Flora Survey, Urunga & Coffs Harbour Management Areas, Northern ...

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FLORA SURVEY,URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS,NORTHERN REGION,NEW SOUTH WALES

By T. D. Tweedie,S.Bruskin,W.S. Chapman andR.W. Heyward

S TAT E

FORESTSRESEARCH DIVISION

FT.....ORA. SURVEY,

URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR

MANAGEMENT AREAS,

NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES

by

T.D.1WEEDIE. S. BRUSKIN.W.S. CHAPMAN AND

R.W. HEYWARD

RESEARCH DIVISIONSTATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES

SYDNEY1995

Forest Resources Series No. 33November, 1995

The Authors:

T.D. Tweedie, Forest Assistant, Northern Research Centre,State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour.

S. Bruskin, Research Centre Manager, Northern Research Centre,State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour.

W.S. Chapman, Forest Assistant, Northern Research Centre,State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour.

R.W. Heyward, Research Assistant, Northern Research Centre,State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour.

Published by:

Research Division,

State Forests of New South Wales,

27 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Hills, 2125

P.G. Box 100, Beecroft. 2119

Australia.

Copyright. © 1995 by State Forests of New South Wales

DDC 581.9099443ISSN 1033-1220ISBN 0731067223

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iii

INTRODUCTION 1

MEI'HODS 2

1. SURVEY DESIGN 2

2. FLORISTIC AND VEGErATION STRUCTURAL DATA 3

3. HABITAT DATA 4

4. UMITATIONS 4

5. DATA FROM OTHER SOURCES 4

6. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE 4

7. DATA ANALYSIS 7

RESULTS 9

1. FWRISTICS 9

2. FOREST OVERSTOREY COMMUNITIES 9

3. NON-EUCALYPT (UUNDERSTOREY") FLORISTIC COMMUNITIES 9

4. VEGETATION TYPES 13

A. RAINFOREST 13

B. WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS 18

C. BLACKBUTTFORESTS 23

D. DRY SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS 25

E. NEW ENGLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS 31

F. SWAMPY SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS 32

G. SEDGELAND AND SAND DUNES 34

H. SOFTWOOD PLANTATIONS 34

5. UNDERSTOREY DESCRIPTIONS 35

DmCUS~ON 48

1. SIGNIFICANT PLANT SPECIES 48

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 53

3. CONSERVATION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES 55

4. RESERVATION OF COMMUNITIES 56

(a) Existing State Forest Reserves 57

(b) Additional Reserve recommendations 62

5. IMPACTS OF DISTURBANCE 65

6. WEEDS 66

7. HARDWOOD PLANTATIONS 66

8. SOFTWOOD PLANTATIONS 67

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

TABLES

Table 1. Comparison and conseIVation status of forest vegetation communities

FIGURES

Figure 1. Map of flora sUIVey plotsFigure 2. Dendrogram

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Occurrence of vascular plant species by broad vegetation typeand logging category .

Appendix 2. Plot locationsAppendix 3. Rare or threatened plants found in the current sUIVeyAppendix 4. Rare or threatened plants. Miscellaneous sUIVeys within

Coffs Harbour/Urunga Management Areas

ADDENDUM

68

69

10

6

8

72

8388

90

92

iiFLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

ABSTRA eT

The purpose of the sUlvey was to describe the vegetation of the Coffs Harbour and Urunga ManagementAreas in the context of commercial forest management. To accomplish this 171 flora plots wereestablished to provide an indicative survey of the vascular plant species occurring in the ManagementAreas. Additional data were gathered from outside sources and from previous surveys to provide are~onably comprehensive listing of plants.

A total of695 vascular plant taxa were recorded during the survey. These are grouped into 45 overstoreycommunities and 35 understorey communities using anumerical hierarchical agglomerativeclassificationprocess. All of these communities are described and are related to existing ForestTypes as used by StateForests. A broad correlation exists between overstorey and understorey communities although severalunderstorey communities occurred across a range o(overstorey communities and vice versa.

Significant plant species encountered are described and the conservation of plant communities isdiscussed. Existing reserves are described also and recommendations are made for additional protectionand reservation.

The impacts ofdisturbance have been analysed and the results indicate that floristic patterns are primarilydetermined by fire history and climate rather than logging. The analysis is made difficult due to extensivelogging in the area. Comparisons between stands of different logging ages may be more reliable thancomparisons between logged and unlogged plots.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW iii

INTRODUCTION

This report describes the results ofasurvey ofvascular plant species in the State Forests ofthe Urunga andCoffs Harbour Management Areas on the north coast ofNew South Wales. The study area is bounded bylatitudes 290 47' S to 300 52' S and longitudes 1520 28' E to 1530 15' E and is confined to State Forestscovered by the Management Plans prepared for Macksville (Forestry Commission of New South Wales1978), Bellinger (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1982a), Urunga (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1984a) and Coffs Harbour (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1984b). Thephysical characteristics and forest management histories of the area are described in the referencedManagement Plans.

The purpose of this survey was to describe the vegetation in the context of management of the area forcommercial forestry purposes.

The objectives were:

1) to describe the terrestrialvascularflora ofthe area, particularly the vegetation types and distribution,habitat and abundance of plant species;

2) to relate vegetation types to Forest Type map units used for forest management purposes;

3) to identify vascular plant species of particular botanical or conservation significance;

4) to identify vegetation types or communities of botanical or conservation significance and suggestrepresentative areas for reservation where considered necessary;

5) to compare the flora ofareas with various forest management histories and consider likely impactsof proposed forestry operations on flora.

The field work was carried out by TerryTweedie and Roger Heyward ofState Forests Northern ResearchCentre from September 1992 to June 1993. Douglas Binns of State Forests Research Division and BillChapman of the Northern Research Centre performed the data analysis.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 1

METHODS

1. SURVEY DESIGN

Surveymethods followed the "Flora and Fauna Assessment Survey" guidelines developed for use in NewSouth Wales State Forests (York et al.!, unpubl. data). Floristic data were derived from a series of nonpermanent plots established within the study area. Plots were initially marlced on 1:25 000 topographicmaps using a stratified sampling design. The basic plot sampling strategy was as follows:

1. Stratification was based on mapped Forest Types (Forestry Commission of New South Wales1989a) derived from field checked aerial photography. The area of each Forest Type in theManagement Area (M.A.) was obtained from State Forests' Geographic Information System(GIS). The Forest Type areas were then used as a basis for determining the number of plots tobe established.

ForestTypes were used because a) they are broadly related to overstorey population, b) they actas a surrogate which integrates a range of physical environmental attributes providing greaterefficiency of sampling, c) they are part of a standard management system, which facilitatestranslation of survey results to management options and d) they are presently mapped.

All plots were located on maps randomly within strata before field surveys commenced.AlthoughanumberofmappedForestTypes hadbeenamalgamated intobroadplantcommunities,as for example the amalgamation of"moistblackbutt" into "moisthardwood", every effort wasmade to objectively locate plots within individual Forest Types. Some Forest Types were notsurveyed although the most commonTypes were covered. Types that covered limited areas butwere of special interest such as sand ridges (Type 233) were surveyed.

2. Plots were allocated to ForestTypes with recognition that the more extensive ForestTypes werelikely to be floristically more heterogeneous and would require more plots to sample the rangeofvariation. Emphasis wasplacedonForestTypes occurring inrecently logged and olderloggedareas. The majority of forests within the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area have beenlogged and minimal undisturbed forest remains.

3. An attempt was made to allocate plots to each stratum on the basis of total area using thefollowing system:

>20,000 ha1,000 -20,000 ha500 -lOOOha< 500 ha

One plot per 2000 haminimum three plots then one plot per 1000 hathree plotstwo plots

Each Flora Reserve received one plot. One plot was also allocated to each of the Forest Typesthat were limited in area but of special interest.

Rainforests were allocated a minimum of one plot and up to five plots for each Forest Typedepending upon the extentofthe ForestType but rega.rdless ofmanagement history. Rainforestwas comprehensively surveyed by Floyd (1990), but the data is not plot based. In this surveysampling intensity in rainforests was low and aimed at coverage of the range of major Forest

1 York, A.,Binns, D. andShields, J.M. (1991). Flora and fauna assessment inNew SouthWalesStateforest. Survey guidelines.

Procedures for sampling flora and fauna for Environmental Impact Statements. State Forests of New South Wales.

2FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW


Types present in order to provide data for analysis compatible with the data collected in nonrainforest types.

4. Flora surveys were also conducted in all established fauna survey plots using the same standardisedJ.llethods. The fauna plots were stratified according to broad categories as described elsewhere intheE.I.S. These'categories were: MoistBlackbutt, Dry Blackbutt,Moist Hardwood, Dry Hardwood,Rainforest, Horseshoe Regrowth Forests, Hardwood Plantations and Softwood Plantations.

5. Flora plots were located rand.omly usually within 500 m from the nearest vehicular access. Thisstrategy resulted in little orno sampling in areas ofvery steep terrain. The possibility ofbias againstinaccessible areas was reduced because inaccessible areas contain Forest Types which occurredelsewhere in the survey area.

Plots were positioned as closely as possible within an area of homogeneous vegetation. Thestandard plot size was 50 m x 20 m(OJ ha) , although some habitats required a variation in size toensure homogeneity within one plot, eg.longeror narrowerplots were used for riparian vegetation.

A total of 171 plots, including those on fauna survey transects, were surveyed. Approximatelocations are shown in Figure 1.

. .

2. FLORISTIC AND VEGEFATlON STRUCTURAL DATA

This was primarily an indicativesurvey with samplingintensity kept to theminimum considered necessaryto provide an adequate description of vegetation. Vascular plant species which could be distinguishedwithin a plot were recorded and identified as far as possible to species level. Plot searches were notexhaustive and inconspicuous species could have been overlooked. Formostplots it is expected that about90% of the total above-ground vascular flora existing at the time of the survey was recorded. Verticalheights of vegetation strata were subjectively defined and recorded for each plot.

Height strata limits of 0 to 1 m, 1 to 6 m, 6 to 20 m, 20 to 35 m and > 35 m were used as a guide for thecoding of structural data although actual heights 'were recorded.

Cover codes, based on projected canopy cover, were estimated for each species within each verticalstratum. Where a species occurred in more than one stratum, an overall cover code for the plot as a wholewas also recorded. Codes are as follows:

Cover code123456

Projected canopy cover< 5%, few individuals< 5%, any number of individuals6-25%26-50%51-75%>75%

Any significant species noted while traversing between plots were also recorded.

The map unit in which each plot was located was recorded and a subjective assessment was made of theForest Type (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989a) to which the vegetation would be mostappropriately allocated.



3. HABITAT DATA

At each plot, slope (in degrees), altitude, aspect, topographic position, drainage, percentage cover andparticle size of surface rock and cover ofoutcropping bedrock were recorded. An assessment was madeof previous disturbance by logging, fire and grazing on the basis of any available visual evidence. Anestimate of intensity and time since disturbance was recorded. Any other unusual feature was alsorecorded.

4. UMITATIONS

Field worlc was carried out from late spring through early winter. Some ephemeral species may have beenoverlooked, and spring flowering geophytes, including some Orchidaceae and Liliaceae, may have beengenerally overlooked due to the very dry spring. Although these may be a significant component of thetotal flora they normally form a minor component of forest vegetation in New South Wales and theiromissionisnotexpectedto affectthecommunity analysis. Some species, especiallymonocotyledons, mayhave been. overlooked due to the absence of active growth or due to vegetative similarity to commonspecies. ThesUlvey has probably undersampledthe graminoid flora. No attemptwas made to sample soilstored seed. No attempt was made to record every species present and the survey was notexhaustive.Further species would be recorded with additional effort. The survey was biased toward sampling areasoflargely natural vegetation including intensively logged areas. Except for native hardwood and coniferplantations, artificially modified vegetation such as clearings for buildings, roadsides and pasture landswas excluded from sampling.

5. DATA FROM OTHER SOURCES

In addition to the plots described above, data was available from previous surveys carried out in MistakeStateForest(Binns2, unpubI. data), and Way Way StateForest (Binns3, unpubI. data). Dataondistributionof rare plants was available from previous searches and from records at State Forests Coffs HarbourHerbarium. AlthoughAlexFIoydhad comprehensivelysurveyed the rainforest in the area, these data werenotplot-based and could not be used as part ofthe analysis. However, they provided a valuable source ofinformation on rainforest Data and descriptions are given in FIoyd (1990). Other sources for rare plantsare shown in Appendix 4.'

6. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales as published in Harden(1990, 1991, 1992, 1993).

Some taxa could not always be determined to species level due to inadequate material. The main generainvolved were Baeckea, Baumea, Cassytha, Caustis, Chorizandra, Commelina, Drosera, Eragrostis,Hydrocoytle,Juncus, Persoonia, Pterostylis, Senecio and Tibouchinia. Grasses (Poaceae) in general maynot have been reliably determined in some cases. The unusual occurrence ofTibouchinia may have beenthe result of dumping or bird droppings (the closest settlement is Valla Beach, four kilometres away).Epiphytic orchids may have been overlooked or occasionally mis-identified due to their inaccessibility intree crowns. Difficultieswere also experienced with the following species orgroups due to lackofsuitablematerial:

2 Binns, D. (1988). flora Survey, Mistake State Forest, Environmental ImpactStatement, UnmgaManagement Area. Internal

Report, Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Sydney.

3 Binns, D. (1991). flora Survey, Way Way State Forest, Environmental Impact Statement, Unmga Management Area.

Internal Report, Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Sydney.



• Flora Plot Location & Identifier

20km

Fo'ds'TS.......--

tNI

SCALE 1 : 450000

STATE FORESTS of NSWGIS Branch

o 2 4 •• 10

FLORA PLOT LOCATIONS

LEGEND

FLORA LOCATIONS

-- EIS Area Boundary

- Management Area Boundary

- Highway, Major Road

~ Railway

Drainage

c::J State Forest

c:::J Nltional Park. Nature Relerve

c:::::J Vlclnt Crown lAnd

c:::::J Lellehold Land

~ Built-Up Area

• Copyright September. 1986. Stete For..t. of NSW.

COFFS HARBOUR· URUNGA

E VIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Figure 1.

NSW

--..A'I~~""'"

1. Eucalyptus siderophloia /placita/fusiformis/ancophila. Some records mayhavebeenincorrectlyassigned. The grey ironbark group has recently been split into a number ofdifferent species. Itis almost impossible to identify this group ofspecies without fruit and buds, and it was not alwayspossible to find fruit and buds from every tree. Every effort was made to collect and identifymaterial when it was available.

2. Lastreopsis decomposita/acuminata/microsora. Some records may have been incorrectlyassigned.

3. Poa sieberianallabillardieri. Some attempt was made to separate these two species although itis difficult to do so. The former seems to be more common.

4. Eucalyptus intermedia may include records of E. gummifera.

5. Eucalyptus propinqua/biturbinata. Some records may have been incorrectly assigned.

7. DATA ANALYSIS

Floristic data were classified into vegetation communities by Douglas Binns ofthe State Forests ResearchDivision using a numerical hierarchical agglomerative classification process, using the Bray-Curtisassociation measure on percentage cover and a flexible UPGMA sorting strategy with beta = 0.0 (FUSEmodule ofthe PATN package (Belbin 1988) (Binns 1993). Although the procedure provides a repeatableand explicit method ofdefining communities, there are a number ofcritical decisions required which areessentially subjective and which may substantially affect the final community composition. The mostimportantofthese are the choice ofbeta and the choice ofan appropriate level in the dendrogram to definecommunities. A beta value ofzero was chosen to minimise distortion and most realistically reflect actualassociations.

A dendrogram of vegetation classification was used to provide an objective' method of vegetationclassification. (Figure 2).

Any community analysis must be regarded as only a guide to the tendency ofcertain groups of species toco-occur. It is a convenient means ofexamining vegetation patterns rather than a definitive statement ofvegetation composition. Both horizontal patterns.and vertical structure require consideration. In forestssome degree of vertical layering is usually discernible, and patterns vary among strata. Overstorey andvarious understorey strata respond differently to environmental factors and an analysis of all stratacombined may obscure spatial patterns, but it is difficult to set height limits which will allow separateexamination of strata across a range of vegetation types. Because eucalypts as a group form a distinctecological entity in New South Wales forests, the approach adopted here was to perform separate analyseswith and without eucalypts. An analysis of all strata combined appears to be more successful for noneucalypt communities (rainforest and shrub and herb communities). Four analyses were performed:1) total cover of all species; 2) cover of all species excluding eucalypts; 3) basal area of all stems>10cm dbhob (where basal area is defined as the cross sectional area of the stem at diameter breast heightoutside bark) and 4) basal area ofeucalypt stems>10 cm dbhob. As only cover-abundance codes wererecorded for understorey floristic data, these were converted to percentages for analysis, as the mid pointof the cover class for cover >5% and using 1% and 3% for codes 1 and 2 respectively. Final analysesadopted for discussion were analyses 2 and 3.



0.0769 0.2614 0.4458 0.6303 0.8147 0.9992Groups I I I I I I

123 I4 I-S 1 I6 1_1-7 I8 1_-9 I I

10 I I11 1- I12 I I13 I_I14 1-15 I I16 I I17 1_1_118 I 119 I I20 1-21 I22 1-23 1-24 I I25 I 1-26 I I27 1__128 1129 I I30 I31 I32 1-33 I34 I I35 I I36 I I I37 I 1- I38 I I I39 1 I I40 1_1_141 I 1142 1_1143 1144 1145 11

I I I I 10.0769 0.2614 0.4458 0.6303 0.8147 0.9992

Dissimilarity Measures

Figure 2. Dendrogram.

Dendrogram from floristic classification of basal area of all tree species < 10 cm DBHOBNotes concerning the dendrogram:

Group 1 - The headland brush box community has been separated from Group 1 because it closelyresembles Floyd's suballiance of rainforest communities. This plot has been listed as Group 40 in thevegetation descriptions that follow and in Table 1.

Group 2 - Plot NUOAK139 was originally classified as a unique group because of the low basal area ofbrush box. However, it has been included with Group 2 because it contains a number ofyoung brush box< 10 cm, DBHOB which makes it consistent with Group 2.

Group 11-PlotNUWED065 has been included in Group 12 which has a similarbasal area. It was separatedin the dendrogram analysis because ofthe diversity ofspecies. The individual species had a low basal areaand there was little difference between Group 11 and 12.

Group 26 - This is a single plot. It has been included in Group 2 as a brush box community.

8FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW


RESULTS

1. FWRISTICS

A total of 695 vascular plant taxa were recorded during the present field survey. Appendix l1ists thesespecies by family showing their frequency ofoccurrence by broad vegetation type and by loggingcategoryto indicate ecological distribution.

2. FOREST OVERSTOREY COMMUNITIES

Basal areas in m2 of trees greater than lO cm dbhob by species were used to classify overstorey floristicdata as described above. Forty-five overstorey communities may be recognised at the 0.7 level ofdissimilarity in forty-three groups. Two communities were absorbed into larger groups due to theirsimilarities. There was no significant reason for them to be maintained separately as shown throughanalysis. One community did not have a basal area recording because the vegetation was less than 10 cmdbhob. It is described separately.

The forest overstorey communities and associated understorey communities are described below inSection4. Relationships withpreviouslydefined forest communities (Forestry CommissionofNew SouthWales 1989a, Floyd 1990, Hager and Benson 1994) are also described, and summarised in Table 1.

3. NON-EUCALYPT (UUNDERSTOREY") FLORISTIC COMMUNITIES

At a broad level Ca dissimilarity level of 0.75), thirty-five community groups were derived fromclassification of floristic survey data excluding eucalypts. This classification was compared with theclassification of the total floristic data set including eucalypts, and with the overstorey classification. Inthe former case the groups were mostly co-incident. A broad correlation exists between overstorey andunderstorey communities especially at the group level. although several understorey communitiesoccurred across a range of overstorey communities and vice versa. These patterns are described below.Major characteristics of the thirty-five understorey community groups are briefly described in Section 5.



-o~5

~~~en

~~> .-<G;~

.~ 2~§?El>:I:~

~~G;~Q:I:..... >0::0.?:tIlti°~~

en)2

'rj@

~<:3m::o...,m::OCilmoO'rj

~~en eneno

~~~~.~~en

Table 1. Comparison and conservation status of forest vegetation communities.

Based on overstorey composition (in the order in which they appear in this report). Overstorey (URov) floristic community is derived from the numericalclassificationofsurvey data as described in text. F.C. ForestType is the nearestequivalentType as described in Forestry CommissionofNew South Wales (1989a)and relates to Types occurring in each URov floristic community groups. Foreucalypt forests, H and B Association is the nearest equivalent association as definedby Hager and Benson (1994). Reservation status is listed as: overall status; extent reserved in C zone (Urunga). Codes are as follows: 1=not or very poorlyconserved; 2 = inadequately conserved, over all its range; 3 = inadequately conserved, in major part of its range; 4 = adequately conserved; NO: not determineddue to lack ofdata; LTl, LT 5, LT lO,LT25 =less than 1,5,10,25% reserved respectively; GT25 =>25% reserved. For rainforest, the nearest equivalent Royd(1990) suballiance is given. Status codes are f(Om Royd (1990): E = excellent, G= good, A= adequate, I = inadequate. Communities that are unusual in the currentsurvey and do not match Royd or Hager and Benson have been left blank with a general description provided in text.

(3 ~ Table 1. (cont.):;d>f}l@'"':l'Tj:;dO

f}l~orA~~~~~~f}l~

~~~~

&;CI:l

~5~:;dCl>

~~

~~>:<G;~.~ ~ZCl0>

~~~8G;:aClCl:lo::I:::z~~o~~

............

-t.)::5~~Q en~~£;1<::j~

r~~~• Qz>~>@~

~~Gl~Q::t:

~~• tl:lZO~~

en~

"I1trl

~2lm",..,m"'Cilmo0"I1

~~en enenotI1~~:c:~>.~~en

Table 1. (cont.)

4. VEGETATION TYPES

The following communities are briefly described as overstorey/understorey combinations in eight broadvegetation types. Thesetypes are convenientstructural/ecologicalunits butarenotnecessarily floristicallyhomogeneous. Where a particular overstorey community is associated with a wide range of understoreycommunities it is described under the group for which the most frequent combinations exist. For treedominated vegetation comparisons are made with Hager and Benson's (1994) associations and ForestTypes (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989a) for eucalyptus forestS and FIoyd's (1990)suballifulceS for rainforests. Logged and unlogged plots were analysed as a combined data set. In thefollowing descriptions and elsewhere in this report, overstorey communities in the Management Area areprefixed with URov and understorey communities with URus.

Appendix 2 lists eachplot and its location. The coding for plot numbers follows the pattern"NUXXXOOO"where N= Northern Region, U= Urunga Management Area, XXX = prefix for State Forest and 000 =·plotnumber (numbered consecutively).

A. RAINFOREST

Group 31:

URov31: Backhousia anisata.

One plot: NUIRI017.

Understorey communities: URus4

Altitude: 110 m

Physical environment: Lower slope.

Aspect: 143°.

Geology: Shales.

Fire history: Nil.

Logging history: Nil.

Overstorey: This is a tall, closed forest growing to a maximum height of40 m with a moderately densecanopy and more open subcanopy and ground layer. It is asubtropical rainforest type dominatedbyBackhousiaanisatawhich is aRare and Threatened plant(Briggs and Leigh 1988). B. anisiltagrows to a large tree. One specimen measured 216 cm DBHOB. Other associated speciesrecorded were Acradenia euodiiformis, Doryphora sassafras, Geissois benthamiana, Sloaneawoollsii, Endiandra muelleri, Sloanea australis and Archontophoenix cunninghamiana. Underthe broad typing ofrainforest, this plot falls within ForestType 2 (yellow carabeen). However,this site is primarily Backhousia anisata and not yellow carabeen and should be recognised asa separate community within this broad classification.

Group 32:

URov32: Ficus watkinsianalSloanea woollsii.

One plot: NUORE105.


Altitude: 140 m


Aspect: 285°.

Geology: Shales.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW soum WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW 13

Fire history: Nil.

Logginghistory: Someselective rainforestlogging did occurin this area 60 years ago and there is evidenceof high board cuts on E. microcorys stumps.

Overstorey: This is a tall, closed subtropical rainforest with a maximum canopy height of 40 m. Thereis moderate cover in the upper canopy and a dense cover in the subcanopy. The ground coveris open. The dominant species are Ficus watkinsiana and Sloanea woollsii which grow as 00

dominantspeciesin theuppercanopyand are associated with anumberofotherspecies includingGeissois benthamiana,Sloanea australis,Planchonella australis, Argyrodendron trijoUolatum,Cryptocarya obovata, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Orites excelsa and Alphitonia excelsa.Archontophoenix cunninghamiana is a very common substratum species. This communitywould be best described in Forest Type 5 (booyong/coachwood). Type 5 includes Lophostemonconfertus,and Ficus watkinsiana. E. grandis and L. confertus did not occur on this plot but theywere present nearby. This site is generally associated with sub alliance No. 33, CeratopetalumlSchizomeria - Argyrodendron/Sloanea (Floyd 1990).

Group-33:

URov33: Planchonella austraUs/Sloanea australis.

One plot: NUWED104.


Altitude: 50 m


Aspect: 65°.

Geology: Alluvial.

Fire history: None.

Logging history: No evidence oflogging although there would have been some selective logging 60 yearsago.

Overstorey: This is a tall, closed subtropical rainforest with amaximum canopy height of40 m. The uppercanopy is open with afew remnanttallertrees above amoderately dense mid to lower subcanopy.Theground coverismoderately dense. ThedominantoverstoreyspeciesarePlanchonellaaustralisand Sloanea australis. Associated species include Caldcluvia paniculosa, Araucariacunninghamii,Elaeocarpusgrandis,Toonaciliata,Argyrodendronactinophyllum,Cryptocaryaobovata, Sloaneawoollsii,Argyrodendron trijoliolatum andArchontophoenixcunninghamiana.This group belongs to the subtropical rainforest league because of the complexity of species andvines. It is a mix ofForest Types 2 and 3 (yellow carabeen and corkwood/sassafras/crabapple/silver sycamore). It is mentioned as a sub alliance to Ceratopetalum apetalum by Floyd (1990),and is said to occur where there is a merging of warm temperate and subtropical species onalluvial sediments near the coast.

Group 34:

URov34: Dendrochnide excelsa/Geissois benthamiana/Sloanea woollsii.

One plot: NUMIS018.


Altitude: 170 m

Physical environment: Watercourse.

Aspect: 65°.

14FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW


Geolo-gy: Alluvial.

Fire history: None.

Logging history: Moderate logging intensity in the past in the ~urrounding area although no evidence oflogging in the plot

Overstorey: Moderately tall, closed forest to 28 m. There is moderate to dense cover in all strata. At sixto 20 m the cover is quite dense. The common species are Dendrochnide excelsa, Geissoisbentham~ana andSloaneawoollsii. Otherspeciesoccurring as associates wereBaloghia inophylla,Bosistoa jloydii, Sarcopterix stipitata, Ehretia acuminata, Polyosma cunninghamii, Ficuscoronata, Doryphora sassafras and Argyrodendron actinophyllum. This group compares withForestType23 (myrtle), adepauperate rainforest. Bosistoajloydiiis classed asRareorThreatened(Briggs and Leigh 1988) and is a significant species in the plot reaching 14 min height with 25%to 50% cover of the plot.

Group 35:

URov35: Dendrochnide excelsa/Argyrodendron actinophyllum.

Two plots: NUOAK016, NUOAK137.


Altitude: Range: 735 m to 860 m. Median = 797.5 m.

Physical environment: Upper slope at Killiekrankie Flora Reserve and on a simpIe slope at League ScrubFlora Reserve.

Aspect: 16° to 250°. Mean = 133°.

Geology: Shale at plot NUOAKOl6 and deep basalt and metamorphosed shale outcrops at plotNUOAK137.

Fire history: Nil.

Logging-history: No evidence.

Overstorey: Tall closed subtropical rainforest> 35 mtall. There is amoderate canopy and subcanopy withopen ground cover. The dominant trees at both these sites are Dendrochnide excelsa andArgyrodendron actinophyllum. Associate species in plot NUOAK016 are Baloghia inophylla,Doryphora sassafras, Orites excelsa, Polyosma cunninghamii, Guilfoylia monostylus andAlangium villosum ssp. polyosmoides. In NUOAK137 there are fewer associated species.However, they include Acradenia euodiijormis, Geissois benthamiana and a larger number ofSloaneawoollsii. S. woollsii is co-dominant with the two key species in plot NUOAK137. Thisgroupfalls withinForestType3(corkwoodlsassafras/crabapple)on typemaps for theManagementArea, but should probably be classified as Forest Type 1 (booyong). The group also compareswith a suballiance ofArgyrodendron actinophyllum on a mid-altitude Kraznozem as describedby Floyd (1990).

Group 36:

URov36: Ceratopetalum apetalum.

Four plots: NUMI~022, NUNUL019, NUORW152, NUORW115.


Altitude: Range: 590 m to 850 m. Median = 730 m.

Physical environment: Range of topographic positions from lower slope to upper slope.

Aspect: 135° to 335°. Mean = 201°.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33


Geology: Metasediments and clays with some shale. Plot NUNUL019 is on Basalt.

Fire history: Nil.

Logging history: Plots NUNUL019 and NUMIS022 have not been logged. Plots NUORW115 andNUORW152 were heavily logged 20 to 40 years ago.

Overstorey: Moderate to tall closed forests> 35m. This is a typical warm temperate rainforest. Thereis moderate cover in the upper canopy but the subcanopy is moderately dense to dense. Theground cover varies from moderately dense to open. The indicator species for this group isCeratopetalum apetalum which is common in all sites. Associated species included Doryphorasassafras which is also common at all sites. Other associates scattered among the sites includeSloanea woollsil, Quintinia verdonii, Schizomeria ovata, Callicoma serratifolia, Araucariacunninghamii, Orites excelsa and Litsea reticulata. This group would be typed as Forest Type12 (coachwood/sassafras) which is a suballiance in the warm temperate rainforest league.

Group 37:

URov37: Nothofagus mooreilCeratopetalum apetalum.

Two plots: NUNEV023, NUNEV024.



Physical environment: These two sites are at high altitude on the edge of the Dorrigo escarpmentoverlooking the Bellinger Valley and are located on a crest and an upper slope.

Aspect: 85° to 135°. Mean =.110°.

Geology: Uplifted sediments in the Moombil Beds.

Fire history: None.


Overstorey: Moderately tall, closed, cool temperate rainforest < 35 m in height. Due to the poor, lessfertile, yellow soils, Nothofagusmooreidoes not reach the size and height that commonly occursin more sheltered and fertile Kraznozem areas. The upper to middle canopy is moderately denseto dense but the ground cover is open to sparse. N. moorei grows in association with a numberof other species and probably shares an equal basal area in similar sites elsewhere. It is closelyassociated with Ceratopetalum apetalum, Schizomeria ovata, Callicoma serratifolia andCaldcluviapaniculosa. Someofthe less common species includeAcradenia euodiiformis, Oritesexcelsa, Doryphora sassafras, Litsea reticulata and Acacia melanoxylon. This group is ForestType 17 (negrohead beech/coachwood). It is a suballiance of the Cool Temperate Rainforest(Floyd 1990).

Group 38:

URov38: Callicoma serratifolialCryptocarya glaucescens.

One plot: NUTUC021.


Altitude: 60 m.

Physical environment: Upper slope.

Aspect: 175°.

Geology: Siliceous sandstone.



Fire history: Light fires intennittently. There were probably more severe fires >30 years ago when thisarea was cleared.

Logginghistory: Appears to havebeencleared and regenerated, possibly in arainforest thinning operation.

Overstorey: This is a closed forest up to 25 m tall with a very open upper canopy. There is dense coverat 6 to 20 m cons~sting ofCaIlicoma serratifolia and Cryptocarya glaucescens and sparse coverin the subcanopy and on the ground. The dominant species are CaIlicoma serratifolia andCryptocarya glaucescens. Associated species include Acacia melanoxylon, Alphitonia excelsa,Elaeocarpus reticulatus and Guioa semiglauca. The existence of opportunistic species thatregenerate well after disturbarice provide evidence of past disturbances. Because of the lowcanopy height ofthis type it compares best with ForestType 23 (myrtle) rather than ForestType26 (viney scrub) although that is its presentclassificationon ForestType maps. It may have beenviney scrub after clearing and has now changed in structure to a secondary successionalrainforest.

