court, in its order on right to privacy, ruled that “sexual orientati on is an essenti al att ribute of privacy”

• Right to privacy and the protecti on of sexual orientati on lie at the core of the fundamental rights guaranteed by Arti cles 14, 15 and 21 of the Consti tuti on

• This ruling is expected to have an implicati on on the curati ve peti ti on on Secti on 377, pending before a fi ve-judge Consti tuti on Bench of the Supreme Court.


What is Sec 377

• Secti on 377, IPC reads as: “377. Unnatural off ences.—Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either descripti on for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fi ne.• Unnatural off ences or 'intercourse against the order of nature' is a criminal act in India• Due to lack of proper defi niti on of the same, it has been given a wide amplitude of interpretati on • Consequently it bans not only homosexuality but also all those acts between consenti ng heterosexual couple which are considered as unnatural • This secti on was criti cized by acti vists for denying the individuals' right over their sexuality as well as giving the State the power to intrude people's bedrooms• It gave law enforcement agencies scope for abusing the provision against

Court's observati ons on the Koushal case

• Court expressed its disagreement with the reasoning of a two-judge Bench of the SC in the Suresh Kumar Koushal vs Naz Foundati on case of December 2013, and the way it had dealt with the privacy-dignity based claims of LGBT persons.

• It, however, held that since the curati ve peti ti on is pending before the Supreme Court, the “consti tuti onal validity would be decided in an appropriate proceeding”

• Disagreeing with the two-judge Bench’s use of the term ‘’so-called rights” with reference to the rights of the LGBT populati on, the court today stressed that these are not illusory, but are real rights founded on sound consti tuti onal doctrine.

• It also diff ered with the two-judge Bench’s observati on that only “a miniscule fracti on of the country’s populati on consti tutes LGBT and in the last more than 150 years, less than 200 persons have been prosecuted”.

• The court today held that “the invasion of a fundamental right is not rendered tolerable when a few, as opposed to a large number of persons, are subjected to hosti le treatment.’

• The court has held that fundamental rights are not subject to minority or majority and also that the rights of the LGBT persons are not illusory

Brief Timeline of Sec 377 judicial proceedings

• Naz foundati on v/s Govt of Delhi case: Delhi High Court upholds that secti on 377 is in violati on of Fundamental Rights of the consti tuti on such as Arti cle 14, 15 or 21 etc. and consensual homosexual sex between adults has become decriminalized in India.

• Supreme Court on Delhi High Court Judgement: In 2013, Supreme Court De criminalizes the homosexuality by reversing the judgment of Delhi HC and upholding the consti tuti onal validity of secti on 377.

• Further SC says that it is the work of parliament to make or amend the legislati on and parliament shall make endeavor to remove such controversial provisions form statue books of India.

• Third Gender: In 2014, Supreme Court directed government to declare transgender as 'third gender' and to be given reservati on under OBC quota.

• The Supreme Court of India, aft er hearing curati ve peti ti ons fi led to ask the court to revisit the 2013 Judgement overturning the Delhi High Court verdict in the Naz Foundati on v Nati onal Capital Territory of Delhi held that the peti ti ons raise "signifi cant questi ons of consti tuti onal law" and referred the peti ti ons to a fi ve-judge bench to determine the said questi ons.

• A curati ve peti ti on is a process by which the Supreme Court may choose to exercise it's inherent powers to review it's own decision


Arguments against decriminalizing Sec 377

• Homosexuality and other unnatural sexual acts are against the Indian religious and moral ideals

• Homosexuality is a defect or disorder which needs curing• It will increase STDs like AIDS• It will increase child sex abuse• It will increase the forceful conversion to third gender• It is required to protect animal rights

Arguments in favour of decriminalizing Sec 377

• It is against the Fundamental Rights of the citi zen under the Rights of Equality• It violates the Right to life as enshrined under Arti cle 21• It denies the right to choice of a citi zen regarding his her sexuality• Aft er special laws being passed for protecti on of children against sexual abuse (POSCO 2012)there is no relevance of the argument that Sec 377 is needed for protecti ng them• What is natural and what is not must not be decided by the state• In the land of Kamasutra (3-4th c AD) and other arts that vividly represent various sexual practi ces, such restricti ons cant be upheld on grounds of culture• It violates the basic premise of a liberal democracy• It is against the internati onal trend that is more accommodati ve towards the LGBT community

Internati onal Trend

• Ireland legalized same-sex marriage. It had decriminalized homosexuality in 1993 and became the fi rst country to allow same sex marriage a nati onal level by popular vote.• In June 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that same sex marriages were legal. • Nepal legalized homosexuality in 2007 and the new Consti tuti on of the country too gives many rights to the LGBT community.• France, UK, Canada, United States, Australia and Brazil have de-criminalized homosexuality.

