BRONZE AGE RITES AND RITUALSIN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

PROCEEDTNGS OF THE INTERNATTONAT COLLOQUTUMFROM T'^ARGU MUR,ES

8-10 October 2010

Edited by

Srlndor BERECKI

Rita E. NEMETHBotond REZI

Editura MEGATirgu Mureg

201 i

BIBTTOTHECA MVSEI MARTSIENSTSSERIA ARCHAEOLOGICA

IV

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAI COTLOQIIUMSF+oM rAncu MURE5

EditorSANDOR BERECKI

-

O Mureg CountY Museum, 201 I

Executive editor: Zolt6n So6s' Director

MuzEUt JuDETEA n Mu nss

CP 85, str. M.lriqti nr' 8A,540328TArgu Mureg, Ronlania

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Nafionale a Rominiei

BRONZE AGE RITES AND RITUALS IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN.

International colloquium (2010 i Targu-Mure9)

Bronze age rites and rituals in the Carpathian basin : proceedings of the

Internationa'iColloquium from TArgu Mure9, 8-10 October 2010 i ed by

Sdndor Berecki, Rita E. N-dneth, Botond Rezi - Tirgu-Mure; : Mega' 2011

ISBN 978-606-s43 ls6 0

1. Berecki, Sdndor (ed.)

IL Ndmeth, Rita (ed.)

ll l. Rezl, Botond (ed.)

903"637"(4)(23 CarPati)(063)

F.orrr tr,r MEc,L rvrvrvedituranrcga. r o

e-mail: megaeredituLamega ro

mnlFi+.iftll

CONTENT

Preface

Aleksandar KAPURANRelationship between Settlements and Necropoles of the Bronze Age in Eastern Serbia........................ 9

Horia CIUGUDEANMounds and Mountains: Burial Rituals in Early Bronze Age Transylvania

Sindor BERECKI-Aldor Csaba BALAZS

21

Discoveries belonging to the Schneckenberg Culture from $incai, Transylvania........................... .-....59

Tiberiu Ioan TECAR-Monica Voichila TECARA Unique Cult Object belonging to the Wietenberg Culture...................... .. .........77

Oliver DIETRICHKinderspielzeug oder Kultobjekte? Uberlegungen zu anthropomorphen Figurinen

der Wietenberg- und Tei-Kultur.....

Florea COSTEA-Zsolt SZEKELYAspects ofthe Ritual Life ofthe Wietenberg Culture. Miniature Religious Shrines from Racog,

Transylvania.........

Attila LASZLdEine Kultstelle der Wietenberg-Kultur auf der Fi.ivenyestet6 Anhdhe bei Malnag Bdi

Laura DIETRICH,,Aschehiigel" der Noua-Kultur als Pldtze von Arbeit und Fes1............ .................... 131

Iens NOTROFFMenace from the Afterlife? Some Remarks about the Archaeological Evidence for Fearing and

Banishing the Dead and a Contribution to Otomani and Fiizesabony Sepulchral Rite ..'................... 143

MalvinKa URAK_Liviu MARTAHuman Remains ofthe Late Bronze Age Settlements in the Upper Tisza Area. New Researches

Florin GOGALTAN_RiIa E. NEMETH_Emese APAIEine rituelle Grube bei Vlaha, Gemeinde Sdvldisla (Kreis Cluj).... ......................... 163

Jinos EMODIAbout the so-called'Hand Protectors' of the Bronze Age........................... .............. 185

87

IQ7

Tiberius BADERGrossgrabhiigel von Mediegu Aurit/Aranyosmeggyes, Bez. Satu Mare, Rumenien.............................. 1g9

Carol KACSODie Hiigelnekropole von Lipug. Eine zusammenfassende Einleitung ....................213

Daria Loinjak DIZDARFunerary Practices of Late Bronze Age Comn.runities in Continental Croatia ........................ .............245

Mihai WITTENBERGER-Mihai ROTEAAspects ofthe Bronze Metallurgy in Transylvania. .....................261

Tudor SOROCEANUZweigeteilte Eir.rheit oder geeinte Zweiheit? Zur Frage der Dualitat in den bronzezeitlichen

Wojciech BLAIERZwischen dem Karpatenbecken und der Ostsee. Bemerkungen zu den besonderen Fundumstdnden

Botond REZIVoluntary Destruction and Fragmentation in Late Bronze Age Hoards

Gibor V. SZABOspatbronzezeitliche Bronzehortfunde im Siedlungskontext - Neue Forschungsergebnisse

Tobias MORTZAt the Head of Concealment. The Deposition of Bronze Age Helmets in the Carpathian 8asin.......357

FUNERARY PMCTICES OF LATE BRONZE AGE COMMUNITIES INCONTINEUTEL CROATIA

Daria Loinjak DIZDARInstitute of Archaeology

Zagreb, Croatia

daria-loznjak.dizdar@iarh.hr

Key*ords: cor.rtinental Croatia, funerary practices, Late Bronze Age, Ur nfield

culture, cremation burial, tlpes of urns

Incineration burials were a deeply rooted practice in the region of southern Pannonia throughout

the Bronze Age, and they were particularly widespread during the Late Bronze Age when continental

Croatia and a large part of Europe were characterised by the Urnfield culture. Northern Croatia is located

at the southern rim of the distribution zone of the Urnfield culture, which lasted from 1300 to 800 BC,

approximately. Within its distribution zone, there were several local groups with distinctive pottery and

costumes, but also with variations in funerary practices reflected in the selectio:.r ofvessel tlpe used as urnand in the selection of grave goods.