Group 39:

URov39: Backhousia sciadophora/Dendrochnide excelsa.

One plot: NUKAN051.


Altitude: 300 m.

·Physical environment: Mid slope.

Aspect: 800•

Geology: Lithic sandstone on Towallum basalt.

Fire history: None

Logging history: Very light logging in the past for hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii).

Overstorey: This group is depauperate, dry rainforest on lithic sandstone with a basalt component. Thisplot is part of a large, dry rainforest community at Kangaroo River State Forest in Bums Scrub.This suballiance of Backhousia sciadophora - Dendrochnide excelsa - Drypetes is representedin Tulipwood Flora Reserve and Dorrigo National Park. It is not well represented in reserves atthe southern range of its distribution and has been recommended for reservation (Floyd 1990).The upper canopy is moderately dense to dense fonning a closed forest < 25 m in height. Theground layer is very sparse. Associated species occurring in the canopy and in the substratumare Araucaria cunninghamii, Austromyrtus bidwillii, Denhamia celastroides, Mallotusphillipensis, Grevillea robusta, Argyrodendron trifoliolatum and Melia azederach var.australasica. This is Forest Type 21 (hoop pine).

Group 40:

URov 40: Lophostemon confertus.

One plot: NUPIN 106

Understorey communities: URus 1,4,14,15.

Altitude: 48m

Physical environment: Located on a small headland overlooking the sea in Bundagen Flora Reserve in awindswept position.

Aspect: 1300

Geology: Shales


FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 17

Fire history: Light to moderate fires every ten to twenty years.

Logging history: Logged to the top of the escarpment. No evidence of logging within the plot area.

Overstorey: This community is dominated by Headland Brushbox L. confertus in the overstorey. Theunderstorey consists of species such as Synoum glandulosum, L. confertus, Banksia integrifoliaand Guioa semiglauca. The subcanopy is moderately dense and the upper canopy is more open.

B. WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS

Group 1:

URovl: Lophostemon confertus

Three plots: NUBAG056, NUING034, NUORW052

Understorey communities: URusl,4, 14, 15)

Altitude: Range 20 to 630 m. Median = 212.5 m.

Physical environment: Found over a range of topographic positions including simple, lower, mid andupper slopes.

Aspect: Range 30° to 345°. Mean ,!-spect = 191°.

Geology: These sites are of sedimentary origin with some metamorphosed shales and sandstones. PlotNUBAG056 is located on lithic sandstone on Towallum basalt.

Fire history: Sites with a high proportion ofrainforest had no evidence offire. There is evidence that lightintensity fires occurred 15 to 25 years ago at NUING034.

Logging history: There is no evidence of logging in this group with the exception of plot NUORW052which was lightly logged fifty years ago. Selected rainforest species may have been removedat that time.

Overstorey: Atall forest community dominated by L. confertus in association with E. acmenoides, E. grandisand E. intermedia. There is acornplex, well advanced rainforest sub-stratum in plots NUB AG056and NUING034. Plot NUORW052 is in a subtropical rainforest at Wonga Wanga Flora Reserveand contains one large brush box.

Group 2:

URov2: Lophostemon confertus

11 plots: NUBAG064, NUOAK026, NUORE155, NUOAK031, NUBRO118, NUGLA145, NUIRI025,NUTHUI66, NUOAK138, NUORW058, NUOAK139.

Understorey communities: URus2, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15.

Altitude: Range 90 to 720 m. Median = 485 m.

Physical environment: Upper slope to lower slope.

Aspect: 10° to 350°. Mean aspect = 193°.

Geology: Shale with metasediments on plots NUIRI025, NUTHUI66, NUOAK139.

Fire history: There is little to no evidence of fire in most plots. Two plots in the Horseshoe area(NUOAK026 and NUGLA145) were burned in moderate fires approximately twenty years ago.NUOAK139 was burned in a severe fire approximately 10 years ago.

