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FUNDAMENTALS OF : J

Graphics #* Coiĩimunícation

Gary R. Bertoline • Eric N. Wiebe Nathan w. Hartman • W illiam A. Ross

FUNDAMENTALSo /

GRAPHICSCOMMUNICATION

SIXTH EDITION

Garj R. BertolinePurdue University

Eric N. WiebeNorth Carolina State University

Nathan w. HartmanPurdue University

William A. RossPurdue University, Emeritus

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FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHICS COMMUNICATION. SIXTH EDITION

E^iblished by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas. New York. NY HK)20. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc. All rights reserved.Previous editions O 2007. 2(X).̂ , and 2002. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to. in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

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IJb rary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Benoline, Gary R.Fundamentals of graphics communication / Gary R. Bertoline. Eric N. Wiebe, Nathan w. Hartman. — 6lh ed.

p. cm.Includes index.ISBN 0-07-35226.3-5

1. Engineering graphics—Textbooks. 1. Wiebe. Eric N. 11, Hartman. Nathan w. 111. Title.

T353.B45I5 2010

604.2—dc22 2009046157CIP

www.mhhe.com

\ ỉ )()ul the Authors

0

(ỉary K. Bertoline

Gary R. Bertoline is adistinguished Professor of Computer Graphics Technology at Purdue University. He earned his B.s. degree in Industrial Technology at Northern Michigan University in 1974, M.Ed. in Industrial Technology at Miami University in 1979, and Ph.D. at The Ohio State University in Industrial Technology in 1987. His graduate work focused

on the integration of CAD into engineering graphics and visualization. He has 25 years’ experience teaching graphics at all levels from elementary school to senior citizens. Prof. Bertoline taught junior high and high school graphics at St. Henry High School, St. Henry, Ohio; drafting/design technology at Wright State University, Lake Campus, Celina. Ohio; and engineer­ing graphics at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Eric N. Wiebe

Eric N. VVỈebe, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Graphic Communi­cations Program at North Carolina State Univer­sity. He earned his B.A. degree in Chemistry from Duke University in 1982, an M.A. in Indus­trial Design in 1987, and a Ph.D. in Psychology (Ergonomics) in 1996 at North Carolina State University. Before going to graduate school.

Professor Wiebe worked as a chemist and in the A/E/C in­dustry. His graduate work in industrial design focused on the role of computer graphics and CAD in the design process. After completing his master’s, Professor Wiebe helped develop a photorealistic rendering and modeling system for architectural and design professionals and worked as a private consultant.

Since coming to teach at North Carolina Slate, Dr. Wiebe has developed and taught a 3-D solid modeling course for 17 years. In addition, he coordinated the intro­duction of CAD into the introductory engineering graph­ics course. Professor Wiebe has also developed a course on scientific visualization, which looks at the graphic rep­resentation of technical and scientific data. Since coming to North Carolina Stale, he has continued to work as a con­sultant to industry and has been active at the university level on the integration of computing in academics. He has authored numerous publications and Instructional materi­als. In addition to being the past editor of the Engineering Design Graphics Journal, he is a member of the American Society for Engineering Education, the American Educa­tional Research Association, and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

You can contact Dr. Wiebe at eric_wiebe@ncsu.edu.

Nathan w. Hartman isan Associate Professor in the Department of Com­puter Graphics Technol­ogy at Purdue University. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Technical Graphics and a Master of Science in Technology from Purdue University, and a Doctorate in Tech­nology Education from North Carolina State Uni­versity. His graduate workNathan w . Hartman

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

focused on the development of expertise and problem solv­ing in the use of modem CAD tools. Nathan currently teaches undergraduate courses in engineering graphics, 3-D modeling, product graphics standards and documentation, and product data management. He also teaches graduate courses covering the foundational elements of computer graphics and measurement and evaluation. His current re­search focus includes the use of constraint-ba.sed CAD tools in the design process, geometry automation, legacy data and CAD data exchange, and the use of virtual reality in the product lifecycle.

Prior to coming to Purdue, Nathan worked for a variety of companies in using and integrating computer-aided design (CAD) tools into the engineering design process through the development of custom training applications and materials. He worked for RAND Worldwide as a Senior Technical Training Engineer where he taught all levels of courses in 3-D modeling and product data man­agement for corporate clients and developed customized training curricula. He also provided on-site technical sup­port for larger clients during their new product development stages and during their installation and configuration of product data management tools. Nathan has also worked for Caterpillar in the large engine design group and for Fair- held Manufacturing in the tool design and hxtures group.