During the early phase of the Late Bronze Age, trvo cultural groups were present in the west-

ern part of northern Croatia: the Virovitica group in the Podravina region and in the upper Part of the

Posavina region, and the Barice-Gredani group in Posavina, east ofOkuiani. At the same time, the eastern

part ofcontinental Croatia belonged to the BelegiS II group, which was a segment ofthe East Carpathian

community. Given that no graves of the Belegi5 1l group have been discovered in eastern Croatia, the

information about their burial practice comes from the graves uncovered in eastern Sirmium in Serbia

(eg. Suriin, BelegiS, Karaburma).The customary burial practice in the Virovitica group consisted of the cremated remains of the

deceased being placed in an urn a pot (Pl. l), usually covered with a bowl that served as the lid (Vrxsrr-

G-rsp,q.nruI 1973,37; DULAR Er AL.2OO2, 197), and sometimes (Moravde, Podsmreka; Soxol 1996, 32;

MuRGELJ Svor-J5ex 2003,223), covered with fragments of other vessels. Bronze items have rarely been

found in graves, but several bronze objects - pins, a chisel and a dagger - were discovered in the ruined

graves in Virovitica (VrNsxr-G,qsp.qnrN r 1973,T. l0/10-15). In the Virovitica group, there are also graves

ir.r which broken vessels were placed prior to the urn's being laid down, for example, in Virovitica, Sirova

Katalena. Zbelava (VrNsxt-GASPARINI 1973, 44: K,q.L,qperli Er AL. 2009,36' T. 314) 'lhe same custom

has also been recorded in the region of the Bakony Mountains, where it has been well documented in

graves from the end of the Middle Bronze Age and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. In Podravina,

the earliest graves of the Urnfield culture that are knolvn thus far (Sirova Katalena, Moravte, Lepoglava,

Zbelava) are flat incineration graves with urns (VINsxt G,q.sp,q.r.tNt 1973, 38; SoKoI- 1996' 36; Stulx 2003;

Kereperri Er Ar. 2009), which difer from those in the Transdanubian region where, at the turn of the

late'Iunulus culture into the Urnfield culture, the nost frcquent graves are incineration graves in Pitsunder tumuli, although there are also known cases of burials in pots. This situation has been recorded

in the Slvoly graveyards (graves rvith urns and one cremation burial \'\'ithout urn under a tumulus), ir.t

older gravcs in Vors-Papkerf and Balatonmagyar6d Hidvtgpuszta (graves 9, 72,22) and in graveyards ofFarkasgyepii Pbrdserd6 and Bakonyjak6 in the Bakony Mountains (JANKovtrs 1992a; HoNrr 1996).

Bronze Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin,20ll, P.245 259

2,16 ] D^RIA l,ozNlAK DtzDAR

Thc energence of several crenratiolr burials ir.r pits, in which bones rvere covered rvith bowls,

in the regiotr of Podravina, that is in the Virovitica group distribution z-one Jakopovec (BEKIil 2006,

10S, T. 9/2), iepinski Martir.rci (Keler.lrr6 2009, 2,1) , brings up several questions. If we are to assume

that these arc conterrporary graves, they could have been ntade bv immigrauts who kept theit tirner-

ary practices, but they could also have been just a result of the chronological dillerence in the bulialmethod, as indicated by the hncls fron the very beginning ofthe Urnfield culture, recordecl iu neighbour-

ing Transdanubia (JlNrovrrs 1992a) and Styria (Trlrur,-cneBER 2007). \Vhich of these assumptit)rrs i\correct will be revcalcd once the explored graveyards are fully published ancl further researcheci.

On the basis ofthe type ofpots used as urns in the Jakopovec grave (lhxti 2006' 108, '1 9/2) and

in the only grave in lVloravte (grave 3) in rvhich tl.re bones were laid in the grave pit and covered with a pot

tery sherd (Soxor. 1996, 30, hg. 8/ I ), it has been assumed that they belong to the Middle Bronze Age tradi-

tion. For the time being one can or.rly speculate about the funerary practice of the Middle Bronze Age in

continental Croatia, since all the data are based on individual graves. It is assumed that the deccased were

cremated, although several inhumation graves have also been lbund rvhicl.r can be dated to the MiddleBronze Age (Sigetec, Bijelo brdo, grave 121, Erdut, Orolik) (VINsr<t-Gesr.lrlNl 1973' 184' 1-. 6l12;321179:

1ll-7;6ll 2; 14; HANssr 1968, 87, 89, Tal 1'1138-41; DAVID 2002, Beilage 1). It should be emphasized

that, in view ofthe buriai nrethocl and grave goods, these inhumation graves have been linked to the ir.rflu

ence ofthe Tumulus cuiture (DAvrD 1998,306 307), and most ofthem have been founcl in the easterr.)

part of continental Croatia.With regard to the tradition of cremation burials dating from the time of the Early Bronze Age

Vinkovci cuiture, the poor state of research of Middle Bronz-e Age graveyards and the olciest graves fronr

the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, which were all incineration graves, it is assumed that the sane firntr-ary crLstom was applied during the Middle Bronze Age. 'lhis is supported by the burial practice tecorcled at

the turn of the Middle into the Late Bronze Age in the regions adjacent to the Virovitica grouP distribution

zone. An analogy for the burial method used in fakopovec, rvhere the crenatecl bones vvere simpl1, covered

by a vessel, is grave 2 in tunulus I in FarkasgyepilL- Poroserdo (Je...'rovlrs 1992a, 19, Abb. l1; 1211). In this

tumulus, there were l5 incineratior] glaves with no proper urns (Brondsch ttutrgsgrz&). In seven graves out

of 15, the cremated bones lay under sone pottery finds (l,tNrovrrs 1992a, 15, 59).'lhe cremation but-ials

under tumuli in tl're region of the Bakony Mountains are characteristic of the late 'Iumulus culture, or its

period, BrD (|eNrovlrs 1992a,76-77). Atthe Bakonyjdko graveyard, in 26 ofthe 28 investigated gravcs. the

cremated bones ofthe deceased were simply laid in grave pits, ar.rd in only two ofthe graves werc the bones

pJaced in urns (feNrovrrs 1992b, 324). Tl.re site of Ndmetbinya is significant for the end of lhc Tumulus

culture: there, nine tumuli with cremation burials without urns lvere Lrncot'ered, u'hile in only one case r,vere

the cremated remains covered with pottery sherds (Ilox 1996,206-207). 'lhe continuity between the late