Logging history: Light to heavy logging has been conducted in 80% of these plots. Plots in BrooklanaState Forest and Oakes State Forest, with the exception of NUOAK139, have no evidence oflogging and appearto be undisturbed. Plot NUOAK139 was logged extensively for brush box.



~~~~~ --~ -~--~-~~~-----------------------------------,

Overstorey: Tall forest plant community ofL. confertus. The associated dominant species are Syncarpiaglomulifera, E. microcorys and E. saligna. This group is representative ofadrierphase ofForestType53 (brush box) because the canopy has beenopened. The forest structure has beenchangedand the understorey has been invaded by lantana (Lantana camara) and mesic vines. This typehas a moderately dense subcanopy with an open overstorey.

Group 10:

URoviO: Eucalyptus pilularis/E. grandis.

Two plots: NUPIN014, NUTUCl14.

Understorey communities: URus15,30


Physical environment: Plot NUTUC114 is located on an upper slope. Plot NUPIN014 is located on analluvial site.

~spect: 85° to 230°.

Geology: These sites are located on sedimentary materials in the Upper Permian Nambucca Slate Belt atTuckers Nob State Forest and on a Carboniferous/Lower Permian layer at Pine Creek StateForest.

Fire history: Moderate fires in the past probably due to clearing for plantation establishment No evidenceof recent fires.

Logging history: No evidence of logging since the plantation was established. At the time ofestablishment, 20 to 30 years ago, the sites would have been clear felled.

Overstorey: This group falls withinnative hardwood plantations. It appears thatE. pilularis and E. grandiswere planted together. It isnow difficult to determine which trees have regenerated naturally andwhich were planted. E. pilularis and E. grandis are codominant. In Pine Creek State Forestassociated species include Allocasuarina torulosa, Callistemon salignus, E. robusta and Acaciamelanoxylon. At Tuckers Nob State Forest the associated species are Cryptocarya glaucescensand Acacia melanoxylon. The maximum height is 31 m at Pine Creek State Forest and 25 m atTuckers Nob State Forest There is moderate cover in all layers.

Group 12:

URov12: Allocasuarina. torulosa/Syncarpia glomulifera.

Two plots: NULOW059, NUNEW033.



Physical environment: Mid to lower slope.

Aspect: 105° to 135°. Mean 120°.

Geology: Sedimentary based with some weathered sandstone at NULOW059.

Fire history: Infrequent light fires.

Logging history: There is no evidence oflogging at Newry State Forest in plotNUNEW033, but the plotat Lower Bucca State Forest was intensively logged.

Overstorey: This forest group is an unusual one as it is normally part of an association with the morecommon blackbutt and dry hardwood types. Allocasuarina torulosa and Syncarpia glomuliferaare theco-dominantspecies and Lophostemon confertus, E. grandis, E. siderophloia,E. resiniferaand E. gummifera are the associated species. There is also an intermediate layerofsome common



rainforest species. The ground layer is fairly sparse. A few largerA. torulosa were 40 to 50 cmDBHOB and up to 27 m tall. These few large trees may have biased the interpretation ofspeciesdominance toward A. torulosa.

o

Group 14:

URov14: Syncarpia glomulifera.

Two plots: NUBAG153, NUGLA028.


Altitude: Range 60 m to 140 m. Median = 100 m.

Physical environment: Mid slope to upper slope.

Aspect: 80° to 310°. Mean = 195°.

Geology: Shale with some metasediments.

Fire history: Intermittent moderate fires probably only burning in very dry seasons.

Logging history: Moderate logging for mixed species and mixed products has occurred over severalcycles.

Overstorey: The forest canopy is 32 m high and the mean canopy cover is moderately dense up to 35 malthoughthe ground coveris open. Syncarpia glomulifera is the dominantspecies in theoverstoreyin association withE. acmenoides, Lophostemon confertus,E. grandis, E. saligna,E. intermediaand E. siderophloia. Substratum species includeAllocasuarinatorulosa, Cryptocaryamicroneura,Guioa semiglauca and Endiandra muelleri. There is evidence from stumps that the two plots aresimilar to Forest Type 60, (white/red mahogany/grey ironbarkjgrey gum). A number ofEucalyptus species have been removed leaving a higher basal area of Syncarpia glomulifera.

Group 15:

URov15: Eucalyptus resinifera.

One plot: NUORE156.


Altitude: 120 m.


Aspect: 150°.

Geology: Shale.

Fire history: Moderate fires infrequently.

Logging history: Moderate intensity by selective logging.

Overstorey: The forest canopy has amaximum height of 32 m. Before logging this may have been taller.There is moderate cover of vegetation in all levels. From 6 to 20 m the cover is dense. This isdue to the large amount offorest regrowth after logging. E. resinifera dominates this group andprovides abundant regrowth. Syncarpia glomulifera, E. microcorys, E. saligna and Angophoracostata are associated species. Syncarpia glomulifera has a high basal area and is nearly codominant with E. resinifera. The plot is located in Forest Type 47 (tallowwoodlblue gum), butthe composition has been modified by logging and more closely resembles Forest Type 68 (redmahogany).

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR20 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW


Group 16:

URov16: Eucalyptus grandis.

12Plots: NUTAR012,NUTUC013,NUNEW015,NUNEW027,NUGLA032,NUNEW053,NULOW054,NUCON055, NUKAN063, NUTUCl16, NUTUCl17, NUPIN160.

Understorey communities: URus7,9, 13, 14, 15

Altitude: Range: 5 m to 335 m.. Mean =80 m.

Physical environment: This type occurs over a range of topographic positions but generally on moisterlower slopes.

Aspect: 10° to 310°. Mean = 176°.

Geology: Metasediments of the Nambucca Block, Moombil, Coramba and Brooklana Beds.

Fire history: Light fire intensity in some areas, such as Kangaroo River, Lower Bucca, Tuckers Nob,Newry and Pine Creek State Forest. Moderate fires in Conglomerate and Tuckers Nob StateForest(NUTUCl16). No evidence of fire in NUTUC012, NUTUC013, NUNEW027,NUGLA032, NUNEW053.

Logging history: Light to intensive logging. A majority of sites were clear felled to establish hardwoodplantations.

Overstorey: This group is a mixture of natural E. grandis communities typical of Forest Type 48 and E.grandis hardwood plantations. The difference between this group and Group 10 is thepredominance of E.grandis in plantations without E. pilularis. Associated species includeSyncarpia glomulijera, E. microcorys, Lophostemon confertus and E. intermedia with a simplerainforest subcanopy that includes lantana in the lower layers at some sites. The forest canopyabove 35 metres is open while the mid to lower canopy is moderate. .

Group 17:

URov17: Eucalyptus acmenoides.

Two plots: NUKAN142, NUKAN154.




Aspect: 140° to 302°. Mean = 221°.

Geology: Shales on NUKAN154 and sandstone on NUKAN142.

Fire history: Light to moderate intermittent fires.

Logging history: Moderate logging in plot NUKAN142. Plot NUKAN154 appears to have beenintensively logged and then received timber stand improvement treatments.

Overstorey: The overstorey reaches 40 m to 45 m with amean height of42.5 m. The canopy, subcanopyand ground cover is moderately dense. The dominant species is E. acmenoides. The associatedspecies is E. siderophloia. Allocasuarina torulosa is acommon subcanopy species inboth sites.This is ForestType 60, (white/red mabogany/ironbark/grey gum). It is a wet sclerophyll forestwhich "commonly falls in a zone between blackbutt and flooded gum types in forests on theNorth Coast"(Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989a).



Group 18:

URovl8: AbrophyLIum ornans/Lophostemon confertus.

One plot: NUROS020.

Understorey communities: URus7, 13

Altitude: 430 m.

.Physical environment: Upper slope.

Aspect: 90°.

Geology: Shale scree.

Fire history: Lightly burned very irregularly.

Logging history: Lightly logged.

Overstorey: This plot has a very low basal area. The subcanopy has a maximum height of 20 m with adense cover of shrubs,small trees and vines. These include AbrophyLIum ornans, Cissushypoglauca, C. antarctica and Lepidozamia peroffskyana. The overstorey and ground havemoderate cover. Mesic vines and a secondary succession of rainforest species such asAbrophyLIum ornans are beginning to invade the group after disturbance by logging and roading.This is typical Forest Type 26 (viney scrub). There are some eucalyptus species near the edgeofthis plot indicating that the site could have supported a wet sclerophyll forest prior to logging.The sparse overstorey species were E. microcorys, E. acmenoides and Lophostemon confertus.It is likely that this plot was originally Forest Type 47 (tallowwood/blue gum).

Group 25:

URov25: Eucalyptus umbra/E. saligna/Callitris macleayana.

One plot: - NUWIL062.


Altitude: 505 m.


Aspect: 275°.

Geology: Dark brown sandy soils with lithic sandstone attributes on the geological boundary between theCoramba Beds and the Brooklana Fonnation.

Fire history: Very infrequent fires. The last fire is estimated to have occurred 30 to 35 years ago.

Logging history: There isvery little evidenceoflogging in this type. There has beenlogging in the adjacentarea.

Overstorey: This is an unusual plot as it contains dry forest species and rainforest species and is locatedin the midst of a wet sclerophyll forest. It is also undisturbed, perhaps because the quality oftimber is poorer than in the forests surrounding it The forest surrounding the plot is a wetsclerophyll and moist blackbutt type. However, this site is on sandy soil and some ofthe speciesgrowing here are more commonly found with dry hardwoods and open forests. The canopy ismoderately dense to dense through all levels. The ground cover is very open. The maximumcanopy height is 27 m. Prominent overstorey species are E. umbra, E. saligna and Callitrismacleayana (see Understorey Group 12). Substrata species include ALIocasuarina littoralis(nonnally a dry, open forest species), Cryptocarya glaucescens, Acacia melanoxylon andTrochocarpa laurina. Further surveys are needed to assess the extent of this plant community.The site is at present classified under Forest Type 46b (low site quality Sydney blue gum).Analysis of the understorey also shows this plot to be unique. This community does not havea Hager and Benson conservation status, but it should be recognised in future reservations.

22FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW


Group 26:

URov26: Banksia integrifo!ialEucalyptus intermedia.

One plot: NUPIN006.

Unde,rstorey communities: URusl9

Altitude: 5 m.

Physical environment: Simple slope behind sand dunes.

Aspect: 350°.

Geology: Coastal dune system.

Fire history: Light fires with the occasional moderate fire. Burned very infrequently.

Logging history: No evidence oflogging.

Overstorey: This is an open stand ofBanksia integrifolia and E. intermedia with smaller trees and shrubs.The community is conserved in Bundagen Flora Reserve and is the only Banksia integrifoliaplant community in the Urunga Management Area It has moderately dense to dense canopy upto a maximum height of 14 m. Some littoral rainforest species occur including Cupaniopsisanacardioides,Syzygium australe,Guioa semiglauca, Synoum glandulosum andAcmenasmithii.The ground cover consists of lmperata cylindrica var. major, Lantana camara andChrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush). This group is described as ForestType 107 (banksia).

C. BLACKBUTT FORESTS

Group 7:

URov7: Eucalyptus pilularis/E. pyrocarpa/E.jibrosa.

One plot - NUNEW097.


Altitude: 80 m.


Aspect: 55°.

Geology: Metasediments. Quartz to siliceous sandstone.

Fire history: Frequent moderate fires every two years.

Logging history: Heavily logged over several cutting cycles.

Overstorey: A dry open blackbutt forest with a maximum height of 20 m. The intensity of logging hasopened the forest canopy. The upper canopy is composed of E. pilularis and E. pyrocarpa.Associated species include E. maculata, E.fibrosa, E. carnea and Angophorajloribunda. Thereis moderate cover in the subcanopy and a moderately dense ground cover. The differencebetween this type and other similar types is the association between the two species ofblackbuttand E.fibrosa.

Group 9:

URov 9: Eucalyptus pilularis.

49 plots: NUBEL030, NUTHU035, NUTHU036. NUTHU037, NUING038, NUBUC039, NUOAK040,NUSC0041,NUMIS045,NUNAM050,NUBAR074,NUORW086,NUWED087,NUCON088,NUORE089,NULOW090,NUWIL091,NUBAG092,NUBR0093,NUORW094,NUBAR099,



NUBOAlOO, NUORE101, NUORW102, NUWED103, NUORWl19, NUORW120,NUORW121,NUCON124,NUWED126,NUSC0127,NUBEL128,NUOAK129,NUWAY132,NUOAK133, NUBUC134, NUIRI135, NUIRI136, NUKAN140, NUKAN143, NUVIE146,NULIT148, NUNEW149, NUWIL151, NUORE157, NUPIN161, NUMIS167, NUTHU169,NUMIS170.

Understorey communities: URus7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,20,23,28

Altitude: Range: 10 to 780 m. Median - 360 m.

Physical environment: This group occupies a wide range of topographic positions varying from crests tominor gullies. The mean topographic position is upper slope.

Aspect: 5° to 350°. Mean = 178°.

Geology: Sedimentary. Generally shale forming yellow and red podzolic soils with some metasediments,weathered sandstone and conglomerate. There are some uplifted formations in Irishman StateForest, Conglomerate State Forest and Newfoundland State Forest which contain sandstone andconglomerate. Most other sites have shale formations. In BellingerRiver State Forest there arebasalt sediments overlaying shale beds. This site i,s close to the basalt escarpment ofthe DorrigoPlateau.

Fire history: There are a full range of fire intensities in this type. Areas of dry blackbutt with an openunderstorey ofgrasses and herbs have been more frequently burned than areas with a more mesicunderstorey which have had only light fires. Two plots in moist blackbutt forests at BellingerRiver State Forest and Orara West State Forest have no apparent fire history.

Logging history: Blackbutt is a favoured timber for commercial use. All sites, with the exception ofNUORWl19, had been logged from one to 30 years ago.

Overstorey:. This plant community is widespread across the study area and is the largest group in theUrunga Management Area. It occurs over a range of topographic positions and is nOlmallyassociated with sedimentary derived soils. This group includes ForestType 36 (moistblackbutt)and Type 37 (dry blackbutt). Three plots, NUBEL030 (Type 47- tallowwoodlblue gum),NUBAR074 (Type 92 - forest red gum) and NUKAN143 (Type 74a - spotted gum/ironbark/greygum), are included with this group because they contained a high basal area ofE. pilularis. Themoister phase of this group contains E. pilularis as the dominant species and is associated withE. microcorys, Syncarpia glomulifera, E. acmenoides, E. saligna and Lophostemon confertusand an advanced subtropical rainforest understorey. The dry phase (Forest Type 37) has a drier,openunderstoreycontainingsome shrubs, ferns and grasseswithAngophoracostata, E. gummifera,E. propinqua and E. campanulata as associated species. Approximately 70% ofthe sites in moistand dry locations haveAllocasuarina torulosa as a subcanopy species. There is open to moderatecover in the upper canopy with a moderate to moderately dense subcanopy.

Group 11:

URov11: Eucalyptus microcorys/E. pilularis/Allocasuarina torulosa.

Five plots: NUWED065, NUBOA123, NUORW122, NUNAM158, NUTUC113.



Physical environment: Upper slope to minor gully.

Aspect: 90° to 330°. Mean = 216°.

Geology: Shale with yellow podzolic soils.

Fire history: Light to moderate fires occurring infrequently.

Logging history: Some light logging has occurred in plot NUTUCl13 and selective logging was



conducted in NUNAM158 and NUORW122. Plots NUWED065 and NUBOA123 were moreheavily'logged. The Forest Type ~tructure has changed from Type 53 (brush box) to Type 48(flooded gum) in NUWED065 because of the intensity of logging.

Overstorey: The canopy in these plots is open above 35 m because of past logging. However, thesubcanopy is moderately dense up to 35 m. ' E. microcorys and E. pilularis are the dominantspecies at all sites and have an association with ahigh density ofAllotasuarina torulosa. Othersubordinate species areSyncarpia glomulijera, E. saligna, Lophostemon confertus,E .grandis,E. resinijera and E. intermedia. This group is made up ofForestTypes 36 (moist blackbutt), 37(dry blackbutt), and 48 (flooded gum). The moister sites have some rninforest species of 6 to20 m in height. The understorey of the drier sites is composed of wattles, shrubs, ferns andgrasses. Although the group spans dry and moist types, the high basal area of the dominantspecies is similar throughout.

Group 22:

URov22: Eucalyptus pyrocarpa.

Three plots: NUCON125, NUNEW096, NUNEW095.



Physical environment: This group is commonly located on mid slopes but can be found on simple, loweror upper slopes as well.

Aspect: 55° to 330°. Mean = 166°.

Geology: Sandstone with sandy clay loams.

Fire history: Light to moderate fires. Plot NUCON125 is irregularly burned. However, NewfoundlandState Forest (NUNEW095-096) has a long history of burning to promote spring growth forgrazing. These plots have a history of moderately intense fires every two to four years.

Logging history: Varies from no logging to moderate logging. A light selective logging was carried outin NUCON125.

Overstorey: This is adry, tall, open forest with moderate density through all canopy layers. Themaximumheight is 38 m and the mean height is 32 m. E. pyrocarpa is the dominant species in this group.Associated species,cOmmon to all sites are E. gummijera and Syncarpia glomulijera. The plotinConglomerateStateForesthas anumberofassociate species inc1udingE.pilularis,Angophoracostata. Allocasuarina torulosa and A. littoralis which occur on more fertile, deep, sandy loamsoils. Leptospermumpolygalijolium is acommonshruboftheunderstorey. This group generallyagrees with ForestType 38 (large fruited blackbutt) although it varied between ForestTypes 37(dry blackbutt) andType41 (blackbutt/bloodwood/apple). Theindicatorspecies isE. pyrocarpawhich is found at all locations.

D. DRY SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS

Group 3:

URov3 Eucalyptus carnealAllocasuarina torulosalEucalyptus propinqua.

16Plots: NUBAG081,NUNEWl64,NUCON079,NUING043,NUKAN083,NUING131,NUCON085,NULOW084,NUMIS044,NUBUC168,NUNEW070,NUMISI44,NUWED080,NUING042,NUING111, NUINGl12.

Understorey communities: URus8. 15, 16, 18

Altitude: Range: 70 to 390 m. Median = 255 m.

STATE FORESTS"OF NEW SOUTH WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33



Aspect: 10° to 360°. Mean = 187°.

Geology: Metasedirnents, weathered shales. Siliceous shale in plot NUBAG081.

Fire history: This is a dry open forest group with a grassy understorey which is subject to moderate firesevery two to five years. Much ofthis type is leased for grazing, and fire and grazing disturbanceis evident at most sites.

Logging history: Light to severe logging has been carried out over 60% of the sites. Dry, steep, exposedsites have not been logged because oflow site quality and accessibility.

Overstorey: A dry, open forest common in the Urunga Management Area. This group is generally foundon poor soils. The upper canopy has a maximum height of 35 m. E. carnea is the dominantspecies and occurs in every plot Associated species include E. propinqua, E. maculata,E. siderophloia and E. microcorys. Allocasuarina torulosa occurs commonly as a subcanopyspecies. Species thatoccurred infrequentlyincludeE. gummijera, E. tereticornis, E. acmenoides,E. rummeryi, E. pilularis and Syncarpia glomulijera. The upper canopy provides sparse coveras only a few trees rise above the subcanopy. The subcanopy has moderate cover. This groupwas dominated by E. carnea but had a wide range of associated species. Therefore, there are anumberofForestTypes that are included within this Group including 87 (steel box), 74, 74a, 74b(spotted gum/ironbark/grey gum), 62, 62a, 62b (grey gum/grey ironbark/white mahogany).

Group 4:

URov4: Eucalyptus carnea.

One plot: NUWAYOIl.


Altitude: 220 m.

Physical environment: Upper slope at Scotts Mountain.

Aspect: 330°.

Geology: Sandstone with large amounts ofquartz. Some large rocks greater than one metre in diameterare common. Surface rock cover is greater than 50% and the soils are shallow and sandy.

Fire history: There have been fires ofmoderate to severe intensity in the past. The grassy understorey onthese steep slopes creates fire fuel that will bum quickly.


Overstorey: A very dry open forest type located on poor soils. It reaches a maximum height of 18 m andthe trees are stunted and defonned. E. carnea is common and is associated with E. gummijera,E. tereticornis and Syncarpia glomulijera and a subcanopy of Allocasuarina torulosa and,occasionally, E. siderophloiaand Acacia concurrens. The understorey contains afew shrubs butis predominately composed of grass and rock.

Group 5:

URov5: Eucalyptus propinqualE. acmenoides/Syncarpia glomulijera.

Four plots: NUKAN060, NUKAN082, NUKANI41, NUNEWI47.


Altitude: Range 180 to 540 m. Median =347.5 m.

Physical environment: Located on mid and upper slopes.

Aspect: 125° to 195°. Mean =152°.



Geology: Shales with some metasediments.

Fire history: Regular moderate fires in the understorey. Plot NUKAN060 has not been burned forapproximately 25 years allowing a denser cover in the lower strata.

Logging history: The logging intensity varies from lightly logged recently in NUKAN14l to heavilylogged for posts and sleepers approximately 30 years ago in plot NUKAN060.

Overstorey: This group is generally a dry open forest. However plot NUKAN060 is in a tall forest withsome rainforest understorey. The site has. been disturbed by fire causing the development of adrier understorey over a period of time. Forest Types 60, 74, 37 are represented here. Thedominant trees in this group are E. propinqua, E. acmenoides and Syncarpia glomulifera. PlotNUNEW147 is, however, predominantly E. pilularis and E. propinqua while plot NUKAN082is predominantly E. maculata. The associated species in this group are not well defined and varywith site location. They are E .microcorys, L. confertus, Angophora costata, E. 'carnea,E. maculata, E. siderophloia, Efibrosa and E. gummi/era. Allocasuarina torulosa occurs as asubcanopy species in most plots.

Group 6:

URov6: Eucalyptus rummeryi.

One plot: NUNEW061.


Altitude: 250 m.


Aspect: 135°.

Geology: Sandstone.

Fire history: Moderate fires in this location.

Logging history: Moderately intense· logging removed large trees approximately 10 years ago.

Overstorey: This is a semi-moist site in an open forest with a canopy to 30 m. E. rummeryi is dominantand is associated with E. propinqua, E. acmenoides and Allocasuarina torulosa, which occursin the subcanopy. There is abundant regeneration of E. rummeryi and E. propinqua. This sitehasbeenheavily infested bylantana (Lantana camara). Someearly succession rainforestspecies,suchasArchirhodomyrtusbeckleri,Trochocarpa laurina, Cryptocaryamicroneura andC. rigida,are regenerating. Three40cm tallToona ciliatawerefound inthis plot. This plotis arepresentativesample of Forest Type 60 (narrowleaved white mahogany/red mahogany/grey ironbark/greygum) with an association of E. rummeryi.

Group 8:

URov8: Eucalyptus maculatalAngophora costata.

One plot - NUNEWl59.


Altitude: 180 m.


Aspect: 120°.

Geology: Sandstone.

Fire history: Moderate fires on a regular cycle.



Logging history: Moderate logging intensity.

Overstorey: This plot had a forest canopy height of26 m. This is not normally adominant association andit is possible that the forest structure has been changed by logging. The expected dominantspecies would be E. maculata, E. rummeryii and E. propinqua as indicated by stumps. Theseare also the common dominant trees within 100mofthe plot. Associated species occurringhereareE.microcorys, E. pilularis, E. propinqua, E. rummeryi and E.fibrosa. The middle and lowersubcanopy is very open, and there is moderately dense ground cover.

Group 19:

URov19: Eucalyptus fibrosa!E. henryi.

One plot: NUNEW165.


Altitude: 85 m.

Physical environment: Mid slope.

Aspect: 100°.

Geology: Shallow sandy loam - very thin A horizon.

Fire history: Moderate fires every two to three years.

Logging history: The logging intensity is moderate in the general area and there have been at least twoharvests. However, no stumps were recorded in the actual plot.

Overstorey: A very open dry forest with a maximum height of 39 m and a moderately dense cover from6 to 20 m. The key species are E.fibrosa and E. henryii (broadleafspotted gum). Both speciesare co-dominant and occur in Forest Type 74 (spotted gum/ironbark/grey gum) in dry forests ofpoorfertility onsandysoils. Associated species includeE.pilularis,E. siderophloiaand E. umbra.

Group 20

URov20: Eucalyptus gummifera!E. signata.

Four plots: NUNEW073, NUBAROn, NUBAR098, NUBAR076.


Altitude: Range 25 m to 80 m. Median = 32.5 m.

Physical environment: Low sites on coastal forests. The range ofsites include flat;simple, lower and midslopes.

Aspect: 20° to 320°. Mean =120°.

Geology: Weathered sediments. Deep sandy loams, heavily leached and seasonally wet

Fire history: Moderate fires every two to three years. Burned for horse grazing. The ground cover isxeromorphic and the majority of plants are fire dependent.

Logging history: Very lightly logged to intensively logged depending on the species and quality oftimberin the area. These forests are of poor quality for timber and trees are scattered.

Overstorey: These plots fall within adry open forest with xeromorphic understorey. The maximum heightis 25 m and the mean height is 22.7 m. The upper canopy is open with an open to moderatelydense subcanopy. The ground cover is moderate to dense. The common overstorey species areE. gummifera andE. signata which are commonin the coastal forests ofBarcoongereStateForestand Newfoundland State Forest E. resinifera is found in association on very poor sandy soils.In Newfoundland State Forest E. planchoniana, Syncarpia glomulifera and Angophora costataare associates while inBarcoongereStateForestE. microcorys, E. carnea,Angophorafloribunda



and Allocasuarina littoralis are the associates. This group is comparable with ForestType 119(scribbly gum/bloodwood).

Group 21:

URov21: Eucalyptus planchoniana.

Four plots: NUCON108, NUCON109, NUNEW068, NUNEW078.


Altitude: Range 30 m to 325 m. Median =150 m.

Physical environment: Generally located on lower slopes but can occuron flat, simple, lower, or mid andupper slopes.

Aspect: 30° to 113°. Mean = 83°.

Geo~ogy: Sandstone formations at Waihou Flora Reserve in Conglomerate State Forest and on weatheredsandstone forming coarse sandy loam soils at Newfoundland State Forest

Fire history: Moderate to intense fires every two to five years. It is prone to regular fire disturbance andhas a xeric understorey.

Logging history: Little logging has taken place because of the poor quality and size of the timber. There. has been some light selective logging in the past, probably for fence posts, at plot NUCONI09

in Waihou Flora Reserve.

Overstorey: Dry open forest with a xeromorphic understorey. E. planchoniana dominates this group.Associated species include E. baileyana, which is at the southern limit of its distribution, withE. gummijera,Angophorajloribunda and Syncarpia glomulifera. Angophorarobur,A. woodsianaand E. pyrocarpa occur as associates at Waihou Flora Reserve. The group has a very opencanopy. The ground coveris, however, moderately dense. The maximum canopy height is 25 mwith a mean height of 19.5 m which is indicative of dry, low quality sites within this group.Although there is variation between these four plots, they are all dominated by E. planchonianaand can be compared with Forest Type 97 (needlebark stringybark).

Group 23:

URov23: Angophora floribunda.

One plot: NUNEW071.


Altitude: 100 m.


Aspect: 130°.

Geology: Sandstone with deep sandy soils.

Fire history: This site is burned fo~hazard reduction purposes every two years. It is situated on an easterlyaspect of the Coast Range with xeric plant communities.

Logging history: This plot has not been logged, probably due to the poor timber quality.

Overstorey: Although this group is adry open forest, itdoes have moderate to dense canopy. It is astunted(maximum heightof19 m), xeromorphic community located on asandstone ridge. The indicatorspecies for this community is Angophorafloribunda which is common and has a cover of.50%to70%. Associated speciesareE. resinifera andE. tindaliae. SubcanopyspeciesareLeptospermumtrinervium and Syncarpia glomulifera. This community is comparable to Forest Type 129(rough barked apple).



Group 24:

URov24: Eucalyptus tetrapleura.

Two plots: NUNEW072, NUNEW171.



Physical environment: While this type is normally associated with lower slopes, it was found on an upperslope (plot NUNEW072) and ·on the flat (NUNEW171).

Aspect: 160° to 210°. Mean = 185°.

Geology: Sandstone with some metamorphosed shale at NUNEW171 (Wells Crossing Flora Reserve).

Firehistory: Moderate fires by lessees occurregularly to enhancegrazing. Occasionally severe fires occurin very dry seasons.

Logging history: Plot NUNEW171 was lightly logged before becoming apart ofthe Wells Crossing FloraReserve. The size of the stumps would indicate fence posts as the product removed. Moderatelogging occurred at NUNEW072.

Overstorey: Very dry, open forest withopen uppercanopy, moderately dense subcanopy and ground layer.Maximum height of canopy is 25 m. E. tetrapleura is the key species in this overstorey group.Angophorajloribunda is associated with E. tetrapleura at both sites. It occurs as a mid-canopyspecies and is equivalent to E. tetrapleura in basal area because of the number ofstems present.Associated species in plot NUNEW072 are E. microcorys, E. carnea, E. tindaliae andAllocasuarina torulosa. E. tindaliae has a higher basal area than all other species, but it occursonlyinNUNEW072. InNUNEWl71 associated species areE. henryiand Allocasuarinalittoralis.There is also alarge componentofMelaleuca nodosa in the lowercanopy at Wells CrossingFloraReserve. This group is difficult to type as it combines elements ofForestType 74 (spotted gum!ironbark/grey gum) and 65 (forest red gum/grey gum/grey ironbark/rough barked apple).

Group 27:

URov27: Eucalyptus tereticornis/Angophora subvelutina.

One plot: NUKAN075.


Altitude: 120 m.


Aspect: 2300•

Geology: Shale.

Fire history: Light fires to promote spring growth for grazing stock. Burned annually.

Logging history: Lightly logged approximately 40 years ago. Probably logged for fencing material.

Overstorey: E. tereticornis and Angophora subvelutina dominate this plot which is in an open woodlandcommunity. There is a moderately dense overstorey and subcanopy, an open lower layer andmoderate ground cover. The shrub layer between one and six metres is very open, probably dueto annual fires. Maximum height of this community is 30 m. The only associate species withE. tereticornis andAngophorasubvelutinaisE. amplijoliassp. amplijolia. Allocasuarinatorulosais an understorey species as are various shrubs and herbs.. Although this is typed as ForestType65 (forest red gum/grey gum/grey ironbark) it compares best with Forest Type 92 (forest redgum). ForestType 65 usually occurs upslope in adry open forest community, while ForestType92 occurs as an open woodland community similar to this site.



Group 42:

URov42: Casuarina cunninghamiana.

One plot: NUKANllO.


Altitude: 120 m.

Physicai environment: Watercourse.

Aspect: 105°.

Geology: Shales with exposed metamorphosed rocks of slate in the water course.

Fire history: Regular, light controlled bums to promote grazing values.

Logging history: Lightly logged approximately 40 years ago for fencing materials.

Overstorey: This narrow plot (lOO mx 10m) was established in a riparian strip along Sheep Station Creek.Thecommunity is<25 minheightwithCasT+Q,rina cunninghamiana thedominant species. Meliaazederach var. australasica, Arauc(lria cunninghamii, Syzygium australe, Notelaea longifolia,Glochidionjerdinandi, Ficus coronata and Angophora subvelutina are the subcanopy species.There is a moderately dense upper and middle canopy with an open understorey. The groundcover is moderate. This community has been mapped as Forest Type 65 (forest red gum/greygum/grey ironbark) probably due to its limited occurrence in this area.

E. NEW ENGLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS

Group 13:

URov13: Eucalyptus campanulata.

Seven plots: NUMIS047, NUNUL029, NUNUL046, NUNUL049, NUOAK048, NUORW057,NUOAK130.

Understorey communities: URus8, 9, 17


Physical environment: Crest to lower slope. This group is normally found on ridges and upper slopes butcan be occasionally found on lower slopes.

Aspect: 10° to 325°. Mean = 163°.

Geology: Shale.

Fire history: Infrequent moderate fires bum in the understorey. Plot NUNUL029 had evidence oflightcontrol bums and plot NUORW057 lacked any evidence of fire.

Logging history: Light selective logging was carried out in Nulla Five Day State Forest and Oakes StateForest approximately 20 years ago. However, there is no evidence oflogging in NUNUL046,NUMIS047 and NUOA,K130. Plot NUORW057 in Orara West State Forest was the only sitethat was intensively logged.

Overstorey: This group has ahigh basal area, topheights greater than 35 mand amoderately dense canopywith very little ground cover. E. campanulata is common in all sites and makes up a moderateto high component of this community. Associated species include E. microcorys, Syncarpiaglomulifera, E.pilularis andAllocasuarinatorulosa. Theseassociatedspecies weren9trecordedin all plots. Some variation occurs as the result of different aspects and soils. NUORW057 inOrara West State Forest is unusual because it is a mixture ofForestTypes 47 (tallowwood/bluegum), 36 (moist blackbutt) and 163 (New England blackbutt). Some sites have an advancedwarm temperate rainforestsubcanopy whilemoreexposed sites have adriersubcanopy and thoseon southerly aspects contain some rainforest species.



F. SWAMP SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS

Group 28:

URov28: Melaleuca quinquenervialEucalyptus resinijera.

Two plots: NUNAM001, NORE066.



Physical environment: Found in minor gullies and swamps and in low, flat gully depression which areseasonally inundated with water.

Aspect: 200 to 131 0• Mean =75.50

•

Geology: Quarternary sediments, silts and clays.

Fi~ history: Frequently burned with amoderate intensity. Low shrubs and ground layerburned regularlythus reducing the total amount of vegetation.


Overstorey: This is an open forest with a mean canopy height of 30 m which occurs on heavy, poorlydrained soils that are seasonally inundated. In some locations prolific regeneration occurs afterdisturbance and a closed forest is created. Melaleuca quinquenervia and E. resinijera arecodominant species in this group although M. quinquenervia has slightly more basal area.Associated species are E. tereticornis, Lophostemon suaveolens, E. robusta, Callistemonsalignus and Angophora costata. E. tereticornis and E. robusta are known to hybridise in thecoastal communities in the Urunga Management Area, but no examples were found in thissurvey. The ground vegetation is moderately dense and consists of sedges, rushes, grasses andsome ferns. This group compares with Forest Type 31 (paperbark).

Group 29:

URov29: Melaleuca quinquenervia.

One plot: NUNAM002.


Altitude: 10 m.

Physical environment: A permanent deep water swamp with stagnant water.

Aspect: 3500•

Geology: Quarternary silt deposits.

Fire history: Infrequent light fires.

Logging history: None.

Overstorey: This is a semi-closed sclerophyll swamp forest up to 23 m in height. The site appears to beheavily disturbed by fire and human activity. This is a nearly pure stand of M. quinquenerviawith some large trees reaching 58 cm DBHOB. The only associated species are E. robusta,E. microcorys (on theedgeofthe swamp) and scatteredMelaleuca linariijolia. Thereis moderatecover in the upper and middle canopy and in the understorey. The ground cover is very denseand includes semi-submerged layersofrushes and ferns suchasBaumeaarticulata andBlechnumnudum. This community is classed as Forest Type 31 (broadleaved paperbark with occasionaleucalypt species).



Group 30:

URov30: Eucalyptus robusta.

Five plots: NUNEW009, NUNEW069, NUNEW067, NUPIN007, NUPINOlO.

Understorey communities: URus24, 25, 29, 30

Altitude: Range 5 m to 70 m. Median: 20 m.

Physical environment: Low swamp areas including one tidal swamp (NUNEW009).

Aspect: 5° to 320°. Mean =94°.

Geology: Quarternary sediments at Pine Creek and Newry State Forest sites. Deep sandy loam depositsat Newfoundlend State Forest.

Fire history: Light to severe fire depending on management activities and land uses in each forest. Firesare very frequent at NUPINO10, NUNEW067 and NUNEW069 because of regular burning topromote growth for stock grazing.

Logging history: The only evidence of logging is found at NUNEW067 in Newfoundland State Forest.It appears to have been logged for fencing material approximately 25 to 30 years ago.

Overstorey: 1)1is is a moderately tall open forest. The upper canopy is very open whilst the middle andlower canopies are moderately well closed. The ground cover is dense and consists of sedges,rushes and grasses. E. robusta is significantly dominant in this group with high stocking levelsofthis species atalllocations. Associated species includeLophostemon suaveolens, Callistemonsalignus ,Melaleuca linariifolia, E. signata, Callicoma serratijolia, Melaleuca alternifolia andE. bancrojtii. This community is Forest Type 30 although the two sites at Newfoundland StateForest have an association of 30/31 (swamp mahogany and paperbark) and 30/92 (swampmahogany and forest red gum). However, the stocking ofE. robusta is high in both sites. PlotNUPIN007 at Pine Creek State Forest is unusual because Livistona australis (cabbage palm)grows as an understorey species in the lower stratum (l to 6 m).

Group 44.

URov44: - Casuarina glaucalAvicennia marina.

One plot: NUNEWOO8.


Altitude: 5 m.

Physical environment: Swamp and tidal estuary.

Aspect: 35°.

Geology: Quarternary swamp deposits

Fire history: Nil.


Overstorey: This community is located in an estuarine swamp along Picket Hill Creek near the KalangRiver approximately 6 km upstream from the coast at Urunga. It is protected under PreferredManagement Priority (p.M.P.) Classification 1.2, Undeveloped Native Forest (ForestryCommissionofNew South Wales 1993). The average vegetation height is 17m. There is densecover in the upper canopy and ground levels, but the middle layers are more open. It is typedas Forest Type 33 (mangrove). Prominent species that occur are Casuarina glauca andAvicennia marina. Associated species include Melaleuca sieberi, Callistemon salignus, Guioasemiglauca,Myoporumacuminatum and Aegiceras corniculatum (rivermangrove). Thegroundcover consists of rushes such as funcuS krausii and Fimbristylus dichotoma.



G. SEDGELAND AND SAND DUNES

Group 45:

URov45: No overstorey.

Four plots: NUIRI004, NUNAM003, NUPIN005, NUCON107.

Understorey communities: URus26, 31, 33, 34


Physical environment: This varies from a simple slope to swamps on tidal flats. PlotNUIRIOO4 is locatedin a minor gully, NUNAMOO3 is tidal swamp, NUPINOO5 is situated in the sand dunes atBundagen Beach and NUCON107 is in a perched swamp on a sand stone escarpment

Aspect: 85° to 340°. Mean =242°.

Geology: Sedimentary i) NUNAMOO3 - quarternary sediments, ii) NUIRI004 - eroded metasediments,Hi) NUPIN005 - sand dunes, iv) NUCON107 - sandstone sediments

Fire history: There was no evidence offire inplots NUNAM003 orNUPIN005. However, there have beenmoderate wildfires which have burned the swamps in Waihou Flora Reserve. Intennittent light,control burning in NUIRt004.


Overstorey: There is no overstorey in plots NUNAM003, NUPIN005 or NUCON107. The vegetationconsists ofrushes, sedges, grasses and low shrubs less than two metres in height The maximumheight is 15 m at NUIRIOO4 which is located on rock and contains only a small amount ofcover.Plot NUIRI004 has moderate vegetation cover while the cover in NUNAM003, NUPINOO5 andNUCON107 is dense but achieves a maximum height ofless than one metre. This communitytype is described in full in the Understorey Descriptions section of this report.

H. SOFTWOOD PLANTATIONS

Group 41:

URov41: Araucaria cunninghamii (plantation).

One plot: NUWILI50.

Understorey communities: URusll

Altitude: 540 m.

Physical environment: Crest, on a ridge.

Aspect: 40°.

Geology: Shales in the Brooklana fonnation.

Fire history: No recent fires. However, there were windrow fires when this plantation was establishedmore than 40 years ago.

Logging history: Moderate logging with every third row thinned approximately five to six years ago. Thisis the first cutting cycle.

Overstorey: This site was established as an Araucaria cunninghamii plantation approximately 40 yearsago. The overstorey provides moderately dense cover while the mid-canopy is open and theground cover is dense. Some rainforest species are slowly regenerating but they are sparse andreach only 6 m. These include Schizomeria ovata, Denhamia celastroides, Elaeocarpusreticulatus. Synoum glandulosum, Orites excelsa, Guioa semiglauca and Cryptocaryaglaucescens. Hoop pine plantations fall within Forest Type 218 (plantation).



Group 43:

URov43: Pinus elliottii (plantation).

Two plots: NUBAR162, NUBARI63.



Physical environment: Simple slope.

Aspect: 89° to 98°. Mean = 93.5°.

Geology: Heavily decomposed sediments with fine sands and clays.

Fire history: Low intensity control bums. Burned regularly for fire hazard management purposes.

Logging history: The Barcoongere State Forest pine plantation area was clear felled immediatelyfollowing World Warn. Somethinningoperations wereconducted inNUBAR162approximatelyfive years ago but no logging has occurred in NUBARI63.

Overstorey: Pinus elliottii, a North American pine, was established here 40 years ago. The overstoreyconsists of P. elliottii and occasional Eucalyptus planchoniana. These are poor sites for treegrowth as indicated by the short tree heights and low basal areas. Approximately90% ofthe treesin the plots are less than 6 m tall and the forest canopy is less than 25 m in height There is amoderatelydense overstorey and dense ground coverbutthe subcanopy isveryopen. Subcanopyspecies includeE. gummifera andAllocasuarinalittoralis. TheBarcoongereStateForestplantationhas been invaded by Lantana camara. This is Forest Type 218 (plantation).

5. UNDERSTOREY DESCRIPTIONS

Small tree and shrub species are listed in orderofabundance. ForestTypes are drawn from Research NoteNo. 17 (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989a).

Group 1:

URusl: Dendrochnide excelsalArachniodes aristata.

Four plots: NUBAG056, NUMIS018, NUOAKQ16, NUOAKI37.

Overstorey communities: URov I, 34, 35.

Description: Moderately dense to dense coverofsmall trees, shrubs and vines. Ground coveris fairly openwith scattered ferns and smaller substratashrubs such as Daphnandra micrantha and Linospadixmonostachyus. However, NUMIS018 had a moderately dense cover below one metre ofPolliacrispata, Arachniodes aristata and Lastreopsis acuminata. This understorey community isassociated with rainforest that is dominated byArgyrodendron actinophyllum and Dendrochnideexcelsa on basalt/sedimentary soils ego Leagues Scrub Flora Reserve and Killiekrankie FloraReserve.

Small trees/shrubs: Austromyrtus bidwillii, Elattostachys nervosa, Aphananthe phillipensis, Bosistoafloydii, Dendrochnide excelsa, Pennantia cunninghamii, Guilfoylia monostylis, Baloghiainophylla,'Acradenia euodiiformis, Daphnandra micrantha and Linospadix monostachyus.

Vines: Ripogonum discolor.

Herbs: Aracniodes aristata, Doodia aspera, Lastreopsis acuminata, Pteris umbrosa and Pollia crispata.



Group 2:

URus2: Dendrochnide excelsalRauwenhoffia leichhardtii.

One plot: NUKAN051

Overstorey communities: URov 39.

Description: Dry rainforest community thathas amoderately dense understorey with avery sparse groundlayer. Theground is bare withvines the predominantcover, especiallyRauwenhoffia leichhardtii.The more prominent overstorey species were Dendrochnide excelsa, Araucaria cunninghamiiand Argyrodendron trifoliolatum.

Small trees/shrubs: Cleistanthus cunninghamii, Austromyrtus bidwillii and Cordyline petiolaris.

Vines: Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii, Derris involuta.

Group 3:

URus3: Pennantia cunninghamiilElatostema reticulatum.

1Plot: NUOAK031.

Overstorey communities: URov 2.Description: This is a brush box community with rainforest understorey up to six metres tall and amoderate coverbelowonemetre. It occurs on avery moist site with asoutherly aspect at the head ofagully.The understorey has been disturbed by wind throw of large trees. Lophostemon confertus is the onlyoverstorey species while the taller successional rainforest species measure up to 20 m, ego Caldcluviapaniculosa, Dendrochnide excelsa.

Small trees/shrubs: Pennantia cunninghamii, Abrophyllum ornans, Ficus coronata.

Herbs: Elatostema reticulatum, Pollia crispata, Blechnum patersonii.

Group 4:

URus4: Blechnum patersoniilCalamus muelleri/Ripogonum discolor.

Four plots: NUIRIOI7, NUORE105, NUORW052, NUWEDI04.

Overstorey communities: URov 1,31,32,33.

Description: Moderate to dense understorey ofsmall trees and shrubs with amixture of trees, ferns, palmsand some rainforest species, eg Argyrodendron actinophyllum, Linospadix monostachyus. The groundlayer below one metre has amoderate to open cover offerns and vines. This type occurs under tall, closedrainforest communities which reach up to 45 m in height and grow in fertile, reasonable well shelteredgullies.

Small trees/shrubs: Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, A. actinophyllum, Polyosma cunninghamii, Geissoisbenthamiana,Archontophoenixcuninghamiana,Melicopeoctandra,Cyathea leichardtiana and Linospadixmonostachyus.

Vines: Calamus muelleri, Ripogonum discolor and Palmeria scandens.

Herbs: Blechnum patersonii, Arachniodes aristata, Lastreopsis acuminata.

Group 5:

URus5: Ceratopetalum apetalumlRipogonum discolor.

Six plots: NUMIS022, NUNEV023, NUNEV024, NUNULOI9, NUORWI15, NUORWI52.

Overstorey communities: URov 36, 37.



Description: Moderately dense to dense understorey with amoderate cover ofherbs on the ground layer.Some ofthe more common small rainforest species are Ceratopetalum apetalum, Orites excelsaand Callicoma serratifolia. There is an abundance of Ripogonum spp. vines forming a densecover in the understorey. The overstorey is composed of warm temperate species includingCeratopetalum apetalum and Doryphora sassafras. However, plots NUNEV23 and 24 have acool temperate association with Ceratopetalum apetalumlNothofagus moorei.

Small trees/shrubs: Daphnandra micramha, Synoum glandulosum, Acradenia euodiiformis, Callicomaserratifolia, Oritesexcelsa, Doryphorasassafras,Acronychiasuberosa,Ceratopetalumapetalum,Araucaria cunninghamii, Randia benthami, Triunia youngiae, Cyathea leichardtiana andLinospadix monostachyus.

Vines: Ripogonum discolor, R. elseyanum, R. album.

Herbs: Arachniodes aristata, Lomandra longifolia, Blechnum patersonii, Lastreopsis decomposita,Pollia crispata.

Group 6:

URus 6: Choricarpia leptopetala/Lomandra longifolia.

One plot: NUBAG064.


Description: Dense to moderately dense understorey with avery open cover below one metre. This typefeatures Choricarpia leptopetala as an abundant understorey or subcanopy species <20 m tall.The vegetation at ground level is minimal and consists mainly of C.leptopetala and Lomandralongifolia. This type occurs in a dry phase brush box community on podzolic soils which hasbeen disturbed by logging.

Small trees/shrubs: Choricarpia leptopetala, Acmena smithii, Synoum glandulosum.

Herbs: Arachniodes aristata, Lomandra longifolia.

Group 7:

URus7: Blechnum cartilagineum/Cryptocarya rigida.

27 plots: NUBAGI53,NUBOAI23,NUCON124,NUGLA028,NUIRI135,NUKAN060,NUKAN142,NULOW054, NULOW059, NUNAMI58, NUNEW033, NUNEW053, NUNEW147,NUOAK133,NUORE089,NUOREIOl,NUOREI56,NUOREI57,NUORWI20,NUORW122,NUPINI61, NUSC0041, NUSCO127, NUTHU036, NUTUC013, NUTUCl13, NUTUCI17.

Overstorey communities: URov 5,9, 11, 12, 14, IS, 16, 17, 18.

Description: A moderately dense to closed understorey to six metres tall. The ground layer varies fromopen to moderately dense. There is a simple rainforest understorey that includes speciesnormally found in moist to semi moist hardwood and blackbutt overstorey communities. Theindicator species for this understorey community is Blechnum cartilagineum which occurs inapproximately 80% of these plots. The most common small trees are Syncarpia glomulifera,Cryptocarya rigida, Synoum glandulosum and Archirhodomyrtus beckleri.

Small trees/shrubs: Cryptocarya microneura, C. rigida, Guioa semiglauca, Allocasuarina torulosa,Rhodamnia rubescens, Syncarpia glomulifera, Trochocarpa laurina, Elaeocarpus reticulatus.Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Eucalyptus microcorys, E. propinqua, Psychotria loniceroides,Synoum glandulosum, Livistona australis, Callicoma serratifolia, Archontophoenixcunninghamiana, Amorphospermum whitei, Eupomatia laurina, Ceratopetalum apetalum,Caldcluvia paniculosa, Daviesia arborea, Acacia melanoxylon, Glochidion ferdinandi,Beilschmiedia elliptica, Lepidozamia perojfskyana, Cyathea australis, Lantana camara,Xanthorrhoea johnsoni, X. macronema.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 37

Vines: Ripogonum album, R.fawcettianum, Cissus antarctica.

Herbs: Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera, Calochlaena dubia, Lastreopsismicrosorum, Pteridiumesculentum, Arachniodes aristata, Themeda australis, Gahnia aspera G. sieberi, Alpiniacaerulea.

Group 8:

