Geoffrey Chaucer - Universidad Técnica Nacional

2021 ISSUE 101 JULY

Geoffrey Chaucer The Cantembury Tales

The Subcultures Of Sustainable Living

Results Of The OEES System Of Indicators And Information

INSIDE COVER PAGE2 EDITORIAL UTN NEWS3 Yuumllok Magazine Presents Its New Edition 4 Results Of The OEES System Of Indicators And Information AROUND THE GLOBE5 China Pulls Itself Out Of Poverty 100 Years Into Its Revolution 6 Discovery Of Tiny Bones Teeth Reveals Multiple Dinosaur Species Lived Nested In Arctic THE ILE ETHOS7 University Professors Should Never Be Mothers8 Working Conditions And Self-Perceived Health Among Two Costa Rican Conservation Area Personnel ACADEMICS AND MORE10 Scaffolding 12 VOX POPULI THE STUDENTSrsquo VOICE13 Violence 14 Importance Of Emotions In Life POP WORLD15 The Untold Birth Of The Peace Sign DID YOU KNOW 16 Do You Know About The Subcultures Of Sustainable Living TECHNOLOGY BITS17 What Is The Cloud LANGUAGE CORNER19 Geoffrey Chaucer The Cantembury Tales21 English For You LOUDER THAN WORDS22 The Corinth Canal Greece

This month our cover page is dedicated to The Canterbury Tales which is one of the best loved works in the history of English literature If you have an awesome picture you think could be on the cover of one of The ILE Post editions send it to eherrerautnaccr So far several readers have sent amazing pictures that we will be sharing with you soon If you want to know what is happening in ILE follow us on FACEBOOK

Photo Credit httpscommonswikimediaorgwikiFileCanterbury_Tales_-_The_Miller_-_f_34v_detail_-_

Robin_with_the_Bagpype_-_early_1400s_Chaucerpng

All materials used and produced by The ILE Post are for educational purposes They can be used and reproduced for educational purposes as long as you credit you for the original creation

wwwfacebookcomTheILEPostfref=ts

Douglas Barraza Article WriterJenaro Diaz-Ducca English For You

Clare Goodman Academic Editor

Kenneth Mejiacuteas Essay Writer

Krista Morales Essay Writer

Dusting Oreamuno Article WriterCindy Rodriacuteguez Essay Writer

Izabella Sepuacutelveda News Translator

Fidelia Solano Article Writer

1

CONTRIBUTORS

EDITORIAL

Clock Work And The Academy

by Eric Herrera (ILE Professor)

The dictionary provides several definitions of the word work that include the job that someone does usually to earn money the responsibilities that are part of your job the tasks that need to be completed and the men-tal or physical effort involved in doing or achieving something

Even though there are many different types of physical and academic jobs created since the origin of these definitions many organizations continue using time as the essential tool to mea-sure someonersquos job This aspect has caused huge controversy during the last years in which techno-logical tools and digital skills became part of daily academic workA study carried out by mathematician Katie Steckles (2018) found that on average technol-ogy saves the average person about two weeks per year in their daily activities Unfortunately there is not a study which can give an estimate of how much time technology saves at the work-place which would probably be more This time saved has lamentably played against academics who work in higher education institutions where authorities have an industrial mentality calculat-ing work around the clock In other words these authorities worry more about how many hours a person works instead of how much work is doneThis commercial panorama dramatically affects academic work because this activity is more de-manding today but the organizations do not offer a process of adaptability to the new challenges One of the main duties which is not contemplated in the plan of work assigned to academics by their organizations include achieving a level of exper-tise on the hundreds of technological tools need-ed to work in virtual education In addition the access to mobile phones and apps and platforms like Zoom mistakenly make authorities think that

academics must be ready 247 There is a utopian idea that emails must be answered almost imme-diately and that meetings can be convened with short-time notice (some hours in many cases) All this unconsciously represents that unconsciously in person presence at the workplace has been transformed into virtual presence at the work-placeThis new paradigm derives several interesting questions Should these rules be written some-where Do academics accept this change in the conditions under which they were hired Does this new paradigm physically or psychologically affect the academicrsquo help Is this change cov-ered and permitted by any national law How is digital workload measured Who establishes how much time is needed for each task in a digital world where authorities are usually more out of date than the academics Who can answer any of these questions related to this new paradigm without resulting in conflict between the academ-ics and their superiorsIt is time to do something paying attention to this grievous situation to transform the institutionalized nature of clocked time All in all technology must be seen as their work and not as to make them work more affecting their physical and emotion-al health Finally all higher education institutions must work on different processes to make every-body understand the new paradigm of working around the clock in a digital world that advances at a speed that cannot be followed by all This understanding implies a fundamental transfor-mation of temporal and spatial aspects of interaction work and organization which requires im-mediate further in-vestigation

2

References Schaller J (2020) How Much Time Do You Actually Save From Technology Retrieved from

httpswwwglobalnetwatchcomhow-much-time-do-you-actually-save-from-technology

UTN NEWS

3

Yuumllok Magazine Presents Its New Edition Translated By Izabela Sepuacutelveda (ILE Professor)

With the presentation of the results of the archaeological study of the Battle of La Trinidad de Sarapiquiacute (1856-1857) Yuumllok Journal of Ac-ademic Innovation of the Universi-dad Teacutecnica Nacional presents its seventh editionThis publication which was present-ed in virtual mode on Friday June 25th had as a guest of honor the Vice President of the Republic Epsy Campbell Barr who stated that ldquoto decree the protection of the His-toric Site of La Trinidad under the patrimonial regime of State has stimulated the rescue of the histor-ical memory of the transcendental events that occurred there and that today we see reflected with this content that is presented to us by the Journal of Academic Inno-vation of the National Technical University Yuumllok rdquoThe Minister of Culture and Youth Sylvie Duraacuten Salvatierra also pres-ent stated that ldquoIn this 2021 in which we celebrate 200 years of our independence we also commem-orate the 165 years of the deed of 1856 we celebrate together with our Juan Santamariacutea Museum to the UTN and to each one of the ex-perts and historians for their

commitment and for framing cul-ture as a fundamental part of their work and for dedicating this special issue of their magazine ldquoYulokrdquo We thank the cantons of Sarapiquiacute Barva and Alajuela for their effort to position their place in that journey of the countryrsquos history and to feel with pride sons daughters and part of the routes of our heroes and her-oines rdquoThe keynote address was given by the archaeologist Maureen Saacuten-chez Pereira with the dissertation ldquoArcheology at the La Trinidad site A 19th century battlefieldrdquo and will be complemented by Vladimir de la Cruz de Lemos with ldquoThreatened independencerdquo The PublicationThe monograph presented on its cover a photograph of the area of the Battlefield in La Trinidad de SarapiquiacuteAccording to the archaeologist Maureen Saacutenchez Pereira retired academic and researcher at the University of Costa Rica (UCR) the image is the product of the ldquoGeo-physical Prospectingrdquo a comple-mentary and fundamental analysis of the study which was carried out with the collaboration of the Re-

search Center Geological studies of the UCR and the Costa Rican Elec-tricity InstituteIn its content this Special Edition begins with a presentation by Dr Elizabeth Fonseca Corrales which highlights the relevance of archae-ological research in La Trinidad a site of great historical importance during the second stage of the Na-tional CampaignThe prologue ldquoMeanings of the study of the La Trinidad Battlefieldrdquo is written by Dr Mariacutea Eugenia Boz-zoli VargasThe scientific articles that give body and life to this commemorative edition rdquoArcheology at the La Trini-dad site A 19th century battlefieldrdquo by the authors Maureen Saacutenchez Pereira and Virginia Novoa Espino-za both prominent Costa Rican ar-chaeologistsldquoOpening of routes to the North 1820-1860 The San Juan river basin and the National Warrdquo by the mas-ter Jorge Leoacuten SaacuteenzldquoA microscopic look at the ammu-nition from the Battle in Trinidad de Sarapiquiacute in 1856rdquo written by Irene Rojas Rodriacuteguez Paula Calderoacuten Meseacuten and Oacutescar Andrey Herrera SanchoThe research advance ldquoLa Trin-idad-Sarapiquiacute Archaeological Collection museums history and researchrdquo written by Marco Garita MondragoacutenldquoUnearthing stories memories and identities Learning from a travel-ing exhibitionrdquo prepared by Adriaacuten Chaves Mariacuten Rodolfo Gonzaacutelez Ulloa and Aacutelvaro Vega CorteacutesIt includes with the epilogue ldquoThe relevance of the study of Battle-fields scenarios of sociopolitical conflictsrdquo written by Mariacutea Elena Masiacutes Muntildeoz Director of the Juan Santamariacutea Historical Museum