Tumulus culture and the early Urnfield culture in the territory ofliansdanubia has been noted primarily in

the burial custom and ir.r the shapes ofpottery and metal items (JANKovlrs I992a.77 78). The diverse burial

n.rethods used in Transdanubia in the BrD period and the contemportrry tunerarv practices in Posavina may

throw son.re additional light on the way in which the deceased woman lvas buried in Jakopovec'forvards the er.rd of the Middle Bronze Age, in the regions adjacent to Podravina, the funerary

practice consisted ofincineration burials in flat graves (Styria, Transdarubia) (TIrruNc;neaER 2007, 106-

107; KEMEN-czEr 1990, 208). Flat incineration graves were also klorvn in the iate Tulnulus culture irr the

territory of north rrestent, eastern and rvestern Transdanubia (KtrltNczrl 1990, 208). All this suggests

that the funerary practice in the territorv of northern Croatia was that of incineration, and in sonle cases

also bi ritutrl burial (Bilelo Brdo), in view of a small number of recot ded frrds of gt-aves from the lv{iddle

llronze Age.Ir.r the Middle Bronze Age, northern llosria rvas inhabitcd by rrembers of the Barice Gredani

eroup (the Brod rroup, according to J. Lozuk, or the Posavina group, accotdine to B. i\'lar i.jan), rvhich

practised cremation burials uncler turnuli (l.irminci and Podnovl.jc), while in thc Late Bronze Age all the

graveyards rvere flat (eovri 1988,21). B. eovii suggests that the origin ofthc Barice-Gredirni group rvas

autochthonous, a1d that the same is truc oftheir funerar,v practice (Covti 1988, 21). C)nt-'coulcl assumc

tl.rat a sir.nilar process took place in thc territory oInorthern Croatia (in ]ight ofthe Jakopovec lind and the

current state of research), u'het'e it-lcitteratiot-l gr aves with urns were predomlnnnt '

l'Jli5infltlde!thcPo]ii1\'inlgrl\'cs(l]iIIice(l|ed,rniIoL\]).gi\fhccd urncler r bo\\'l thrt scr !ed Lrs in Lrfn.

Funerary Practiccs of Late Bronze Age Communities in Co tinentol Croaliq 247

In the Barice Gredani group, the dead were buried in grave pits, during the early phase of theLate Bronze Age usually with a bowl that served as a cover urn. Althougl.r the burial custom was ratheruniform, there are also differences between individual graves and also between jndividual graveyards.Thus, in the Popernjak graveyard in the vicinitl ofZupanja, only bowls were used as urns, and there u'ereno other grave goods made of pottery (Merl1.r.N 2010, 125). B. Marijan analysed the types of bowls thatserved as urns, in an attempt to establish a pattern that would correspond to the anthropological analy-ses. His type A was only found in fenale graves, while other types were present in female, male and childgraves (MrnrJ.lN 2010, I l8 1,24, fig. 32). This hypothesis of the use of a particular type of bowl rn theburial ritual should be tested in other graveyards of the Barice Gredar.ri group, but, because of the poorstate of preservation of the anthropological material from earlier excavations, this is not always possible.In contrast to the Popernjak graves, in which, alongsicle bowls used as urns, there are no otlrer grave goodsmade ofpottery, in the graves in Gredani near Okuiani, there are also potterl grave goods: jugs and bowls(MrNrcunerten 1983, 80-84, T. 3, grave 4, passim).

. Gravcs with pots uscd as urns: Lepoglava, Zbelava, lt{oravie, Sirova Katalcna, DrljanovLrc, 1\4ala Pupelica,Virovitica. VoiiD. CcDinski lvlartinci.. Graves lvith bonlllke llds used to cover tlrc cremated bones: fakopovec, aepinski Nlartinci, Credini,iuaikovac, Poiega, Oriovac, Glabarje, Perkovci, Strossrnayerovac, Poperdak.

Mirp 1. Grirves ofthe earlv phase ofthe Urnfield culture in the continental part ofCroatia.

On the basis ofthe graves ofthe Barice Gredani group that have been explored thus far in the territory ofPosavina and northern Bosnia, the conclusion can be drawn that this community used onlybowlsas urr.rs (Pl. 2). This shoulcl be seen as a regional characteristic, since the neighbouring groups did not usethese vessels (Map l). The costume that appears in graves of the Barice Gredani group often includespins: of the mace type, and pins with biconical horizontally-channelled heads (Covri 1988, fig. 8; 3 5;

12). Bone items rvere also tbund in these graves (Barice, graves 10,24 and 26; Popernjak, graves 5, 14, 17;

Covri i958, 81-84, 92, fig. 6, 8, 9; MenrleN 2010, ll7 118,T.72-73) and in several cases also decorativeplates (Mant;e.N 2010, 117,T.7118-9). The abundance ofbronze items worn by menrbers of these com-n.runities during their Iives is visible in numerous l.roards (VrNsrr GlsplnrNr I973,78,T.27:30 ,18; KoNrc200,1, Tal 79) that are known in the territory of tl.re Barice-Gredani grorrp.