URus8: Allocasuarina torulosalCalochlaena dubia/Pteridium esculentum.

10 plots: NUBEL128, NUING038, NUINGll1, NUING112, NUIRI136, NUNUL029, NUOAK040,NUOAK048, NUOAK129, NUOAK130.

Overstorey communities: URov 3,9, 13.

Description: An understorey that is more open than Group 7. The ground cover is less than one metre highand provides sparse to moderate cover. The understorey is composed ofdrier site species whichare usually associated with ridges and upper slopes. The overstorey communities are drysclerophyll types such as those found in New England blackbutt and dry blackbutt. Several sitesare located in ecotones near moister forest types. The more common understorey species areAllocasuarina torulosa, Calochlaena dubia, Pteridium esculentum.

Small trees/shrubs: Archirhodomyrtusbeckleri,Allocasuarinatorulosa, Syncarpia glomulifera, E. pilularis,E. microcorys, E. siderophloia, E. carnea, Jacksonia scoparia, Randia benthami, Caldcluviapaniculosa, Endiandra sieberi, Psychotria loniceroides, Daviesia arborea, Leucopogonlanceolatus, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Alpinia caerulea, Banksia spinulosa var. collina, Lomatiasilaifolia.

Herbs: Calochlaena dubia, Pteridium esculentum, Themeda australis, Lomandra longifolia, L.filiformis,Entolasia stricta, Poa sieberiana.

Group 9:

URus9: Callicoma serratifolia/Blechnum cartilagineum.

13plots: NUBR0093,NUBR0118,NUGLA032,NUGLAI45,NUNUL046,NUNUL049,NUORW057,NUORW058, NUORW119, NUORW121, NUTHU037, NUTUC021, NUWED065.

Overstorey communities: URov 2,9, 11, 13, 16,38.

Description: This group has a fairly dense understorey with a more open ground layer than Group 7. Itis generally amoist secondary successional understorey community. The most common speciesinvade and dominate sites after disturbance. The primary plants in this group are Callicomaserratifolia and various Cryptocarya spp. They are associated with ground layer species such asBlechnum cartilagineum, Calochlaena dubia and some Ripogonum spp. This group differs fromGroup 7 by having species indicative of a moister understorey.

Small trees/shrubs: Callicoma serratifolia, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Caldcluviapaniculosa, Cryptocaryarigida, Amorphospermum whitei, Wilkiea huegeliana, Cryptocarya glaucescens, Syncarpiaglomulifera, Glochidionferdinandi, Anopteris macleayanus, Daviesia arborea, Trochocarpalaurina, Orites excelsa, Lophostemon confertus, Austrobuxus swainii, Alloxylon pinnatum,Synoum glandulosum,Schizomeria ovata, Ervatamia angustisepala,Archirhodomyrtusbeckleri,Cinnamomum camphora, Cryptocarya microneura, Lomatia silaifolia and Cordyline stricta.

Vines: Ripogonum album, R.elseyanum, Palmeria scandens.

Herbs: Calochlaena dubia, Blechnum cartilagineum, Arachniodes aristata.



Group 10:

URus1O: Elaeocarpus reticulatuslAllocasuarina torulosa.

Two plots: NUIRI025, NUWIL151.


Description: Very dense understorey up to six metres inheight with an open to moderately dense groundcover. All oftheplots have an abundanceofElaeocarpus reticulatus andAllocasuarina torulosain the mid to lower levels. Plot NUWIL151 is located in a hardwood plantation at Timmsvalewhere th.e understorey is developing and contains pioneer species such as Acacia binervata andElaeocarpus reticulatus and some Callicoma se"atifolia.

Small trees/shrubs: Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Schizomeria ovata, Cryptocarya rigida, Allocasuarinatorulosa, Zieria smithii, Lophostemon confertus, Gahnia aspera, Lepidosperma elatius.

Herbs: Sticherus lobatus, S.jlabellatus, Blechnum wattsii, B. cartilagineum.

Group 11:

URusl1: Acacia binervatalLepidosperma elatius.

One plot: NUWIL150.


Description: Moderate to moderately dense understorey approximately six metres in height. At the timeofplantation establishment the soils may have become compacted by heavy machinery whichmay have impaired the site's ability to regenerate thus affecting forest structure.

Small trees/shrubs: Acacia binervata, Trochocarpa laurina, Ozothamnus diosmifolium, Lepidospermaelatius, L. laterale.

Vines: Ripogonum album, Rubus hillii, Smilax australis, Billardiera scandens, Parsonsia straminea,Hibbertia scandens.

Herbs: Entolasiastricta,Blechnumcartilagineum,Calochlaenadubia,Andropogonvirginicus,Dawsoniasuperba.

Group 12:

URusl2: Callitris macleayanalElaeocarpus reticulatus.

One plot: NUWIL062.


Description: Moderately dense lowerlayer with a fairly open, dry ground cover. The combination oftheoverstorey and understorey community is unique (see Overstorey Group 25). This is a disjuncttypewithin amoisthardwood area. The species that are common in the understorey are Callitrismacleayana and Elaeocarpus reticulatus with scattered Lomandra longifolia and Calochlaenadubia.

Small trees/shrubs: Callitris macleayana, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Cryptocarya glaucescens.

Herbs: Lomandra longifolia, Calochlaena dubia.

Group 13:

URusl3: Cissus hypoglaucalC. antarcticalLantana camara.

lOplots: NUBEL030,NUBUC039,NUKAN063,NUKANI54,NUMISI67,NUOAK026,NUOAKI38,NUOAKI39, NUROS020, NUTHU166.



Overstorey communities: URov 2,9, 16, 17, 18.

Description: Extremely dense lower layer with moderate to moderately dense above. The understorey isdominatedby amixture ofmesic vines, lantana, palms and opportunistic rainforestspecies. Thisunderstorey community is a companion to wet sclerophyll overstorey communities such asForest Types 36, 48 and 53. The most common species are Cissus antarctica, C. hypoglauca,Lantana camara and Lepidozamia perojfskyana.

Small trees/shrubs: Lophostemon confertus, Daphnandra micrantha, Beilschmiedia elliptica, Mallotusphillipensis, Alpinia caerulea, Eupomatia laurina, Lepidozamia perojfskyana, Psychotrialoniceroides,Synoumglandulosum,Guioasemiglauca,Rhodamniarubescens, Cyatheaaustralis,Cuttsia viburnea, Polyscias elegans, Lantana camara.

Vines: Cissus antarctica, C. hypoglauca, Rubus aff. moorei, R. hillii, Palmeria scandens.

Herbs: Arachniodes aristata, Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera, Calochlaena dubia, Adiantumformosum, Cyperus tetraphyllus.

Group 14:

URusI4: Synoum glandulosumlGuioa semiglauca.

Three plots: NUORW086, NUPINI06, NUPIN160.

Overstorey communities: URov 1,9, 16.

Description: Almost a closed lower stratum under six metres with an open ground layer except forNUORW086 which has a closed, dense ground layer. This type is found undermoist overstoreygroups. The commonlowerstratum species were Synoum glandulosum and Guioa semiglauca.In plot NUORW086, wattles have replaced the secondary rainforest species.

Small trees/shrubs: Eucalyptus pilularis, Synoum glandulosum, Acacia binervata, Guioa semiglauca,Rhodomyrtuspsidioides,A.Melanoxylon,Lantanacamara,Alpiniacaerulea,Gahniasieberiana.

Vines: Piptocalyx moorei.

Herbs: Gonocarpus oreophilus, Blechnum cartilagineum, Lomandra longifolia, Cyperus tetraphyllus.

Group 15:

URusI5: Lantana camara.

12Plots: NUCON055,NUING034,NUING043,NUNEWOI5,NUNEW027,NUNEW061,NUOREI55,NUTAROI2, NUTUC114, NUTUC116, NUVIE146, NUWAY132.

Overstorey communities: URov 1,2,3,6,9,10,16.

Description: Amoderately dense to densevegetationcoverundersixmetres. The groundlayervaries fromopen to dense. The understorey is dry to semi-moist with a heavy infestation of lantana. Thelantana in some cases is acting as a cover for pioneer or early stage rainforest species such asDuboisiamyopdroides, Callicoma serratifolia andSynoum glandulosum. This group was foundprimarily in flooded gum plantations where there was little regeneration under six metres.Lantana camara is the dominant understorey species with some ferns and shrubs. Anumber ofunderstorey species grow beneath the lantana.

Small trees/shrubs: Lantana camara, Synoum glandulosum, Alectryon subcinereus, polyscias elegans,Astrotricha latifolia, Acacia fimbriata, Rapanea variabilis, Cryptocarya microneura,Lophostemonconjertus,Amorphospermumwhitei,Archontophoenixcunninghamiana,Endianramuelleri, Cordyline stricta, Allocasuarina torulosa, Sloanea australis, Cryptocarya obovata,Alphitonia excelsa, Callicoma serrati/olia, Duboisia myoporoides, Cyathea liechardtiana,Abrophyllumornans,Eucalyptus microcorys,Guioasemiglauca,Eupomatia laurina, Syncarpiaglomulifera.



Vines: Ripogonum discolor, R. elseyanum.

Herbs: Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera, Lastreopsis decomposita, Exocarya sclerioides, Poasieberiana, Entolasia stricta, Lomandra longifolia, Arachniodes aristata, Calochlaena dubia.

Group 16:

URus29: Themeda australisllmperata cylindrica var. majorlAllocasuarina torulosa.

29plots: NUBAG081,NUBAG092, NUBAR099, NUBOAI00,NUBUC168, NUCON079, NUCONO88,NUING042,NUINGI31,NUKAN075,NUKAN083,NUKANI40,NUKANI43,NULOW084,NULOW090,NUMIS044,NUMIS045,NUMISI44,NUNAM050,NUNEW070,NUNEW072,NUNEW097, NUNEWI49, NUNEWI64, NUTHU035, NUWAYOll, NUWEDQ80,NUWED087, NUWIL091.

Overstorey communities: URov 3,4,7,9,34,27.

Description: A dry, open forest with a grassy understorey and a moderately dense ground layer with anopen to moderate cover of small shrubs in the lower layers. This group is very common andcovers dry sclerophyll Forest Types 37,39, 62, 65 and 74. The common factor within all sitesis the dry, open forest over an understorey composed ofThemeda australis, Imperata cylindricavar. major and Allocasuarina torulosa.

Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina torulosa. Daviesia arborea, Archirhodomyrtus beckleri,Xanthorrhoea johnsoni, Eucalyptus carnea, E. rummeryi, Angophora costata, A. subvelutina,E. pilularis, Syncarpia glomulifera, E. gummifera, A. floribunda, lacksonia scoparia,Acaciajimbriata, E. microcorys, Lantana camara, Lophostemon confertus, E. acmenoides,Persoonia media, A. binervata, Alphitonia excelsa, Acacia concurrens, Breynia oblongifolia,Eupomatia laurina, Diospyros australis, E. maculata, Trochocarpa laurina, A. melanoxylon,Oxylobium ilicifolium, Solanum densevestitum, Alpinia caerulea, Pultenaea villosa.

Vines: Derris involuta, Kennedia rubicunda, Hibbertia scandens.

Herbs: Themeda australis, Poa sieberiana, Lomandrajiliformis, Entolasia stricta, Imperata cylindricavar. major, L. longifolia, L. multiflora. Pteridium esculentum, Andropogon virginicus,Cymbopogon refractus, Panicum obseptum.

Group 17:

URusl7: Allocasuarina torulosallmperata cylindrica var. majorlCalochlaena dubia.

lOplots: NUBUCI34,NUKAN082,NUKANI41,NULITI48,NUMIS047,NUMISI70,NUNEWI59,NUORW094, NUTHUI69, NUWED103.

Overstorey communities: URov 5,8,9, 13.

Description: Moderatelydense ground coverwith amoderately dense coverin thelowercanopyextendingto six metres. This is amoist type and is associated with small shrubs and ferns and with bladeygrass. The common species are Imperatacylindricavar. majoroccuning with anumberofferns,eg Calochlaena dubia, Pteridium esculentum and Blechnum cartilagineum. The shrub and smalltree componentconsists ofmainlyAllocasuarina torulosa, Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. Thefact Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. occur in the understorey with Allocasuarina torulosadifferentiates this group from Group 16.

Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia irrorata ssp. velutina, A. binervata, Bursariaspinosa,Synoum glandulosum, Eucalyptus propinqua, Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Acacia irrorata ssp.irrorata, Angophora floribunda, Duboisia myoporoides, Indigofera australis, E. carnea,E. pilularis,Breyniaoblongifolia,Eupomatialaurina, Eucalyptusmicrocorys,Notelaealongifolia,Daviesia arb~rea, Cyathea australis, E. acmenoides, E siderophloia, Solanum inaequilaterum,



AcaCia longijolia,Pittosporum undulatum,Syncarpia glomulijera,Alpinia caerulea, Trochocarpalaurina, Cryptocarya rigida, Caldcluvia paniculosa.

Vines: Kennedia rubicunda.

Herbs: Pteridium esculentum, Commelina cyanea, Calochlaenadubia, Sene.cio amygdaphyllus, lmperatacylindricavar. major,Blechnumcartilagineum,Poasieberiana, Lomandraspicata, L.longijolia.

Group 18:

URusl8: Entolasia stricta.

Two plots: NUCON085, NUNEWI65.


Description: Open to moderate lower canopy ofEucalyptus spp., Acacia spp. and Syncarpia glomulijera.The ground cover is amoderately dense mixture ofgrasses, sedges and wattles. Species includeEntolasia stricta, Gahnia sieberana and Lomandra longijolia. This community occurs in openeucalyptus forest on sedimentary soils and is subject to regular burning as indicated by theunderstorey.

Small trees/sh,rubs: Eucalyptuspropinqua, E. carnea,Allocasuarina torulosa,E. henryi,Acaciaconcurrens,Syncarpia glomulijera, Xanthorrhoea macronema, Gahnia sieberiana.

Herbs: Lomandra longijolia, Entolasia stricta.

Group 19:

URusl9: Banksia integrijoliallmperata cylindrica var. major.

One plot: NUPIN006.


Description: Dense intermediatelayers consistingofBanksiaintegrifolia,Lantanacamara and Cupaniopsisanacardioides. Thegroundlayerismoderately dense. lmperatacylindricavarmajorandPteridiumesculentum are common. This is a semi dry Banksia community located behind sand dunescontaining some littoral rainforest species. It has been invaded by Lantana camara andChrysanthemoides monilijera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush).

Small trees/shrubs: Banksia integrijolia, Lantana camara, Cupaniopsis anacardioides.

Vines: SmUax australis.

Herbs: lmperata cylindrica var. major, Pteridium esculentum.

Group 20:

URus20: Themeda australis.

Six plots: NUBAR076, NUCONI25, NUNEW071 , NUNEW073, NUNEW171 , NUWEDI26.

Overstorey communities: URov 9,20,22, 23, 24.

Description: The understorey has avery dense coverofgrasses with some xeric species less than one metretall such as Banksia oblongijolia. It has moderate to open cover greater than six metres and isfound on sandstone and metamorphosed sediments with a very poor nutrient base. The type isprone to regularbuming. Common species include Themeda australis, Leptospermum sp. andBanksia sp.

Small trees/shrubs: Lophostemonsuaveolens,Allocasuarina littoralis, Eucalyptus signata, Leptospermumpolygalijolium, Banksiaoblongijolia,Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Trochocarpa laurina, B.spinulosa



var. collina, L. trinervium, Pultenaea vUlosa, Angophora floribunda, Syncarpia glomulifera,Eucalyptus gummifera, E. planchoniana, Melaleuca nodosa, Gahnia sieberiana.

Herbs: Themeda australis, Calochlaena dubia, Poa sieberiana,.lmperata cylindrtca var. major,Lepidosperma laterale.

Group 21:

URus21: Acacia complanata/Eucalyptus gummifera.

Five plots: NUBAR098, NUNEW077, NUNEW078, NUNEW095, NUNEW096.

Overstorey communities: URov 2.0,21,22.

Description: This understorey community contains a moderately dense to very dense ground cover lessthan one metre in height. Small trees and shrubs do occur up to six metres, but they provide thinto moderate cover. All these sites are on sandstone soils'and contain xeromorphic ground coverwhich is regularly burned. Some of the more common species are Acacia complanata andEucalyptus gummifera.

Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina littoralis, Persoonia levis, Angophorafloribunda, Hibbertia vestita,Acacia complanata, Syncarpia glomulifera, Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Lomatia si/aifolia,Eucalyptusplanchoniana,A.floribunda,Lambertiajormosa,Banksiaoblongifolia,Leptospermumpolygalifolium, E. gummifera, Hakea salicifolia, Xanthorrhoea macronema.

Herbs: Lepidosperma laterale, Pteridium esculentum.

Group 22:

URus22: Lantana camaralPinus elliottii.

Two plots: NUBAR162, NUBAR163.


Description: The overstorey is a pine plantation and the subcanopy is open to moderately dense. Theground cover is very dense with a large percentage composition ofLantana camara, Entolasiastricta, Bacharis halimifolia (groundse1 bush). Some ground cover species have regeneratedsuccessfully, but the middle layers are void of naturally occurring species.

Small trees/shrubs: Lantana camara,Angophorafloribunda,Allocasuarina littoralis, Bacharis halimijolia,Pultenaea villosa.

Herbs: Calochlaena dubia, Imperata cylindrica var. major, Entolasia stricta.

Group 23:

URus23: Melaleuca quinquenervia/Cyperus polystachyos/Lomandra longifolia.

Three plots: NUBAR074, NUNAM001, NUORE066.


Description: Dense ground coverofsedges, rushes and grasses and afew shrubs up to six metres tall. Thistype is inundated by water in the wet seasons which favours species that grow in saturatedconditions suchasMelaleucaquinquenervia in the mid to uppercanopy and Cyperaceae sp. below.Glochidionjerdinandi is a middle to lower canopy species. These sites can be very moist in awet year but are subject to frequent fires in dry years.

Small trees/shrubs: Melaleuca quinquenervia,Acaciaconcurrens,M.linariifolia,Rhodomyrtuspsidioides,Glochidionjerdinandi. Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Callistemon salignus. M. alternifolia, Gahniasieberiana.



Herbs: Cyperus polystachyos, lmperata cylindrica var. major, C.jilipes, Lomandra longifoUa, Entolasiamarginata, Themeda australis.

Group 24:

URus24: Carex appressalCyperus polystachyos.

One plot: NUNEW067.


Description: The site is inundated with waterduring wet seasons as indicated by the dominant species suchas Eucalyptus robusta,Lophostemonsuaveolensand Carexappressa. Thesoil type is sedimentaryclays ofquartemary deposits. There are avery few small trees and shrubs in the lower layers andthe ground cover is moderately dense. the site had been disturbed by feral pigs, domestic stockand regular fires.

Small trees/shrubs: Rapanea howittiana, Lophostemon suaveolens, Acaciajloribunda.

Herbs: Blechnum cartilagineum, Carex appressa, Cyperus polystachyos.

Group 25:

URus25: Lophostemon suaveolens.

One plot: NUNEW069.


Description: Very dense vegetation cover below one metre and moderate cover from one to six metres.This group occurs under a Eucalyptus robusta overstorey community on sandy soils with anunderlying clay base. The ground coveris predominantly the small shrubs Banksia oblongifoliaand Lophostemon suaveolens as opposed to Group URus 24 which is predominantly Cyperaceaesp. The area is susceptible to regular fires.

Small trees/shrubs: Melaleuca linariifoUa, Eucalyptus bancroftii, Lophostemon suaveolens, BanksiaoblongifoUa.

Herbs: lmperata cyUndrica var. major.

Group 26:

URus26: Alectryon subcinereus/Doodia aspera.

One plot: NUIRI004


Description: Very rocky site at the head of a gully with exposed parent rock. The ground cover is verysparse to non-existent. The maximum height is 15 m and overall the site has a moderately denseto open overstorey. The ground cover species are Doodia aspera and Alpinia caerulea amongstthe rocks, while the layerbetween one and six metres tall contains afew small scattered rainforestspecies such as Alectryon subcinereus and Scolopia braunii.

Small trees/shrubs: Alectryon subcinereus, Scolopia braunii, Pittosporum undulatum, Alpinia caerulea.

Herbs: Doodia aspera, Pellaeafalcata var.falcata.



Group 27:

55URus27: Glochidion ferdinandilCarex gaudichaudiana.

One plot: NUKANII0.


Description: Anarrow riparian community ofCasuarina cunninghamiana in an intennittent watercourse.The lower layers have open to moderately dense cover. There are some dry rainforest speciesalong the creek including Araucaria cunninghamii and Melia azederach var. australasica. Theunderstorey contains small rainforest trees, ferns and sedges along tI'1e creek bank .md beds.

Small trees/shrubs: Ficus coronata, Glochidionferdinandi, Araucaria cunninghamii.

Herbs: Carex gaudichaudiana; Calochlaena dubia.

Group 28:

URus28: Allocasuarina torulosalSigesbeckia orientalislKennedia rubicunda.

One plot: NUORW102.


Description: Dry blackbutt community with a dense cover of fire induced weed species such asSigesbeckia orientalis, Phytolacca octandra and Kennedia rubicunda. There is a very openlower layer of Allocasuarina torulosa and Acacia melanoxylon. This site has been severelydisturbed by logging and fire and is infested by weeds.

Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia melanoxylon, Angophora costata.

Vines: Kennedia rubicunda.

Herbs: Sigesbeckia orientalis, Phytolacca octandra.

Group 29:

URus29: Blechnum nudumlBaumea articulata.

Two plots: NUNAM002, NUNEW009.

Overstorey communities: Urov 29, 30.

Description: Dense ground layer of rushes and ferns with an open lower layer in NUNAMOO2 and denselower stratum in NUNEW009..This group is found in a bed ofrushes in seasonally wet swampsat Nambucca State Forest and Newry State Forest. These sites have been grouped because theyboth occur on wet, quartemary silt deposits and have common understorey species includingBlechnum nudum, Baumea articulata and Gahnia sieberiana. The key overstorey species isEucalyptus robusta.

Smalltrees/shrubs: Melaleucaquinqenervia, Callicoma serratifolia,M.linariifolia, Callistemon salignus,Gahnia sieberiana.

Herbs: Blechnum nudum, Baumea articulata.

Group 30:

URus30: Callistemon salignuslGahnia sieberianalG. clarkei.

Three plots: NUPIN007, NUPINOlO, NPIN014.


Description: Dense vegetationcoverbelow one metre consistingofsedges, grasses and occasional shrubs.All three sites are wet and occur in broad swampy gullies. The overstorey communities are

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW 45

Eucalyptus robusta/E. grandis. The common understorey species are Gahnia sieberiana andCallistemon salignus.

Small trees/shrubs: Gahnia clarkei, Callicoma serratifolia, Uvistona australis, Cordyline stricta,Eucalyptus robusta, Callistemon salignus, Acmena smithii, Ervatamia angustisepala, Gahniasieberiana.

Vines: Morindajasminoides.

Herbs: Imperata cylindrica yar. major, Entolasia stricta.

Group 31:

URus31: Lepidosperma limicola/Chorizandra sp.

One plot: NUCON107.


Description: Low overstorey no greaterthan two metres in height located on aperched, permanently semisubmerged swamp on asandstone escarpment at Waihou FloraReserve. The major plant groupsare sedges, rushes and some very small shrubs. Some of the more common species areLeptospermumjuniperinum, intheoverston.'iy, and adensecoverofrushes includingLepidospermalimicola, Chorizandra sp. and Empodisma minus. Eucalyptus robusta occurs here as a veryscattered cover less than two metres in height.

Small trees/shrubs: Leptospermum juniperinum.

Herbs: Lepidosperma limicola, Chorizandra sp., Empodisma minus.

Group 32:

URus32: Banksia oblongifolia/Lambertia formosa.

Three plots: NUCON108, NUCON109, NUNEW068.


Description: Dryopenforests with axeromorphic understorey onsandstone soils at Waihou Flora Reserve(NUCON108, NUCON109) and metamorphosed sediments at NUNEW068. There is amoderate to very dense understorey below six metres in height. The overstorey is dominated byEucalyptus planchoniana and common understorey species include Banksia oblongifolia,Lambertiaformosa and Ptilanthelium deustum. These sites have been disturbed by fire fromtime to time.

Small trees/shrubs: Leptospermum trinervium, Banksia oblongifolia, L. polygalifolium, Lambertiaformosa, Angophora woodsiana, Melaleuca sieberi, Xanthorrhoeajohnsonii, Baeckia linifolia.

Herbs: Ptilanthelium deustum, Lepyrodia scariosa.

Group 33:

URus33: Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata/Spinifex hirsuta.

One plot: NUPIN005.


Description: This community occurs on the frontal sand dunes at Bundagen Flora Reserve close to thebeach. It has no overstorey and reaches a maximum height of one metre. It is heavily infestedwith Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush).

Small trees/shrubs: Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata, Acacia sophorae.



Herbs: Spinijex hirsuta,lmperata cylindrica var. major, Sporobolus virginicus, Chorizandra cymbaria.Group 34:

URus34: Sporobolus virginicus/Juncus krausii.

One plot: NUNAMOO3.


Description: This is aheathcommunityon atidal flat atthe edge ofNambucca State Forest It is inundatedwith water and is less than one metre in height. This group is part of Forest Type 231 and isdescribed as a fen community (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989a). Sporobolusvirginicus, Juncus krausii and Sarcocornia quinquejlora are dominant. There are no trees orshrubs.

Small trees/shrubs: Nil.

Herbs: Sporobolus virginicus, Juncus krausii, Sarcocornia quinqueflora.

Group 35:

URus35: Casuarina glaucalJuncus krausiilAvicennia marina.

One plot: NUNEWOO8


Description: This is a tidal mangrove and swamp oak community. The understorey is very dense belowone metre and moderately dense between one and six metres. It contains two species ofmangrove, Avicennia marina (grey mangrove) and Aegiceras corniculatum (river mangrove).

Small trees/shrubs: Casuarina glauca, Melaleuca sieberi, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina

Herbs: Juncus krausii, Fimbristylus dichotoma.


FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION,NSW 47

DISCUSSION

1. SIGNIFICANT PlANT SPECIES

The national conservation significance ofplant species has been assessed using Briggs and Leigh (1988)as the standard reference. Additional guides to conservation significance include published records anddata from specimens held at the New South Wales National Herbarium, Sydney. Listings have also beenobtained from the April 1993 draft of the Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (ROTAP) directory forplants that may occur on State Forests in the study area. Species currently considered to be or likely to beconsideredofconservationsignificance at aregional ornationallevel are listed below. Where appropriate,risk codes are assigned using the criteria ofBriggs and Leigh and are shownin parentheses. Except whereanother source is cited, codes given are those assigned by Briggs and Leigh. All records from the surveyarea are from the present surveyor recent unpublished surveys unless otherwise indicated. Occurrencesin reserves are taken from Briggs and Leigh unless noted otherwise. In addition to species listed belowthere are likely to be a large number of species which are locally rare or restricted. These have beenincluded only where they appear to be significant in the broader regional (eg. northeastern New SouthWales) context.

Acacia chrysotricha (2R) This species is locallyabundant. However, ithas alimiteddistribution and onlyoccurs atNewry StateForest and at Brierfield, south ofBellingen (Harden 1991). It occurs in moistforests along gullies onquartzite soils. Acacia chrysotricha is not reserved atpresent. It is protectedunder the Preferred Management Priority Classification (p.M.P.) system (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1993) in an area on Newry State Forest at Rocky WharfRd. with a classificationof 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection. There is aproposal to create a flora reservein this area when the boundaries and abundance ofthis species have been detennined (State ForestsofNew South Wales, Unmga District,pers. comm.).

Acacia tessellata (2RC-)Occursonescarpmentranges from the BellingerValley to WerrikimbeeNationalParlc (Harden 1991). Within State Forests it occurs at McGraths Hump, Never Never State Forest(Floyd pers. comm.).

Acianthusamplexicaulis (3RC-) Asmallherbwhichoccursfrom south-easternQueenslandto Bulahdelah(Jones 1988). It is reserved in Lamington, Bundjalung, Dorrigo, and Yuragir National Parlc andBroken Head Nature Reserve (Briggs and Leigh 1993, in press). In the study area it is reserved onBundagen Flora Reserve and has been located at Parlc Beach, Coffs Harbour in littoral rainforest(Coffs HarbourHerbarium, A.G. Floyd 1959). Itwas not found inthis survey and appears to be rare.

Acomis acoma (3RC-) Old records for Valla area (1954) and Mt. Coramba (1912). Distribution is shownas north from Nambucca Heads (Harden 1992).

Alloxylon pinnatum (3RCa) Alloxylon pinnatum occurs in warm temperate rainforest and is associatedwith Ceratopetalum apetalum on poorer sedimentary soils (Floyd 1989). This species is locatedfrom Dorrigo to the MacphersonRanges. Itoccurs in the UnmgalCoffs HarbourManagement Areaat Gladstone State Forest, Dorrigo National Park, Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve, Wild CattleCreek State Forest, Orara West State Forest and in Dorrigo Management Area in Moonpar StateForest with some large specimens in Nonnan Jolly Flora Reserve. It appears to be located in twoseparatedisjunct areas, Dorrigo and the MacphersonRanges, without any records between. The siteat Woolgo01ga CreekFloraReserve is anunusual disjunct location becauseA. pinnatum grows with

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR48 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW


other unusual plants such as Heliciajerruginea and Canthium'lamprophyllum which occur at theirsouthernlimit. This is asignificantfind and management strategiesneed to be implemented to secureits future. The plants found here were outside the Flora Reserve but less than 500 m away, above.the falls. However they would appear to be included in P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora andFauna Protection.

Amorphospermum whitei (3RCa) This species has a distribution from the Macleay Valley to UpperTallebudgera Creek (Floyd. 1989). It is acommon species in anumberofsites within the study area,(Appendix 1,3 and 4 and Table 2). It has been reserved in Bundagen Flora Reserve, Bruxner ParkFloraReserve, Woolgoolga CreekFloraReserve, Waihou FloraReserve, SherwoodNatureReserve,Minyon Falls Flora Reserve, Broken Head Nature Reserve and Numinbah Nature Reserve.Amorphospermumwhitei occurs in theUrunga/Coffs HarbourManagementArea inwann temperate,littoral rainforests and wetsclerophyll forests with orwithoutawell advanced rainforestunderstorey.It appears to be common in the logged wet sclerophyll forests that have regenerated over the past 2030 years.

Angophora robur (2RC-) This tree is locally frequent but restricted to sandstone soils from north westof Coffs Harbour to north west of Grafton (Harden 1991). It occurs in Waihou Flora Reserve,Sherwood Nature Reserve and Newfoundland State Forest. It grows in association with Eucalyptusgummifera and E. baileyana in a dry, open, xeromorphic forest. It occurs in areas of nil to lowintensity logging.

Austrobuxus swainii (3RCa) Atree that occurs in rainforest and wet sclerophyll forests on the coast fromthe BellingerRiver area to Springbrook in Queensland (Harden 1990). This plant grows as a shrub

. to a small tree in the study area. It quite regularly occurred with Amorphospermum whitei in similarhabitat. This plant is reserved in Dorrigo National Park, Bruxner Park Flora Reserve, Black BullFlora Reserve, Border Ranges National Park, Big Scrub Flora Reserve and Boomerang Falls FloraReserve.

Backhousia anisata (2RCa) Restricted to sub tropical rainforest in gullies in the Bellingerand NambuccaValleys where it occurs as a large tree. Its location is wholly within the study area at BuckrabendiniState Forest, Cooks Creek in Irishman's State Forest, BellingerRiver State Forest, Boggy Creek inPine Creek State Forest, Buffer Creek in Never Never State Forest, Ringwood Flora Reserve inIrishman's State Forest and Dorrigo National Park (Floyd 1989). It is reserved in Ringwood FloraReserve, on Irishman's State Forest and Dorrigo National Park and is reasonably common inRingwood Flora Reserve in gullies.

Bosistoa jloydii (2RCi) Small to medium size tree in sub tropical rainforest on rich alluvial or basalticsoils. Bosistoajloydii is restricted to a few areas from Mistake State Forest in the south to CherryTree StateForestnearMallanganee in the north. Otherlocations include Oakes StateForest,TaylorsAnn, Bellinger River State Forest, Dorrigo National Park and Mirum and Wayper Creeks in UpperOrara (Floyd 1989). The Cherry Tree State Forest location is a disjunct recording. All other sitesare within the study area and are significant for the management and conservation of this species.An independent survey conducted in Umdumbarra Creek in Orara West State Forest near Corambaproduced anew recordingofBosistoajloydiiinaremnantpatchofrainforest(Floyd 1993,pers. comm.).

Brasenia schreberi (3RC-) Described as widespread but rarely common (Harden 1990). This speciesoccurs in freshwater lagoons and has been recorded near Halfway Creek Store near Grafton (Briggsand Leigh 1993, in press). Not likely to be affected by management operations on State Forests.

Bulbophyllum weinthalii (3RCi) This small orchid species usually grows on the upper branches ofAraucaria cunninghamii (h09P pine) and has been recorded atMt Moombil (Briggs and Leigh 1993in press).


FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW 49

Callistemon acuminatus (3RC-) A plant that occurs on rocky dry slopes and particularly sandstoneescarpments ofcoastal ranges from Port Stephens to the Clarence River (Harden 1991). It occursin Sherwood Nature Reserve and Conglomerate State Forest

Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana (2RCi) Grows in littoral and riverine rainforest north from BrunswickRiver and is considered rare (Harden 1991). The only recording in the Coffs Harbour area wasrecorded in State Forests of New South Wales Herbarium at Coffs Harbour where a specimen wascollected in a garden.

Cryptocarya dorrigoensis (2RCa) This plant is generally an understorey species in warm temperaterainforest under an overstorey of Ceratopetalum apetalum, Callicoma serratifolia and Araucariacunninghamii (Floyd 1989). It is also associated with cool temperate species such as Nothofagusmoorei and Doryphora sassafras on low fertility soil of metamorphosed sediments. It is restrictedto the eastern Dorrigo area ofNew South Wales. Locations where it occurs are at Dome Mountainand Killungoondie Plain at Dorrigo National Park, Beilsdown State Forest, Range Road on OraraWest State Forest, Never Never State Forest, and Little Nymboida River on Orara West State ForestThis survey discovered the species at Brooklana State Forest in undisturbed forest. It is unlikely tobe affected by the EIS proposals.

Cryptocarya nova-anglica (3RCa) Found incool temperate rainforests in the New England National Park.

Eucalyptus ancophila (2K) Eucalyptus ancophila is found from Kempsey to Bellingen in valleys andcreeks with a rainforestunderstorey (Harden 1991). Itwas found in the current studies at NewryStateForest in a moist forest ofE. grandis with lantana understorey. It was also recorded by Gilmour inthe biodiversity studies (Appendix 4) at Little Boggy Creek. It appears to be uncommon although"significant populations of this species occur within State Forests" (Telopea 4(1) 1990). Its overalldistribution is still poorly known and surveys are desirable to clarify its status in the long term.

Eucalyptus approximans (2RC-) This plant is known from a single stand, in mallee shrubland on skeletalsoil on trachyte in Dorrigo to Point Lookout area, above 1000 m altitude (Harden 1991).

Eucalyptus dunnii (3RCa) Atall eucalypt that is restricted to wet sc1erophyll forests in the ManagementArea at Moleton in Kangaroo River State Forest. It can occur on the margins of moist forests in dryopen forest at Kangaroo River. However, this may be due to the encroachment offire on the ecotoneof the wet and dry forests, causing the rainforest understorey to retreat into the gullies. E. dunnii isalso located at Hortons Creek near Clouds Creek State Forest and at Tooloom Scrub Flora Reservenear Urbenville. It is reserved on Tooloom Scrub Flora Reserve near Urbenville. It is not reservedin the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area. This species has been planted in hardwoodplantations in the Management Area, including Orara East State Forest, Gladstone State Forest,Orara West State Forest, Tuckers Nob State Forest and Newry State Forest State Forests ofNewSouth Wales is also considering a tree breeding program for the species because ofits growth habitand timber quality.

Eucalyptusfusiformis (2RC-) It was originally thought that this species onlyoccurred around NambuccaHeads. After revision of the grey ironbarks this species now occurs north ofKempsey. It occurs inmoist forests on deeper soils with high fertility (Harden 1991). However, Bale of the University ofNew England claims that it occurs on dry sclerophyll forests. In this survey it was found on aregularly burned semi-moist ridge at Viewmont State Forest.

Eucalyptus rummeryi (3RC-) This species is uncommon, but it can be abundant in pockets ofdry to semimoist forest from Dorrigo to Casino. In the study area it is restricted to forestS at Kangaroo RiverState Forest, Bagawa State Forest, Nana Creek State Forest, Conglomerate State Forest andNewfoundland State Forest. It is reserved on 1260 Flora Reserve, Tulipwood Flora Reserve,Madmans CreekFloraReserve and SteelBoxFloraReserve atCasino. There is agood representative

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR50 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW


sample ofE. rummeryi near Browns Nob in plot NUNEWI64 and to the north along Coast RangeRoad in plot NUNEW061. These latter two sites have been logged. E. rummeryi has the ability toregenerate quickly and, is therefore, unlikely to be threatened by logging. This is another speciesthat is being planted for timber production.

Eucalyptuspsammitica (3KC-) This species can be confused with E. carnea orE. umbra and is describedas locally frequent !?ut restricted to dry sclerophyll woodland in shallow infertile sandy soil onsandstone. It probably occurs in Newfoundland and Conglomerate State Forest and is said to occurnorth of Kremnos Creek on the Glenreagh to Grafton Road (Briggs and Leigh 1993, in press). Inthe short-tenn it would be relatively simple to search for it in likely habitats that are to be logged inthe next few years and exclude at least one stand pending longer term reservation. This species hasbeen recorded at Waihou Flora Reserve (Bale 1992).

Eucalyptus tetrapleura (2VCa) Within the study area this species is known from Wells Crossing FloraReserve and Coast Range Road in Newfoundland State Forest There are a few areas to the southeastofGrafton near Glenreagh where it occurs on private property as well as at Glenugie Peak FloraReserve to the north of the study area. This species is endemic to this area of Australia. Clearingofprivate land in the Mt Krenmos and Kungala area south-east ofGrafton could seriously affect itsconservation status.

Goodenia jordiana (2Rc-) This is a prostrate herb to 20 cm and grows in sc1erophyll forests from CoffsHarbour to Bulahdelah. It occurs in the study area at Orara West State Forest near Range Road atThe Eight Mile (Floyd, pers. comm.). It was not found in this survey.

Homoranthusfloydii (2RC-t) This recently described species is known from Sherwood Nature Reserve.Itmayormaynot occur in similarhabitats in nearby StateForests (Briggs and Leigh 1993, inpress).

Marsdenia liisae (3Rc-) A climber recently described by J. Williams, was recorded from several sitesin the upper BellingerRiver area, such as the lower part ofZeepaert Road and Horseshoe Road justwest ofBlackwoodRoad on Oakes StateForest (Gilmour 1993). This species is scattered at variouslocalities between the upper Hastings and the Nightcap Range in wet sclerophyll forest. Marsdenialiisae is not common (Harden 1992). This species was not found within the present study sites.

Marsdenia longiloba (3RC-) There is anold record (1903) for this species from Coffs HarbouronNationalParks and Wildlife Service ROTAP data base. It is similar to the widespread Tylophora paniculataand wouldbedifficultto costeffectivelytarget for survey. As all records appearto be from rainforest,it is unlikely to be affected by EIS proposals.

Melaleuca groveana (3RC-) Locally abundant in State Forests in the Wauchope Kendall area and onScotts Mountain in Way Way State Forest On State Forests it is found exclusively in low forest orshrubland on rock outcrops, especially granite and coarse grained sediments. The species is widelyreserved and occurs in habitats unlikely to be substantially modified in the future.

Milletia australis (3RC-) Predominantlyoccurs in rainforestand isunlikelyto beaffectedbymanagementactivities. This vine has been recorded from Hungry Head and Bellingen Island Reserve (NationalParks and Wildlife Service4, unpubl. data).

Neoastelia spectabilis (2RC-t) This species favours wet rock faces and is known from New EnglandNational Park. It may occur along the Bellinger River escarpment (National Parks and WildlifeService 1993).

Olax angulata (2VCi) Grows in sandy soils and woodlands near swamps and is known only from nearMinnie Waters where it is locally common (Harden 1992).

4 National Parks and Wildlife Service (1993). External report preliminary comments on flora survey (draft). UrungaManagement Area EIS.



Oleariajlocktoniae (2ECi) All known populations are on the Dorrigo Plateau but it has been recorded onthe western edge of the Coffs Harbour Management Area (National Parks and Wildlife Service1993). There is abundant evidence that this is a short-lived post-disturbance coloniser. Populationsare unlikely to be affected by EIS proposals. Studies for the recovery of this species are presentlybeing carried out in Dorrigo Management Area adjacent to the UnmgalCoffs HarbourManagementArea.

Oleariastilwelliae (3RCa) Restricted to anareabetweenWoolgoolga and Coaldaleto thenorthofGraftonand is considered rare (Harden 1992). It grows on sandy soils in dry sclerophyll open forests withaxeromorphic understorey and usually near rocks or rock ledges. This plant is recorded in anumberofsurveys and at the State Forests Herbarium at Coffs Harbour. Ithas beenlocated at Waihou FloraReserve,Madmans CreekFloraReserve, SherwoodNatureReserve, WeddingBells StateForest andConglomerate State Forest on Tea Tree Road and Bark Hut Road. A few plants were found in thissurvey in Waihou Flora Reserve when travelling between plots near an unnamed fire trail.

Parsonsia sp. B (2VCi) Is a vine recorded from several sites in the upper Bellinger River just east ofBishops Creek and Horseshoe Road. It is restricted in distribution to the area from the UpperBellingerRiverto Woolgoolga (Gilmour 1993). It is considered rare onthe north coastofNew SouthWales (Harden 1991) but is not recorded in the April 1993 draft ROTAP.

Phaius australis (3VCa) An orchid recorded from sites near Coffs Harbour. Favours low-lyingdepressions and swamps close to the coast (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993). Unlikely tobe affected by EIS proposals.

Sarcochilus aequalis (3RC) (fonnerly identified as S. hartmaniz) An orchid recorded on the summit ofMt Coramba likely to suffer from excess collecting (lones 1988).

Sarcochilus jitzgeraldii (3VC-) Ol'9hid recorded from a number of localities along the escarpment fromBishqps Creek (New England,National Park) and Glennifer Falls. Likely to occur in State Forestsand mdanger from illegal collecting (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993). Occurs on rockoutcrops near waterfalls and sheltered cliffs in rainforests orwet sclerophyll forest. Surveys for thisspecies are suggested if roading is proposed within 500 m of such habitats.

Schistostyluspurpuratus (3RCi) Recorded onGladstoneStateForest (NationalParksand WildlifeService1993).

Tinospora tinosporoides (3RC-) A tall, woody climber that occurs in moist forests, usually north of theRichmond River. It occurs at Bundagen Flora Reserve and at Viewmont State Forest.

Westringia blakeana (2RCa) recorded near Yarrahappini although Harden(1992) gives its distributionnorth as far as Lismore (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993).

Quassia spp. A (3RC-) This species is referred to by A.G. Floyd as Quassia spp. aff. bidwillii. It wasnot located in this present survey. However, it was found by Floyd at Gleniffer Falls in DorrigoNational Park. This is the only recording within the Management Areaboundaries. It is a small treeto 5 m tall and is an understorey species associated nonnally with Schizomeria ovata, Caldcluviapaniculosa and Ceratopetalum apetalum on myolite soils near Mt Nardi and on basalt soils nearDorrigo under sub tropical rainforest (Floyd 1989). The plant occurs from Dorrigo National Parkto the lower Tweed.

Quassia spp. B (2E) This shrub is very rare and only occurs in the Coffs Harbour area. It was recordedby Floyd in 1965 (Forestry Commission of New South Wales, 1260 Flora Reserve Working PlanNo. 111) where he reported a small clump of five plants growing on the edge of the Timber ToprailwayontheborderofBagawaStateForestand KangarooRiverStateForest adjacentto 1260FloraReserve. The species has not been found again at this location although there have been furthersearches (Floyd, pers. comm.). Quassia spp. B has been located nearMoonee Creek north ofCoffsHarbour on private property. Recent surveys have found Quassia sp. 1 west of Moonee Creek inOrara East State Forest The species could be vulnerable to disturbance such as fire, logging ordevelopment. All relevant authorities should be aware of locations and how to manage the plant

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR52 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW


2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Various unusual species, associations and species distributions have been found during unpublishedsurveys conducted over many years by Northern Research, State Forests of New South Wales. Unlessotherwise noted, the fmdings described below come from those surVeys. The documents are on ftle atNorthern Research in Coffs Harbour.

The northern end of the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area includes a sandstone range extendingfrom Waihou Flora Reserve in the south and to Newfoundland State Forest near the Wooli Road in thenorth. Waihou FloraReserve, Sherwood Nature Reserve and Browns Nob inNewfoundland State Forestare dry sc1erophyll communities which support some species of limited occurrence and species that aremore typical of the Hawkesbury sandstone communities further south.

Doryanthes excelsa occurs onthe sandstone ridges around Browns Nob atNewfoundland StateForest andSherwood Nature Reserve. This species is not rare although it is limited to isolated pockets onsandstone ridges in the Management Area.

Eucalyptus baileyana occurs at Waihou Flora Reserve at its most southern limit and in association withE. planchoniana and occasionally with E. pyrocarpa.

E. pyrocarpa occurs on Waihou Flora Reserve and on all sandstone areas in the study area north fromConglomerate State Forest Its distribution is limited to areas of lighter soils between Wauchopeand Washpool State Forest (Harden 1991).

Waterhousiaf/oribundalTristaniopsis laurinalCasuarina cunninghamiana growing in association wasfound on the Never Never River at Tallowwood Point Whilst these species individually arecommon, as an association they are not very common. They do not appear to be represented inreserves within the Unmga'Management Area.

There are a number of other species that reach their southerly or northerly distribution limit within theUnmga/Coffs Harbour Management Area. These species include:

Almaleea paludosa occurs in Waihou Flora Reserve at its most northerly distribution.

Canthium lamprophyllum, shiny leaved Canthium, occurs at Woolgoolga Creek above the falls near theFloraReserve (Floyd,pers. comm.). This is an isolated occurrenceofaspecies thatnormally occursno further south than nuka. It is not in the Reserve.

Coopernookia chisholmii occurs as a sub-shrub (Harden 1992). It has not been reserved within theManagement Area However, its conservation status'is not in question. Itoccurs here as a disjunctpopulation at Horseshoe Road, near Blackwood Road, and the upper part ofSirius Road in OakesState Forest (Gilmour 1993). There is also a specimen collected in Oram West State Forest in theState Forests Herbarium at Coffs Harbour. The species normal range lies between Taree ,andWauchope. .

Cordyline petiolaris, broad leaved palm lily, is '{ery common in the Management Area. However, it hasbeen recorded in Mistake State Forest by Ms Jan Carson as being at its most southerly limit.Cordyline petiolaris occurs as far south as the Nambucca Valley (Williams et al. 1984). Its mostsoutherly location during this survey was Thumb Creek State Forest, Cpt. 423.

. Endiandra compressa, whitebark, occurs below the falls at Glenifer in the Dorrigo National Park and atBuffer Creek in the Never Never State Forest This is an isolated occurrence ofthe plant. It is rare



inNew South Wales and is known only from Brunswick Heads to Minyon Falls. TIlis.is its knownsouthern limit. Although it is reseIV.ed in Dorrigo National Palx, it is not reseIVed on State Forestsin the Urunga Management Area and it is not listed in the April 1993 ROTAP. ReseIVation statusmay need to be considered at Buffer Creek.

Dicksonia youngiae, hairy treefern, is rare in New South Wales. Itoccurs at Ringwood Flora ReseIVe inIrishman StateForest. TIlis is a significantdisjunctpopulation. Itmainly occurs in the MacPhersonRanges.

Glochidion swnatranum TIlis species was recordedbyMs Jan CarsoninCompartment368,Mistake StateForest. However, the species is known to occur on the coast no further south than lluka and insubtropical or littoral rainforest with swamp, sc1erophyll or palm forests (Harden 1991). Afterdiscussion withbotanists Alex Floyd and Phil Gilmour it is believed that this could be a case ofmisidentification.

Harpullia pendula, Tulipwood, reaches its known southern limit at Tulipwood Flora ReseIVe and 1260Flora ReseIVe. However, some plants are known from the BellingerValley (Forestry Commissionof New South Wales, 1260 Flora ReseIVe, Worldng Plan No. 111). .

Heliciajerruginea, rusty helicia, occurs above the falls on Woolgoolga Creek outside the Flora ReseIVeat its most southerly location. TIlis is a disjunct location as it nonnally occurs from Lismore north.

Melicope erythrococca, tingletongue, occursonTulipwoodFloraReseIVe. Itis the onlyknownoccurrencesouth ofPikapene near Casino.