William A. Ross is Pro-

f fes.sor Emeritus of Com-^ puter Graphics Technol­

ogy at Purdue University. He earned his B.s. De­gree in Technical Educa­tion and design from North Carolina State University in 1973 and an M.Ed. in 1976. Prior to going into higher edu­cation. he worked for hve years in industry in con­struction and architec­tural design. He has over

30 years exp>erience teaching graphics at a variety of levels. Prior to joining the faculty at Purdue in 1988, Prof. Ross taught drafting at Athens Drive Senior High School, Raleigh, NC; design drafting in the North Carolina Com­munity College system; and engineering graphics at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. He specializes in visualization sketching and instructional design of 3-D computer graphics applications for product design, CAD, animation, and simulation.

William A. Ross

PREFACE,^

Introduction to Graphics Communication, 1Objectives and Overview, /

u1.2

1.3

DESIGN IN INDUSTRY: A rc Second

1.4

1.5

1.3.1 Linear Engineering Design, w1.3.2 Model-Centered Engineering

Design, wCollaborative Engineering, / / Virtual Product Representation,/2Prototyping, Ỉ2 Productivity TckjIs, 12 PDM/Configuration Management, 13Internet, Intranet, and Extranet. 13 Product Life Cycle Management (PLM), 13 e-Busines.s, 15 Design Teams, 16 Members of Design Teams, 16

1.3.13 Types of Design Projects, 16 Ideation, 16

1.4.1 Problem Identification, 7Ố Preliminary Ideas Statement. 18 Preliminary Design, 18 Ideation Resources, 19 The Designer’s Notebook. 19

Refinement. 201.5.1 Modeling, 2/

1.3.31.3.4

1.3.51.3.61.3.7

1.3.81.3.9

1.3.101.3.111.3.12

1.4.21.4.31.4.41.4.5

1.61.7

1.5.2 Computer Simulation and Animation, 24

1.5.3 Design Analysis. 24 Design Review Meetings, 29 Implementation, 29

Introduction, 2 1.7.1 Planning. 29The Importance of Graphics in the Design 1.7.2 Production, 29Process, 4 1.7.3 Marketing, 29

1.2.1 Visualization. 5 1.7.4 Finance, 311.2.2 Communication, 6 1.7.5 Management, 311.2.3 DiKumentation, 7 1.7.6 Service, 33

The Engineering Design Process, 7 1.7.7 Documentation, 331.8 Product Data Control, 381.9 Other Engineering Design Methods, 411.10 Standards and Conventions, 4 /

Dream High Tech Job Designing Robots to Explore Planets in Our Solar System, 42

I. I i Graphic Communication Technologies, 431.1 1.1 Reverse Engineering, 441.11.2 Web-Based Communication, 451.11.3 Output Devices, 451.11.4 Storage Technologies, 461.11.5 Virtual Reality, 47

1.12 Summary, 57Goals Review, 52 Questions for Review. 52 Further Reading. 53 Problems, 54

2 Sketching, 55Objectives and Overview, 55

2.1 Technical Sketching for Engineering Design, 562.1.1 Freehand Sketching Tools. 58

2.2 Sketching Technique, 602.2. Í Seeing, Imaging, Repre.senling, 60

DESIGN IN INDUSTRY: P UM A Footwear’s The Pass

2.2.2 Contour Sketching, 62

CONTENTS

2.2.3 Negative Space Sketching, 642.2.4 Upside-Down Sketching, 652.2.5 Straight Lines, 652.2.6 Curved Lines, 68

2.3 Proportions and Construction Lines, 70 Dream High Tech Job Designing Recreational Vehicles. 72

2.4 Sketching Irregular Shapes with Complex Features and Detailed Text, 76

2.5 Sketching Using a Constraint-Based Modeling Software Program. 76

2.6 Comparing Manual Technical Sketches with Constraint-Based Sketchingby Computer, 78

2.7 Preliminary Freehand Sketches and Legible Lettering. 80

2.8 Summary, 80 Goals Review, 80 Questions for Review. 81 Further Reading, 81 Problems. 82

Ti.l Freeform Curves,//43.7.1 Spline Curves,/ /43.7.2 Bezier and B-Spline Curves, / /5

3.8 Constraining Profile Geometry for 3-D Modeling, 115

3.9 Angles. 1203.10 Planes,/2Ơ

3.10.1 Planar Geometry./2 /3.11 Surfaces. 124

3.11.1 Ruled Surfaces./273.11.2 Fractal Curves and

Surfaces. 1303.12 3-D Modeling Elements,/30

3.12.1 Wireframe Modeling,/323.12.2 Surface Modeling,/33

3.13 Summary,/37 Goals Review, 138 Questions for Review, 138 Further Reading, 138 Problems. 139Classic Problems, 149

3 Engineering Geometry, 91Objectives and Overview, 9/

3.1 Engineering Geometry, 923.2 Shape Description. 923.3 Coordinate Space, 92

3.3.1 Right-Hand Rule, 953.3.2 Polar Coordinates, 963.3.3 Cylindrical Coordinates, 973.3.4 Spherical Coordinates, 973.3.5 Absolute and Relative