B. TerZan ofers an explanation for the large number of rnixed compositior.t hoards in the earlyphase of the Urnfield culture and says that these rvere sacrificial gifts made by groups of people. -Ihese

248 | D.taLr LoZNIAK DTZDAR

tlpes ofhoards appeared in the BrD period ancl in the HaA phase, that is' before I100 BC and prior to the

#erge,.r.e of lnrge graveyards of the Urnfield culture it.t southern Parnonia, when bronze items in graves

.,".re "m',ch ,.r.rorJ..,--on. For this reason, she has linked the appearance of hoards witl.r lunerary prac-

tices and beliefs in the afterlife ('IlnZ AN 1987,72-73).lt should be pointed out that the same tyPes of fi nds

that were present il.l the hoards have also been discovered in graves of the Barice Gredani group, and in

tl.re rvider ierritory of Pannonia, e.g. pins with mace-like heads or biconical horizontally-chanr.relled heads'

hollow mace-like pins (Dulo* E)r AL.2002, fig. 49, Iist 2). So far no hoard has been found withi. rny

graveyard ofthe Barice-Gredani group, but the possibiiity cannot be ruied out that the communityburied

iacrificial gilis outside the gravey-ard perimeteri. Two finds from Greclani, consisting of pits without any

remains of cremated bones or soot, which have been labelled cenotaphs, might be linked to the rituals

undertaken at graveyards. In the pit marked as grave 66, there were I I vessels. Five of them were turned

upside dowr.r, riith tLeir bottoms iacing upwards, while th_e remaining six were crushed_into fragments ln

the second pit, marked as grave 70, thJre were seven small vessels, four of them turned bottom up. while

the others were broken (Mrr,ucurerrER 1983, 5I -53, 55-56; T. 17 lgrave 66; 18/grave 70)- A different type

of cenotaph is represented by grave 26 at Popernjak' in which a footed bowl was turned bottom up' and

asainitdidnotcontainanybones(M,1p.r1eN2010,104,T.68/1_2)'Examplesofthiskindcouldindicatettiat the community engaged in some rituals at the graveyard

YetanotherinterestingpointrelatingtogravesfromtheearlyphaseoftheUrnfieLdculturetncontiner.rtal Croatia has been noticed thanks io the results of a small number of anthropological analyses,

and this is the appearance of female graves containing pieces of costume collected from the pyre and Iaid

in the grn,re tog.ther with the remairls ofthe deceased. The examples are the female grave 8 at Drljanovac,

which-ca' be Jated to the HaAl phase (MelN,tnIi-PlNoZri 1988, 17, T. VI) and the chiid's grave 24 at

Popern'jak'Asregardsgrave24at.Popernjak,theanthropologicalanalysishasconfirmedthatitcontainedthe renains of u .nita Z to 7 years oid, and the grave goods - bracelets, pins, bronze wire coils - suggest

that this was a girl's costume iMARTtAN 2010, 103, ll 71). Rich girls' graves are not rare in the territory ot

the eastern circ'ie of the Urnheld culture, and amot]g the most oPulent are the grave in Dedinka (PAULiK

1986, Obr, 8) and the grave in Zurndorf in Burgenland (Hrrcrnr I9g5' 202' T 4)' which belong to the

Cun" g.o.,p.'rn. rare Jpulent female graves in southern Pannonia indicate that the southern rim of the

Urnfre'ld culture distribution zone haJ links with the customs practiced in the central Danubian region

fie communities that lived in continental Croatia shared the special care with which they saw their female

members offto the afterlife, while the selectior.r of goods that were placed in their graves dillered from one

locality to another.In the territory of Podravina, the Virovitica grouP was replaced by a group that marked the late

phase ofthe Urnfield culture. The largest graveyarcl _explored

thus far, Slatina Trnovaia, can be dated to

ih" HuA2 phnr", uccording to H. Mnller-Karpe. The burial custom practised in SLatina show-s some modt-

fications oithe funerary piactices ofthe previous Virovitica grouP. The clemated remains ofthe deceased

were placed in pots, amphorae or jugs which were usually covered with a bowl. Given that urns were of

a s-nller sire, tie grave pits were also smaller, and they did not contain any sherds of broken vessels' nor

were they filled u1i with the remains of the funeral pyres. 1.r the majority of graves the_hunlan remains

were in pots, fbliowecl by amphorae, and in exceptional cases.jugs or bowls were also used (Pl.3/1-5) For

the time being, one can onllspeculate about the reasons for the selection of particular receptacles for the

burial ofthe crcmdt(d remain' of the deceased

Burials in bicor]ical jugs, other than in Slatina, have also been recorded in grave I ir.r Zagreb-

Vrapieat.ldinMartijanec'andthesehavebeendatedtotheHaAlphase(VINsrlGese,tntlI|973,70'72,'T. 23ll;25l5). During the HaB phase, in the RuSe group a jug was used as the receptacie for crematecl

bones, but it u.as also frequently pln.ed n. a grave good in incineration graves with no urn (lvli)t.t rr.-

KARpE 1959, Ta[ 108, passim; ioiS,.oo 2006, 1'17) Amphorae typical of the HaA2 phase were used as

urns in sever:rl graveyat-ds in continental Croatia' at Za'greb Vrapie' Dalj or Slatina (NIap 2)

Thi, cuitorn should be viewed in relation to the central Danubian region and the contemPoraly

phase I ofthe Vil group (Koszecr 1960, 179). Amphorae often setved as urns in tl.re HaA2 phase iD tl.re

territory of the central l)anubian regiou, which rvas narked by the afor enrentioned \ril group (Szentendre'

Tc;kol, Neszmdly) (p.qur 1968, llaltXX/2,5 6; CXXI; Koszr:cI 1988,68; Bour.uD 2000, 145' ill.6/1,3)' in

the rcgion betwee n tl.rc Danube and the 'l isa (Csorva, Doroslovo) (Tnocr't,trln 1963' 89, 102, 'Ial VI I/ 1 1:

.1.x,+1K'ov r cl 2008,71, erave,18, 1), in the tenitory of the Kyatice culture (Funr'tLNrr-MITAS 2010.98-99,

obr. 15/l l, l5j ,16/9 il), all tJre rvay to southem Pannonia (Dobova, Gorice pri Turnilcu) (S'lARi 1975'

Funerttry Prdctices of Lale Bronze AXe Commu itics in Colllinental Crcltid I 219

27,'1. 1lA1; PLESTENIAK 2010, 98 99). the concept of an anrphorai serving as the receptacle for crernated

bones goes all the way back to the very beginnir.rgs of the Urnheld culture in the central Danubiar.r region

(Rinovsxi. 1982, 35 39, T. 1A), and in continental Croatia it r.as usecl for tl.ris purpose between the late

12d,and gd,centuries BC, with certain yariations in the an.rphora type, cleper.rding on tl.re cultural group

and tl.re period. (lonmunication along the Danube and Drava rivers linked the comnrunities of the time,

resulting in the selection of similar types ofutns lbr use in burials

N{ap 2. Graves u,ith atlphotae used irs ul lls ill sollthern Parlnonia

Dobova, Gotice pri lulniiiLr, Zagreb \,hpt'e, Slatina, l)alj Sfrdertric, Doroslovo, Csorva.