Parsonsia sp. B is avine recorded from several sites in the upperBellingerRiverjusteastofBishops Creekand Horseshoe Road. It is restricted in distribution to the area from the Upper Bellinger River toWoolgoolga (Gilmour 1993). It is considered rare on the north coast ofNew South Wales (Harden1991) but is not recorded in the April 1993 draft ROTAP.

Petalostigma triloculare, longleaved bitterbark, has aknown southerndistribution at 1260FloraReseIVe,Bagawa State Forest. It is well developed in some dry rainforest gullies. Although it is growing onthe coast here, it is also found in dry scrub forest on the north-west slopes of New South Wales.

Polymeria longijolia. One plant was recorded at Wells Crossing Flora ReseIVe in 1987. TIlis is awesternspecies with a disjunct location on the coast. It nonnally occurs north of Gunnedah on the northwest slopes (Harden 1991).

Tricoryne anceps ssp. pterocaulon was located at Plum Pudding Road, Conglomerate State Forest. Itsmost southerly distributionhas been extended by this fmding. Ithas been recorded by JeffThomasofthe NationalParks and Wildlife SeIViceatGrafton during the NationalParks and Wildlife SeIViceBio-diversity Studies.

There are a number of plants that reach their southern distribution limits at Bundagen Flora ReseIVe andtheBellingerRiver. TheseincludeTylophoracrebrijlora (onlyknownlocationsouthofLismore),Dysoxylummuelleri and Triunia youngiana. Galeola joliata, a great climbing orchid that depends on decayingvegetation for sUIVival, is represented by one known plant in the BundagenFloraReseIVe which is its mostsoutherly known occurrence.



3. CONSERVATION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES

Hager and Benson (1994) have summarised the- conservation status of overstorey associations innortheastern New South Wales. This provides a reasonable basis for conservation assessment but theirreport presents difficulties because ofthe lack ofadequate site-specific data or, in some cases, data for theexisting reserve system state-wide. Any current Hager and Benson assessment is likely to be conservativeas further investigations may reveal some communities to be better conserved than originally thoughtThere are also problems with the subjective nature of community definitions which cannot be related toaconsistent data base. Some associations clearly need more investigation and as currently defined appearto include a range of species assemblages, or do not adequately reflect assemblages as they occur in thefield.

Eucalypt forest overstorey communities have been assessed by comparing the plot data and thecommunities resulting from floristic classification with those defined by Hager and Benson. Rainforestcommunitiesderived from the floristic classification are assessed from Floyd (1990). There is no adequatebasis for assessing conservation statusofthe non-eucalypt ("understorey") component ofeucalypt forests,which would be difficult in any case because of the short-term dynamics of understorey composition.Shrub communities on rock outcrops and sedge lands and in wet heaths are floristically very distinct fromforest understorey communities. They are of restricted extent and should be considered of potentialconservation significance, especially since many ofthe significant species in the Management Area occuronly in these communities. No special consideration ofconservation status ofeucalypt forest understorey,separate from overstorey, seems warranted at this stage, since understorey types ofpossible conservationsignificance are associated with significant overstorey communities.

In subsequent discussion, overstorey communities defined in this report are prefixed by "URov" andassociations defined by Hager and Benson are prefixed by EF, RF, OF, and WT. The conservation statusof overstorey communities is summarised in Table 1.

Rainforest communities are adequately reserved except for Group 31

Generally, the Hager and Benson (1994) LT 1class (less than 1% conserved) occ;urs in disturbed areas inthe Urunga Management Area. Most of the types in this classification are located in easily accessiblelocations in dry forest types which are subjected to frequent disturbance from logging, grazing and fire.

Wetsclerophyllcommunitiesaregenerally inadequately reserved onaregionalbasis. Lophostemon confertusis 3 LT 5 I which indicates that it is inadequately reserved, that moderate areas are reserved but the majorpart of its range is unreserved. There were four plots in Group 1(Lophostemon confertus), three of whichare within Flora Reserves on State Forests.

Group 25 is an unusual community ofE. umbra/E. saligna and Callitris macleayana that was identifiedinjustoneplot (NUWIL062) nearTimmsvale. While the species found are commoninothercommunities,they occur together here in awet sclerophyll forest. E. umbra and Allocasuarina littoralis normally occurin dry open forests. The analysis showed that the understorey was also unique and formed a group of itsown. The extent of this unique association should be determined to make ajudgement about reservation.

The blackbutt group of forests is moderately well reserved. This is the most common community in theUrunga Management Area and covers approximately 61,000 hectares of the study area. It is reserved inBruxnerPark Flora Reserve and Waihou Flora Reserve. It may occur in other reserves to a lesser degree.E. pyrocarpa, large fruit~d blackbutt, is limited in its distribution and may not be adequately reserved ona regional basis (Hager and Benson 1994). However, it is adequately reserved in the Management Areain Waihou Flora Reserve and Sherwood Nature Reserve.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW sourn WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33


E. rwnmeryi (Group 6) is poorly reserved on a regional basis. However, it occurs in 1260 Flora Reserve,Madmans Creek flora Reserve and Tulipwood Flora Reserve within the Urunga Management Area. It iscommon in localised areas. In Nana Creek State Forest west of Coffs Harbour there is a large stand ofregrowth E. rummeryi. The species appears to regenerate readily.

E. fibrosa/E. henryi (Group 19) is reserved in Glenugie Peak Flora Reserve and Wells Crossing FloraReserve.

Casuarina cunninghamiana has no reservation status. It occurs along rivers and streams in the study areabut not in Flora Reserves.

E. campanulata (Group 13) is adequately reserved on State Forests in other Management Areas and inNational Parks. It is reserved in the Management Area in Thumb Creek State Forest and New EnglandNational Park adjacent to Oakes State Forest and Bellinger River State Forest

E. planchoniana (Group 21) in association withE. baileyana and Angophora robur is reserved from <25%to >25% of its range (Hagerand Benson 1994). It is reserved in Waihou Flora Reserve.

E. tetrapleura (Group 24) is endemic to the area bounded by Halfway Creekand Grafton and is adequatelyreserved in Wells Crossing Flora Reserve and is also found in Glenugie Peak Flora Reserve.

E. robusta and Melaleuca quinquenervia are recorded in ten sites and four sites respectively. They areadequately reserved (Hager and Benson 1994). Continued expansion of development in the wetlandsalong the coast near Coffs Harbour could reduce these communities therefore consideration should begiven to reserving an area ofthis community close to the coast. Alimited numberofE. robusta are reservedin Waihou Flora Reserve and Wells Crossing Flora Reserve.

Conservation status ofAvicennia marina (grey mangrove) cannot be determined due to lack of data andtherefore is most likely inadequately reserved (Hagerand Benson 1994). Itoccurs in theManagementAreain Nambucca State Forest and Newry State Forest where it is presently protected by P.M.P classification1.1.7, Special Emphasis, Flora and Fauna Protection. Bog and fen sites in Group 45 are associated withthe grey mangrove sites and should be considered for reservation also.

4. RESERVATION OF COMMUNITIES

The reservation status by Hager and Benson (1994) is the best available in developing a conservationstrategy. The following criteria have been used in developing a vegetation community conservationstrategy for the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management area.

1. For communities which may be consistently related to overstorey communities and associationsassessed as adequately reserved in the central zone defined by Hager and Benson (1994), noadditional conservation measures are proposed.

2. Forinadequately reserved communities ormap units (Hager and Benson category2), or those whichappear not to readily relate to Hager and Benson associations, any known areas which have beenlittle disturbed by logging are proposed to be reserved, such that at least 10% ofthe estimated extentofsuch communities in Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management area is reserved. Ifinsufficient or nosuch areas exist, a representative example of previously logged forest, to give a combined area ofapproximately 10% of the estimated extent in the management area, is proposed to be managedprimarily for flora conservation. In the short term, further logging would be excluded from theselatter areas. In the longer term, management would be guided by results of a planned floramonitoring program. Provided the results could be demonstrated with sufficient confidence, this



would not necessarily exclude timber halVest and may require only minor modification ofhaIVestingproposals. Insomecases, itmayrequiremanagementdesigned to acceleratedevelopmentofold growth characteristics as far as possible, through appropriate silvicultural and fire regimes.Such regimes may exclude further logging, or may require low intensity selective thinning.

3. For poorly reselVed communities (Hager and Benson category 1), or those which clearly do notmatch any association and which appear distinct and of potentially high significance, a higherminimum proportion shOuld be reselVed or classified as flora conselVation priority.

In the present study, the locations ofproposed additional reselVes have been chosen subjectively on thebasis ofmapped ForestTypes, sUlVey plotdata and, where appropriate, more extensiveobselVations madeduring the field sUlVey, giving preference to the least disturbed examples ofcommunities as determinedfrom a combination of field obselVations and recorded disturbance histories. Although the sUlVey areawas extensively traversed, the sUlVey represents only a sample ofthe total area and in some cases a better(more "representative" or less disturbed) alternative reselVe location may exist.

(a) Existing State Forest Reserves

1260 Flora ReselVe

This is a significant ReselVe because it contains a range of geologic types and a variety of plantcommunitiesrepresentativeofnorthcoastforests. AmongthoseoflocalsignificancearePetalostigmatriloculare which is near the southern end of its distribution and E. rummeryi and E. pyrocarpawhicharebothrestricted inoccurrence. ForestTypesinclude 1(booyong),5(booyong/coachwood),21 (hoop pine), 37 (dry blackbutt), 3~ (large fruited blackbutt), 47 (tallowwood/blue gum), 48(flooded gum), 53 (brush box) and 74 (spotted gum - ironbark/grey gum). Unusual plants includethepreviouslymentionedPetalostigmatriloculareaswellasHarpulliapendula,Flindersiaaustralisand E. pyrocarpa. Rare plants include E. rummeryi (3RC-) and Quassia sp. 1 (2E).

Bruxner Park. Flora ReselVe

Although a range of Forest Types can be found in the ReselVe, it contains primarily subtropicalrainforest with booyong and coachwood in the gullies and lower slopes. The lower slopes alsocontain scattered E. grandis which frequently overtop the rainforest. The mid slopes compositionisE. microcorys,E.saligna andLophostemonconfertus. The ridge sitesarecomposedofE. pilularis.

Bundagen Flora ReselVe

The vegetation is diverse at Bundagen with over 100 species recorded (Forestry Commission ofNew SouthWales 1989c). The topography is flat to undulating with acliffatthe southernedge. TheReselVe is an excellent example of littoral rainforest and is the only example of the Type reselVedon State Forests in northern New South Wales. E. pilularis, Banksia integrifolia, Melaleucaquinquenervia and Casuarina glauca are found behind the littoral zone. Lophostemon confertus(headland brush box) occurs at the southern edge along the cliffs.

Killiecrankie Flora ReselVe

AnumberofForestTypesarefound inthisReselVe.ThesubtropicalrainforestallianceArgyrodendronactinophyllum (FIoyd 1990) is the primarycommunityonthe southeasterly aspect. ForestType 23,myrtle rainforest, occurs in the heads ofgullies, Lophostemon confertus and E. pilularis occur onmid slopes andE. campanulataoccursonthe ridges. Astunted form ofE. notabilis (Blue Mountainsmahogany) is found inForestType 163 along rocky ridge tops (Forestry CommissionofNew SouthWales, Killiecrankie Flora ReselVe Working Plan).



League.Scrub Flora Reserve

This excellent example of subtropical rainforest (Forest Type 3 - corkwood/sassafras/crabapple /silver sycamore) occurs on basalt soils. It contains a greater richness of species than KilliecrankieFlora Reserve (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989b). Other communities that occurhere are typical of the upper Nambucca Valley and include Forest Type 23 (myrtle rainforest), 37(dry blackbutt), 47 (tallowwood/blue gum), 53 (brush box) and 62 (grey gum/grey ironbark/whitemahogany). The myrtle rainforest extends over 100 ha in gullies with shallow soils. Blackbutt isfound on the mid slopes and lower ridges. Tallowwood/blue gum is found in sheltered sites and greygum is found on rocky ridges.

Madmans Creek Flora Reserve

This Reserve has a variety of Forest Types which include some that are rare, limited or unusual(Forestry Commission ofNew SouthWales, Madmans CreekFloraReserve WorkingPlan). Amongthe Types occurring here are 21 (dry rainforest), 23 (myrtle), 37 (blackbutt), 38 (large fruitedblackbutt), 40 (blackbutt/scribbly gum), 48 (flooded gum), 49 (turpentine), 53 (brush box), 60(narrowleaved white mahogany/red mahogany/greyironbark/grey gum), 62(greygum/grey ironbark/white mahogany), 74 (spotted gum/grey gum), 87 (steel box), and 97 (needlebark stringybark). TheReserve includes a good representative population of E. maculata and E. rummeryi (3RC-).

Newry Golden Wattle Preserve

This site was selected to preserve Acacia chrysotricha (2R) which is endemic to the area. It occursin Newry StateForest on Rocky WharfRoad on dry, blackbutt ridges and·in semi-moistgullies. Thewattle is scattered in groups and somespecimens have grown to large tree size (Forestry Commissionof New South Wales 1989c)

Red Scrub Forest Preserve

This Preserve contains Toona ciliata and E. dunnii (3RCa). There are alarge numberofregeneratingred cedar and some very large E. dunnii growing on basalt derived soils. This is the only presentreservation ofE. dunnii in the Management Area other than through P.M.P. 1.1.7 classification. Theunderstorey is a low and poorly formed dry rainforest. This Preserve could be upgraded to a FloraReserve to protect the E. dunnii which is otherwise reserved only at Tooloom Scrub Flora Reservenear Urbenville.

Ringwood Flora Reserve

This Reserve contains a well established stand ofBackhousia anisata. Anotable species that occurshere is Dicksonia youngiae. The majority of the Reserve is subtropical rainforest containing ForestTypes 2 (yellow carabeen), 11 (coachwood/crabapple), and 23/26 (myrtle/viney scrub) and alsoForestTypes 47 (tallowwood/bluegum), 48 (flooded gum), and 53 (brush box) all ofwhich are foundin the gullies and along the lower slopes. Blackbutt occurs on the ridges (drier phase Forest Type37) and on mid slopes (moister phase Forest Type 36).

Scotts Head Forest Preserve

This reserve wasestablishedto preserve fauna (koalas), flora (Melaleucagroveana) and archaeologicallaboriginalvalues.The mountain consistsofForestType37 (dryblackbutt),41 (blackbutt/bloodwood/apple), 62n4 (grey gum /grey ironbark/white mahogany and spotted gum/grey box) and a small areaof 53 (brush box).

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR58 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW


Tulipwood Flora Reserve

TIle Eucalyptus species in this Reserve occupy the ridges that surround a,dry rainforest with ahooppineoverstorey. Theeucalypts vary from greybox/grey ironbark(ForestType 80) to red gum/roughbarked apple (Forest Type 65) which IS found at Sheep Station Creek. The dry rainforest occurs onbasaltderived soils and covers a third ofthe Reserve. Anumberofspecies not generally found southof the Richmond Valley are found here (F.C., Tulipwood Flora Reserve Working Plan). Thesespecies include Melicope erythrococca, Harpullia pendula and Flindersia australis.

Waihou Flora Reserve

This is a large Reserve ofdry, open forest. It contains dry sclerophyll plant communities located onsandysoilsonasandstoneescarpmentwhichismore typical ofthe Hawkesbury region. Thesouthernside of the Reserve below the cliffs harbours a moist community. The plateau itselfcontains heathand sedge communities which are submerged from time to time. Some ofthe species ofinterest areOlearia stilwelliae (3RCa) and E. baileyana, which occurs at its most southern limit. The Reservealso contains one of the largest E. planchoniana communities (1260 ha) on the north coast

Wells Crossing Flora Reserve

This Reserve is located on poor soils in flat to undulating terrain. The Forest Types include 31/92(paperbark/red gum), 65 (forest red gmn!grey gum - grey ironbark/rough barked apple), 92 (forestred gum), 97 (needlebark stringybark), 119 (scribbly gum/bloodwood) and 129 (rough barkedapple). ForestType65 covers 60% oftheReserve (ForestryCommissionofNew SouthWales, WellsCrossing Flora Reserve Working Plan 1989). E. tetrapleura (2VCa) is endemic to the area. Theprimary associated species are E. bancroftii, E. fibrosa and Angophora woodsiana. Despite itsuninspiring appearance, this Reserve contains a diversity of species that occur in a limited rangebetweenCoffsHarbourandGrafton. Significantspecies inc1udeE. tetrapleura, E. robustaandBursarialongisepala.

Wonga Wanga Flora Reserve

This Reserve is virtually undisturbed and includes a stand of wann temperate rainforest dominatedby Ceratopetalum apetalum (coachwood). Some species, however, are more closely identified withsubtropical rainforest. The Reserve contains very large Sloanea woollsii (yellow carabeen) and thesecond tallest Gmelina leichhardtii (white beech), (Forestry Commission of New South Wales,WongaWangaFloraReserveWorkingPlan). Inhigherelevations there are standsofwetsclerophyllforests dominated by Lophostemon confertus. Three notable species that occur here areAmorphospermumwhitei (3RCa), rusty plum, Austrobuxus swainii (3RCa) and Alloxylonpinnatwn(3RCa). '

Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve

This is a reserve ofsubtropical rainforest and wet sc1erophyll forests but includes some drier typeson the upper slopes. The mosaic ofForestTypes reflects differing soil types and the impact ofpastlogging. Despite fires the rainforest is not retreating. ForestTypes 1(booyong),2 (yellowcarabeen)and 5 (coachwood) continue to grow here. OtherForestTypes include 36 (moist blackbutt), 37 (dryblackbutt), 48 (flooded gum), 53 (brush box), and 74 (spotted gum - ironbark/grey gum).



---------------------------------------- _._-- -

The following preserves are notnecessarily conserved under the ForestPreserveprogram. They have beenset aside under P.M.P. 1.3 (preserved Native Forest) because they are have specific scientific orrecreational values.

Battery Road Preserve

This area of moist hardwood was set aside as a representative of Forest Types in the area whenadjoining areas were logged and converted to plantations. This Preserve is being recommended forupgrading to full Flora Reserve status. However a recent wildfire has destroyed part of this reserveand it may be appropriate to reassess this reserve in twelve months to two years to determine itsrecovery rate.

Bird Preserve

This area has been reserved since the 1960s. It is a well developed patch of moist hardwood withassociated rainforest elements that include bangalow palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana).

Blue Knob Top Preserve

An area reserved in the early 1960s possibly when the road was built. It is highly visible and themajority of it is inaccessible for logging due to the steepness of the terrain. It consists of mainlyForest Type 37 (dry blackbutt) with some 163 (New'England blackbutt), 62 (grey gum/greyironbark/white mahogany) and 47 (tallowwood/Sydney blue gum).

Boot Hill Preserve

This is a small reserve which was excluded from logging to enhance its value for recreationalpurposes when the HorseshoeRoad was being constructed in the 1960s. No recreation developmenthas occurred oris likely to occur. The Forest Types are 37 (dry blackbutt) and 163 (New Englandblackbutt).

Browns Knob and Pigeon Gully Preserve

These two areas have been set aside as a result ofstudies carried out for the Urunga/Coffs HarbourEIS and are included in the Additional Reserve Recommendations section of this report. The areacontains a number ofplant communities that are typical ofHawkesbury sandstone sites. The forestvaries from dry sclerophyll sandstone communities to moist hardwood (ForestType 53 and 48) andrainforest.

Burns Scrub Forest Preserve

This area has been nominated as an area ofspecial significance by the local community as the resultofflorastudies carried outfor this report. It consists ofalarge dry rainforest community as discussedin the Additional Reserve Recommendations section of this report.

Cabbage Palm Forest Preserve

This was vacant crown land dedicated as State Forest in 1974 specifically to protect the scatteredcabbage tree palms (Livistona australis) which were found in a grassy paddock that had beenrepeatedly burned and grazed. This area was originally rainforest.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR60 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW


Dorrigo Escarpment Preserve

This reserve was set aside following discussions in the early 1980s with the National Parks andWildlife Service on the management of State Forests adjoining National Parks in the BellingerManagement Area. It includes unlogged rainforest areas on the escarpment following the northernboundary ofBellingerRiverState Forest. There are 720 ha in this preserve including 422 ha ofsubtropical rainforest and 123 ha ofForestType 47 (tallowwood/Sydney blue gum) and 50 ha ofType53 (brush box).

Freshwater Creek Preserve

This is a small reserved area ofForest Type 47 (tallowwood/Syd!1ey blue gum) containing a goodpopulation of bangalow palms (Livistona australis).

Little Mount Coramba and Mount Coramba Preserves

Both areas are generally undisturbed. They are both locally visible peaks and are notable becausethey contain both sub-tropical and wann-temperate rainforests. They have been affected by severewildfires in the past, particularly in 1942. There may also be aboriginal significance attached to thesummit of Little Mount Coramba.

Middle Ridge Preserve

An unlogged stand of moist blackbutt (Forest Type 36), initially set aside for research purposes toassess changes in forest ecosystems as a result of forest operations.

Rocky Knob Preserve

This is an area excluded from logging to preserve large, mature blackbutt killed in a 1963 wildfireand to serve as a general scientific reference area. The current management plan for MacksvilleManagement Area recommends that reservation cease when the Preserve's value as a fire damagereference point is no longer important.

Scotehman's Park Preserve

This area was initially excluded from logging when Horseshoe Road was being constructed in the1960s to enhance its value for recreational purposes. No recreational development has occurred oris likely to occur. It consists of dry blackbutt (Type 37) and moist blackbutt (Type 36).

Singing Stone Road Preserve

This is a 13 ha stand ofunlogged sub-tropical rainforest at Brooklana State Forest.

Way Way Creek Preserve

The purpose of this reserve was to set aside an area for recreation as well as to preserve a goodexample of moist hardwood (tallowwood/Sydney blue gum) and rainforest.



(b) Additional Reserve recommendations

The following are suggested reservations or strategies to follow for the conservation of specificcommunities and species.

1. 'Browns Nob - Newfoundland State Forest

This area shouldbe set aside.because ofits highlydiverse flora and fauna as described by Kavanaghs(unpubl. data) and Smith6 (unpubl. data). Among the species found here are Doryanthes excelsaand E. rummeryi. E. rummeryi is also presently reserved in three existing Flora Reserves in theManagement Area.

2. Umdumbarra Creek - Orara West State Forest

This is a very well developed rainforest containing Bosistoafloydii (2RCi) (Floyd, pers. comm.).It is bounded by Comlaroi Road, Hartley's Ridge Road and the State Forest boundary. Floydconsiders this to be one ofthe best examples ofsubtropical rainforest in the local area. Recent fieldchecking of the catchment resulted in the location of a number of unusual species. The mostsignificantofthese is Bosistoafloydii, which occurs in themid to upperareaofthecatchment. 'Thereare some large trees to 20 m high and an abundance of smaller trees of this species. It isrecommended that this site be temporally reserved underP.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest, untila Flora Reserve can be established.

3. Deadmans Gully - Mistake State Forest

This is thelargestpopulationofBosistoafloydii (2Rci) yet found onStateForests (Tweedie7, unpubl.

data). It is abundant in creeks and gullies in compartments 359, 357 and 356 Mistake State Forest.The site has previously been recommended for reservation under P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved NativeForest, by the District in the Mistake State Forest Environmental Impact Statement (pers. comm.).It occurs in Forest Type 23 (myrtle). The reservation of Deadmans Gully should adequatelypreserve Bosistoafloydii as there are more than 1000 plants in this proposed site.

4. Rocky Wharf Road - Newry State Forest

This area is significantbecause oftheoccurrenceofAcacia chrysotrica (2R). It is presently reservedunder P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection, and there is an additionalproposal for a FloraReserve. Theplantis endemic to theNewry State Forestarea. Themost suitabletime to determine the exact location ofthe plants is late winter and early spring when it is in flower.

5. Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve - Wedding Bells State Forest

Canthium lamprophyllum, Helicia jerruginea, Alloxylon pinnatum (3Rca) and some very largeCeratopetalum gummiferum occur 500 m upstream from the falls outside of the Flora Reserve.These species are of special significance because they are either a disjunct population or occur attheir most southern location. The area is presently reserved under P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special EmphasisFlora and Fauna Protection. It is recommended that the Flora Reserve boundaries be extended toincorporate these species giving them a more permanent reservation status.

S Kavanagh, R. (1991). Owl surveys, northern New South Wales. Research Division. Forestry Commission of New SouthWales.

6 Smith, A. (1993). Fauna report for Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area Environmental Impact report. ForestryCommission of New South Wales.

7 Tweedie, T.D. (1992). Location of Bosistoafloydii for proposed Flora Reserve. For. Comm. NSW internal report, Coffs

Harbour.



6. Pine Creek State Forest

E. robusta. swamp mahogany, is not adequately reserved on the coastal strip on State Forest Itoccurs at PineCreek in plot NUPINOO7 with aLivistona australis understorey. It is recommendedthat the current area classified as P.M.P. 1.1.7 on wetlands to the north- east of Pine Creek StateForestbeextended to include additional areas ofForestType 30 (swamp mahogany). There are twomain gullies in this area that have good representative samples of this Type.

7. Nambucca State Forest and Newry State Forest

These two sites contain grey mangrove and bog/fen communities (Urov44 and Urus35) which arenotnormally found on State Forests. The Nambucca site is currently protected underP.M.P. 1.1.7,Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection, and the Newry site is classified as P.M.P. 1.2,Undeveloped Native Forest It is recommen4ed that areas at Nambucca State Forest remain asP.M.P. 1.1.7. However the Newry State Forest classification should be changed to P.M.P. 1.3,Preserved Native Forest, along Picket Hill Creek and the area of Hogan Creek north of MartellsRoad. Mangrove communities are quite sensitive ~ disturbance and need special managementguidelines for protection. Abufferof 30 m should be incorporated into the boundaries when theyare determined.

8. Tallowwood Point - Tuckers Nob State Forest

TheWaterhousiafloribundalTristaniopsis laurina /Casuarina cunninghamiana community foundhere is not common and needs reservation as it is not otherwise reserved in the Management Area.It is found in the recreation area at Tallowwood Point Field surveys have been conducted and agood representative sampleofthis community was found along the NeverNeverRiver. Due to theoccurrenceofthis community in anarrow riparian strip itcould bestbe reserved underP.M.P. 1.1.7,Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection (wildlife corridor criteria).

9. Burns Scrub - Kangaroo River State Forest

This is alarge,dry rainforestcommunityconsistingofBackhousiasciadophora!Dendrochnide excelsa(URov39). Itshouldbe reservedunderP.M.P. 1.3, PreservedNativeForest, because itisuncommonin the area. Reservation was also recommended by Floyd (1990).

10. Timmsvale - Wild Cattle Creek State Forest

There are a number of vegetation communities at this site that are of special interest. The first isGroup25 -Eucalyptusumbra!E. saligna/Callitrismacleayana- (plotNUWIL062) whichis discussedearlier in this report. Further surveys have been carried out to determine its extent. An area to thenorth of the plot has already been reserved as P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest. The area ofinterest is bounded by the Timmsvale Road in the south, Battery Road to the west and LittleNymboida River to the north and east.

An area ofE. saligna is found here and would seem to meet the requirements ofHager and Benson(1994) who note that there is little reserved undisturbed high site quality E. saligna. The stand ispredominantly Forest Type 46b (low site quality) but includes some high quality Type 46a.Althoughthe site was selectivelylogged many years ago the stand has aminimally disturbed canopyand subcanopy.

Anotherspecialplantfound here is Callitris macleayana whichis located onthehighestpoint inthisstand and runs downto themid slopes. The Callitris reaches heights of35 mand achieves diametersof50 to 75 cm DBHOB. Leptospermum polygalijolium and Hakea macreana also occur here and



are quite large reaching 20 to 25 m in height and 25 to 30 cm DBHOB. Hakea macreana, shownas a rare plant in Table 2, is ofspecial interest and may be reclassified by taxonomists in the futureto distinguish it from its southern fonn (FIoyd, pers. comm.). If this occurs it will become athreatened species. Another feature of the site is the old battery mines that could be a significantEuropeanhistorical site. Given all ofthese special characteristics ofthe site it is recommended thatit be set aside underP.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest, with progression towards dedicating it asa Flora Reserve. A recent wildfire has destroyed part of this reserve and it would be appropriateto reassess its status in twelve months time to detennine its recovery rate before recommending itfor full Flora ReselVe status. It appears to have been burnt severely along the western ridge but thefire has not affected the large Callitris macleayana. This community is not reselVed and there isno data on conselVation status (Hager and Benson 1994).

11. Buffer Creek., Never Never State Forest

Endiandra compressa occurs here as a disjunct population in a remnant rainforest gully. Due to theheavy disturbance ofthe area and the narrow structure of the rainforest patches it is recommendedthat this location on Buffer Creek be reserved under P.M.P. 1.1.7., Special Emphasis Flora andFauna Protection.

12. Moleton .;, Kangaroo River State Forest

Thegoalhere wouldbeto reselVeE. dunnii (3RCa)byincludingitwithin anextensionofthe existingreselVe for Toona ciliata (red cedar) at Red Scrub Forest PreselVe. This could be achieved byadopting a more restrictive management regime for the P.M.P. 1.1.7, Flora and Fauna Protection,that occurs southofBlackMountainRoad and where it adjoins the southernendofRed ScrubForestPreselVe. It would not be feasible to upgrade this area to P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest,because it has been highly disturbed by logging, fires and grazing. It is recommended that theoriginalprescriptions for Red ScrubForestPreselVe remain. However, the area to the southand eastof the PreselVe should remain as 1.1.7 with reduced disturbance by fire to allow regeneration tooccur.

13. Quassia spp. 1 (2E)

It is recommended that sUlVeys be conducted before logging within 2 km of the last rmding ofQuassia spp. 1 at 1260 Flora ReselVe on Timber Top Rail Siding. A sUlVey conducted in March1994found over300plantsonOraraEastStateForestnearapriorfindingonprivateland. The recentfindings have been mapped and a P.M.P. 1.1.7 Flora and Fauna Protection has been recommendedwhich includes a50m buffer. It is recommended that further surveys on awider scale be conductedto determine the extentofthis species in OraraEastStateForestbeforeamorepennanentreselVationstatus is implemented.

14. Eucalyptus psammitica (3K)

This species probably occurs in Newfoundland State Forest and Conglomerate State Forest and isdescribed as locally frequent but restricted in its habitat. It is easily confused with E. carnea andE. umbra. It is recommended that likely sites be surveyed for this species prior to logging,and, iffound, a stand be set aside until a reselVe can be determined.

15. Sarcochilusjitzgeraldii (3VC-)

Thespeciesis foundonrockoutcrops, in rainforests and inotherareasunlikelyto bedirectly affectedby management except by increased access from new road building. In known areas Octobersurveys are recommended to locate the plant when it is flowering and can be distinguished fromS. aequalis.



16. Forest Type 46/46A - Eucalyptus.saligna

Type 46 and 46a include about 900 ha in the Management Area most ofwhich is ex APM land withahistory ofdisturbance. ThisForestType was included in themoisthardwoods for surveypurposes.Howeverplots werenotestablished in thisType due to inaccessibilityorlackofsuitableundisturbedlocations. Itis.however. aForestTypeofconcern as it is assessed as beingpoorly reserved by Hagerand Benson (1994). Reservation has been covered under Recommendation 10.

17. Scotts Head Flora ReselVe

A Flora Reserve has been proposed for Scotts Mountain in Way Way State Forest. One of thefeatures of Scotts Mountain is the presence ofMelaleuca groveana (3VC-). Although it was notrecorded in this survey. it was recorded in a previous survey in Way Way State Forest by DougBinns. Other features of the proposed Reserve include a koala population and archaeologicaVaboriginal values. It is recommended that this Flora Reserve proposal be adopted.

18. Ingalba State Forest. Forest Type 62a/74a.

This Forest Type is poorly reserved on State Forests in an undisturbed condition. A relativelyundisturbed site has been located within Ingalba State Forest to the west of and including MungayMountain. The topography.varies from steep to low moderate slopes which provides a broad rangeof topographic positions for the Type. The lower slopes contain some large ironbarks > 154 cmDBHOB). Eucalyptus fusiformis (2RC-) is common here particularly on the ridges and there aresome large specimens. Because this Type is not well represented and E.fusiformis occurs here inabundance. it is recommended that this areabeset aside to reserveForestType 62a/74aunderP.M.P.1.3. Preserved Native Forest, awaiting formal dedication as a Flora Reserve.

5. IMPACTS OF DISTURBANCE

Logging, fire and grazing are the major disturbances that have affected the Urunga/Coffs HarbourManagement Area. The impacts have been analysed by Douglas Binns (see Addendum) using the datagathered in this survey. The Urunga and Coffs Harbour Districts have been logged extensively over thepast70 years. The stratification of plots according to recently logged and older logging was necessitatedby the fact that only limited unlogged areas remain. Unlogged areas are generally found on inaccessibleslopes and along watercourses. Extensive timber stand improvement (T.SJ.) work was carried out in the1960s and 1970s which reduced the numberof residual mature or immature but non-commercial trees thatremained in the stands following logging. The effects ofT.S.L on stand composition and structure havenot been quantified but it would appear that short-term species diversity has been affected.

The opening up of rainforests canopy by logging or natural disturbance appears to have resulted indomination of the understorey by mesic vines. Examples of this can be found in Wild Cattle Creek StateForest near Cascade. BruxnerPark is an example ofalogged area that now has awell advanced rainforest.Therecovery ofrainforest following logging disturbance hasbeen welldocumented (Home 1982and King1983).

Fire has been an integral part offorest ecosystems in the study area for thousands of years. More recentlycontrolled burning has been regularly used for fuel reduction in dry sclerophyll and woodland forests onthe coast and adjacent ranges to reduce the intensity of the frequently occurring natural wildfires. Forestson the sandstone belt northwest of Coffs Harbour have undergone regular burning. A majority of thespecies inthesefrequently burnedstands are fire tolerantmembers oftheProteaceaeandXanthorrhoeaceaefamilies.


FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW 65

Fire freque~cy rather than fire itself is the greater concern as frequent fires reduce the opportunity forEucalyptus regeneration to become established and may contribute to a lack of species diversity.

Wet sc1erophyll forests have burned less frequently because of their higher moisture levels. Because ofthe limited number of fires that occur in this Type the impact on vegetation is not always apparent.However, in very dry conditions severe wild fires will cause short-term damage to the moist understoreyand, in particular, rainforest species. It has been shown that tree regeneration is significantly increased inwet sclerophyll forests that experience a post logging bum (King 1984). .

Unpublished data (Mackowski8) collected by Floyd and Tweedie at Chapman'sPlains Flora ReselVe and

Edward's' Plains Flora ReselVe indicates that regular burning at the ecotone between dry and moistsclerophyll communities causes the moister communities to recede restricting the succession ofrainforestspecies that would normally become established under moist forests.

There appears to be more extensive grazing to the north and west ofCoffs Harbour and also to the southaround Mistake StateForest and Oakes StateForest. Grazingeffectscould notbe quantified in this sulVey.

6. WEEDS

Weed species form a small proportion of the overall flora composition in the area. Most are a minorcomponentofthe vegetativecomposition. Weeds canbe introducedthroughdisturbances such as roading,logging, fire and grazing. Sigesbeckia orientalis and Phytolacca octandra appeared in logged plots atOraraWestStateForest afterpostloggingburning. While some speciesofweeds coloniseprolifically afterfire, their numbers are often reduced when fire and other disturbance becomes less frequent.

Lantana camara occurred in 82 plots over the study area. Fifty-seven plots were established in forestslogged less than 12 years ago and lantana occurred in 61% ofthese as measured by presence/absence. Bycomparison, lantana occurred in only 44% ofthe 61 plots established in areas logged greater than 12 yearsago. This tends to confirm obselVations that lantana diminishes in the stands as regeneration forms a newcanopy. Control of lantana along roads and tracks may be necessary to reduce spread of the species.

Parramatta grass (Sporobulus ajticanus) is a major weed problem on private property in the UrungaManagement Area. It also occurs on roadsides within State Forests. State Forests ofNew South Walesis bound under the Noxious Weeds Act to control this species.

Groundsel bush (Bacharis halimifolia) is also a weed that requires control on State Forests of the CoffsHarbour area. Noogoora Burr (Xanthium occidentale) control has been implemented in the forests aroundthe Valla area.

7. HARDWOOD PLANTATIONS

There were sevenplots established within hardwood plantations -NUTAR012, NUTUC013,NUPINO14,NUNEW015, NUTUCl14, NUWIL151, NUPIN160 (Appendix 2).

E. grandis is the primary planted species in the plots. However, the site at NUWIL151, Bopan Road inWild Cattle Creek State Forest, was planted with E. grandis, E. pilularis and E. agglomerata. TheE. agglomeratawas planted as partofaprovenancetrial across three locations ineasternNewSouthWalesand isnotfound innativeforests inthe study area. NUTUC114 was planted withE. grandis and E. pilularis.NUPIN014 is a plantation more than 30 years old planted with E. grandis and E. pilularis.

8 Mackowski,CM. (1986). Letteronflle 1217NaturalSuccession StudiesChapmansPlains andEdwards Plains FloraReserves.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA ANDCOFFS HARBOUR66 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW


There are otherhardwood plantations to the north west ofCoffs Harbour that were not surveyed. They aresimilarin floristic compositionto those sites nearBellingen. The totalnumberofspecies found varied from62 at Newry State Forest to 30 in Tarkeeth State Forest with an average over all plots of44.3 plant speciesperplot. This compares favourably with natural regeneration in moist forests. The three older plantations(> 30 years) had higher species diversity than did the four younger plantations. It appears that speciesdiversity increase$ as the plantations grow older, particularly inmoist locations such as Newry StateForestand Pine Creek State Forest Three of the younger plantations were on drier sites and this could haveinfluenced species composition.

Lantana camara is a major problem in hardwood plantations and grows to five metres in height in somelocations. Where there is disturbance lantana has dominated the understorey. Lantana appears to becomesuppressed as the tree canopy closes. However, it does remain in the stands and will become re-establishedafterdisturbance. Even though lantana is aweed it does appearoccasionally to act as anurse crop forotherspecies, particularly rainforest regeneration. Examples ofthis were found in plantations and in logged wetsclerophyll forests. Plot NUTUCl17 in Tuckers Nob State Forest demonstrates this effect.

8. SOF1WOOD PLANTATIONS

Three softwood plantations were surveyed. One was a plantation of the native species Araucariacunninghamii (hoop pine) at Wild Cattle Creek State Forest while the other two were Pinus elliottiiplantations in Barcoongere State Forest.

The hoop pine plantations appear to be growing well on sites that are well suited to the species.

However, thePinus elliottii plantations in BarcoongereStateForest are growing poorly becauseofshallowsoils, poordrainage and lack ofnutrients. In many areas the pines reach only 10 min height after 30 years.Thenatural regenerationis restricted to wattles, shrubs'and afewEucalyptusandAngophoraspecies. Lantanais extremely dense in some parts of Barcoongere State Forest.

Research trials at Barcoongere State Forest have been analysed to determine the growth potential ofvarious native species, including E. pilularis and E. pyrocarpa, that will be planted to return the pineplantations to native hardwoods (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1982b).


FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW 67

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank a number of people for their help and assistance in producing this report: ResearchOfficerDouglas Binns for data analysis, document review and suggestions and Technical OfficerTraeceyBrassil for assistance with data analysis. Forester Robert Onfray and Forest Assistant Ian Swan as wellas all staffmembers of the Urunga Forestry Office. Alex Floyd, Phil Gilrnour and JeffThomas for theircomments on rare plants in the study area. Charlie England for his assistance in relocating sites at BufferCreek and comments on rare plants at Umdumbarra Creek and Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve and RonBallard for field assistance at Ingalba State Forest. .

68FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW


REFERENCES

Bale, C. L. (1992). Eucalypts and Angophoras ofthe North CoastofN.S.W. - A Key to Indigenous Plants.Dept of Botany, University of New England, Annidale.

Beadle,N.C.W. (1987). StudentsFloraofNorth-easternNew SouthWales. Parts 1- 6. UniversityofNewEngland, Annidale. 1177 pp.

Belbin, L. (1988). PATN Pattern Analysis Package Reference Manual. CSIRO Division ofWildlife andRangelands Research. 288 pp.

Binns,D.(l992). FlorasulVey,GlenInnesManagementArea,NorthernRegion. For. Comm.N.S.W. For.Res. Ser. No. 23. 97 pp.

Binns, D.L. and Chapman, W.S. (1993). Flora SUlVey, Kempsey and Wauchope Management Areas,Central Region, N.S.W. For. Comm. N.S.W. For. Res. Ser. No. 24. 59 pp.

Briggs, J.D. and Leigh, J. H. (1988). Rare orThreatened AustralianPlants. AustralianNationalParks andWildlife Service Special Pub/. No. 14. Canberra. 278 pp.

Briggs, lD. and Leigh, J. H. (1993). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. Australian National Parksand Wildlife SelVice. (In press).

Floyd, A.G. (1989). Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia. Inkata Press. 420 pp.

Floyd, A.G. (1990). Australian Rainforests in New South Wales. Vols 1 and 2. Surrey Beatty & Sons,Pty. Ltd., Sydney.

Forestry Commission of N.S.W. (undated). Bruxner Parlc Flora ReselVe Worlcing Plan, No. 3.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (undated). Killiecrankie Flora ReselVe Worlcing Plan, File NR6757.

Forestry Commission of N.S.W. (undated). Wells Crossing Flora ReselVe Working Plan, File NR6762.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (undated). Woolgoolga Creek Flora ReselVe Worlcing Plan, No. 13.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (undated). Tulipwood Flora ReselVe Working Plan, No. 32.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (undated). Madmans Creek Flora ReselVe Worlcing Plan, No. 42.

Forestry Commission of N.S.W. (undated). Wonga Wanga Flora ReselVe Worlcing Plan, No. 43.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (undated). Waihou Flora ReselVe Working Plan, No. 72.

Forestry Commission of N.S.W. (undated). Twelve Sixty Flora ReselVe Worlcing Plan, No. 111.

Forestry CommissionofN.S.W. (1978). ManagementPlanfor the Macksville Area. For. Comm. N.S.W.


FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW 69

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1982a). Management Plan for the Bellinger Area. For. Comm. N.S.W.28 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1982b). Coffs Harbour Softwood Plantation Management Plan. For.Comm. N.S.W.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1984a). ManagementPlan for UrungaManagement Area. For. Comm.N.S.W. 48 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1984b). Management Plan for Coffs Harbour Management Area. For.Comm. N.S.W. 800 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1989a). Forest Types in New South Wales. For. Comm. N.S.W. Res.Note No. 17. 95 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1989b). Leagues Scrub Flora ReselVe Working Plan, File NR6760.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1989c). Forest PreselVation in State Forests ofNew South Wales. For.Comm. N.S.W. Res. Note 47. 147 pp.

ForestryCommissionofN.S.W. (1993). PreferredManagementPriority Classification. For. Comm. N.S.W.Forest Planning and Environment Series No. 2. 20 pp.

Gilmour, P. (1993). External report to Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. Urunga. Biodiversity Studies forNational Parks and Wildlife SelVice.

Hager, T.C. and Benson,J.S. (1994). Review ofthe conselVation status ofvegetationcommunities in NewSouth Wales - Part 3. Assessment ofthe conselVation status offorest plant communities in northeastern New South Wales. Final report to the Australian Heritage Commission. National Parksand Wildlife SelVice, Sydney. 37 pp + Appendices.

Harden, G,J. (ed.) (1990). Flora of New South Wales. Vo!. 1. N.S.W. Unit Press. 601 pp.

Harden, G,J. (ed.) (1991). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 2. N.S.W. Unit Press. 574 pp.

Harden, G.1. (ed.) (1992). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 3. N.S.W. Uni. Press. 717 pp.

Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1993). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 4. N.S.W. Unit Press. 775 pp.

Home, R. and Gwalter, J. (1982). The recovery ofrainforest overstorey following logging: I. Subtropicalrainforest. Aust. For. Res. 13: 29-44

Johnson, L.A.S. and Hill, K. (1990). New taxa and combinations in Eucalyptus and Angophora(Myrtaceae). Telopea 4: 37-108.

Jones, D.L. (1988). Native Orchids of Australia. Reed. 656 pp.

King, G.e. (1984). Natural regeneration in wet sc1erophyll forest with an overstorey of Eucalyptusmicrocorys, E. saligna and Lophostemon confertus. Reprint from Aust. For. 48: 54-62.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR70 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION,NSW