To read original news in Spanishgo to httpswwwutnaccrcontentyuumllok-presenta-edicioacuten-conmemorativa-del-bicentenario-de-la-independencia-de-costa-rica

UTN NEWS

Results Of The OEES System Of Indicators And Information Translated By Izabela Sepuacutelveda (ILE Professor)

On Wednesday May 26th the ac-tivity ldquoHigher education in the key of equity System of indicators and results of the Observatory on Equi-ty in Education (OEES)rdquo was carried out in virtual mode In it the main findings of the project ldquoDesign and construction of the system of indicators and information for the OEESrdquo carried out in conjunction with the Development Observato-ry (OdD) of the University of Costa Rica (UCR) were presentedTo begin with Mrs Noelia Madrigal Vice-Chancellor for Student Life of the UTN as representative of the Chancelloracutes Office welcomed and highlighted the importance of the alliance between both Obser-vatories for the development of this research formalized through a Spe-cific Agreement of Collaboration signed by the UCR and the Univer-sidad Teacutecnica Nacional in Decem-ber 2019Mr Agustiacuten Goacutemez Coordinator of the OdD Statistics Unit presented a summary of the results of the proj-ect exposing the way in which the system of indicators and informa-tion was built and a summary of the main findings in matters of institu-tional legal order policies and uni-versity management Goacutemez also revealed significant data associat-ed with the academic behavior of students in a vulnerable and disad-vantaged condition according to their gender their territorial origin

their socioeconomic status and their employment statusMrs Ana Ligia Guilleacuten Coordina-tor of the OEES presented the final considerations and recommenda-tions of the project emphasizing the economic social and educa-tional context of the universities as well as the mission they are called to fulfill in favor of the protection and promotion of the rights of all peo-ple especially the mission that the Universidad Teacutecnica Nacional has been called to fulfill from its origins Finally he highlighted the general trends presented by the analyzed data for each of the vulnerability conditions raised and mentioned the roadmap to be followed by the OEES concluding that the results of this project constitute the back-bone for the Observatoryrsquos work that undoubtedly already has the necessary foundations to contin-

ue its substantive monitoring and research work on issues of equality and equity in higher educationFinally a discussion was held with special guests in which their com-ments and observations about the results were presentedThe panel was made up of Mr Car-los Murillo Director of the Develop-ment Observatory of the UCR Mrs Isabel Romaacuten Research Coordina-tor of the State of Education and Mr Joseacute Matarrita Vice-Chancellor of Teaching of the UTN Mr Jorge Rojas a researcher at the OEES was in charge of the moderation Among the aspects discussed in the panel are the concepts and vari-ables used by the OEES in its anal-ysis model the importance of data culture for decision-making as well as the role that public universities must assume in the current context

4

To read original news in Spanish go to httpswwwutnaccrcontentel-observatorio-sobre-equidad-en-educacioacuten-superior-y-el-observatorio-del-desarrollo

AROUND THE GLOBEChina Pulls Itself Out Of Poverty 100 Years Into Its Revolution By Vijay Prashad and John Ross Independent Media Institute (July 1st 2021)

On February 25th 2021 Chinarsquos Pres-ident Xi Jinping announced that his country of 14 billion people had pulled its people out of poverty as it is defined internationally Since 1981 853 million Chinese people have lifted themselves out of poverty thanks to large-scale interventions from both the Chinese state and the Communist Party of Chi-na (CPC) according to the data of the World Bank three out of four people worldwide who were lifted out of pov-erty live in China ldquoNo country has been able to lift hundreds of millions of peo-ple out of poverty in such a short timerdquo Xi saidWhen UN Secretary-General Antoacutenio Guterres visited China in September 2019 he gushed over this accomplish-ment calling it the ldquogreatest anti-pov-erty achievement in historyrdquo ldquoYou reduced infant and maternal mortal-ity rates improved nutrition reduced stunting and halved the proportion of the population without access to safe drinking water and sanitationrdquo Secre-tary Guterres saidIn 1949 at the time of the Chinese Rev-olution the infant mortality rate in Chi-na was 200 per 1000 live births this de-clined to fewer than 50 by 1980 A World Bank study from 1988 noted ldquoMuch of Chinarsquos success in improving the health of its people can be attributed to the health policies and the national health service delivery systemrdquo This is the his-torical context for Secretary Guterresrsquo 2019 comment in other words the Chi-nese state institutionsmdashproducts of the

revolution led by the CPCmdashimproved the social conditions of lifeBefore the RevolutionIn 1949 China was one of the worldrsquos poorest countries Only 10 countries had a lower per capita GDP than Chi-na Chairman Mao Zedongrsquos famous words at the inauguration of the Peo-plersquos Republic of ChinamdashldquoThe Chinese people have stood uprdquomdashis a reflection of a century of humiliations that pro-duced terrible poverty in the countryThe degree of this national suffering may be seen in the fact that between 1840 and 1949 almost 100 million Chinese people died in wars which directly re-sulted from foreign intervention or were victims of civil wars and famines related to those interventions China had suf-fered the longest Second World War from 1937 to 1945 (with a civil war fol-lowing that lasted until 1949) the death toll was at least 14 million (as document-ed by Rana Mitter in his book Forgotten Ally Chinarsquos World War II 1937-1945) From the Opium Wars beginning in 1839 to the Japanese invasion in 1931 Chi-na struggled to establish its sovereignty and its futureIt was the terrible burden of this past that brought together a range of rad-icals to establish the CPC in July 1921 in Shanghai The small group of 13mdashin-cluding Maomdashmet in Shanghairsquos French Concession and then on a tourist boat on Nanhu Lake after the foreign po-lice came for them on the information of a spy The principal task of the CPC was to organize and guide the working

class By May Day 1924 100000 work-ers marched in Shanghai while 200000 workers marched in Canton ldquoThe time is past when workers are only cannon fodder for the bossesrdquo the workers wrote in a leaflet The CPC threw itself into these struggles growing through setbacksmdashincluding the Shanghai Mas-sacre of 1927 leadership by the CPC in the protracted anti-imperialist war against Japan led it to eventual victory in 1949Phases of Socialist ConstructionThe Chinese Revolution had to confront a broken state a destroyed economy and a society in deep turmoil In 1949 Chinarsquos people livedthree years less than the world average They were less well-educated and deeply unhealthy By 1978 they lived five years longer than the world average Literacy rates had risen and health care data showed a marked improvement As China in 1978 was 22 percent of the worldrsquos popula-tion never in human history had such an immense step forward taken placeFrom 1978 with the introduction of ldquore-form and opening uprdquo China achieved the fastest economic growth ever cal-culated by a major country in record-ed history From 1978 to 2020 Chinarsquos annual average GDP growth was 92 percent Since 1978 Chinarsquos household consumption has increased by 1800 percent twice that of any major coun-try This means that everyday life has improved markedly in China Chinarsquos literacy rate is now 9733 percent up from 9592 percent in 2010 far above the literacy rate of 20 percent in 1949By 2025 China will become a ldquohigh-in-comerdquo economy by World Bank inter-national standards according to Justin Lin Yifu (a standing committee member of the Chinese Peoplersquos Political Con-sultative Conference National Com-mittee and dean and professor at the Institute of New Structural Economics of Peking University) That is in about 75 years a single lifetime China will have gone from almost the worldrsquos poorest country to a high-income economymdashwith all the enormous improvement in human living standards life expectan-cy education culture and numerous other dimensions of human welfare this results in

5 Information taken from httpswwwpressenzacom202107china-pulls-itself-out-of-poverty-100-years-into-its-revolution Image taken from wwwpixabaycom