POSCO

What is POSCO • This is a comprehensive, gender neutral and special law for trying the off ences of sexual harassment, sexual assault and pornography of children (below 18 years).

• Considering the tender age of the victi ms the laws delineates special provisions for the trial procedure from the stage of reporti ng to fi nal announcement of punishment.

• Thus it creates special courts for trying these cases where the trial has to be concluded in a year's ti me.

• The off ender is punished depending on the intensity and the act of sexual abuse.

• It lays down the procedure to be followed by the police, the magistrate (or judge) in cases of sexual crimes against children.

Why is it in News?

• The Supreme Court declined to apply the provisions of the Protecti on of Children from Sexual Off ences Act (POSCO), 2012 to mentally retarded adults whose mental age may be that of a child.

Background of SC decision

• A 38 year old woman suff ering with cerebral palsy was raped. Her family members moved the court for transferring the case to a special court under POSCO

• The rati onale behind the move was that since the victi m was supposed to be of a mental age of 6 years the courts would interpret the POSCO act more liberally and allow such a move

• While analysing the questi on of whether expanding the noti on of age is within its remit the court ruled that it is outside its domain


Rati onale • POCSO is meant to protect children from sexual off ences. To extend it to adult victi ms based on mental age would require determinati on of their mental competence.

• This would need statutory provisions and rules. The legislature alone is competent to enact them. The interference of court would breach the principle of separati on of powers.

What are the features of the Act

• Passed in 2012 • cases of child sexual abuse under this law have to be tried in Special Courts

so that they get done quickly. • The courts may order compensati on for the physical and mental pain

suff ered by the child.• Crimes punished under it:

• Penetrati ve sexual assault of a child.• Non-penetrati ve sexual assault of a child, including sexual assault;• sexual harassment;• making and selling child pornography.

• The Act for the fi rst ti me, defi nes “penetrati ve sexual assault”, “sexual assault” and “sexual harassment”

• If committ ed by someone in a positi on of trust or authority then they are punished with more jail ti me

• There is a debate about whether sexual acti vity with consent is a crime under this law.

• Even if one is only suspicious that there is sexual abuse being done, one has to report it. Else one can be punished under this law.

• The police have a duty to help the child get medical care even if it has not fi led a FIR.

• Police while asking questi ons have to do it in an informal manner. • Authoriti es like the child welfare comitt ees decide if the child should not

be living in his or her current house and instead be moved to a home for children.

• The government has come out with an online complaint system.• Media channels and newspapers who publish informati on about the case

have a duty to make sure that the informati on they share is correct and that they do not publish any informati on that might reveal who the child is - otherwise they can be punished under this law.

• POCSO Act requires the State Governments to prepare guidelines for use of NGOs, professional and experts or persons to be associated with the pre-trial and trial stage to assist the child.


Punishments listed under POCSO

1. Penetrati ve sexual assault:Penetrati on that is peno-vaginal, peno-oral, peno-urethral or peno-anal, fi ngering or object penetrati on. Punishment: Not less than 7 years; this may extend to life imprisonment, and a fi ne (Secti on 4).2. Aggravated penetrati ve sexual assault:Committ ed by a person of trust or authority such as a police offi cer. Punishment: Not less than 10 years; this may extend to rigorous life imprisonment, and a fi ne (Secti on 6).3. Non-penetrati ve sexual assault:Committ ed by whoever, with a sexual intent,» touches the vagina, penis, anus or breast of the child » makes the child touch the vagina, penis, anus or breast of such person or any other person » does any other act with sexual intent which involves physical contact without penetrati on. Punishment: Not less than 3 years; this may extend to 5 years, and a fi ne (Secti on 10).4. Aggravated non-penetrati ve sexual assault:Committ ed by a person of trust or authority such as a police offi cer. Punishment: Not less than 5 years; this may extend to 7 years, and a fi ne (Secti on 10).5. Sexual harassment:Unwelcome sexual remarks, emails or telephone calls; taunti ng, jeering, demands or requests for sexual favours. Punishment: 3 years and a fi ne (Secti on 12).6. Use of minor for pornographic purposes: Involving a child in the preparati on, producti on and/or distributi on of pornography via print, electronic, computer or any other technology. Punishment: 5 years and a fi ne, and in the event of second convicti on, 7 years and a fi ne (Secti on 14 (1)).7. Att empt of off ence: Punishment: 1 year and/or fi ne (Secti on 18).8. Abetment of off ence:Insti gati ng a person to commit an off ence; conspiring to commit an off ence; intenti onally aiding an off ence. Punishment: Same as that of the off ence (Secti on 17).9. Failure to report an off ence Punishment: 6 months and/or a fi ne (Secti on 21).