King, G.C. and Chapman, W.S. (1983). Floristic composition and structure of a rainforest 25 years afterlogging. Aust. J. Ecol. 8: 415-423.

Williams, J.B., Harden, G.J., MacDonald, WJ.F. (1984). Trees and Shrubs in Rainforests ofNew SouthWales and Southern Queensland. University of New England, Annidale. 142 pp.



APPENDIX 1

OCCURRENCE OF VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES BY BROAD VEGETATION TYPE AND LOGGINGCATEGORY. SPECIES ARE LISTED ALPHABETICALLY BY FAMILY WITHIN CLASSES ANDNOMENCLATURE.

• species not recorded in that category

• naturalized species

Broad vegetation type: (refer to text)RF=Rainforest (ov31-39) WS=Coastal Wet Sclerophyll Forest (ovl,2,10,12,14-18,25,26)BBT=Blackbutt Forest (ov7,9,11,22) DS=Dry Sclerophyll Forest (ov3-6,8,19-21,23,24,27,41)NEH=Tablelands (New England Hardwood) Forest (ov13) SF=Swamp Sclerophyll Forest (ov28-30,43)SSD=Sedgeland and Sand Dune (ov44) SWD=Softwood Plantation (ov40,42)

Logging category:L1=logged <12yr L2=logged >12yrUL1=unlogged,loggable UL2=unlogged, unloggable (steep or non-forest), or rainforest

Broad Vegetation Type Logging categoryTot. RF WS BBT DS NEH SF SSD SWD LI L2 ULI UL2freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Class PSILOPSIDAPSILOTACEAEPsilolum nudum 0.03 0.Q3Class LYCOPSIDASELAGINELLACEAESelaginella uliginosa 2 0.11 0.25 0.05Class FILICOPSIDAADIANTACEAEAdianlum aelhiopicum 8 0.03 0.02 0.14 011 0.Q7 0.05 0.Q3AdiantumjomlOsum 12 0.21 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.Q7 0.11Adianlum hispidulum 46 0.36 0.51 0.24 0.16 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.20 0.24Adianlum silvalicum 2 0.Q7 0.03 0.05'Cheilanlhes dislans 4 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.13 0.Q3CheilOJllhes sieberi 4 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.03Pellaeajalcala var.falcala 9 0.21 0.10 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.08 0.08Pellaea paradoxa 9 0.Q7 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.03ASPLENIACEAEAsplenium auslralasicum 25 0.79 0.23 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.02 0.15 0.39Aspleniumj/accidulll 5 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.08ATHYRIACEAEDiplazium auslrale 6 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.05BLECHNACEAEBlechnum carlilagineum 78 0.14 0.77 0.66 0.71 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.69 0.27 0.18Blechnum nudum 4 0.07 0.33 0.02 0.08Blechnulll palersonii 11 0.50 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.16Blechnulll wallsi, 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.08Doodia aspera 51 0.54 0.34 0.24 0.25 0.39 0.31 0.27 0.16Doodia caudala 1 0.03 0.02CYATHEACEAECyalhea auslralis 47 0.14 0.26 0.50 0.57 0.25 0.33 0.26 0.36 0.20 0.18Cyalhea leichhardliOJla 28 0.71 0.26 0.12 0.14 0.Q7 0.23 0.26DAVALLIACEAEArlhropleris beckJeri 1 0.Q7 0.03Arlhropleris lenella 11 0.50 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.18Davallia pyxidala 8 0.14 0.03 0.14 0.05 0.05 0.05DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHisliopleris incisa 1 0.11 0.03Pleridiulll esculemum 79 0.33 0.72 0.32 0.57 0.56 1.00 0.67 0.44 0.60 0.13DICKSONIACEAECalochlaena dubia 73 0.44 0.66 0.16 0.71 0.33 0.25 1.00 0.54 0.54 0.20 0.16Dicksonia youngiae I 0.07 0.03DRYOPTERIDACEAEArachniodeo' arislala 30 0.21 0.41 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.23 0.07 0.18Laslreopsis acuminala 14 0.36 0.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.Q7 0.13Laslreopsis decomposila 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.Q7 0.05Laslreopsis microsora I 0.03 0.03Laslreopsis munila 1 0.03 0.Q7

Polysliclllllll jallax 1 0.02 0.02

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES72 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

Broad Vegetation Type Logging categoryTot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2

freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

GLEICHENIACEAEG1eichenia dicarpa 1 0.11 0.Q3

Stichemsjlabellatlls 2 om 0.Q2 0.03

Stichems lobatlls 2 0.03 0.Q2 0.03

GRAMMITACEAEGrammitis billardieri 0.Q2 0.Q2

HYMENOPHYLLACEAEHymenophyllum australe 1 0.Q2 0.03

Hymenophyllum CIIpressiforme 2 0.07 0.03 0.05

Hymenophyllum jlabellatllm I 0.Q3 0.03

Macroglena caudata I 0.07 0.Q3

LINDSAEACEAELindsaea brachypoda I 0.Q3 0.Q2

Lindsaea linearis 9 0.05 0.14 0.14 0.04 0.05 0.11

Lindsaea microphylla 2 0.02 0.03 0.Q2 0.Q2

POLYPODIACEAEDictymia brownii I 0.07 0.Q3 0.25 0.07 0.Q3

Microsomm scandens 10 0.50 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.18

Platycerium bifllrcatum 34 0.64 0.28 0.12 0.08 0.43 0.11 0.Q4 0.33 0.20 0.24

Platycerium superbum 11 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.08

Pyrrosia c01if/uens 16 0.29 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.14 0.02 0.13 0.13 0.13

Pyrrosia rupestris 6 0.14 0.Q3 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.11

PTERIDACEAEPteris tremula 5 0.10 0.Q3 0.05 0.02 0.03

Pteris umbrosa 3 0.14 0.Q3 0.03 0.Q3

SCHIZAEACEAELygodium microphy/lum I 0.11 0.Q3

Schizaea bifida 2 0.05 0.02 0.Q3

THELYPTERIDACEAEChristella dentata 6 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05

Class CYCADOPSIDAZAMIACEAELepidozamia peroffskyana 18 0.13 0.19 0.Q3 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.07 0.05

Macrozamiajawcettii 9 0.05 0.16 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.03

Class CONIFEROPSIDAARAUCARIACEAEArallcaria cllnninghamii 9 0.29 0.08 0.Q3 0.33 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.05

CUPRESSACEAECallitris macleayana 4 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.05

PINACEAEPinlls elliolii 4 0,02 0.Q3 0.67 0.05 0.07

Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA - MAGNOLIIDAEACANTHACEAEPsellderanthemum variabile 2 0.05 0.07 0.Q3

AKANIACEAEAkania IlIcens 7 0.29 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.08

ALANGIACEAEAlangium villosum ssp. polyosmoides 3 0.21 0.08

AMARANTHACEAEDeeringia amaranthoides 0.Q3 0.Q2

ANACARDIACEAEEuroschinusjalcata var.jalcata 16 0.07 0.26 0.05 0.05 0.18 0.07 0.05

ANNONACEAERallwenhoffia leichhardtii 6 0.21 0.05 0.02 0.Q2 0.05 0.07 0.03

APIACEAEHydrocvtyle geraniifolia 3 0.03 0.33 0.05

Hydrocotyle laxiflora 1 0.11 0.07

Hydrocotyle species 2 0.03 0.02 0.Q2

Platysace ericoides 2 0.05 0.05

Trachymene incisa ssp. incisa 7 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.Q3

APOCYNACEAEA(vxia mscifolia 3 0.14 0.Q2 0.02 0.05

Tabemaemontana pandacaqui 52 0.29 0.69 0.29 0.03 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.39 0.33 0.24

Melodinlls allstralis 4 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.08

Parsonsia brownii I 0.Q3 0.02

Parsonsiajlllvu 7 0.21 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.05

Parsonsia species A 11 0.07 0.10 0.Q9 0.33 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08

Parsonsia straminea 26 0.07 0.21 0.12 0.05 0.14 0.67 0.33 0.16 0.11 0.07 0.24

ARALIACEAEAstrotricha latifolia 5 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05

Cephalaralia cephalobotrys 17 0.21 0.21 0.Q9 0.Q3 0.07 0.16 0.07 0.05

Polyse/as elegans 31 0.07 0.41 0.19 0.08 0.18 0.25 0.13 0.11

Polyse/as murrayi 3 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.Q2

Po(vse/as sambucifolia 42 0.08 0.47 0.14 0.43 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.25 0.20 0.05

ASCLEPIADACEAE• Gomphocarpllsjnlticosus 5 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.04 0.Q3 0.07

Marsdenia rostrata 1 0.11 0.07

Marsdenia Iloydii 24 0.50 0.15 0.Q9 0.08 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.12 0.15 0.07 0.18

Tylophora paniculata 1 0.03 0.07

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 73

Broad Vegetation Type Logging categoryTot. RF WS BBT DS NEH SF SSD SWD L1 L2 UL1 UL2freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

ASTERACEAEAgeratina adenophora 6 0.07 0.03 0.25 0.Q7 0.02 0.03Ageratina riparia I 0.07 0.02Ambrosia artemisiifolia I 0.33 0.02Baccharis halimifolia 9 0.05 0.44 0.67 0.05 0.02 0.13 0.08Bidens pilosa 11 0.03 0.Q7 0.14 0.33 0.16 0.02 0.07Cassinia compacta I 0.33 0.02Cassinia leptocephala I 0.14 0.07Chrysanthemoides monilifera var.rotundata 3 0.03 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.05Cirsiunl ,'ulgare 13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.33 0.16 0.05 0.07Conyza albida I 0.Q3 0.02Erechtites valerianifolia I 0.11 0.07Erigeron bonariensis I 0.02 0.02Erigeronjloribundus I 0.Q3 0.02Helichrysum elatum 4 0.03 0.Q3 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.Q3

Olearia argophylla 1 0.14 0,07

Olearia nemstii 3 0.Q3 0.22 0.02 0.05Ozothamnus diosmifolius 35 0.15 0.31 0.22 0.11 0.67 0.46 0.10 0.13 0.03Ozothanlllus obovatus I 0.14 0.07Ozothamnus rufescens 3 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.Q3

Senecio amygdalifolius 9 0.03 0.09 0.Q3 0.29 0.07 0.07 0.07Senecio species 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.Q3

Sigesbeckia oriell/alis 15 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.05 0.07Tagetes minuta 1 0.03 0.02Taraxacum officinale 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.07Vemonia cinerea var. cinerea 2 0.22 0.13Xanthium spinosum I 0.Q3 0.02AVICENNIACEAEAl'icennia marina 0.11 0.Q3

BIGNONIACEAEPal/dorea baileyana I 0.07 0.Q3

Pandorea pandorana 44 0.07 0.26 0.36 0.19 0.29 0.22 0.25 0.39 0.25 0.07 0.16BORAGINACEAEEhretia acuminata var. acuminata 0.07 0.02CAPPARACEAECapparis arborea 9 0.29 0.13 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.11CASUARINACEAEAllocasuarina littoralis 13 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.33 0.07 0.05 0.27 0.05Allocasuarina torulosa 105 0.44 0.88 0.70 0.86 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.75 0.72 0.53 0.26Casuarina cunninghamiana I 0.03 0.02Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana 1 0.03 0.Q3

Casuarina glauca 2 0.22 0.05

CELASTRACEAECelastms subspicata 12 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.05Denhamia celastroides 13 0.14 0.21 0.03 0.33 0.05 0.08 0.27 0.Q3

Maytenus bilocularis 34 0.13 0.29 0.30 0.14 0.39 0.18 0.07Maytenus sllvestris 6 0.Q3 0.03 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.03 0.Q3

CHENOPODIACEAESarcocomia quinquejlora 0.25 0.Q3

CONVOLVULACEAEDichondra repens 0.11 0.07Ipomoea cair/ca 0.11 0.03

CUCURBITACEAEZehneria cunninghamii 4 0.Q7 0.03 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.03 0.07

CUNONIACEAEAphanopetalum resinosum 1 0.Q3 0.02Caldeluvia paniculosa 43 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.57 0.14 0.38 0.20 0.24

Callicoma serratifolia 33 0.43 0.26 0.12 0.71 0.44 0.33 0.07 0.28 0.20 0.24

Ceratopetalum apetalum 20 0.57 0.13 0.09 0.29 0.21 0.18

Ceratopetalum gllmmiferum 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.07

Geissois bell/hanliana 8 0.50 0.03 0.03 0.16

Schizomeria ovata 34 0.43 0.31 0.14 0.05 0.57 0.11 0.33 0.14 0.28 0.20 0.16

DILLENIACEAEAdrastaea salicifolia 1 0.25 0.Q3

Hibberlia acicularis I 0.03 0.Q3

Hihbertia aspera 16 0.14 0.14 0.33 0.09 0.11 0.20 0.03

Hibhertia dentata 26 0.10 0.31 0.03 0.29 0.33 0.18 0.21 0.07 0.05

Hibberlia empetrifolia 1 0.03 0.02Hibhertia scandellS 79 0.07 0.46 0.72 0.24 0.57 0.44 0.33 0.49 0.56 0.67 0.18

Hibbertia vestita 13 0.Q9 0.19 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.13 0.08

DROSERACEAEDrosera auriculata 2 0.Q3 0.14 0.05

Drosera spatulata 1 0.25 0.03

Drosera species I 0.03 0.02EBENACEAEDiO!,pyros allstralis 11 0.14 0.05 0.14 0.29 0.Q7 0.05 0.07 0.08

DiD.lpyros pell/amera 13 0.36 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.16

ELAEOCARPACEAEElaeocarpus grandis 0.07 0.03

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES74 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

Broad Vegetation Type Logging categoryTot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Elaeocarpus obovatus 7 0.07 0.10 0.Q3 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.05

Elaeocarpus reticulatus 66 0.14 0.44 0.53 0.11 0.86 0.56 0.33 0.39 0.54 0.40 0.13

Sloallea australis 10 0.29 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.Q7 0.13

SloQl/ea wool/sii 20 0.71 0.18 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.15 0.26

EPACRIDACEAEAcrotriche aggregata 3 0.Q3 0.03 0.05

Epacris obtusifolia I 0.25 0.Q3

Epacris pulchel/a 4 0.11 0.02 0.08

Leucopogoll jUlliperillus 1 0.Q3 0.02

Leucopogoll Im/ceolatus var. ImlCeolatus 31 0.10 0.22 0.22 0.57 0.22 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.08

Leucopogoll margarodes 4 0.Q3 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05

Leucopogoll parviflorus 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.02

Leucopogoll virgatus I 0.Q3 0.Q3

Melichrus procumbells 4 0.11 0.02 0.08

MOllotoca scoparia var. scoparia }} 0.22 0.14 0.02 0.21

Sprellgelia illcamata I 0.25 0.Q3

Trochocarpa laurilla 71 0.21 0.56 0.50 0.24 0.86 0.11 0.33 0.46 0.61 0.33 0.08

ESCALLONIACEAEAbrophyl/um omm/s 9 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.11

Allopterus mac/eaymlUs 12 0.36 0.10 0.02 0.29 0.02 0.08 0.16

CUIIsia "ibumea 9 0.07 0.10 0.Q3 0.14 0.25 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.11

Polyosma cUllllillghalllii 16 0.86 0.05 0.02 0.14 0.11 0.24

Quilllillia sieberi I 0.07 0.Q3

Quilllillia verdollii 24 0.57 0.23 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.18 0.Q7 0.24

EUPHORBIACEAEAcalypha lIemorum I 0.Q3 0.02

Alchomea ilicifolia 3 0.07 0.03 0.Q2 0.03 0.Q3

Austrobuxus swaillii 9 0.08 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.Q7 0.Q3

Baloghia illophyl/a 9 0.43 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.13

Breyllia oblollgifolia 75 0.Q7 0.54 0.62 0.35 0.43 0.11 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.18

Claoxyloll australe 23 0.07 0.38 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.20 0.20 0.05

Cleistallthus cmmillghamii 4 0.21 0.03 0.Q3 0.05

Crotoll phebalioides I 0.Q3 0.03

Crotoll "errearlXii 6 0.15 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.Q3

Drypetes australasica 11 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05

Glochidioll jerdillalldi 33 0.33 0.14 0.11 0.67 0.25 0.33 0.16 0.23 0.27 0.16

Mal/otus philippe1lSis 12 0.14 0.15 0.Q2 0.08 0.Q7 0.07 0.13 0.05

Omalalllhus populifolius 12 0.13 0.10 0.Q3 0.09 0.11

Petalostigllla pubescells I 0.03 0.02

Phyl/alllhus gasstroemii 19 0.05 0.21 0.11 0.14 0.23 0.10

Phyl/allthus hirtel/us 2 0.05 0.05

Ricillocarpos pillifolius I 0.03 0.03

EUPOMATIACEAEEupomatia belll/ellii 8 0.Q7 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.08

Eupomatia laurilla 40 0.07 0.41 0.33 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.07 0.11

FABACEAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE• Selllla pelldula var. glabrata 2 0.05 0.Q3

• SellllQ xfloriblmda 4 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.Q3

FABACEAE·FABOIDEAEAustrosteellisia blackii 5 0.21 0.Q3 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05

Bossiaea rhombifolia 2 0.05 0.05

Dal'iesia acicularis I 0.Q3 0.02

Daviesia arborea 15 0.16 0.05 0.57 0.04 0.16 0.13 0.Q3

DQl'iesia ulicifolia I 0.Q2 0.02

Daviesia umbel/ulata 10 0.05 0.16 0.11 0.07 0.Q3 0.13 0.05

Derris ill"oluta 21 0.29 0.18 0.Q7 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.11

Desmodium rhytidophyl/um I 0.11 0.Q7

Di//wYllia retorta ssp. E. 2 0.05 0.05

Glycille clalldestilla var. c/alldestilla 53 0.05 0.47 0.49 0.44 0.67 0.58 0.15 0.47 0.11

Glycille ~p.A 6 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.07

Gompholobium latifolium 9 0.07 0.14 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.03

Gompholobium pilmatlllll 11 0.05 0.22 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.11

Gompholobium "irgatulII var. "irgatum I 0.Q2 0.02

Goodia lotifolia 3 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02

Hardellbergia violacea 38 0.03 0.33 0.46 0.33 0.39 0.18 0.20 0.05

Hovea lilleari.l· 2 0.Q2 0.05 0.04 0.05

llldigojera australis var. australis 19 0.03 0.17 0.22 0.21 0.08 0.13

Jacksollia scoparia 8 0.03 0.16 0.07 0.07 0.08

Kell1ledia prostrata .1 0.03 0.Q3

Kelmedia rubicullda 53 0.08 0.47 0.51 0.14 0.11 0.67 0.56 0.20 0.40 0.08

Mirbelia Mtbiifolia I 0.03 0.03

OxylobiulII aCiculiferum I 0.02 0.02

Oxylobium ilicifolium 9 0.10 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.05

Pararchidelldroll pruillOSUIII 5 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.Q3

PlatylobiumjormoSllm ssp.jorlllosum 2 0.02 0.03 0.04

Pu/tellaea elliptica I 0.03 0.02

Pu/tellaea retusa 15 0.12 0.08 0.44 0.33 0.14 0.Q3 0.20 0.05

Pultellaea sp. A (aff. elliptica) 2 0.05 0.05

Pultellaea "i//osa 11 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.67 0.Q9 0.02 0.13 0.08

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIi WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR

FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 75


Viglla vexillala 0.03 0.02FABACEAE-MIMOSOIDEAEAcacia hillen'ala 18 0.05 0.17 o.n 0.14 0.33 0.21 0.10Acacia chrysolricha 1 0.03 0.03Acacia complanala 8 0.Q7 0.11 0.09 0.Q7 0.05Acacia cOllcurrens 11 0.07 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.Q7 0.11Acaciajalcala 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03Acaciajalcijormis 1 0.03 0.02Acaclaflmhriala 11 0.03 0.24 0.09 0.05 0.Q7 0.05Acaciaflorihullda 8 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.33 0.05 0.Q3 0.Q7 0.05Acacia hi.pidula I 0.03 0.03Acacia irrorala ssp. irrorala 27 0.13 0.16 0.24 0.44 0.26 0.11 0.13 0.08Acacia irrorala ssp. velulillella 2 0.05 0.02 0.Q3Acacia IOllgijolia 2 0.Q3 0.04Acacia IOllgissima 6 0.Q3 0.09 . 0.04 0.07Acacia maidellii 4 0.05 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.03 0.07Acacia melal/oxyloll 81 0.21 0.54 0.62 0.24 0.86 0.44 0.25 0.33 0.56 0.56 0.47 0.21AcaCia myrlijolia var. myrlijolia 5 0.03 0.05 0.33 0.04 0.02 0.13Acacia sophorae 3 0.02 0.11 0.25 0.02 0.05Acacia suaveolells 5 0.02 0.11 0.04 0,02 0.Q7 0.03Acacia lenllillalis 2 0.02 0.Q3 0,02 0.Q3Acacia ulicijolia 3 0.02 0.Q3 0.33 0.02 0.13Arch/del/droll grandiflorum 8 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.05FAGACEAENOlhojagus moorei 2 0.14 0.05FLACOURTlACEAEScolopia hrmmii 11 0.07 0.15 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.09 0.05 0.Q7 0.05GESNERIACEAEFieldia auslralis 2 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03GOODENIACEAEDampiera purpurea 2 0.03 0.33 0.02 0.Q7Dampiera sylveslris I 0.03 0.03Damp/era slricla 13 0.Q7 0.16 0.33 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.11Goodellia hellidijolia ssp. hellidijolia 1 0.03 0.03Goodellia hederacea ssp. hederacea 21 0.14 0.32 0.14 0.16 0.10 0.16HALORAGACEAEGOllocarpus oreophilus 7 0.07 0.43 0.02 0.08 0.07GOllocarpus lelragyl/us 9 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.44 0.33 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.11GOIlOcarpus leucrioides 1 0.1 1 0.07ICACINACEAECilrollella moorei 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.08Pellllalllia cUIIl/illghamii 9 0.29 0.10 0,02 0.04 0.05 0.11LAMIACEAEPleclramhus graveolells 4 0.05 0.25 0.02 0.02 0.05Pleclrml1hus parviflorus 20 0.08 0.07 0.35 0.19 0.05 0.33 0.03LAURACEAEBeilschmiedia e/liplica 7 0.14 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.05Cas.lylha glahella 5 0.02 0.08 0.25 0.02 0.03 0.05Cassylha puhescells 1 0.02 0.02Cassylha species 1 0.03 0.03Chmamomum camphora 16 0.07 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.20 0.05Cillnamo11lum oUl'er; 20 0.50 0.18 0.09 0.14 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.18C'ryplocarya dorrigoellsis 1 0.03 0.07Cryplocarya erylhroxyloll 2 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.03Cryplocaryajoveolala 2 0.14 0.05Cryplocarya glaucescells 25 0.36 0.31 0.05 0.Q3 0.29 0.11 0.33 0.11 0.21 0.07 0.13Cryplocarya microlleura 49 0.21 0.67 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.44 0.13 0.16Cryplocarya ohovala 15 0.21 0.21 0.03 0.Q3 0.14 0.05 0.11 0.13Cryplocarya rigida 62 0.67 0.47 0.14 0.29 0.11 0.33 0.40 0.52 0.20 0.11Cryplocarya Iriplil/en'is 1 0.07 0.03Elldialldra crassiflora 10 0.29 0.08 0.03 0.14 0.08 0.07 0.11Elldialldra muelleri 34 0.57 0.41 0.17 0.16 0.25 0.07 0.24Elldialldra puhells 1 0.03 0.03Elldial/dra sieheri 17 0.10 0.14 0.71 0.05 0.16 0.20 0.03Lilsea reliculala 16 0.36 0.13 0.07 0.29 0.04 0.13 0.07 0.13Neolilsea dealhala 38 0.50 0.46 0.21 0.25 0.18 0.30 0.07 0.24LOBELlACEAELohelia delllala 1 0.02 0.02Pralia purpurascells 23 0.08 0.10 0.30 0.33 0.18 0.05 0.20 0.18LOGANIACEAEMitrasacme polymorpha 0.03 0.03LORANTHACEAEAmyema cOl/gel/er ssp. cOl/gel/er 5 0.03 0,02 0.Q3 0.29 0.03 0.07 0.05Amyema pelldulum ssp. pelldulum 2 0.Q3 0.02 0.02 0.03Amylolheca diclyophleha 5 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.07MALVACEAEHihiscus helerophyllus ssp. helerophyllus 8 0.13 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.07Howittia Irilocularis 1 0.Q3 0.02Sida rhomhijolia ssp. rhomhijolia 12 0.07 0.22 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.03

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES76 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

Broad Vegetation Type Logging category

Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2

freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

MELASTO~TACEAE• Tibouchina species. 0,02 0.02

MELlACEAEDysoxylumfraserianum 11 0.21 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.08 0,07 0.08

Dysoxylum rufulll 8 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.05

Melia azedarach var. australasica 4 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.05

Synoum glandulosulII 76 0.29 0.74 0.57 0.05 0.71 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.59 0.33 0.26

Toonaciliata 9 0.14 0.10 0,02 0.03 0.25 0.04 0,07 0.08

MENISPER~CEAE

Legnephora 1II00rei 19 0.28 0.09 0.03 0.14 0.25 0.11 0.15 0,07 0.08

SarcopetalulII harveyanuIII I 0.03 0.03

Stephania aculeata I 0.02 0,02

Stephaniajaponica var. discolor 39 0.31 0.34 0.08 0.29 0.11 0.25 0.32 0.20 0.40 0.08

Tinospora tinosporoides 1 0,02 0.02

MENYANTHACEAEVillarsia exallata 3 0.33 0.08

MONIMIACEAEDaphnaJldra micrantha 18 0.43 0.26 0.02 0.14 0.04 0.13 0,07 0.18

Doryphora sassafras 18 0.64 0.13 0.02 0.43 0.16 0.21

Hedycarya angustifolia 2 0.03 0,02 0,02 0,02

Palmeria scandens 43 0.79 0.44 0.21 0.43 0.11 0.41 0,07 0.29

Wilkiea huegeliana 48 0.57 0.74 0.16 0,03 0.11 0.23 0.36 0.20 0.26

MORACEAEFicus coronata 32 0.21 0.41 0.17 0.05 0.25 0.18 0.23 0.20 0.13

Ficus rubiginosa 1 0.25 0,03

Ficus watkinsiana 5 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.08

Mac/ura cochinchinensis 10 0,07 0.05 0,07 0.08 0.09 0.08

Malaisia scandellS 2 0,07 0.03 0.02 0,03

Streblus bnmonianus 2 0,07 0.03 0,02 0,03

MYOPORACEAEErelllophila debilis 0,03 0.02

Myoporum aculllinatum 0.11 0,03

MYRSINACEAEAegiceras comiculatulII 1 0.11 0,03

Elllbelia auslraliana 28 0.36 0.44 0.09 0.25 0.09 0.21 0.20 0.18

RapaJlea howittiana 18 0,07 0.18 0,03 0.11 0.22 0.25 0.33 0.11 0.13 0.11

Rapanea variabilis 10 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.09 0,07 0,07

MYRTACEAEAcmena smithii 49 0.57 0.69 0.14 0.29 0.44 0.12 0.43 0.20 0.34

Angophora costata 27 0.05 0.31 0.16 0.11 0.25 0.20 0,07

Angophorajloribunda 28 0,03 0.17 0.43 0.33 0.26 0.08 0.13 0.16

Angophora robur I 0.03 0,03

Angophora subvelutina 2 0.05 0.03

Angophora woodsiana 1 0.03 0.03

Archirhodomyrtus beckleri 59 0.21 0.33 0.59 0.16 0.29 0.33 0.44 0.44 0.27 0.08

Austromyrtus bidwillii 3 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.05

Austrolllyrtus dulcis 1 0,02 0,02

Backhousia anisata I 0,07 0.03

Backhousia lIIyrtifolia 1 0.03 0,02

Backhousia sciadophora 1 0,07 0,02

Baeckea imbricata 1 0.25 0.03

Baeckea linifolia I 0.03 0,03

Baeckea species 1 0,03 0.03

Baeckea stenophylla 1 0.25 0.03

Callistemon pachyphyllus 2 0.11 0.25 0.05

Callistemon salignus 6 0.03 0.56 0.02 0,07 0.11

Choricarpia leptopetala 2 0.05 0.02 0.07

Decaspenllllm humile 2 0.07 0.03 0.02 0,02

Eucalyptus acmenioides 39 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.14 0.35 0.25 0.13 0.05

Eucalyptus agglomerata 1 0,02 0,02

Eucalyptus amplifolia var. amplifolia 2 0,02 0,03 0.02 0.02

Eucalyptus mlcophila 1 0,02 0.02

Eucalyptus baileyana 3 0.08 0.08

Eucalyptus bancroftii 2 0,03 0.11 0.05

Eucalyptus bilurbinata I 0.14 0,07

Eucalyptus cameronii 2 0.02 0.14 0.02 0,03

Eucalyptus campmllllata 13 0,03 0.09 1.00 0,07 0.10 0.13 0.03

Eucalyptus camea 34 0.24 0.54 0.33 0.11 0.27 0.11

Eucalyptus crebra 2 0.02 0,03 0,02 0.02

Eucalyptus eugenioides 1 0.03 0,07

EucalyptllSfibrosa 6 0,02 0.14 0,07 0.02 0,03

Eucalyptusfusifonllis 1 0.02 0.02

EucalyptllS globoidea 2 0.05 0.02 0.03

Eucalyptus grandis 21 0.46 0.05 0.07 0.20 0.33

EucalyptllS gummifera 51 0.15 0.43 0.46 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.23 0.47 0.13

Eucalyptus henryi 2 0.05 0,02 0.03

Eucalyptus intenlledia 17 0.07 0.23 0.12 0.05 0.16 0.11

Eucalyptus lIIaculala 21 0.03 0.07 0.43 0.25 0.03 0.13 0.08

Eucalyptus microcorys 106 0.62 0.90 0.62 0.57 0.22 0.25 0.82 0.69 0.80 0.13

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA'SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR

FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 77


Eucalyptus pilularis 73 0.15 0.97 0.19 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.Q7 0.11Eucalyptus plallchollialla 9 0.03 0.16 0.33 0.02 0.03 0.13 0.11Eucalyptus propillqua 41 0.15 0.26 0.54 0.47 0.16 0.13 0.05Eucalyptus pyrocarpa 6 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.03Eucalyptus resillifera 13 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.22 0.11 0.05 0.13 0.05Eucalyptus robusta 10 0.03 0.89 0.25 0.02 0.13 0.18Eucalyptus rummeryi 5 0.14 0.05 0.Q7 0.03Eucalyptus saligna 33 0.33 0.29 0.03 0.29 0.19 0.36Eucalyptus siderophloia 34 0.15 0.14 0.54 0.37 0.08 0.27 0.11Eucalyptus signata 5 0.11 0.1] 0.05 0.02 0.03Eucalyptus tereticomis 9 0.02 0.19 0.11 0.02 0.05 0.20 0.05Eucalyptus tetrapleura 2 0.05 0.02 0.03Eucalyptus tilldaliae 3 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.03Eucalyptus umbra 3 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02Leptospemlllmjulliperillum 2 0.11 0.25 0.05Leptospenlllll/I polygalifolium 17 0.03 0.09 0.24 0.11 0.33 0.Q7 0.08 0.20 0.13LeptospemlUm trillervium 9 0.03 0.19 0.04 0.02 0.Q7 0.13Lophostemoll c01ifertus 88 0.85 0.71 0.24 0.57 0.25 0.60 0.69 0.27 0.21Lophostemoll suoveolellS 8 0.05 0.03 0.44 0.05 0.02 0.Q7 0.08Melaleuca altemifolia 2 0.22 0.Q7 0.03Melaleuca linariifolia 5 0.02 0.44 0.02 0.Q7 0.08Melaleuca lIodosa 2 0.03 0.11 0.05Melaleuca quillquellervia 4 0.02 0.33 0.02 0.13 0.03Melaleuca sieberi 6 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.22 0.25 0.02 0.Q7 0.11Melaleuca styphelioides 1 0.11 0.Q7

Melaleuca thymifolia 2 0.11 0.25 0.05

PilidiostignlO glabrum 19 0.14 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.05 0.23 0.13Rhodamllia rubescells 43 0.49 0.29 0.16 0.25 0.35 0.33 0.13 0.03

Rhodolllyrtus psidioides 10 0.05 0.Q7 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.05

SYllcarpia glomulifera 86 0.56 0.62 0.57 0.57 0.25 0.67 0.53 0.67 0.40 0.24

Syzygium australe 5 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.05

Syzygium crebrillen·e 5 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03

Syzygium oleosulll 3 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03

Tristalliopsis collilla 8 0.21 0.03 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.Q7 0.11

Tristalliopsis laurilla 8 0.Q7 0.13 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.11

OLEACEAELigustnlm sillellse 3 0.Q7 0.03 0.33 0.02 0.02 0.Q7

Notelaea IOllgifolia 47 0.Q7 0.44 0.17 0.35 0.14 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.27 0.18

Notelaea ovata 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03

Notelaea species A 1 0.02 0.03

Notelaea vellosa 6 0.08 0.02 0.14 0.25 0.03 0.13 0.05

Olea palliculata I 0.03 0.02

OXALlDACEAEOxalis species O.ll 0.07

PASSIFLORACEAEPa<sijlora edulis 11 0.Q7 0.13 0.03 0.05 0.25 0.Q7 0.10 0.03

Passijlora subpeltata 8 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.05

PEPEROMIACEAEPeperomia tetraphylla 0.25 0.03

PHYTOLACCACEAEPhytolacca octalldra 5 0.02 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.03

PIPERACEAEPiper lIovae-hollandiae 6 0.29 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05

PITTOSPORACEAEBillardiera scandens 30 0.10 0.19 0.27 0.22 1.00 0.32 0.10 0.33 0.03

Bursaria spillosa 2 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.03

Citriobatus paucijlonls 21 0.57 0.23 0.05 0.03 0.Q7 0.15 0.Q7 0.18

Hymellojporum jlOVUlll 7 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.14 0.25 0.04 0.03 0.Q7 0.05

Pillojporum revolutulll 33 0.29 0.23 0.17 0.16 0.43 0.11 0.25 0.20 0.13 0.13

Pil/osporum ulldulatum 18 0.08 0.17 0.03 0.43 0.25 0.07 0.15 0.13 0.08

PROTEACEAEAlloxyloll pillllatum 4 0.Q7 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.03

Ballksia aemula 1 0.33 0.Q7

Bmlksia illtegrifolia 3 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.05

Bmlksia oblollgifolia 7 0.02 0.14 0.11 0.02 0.Q7 0.13

Ballksia serrata I 0.03 0.03

Ballk:,'ia spillulosa var.collllla 11 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.33 0.02 0.05 0.13 0.13

Grevillea robusta 2 0.Q7 0.03 0.03Hakea dactyloides 2 0.05 0.05Hakea salicifolia 12 0.09 0.14 0.11 0.33 0.09 0.03 0.Q7 0.11Hakea sericea 1 0.03 0.03lsopogoll petiolaris 1 0.03 0.03LambertiajomlOsa 5 0.14 0.02 0.11LOlllatiajraseri 1 0.14 ·0.Q7

Lomatia silaifolia 22 0.21 0.19 0.29 0.33 0.14 0.15 0.Q7 0.11

Orites excelsa 15 0.64 0.10 0.14 0.33 0.02 0.08 0.24

Persoollia media 52 0.21 0.18 0.50 0.22 0.57 0.33 0.37 0.34 0.47 0.08Persoollia stradbrokellsis 16 0.09 0.30 0.12 0.03 0.13 0.13

Persoonia Jel'is 26 0.13 0.21 0.22 0.11 0.23 0.15 0.13 0.05

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW sourn WALES78 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33


Persoonia sericea 3 0.08 0.04 0,03Persoonia species 1 0.03 0,03Persoonia /elluifolia 2 0.05 0.05Persoollia virga/a 1 0.14 0.02Pe/rophile callescells 4 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.08SleJlocarpos sinualus 1 0.03 0,03Slenocarpus salignus 4 0.14 0.05 0.03 0,07 0,03Triunia yOllllgiana 6 0.29 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.08RANUNCULACEAEClelllalis aris/a/a 39 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.35 0.20 0.33 0.05Rallunculus inundalus 1 0.02 0.02Ranunculus lappaceus var. lappaceus 2 0,03 0.02 0.02RHAMNACEAEAlphitonia excelsa 29 0.14 0.38 0,07 0.16 0.22 0.16 0.16 0.40 0.11EmlllellOSpemlQ alphitonioides 1 0.03 0.02Pomaderris Iigus/rina 1 0.14 0,07ROSACEAERubus hil/ii 39 0.Q7 0.23 0.33 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.67 0.39 0.20 0.07 0.11Rubus parvifolius 19 0.03 0.16 0.22 0.14 0.23 0.03 0.13 0.05Rubus rosifolius 23 0.18 0.22 0.08 0.25 0.10 0.13 0.03Rubus species (aff. moorel) 33 0.29 0.33 0.24 0.29 0.12 0.30 0.13 0.16RUBIACEAECan/hium coprosmoides 2 0.05 0.02 0.02Can/hium odora/um 1 0.Q7 0.03Coprosma quadrifida 1 0.03 0.02Hodgkillsonia ovalij/ora 3 0.Q7 0.05 0.02 0.05Ixora beck/eri 1 0.03 0.02Morindajasmilloides 47 0.43 0.54 0.26 0,03 . 0.22 0.25 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.18Psycholria loniceroides 50 0.21 0.26 0.48 0.14 0.57 0.40 0.31 0.27 0.11Randia bell/hamialla 18 0.57 0.13 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.11 0.24RUTACEAEAcradellia euodiifonnis 7 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.11Acronychia oblongifolia 11 0.14 0.15 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.07 0.Q7 0.08Acronychia pubescells 3 0,07 0.05 0.02 0.05Acronychia suberosa 1 0.Q7 0.02Boronia ledifolia 4 0.02 0.05 0.33 0.02 0.13 0.03Boronia microphyl/a 1 0.03 0.03Boronia parvij/ora 1 0.25 0,03Borollia rosmarillifolia 1 0,03 0,03Boronia umbel/ala 1 0.03 0.02Bosis/oafloydii 1 0,07 0.02

• Cilrus Iimonia 5 0.14 0.05 0,03 0.Q7 0.03Flilldersia scllO/limza 2 0,07 0.02 0.03Melicope hayesii 7 0.10 0.03 0.14 0,07 0,03 0.Q7

Mehcope micrococca 6 0.Q7 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.07Melicope oclandra 2 0.14 0.02 0.03Phebaliulll squameum ssp. squameulll 1 0.03 0.02Phebalium squalllulosum ssp. squamulosum 1 0.02 0.02Sarcomelicope simplicifolia 2 0.Q7 0.03 0.02 0,03Zieria arborescells I 0.03 0.Q7

Zieria smithii 15 0.15 0,07 0.43 0.11 0.33 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.05SANTALACEAEChorelrum cm.dol/ei 1 0,03 0,03

Exocarpos cupressifonnis 1 0.03 0.03Exocarpos slriclus 8 0,07 0.08 0.14 0.Q7 0.02 0.08Salllalum oblusifolium 1 0.03 0.02SAPINDACEAEAleclryoll subcinereus 22 0.36 0.33 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.21Cupaniopsis mzacardioides 6 0.10 0.02 0.11 0.02 0,03 0,07 0.05Cupaniopsisfoveolala 4 0.05' 0.14 0.25 0.03 0,03

Cupaniopsis parvifolia 4 0.14 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.07 0,03

DiploglO/liS auslralis 13 0.Q7 0.28 0.02 0.Q7 0.10 0.Q7 0.05Dodonaea Iriquelra 12 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.33 0.12 0.03 0.Q7 0.05Dodollaea viscosa ssp. spa/ulala 1 0.03 0.02Dodollaea viSCDsa 1 0.03 0,03

Ela/loslachys nervosa 6 0.14 0.05 0,03 0.04 0.03 0.05Guioa semiglauca 37 0.14 0.49 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.20 0.08Jagera pseudorhus 12 0.Q7 0.15 0.05 0.22 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.11Mischocarpus pyrifomlis 7 0.29 0.05 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.13Sarcopleryx slipala 35 0.86 0.33 0.10 0.57 0.Q7 0.26 0.13 0.34SAPOTACEAEAmorphospenl/lllll whitei 14 0.Q7 0.23 0.Q7 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.05Planchonel/a auslralis 2 0.14 0.05SIMAROUBACEAEGuilfoylia monoslylis 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.Q7 0.05SOLANACEAEDuboisia myoporoides 10 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.20 0.03

Physalis millima 5 0.05 0.11 0.33 0.07 0.Q7

Solmlllm aviculare 5 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.03

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIl WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 79


Solanum densevestilum 30 0.13 0.24 0.27 0.14 0.35 0.10 0.20 0.03Solanum inaequilalenlm 8 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.07 0.03 0.05Solanum maurilianum 10 0.07 0.Q3 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.05 0.Q7Solallum pseudoeapsieum 5 0.Q7 0.33 0.07 0.02SolatIUm slelligenlm 11 0.08 0.02 0.16 0.25 0.12 0.02 0.13 0.03STERCULIACEAEHeriliera aelinophylla 14 0.50 0.13 0.02 0.14 0.04 0.05 0.24Heriliera Irifoliolala 3 0.21 0.02 0.05Braehyehilon aeerifolius 3 0.Q7 0.03 0.02 0.05Braehyehilon populneus 6 0.02 0.14 0.09 0.Q7Commersoniafraseri 7 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.25 0.05 0.02 0.Q7 0.05Lasiopelalum parviflonlm I 0.03 0.03THYMELAEACEAEPimelea hirsula 2 0.03 0.03 0.03Pimelea Iillifolia 13 0.05 0.24 0.33 0.09 0.02 0.13 0.13Wikslroemia indiea I 0.03 0.02TREMANDRACEAETelralheea Ihymifolia 0.03 0.03TRIMENIACEAEPiploealyx moorei 12 0.13 0.09 0.29 0.04 0.15 0.Q7ULMACEAEAphat/atllhe philippi1lensis 3 0.Q7 0.05 0.02 0.05Trema aspera 10 0.03 0.05 0.16 0.12 0.05URTICACEAEDendroenide exeelsa 12 0.36 0.15 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.Q7 0.13Dendroenide pholinophylla 5 0.21 0.05 0.02 0.Q3 0.05£Ialoslema relieulalum 6 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.11Urliea ineisa 2 0.05 0.02 0.02VERBENACEAECalliearpa peduneulala 2 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.Q7C1erodendnlm j10ribundum 7 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.Q7Clerodelldnlm lome1ll0sum 12 0.21 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.11Omelina leiehhardlii 9 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.Q7 0.11Lonlana eamara 82 0.14 0.62 0.48 0.51 0.14 0.56 0.25 0.67 0.61 0.44 0.67 0.26Verbena bonariensis 3 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02VIOLACEAEHybatllhus vemonii ssp. seaber I 0.03 0.03Viola belonieifolia 3 0.03 0.14 0.04 0.Q7Viola hederaeea I 0.11 0.Q7VITACEAECayralia clematidea 15 0.Q7 0.18 0.Q7 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.Q7Cayralia eurynema 1 0.03 0.02Cissus alllareliea 61 0.29 0.56 0.38 0.24 0.29 0.25 0.33 0.47 0.43 0.20 0.13Cissus hypoglauea 81 0.50 0.67 0.55 0.24 0.57 0.22 0.33 0.49 0.59 0.47 0.26Cissus slereuliifolia 3 0.03 0.03 0.05Telrasligma ni/ens 16 0.21 0.21 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.Q7 0.11WINTERACEAETasmannia insipida 24 0.71 0.18 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.20 0.Q7 0.21Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA - LILIIDAEANTHERICACEAECaesia parviflora var villala 1 0.03 0.02LaxmOllllia gracilis I 0.03 0.0311/ysanolus lubero:ms 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 .0.02ARACEAEAloeasia brisbanensis 9 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.Q7 0.05Oymlloslaehys alleeps 51 0.57 0.49 0.26 0.19 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.20 0.24POlhos longipes 17 0.71 0.15 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.24ARECACEAEArcl101IIophoenix ermllinghamiana 46 0.43 0.51 0.29 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.23 0.39 0.Q7 0.21Calamus llIuelleri 21 0.50 0.26 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.18Linospadix monoslaehya 18 0.86 0.10 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.26Lil'islona auslralis 3 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.03ASTELIACEAECordyline peliolaris 16 0.14 0.31 0.03 0.09 0.13 0.08Cordyline nlbra 8 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.33 0.02 0.07 0.08Cordyline slriela 78 0.21 0.82 0.48 0.14 0.43 0.56 0.25 0.33 0.47 0.56 0.27 0.34BLANDFORDIACEAEB1a//{lfordia grandiflora 0,03 0.03COMMELINACEAEAneilema aeuminalum 1 0.03 0.02Commelina eyat/ea 6 0.08 0.05 0.25 0.04 0.05 0.03Commelina species I 0.03 0.03Pollia erispala 6 0.14 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.05CYPERACEAEBaumea arlieulala 5 0.56 0.13Baumeajuneea I 0.11 0.03Baumea nlbigillosa 2 0.22 0.Q7 0.03Baumea spp. 2 0.11 0.25 0.Q7 0.03Baumea lerelifolia I 0.11 0,03

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES80 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

Broad Vegetation Type Logging category

Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2

freq. (14) (39) (56) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (36)

Carcx appressa 3 0.03 0,03 0.11 0.03 0,03

Carex declillata 1 0,030.Q7

Carcx gaudichaudialla 2 0.05 0,03

Carcx illversa 2 0,03 0.11 0.02 0,03

Caustisflexuosa I 0.030,03

Causlis spp. 1 0.020.07

Chorizalldra cymbaria 4 0.33 0.25 0.13 0.05

Chorizmldra species '2 0,03 0.25 0.05

Cypcrusjilipes 3 0.07 0.03 0.020,03 0,03

Cyperusflaccidus I 0.11 0.07

Cyperus gracilis 2 0.07 0,03 0.02 0.03

Cyperus imbccillis 2 0.02 0,03 0.02 0.Q7

Cyperus lucidus I 0.11 0,03

Cypcrus polystachyos 4 0.02 0.33 0.02 0.Q7 0.05

Cyperus tetraphyllus 20 0.14 0.33 0.07 0.03 0.11 0.18 0.07 0.05

f!xocarya sclerioides 3 0.07 0.05 0.05

Fimbristylis dichotoma 2 0.22 0.05

Gahllia aspcra I1 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.11

Gahllia clarkei 2 0,03 0.11 0.02 0,03

Galmia melallocarpa 5 0,03 0.03 0.03 0.33 0.05 0.03

Galmia sieberialla 26 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.89 0.25 0.11 0.13 0.20 0.24

Lcpidospenlla elatius 3 0,03 0.02 0.33 0.02 0.02 0.Q7

Lepidospenua laterale 36 0.10 0.24 0.43 0.67 0.40 0.07 0.27 0.13

Lepidospenlla lilllicola 2 0,03 0.25 0.05

Lepidosperma IOllgitudillalc 1 0.030,03

Lcpidosperma squmuatulll 2 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03

Lcpirollia articulata 1 0.25 0.03

Ptilothrix deusta 4 0.08 0.25 0.11

ScJlOellus turbillatus 1 0.030,03

DIOSCOREACEAEDioscorea transversa 60 0.14 0.77 0.38 0.08 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.37 0.44 0.33 0.18

FLAGELLARIACEAEFlagellaria illdica 9 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.22 0.04 0.05 0.11

HAEMODORACEAEHaelllodorum plmlifolium 4 0.11 0.11

IRIDACEAEPatersollia glabrata 3 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.05

Palersonia sericea 18 0.10 0.27 0.14 0.33 0.11 0.07 0.13 0.16

JUNCACEAEJuneus COlll;ll11llS 2 0.02 0.11 0.02 0.03

JUIlCUS kraussii 2 0.11 0.25 0.05

JUIlCUS alexalldri sop.melmlObasis 1 0.11 0,03

JUIlCUS prislllatocarpus 2 0.22 0.05

JUIlCUS spp. I 0.11 0.07

LOMANDRACEAELOlllalldra elollgata 1 0,03 0,03

Lomalldrajiliforlllis ssp.jilifonuis 38 0.22 0.54 0.29 O.ll 0.67 0.33 0.15 0.27 0.16

LOlllalldra IOllgifolia ssp. IOllgifolia 105 0.57 0.74 0.66 0.57 0.57 0.44 0.33 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.47

Lomalldra multiflora 6 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.02 0,03 0.Q7 0.05

Lomalldra obliqua 6 0.02 0.14 0.04 0.11

Lomalldra .Ipicata 5 0.14 0,03 0,03 0.14 0.20 0.05

LUZURIAGACEAEDrymophila moorci 8 0.29 0.03 0.02 0.29 0.07 0.Q7 0.08

Eustrcphus latifolius 57 0.Q7 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.43 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.53 0.25 0.40 0.16

Gcitolloplesium cymosum 37 0.14 0.38 0.24 0.03 0.29 0.11 0.25 0.33 0.23 0.30 0,07 0.13

ORCHIDACEAEAciallthusjomicatus var.jomicatus 2 0.05 0.02 0,03

lJulbophyllulll.exiguulll 2 0.Q7 0,03 0.02 0.03

Caladellia catcllata 1 0.02 0.02

Caladcllia camea I 0.11 0.07

Calallthe triplicata 4 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.05

COy)'bas acollitiflorus 3 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02

Cryptostylis erecta 4 O.os 0,03 0.04 0.02 0.03

Cymbidiulll cmlOliculatulll I 0,03 0.02

Cymbidiulll madidum 2 0,03 0.02 0.02 0,03

Cylllbidium suavc 19 0.10 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.10 0.20 0,03

Delldrobium aemulum 11 0.07 0.18 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.20 0.08

Delldrobiulll schoellillum 3 0.14 0.14 0,03 0,03

DClldrobiulll jaiifaxii I 0.070,03

Delldrobiulll jalcorostrulll 1 0.Q7 0,03

DClldrobiulll gracilicmlle 5 0.Q7 0.05 0.02 0,03 0.03 0.Q7 0.05

Delldrobium killgimlllm I 0.14 0.Q7

Delldrobium lillguifomle I 0.03 0.07

Delldrobium pugiollifomle 7 0.29 0.03 0.29 0.02 0.Q7 0.13

Delldrobiulll schlleiderae I 0,03 0.02

DClldrobium .Ipeciosum 6 0.36 0.03 0.03 0.11

Delldrobiulll teretifolium 5 0.07 O.os 0.03 0.14 0.05 0.05

Delldrobillm tetragollum 2 0.Q7 0.03 0.Q7 0.03

Liparis reflexa I 0.14 0.Q7

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR

FORESTRESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 81


Pleclorrhiza ITidenlala 3 0.Q7 0.02 0.14 0.05Pleroslylis sp. 3 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02Sarcochilusfalcalus 10 0.07 0.13 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.05 0.13 0.08Sarcochilus olivaceus 1 0.03 0.02PETERMANNIACEAEPelemwlInia cirrosa 19 0.29 0.18 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.J6PHILYDRACEAEPhilydrum lanugillOSllm 0.02 0.02PHORMIACEAEDiallella caerulea 107 0.Q7 0.62 0.71 0.76 0.71 0.56 1.00 0.81 0.61 0.80 0.32Diallella IOllgifolia var. IOllgifolia 4 0.Q7 0.05 0.25 0.02 0.Q7 0.05Slypandra glauca 1 0.D2 0.02POACEAEAlldropogoll virgmicus 15 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.33 1.00 0.16 0.20 0.08Allisopogoll avellaceus 2 0.05 0.05Aristida warburgii 2 0.05 0.05AxOIlOPUS compressus 2 0.D2 0.11 0.02 0.Q3

Capillipedium parviflorum 1 0.03 0.03Cymbopogon refraclus 10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.Q7 0.05Digitaria divaricalissima 7 0.09 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.07Digitaria parviflora 1 0.02 0.02Digitaria ramularis I 0.03 0.02Echillopogon .caespitosus 6 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.33 0.05 0.D2 0.13Elllolasia margillala 1 0.11 0.Q7

Elllolasia slricla 58 0.21 0.43 0.51 0.22 0.25 1.00 0.46 0.26 0.53 0.21Eragroslis brownii 1 0.03 0.02Eragrostis species 1 0.02 0.02Heleropogoll conlorlus 1 0.03 0.D2Imperala cylilldrica var. major 68 0.18 0.50 0.62 0.14 0.56 0.25 0.67 0.67 0.20 0.67 0.21

Oplismellus imbecillis 2 0.03 0.11 0.Q7 0.03

Pallicum decompositum 1 0.03 0.02Pallicum obseplum 16 0.05 0.09 0.16 0.11 0.67 0.16 0.03 0.27 0.Q3

Pm/icum simile 2 0.03 0.11 0.Q7 0.03

Paspalum dilalalum 5 0.05 0.11 0.33 0.07 0.03

Paspalum orbiculare I 0.02 0.02

Phragmiles auslralis 3 0.33 0.08

Poa labillardieri var. labillardieri 4 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.Q3

Poa queenslalldica 1 0.11 0.03

Poa sieberiana var. sieberialla 30 0.08 0.24 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.15 0.13 0.05

Spillifex sericeus 1 0.25 0.03

Sporobolus illdicus l'ar. cape/lSis 4 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.02

Sporobolus virgillicus 2 0.50 0.05

Slipa rudisssp. lIen'osa 1 0.03 0.Q3

77/emeda auslralis 55 0.03 0.38 0.70 0.14 0.22 0.25 0.67 0.49 0.16 0.47 0.26

RESTIONACEAEEmpodisma millus ] 0.25 0.03

Leplocarpus lellax 1 0.25 0.03

Lepyrodia scariosa 6 0.1] 0.11 0.25 0.16

Reslio fasligialus 1 0.33 0.Q7

Reslio lelraphyllus ssp. lelraphyllus 2 0.03 0.11 0.05

RIPOGONACEAERipogollum album 30 0.36 0.41 0.12 0.14 0.33 0.16 0.26 0.13 0.08

Ripogollum discolor 17 0.71 0.18 0.02 0.08 0.Q7 0.26

Ripogollum elseyallum 16 0.36 0.21 0.03 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.13

Ripogollum fawcetlim/U1/1 I 0.03 0.03

SMILACACEAESmilax auslralis 96 0.50 0.79 0.67 0.38 0.43 0.11 0.33 0.60 0.70 0.47 0.32

Smilax glyciphylla 37 0.Q7 0.26 0.31 0.05 0.43 0.22 0.33 0.18 0.36 0.13 0.08

UVULARIACEAETripladenia cunllillghamii 18 0.14 0.21 0.09 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.16 0.11

XANTHORRHOEACEAEXm/lhorrhoeajoh/lSonii 23 0.19 0.27 0.14 0.25 0.21 0.Q7 0.13 0.13

Xalllhorrhoea macrollema 24 0.17 0.32 0.14 0.33 0.19 0.08 0.13 0.16

Xalllhorrhoea malacophylla 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.Q7

ZINGIBERACEAEAlpinia caemlea 58 0.07 0.67 0.36 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.40 0.41 0.20 0.18



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APPENDIX 2

PWTLOCATIONS.

Strata -RIF =Rainforest, WS =Wet ScIerophyll, BBT =Blackbutt, DS =Dry ScIerophyll, NEH =New England Hardwood, SF = Swamp ScIerophyll, SSD = Sedgeland/Sand dune,SWD =Softwood Plantation. HIP =Hardwood Plantation

Type = Forest Types ofN.S.W. - FCNSW Research Note 17

Plots NUING111 to NUMIS 170 were sampled in conjunction with the fauna survey.

PLOTNQ. STA1;;I!; ;FQREST ' ,'Cpf. LOCA:1JQN" ...... ST~TA 'TXrE MAP NAME EA;ST NO~Tll

NUNAMOOl' 'NAMBUCCA ":.' 3W .~~:~;~G~Rri ., '. ,' $F ,. 30\31 MACKSVILDE 499150 "' 6611200

NUNAMOO2 ':NA¥BUCcA .. . " ~21 ·SF· 30\3i MACKSVlLLE 491800 6607300

NUNAMOO3 N~tJc:;CA 313 .P13Ef CRK.TlW1i . SSD 231 MISSMOITI 498150 ~612450

NUIRI004 IRISHMAN 205 ORANGE TREESRd. SSD 234 GIRRALONGEAST 474050 ~616150

NUPIN005 PINECRE.ijK ' 1 ..:~g~~~.~tg~~~~~~ SSD 233 RALEIGH 505800 66317.00

NUPINOQ6. PINE,..CIWEK 1 WS 107 RALEIGH 505950 6632100ARClffiRs"W: ' " ..,.,. .'. .' .

NUPINOQ7 PINE CREEK 17 SF 30 RALEIGH 504800 6636800

NUNEWOO8.:'". '

275 TRAIL OFF.·MAR-TELLS lID: .SF ' 6624550'NE\VRY 31 MISSABOTTI EAST 4956.00

NUNEW009 NEwRY 293 MAltroLLS RD, .', SF 30 MISSABOTTI EAST 498800 {j623100

NUPINOIO PINECREEK 25 yqUN9$.:~:·:", .. SF 30 RALEIGH 50.1159 6638300

NUWAY.OH .wAyWAY, 498 SCOTTS MTN, ." .' . DS 62b 13UNGAl EAST , 497700 6595309

,NUTAR012 T.A:R.KEETH' 253 vNNAl\1t;D'TRA,IL IN PLANTATION IDP-WS 218 BELLINGEN 492'100 6626600 .

NUTUC013 TUCKERS NOB 81 Gr"I:3NlFFERRD; . H\j>-WS 218 BELLINGEN 488900 6635100

NUPINOI4 PINECREEIt 18 DARKIESRD. " H\P-WS 21S RALIEGH 501750 6635100

NUNEWOlS NEWi,W 292 TRAIL OFF CROSSING RD. H\PWS 21S MISSABOTTI EAST '491850 6622150

NUOAK016 OA.KES .' - 166 KilLI.EKRt\NKI.EFLoRA RESERVE ~\F 3' GIRRALONG WE$T 455900 6620900

NUIRIOl1 IRISIDMN 193 R,11'{9w-99r;> FLORA RESERVE R\F 2 GIRRALON,G EAST 473300 6621550

NUMIS018 MISTAKE 359 MANS GULLy RD. ' R\F 23 THUMB CREEK E. 469900 6601050

NUOAKOl9 NULLA FIVE DAY 408 KILPRQTAY RD. R\F 3 GIRRALONG WEst 452600 6618200

NUROS020 ROSES CREEK 136 Rq~ESRD. WS 26 DillwOOD 468300 6627550

NUTUC021 TUCKERS NOB 68 PR,OMISEDLAND R\F 23 BROOKLANA 490800 6641100

NUMIS022 MISTAKE 362 WILKESRD. R\F 3 THUMB CREEK E. 466800 6607400

NUNEV023 NEVER NEVER 83 LANES LOOKOUT R\F 17 BROOKLANA 484600 6642400

NUNEV024 NEVER NEVER 83 LANES LOOKOUT R\F 17 BROOKLANA' 484450 6642200

NUIRI025 IRISI:I~ 195 MIJ)DLE RIDGE RD. WS 53 GIRRALONG EAST 472800 6621100

NurRI02~ IRISHMAN 183 BELLBUCCA RD. WS 53 GIRRALONG EAST 461950 6622800

NUNEW027 N.EWRY 27Q ~A~JNRP. ' W$ 48 M~SSAI;30TTI ~A~T 491050 66~1~00

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PLOTN9 '.' $r~TE ..F().(mST, Cpt . :'. '::LOCATIO~:::: }::::';" .... ,,: :..:..... :": '. ':..:':{ :..... S:l'ItA.TA· . '.::.::. ". <·:C'. TYPE' ··':..::::::>.:MAP NAMtF:- -E~::-'::·:' NOR)'H:'

,.:::'I~~;;~::'· .. ~!;;';,~1I~~t~~;''{;~~·,,· '...J!", .. :•••~. ·'.I~;::T' ,·,··••·;I·,:.·T~~~···.:NUNEW033'·.· NEWRY"·:·:··:..,: :.:. . .27·1:'::"':'" ROCKYWfIAR.F:RD.:..:::·. ,:":,,,: .' :: WS': .::.... :.':'47\48\53 '.: ·.MISSABOmEAST.· '492:1:50·. 6622100

~gr2:34~ ..:..:'.' ~~:~~~~ :'\::.'. ;::.: ::'::::.. :.,::; :':.':~g.:( \:::/:~~~~~~~::' ..... ...... :.:' ...·:·::..:::::::B~::.:.:::::,·.· :.:. .: :.:::t~a·:.· .:. ';~~~~:gg~ ~~1::.:: .:~~~~~..\:.'" '~~~j;~~::~~:~t:·::: .~~~~~~M$ .': '.:: ':::~li ·~~~1~~:~··.·"···:. ..' :: '·'.~:r::,:('::. '. / .:., ~;r ~~~g~'E~~~r 1;,:J~~("" ......~~~~j~~" ':.NUl1\I9038·: 'fNGALBA.··· ..,>.: 477 TEAGtJES KNO~:RD. :.: : .... .'. . ..BBT" . ..' 37a . '. EQNGAIWES:r· , "185200'''6594600.:..·NP.&.Y~03,~:·.. , BUCKRA BENDINl ' ::'3,77. rv1M:~i<AY$:IU?:.:·· ...:ii··<· .:..... '.:. :. BI.!T: 37a' .: TH:lJMB'CREl3K WEST ' "'4~3400': ". 661~950 ". ,

~g~~~~O'::~~H~ .' :'.. '~~~::'" :...~~~~6~&HOs~fiALRDs. ":gi ~;~ .' ~~~g~~~EST :~~~~~:·:.'···~~~l~L:·:

~f:~:; ~~'f·· '.' .:;~:': :::~:~2,~~~t~~~i~~~BRP'''' ~~. ~~~ ~~~~~:~i :~.~~~~::.:. '.. ~;:~~~t ..5~VEDAY J~> ~~!::,5mi!i~ ~r~i! $1=~::; ~~~FIVEDAY .~~~. ~~~~;im,'.· .~~~. ~~~ ~~~g~~~~~~ :~i}~~' ~~1~~~~NUNAM950 NAM.~tJCSA.:"", . 3:12' HYL~If:rA.RRR,9:. BBT ~7 MACKSVII,,~E 498~OQ . 66·l,o.~qO

~t~!{;R 'wii!TI!~ ~wsl;1l ~~CH ..···~~··~illlLNtJ.29.N05.5 CONQLO~RATE '2' l;Jpp¥itCORfNOIRD. W S 48 WOOLGOOLGA " ·50'mOO. ;6676600