AROUND THE GLOBEDiscovery Of Tiny Bones Teeth Reveals Multiple Dinosaur Species Lived Nested In Arctic TEHRAN (Tasnim) ndash In the 1950s re-searchers made the first unexpected discoveries of dinosaur remains at frigid polar latitudesNow researchers reporting in the jour-nal Current Biology on June 24 have un-covered the first convincing evidence that several species of dinosaur not only lived in whatrsquos now Northern Alaska but they also nested thereldquoThese represent the northernmost di-nosaurs known to have existedrdquo says Patrick Druckenmiller of the University of Alaska Museum of the North ldquoWe didnrsquot just demonstrate the presence of perinatal remains mdash in the egg or just hatched mdash of one or two species rather we documented at least seven species of dinosaurs reproducing in the ArcticrdquoPrevious studies at a handful of other sites provided tantalizing bits of evi-dence that one or two species of in-determinate dinosaurs were capable of nesting near or just above the Arc-tic or Antarctic circles he says but this study is the first to show unequivocal evidence of nesting at extremely high latitudes Environmental conditions at this time and place indicate challeng-ing seasonal extremes with an average annual temperature of about 6 degrees Celsius (about 40 degrees Fahrenheit) There also would have been about four months of full winter darkness with freez-ing conditionsDruckenmiller and co-author Grego-ry Erickson from Florida State University have a longstanding project to docu-ment the ancient Arctic ecosystem of the Prince Creek Formation in Northern Alaska including its dinosaurs mam-mals and other vertebrates They also want to know how they lived there giv-en the challenging environment The environment is also a difficult place to workldquoThe field season is short in the Arctic and access is very difficult mdash aircraft and small boats are requiredrdquo Drucken-miller says ldquoTo make matters more chal-lenging the only way to see the rocks is in river-cut steep bluffs along the larg-

est river in Northern Alaska the Colville These bluffs are dangerous prone to catastrophic collapses making it hard to safely find and extract fossils As such we have focused on finding discrete bonebed horizons where we can more efficiently excavate many bones In the process wersquove also discovered numer-ous new microfossil deposits that have provided for a wealth of new knowl-edge about the whole ecosystem that lived in the Arctic over 70 million years agordquoOver the course of about a decade of painstaking work the researchers aid-ed by many students theyrsquove enlisted over the years have now found hun-dreds of small baby dinosaur bones including tiny teeth from individuals that were either still in the egg or had just hatched out The Arctic dinosaurs theyrsquove uncovered include small- and large-bodied herbivorous species in-cluding hadrosaurids (duck-billed dino-saurs) ceratopsians (horned dinosaurs and leptoceratopsians) thescelosaurs and carnivores (tyrannosaurs troodon-tids and dromaeosaurs)ldquoIt wasnrsquot that long ago that the idea of finding any dinosaurs in such extreme latitudes and environments was a sur-priserdquo Druckenmiller says ldquoTo then find out that most if not all of those species also reproduced in the Arctic is really

remarkable We have long been asked lsquoHave you found any eggsrsquo To that we have and still answer lsquonorsquo But we have something much better the actu-al baby dinosaurs themselvesrdquoThe findings add to evidence that the dinosaurs didnrsquot just spend time at these extreme latitudes but they most likely lived there as year-round residents Their evidence suggests both smaller dino-saurs and larger species such as duck-billed dinosaurs horned dinosaurs and a tyrannosaur that more likely could have migrated to warmer climes resid-ed in the ArcticldquoYear-round residency in the Arctic provides a natural test of dinosaurian physiologyrdquo Erickson says ldquoCold-blood-ed terrestrial vertebrates like amphibi-ans lizards and crocodilians have yet to be found only warm-blooded birds and mammals mdash and dinosaurs I think that this is some of the most compelling evidence that dinosaurs were in fact warm-bloodedrdquoErickson says they now have new ques-tions about how dinosaurs survived Arc-tic winters Itrsquos likely they had unique strategies to cope with darkness cold temperatures and food limitation the researchers say

Information taken from httpswwwtasnimnewscomennews202106272528862discovery-of-tiny-bones-teeth-reveals-multiple-dinosaur-species-lived-nested-in-arctic Image taken from wwwpixabaycom

6

University Professors Should Never Be Mothers Written by Cindy Rodriacuteguez (ILE Professor)

Without any doubt there is inequality between male and female university professors and within any profession in fact Why Simple the amount of ex-pectations set ldquoequallyrdquo to university professors demand more from women than from men and these expecta-tions are even more if you happen to be a mother ldquoNobody asked you to become a motherrdquo ldquoI know mothers who are also university professors and

do not complain about it and who accomplish as many things as malesrdquo ldquoI am a father I also face challeng-esrdquo Those are some arguments you might hear (or think) and my reply is ldquoNo It is not the samerdquo Therefore let me explain some of the reasons that support my answer Some of the duties teachers have are preparing class-es (high quality and meaningful) helping with constant (valid and important) students inquiries participating in academic activities (conferences seminars etc) ob-taining academic degrees (at least two masters and pressure to quickly obtain your PhD) Not to mention to write and produce academic work research do projects (and publish them) collaborate with fellow professors with their projects go to meetings stay up-to-date with institutional emails work take all the cours-es that should be taken because they are mandatory if you want to keep your job In addition giving quality feedback helping students with each particular need checking exams following all rules and making sure you know all of the bits and pieces of the university norms Everything on timeWell picture this moms NEVER sleep well NEVER We cannot help it it becomes part of our biology we are wired literally because our brain rewires in pregnancy and remains on the ldquomomrdquo mode forever During preg-nancy we suffer from morning sickness which is a ridic-ulous name for a horrible nausea (even vomit) that is experienced by most pregnant women during the first three months while keepin up with everything men-tioned before Now letrsquos talk about physical conditions where women feel tired and sleepy all the time gaining up to 25kg with-in months feeling their skin stretching their bodies swell-ing and their boobs engorge (that hurts A LOT) plus the huge beautiful belly that does not stop growing for nine months I am not actually complaining about pregnancy I really love it It has been one of the best experiences in my life but this physical condition coping with all of the du-ties previously mentioned plus life itself just trying to put this picture into perspective in regards to how different things are for women than for men Once pregnancy is

over then it comes the babyrsquos care Having a toddler at home is absolutely adorable The baby is not only a gen-uine and passionate work which deserves to be hon-ored to the fullest She is the most exquisite lively young girl that you can think of and who really deserves the best version of her family however it is a huge respon-sibility for any mother I am lucky to have a marvelous and loving husband who supports me and does his best to honor his wife with love and provides all the help he can give Nevertheless the amount of work continues to be challenging tiring and unbalanced Everyone is happy for me but that does not mean es-pecial or differentiated treatment or any expectations lowered whatsoever For example the ridiculous four-months maternity leave just means that you are months behind everything and with decisions and changes that have been made without you being there or your opin-ion being asked which in many cases affects your pro-fessional life directlyI am a responsible and dedicated worker but sometimes I wish things were a bit different and that life would be a priority in this system and not only for the baby and the toddler but also for the motherrsquos life and her family over-all I know of some cases of women who you might think ldquothey have gone through similar things and do not com-plain as much as yourdquo women who are highly successful as university professors however I would rather ask them directly first and I would ask them for the unspoken ex-periences pains and even effects of such a burden Furthermore I know men also go through struggles es-pecially those who take care of sick andor elderly peo-ple They also face challenges and emotional problems and they also have to keep working day in and day out but being a mother demands a lot from the body and the mind Why did I choose to become a mother Because I am not going into details of that very long answer but the point is that it was my choice and I love it I do not regret it not even a little bit ldquoWhy do not you change jobs Because I love being a university professor too I also love what it involves and demands I love the challenge and difficulty involved and I really believe in the impact high-er education has in the country and in one personrsquos life I have seen that effect and impact and it moves me to be the best version of a university professor I can be It is just disappointing that the human factor is easily re-moved by the system itself and it is painful to see how people just take it for granted Well it is what it is The struggle and the beauty will go on and so will I I just wanted to mention it here just be-cause I wanted to say it out loud With the help of God I will continue being the best version I can be in my differ-ent roles It is just not fair sometimes We are in 2021 and

THE ILE ETHOS

7

8

Conservation areas personnel is exposed to many occupational risks while performing their tasks Two fi-nal graduate projects within the Engineering on Oc-cupational Health and Environment (ISOA in Spanish) graduate program have researched the working con-ditions and self-perceived health conditions in two different Conservation Areas The first one was with forest firefighters in Arenal Tempisque Conservation Area (ACAT in Spanish) in 2019 and the second one among personnel (Administrative and in-field workers) in Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA in Spanish) in 2021 A basic questionnaire asking for employment work-ing health and preventive resources conditions was applied (Benavides et al 2016 Lacayo amp Gonzaacutelez 2021 Gonzaacutelez et al 2019)