Particularl.v interestir.rg is the discovery ofthe dual grave l5 in Slatina, ir.r which one ofthe cleceased

rvas br,rried in a pot, and the other in an amphora.r In the duirl grave, rvhich star.rds apart fion.r other graves

in tlte sane graveyard for the nature o[ its grave goods, there were severirl pottery vessels, placed in the

grave either int2rct or in iragl.rents. In the Slatina gravevard, pieces of costume, damaged b,v the funeral

pyre, could be found among the crelnated bones; pins, torques and bronze wire coils, indicating that the

costume had been n.rodifiecl in con)parison to the previous Virovitica grotlp. In addition, in Slatina fhere

are no graves that could be linked to tlte \rirovitica group either by the burial nethod used or by the type

of potter)' r'essels in them, as r'r,as the case in Voiin (LoZr.r1,tx 2003), Drijanovac (M.qlx.rrId-PeN o7.tc

1988, 19, T. ll/2-3; III; IV/1-2; NIAINARIC-P.q N oZrcl 1994) ancl Zagreb-Vrapie (VINsrI Gesr,lntNI 1973,

70, T. 2315 9). Tl]ere, the Virovitica shapes are present together r,ith the influences of the Baierdorf-Velatice circle, l.hich could be linl<ed chronologically to the HaAl phase. According to the infornatiottthat is available bday, this was a short lived l.rorizon, as indicatecl by the oldest graves .rt the Dobova(Durex 1978, 37, combination table), Slatina or Doroslovo gravevards ('l'n,A.lKovtc 2008, gtave 9/1 4).

The metal fir'rds discovered there inclicate that the graves originate fronr the hnal clays ofthe HaAl phase,

rvhile the urn types belong to the potter,v characteristic of the rniddle and late Urnficltl culture in the cen

tral Dar.rubian regiolr (LocuNr:r 1994,201, Abb. 108).

Trvo graves tl-om Beliite illustrate the funeriul practice in the region of Donja Podravina in the

late HaB phase. 'lhe graves can be dated to the 9" century BC. In them, pots \\'ere usecl as urns, and borvls

served as lids (Pl. 3/9 l0). No metal items have been found in the graves, but there rvere fragments ofpottery yessels both among the cremated bones ;rnd trbove the urn, indicating that the buriai ritual probabl,v

inclucled the use of receptacles for food at.rd clrink at the pyr e and atrove the gravc.

2'ItIenainstobeshorr''rrbi'1ul.theranthropologicl1lnali'seslvhetheIitr\.astllc5extor solrlethillg clsc,

250 lhnr,r Lo2xllx Drzr,rn

ln the territor-,y of the Gornia Posavina region, the Virovitica group of the lale phase of the l.ate

Bronze Age u'as replacecl b,vthc Velilia Gorica Dobov:r group (Tln2,rN 1999, 1l I ), knorvn chiefl1.ly 1[e5"t$'o eponynr graveyards. 'Ihe funerary ritual ofthis local group was characterized by thc selection ofves-sels uith a l.role in thcir rvall (Pl. 3/6 8), r'l'hich rvcre used as uLr.ts ir.t some ofthe graves, b), the particulargrat'e goocls, such as iveirpons in mzrle graves, and b,v cremation burials l ithout urns (VINsxt-Geslettr.''t1973, l5-5; SrARi 1975, 1.1). V IIolfiller excavatecl tl.re Velika Gorica grave,vard in 1908 ancl reported thatsln:rll receptacles u'ere used as urns and, in rare cases, covered with even smaller receptacles. He turtherrrentiored that the glaves rvcr e surrouuclecl by the remains of the fiureral pyres and coai, r,hile the cre

rlated bones rvere also scattered outside the urns. Other itens $.ere placed either next to or above the

recept.rcle (llorrII-rR 1909, 121- 122).

On thc basis of tl.re nretal finc1s discovered in thern, the preserved Velilia Gorica graves can be

dated to the earil'HaB phase (VrNsxr (llsllrrNr 1973, 156). What rnalies the Velika Gorica graveyard

exceptional is the rich lerrale costunrc firuncl in fernale graves, and weapons and razors that u'ere placed as

grave goods in r.na1e glaves (l(,rner',lxrd 2009, 57 70). lhcse t-eatures set it ripiut flom the contemporarygravevirrd in Dobovr, r ,hich lrekrngs to lhe san]e cultural group (TEnZex 1999, I l5 I I6, fie. 10 l1). Adetailecl conparison of grave goocls fbr.rnd in \relika Gorica ancl Dobova has been r.nacle by S. I(lner-eNtt:(2000,35 ,13). l he d illerence in the selection of grave goocls may suggest that these \\,ere t$,o colnrrunitiesthat clicl not enjo,v the same level of powet and u'ealth.