~~~~Wt~ '·~~~~S1.' : ..... :·.~~.~o ··2~iU~tm::··· . ~E~ ~~\163 ~~~~~:~::. .., :~~~3~ .'~:~~~~~.~gf~~;~ E=~~~~A.·· ~rHg;~~:~~~~EKRD. ~~ ~~ ~~~~l~~CH ~~~~~~ .. '. ~~:~1~~NUKAN060 .KANGAROO RIVER 224' BLACK MIN. RD, . D S 60 GLENREAGH 483100 6669400NUNEW061 NEWFbUf.'ibLAND 437: BALP:'KNOB ttyUL DS 60 RED ROCK .512100 6692300'NUWlL062 WILp'CATTLE CREEK 336 TIMMSVALE RD.; W S 46b MOLETON 485100 6660100NUKAN063 :£<M:lGAROO RIVER ~56 RED SCR:UB'TRAlL W S 47 GLENREAGH 488550 6667800NUBAG064 BAGAWA 288 JUN. JIRRAH & SPUR TRAlLS WS 53a MOLETON 496700 6661800.NUWED065 WEDDING' BELLS 59,.. DU~K RD. BBT 37 MOONEE BEACH 511250 6664200NUORE066 ORARA EAST 64 NANA GLEN RD. SF 31 MOONEE BEACH 513950 6660100NUNEW067 NEWFOUNDLAND 428 . SANCTUAR.Y RD. SF 30\31 RED ROCK 508950 6690400NUNEW068· N~WFOUNDLANb 441 NUNAMED TRAIL D S 31\97 RED ROCK 515950 669~600