One of the indicators related to other health ailments (morbidity and mortality) is how people perceived their health (Westerlund et al 2009 Loacutepez-Ruiz et al 2017)) Figure 1 shows high and similar prevalence at good health perceived among workers in both organi-zations (80 and 767) while poor health is perceived by less than the 24 of the personnel of both working places Working conditions is a recent but growing field study in Costa Rica and seek to better understand how dif-ferent elements (ie safety and hygiene conditions) of the work influence workeracutes health In epidemiology prevalence is related to ldquothe propor-tion of a population with a particular condition at a

specific point in timerdquo (McNutt amp Krug 2013)Safety conditions we referred to (i) working on unsta-ble irregular and or slippery soils or floors that could cause a fall (S1) (ii) working near holes ladders sloped terrains that could cause a fall (S2) and (iii) working with tools machines or equipment that could cause damage (cuts hits lacerations punctures amputa-tions etc) (S3)On the other hand hygiene conditions is referred to (i) workers are exposed to high noise levels that make you raise your voice to talk to another person (H1) (ii) workers are exposed to sun light (radiation) (H2) (iii) workers handle apply or manage toxic chemi-cals (H3) (iv) workers breath chemicals dusts smoke aerosol sprays vapors gases andor mist (not includ-ing tobacco smoke) (H4) and (v) workers manage or handle materials animals or people that could be in-fected (garbage body fluids animals laboratory ma-terial etc) (H5)

The overall prevalence of safety conditions for both areas is the following 638 always being exposed to non-ideal safety conditions Within Conservation Areas prevalence is higher in ACAT (733) than in ACOSA (543) (Figure 2) This difference could be explained because participantsacute task in ACAT are performed mainly outdoors while ACOSA is represented by ad-ministrative (indoor) and in-field (outdoor) workers

THE ILE ETHOS

Working Conditions And Self-Perceived Health Among Two Costa Rican Conservation Area Personnel Written by Douglas Barraza Dusting Oreamuno and Fidelia Solano Engineering on Occupational Health and Environment UTN Guanacaste

Results in hygienic conditions follow a similar tendency with that of Safety conditions Overall prevalence in both Conservation Areas is 509 of these forest firefighters (ACAT) perceived be-ing always exposed to adverse hygiene condi-tions in 82 of their working time whereas ACOSA personnel reported 198 only Prevalence is higher in ACAT personnel probably

because their work is mainly outdoor expecting from them to work long hours in challenging and changing conditions such as high temperatures steep terrain holes so on and so forth In addition they are exposed to biological hazards (ie ani-mals fleeing the fire) ACOSA personnel who filled in the survey was both administrative and in-field workers leading to report lower exposures prev-alence All in all people feel they enjoy good health (Figure 1) this is important to highlight be-cause it is demonstrated that people who per-ceived good health in their earlier working life will have good health at the end of their working life (PhD Aurora Aragoacuten personal communication) What we addressed in this paper is just a small percentage of what our students did for their Fi-nal Graduation Projects (TFG in Spanish) we in-vite you all to further read their TFG available in the UTN repository The examples portrayed here show us as university that we can go beyond imaginary line borders we (lecturers and stu-dents) are ready to contribute with our expertise in fostering a prevention culture in any working place

THE ILE ETHOS

9

ReferencesBenavides et al (2016) Cuestionario baacutesico y criterios metodoloacutegicos para las Encuestas sobre Condiciones de Trabajo Empleo y Salud en Ameacuterica Latina y el Caribe Cadernos de sauacutede puacuteblica 32(9) httpsdoiorg1015900102-311X00210715

Lacayo C amp Gonzaacutelez N (2021) Propuesta de una guiacutea para mejorar las condiciones laborales al personal del Aacuterea de Conservacioacuten Osa Costa Rica Trabajo Final de Graduacioacuten Licenciatura en Ingenieriacutea en Salud Ocupacional y Ambiente Universidad Teacutecnica Nacional Sede Guanacaste

Gonzaacutelez K Salas L amp Sandoval M (2019) Propuesta de una guiacutea de control de riesgos ocupacionales para los Bomberos Forestales en el Aacuterea de Conservacioacuten Arenal-Tempisque Costa Rica Trabajo Final de Graduacioacuten Licenciatura en Ingenieriacutea en Salud Ocupacional y Ambiente Universidad Teacutecnica Nacional Sede Guanacaste httprepositorioutnaccrhandle123456789316

Loacutepez-Ruiz M Benavides FG Vives A amp Artazcoz L (2017) Informal employment unpaid care work and health status in Spanish-speaking Central American countries a gender based approach Int J Public Health 62209-218 httpsdoiorg101007s00038- 016-0871-3

McNutt Louise-Anne amp Krug Allison (2013) Prevalence Encyclopedia Britannica 16 Dec 2013 httpswwwbritannicacomscienceprevalence

Westerlund H Kivimaumlki M Singh-Manoux M Melchior M Ferrie JE Pentti J Jokela M Leineweber C Goldberg M Zins M amp Vahtera J (2009) Self-rated health before and after retirement in France (GAZEL) a cohort study Lancet 374 1889ndash96 httpsdoiorg101016S0140-6736(09)61570-1

ACADEMICS AND MORE

In education scaffolding refers to a variety of instruc-tional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and ultimately great-er independence in the learning process The term it-self offers the relevant descriptive metaphor teachers provide successive levels of temporary support that help students reach higher levels of comprehension and skill acquisition that they would not be able to achieve without assistance Like physical scaffolding the supportive strategies are incrementally removed when they are no longer needed and the teacher gradually shifts more responsibility over the learning process to the studentScaffolding is widely considered to be an essential el-ement of effective teaching and all teachersmdashto a greater or lesser extentmdashalmost certainly use various forms of instructional scaffolding in their teaching In addition scaffolding is often used to bridge learning gapsmdashie the difference between what students have learned and what they are expected to know and be able to do at a certain point in their educa-tion For example if students are not at the reading level required to understand a text being taught in a course the teacher might use instructional scaffolding to incrementally improve their reading ability until they can read the required text independently and without assistance One of the main goals of scaffolding is to reduce the negative emotions and self-perceptions that students may experience when they get frustrat-ed intimidated or discouraged when attempting a difficult task without the assistance direction or un-derstanding they need to complete it The following examples will serve to illustrate a few common scaffolding strategiesThe teacher gives students a simplified version of a lesson assignment or reading and then gradually in-creases the complexity difficulty or sophistication over time To achieve the goals of a particular lesson

the teacher may break up the lesson into a series of mini-lessons that progressively move students toward stronger understanding For example a challenging algebra problem may be broken up into several parts that are taught successively Between each mini-les-son the teacher checks to see if students have un-derstood the concept gives them time to practice the equations and explains how the math skills they are learning will help them solve the more challeng-ing problem (questioning students to check for under-standing and giving them time to practice are two common scaffolding strategies) In some cases the term guided practice may be used to describe this general techniqueThe teacher describes or illustrates a concept prob-lem or process in multiple ways to ensure understand-ing A teacher may orally describe a concept to stu-dents use a slideshow with visual aids such as images and graphics to further explain the idea ask several students to illustrate the concept on the blackboard and then provide the students with a reading and writ-ing task that asks them articulate the concept in their own words This strategy addresses the multiple ways in which students learnmdasheg visually orally kinesthet-ically etcmdashand increases the likelihood that students will understand the concept being taught Students are given an exemplar or model of an as-signment they will be asked to complete The teach-er describes the exemplar assignmentrsquos features and why the specific elements represent high-quality work The model provides students with a concrete example of the learning goals they are expected to achieve or the product they are expected to produce Similarly a teacher may also model a processmdashfor example a multistep science experimentmdashso that students can see how it is done before they are asked to do it them-selves (teachers may also ask a student to model a process for her classmates)

Scalffolding

10

Information taken from httpswwwedglossaryorgscaffoldingPhoto credit httpspixabaycom