At the far' lvest of coltinental Croatia, in the Kup:r vallel', during tl.re late phase of the Urnlieldculture ther-e \\'as a separirte group marked by some regional characteristics of its costune, funer:rry prac

tice arlcl Lype of receptacles used as un.rs (Pl. 3/13).'Ihe buriai custom appliecl at the gravcvards of Ozalj(BerrN Lr-:r ursti 1981), l(rupaie (BnuNivto 1898), Treiierovac (Llurrri 1885) and Budinjak (St<oelrntI999, 2l ) can be linlied to the graves at l(apiteljslia Niiva in Novo Nlesto in Dolenjsha (Knr2 1995; KnrZ1i'r Ar. 2009, cat. No. 4.5, ,1.6, ,1, ,1.6, 13) ancl at the Boritek graycyard in trletlika in the neigl.rbouring Bela

l(rajira (Dulln 1979). In sorr.re cases the grave pit r.,'as lined with stones (BALEN l.r'r'r uNIi 1981, 15),

and anothel characteristic feature is large pythoi that l'ere usecl as urns. C)ccasionally the urn itself rvas

coveled u'ith a stonc, insteacl o[ a borvl. In sonre graves there $'e]'e irlso antphorac rvith fulnel-shapednecks (Cinrnlx 200.1, 13,1, lig. 28), u'hich represents a local {brn.r. Theretbrc, in the territory ofcontinentalC)olti:t, in the late phase of the Late Bronze Age there was a pronounced regional cliversit| in fttneraryprilctices, in corltr-.rst k) thc t\\.o rather unifornr groups ofthe eatl,v phase ofthe l-ate Bronze Age.

Ntlp 3. Cr.rvcs of the Dalj (iroup rvilh ftanl/rcro,c hnds: Batina, Osijek, Dali, l)or.oslor-o, \'ukor.ar, Sotin.

Funerary Practices of L6te Bronze Age Cont unities in Conti ettal CrodLiLi 251

Yet another regional feature is the kantharoi tl.rat appeared in the territorl of the Dalj group(north-eastern Croatia and south eastern Transdanubia), in graves fron.r the 9rr'and 81' c. BC, tl.rat is, fromphases II and IIIa according to C. MrrzNrn NEBELSTcK (2002, 169, Abb. 73, 6), :rnd remained in use

until the Late Iron Age (MrrzNER-NEBrLsrcK 2002.172-178. Abb. 7518 9:7615:7717: DrzDAR20l0).Atthe Sotin graveyard, 28 graves of the Dalj group have been excavated, and in 15 of them kantharoi have

been found, lving in the eastern side of the burial pit or within the pot. Kantharoi are also present in largenumbers in graves in Vukovar (B,urN LEruNIi 1996, 92, cat. 56.2), l)oroslovo (Tne1ror.r6 2008, grave I,3),Dalj (Horrrrlen 1938,pl. 13/1 3), Batina(METZNBR NrrrrElsrc x 2002,Taf .214 6). The contemporarygraves in the Upper Tisa Valley (Plrlr 1993, l9 46, Abb. 10 I l) and in the lorver Datrube region (GuuA1993; Mr:novli 2003, 101 102,Abb.3) do not contain sinrilarlv rich gravc goods in the form of kantharoi.For this reason, this custom and form can be considered to be regional, although the idea of placingkar.rtharoi in graves had been present in the East Carpathian community ever since the Middle BronzeAge, and, according to the Suriin fincls (VrNsr<r Gesperurr 1973,T.2,7, 9), it u'as also present during theearly phase of the Late Bronze Age, that is, during the tirr.re of the Belegii IT group (\1uxr6 2002,9 r- -99).Graveyards of this group have not yet been found in the territory of the rvestern rim of its distributionzone in earstern Slavonia (Map 3). Tlpologically different shapes of hantharoi appeared in the HaB periodeyen farther to the west, in Podravina, in the territory ofthe Ruie group (MuLrrR-K,A.nps 1959, thf. 109\,1,

2;'I'ERZAN 1990, fig.2113; CnsSN,ln 2006, 128, Iig.26).The marginal position ofthe Dalj group within the Urnlielcl cultule is borne witness to b)' the urns

of biconical t)'pe that had undoubtedly developed from the pots frequently used as urns in graves of theBelegi5 II group (VRANIC 2002,86 91, cat. No. 35). Such pots are frequent in the area between the Tisa andMaros rivers, which was inhabited by a variant of the G6va group that presents some southern features,primarily the shapes of urns that \\'ere favoured by the Bobda II-Susani-Ticvaniul Mare-Kar abur ma III-Belegii II circle (V Sz,c.s6 1996, 55, Abb. 55/l 2). Interestingly, in the earliest graves that can be attributedto the Dalj group, amphorae were used ars urns, which is tl.pical of the Urnheld culture. The biconicalurns can be traced fiom the 9'r'c. BC, by the finds in the graves in l)oroslovo ('l'rulxovri 2008, grave,1/ l; grave 1 15/ I ) and Sotin, although C. Metzner-Nebelsick dated this type of urn only to the IIIb potteryhorizon of the Dalj group and onwards(MlrzNrn-Nrnelsrcr 2002, 172 17 5,

Abb. 7516, .12). The kantharoi andbicor.rical pots used as urns suggest alocal genesis of the Dalj group and itsIinks to the previous Belegi5 II group,but also the strong influences of theUrnfi eld culture (amphorae, numerouspottery grave goods).

In grave 44 in Sotin, judgingliom their rectangular distribution, thecremated bones were placed in somekind of receptacle rnade of organicnraterial, which also included a kan-tharur. Abor e tlre bone',, th ree cer.l m i(whorls were found that used to belongto a spindle (Fig. l). The spindle wasprobably laid over the cremated bones as a tarewell gift that a member of the community iaid in thegrave ofthe deceased woman. This example testifies that in addition to the funerarv canons, an individualapproach to saying goodbye to the deceased was also present.

The overview ofthe funerary practices in the Late Bronze Age in the territor,v ofnorthern Croatiaindicates that different cultural groups had difiering buriarl custorrs, and there are also exarnples r'vhichsuggest that jn certain cases the rite varied fron one settlement to another. It is ob\.ious that sone cornmu-nities shared burial customs, but the selection ofgrave goods was also locally determined (e.g. PopernjakGredar.ri, Velika Gorica-Dobova). The uniformity ofthe burial practice in the early phasc ofthe Urnlield

Fig. 1. Sotin, grave,14 witl.r remains ofa spindle.