Coordinates, 983.3.6 World and Local Coordinate

Systems, 983.4 Geometric Elements. 993.5 Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs. 99

3.5.1 Points. 99

DESIGN IN INDUSTRY, Shaving Seconds from an Olympic Lid

3.5.2 Lines, 1003.5.3 Tangencie.s, 105

Dream High Tech Job Designing Bicvcies for Women, 1063.5.4 Circles, 107

3.6 Conic Curves. 1093.6.1 Parabolas./Ớ93.6.2 Hyperbolas, 1103.6.3 Ellipses,//2

4 Modeling Fundamentals, 151Objectives and Overview. 151

4.1 Model Definition,/524.2 Model Data Structures, 1534.3 Constraint-Based Modeling, 156

4.3.1 Initial Planning./574.3.2 Sources of Data. /574.3.3 Eventual Model Use, /574.3.4 Modeling Standards. /57

4.4 Model Planning, 1584.5 Feature Definition, /59

DESIGN IN INDUSTRY, Giving Soldiers A High-Tech Leg Up

4.5.1 Features from Generalized Sweeps. 161

4.5.2 Construction Geometry. 1634.5.3 Sketching the Profile. 1644.5.4 Completing the Feature

Definition, 1664.5.5 Feature Planning Strategies, 171

Dream High Tech Job Designing Snowboards, 172

4.6 Editing Part Features, 1744.6.1 Understanding Feature

Order, 1744.6.2 Editing Feature Properties. /77

4.7 Duplicating Part Features, 178

4.9

4.8.1 View Camera Operation, /794.8.2 View Camera Strategy, IS!

Application of Part Model Data, 182 5.8

5.7.3 Inclined Planes, 2505.7.4 Oblique Planes. 250

Multiview Representations for

4.10

4.9.1 Documentation. 1834.9.2 Analy.sis, Ỉ85

Summary, 190

Sketches. 2535.8.1 Points, 25i5.8.2 Planes, 253

Goals Review, 191 Questions for Review. 191 Further Reading. 191 Problems, 192

5 Multiviews and Visualization, 213

5.8.3 Change of Planes (Edge), 2555.8.4 Angles. 2555.8.5 Curved Surfaces, 2565.8.6 Holes. 2585.8.7 Fillets. Rounds, Finished

Surfaces, and Chamfers. 258Objectives and Overview, 2 / i 5.8.8 Runouts, 260

5.1 Projection Theory. 215 5.8.9 Intersecting Cylinders, 2615.1.1 Line of Sight (LOS), 2155.1.2 Plane of Projection, 2155.1.3 Parallel versus Perspective 5.9

5.8.10 Cylinders Intersecting Prisms and Holes, 262

ANSI Standards for Mulliview Drawing?

5.2Projection, 2/5

Mullivlew Projection Planes, 2 /7and Sketches, 262 5.9.1 Partial Views, 263

5.2.1 Frontal Plane of Projection. 2/75.2.2 Horizontal Plane of

Projection. 2 /7 5.10

5.9.2 Revolution Conventions. 2645.9.3 Removed Views. 267

Visualization for Design. 2675.2.3 Profile Plane of

Projection. 2/9 5.115.10.1 Problem Solving, 268

Solid Object Features, 2695.2.4 Orientation of Views from 5.12 Solid Object Visualization, 27/

5.3Projection Planes. 2 /9

Advantages of Multiview Drawings, 2/95.12.1 Combinations and Negative

Solids. 27/

DESIGN IN INDUSTRY: Scientific Visualization 5.12.2 Planar Surfaces, 2735.12.3 Symmetry, 276

5.4 The Six Principal Views, 222 5.12.4 Surface Models5.4.1 Conventional View Placement, 2265.4.2 First- and Third-Angle 5.13

(Developments), 277 Multiview Drawings Visualization, 279

5.5

Projection, 2265.4.3 Adjacent Views. 2265.4.4 Related Views, 2285.4.5 Central View. 2285.4.6 Line Conventions, 228