ACADEMICS AND MORE

Students are given a vocabulary lesson before they read a difficult text The teacher reviews the words most likely to give students trouble using metaphors

analogies word-image associations and other strat-egies to help students understand the meaning of the most difficult words they will encounter in the text When the students then read the assignment they will have greater confidence in their reading ability be more interested in the content and be more likely to comprehend and remember what they have readThe teacher clearly describes the purpose of a learn-ing activity the directions students need to follow and the learning goals they are expected to achieve The teacher may give students a handout with step-by-step instructions they should follow or provide the scoring guide or rubric that will be used to evaluate and grade their work When students know the rea-son why they are being asked to complete an assign-ment and what they will specifically be graded on they are more likely to understand its importance and be motivated to achieve the learning goals of the as-signment Similarly if students clearly understand the process they need to follow they are less likely to ex-perience frustration or give up because they havenrsquot fully understood what they are expected to doThe teacher explicitly describes how the new lesson builds on the knowledge and skills students were taught

in a previous lesson By connecting a new lesson to a lesson the students previously completed the teach-er shows students how the concepts and skills they al-ready learned will help them with the new assignment or project (teachers may describe this general strate-gy as ldquobuilding on prior knowledgerdquo or ldquoconnecting to prior knowledgerdquo) Similarly the teacher may also make explicit connections between the lesson and the personal interests and experiences of the students as a way to increase understanding or engagement in the learning process For example a history teacher may reference a field trip to a museum during which students learned about a particular artifact related to the lesson at hand For a more detailed discussion see relevance

11

Scaffolding vs DifferentiationAs a general instructional strategy scaffolding shares many similarities with differentiation which refers to a wide variety of teaching techniques and lesson adap-tations that educators use to instruct a diverse group of students with diverse learning needs in the same course classroom or learning environment Because scaffolding and differentiation techniques are used to achieve similar instructional goalsmdashie moving stu-dent learning and understanding from where it is to where it needs to bemdashthe two approaches may be blended together in some classrooms to the point of being indistinguishable That said the two approach-es are distinct in several ways When teachers scaffold instruction they typically break up a learning expe-rience concept or skill into discrete parts and then give students the assistance they need to learn each part For example teachers may give students an ex-cerpt of a longer text to read engage them in a dis-cussion of the excerpt to improve their understanding of its purpose and teach them the vocabulary they need to comprehend the text before assigning them the full reading Alternatively when teachers differ-entiate instruction they might give some students an entirely different reading (to better match their read-ing level and ability) give the entire class the option to choose from among several texts (so each student can pick the one that interests them most) or give the class several options for completing a related assign-ment (for example the students might be allowed to write a traditional essay draw an illustrated essay in comic-style form create a slideshow ldquoessayrdquo with text and images or deliver an oral presentation)

VOX POPULI

12

The UTN community includes professors administrative staff and students Each individual has something to say about everything In this section we give the university community the opportunity to express what they feel about different school country and world issues that in one or another way affect or impact our lives feelings and opinions

Is online education effective when it comes to teaching English (II)

Depending on the independent study time that every student sets for hisher own learning In language learning constancy remains a key factor to show

progress in language acquisition since every learner has a different skill set when it comes to learnig Right now people can acquire language in so many different ways

that online education just represents another option for them

Christian Corrales

Online Education is effective in many ways depending on the type of subject matter being taught Learning communication is learned through the act itself If online education is able to duplicate the conditions to make it possible then it can be done If it fails there is a necessity to check if online means are appropriate

Jose Soto

There are many ways to teach and to learn In the case of teaching a language online it can be advantageous for some people but it may also be less effective than teaching it in a classroom since this type of instruction requires a high level of accountability and in-

dependence from learners Some people possess these qualities and so this kind of instruction fits them well However even though

possibilities to take courses and obtain higher degrees have existed for a long time I feel that many people arenrsquot prepared or mature

enough for this

Xinia Nagygelleacuter

Online education is very effective if it is planned carefully It requires designing programs that are ade-quate for online teaching making

sure that both teachers and students have the conditions for getting

connected (devices and good inter-net access) and training for both in digital literacies Teachers can

design participatory experiences so learners use the language mean-

ingfully and develop competences required for the 21st century

Veronica Oguilve

Similar to other types of learning online education is not for everyone Though it may provide great oppor-

tunities for accessible and up-to-date education online education cannot fully replace face-to-face education

In the case of language learning personal interactions community

building and dynamic practices are all elements that enrich the learning experience and which online edu-cation can only mimic to a limited

degree

Jennaro Ducca

ldquoIt can be effective pro-vided that a) teachers have the pedagogical training and the nec-essary equipment b)

students have suitable conditions at home

and c) the institution is supportive of both

teachers and students at all times These three components can ensure

an effective language learning experiencerdquo

Carlos Daniel Gonzaacutelez

Is it effective Not really there are many elements in the lan-

guage that need to be explained deeply and executed face to face Interaction is needed and more

explanation and question-answer processes are better in face to face classes As long as we are unable

achieve a more personalized envi-ronment for our students virtual groups are never going to replace

classroom interaction

Gerardo Matamoros

Online education is only effective if there is com-mitment and self-disci-pline It gives students

control over their learning experience However this places a greater respon-

sibility on the student In order to succeed students must be well organized self-motivated and pos-sess a high degree of time

management skills

Alonso Salazar

THE STUDENTSrsquo VOICE

13

Violence

By Krista Morales (ILE Student)

There are two kids in school playing happily until one of them takes a knife and heartlessly ends the life of the other child then the screen goes black The mother talks to her kids about those kinds of shows and what kind of consequences it could bring them Not in all domestic lives children learn the atrocious effects of such violent programs also some of them witness the brutality aggression between their parents Violence reaches the life of a child through subtle aspects for this reason adults need to pay attention to family life mass media and gender discrimination

Family life defines a person because there is no other aspect more important for a childrsquos life They represent the people from whom the kids are going to learn their values additionally the behaviors they see in their parents is what one day most children will apply to their personali-ties even without noticing it Unfortunately most infants are also suffering from traumas due to the way they are being treated at home causing not only physical but also a psychological damage This is why people should be careful of what they are transmitting to their kids for it could define their lives

Another aspect people should be aware of is how most mass media advertising promotes violence to children without thinking about the consequences There are certain types of TV shows which are inappropriate for kids however due to the easy access they have to The internet they find a way to watch these programs and some parents do not even realize what is happening Surprisingly inoffensive toys such as water guns plastic swords and other en-tertaining objects like cellphones or tablets have an alarming effect on their innocent minds Moreover every day minors witness so much dreadful news that they start considering vio-lence as part of life All of these aspects can be improved by changing the way children are raised

Gender discrimination is a rooted topic since many years ago people have been fighting for their rights even though many advances have been made there is more that needs to be done Traditionally women and men are not seen as equals regardless they have the same capacities to develop in any aspect of their lives This way of thinking is inculcated in most homes this is a difficult topic to change if it is not taught since childhood for children imitate their parents without knowing if those habits are right or wrong

It is not new that societyrsquos habits are ruining peoplersquos lives Nevertheless we as members of this society are also responsible to make a change by educating kids the best we can To sum up it is in our hands to pay attention to what children are being exposed to with the purpose to reduce the violence starting from home


14

Importance Of Emotions In Life

By Kenneth Mejiacuteas (ILE Student)

Have you had one of those days in which you just want to do absolutely nothing It can be caused because our brain is connected to our feelings and sends signals depending on your mood and that is why there is a popular expression that says ldquoToday you got up on the wrong side of the bedrdquo Emotions are crucial in order to have a full life Being sad happy or angry can impact your life negatively or positively at home at work and school therefore be care-ful with your emotional health

A healthy emotional life at home is vital for keeping the environment free of negative vibes because it is a place where you spend a considerable amount of time Mainly as a parent it is important to conserve positivism while it is what you transmit to your children doing it will make them feel calm and safe but doing the opposite could cause feelings of fear and in-security Besides a positive attitude makes families enhance their bonds by listening to each other spending time together and always giving support when it is needed

Also emotions play a relevant role at work most of the time they define how your work will be It is important to mention that the quality of the product worked on can be affected if the employee is having negative thoughts instead of focusing on the tasks Likewise not having a clear mind while working is dangerous thoughtless decisions can drive people to risky situa-tions that can threaten health and even get fired which is a regrettable consequence In ad-dition coworkers often get influenced by the way a message is transmitted so it is important to be careful with the tone of voice and the gestures used when talking in this way there would be fewer misunderstandings