Merits • Comprehensive coverage of off ences• Considerati on of the unique problems of a child who is a victi m• Creati on of special courts with ti me bound trials• Special instructi ons to police offi cer to carry out investi gati on in a humane

manner• Compulsion to report the abuse even on the grounds of suspicion • Criminalizati on of child pornography• Gender neutrality• Emergency care to the child even before the FIR is registered • Involvement of the Child Welfare committ ee and provision of removal of the

child from the place if there is a threat to its well being • Appointment of Special Public prosecutor for those who can't aff ord private

lawyer services.


Demerits • Considerati on of biological age and not mental age• No sensiti zati on of the police for implementi ng the directi ves • Lacks provisions for rehab of victi m• Since in many cases the off ender is from the family the crimes are oft en not

reported • Special cases of consensual sex, child marriage etc. not given any space• Law Commission states that it's not the severity of punishment that serves

the purpose of deterrence but its certainty. Law is not inadequate but lacks proper implementati on.

• Confl icti ng legal positi ons on medical examinati on of female victi m with a female doctor in diff erent acts.

CHILD MARRIAGE

What is meant by Child Marriage

• It is a marriage to which either of the contracti ng party is a child.S2 (b) of The Prohibiti on of Child Marriage Act, 2006

• Child or minor under this law is defi ned as18 years in the case of girls and 21 years in the case of boys.

S2 (b) of The Prohibiti on of Child Marriage Act, 2006• • UNICEF defi nes child marriage as marriage before 18 years of age and

considers this practi se as a violati on of human rights.• Child marriage is a human rights violati on. Despite laws against it, the

practi ce remains widespread, in part because of persistent poverty and gender inequality.

• In developing countries, one in every three girls is married before reaching age 18. One in nine is married under age 15.

Status in India • According to NFHS-III survey 47.3% of women aged 20-24 were married by age 18. Of these, 2.6 percent were married before they turned 13, 22.6 percent were married before they were 16, and 44.5 percent were married when they were between 16 and 17.

• In some states the percentage is quite high: Rajasthan 65.2%, Utt ar Pradesh 58.6%, Madhya Pradesh 57.3%, Jharkhand 63.2%, Chhatti sgarh 55%, Bihar 69% and Andra Pradesh 54.8%

• By contrast, men in the same age group get married at a median age of 23.4 years. Sixteen percent of men aged 20-49 are married by age 18 and 28 percent by age 20.


Causes • Chronic poverty compels parents to look at their daughters as a burden Lack of awareness of child protecti on programmes and its benefi ts

• Gender inequality as a result of patriarchal setup of the society is also an important reason for early marriage of the girls

• Lack of economic opportuniti es for girls reduces their importance in the family and resultant treatment as a burden

• The practi ce of dowry also complicates the problems of parents as later marriage entails higher dowry and lesser prospects of a good groom

• Child marriages are also the easy way out for parents who want their children to accept their choice of partner

• Safety of the girl child from sexual violence and the inabilityof parents to guarantee such safety

• There is a belief that child marriage is a protecti on for girls against unwanted male att enti on and promiscuity

• The skewed sex rati o further abets this insecurity about girls• The noti on of family honour creates pressure on the society • Parents see marriage as a way to secure the girl’s future socially

and economically.• Lack of educati on and awareness about the consequences of child

Marriage• Poor implementati on of the law and lack of will and acti on on the part of the

administrati on• Humanitarian crises also someti mes force the hands of the parents into

marrying their children early• Loopholes in the law Prohibiti on of Child Marriage Act 2006 which does not

provide for strong accountability mechanism as well as monitoring• Although there is widespread awareness of the Prohibiti on of Child Marriage

Act 2006 (PCMA) and the illegality of child marriage, individually people feel that the traditi ons and norms are stronger than the law and the insti tuti ons and rarely report cases.