Multiview Sketches, 231

5.13.1 Projection Studies, 2795.13.2 Physical Model Construction,

2795.13.3 Adjacent Areas, 2795.13.4 Similar Shapes, 2795.13.5 Surface Labeling, 282

5.5.1 One-View Sketches, 2315.5.2 Two-View Sketches, 2315.5.3 Three-View Sketches. 236

Dream High Tech Job Designing Tennis Equipment. 238 5.14

5 .13.6 Missing Lines, 2825.13.7 Vertex Labeling, 2825.13.8 Analysis by Solids, 2825.13.9 Analysis by Surfaces, 285

Summary, 287

5.6

5.5.4 Multiviews from 3-D CAD Models. 241

View Selection, 241

Goals Review, 287 Questions for Review, 288 Further Reading, 288

5.7 Fundamental Views of Edges and Planes Hints for Multiview Sketching, 288for Visualization, 244 5.7.1 Edges (Lines), 244

Problems, 289 Classic Problems, 336

CONTENTS

6 Auxiliary Views, 339 7.9 Isometric KIlipse Templates. 392Objectives and Overview, 3 > 7.10 Sectiim Views in Isometric

6.1 Auxiliary View Fr( ,v itnn Theor>, .tv Drawings, 3926.1.1 Fold-Lime '• iLihiocl, VVƠ 7.11 Isometric Assembly Drawings. 392

DESIGN IN INDUSTRY: Guitar Marker Setts New Standards with CAD/CAM

7.12 Oblique Projections, 3957.12.1 Oblique Projection Theory. 3957.12.2 Oblique Drawing

6.2 Auxiliary View Claissiticaliions. 342 Classifications, J976.2.1 Reference oir Fotld-Line Labeling 7.12.3 Object Orientation Rules, 397

Conventions. 343 7.13 Oblique Pictorial Sketching, 3996.2.2 Depth Au^illiauy View. 343 7.14 Perspective Projections, 4006.2.3 Height Auixiilianv View. 345 7.15 Perspective Projection Terminology, 4036.2.4 Partial Auxi liary'Views. Ì47 7.16 Perspective Projection Classifications. 4046.2.5 Half Auxiii.urv'Views. JV7 7.17 Perspective Drawing Variables6.2.6 Curves, .ỉiíT" Selection. 4066.2.7 Auxiliary Viiews Using CAD, 34S 7.18 CAD Perspective Drawings. 408

6.3 Auxiliary View Appliicatitonis. 350 7.19 Summary, 4106.3.1 Reverse Com.stưiuctáon. J5Ớ Goals Review. 4126.3.2 View in a sp)eicitìed Direction; Questions for Review, 412

Point View cjf a Lime, 350 Problems. 4136.3.3 Dlhedrai AnigliCs.. 3516.3.4 Successive AulXilliairy Views:

Classic Problems, 423

True Size of ơblliqiueSurfaces. 3S2 8 Section Views, 425

6.4 Summary, 353 Objectives and Overview, 425Goals Review, 354 8.1 Sectioning Basics, 427Questions for Review- 354 8.1.1 CAD Technique. 4.?/

7 Pictorial Projections, 375Objectives and Overview, .Ư5

7.1 Axonometric Projec.inoffl. ,i7ổ

Views, 4318.2 Cutting Plane Lines, 432

DESIGN IN INDUSTRY: The Design of the Leonard Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge

7.1.1 Axonon>etJII': Prelection Pliitemem of Cutting PlaneClassiticafioins,, 37^ Lines, 434

7.2 Isometric Axonome-inic Piroj^ctions. 379 8.3 Section Line Practices, 4J77.2.1 Isometric A vomoimetric 8.3.1 Material Symbols, 437

Drawings. 3;ỊỊ0ì 8.3.2 Sketching Techniques. 4387.2.2 Standards ffotr IHiiddlen 8.3.3 Outline Sections. 438

Lines. Ceniteir ILimes, and 8.3.4 Thin Wall Sections, 438Dimensix'nis. 3<8I' 8.4 Section View Types, 439

7.3 Isometric Pictorial SkieicchieSs 382 8.4.1 Full Sections, 4391.4 Isometric Ellipses. 38i3 Dream High Tech Job At the Races. 440

8.4.2 Half Sections. 442DESIGN IN INDUSTRY: S TA R -C A TS Htelps to Design 84.3 Broken-Out Sections, 443“Coolest Business Jet Ever^ 8 4 4 Revolved Sections, 444

7.5 Isometric Grid Paper. 3^8’ 8.4.5 Removed Sections, 4447.6 Oblique Planes in Isoimeetràc Views. 389 8.4.6 Offset Sections. 4467.7 Angles in Isometric Vfiews, 391 8.4.7 Assembly Sections. 4467.8 Irregular Curves in dMomteitric Views. 3̂>2 8.4.8 Auxiliary Sections, 446