Furthermore the way students feel at school is relevant for them to have a productive and successful time there Firstly students have an incredible perception of the class environment and this notably affects their behaviors In a positive environment learners usually show prog-ress because they feel comfortable and adopt an open mind on the other hand being in a boring and unpleasant class can make students lose interest As a matter of fact the produc-tivity will depend on the motivation a student has so teachers should find a method in which the group can increase their desire to learn so this benefits both parties

It is true that having emotional intelligence makes people always walk a step ahead of oth-ers it allows you to benefit from the different situations and even from people around you Therefore once people learn how to control their emotions it will be easier to go through their different daily activities

The peace sign has been a universal symbol used in activism for decades but would you believe it was birthed from an anti-nuclear weapons pro-testThe peace symbol is one of few uni-versally recognizable signs thanks in part to its meaning and in part to its simple design The symbol has been in use since the 20th century and continues to find many applications to date especially in the realm of activismThat being said did you know the peace sign was created at the height of a nuclear disarmament campaign

Peace Sign and Semaphore Lettering

After witnessing the devastating ef-fects of nuclear weapons in World War II activists formed an orga-nization called the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) The organization was based in the Unit-ed Kingdom and aimed at prevent-ing the testing spreading and use of nuclear weapons It intended to achieve this through mass educa-tion along with holding protestsIn 1958 the organization had planned a 50-mile march from Lon-donrsquos Trafalgar Square to Aldermas-

ton where the nationrsquos nuclear arse-nal was located For this march they needed an ldquoimmediately recog-nizable symbolrdquo that would help in identifying them and their fight Ger-ald Holton a young British graphic artist was tasked with coming up with the symbol Holton would combine the sema-phore signals for the letters ldquoNrdquo and ldquoDrdquo representing the words ldquonucle-arrdquo and ldquodisarmamentrdquo The sema-phore letter ldquoNrdquo is depicted by a person holding two flags in the shape of an inverted ldquoVrdquo The letter D is depicted by a person holding two flags with one straight up and the other straight down Holton su-perimposed the two signs and put a circle around them to come up with the final design On presentation to the CND Holton says the design was immediately ac-cepted and adopted as the grouprsquos nuclear disarmament symbol not only for that planned march but for all other CND events to comeThe symbol quickly became suc-cessful in its worldwide recognition as ldquothe peace signrdquo peace symbol CND symbol nuclear disarmament symbol and more The deliberate decision by the CND to not copy-right the design also made it more successful as other anti-war move-ments across the world adopted it and customized it to their delight

The Peace Sign in the USThe peace sign crossed the ocean and landed in the United States where it continued to grow in pop-ularity Albert Bigelow an American pacifist made it popular in the US after sailing a small boat fitted with the symbol into the vicinity of a nu-clear test site in 1958In 1960 Philip Altbach a freshman from the University of Chicago trav-eled to England for a peace group meeting under the Student Peace

Union (SPU) While there he learned of the peace symbol and upon his return convinced the SPU to adopt it They imported thousands of but-tons engraved with the symbol and sold them to other students By the end of the decade the symbol had been adopted as the universal sign for peace across the United States

The Peace Sign ControversyDespite its success the peace sign has been criticized and has even been linked with SatanismldquoI was in despair Deep despair I drew myself the representative of an individual with hands palm out-stretched downwards in the manner of Goyarsquos peasant before the firing squad I formalized the drawing into a line and put a circle around itrdquo Holton says of the widely successful designHowever the gesture of hands downwards has long been associ-ated with ldquodeath of manrdquo and the circle with ldquothe unborn childrdquoHolton would regret saying his inten-tion was not to symbolize despair but to celebrate peace stating he wished he had inverted the symbolIn 1971 Peggy Duff who had served as CNDrsquos Secretary General re-af-firmed the discovery stating ldquoThe in-side was a runic symbol for death of man and the circle a symbol for the unborn child But itrsquos actually just an upside down Tree of Life therefore a Tree of Death or the unholy lower realmsrdquoControversial or not the peace sign has proved to be a versatile symbol and continues to be recognized uni-versally and without a doubt itrsquos recognized for its role as a gesture of solitude and peace rather than an omen for death

POP WORLD

The Untold Birth Of The Peace Sign

By Alex Muiruri (September 18th 2018)

15 Information takenfion from httpscitizentruthorghistory-of-the-peace-sign-and-its-originPhot0 Credit httpspixabaycom

DID YOU KNOW

For some people using reus-able bottles and bags are not enough There are those who are so committed to reducing their carbon footprint that they live in such a way that many consider to be extreme While you may never choose to adapt to any one of them fully hope-fully some of these ultra-sustain-able lifestyles will inspire you to incorporate some of their prac-tices into your own lifeHerersquos a quick run-down on the subcultures of sustainable life-stylesMinimalism Minimalism is probably the old-est subculture of sustainable living and the Japanese are known to be naturally inclined to it This may be a result of the widespread influence of Zen Buddhism plus the average size of most apartments in the coun-tryJoshua Fields Milburn and Ryan Nickodemus founders of the popular blog The Minimalists define Minimalism as ldquoa lifestyle that helps people question what things add value to their lives

By clearing the clutter from lifersquos path we can all make room for the most important aspects of life health relationships pas-sion growth and contributionrdquo Their philosophy is that ldquoa life with more time more money and more freedom to live a more meaningful liferdquo Simply put less is more Dumpster Diving Dumpster diving also called tot-ting (the UK) binning (Canada) or skip dipping (Australia) is the practice of going through the wastes of major supermarkets restaurants bakeries residential areas offices etc in search of edible or usable items Although dumpster divers used to be peo-ple who did it because they needed to these days even those who can afford three meals a day and have roofs over their heads do it as an act of environmentalism or protest against excessive consumerismDumpster diving has gained so much popularity that there are documentaries and TV shows about it Therersquos also a wealth of information online on how and where to dumpster dive as well as meet-ups with fellow diversFreeganism Freeganism is a close relative of dumpster diving but is taken to another level Initiators of this movement such as Food Not Bombs are strongly anti-capital-ist whose practices are some-times described as forms of an-archism Freegans are almost always vegans or vegetarians hence the name

The Freegan PhilosophylsquoFreegans practice strategies for everyday living based on shar-ing resources minimizing the detrimental impact of our con-sumption and reducing and recovering waste and indepen-dence from the profit-driven economy [hellip] Freegans believe in living ethical free and happy lives centered around communi-ty and the notion that a healthy society must function on interde-pendencersquo Browse through the links below for more on the subcultures of sustainable living

Zero Waste Lifestyle bullTrash is for Tossers bullZero Waste Home

Off-grid Living bullLiving Off the Grid Free Yourself bullPowerful Portraits of People Living Off the Grid

Reducetarianism bullReducetarian Movement bullLove Bacon AND Animals lsquoReducetarianismrsquo May Be For You

Information adapted from httpssustainpataorgtag-cloudfreeganismPhoto credit httpspixabaycom 16

D o Yo u K n o w A b o u t T h e S u b c u l t u r e s O f S u s t a i n a b l e L i v i n g

TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17

The cloud everybodyrsquos talking about it but what is it really and what does it have to do with software licensingWhen people refer to the cloud they might be referring to any number of related concepts in computing but essentially the cloud is a set of remotely hosted computing resources used by a client whether a web page mobile app or traditional desktop application for storage and computing powerThe line between cloud computing and the tra-ditional clientserver computing model can be a little fuzzy but in general cloud computing is often differentiated by scale and by the design principle that computing resources in the cloud are generally more flexible and multi-purpose

than in traditional server computing able to be used for whatever need is most in demand What are some examples of the cloudNearly every website that you visit these days has a cloud component whether or not thatrsquos immediately apparentFor average users the ldquocloudrdquo is the presen-tation of the end services It could be a social media platform an e-commerce store a music streaming service an airline ticketing site a file storage service or something totally differentThe important thing to keep in mind is that the website user interface which you use directly is only a small part of what is going on behind the scenes in any web application