• there is limited capacity among offi cials and lack of willingness to go against community decisions, since offi cials are themselves part of the community.

• Limited detailed knowledge on how to apply laws and litt le understanding of the consequences of the laws, as well as limited trust in insti tuti ons enforcing them, undermines the implementati on of the PCMA.


Impact • Violates their right to care and protecti on; to develop andgrow into a complete and full individual, regardless of their socialand economic situati on.

• Denies children their basic rights to good health, nutriti on, educati on, and freedom from violence, abuse and exploitati on

• Segregati on from family and friends, limiti ng the child's interacti ons with the community and peers. Resulti ng in a sudden decline in their social

networks, leaving them with few friends and peers if any.• Such social isolati on pose a host of other challenges that limit their

ability to promote their health, development and well-being.• Forces the girl to drop out of the school• Stunts her educati onal development• Body and mind are put to grave and heinous danger.• Premature pregnancies and motherhood• Exposes her to HIV and other STDs• Amounts to sancti on for child sexual abuse and rape.• Denies the girl the right of choice of whom to marry and when to marry• Severe risk to the physical as well as mental health of the girl • It puts severe curbs on the right of the girl child • Oft en they are subjected to bonded labour, enslavement, commercial sexual

exploitati on and violence as a result of child marriage.• It limits the future growth and prospects of the girls• Adolescent pregnancies can cause great damage to the health and wellbeing

of the girl• As per research the children of girls who are married early fair worse in

educati on as well as other social and health indices• It also results in Higher Ferti lity Rate and its corollaries of high rate of

unwanted pregnancies and higher rates of pregnancy terminati on• Poor nutriti onal status of mother and child• Domesti c violence is more common among women who had been

married as children.• Child traffi cking, bonded labour and fl esh trade

• Child marriage is an age-old practi ce that has both social and religioussancti on and cuts across all secti ons of society.

• Recognising child marriage as a social evil, the Child Marriage Restraint Act (CMRA) 1929, popularly known as the Sharda Act, prohibited child marriages of girls below the age of 15 years and of boys below the age 181. This law applied to all citi zens of India.

• In 1978, the law was amendedto make it more eff ecti ve and raise the minimum age of marriage bythree years i.e. from 15 to 18 years in case of girls and from 18 to21 years in case of boys.

• The amended law came to be known as the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.


Legal framework • The Consti tuti on guarantees basic rights to every child irrespecti ve of her/his socio economic conditi on, and cultural and geo-politi cal situati on.

• India is signatory to several internati onal human rights instruments that protect children from all forms of abuse and exploitati on and ensure them the right to dignity and childhood.

• These include the UN Conventi on on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), Conventi on on Eliminati on of Discriminati on against Women (CEDAW) and Internati onal Covenant on Economic Social Cultural Rights (ESCR).

• Preventi on of Child Marriage Act 2006 has been passed by the government to solve this problem

• Other Acts also support in preventi ng this malaise. These include the Dowry Prohibiti on Act, Juvenile Justi ce Act, Domesti c Violence Act, Protecti on of Children from Sexual Off ences Act etc.

• Important government schemes Sukanya Samruddhi Yojana, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Udan, Sabla etc

Preventi on of Child Marriage Act 2006

Child Marriage - An off ence• Child marriage is an off ence punishable with rigorous imprisonment,

which may extend to 2 years, or with fi ne up to Rs.1 Lakh, or both.• Courts can issue injuncti ons prohibiti ng solemnisati on of child

Marriages • Off ences under the Act are cognisable and non-bailable

Persons Who can be Punished Under the Law Include

• Whoever performs, conducts or directs or abets any child marriage• A male adult above 18 years marrying a child • Any person having charge of the child, including –

• parent or guardian• any member of organisati on or associati on, promoti ng,permitti ng, parti cipati ng in a child marriage or failing to prevent it Annulment and Voidability of Child Marriage

• Child Marriages are voidable and can be annulled

Strategies for solving the problem

The Internati onal Centre for Research on Women has provided the following 5 strategies for countering it1) Empower girls with informati on, skills and support networks; 2) Provide economic support and incenti ves to girls and their families; 3) Educate and rally parents and community members; 4) Enhance girls’ access to a high-quality educati on; and 5) Encourage supporti ve laws and policies.