252 l)ARrA Lo'NJAK l)r zDAR

culturc is clcar;:lt that tilr.lc, in thc Virovitica group and in the tsarice Gredani group, thc reln:rins ofthedecctiscd werc bur icd :rlnrost in line with thc calon: pot used as urn, bowl used as lid or bowl used irsum. It is interesting that the shapes ofvessels used in graves in tl.re eariy phase ofthe Urnfield culture:rrclocally bouncl (e.g. pots in the Virovitica group or bor'vls usecl as un.rs in the Barice Greclani group,.N{apI , Pl. I 2). In tl.re late phase oi the Urnfield cultr,u e in the territory of continental Cloatia, several groupshar.e been identified, ancl the main difl-er er.rces betr,eeu them lay il their costulne and funerary practice.'lhe unifbrnr bur.ial custorn started to dcvelop rcgional variants (PI. 3), judging fr-on the receptacles usecl

as uLrrs trntl the sclcction of grave goods (costulne). In addition to the general practice of placing hunranrenuins in anrphorae, r,r'hich rvas recordecl il the HaA2 phase in the rvide area stretching froln thc centralDanubian region to southern Pannonia, uhich belongecl to t].re Urnlielcl culture, frorr the HaBl phase

onrvard, regional lealui'es u'ere nrore and more pronounced, accompanied by local lirnerarv custons.llesicles tl.re legiorral clivelsification in the qlave inventories, the social status ofthe clecease,:1 rl'as certainlyvcry inrportaut, ancl this r.as iig:rin rr.rore obr.ious in t-ernalc gravcs, as it w'as in the early pl.rase ol theUrnfield culture. (LoZNl,rx DIZDAR 2009). Except for a t-ew richlv furnishetl nale graves (Velika Goric.r,grave 1/1911) that represert an exceptiur, rather than a rule, no pattern has been established in the practice of bur,ving nel. Il temirle gra\res, several items of costume were found, probably of the costumc inr,lricl.r tl.re cleceasecl hircl been crenratecl, but in vierv ofthe smali r.rlrnrber ofexplolecl graves clating fi-onrthc latc phase of thc Ur nficld cLrltr.u c, fbr the tinrc bcing thc rclcvant irnalyses cirnnot be carr-iecl out

'lhc usc of stonc in gra\-c irrchitcctrJre \\.as present in the terr iior,v of contineutal Croatia ti-onr theearliest graves ofthe Urnheld culture in N{oravie, then in grave 2 in Zagreb-Vrapc'e, on to the Ozal.j graves.

The conclusion can be drau,n that stone rvas tiequently usecl for lining the grave pit, or as a lid for thc urn,throughout the LiiLe Blonze Age ill weslern Croaliir, $'hereas ilr easlern Croatia there has been no recordof such plactice (N{ap .1).

N'lap.1. (iraves rvith stone architecture in the continental part ofCroatia. N,lorar.ie, Zagreb lirapic, Ozalj, Budinjak.

Along rl'ith the influence of the central Danubian region, which \\'as ver,v strong, judging by thefuneriuy custor.r'r and the selection of urns in the late HaAl phase and in the HaA2 ph;rse, it is obvioLrs

that in the HaB phase the \.estern part of continental Croatia rvas iinked b the Dolenjska and Posavljeregions of Skrvenia, u'hile eastern Croatia was linhed to the territory bet$,een the Danube and Tisa rrr.ersand to south-eastern Transclairubia. The r.narginal position ofthe Dal.j Group rvithin the Urnheld cultureis reflectecl in the selection of indiviclual tlpes oi receptacles thal \rere used in the furerary cult (biconicalunls, kanthluoi), rvhich, by their genesjs, belong to the F.ast Carpathi.rn communily. C)n the other hand,

lunerary Practices o_f Late Brttnze Agc Contmunitics in Continent.tl Croatia | 253

the strong influence of the Urnfield culture is visible in the earl,v phase of the Dalj group, rvhen its burialpractice and types of vessels used could only be linkecl to the rvest, and this can be identifiecl in graves inDoroslovo (Tnl1r<ovrc 2008, grave 23, I 3, passim), Dalj (Horrlr-r-rn 1938, pl. 1al4,8 9; Srr,rrc 199,1,200,

pI.7lI-3) and Batina (MurzNrr NEBEI-sICK 2002, thf. l611).1he influence ofthe Urnfield culture was

also felt in the neighbouring Bosut group in Sirnium and southern Banat, and this is visible in the potteryfrorn its early phase, Bosut I (Vlsrc 1987, 540, fig. 30). The rare graves dating from that phase bear witness

to inhrlrnation burials (N1elovri 2003, 101-102, Abb. 3), rvhich set it apart frorn other contemporarygroups y.ith distribution zones truther to the west. Lr the eastemmost part of Croatja, this group has beer.r

known on the basis of settlenrents and individual inhumation graves dating trom the beginr.rir.rg ofthe IronAge, found rvithin graveyar ds belonging to the comnunities of the Dalj group (VlNsxt GASIARINI 1973,

160,T. 125; BAr.r.rN l.EruNri 2001,L7,19 20, T.5-6;7/1-2; T,A.sri 1979; LOZNIAK DTZDAR 2004).The funerarl practices ofthe Late Bronze Age conmurities in conlinenlal Croatia sl]orv a general

trend that is also present in the Urnlielcl cuiture in the Caryradrian Basin. The pledominant burial customis crenation, and the dillerences amotrg individual groups, apart flon.r some cli1l-erences ir.r their n.raterial

culture, can also be seen in the selectior.r of ur ns, number ar.rcl type of potterv receptacles in graves, pres

ence of broken receptacles and relnains of the costurne in which the deceased rvere sent o1r to the afterlife.At larger grave,vards that have been explored (Gredani, Popernjah), renrains have been found lrfiich couldbe linkecl to a cult that rvas pertbrmecl at the burial or in respect of the memory of the deceased. Some

exanrples, such as the spindle placed in gra\,e,14 in Sotin, bear witness to the gifts that r,ele used b)r theliving to say goodb,ve to tl.re dead. In addition to the customs that were practised by the inhabitants of a

settlenent, a \\'hole cornmuniq. or even a whole cultural circle, there are also records of sone personalizedapproaches to sending certain individuals offto the afterlii-e (e.g. grave 1/1911 in Velika Gorica, dual grave