TECHNOLOGY BITS

For most tools you use on the Internet there are many different components that make up the application from databases to logging tools to data mining and intelligence tools and any-where from a few to thousands of pieces of business logic all working together to run the web serviceEach of these pieces lives on a computer some-where and more often than not the place where these components live is the cloudHow does the cloud ldquoworkrdquo In order to host all of these applications and the data which they serve data centers are con-structed to house many general purpose server computers with appropriate amounts of com-puting power and storage to be shared across many applicationsIn many cases applications are bundled with the operating system and all of the necessary libraries to run the applications into ldquovirtual ma-chinesrdquo which can be run on top of the physical machine independent of the operating sys-tem on the host machine itself This technique called virtualization makes applications much more portable allowing them to run in any envi-ronment which can run a virtual machineWhen an application is designed to expand and contract according to demand utilizing more virtual machines when demand is higher and fewer when demand is lower is called elas-tic computing or simply the elastic cloud Stor-age can be pooled together similarly allowing applications to use hard drives attached to many different physical machines as if it were a single resource minimizing waste while making it easy to develop applications which require quite large amounts of dataThe data centers which host cloud comput-ing resources can either be public private or a combination often referred to as a hybrid cloud Public cloud computing resources can be leased from a variety of companies or for higher levels of security compliance purposes or perhaps cost savings an organization may instead decide to build its own cloud hosted in its own data center or perhaps their own dedi-cated segment of another data center Hybrid clouds are able to make use of the resources of both public and private clouds as demand and

priority changeWhat is an open source cloudOne of the amazing things about the develop-ment of tools and technologies for the cloud in recent years is just how many of them have been completely open source In fact open source licenses are becoming almost a de fac-to standard for how new cloud technologies are being developed Take these examples bullOpenStack is an open source project for creating and managing cloud infrastructure including storage compute power and networking as well as many related projects to help handle everything from identity management to database deployment bullLinux containers are emerging as a way to develop applications more natively for the cloud relying upon functionality built in to the Linux kernel as a faster alternative to virtual machines with projects like Docker helping developers to get started with building containers and Kubernetes for orchestrating applications made up of many containerized parts bullBig data and the Internet of Things are two users of cloud computing resources where many of the tools powering applications are being developed entirely in the openAnd many more from the traditional Linux Apache MySQL PHP web server stack to ev-erything from cloud storage applications to col-laborative online editors

18Information taken from httpsopensourcecomresourcescloudPhot Credit httpspixabaycomes

LANGUAGE FOCUS

The Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collec-tion of stories told by a group of pilgrims as they travel from Lon-don to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket Written almost entirely in verse (though there are shorter prose sections as well) each pilgrim was planned to tell four stories two for the trip to the shrine and two for the trip back totaling about 120 stories Sadly The Canterbury Tales remained un-finished at Chaucerrsquos death in 1400 Due to this only 24 of the pilgrimsrsquo stories were complet-ed and the return journey from Canterbury is not included in the work (ldquoThe Canterbury Talesrdquo) HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDWritten in 14th-century England The Canterbury Tales strongly reflects the political instability of the country in that period The Black Death (bubonic plague) swept through the country in the 1340s and increasing tax pric-es combined with a growing wealth gap culminated in the Peasantsrsquo Revolt in 1381 (Sinead et al) Both these events are re-flected in Chaucerrsquos writing as many of the pilgrims come from different social classes and occupations highlighting their varying perspectives on English society at the time Although writing in French or Latin was the norm at the time (as it was the language of the court and the church) Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in Middle En-glish the vernacular of the time period (ldquoChaucer The Canter-bury Talesrdquo ) Many credit him with popularizing Middle English

as a literary language due to the popularity of the story The poem is written in iambic pen-tameter five sets of unstressed and stressed syllable pairs per line (ldquoThe Canterbury Tales Me-terrdquo) This delicate pattern may have been lost in translation but it can be observed in the Mid-dle English version included be-low ndash and is best understood if read aloud Iambic pentameter aided the legitimization of writ-ing this work in English because similar meters were used for Ro-mance language poetry BIOGRAPHY Widely regarded as one of the greatest literary works ever writ-ten The Canterbury Tales is the seminal work written by ldquoThe fa-ther of English literaturerdquo Geof-frey Chaucer Chaucer was born in London around 1343 CE into a family of merchants His father John Chaucer was a vintner or winemaker who sold his wares to royalty and other aristocrats of the royal court Through these connections Geoffrey soon found himself employed by the upper classes and began his ca-reer in 1357 working as a mem-ber of the household of Eliza-beth Countess of Ulster Here he received the necessary courtly education to advance his ca-reer and likely influence his writ-ing style in the years ahead He accompanied the English army in their invasion of France under the leadership of Edward III but was caught and taken hostage in 1359 however Edward liked Geoffrey so much that he paid a considerable ransom to bring him back

By 1366 Geoffrey found the love of his life his future wife a high-born woman by the name of Philippa and married her Many believe the pair had three or four children however the ex-act number is unknown Around these years Chaucer carried many different job titles includ-ing chief-of-mission yeoman valet de chambre and esquire During the 1370s Chaucer went on many diplomatic missions to places all around Europe such as Flanders Italy and France During these missions Chaucer came into contact and built relationships with many import-ant people such as Boccac-cio Here he was introduced to many new things such as medi-eval Italian poetry and different forms of writing that would have a profound influence on his lit-erary style Chaucer was also in charge of typical diplomat-ic matters between countries such as military strategy foreign policy and economics

19

Geoffrey Chaucer The Cantembury Tales By by Florianne Binoya and Abigail Moser Biography by Tyler Navarro

Information taken from httpsearlybritishlitpressbookscomchaptergeoffrey-chaucer-the-canterbury-talesPhoto Credit Geoffrey Chaucer httpscommonswikimediaorgwikiFileGeoffrey_Chaucer_-_Canterbury_Tales_(1478)_frontispiece_-_BLjpg Canterbury Pilgrims httpscommonswikimediaorgwikiFileBlake_Canterbury_Pilgrims_engravingjpg

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Chaucerrsquos affable nature and his ability to communicate made him popular among the ruling classes in fact Geoffrey and his wife were often given mone-tary gifts from different Kings and Queens they met in their travelsChaucerrsquos intellect was wide-ly acknowledged and he is the reason why many classical and contemporary European texts were translated into Middle English Titles include Boethi-usrsquo Consolation of Philosophy French poetry by Machaut and Deschamps and Latin and Ital-ian poetry by the likes of Ovid Virgil Boccaccio and Petrarch Although he is now famously known for his works in literature Geoffrey Chaucer was known to contemporaries for having a wide knowledge of medicine astronomy astrology alchemy and early physics It is said that his knowledge of alchemy was so great that some masters of al-chemy considered him a prodi-gy of the subject (Roberts)During the 1370s he had little time amongst his diplomatic du-ties to sit down and write There-fore it was only in the 80s when his diplomatic career began to come to an end that his literary

career flourished A decade lat-er Chaucer began his writing career in earnest as his diplo-matic career came to an endSome of Chaucerrsquos early works include The Book of Duchess The Parliament of Fowles Trolius and Criseyde The House of Fame and of course his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales Chaucer wrote in Middle English and al-though he wasnrsquot the first to write in the vernacular many people credit him as the one who popu-larized it With over 17000 lines in a collection of 24 stories Chau-cerrsquos Canterbury Tales is one of the most recognized pieces of English and world literature to-

day Chaucerrsquos loyalty to the king continued during the late 80s and early 90s as he served as a clerkChaucer spent the last few years of his life at his home in Kent where he maintained great rela-tionships with noblemen Geof-frey Chaucer died in 1400 and was the first writer to be buried in Westminster Abbey tradition-ally the burial place for the royal family in what became known as ldquoPoetsrsquo CornerrdquoTo read about his work go to The Cantembury Tales

Works Cited ldquoGeoffrey Chaucerrdquo Biographycom AampE Networks Television 15 May 2019 wwwbiographycomwritergeoffrey-chaucer Accessed 10 Dec 2019ldquoThe Canterbury Talesrdquo Encyclopaeligdia Britannica 8 Oct 2015 wwwbritannicacomtopicThe-Canterbury-Tales Accessed 09 Dec 2019ldquoThe Canterbury Tales Meter Iambic Pentameter amp Rhyme Schemerdquo Studycom nd studycomacademylessonthe-canterbury-tales-meter-iambic-pentame-ter-rhyme-schemehtml Accessed 10 Dec 2019ldquoThe Canterbury Tales Background amp Historyrdquo Studycom nd studycomacademylessonthe-canterbury-tales-background-historyhtml Accessed 09 Dec 2019ldquoChaucer The Canterbury Talesrdquo The British Library nd wwwbluklearningtimelineitem126565html Accessed 10 Dec 2019ldquoGeoffrey Chaucerrdquo Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation 22 June 2019 enwikipediaorgwikiGeoffrey_ChaucerCareer Accessed 10 Dec 2019Lumiansky RM ldquoGeoffrey Chaucerrdquo Encyclopaeligdia Britannica Encyclopaeligdia Britannica Inc 21 Oct 2018 wwwbritannicacombiographyGeoffrey-Chaucer Ac-cessed 10 Dec 2019Roberts James L CliffsNotes on The Canterbury Tales 27 Jun 2019 wwwcliffsnotescomliteraturecthe-canterbury-talesgeoffrey-chaucer-biography Accessed 14 July 2019Sinead et al ldquoThe Canterbury Talesrdquo Owl Eyes 2019 wwwowleyesorgtextcanterbury-talesanalysishistorical-context Accessed 09 Dec 2019