PRISON REFORMS

Why are the prison reforms in NEWS?

• Recent cases of violati on of the rights of prisoners such as the murder of a lady inmate in one of Mumbai's prison and another incident of targetti ng from Pune's jail have brought the issue of Proson Reforms once more in the limelight.


Judicial Acti vism

• Supreme Court says jails are overcrowded by 150%, laments plights of inmates. Court says "Fundamental rights and human rights of people, however they may be placed, cannot be ignored only because of their adverse circumstances"

• The court also noted that it was unfortunate that in spite of directi ons by the court, the prison authoriti es have not been able to take any eff ecti ve steps for reducing overcrowding in jails.

Bombay High Court Directi ve

• Bombay High Court in March 2017 has directed the Maharashtra government to undertake a comprehensive review of the conditi ons in three major prisons in the State.

• An empowered committ ee was to be consti tuted to look into all aspects of the jails.

• This must be done in the light of Supreme Court decisions, the Model Prison Manual of 2016 and relevant UN resoluti ons.

• The panel was also suggested to take measures to create modern jails and modernise ameniti es.

• The issues that appeared in court orders range from prisoners’ rights, health, hygiene and access to legal aid, to the conditi on of women inmates and their children.

Model Jail Manual

• It was released by the Home Ministry• It makes it obligatory on part of the state to protect the residuary rights of

prisoners aft er they surrender their liberty to a legal process.• Prison reforms are not only about ameniti es and conditi ons; they must also

address the prisoner’s right to life.• It aims at bringing in basic uniformity in laws, rules and regulati ons governing

the administrati on of prisons and the management of prisoners all over the country.

• It includes -• Access to free legal services – Based on Arti cle 39A of the Consti tuti on.• Additi onal provisions for women prisoners – This is drawn from the

United Nati ons Rules for the Treatment of Female Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Off enders adopted by the UN General Assembly (UN Bangkok Rules).

• Rights of prisoners sentenced to death – thereby recognising the necessity of ensuring the human rights of such prisoners.

• Modernisati on & Prison computerisati on – to encourage use of technology/soft ware systems where possible.

• Focus on aft er-care services – to devise and develop mechanisms for rehabilitati on of released convicts.

• Provisions for children of women prisoners – to ensure holisti c development of children of women prisoners.

• Organisati onal uniformity and increased focus on prison correcti onal staff

• Inspecti on of Prisons – to help identi fy existi ng issues and defi ciencies which could then be remedied through appropriate acti on.

Status of Overcrowding

• Even though Supreme Court has, from ti me to ti me, raised the issues of prison reforms in general, and that of overcrowding in parti cular, measures to decongest jails have been sporadic and half-hearted.

• There are 1382 prisons across the country. The average occupancy in all jails in the country was 117.4%, as of Dec 31, 2014.

• Further there is litt le change even though the court has passed a series of interim orders to the states on measures to decongest prisons.


Consequences of overcrowding

• Against the prison's right to good health and dignity. • An excessive prison populati on creates problems of hygiene, sanitati on,

management and discipline. • Available staff strength and the level of training they receive also needs to be

updated.

Way Ahead 1. Constructi ng New Prisons- This can be a permanent soluti on to the problem, but the high cost as well as lack of availability of land would compel buying land outside city limits. This would make the logisti cs of presenti ng the inmates for trial diffi cult.

2. Filling the vacancies of Jail Staff - This can enable bett er uti lizati on of open spaces within the prison and maintenance of security

3. Bail for undertrials and proper legal aid to them • The SC has issued directi ons to ensure that under trials, who form a signifi cant proporti on of the prison populati on, are released, if they are eligible to be released under the provisions of Secti on 437 of the CrPC. • It has been observed that most of the under trials are from the weaker secti on of the society who don't have enough means to get bail. Legal aid can help them in getti ng bail and reduce the burden on jails• Filling of vacancies in Judiciary • Vacancies in the judiciary and consequent pendency make bail extremely diffi cult for the under trials, thus compounding the issue of prison reforms. • Innovati ve steps like Open Prisons of Rajasthan • A prisoner who has completed one-third of his sentence inside the prison, has successfully completed three paroles and has maintained good conduct during his stay in prison is eligible for a permanent parole(Rajasthan Prisoner Release on Parole Rules, 1958 ), whereby he is put under certain conditi ons for the remaining part of his sentence.• Where the prison terms are longer than a year and the prisoner is not a danger to the society, there should be a provision for periodic remissions so that he can meet his family and aft er completi on of his term can be easily integrated into the society.• Women prisoners must be treated more sympatheti cally and allowed to meet their families frequently so that they can remain emoti onally stable and respond to the correcti ve measures at the prison• Privacy during the interacti on of the prisoners and their families should be maintained• Emphasis must be on vocati onal training as per latest industry requirements• 'Aft er Care' faciliti es for socio-economic rehabilitati on must also be considered • Prison Act of 1894 needs to be overhauled for to refl ect the current socio-politi co-economic requirements