15 in Slatina). Indir.idual selection ofthe burial rlethod r.vas particularll' u,idespread rvithin the territoryof continental Croatia at the beginnir.rg of the lron Age (late 9"' century and 8' ' century BC), l'hen, r.r,ithir.r

a single community, two rituals were in use sin.rult:rneously iucineration aud inhumation bulials, e.g. atBudiryak (Srour-:uxr 1999, 2l), in llat graves or graves under tumuli Budinjak, Ozalj (BlreN LEruNrc1981, 14 15), Batina (investigtrtions in Novenber 2010) -, which is a reflection ofthe social dil1-erentratron

tl.rat would beconre particularly prorninent in funerary practices ofthe commur.rities ofthe Early Iron Age.'

BALEN-LD ruNra l9ll I

IlAr.f:N l-L r uNra 1996

BA r.rN l.r. r uNra 2004

BEKri 2006

Bour.uD 2000

BRUNSMTD lB98

eovri 1958

Covrc 1988

CRESNAR 2006

DAVrD 1998

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List offigures

Fig. 1. Sotin, grave '14 with remains of a spindle.

List of maps

Map 1. Graves of the early phase of the Urnfield culture in the continental part of Croatia. Graves with pots used as urns: Lepoglava, Zbelava, Moravte, Sirova Katalena, Drljanovac, Mala Pupelica,

Virovitica, Voiin, Cepinski Martinci.

' Graves with bowl-like lids used to cover the cremated bones: Iakopovec. Cepinski Martinci. Gredani,

Maikovac, PoZega, Oriovac, Grabarje, Perkovci, Strossmayerovac. Popernjak.

Map 2. Graves with amphorae used as urns in southern Pannonia. Dobova, Gorice pri TurniSiu, Zagreb Vrapie,

Slatina, Dalj-Strldeirac, Doroslovo, Csorva.

Map 3. Graves ofthe Dalj Group with kantharos finds: Batina, Osijek, Dalj, Doroslovo, Vukovat Sotin

Map4. Grayes with stone architecture in the continental part ofCroatia. Moravde.Zagreb Vrapie,Ozalj, Budinjak.

List of plates

Pl. 1. Selected t).pes of urns in the early phase of the Urnfield culture (Virovitica group). 1. Moravie (after So r<ol

1996, sl. 15/3);2. Drljanovac (after M,q.,Nrnri-PaNDZIi 199'1, T. 3/3); 3 5 Moravde (after Sorol 1996, sl

512;12);6. Drljanovac (after MAINARId PANDZId 1994,T.213 4).

P|.2. Selected t)'pes ofurns in the early phase ofthe Urnheld culture (Barice Gredani group). I. VlatkoYac;2-4;

7-12. Gredani (after MINIcHREITER 1983, T.25 26);5 6;l3.Popernjak(afterMenI1eN2010,sl 32)

PI.3. Selected qpes ofurns in the late phase ofthe Urnfield culture. 1-5. Slatina;6 8. Velika Gorica (after

KARAVANTd 2009, Pl. 5411. 3: 6314);9- 10. Belisie; 1 1- 12. Dalj (after VINsrt-Gesre.RrNI 1983, T XCI/1' 5)i

13. Krupade (after BRUN3MID l89B); 14-15. Ozalj (after Be.LEN-Lrruui 1981, T. ll4,T.2l4).

Funcrary I'ractices of Lole Bro ze AgL (:a tlrtunit'ies in Cttrttinettlol CroLtlia 257

I'latc L Selcctetl t,vpcs of r.rrns ilr the late phrsc' of tfrc Urnfielcl ctrltur c. I 5. Slatirl,r: 6 3. velika Gorice

(rlier K.rr,qr,..rxrtl 2009, Pl.5.1/1,l; 6l/.1); 9 10. Ileli!cc; I I ll. l)alj (alter \iNsKr (l'rst'.cRtst l9sl.'l x(ll/L' 5);

]]' liILlPaic'(aitcr l]nuxillttl ]tj98)j 1.1 ]5' ()zalj (.rlier B,'..r,r:s |I]rlr^.I(: l9|j]..f' li'1, I'2/,I)'

1

lti

I

I

II

258 | DARIA LOZNIAK DTZDAR

Plate 2. Selected types of urns in the early phase ofthe Urnheld culture (Barice-Gredani group)

1. Vlatkovac;2-4;7 12. Gredani (after MINTCHREITER 1983, T.25 26);5-6;

13. Popernjak (after MARUAN 2010, sl. 32).

f

Fttnetory Praclicts oJ Lnte Bronzc Age CanlnLtnilit s in C.ontitltrttol Ctoatja | )'59

Platr 3. Selccted tvpes ol unts in lhe ldte phasc ol tlie Ur nlielci cuLturc. I 5. slatlnai 6 3 \'elika Gorica

(rl1erK,cR,$,,ANrci2009,pl.5.1/1,3; 63/1): 9. 10. Bc'liiae; ll l2.Dalj (allcr vtxstit G,tst',rntxt l93l,T X(i1/1,5)i

J-3. Krtqraie (aliclBnu^-irtto l39S); 1'1 l5Ozali (afLer B'\i'rrn'-LErurlc l9Sl'Tl/-1"f2/1)

..,),/i.

,'i, :t/' ,

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