20

LANGUAGE CORNERLANGUAGE FOCUS

Today wersquoll refer to another common misconception about learning English This is our Myth 7 ldquoWhat You

Learn You Donrsquot Forgetrdquo

When we enroll in a language program we see the whole experience like a continuous progress we learn and

improve every week after each class Is this true Yes for as long as you practice and study But what hap-

pens if you stop In that case if you donrsquot practice the process will stop and it may even revert That is you

start forgetting This is what some may call ldquogetting rustyrdquo Why In a few words the process of learning is diffi-

cult but forgetting on the other hand is very easy As the saying goes ldquouse it or lose itrdquo

So what does this mean It means that if you drop out of the English program put your English courses ldquoin the

freezerrdquo or even if you finish and graduate with great scores if you donrsquot practice the language you will fall

into an inevitable cycle of forgetting or ldquounlearningrdquo

Well but how can you prevent this from happening Just like practicing a sport doing math or playing a mu-

sical instrument learning a language keeping your current proficiency level and getting better at it requires

hard effort That is you need to practice The more the better

A final word of advice if you are no longer going to class because you canrsquot or you finished all your courses

andif you have no way of practicing the language in the classroom there are many things you can do to avoid

forgetting and if possible carry on learning watch movies series documentaries listen to music read articles

online mateirals like blogs find books that you like There are also apps video games and online chat groups

where you can participate

Keep it fun keept it interesting and you will keep on learning instead of forgetting

For Questions suggestions or comments Write to us at teacherjenaroyahoocom You can listen to our podcast including this section music in English and more in wwwEnglishforYouCRcom and wwwfacebookcomenglishforyoucr

21

spangle verb [ spang-guhl ] - to decorate with any small bright drops objects spots or the like EXAMPLE -He generally wore a spangled waistcoat for the occasion wwwdictionarycom

ldquoEnglish For You CRrdquo Presents

Tearing Down the Myths 7 ldquoWhat You Have Learned You

Wonrsquot Forgetrdquo

LANGUAGE CORNER LOUDER THAN WORDS

The Corinth Canal Greece The Corinth Canal connects the Gulf of Corinth in the Ionian Sea with the Saronic Gulf in the Aegean Sea It cuts through the narrow Isthmus of Corinth and separates the Peloponnese from the Greek mainland arguably making the peninsula an island The canal was dug through the isthmus at sea level and has no locks It is 64 kilometres (4 mi) in length and only 214 metres (70 ft) wide at its base making it impassable for many modern ships It has little economic importance and is mainly a tourist attraction

The canal was initially proposed in classical times and a failed effort was made to build it in the 1st century AD Construction recommenced in 1881 but was hampered by geo-logical and financial problems that bankrupted the original builders It was completed in 1893 but due to the canalrsquos narrowness navigational problems and periodic closures to repair landslides from its steep walls it failed to attract the level of traffic expected by its operators

Several rulers of antiquity dreamed of digging a cutting through the isthmus The first to pro-pose such an undertaking was the tyrant Periander in the 7th century BC The project was abandoned and Periander instead constructed a simpler and less costly overland portage road named the Diolkos or stone carriageway along which ships could be towed from one side of the isthmus to the other Perianderrsquos change of heart is attributed variously to the great expense of the project a lack of labour or a fear that a canal would have robbed Corinth of its dominant role as an entrepocirct for goods[8] Remnants of the Diolkos still exist next to the modern canal The philosopher Apollonius of Tyana prophesied that anyone who proposed to dig a Corinthian canal would be met with illness Three Roman rulers considered the idea but all suffered violent deaths the historians Plutarch and Suetonius both wrote that the Roman dictator Julius Caesar considered digging a canal through the isthmus but was assassinated before he could begin the projectInformation taken from httpswwwduhocchinacomwikienCorinth_CanalPhoto Credit httpspixabaycom 22

INSIDE COVER PAGE2 EDITORIAL UTN NEWS3 Yuumllok Magazine Presents Its New Edition 4 Results Of The OEES System Of Indicators And Information AROUND THE GLOBE5 China Pulls Itself Out Of Poverty 100 Years Into Its Revolution 6 Discovery Of Tiny Bones Teeth Reveals Multiple Dinosaur Species Lived Nested In Arctic THE ILE ETHOS7 University Professors Should Never Be Mothers8 Working Conditions And Self-Perceived Health Among Two Costa Rican Conservation Area Personnel ACADEMICS AND MORE10 Scaffolding 12 VOX POPULI THE STUDENTSrsquo VOICE13 Violence 14 Importance Of Emotions In Life POP WORLD15 The Untold Birth Of The Peace Sign DID YOU KNOW 16 Do You Know About The Subcultures Of Sustainable Living TECHNOLOGY BITS17 What Is The Cloud LANGUAGE CORNER19 Geoffrey Chaucer The Cantembury Tales21 English For You LOUDER THAN WORDS22 The Corinth Canal Greece

This month our cover page is dedicated to The Canterbury Tales which is one of the best loved works in the history of English literature If you have an awesome picture you think could be on the cover of one of The ILE Post editions send it to eherrerautnaccr So far several readers have sent amazing pictures that we will be sharing with you soon If you want to know what is happening in ILE follow us on FACEBOOK

Photo Credit httpscommonswikimediaorgwikiFileCanterbury_Tales_-_The_Miller_-_f_34v_detail_-_

Robin_with_the_Bagpype_-_early_1400s_Chaucerpng

All materials used and produced by The ILE Post are for educational purposes They can be used and reproduced for educational purposes as long as you credit you for the original creation

wwwfacebookcomTheILEPostfref=ts

Douglas Barraza Article WriterJenaro Diaz-Ducca English For You

Clare Goodman Academic Editor

Kenneth Mejiacuteas Essay Writer

Krista Morales Essay Writer

Dusting Oreamuno Article WriterCindy Rodriacuteguez Essay Writer

Izabella Sepuacutelveda News Translator

Fidelia Solano Article Writer

1

CONTRIBUTORS

EDITORIAL






2



UTN NEWS

3






UTN NEWS





4











6





THE ILE ETHOS

7

8





THE ILE ETHOS




THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









EDITORIAL






2



UTN NEWS

3






UTN NEWS





4











6





THE ILE ETHOS

7

8





THE ILE ETHOS




THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









UTN NEWS

3






UTN NEWS





4











6





THE ILE ETHOS

7

8





THE ILE ETHOS




THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









UTN NEWS





4











6





THE ILE ETHOS

7

8





THE ILE ETHOS




THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21


















6





THE ILE ETHOS

7

8





THE ILE ETHOS




THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21













THE ILE ETHOS

7

8





THE ILE ETHOS




THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









8





THE ILE ETHOS




THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21











THE ILE ETHOS

9







ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









ACADEMICS AND MORE



Scalffolding

10


ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21










ACADEMICS AND MORE




11


VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









VOX POPULI

12






Christian Corrales


Jose Soto




enough for this







Veronica Oguilve





degree

Jennaro Ducca












Gerardo Matamoros




management skills

Alonso Salazar


13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21










13

Violence








14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21










14















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21
















POP WORLD




DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









DID YOU KNOW









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









TECHNOLOGY BITS

What Is The Cloud

17



TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









TECHNOLOGY BITS




LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21









LANGUAGE FOCUS




19



LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21










LANGUAGE FOCUS





20






















21






























21









Geoffrey Chaucer - Universidad Técnica Nacional

Documents

Transcript of Geoffrey Chaucer - Universidad Técnica Nacional