SEC 498A


What is Sec 498 A

• Husband or relati ve of husband of a woman subjecti ng her to cruelty.—Whoever, being the husband or the relati ve of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fi ne.

“cruelty” means—(a) any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or(b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.]

• It is a cognizable and non-bailable off ence• Secti on 498A was inserted in the statute (1983) with the objecti ve of

punishing cruelty at the hands of husband or his relati ves against a wife parti cularly when such cruelty had potenti al to result in suicide or murder of a woman.

Why is it in NEWS

• Supreme Court of India has issued new set of directi ons to prevent the misuse of Secti on 498A of Indian Penal Code.

• The court while upholding the original object of the clause has simultaneously taken cognizance of the fact that the rights of innocents must be protected and frivolous cases and arrests damage the chances for a sett lement.

• It acknowledges the abuse of Sec 498A in the Indian society. • This marks a break from the percepti on that the complainant's allegati ons

must be taken on face value. Thus causing a shift in the approach of judiciary towards complaints under IPC 498A.

Recent observati ons on the issue

• There were opinions that complaints under secti on 498A were being fi led on the basis of personal vendett a.

• The convicti on rate of cases registered under Secti on 498A IPC was also a very low at 15.6%.

• The recent concern brought up was, to check if there was a need to roping in all family members to sett le a matrimonial dispute.

• "It is a matt er of serious concern that large number of cases conti nue to be fi led under Secti on 498A alleging harassment of married women...

Many such complaints are not bona fi de. At the ti me of fi ling of the complaint, implicati ons and consequences are not visualised. At ti mes, such complaints lead to uncalled for harassment not only to the accused but also to the complainant. Uncalled for arrest may ruin the chances of sett lement,"


What are the directi ves of the SC

Directi ves-• all states to set up family welfare committ ee (FWC) in each district and

tasked them with testi ng the veracity of every complaint.• The Committ ees may be consti tuted out of para legal volunteers/social

workers/reti red persons/wives of working offi cers/other citi zens who may be found suitable and willing.

• Every complaint under Secti on 498A received by the police or the Magistrate be referred to and looked into by such committ ee.

• The committ ee can interact with the parti es and fi le its report within a month

• Till such report received no arrests should be made. • In cases where a sett lement is reached, it will be open to the District and

Sessions Judge or any other senior Judicial Offi cer nominated by him in the district to dispose of the proceedings including closing of the criminal case if dispute primarily relates to marital discord.

• If a bail applicati on is fi led with at least one clear day’s noti ce to the Public Prosecutor/complainant, the same may be decided as far as possible on the same day.

• In respect of persons ordinarily residing out of India impounding of passports or issuance of Red Corner Noti ce should not be a routi ne...

• Personal appearance of all family members and parti cularly outstati on members may not be required and the trial court ought to grant exempti on from personal appearance or permit appearance by video conferencing without adversely aff ecti ng progress of trial.

• These directi ons will not apply to the off ences involving tangible physical injuries or death.


Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar case (2014)

• The peti ti oner Arnesh Kumar was apprehending arrest in a case registered against him under Sec. 498A of Indian Penal Code and Sec. 4 of the Dowry Prohibiti on Act, 1961.

• The anti cipatory bail applicati on of the peti ti oner was rejected by the Court of Session as well as the High Court. Therefore, he approached the Hon’ble Apex Court.

• two defi ning issues dealt in the said judgment. • The fi rst - the procedure for arrest specifi ed in Sec.41 of Code of

Criminal Procedure (hereinaft er called as Cr.P.C.), and the blatant disregard to the same by the police machinery. The Supreme Court has issued certain directi ons to be followed by the police authoriti es and the Magistrates while making arrest/ or authorizing detenti on of an accused.

• The second - ( taken up sou moto by the Apex Court), is the rising trend of misuse of Sec. 498A of IPC in India. The Apex Court came down heavily on police machinery, the magistrates as well as the liti gants who fi le frivolous cases under Sec. 498A.

• The Supreme Court emphasized on the need for cauti on while exercising the drasti c power of arrest, which has for years, been treated as a tool for harassment and oppression in the hands of the police authoriti es; and has greatly contributed to police corrupti on in India. The Supreme Court proceeded to set out certain objecti ve criteria to be applied before making the arrest under Cr.P.C.

• The Supreme Court held that no arrest should be made only because the off ence is non-bailable nad cognizable.

• Neither should arrest be made in a routi ne, casual and cavalier manner or on a mere allegati on of commission of an off ence made against a person.

• Arrest should only be made aft er reasonable sati sfacti on reached aft er due investi gati on as to the genuineness of the allegati on.

the Apex Court has issued the following directi ons to all the State Governments:

• To instruct the police offi cers not to automati cally arrest the accused u/s 498A of IPC without sati sfying themselves that the parameters of Sec. 41 of Cr.P.C. are met.

• All police offi cers to be provided with the check-list of conditi ons precendent prescribed under Sec.41 of Cr.P.C. This checklist is to be duly fi led and forwarded to be Magistrate while producing the accused for further detenti on.

• The Magistrate shall peruse the report provided by the police offi cer and only aft er recording its sati sfacti on in writi ng may authorise detenti on.

• The noti ce of appearance in terms of Sec. 41A of Cr.P.C. should be served on the accused within two weeks from the date of insti tuti on of the case.


Criti cism of the decision

• It only adds up another layer between the victi m and justi ce• There is no guarantee that the Committ ee will be objecti ve and free from

the patriarchal mindset• There is no procedure for the Committ ee to ascertain as to whether cruelty

has been committ ed• Judiciary has not given due importance to mental torture, emoti onal

or sexual violence by making only grave physical violence or death as excepti ons to the directi ve

• The nomenclature 'Family' Welfare Committ ee creates an impression that the task of the committ ee is to give primary importance to family and not the victi m

• The court noti ng the fact that a complaint jeopardises the later chances of reconciliati on may subtly send a signal that the 1st inclinati on of the victi m should be sett lement and protecti on of husband and his family's reputati on

• The court using the data of NCRB showing low convicti on rate is not appropriate as reasons for acquitt al could be many such as poor investi gati on by the investi gati ng offi cer, sett lement through mediati on, or inti midati on of witnesses and the complainant herself.

• By relaxing rules related to Passport the directi ve may end making the law ineff ecti ve against NRI husbands who evade the law


Modernisation of Police Forces (MPF)

• The Union Cabinet has approved a �25,000-crore internal security scheme to strengthen the country’s law and order mechanism and mordernise the police forces.

• The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), headed by Prime MinisterNarendra Modi, gave its approval for the implementation of the umbrella scheme, Modernisation of Police Forces (MPF), for 2017-18 to 2019-20.

• The new initiatives were being introduced to provide assistance to States for upgradation of police infrastructure, forensic science laboratories, institutions and the equipment available with them to plug critical gaps in the criminal justice system.

• Police stations would be integrated to set up a national database of crime and criminal records. It would be linked with other criminal justice system such as prisons, forensic laboratories and prosecution offi ces.

• Country’s biggest ever internal security scheme.• The fi nancial outlay over the three-year period is �25,060 crore, out of which the Central

government’s share will be �18,636 crore and the States’ �6,424 crore• Special provisions had been made under the scheme for internal security, law and order,

women’s security, availability of modern weapons, mobility of police forces, logistical support, hiring of helicopters and e-prison among others.

Various other initiatives:

• Central budget outlay of �10,132 crore had been earmarked for internal security-related expenditure for Jammu and Kashmir, northeastern States and those aff ected by left wing extremism (LWE).

• A scheme for special Central assistance (SCA) for 35 districts worst hit by LWE had been introduced with an outlay of �3,000 crore to tackle the issue of underdevelopment.

• An outlay of �100 crore had been earmarked for police infrastructure upgradation, training institutes, investigation facilities, etc. in the northeastern States.

g'H$mcrZ 縴c§V 'w匭 - Mission MPSC

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