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PLOT!"lo STAT!!; FOREST . .. . .. . . .cpt LOCAT~O~··. ..' ; STRATA TYPE MAP NAME Ei\ST . .NOR.TH'NUNE~069 NEWFOUNDLAND . . . "432 WELLSTROSSING F\R . .... S,R '. . 31\92 RED ROCK

.. 506400' ... 6692200 .. .'. . 459 '.' ··S~ER.S·~.:.· ::.: .. :DS 74a' PILLAR\r.Ait-gy·. . ........

NUNEW070 NEWFOUNDLAND·" 5164S:~ . 6703350NuNEW071' . :NEWFoUNDLAND .. . ..153: ". COASXRJWGERPf\D: .... Ps-. 1'29·. PILLARVALLiW 516.150' .'. 6700~00NQNEWQ?2' 'NEWfOuNDLAtlD" ..' . . 450: .' -Cl9i\SJ;-~G?Rp,: .. ::: .. ."0. 8 : 62a piLLAR VALLEY 514850 . ..6696050

.'~~:g;: .~~~g:g~~o .. ' :-409 . YELLQWCUTIINGRD. . . DS" .. :97: .. RED ROCK' ... '. 5l!i3S0 '668~6~0'. . ".415.· COLLEts G~9SSThlGiw. .'.

. ,BBT:' . REDRoCK ..·92 521100. . 6692600'

NUKA:N075 . KANGAROO'R1:v:ER .. 202 NEAKTULU>.WOOD F\R: DS '. 65 GLENRBAGH .4$0100- . ~6.7g.ioo

NUBAR016' llAACOONGER,E 420 uNNAMEiitwL" ... DS li7 RED ROCK 543000 {)689300NUNEW017 NEWFOUNDLAND . 431 .GEORGtS·Rri.· . . OS . 119 RED ROCK 5079Q~' .669.30So-NUNEW078 NEWFOUNQLAND. . 444 CPT 435·:RD: lis· i-26 RED ROCK 510100.. : 6694300NUCONO~9.· CONGL-OMERATIt . . F\R· MURPHYS RI>':' . DS' 74b WOOL(~o.OLG1· 510200' 667:WSONUWED080 WEJ;>DThiGBEL~S' . .46 .ARAw.A:ifuARD: .. os 74b "',OOLGOOL9A 514700 .. 6672850NUBAG08l BAGAWA ..... .' 278 : DAY-DAWN Rtf :. os 74a MOLETON· '. 4930S0 ':,' 66641S0.NUKANQ'S2' KANGARo6RiWR 241 . . rEssE'sMiTH'RO. . DS . 74a GLENREAGH 4824.00 ..6672450NUKA;NO$3 K,ANGAROQ RIvl3R 205 BLACK MTN~ :Ro. .DS· 74b GLENREAGH 4789S0 6<175800NULOW08~ WWERBUCCA 1'00 LOOPRD.. ·.. DS 74b MOONEE BEACH 503800 66~.23'50

NUCON085 CQNGLOMERATE 11 MANNSRD: D:S 74b WOOLGOOLGA 506200 61'72600NUORW086 ORARA WEST 298 LANGL,.fYk!W. BBT 37a MOLETON 494750 (i~59100

NUWED087 NEWFOUNDL-AND 44 STUARTSRD. BBT 37a WOOLGOOLGA 5159S0 . 6674800NUCON088 CONGLOMERATE 19 PLUM'PUDDING RD. BBT 37a WOOLGOOLGA 5088S0 6670700NUORE089 ORAEAEAST 63 LINKRD~ ...... BBT 37a MOONEEBEACH 5126S0 66616S0N,:tJLOW090 LOWER BUCCA 90 McNA¥WSRD. BBT 37a MOONER BEACH 506800 66~9500

NUWIL091 WILD CATTLE CREEK 326~~~~:n~'"

BBT 371\ MOLETON 481550 6663100NUNAN092 NANAGLEN 293 BBT 37a MOLETON 494200 6660700NUBR0093 BROOKLANA 346 EVES CREEK RD. BBT 37a BROO:KLANA 4853S0 6647800NUORW094 ORARA WEST 110 PrNERD. BBT 37a BROOKLANA 4941 SO 6649600NUNEW095 NEWFOUNDLAND 465 COLLETTS CROOSSING RD. BBT 41 PILLAR VALLEY 517650 670.1$00NUNEW096 NEWFOUNDLAND 455 STONY'KNOB RD.. BBT 38 PRLAR VALLEY 514800 6700450NUNEW097 NEWFOUNDLAND 403 MILLEARATRA:IL BBT 39 RED ROCK 514800 6685600NUBAR098 BARCOONGE~ 415 COLLETTS CROSSING RD. DS 40 RED ROCK 5207S0 6691S00NUBAR099 BARCOONGERE 418 . CABBAGE TREE RD, BBT 37a R,EPROCK 523300 6693800NUBOAHio BOAMBEE 102 KELLYS·Rb. aBT 37b COFFS HARBOUR 504400 6646600NUORE101 ORARAEAST 74 SWANS RD. BBT 37a COFFS HARBOUR 507800 6652600NUORWI02 ORARA WEST 119 RlDGERD. BBT 37a MOLETON 496S00 6656300NUWED103 WEDDING BELLS S4 JESSE SIMPSON RD. BBT 37a MOONEEBEACH 514S00 6665650NUWEDI04 WEDDING BELLS F\R WobLGOOLGA CREEK F\R R\F 2\3 WOOLGOOLGA 513800 6667700NUORE105 ORARAEAST F\R BRUXNEit'PARK F\R R\F 2\3 MOONEEBEACH 509100 6654300NUPINI06 PINE CREEK F\R BuNDAGEN F\R WS S3 RALEIGH 5054S0 66314S0NUCONI07 CONGLOMERATE F\R WAlHOUF\R SSD 231. WOOLGOOLGA 502500 6673000NUCONI08 CONGLOMERATE F\R WAIHOUF\R DS 126 WOOLGOOLGA 501100 6674100NUCONI09 CONGLOMERATE F\R WAIHOUF\R DS 38 WOOLGOOLGA 503300 6676700

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0000

RARE OR THREATENED PLANTS FOUND IN THE CURRENTSURVEY.

APPENDIX 3

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APPENDIX 4

RARE OR THREATENED PLANTS. MISCELLANEOUS SURVEYS WITHIN COFFS HARBOUR/URUNGA MANAGEMENT AREAS.

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;;~~I~~i~~~1!:~,;;i::'4'.'£~!~if!um,· ..;~~'FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES

90 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

Reference: Briggs. I.D.and Leigh, J.H.


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........


ADDENDUM

FLORISTIC PATTERNS IN RELATION TOENVIRONMENT AND DISTURBANCE

byDougBinns,

Research Officer, Forest Ecology Section,.Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales

21 August, 1995

OBJECTIVE

Todescribe the relationships betweenfloristic compositionand environmental factors, includingdisturbancehistory, from flora survey plot data collected within Urunga and Coffs Harbour Management Areas.

METHODS

Flora survey data were collected as described by Tweedie et al. (1995). Cover abundance codes wererecorded for vascular plants in a total of 171 plots. For examination of the relationship between floristiccomposition and logging history and other environmental factors, the full data matrix was reduced byexcluding plots in habitats not subject to logging, such as rainforest, swamps and littoral areas. Plots inpine plantations and eucalypt plantations were also excluded.

Forspecies which are recorded aUow frequency, there is a relativelyhigh probability thatobserved patternsare influenced by chance occurrence, and such species contribute to "noise" without contributingsubstantially to patterns of interest. Accordingly, species which occurred in fewer than three plots wereexcluded from ordination analyses described below. Untransformed cover codes were used as theabundnace measure, to give greater relative weight to the influence of less common species. With theexclusion of plots listed in the preceding paragraph, and exclusion of species with a recording frequencyof fewer than three, the resulting base matrix used for analysis comprised 133 plots and 354 species.

The difficulty ofobtaining informationon infrequent species in an analysis which is based on assemblagesofspecies, such as the present study, is well recognized. It is a potentially serious deficiency because thesuite of infrequent species may include those most likely to be associated with particular disturbancehistory. One means of compensating for this deficiency is to group species based on similar ecologicalcharacteristics. Unfortunately, there is insufficient detailed ecological information for most species to dothis with confidence, but several broad groups may be considered. One such group in the context ofexamining logging impact may be epiphytes, which are likely to be sensitive to variations in microclimateand availability of host trees, both of which could be expected to be related to logging history. The othergroup is exotic weeds, which may be expected to increase in abundance, at least temporarily, followinglogging disturbance.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR92 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW


The main variables used for ordination analyses were derived from environmental data as follows:

topo Topographic position, coded as l=ridge crests, 2=upperslopes, 3=mid slopes, 4=lowerslopes andalluvial flats, 5=riparian or swamp.

rf Mean annual rainfall, provided by Simon Ferrier, NPWS, Armidale, estimated from climaticsurface model from plot locations.

t Mean annual temperature, estimated as for rainfall.

ri ( Mean annual solar radiation, incorporating effects of cloud cover and topography, provided bySimon Ferrier, NPWS, Armidale.

fi Estimated intensity of most recent fire (field estimate), coded as O=no evidence; 1= low;2=moderate; 3=high.

fage Estimated time since last fire (field estimate), coded as 1=1-2 yr; 2=3-5 yr; 3=6-10 yr; 4=11-15yr; 5=16-20 yr; 6=21-30 yr; 7=31-40 yr; 8=41-50 yr; 9=>50 yr.

li Logging intensity, field estimate, coded as for fire.

lage Time since logging, field estimate, coded as for fire.

g Parent material, derived from 1:250000 geology series and provided by S. Ferrier from digitizedmaps, coded as g1=Quaternarysediments, g2=Quaternaryalluvium, g5=granite, g6=leucogranite,g9=quartz sandstone, g10=high quartz sedimentary, gll=low quartz sedimentary.

PIoristic groups were defined by aggregating groups derived from classification as described in Tweedieet al. Ten groups were defined, and may be categorized broadly as rainforest (groups 1,2), wet sclerophyllforest (3,4,5), dry sclerophylll grassy forest (6,7,9) and heath woodland (8,10).

Aconstrainedordinationmethod (CanonicalCorrespondenceAnalysis (terBraak 1986, 1987), abbreviatedas CCA) was used to investigate patterns of floristic composition in relation to environmental anddisturbance parameters. This method maximally correlates the arrangement of species and sites alongordination axes, subjectto the constraint that the axis are linearcombinations of the explanatory variables.Ter Braak (1986) fully describes the underlying assumptions and strengths of this method. The mainassumption is that individual species response models are all similar and all of unimodal, Gaussian form.Although it is doubtful whether this assumption is reasonable for all species, CCA has been shown to berobust to moderate violations of assumptions (palmer 1993) and offers a powerful method of revealingpatterns of floristic composition in relation to environmental factors. It also has the advantage that theresults are unaffected by correlations among environmental variables. A more recent development (terBraak 1988) allows partial CCA in which the effects ofasubsetofvariables may be removed by using themas covariables, thus focussing attention on particular variables of interest. These methods are beingincreasingly and very effectively used in ecological investigations of this type (e.g. Borcard et al. 1992,McIntyre and LavoreI1994). In interpreting the ordi.nation diagram, environmental orother explanatoryvariables are represented by arrows, the length representing the strength of correlation between theenvironmental variable and the ordination axes (this indicates the degree of importance of the variable ininfluencing patterns as displayed on the ordination diagram), and the direction representing the directionofmaximum change of the variable. Analyses were performed using programs written in Splus. Qassesof qualitative environmental variables (lithology, logging category) were transformed to a series ofdummy binary variables as recommended by ter Braak (1987). The most strongly influential variableswere then used as covariables in a partial CCA to examine patterns with respect to logging history. Thestatistical significance oflogging history parameters was tested by comparison with randomly permutedvectors oflogging history variables, following the Monte Carlo procedure ofter Braak (1987).

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIl WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33


The combined total cover and frequency ofall native species, all exotic species, and all epiphytic specieswere separately analysed in relation to environmental and disturbance history factors using regression treeanalysis (using the "tree" function in Splus).

RESULTS

Ordination

Figure 1is the ordination diagram showing the first two axes of the CCA for the 139 eucalypt forest plots,in relation to the full set of environmental variables defined above. Fire history and temperature are thefactors most strongly associated with floristic patterns. Lithology, latitude, rainfall and topographicpositionalso providestrong influences, with logging history and radiation index having the least influence.

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Overall, there are two clear gradients which are largely mutually orthogonal (independent). The heathwoodland plots (broad groups 8 and 10) are strongly associated with higher temperatures, more northerlylatitudes, high-quartz sedimentary substrates and lower rainfall. They all occur within a fairly narrow



range of fire histories. They are characterized by the following species: Eucalyptus baileyana,E. planchoniana,E. tindaliae,Lambertiaformosa,Boronia ledijolia, Lepyrodiascariosa,Epacrispulchella,Ptilothrix deusta. The gradient from the wet sclerophyll groups (1-5) to grassy forest group 6 is moststrongly associated with fire history. Species most strongly associated with long fire-free periods includeAkaniabidwillii,Arthropteris tenella, Pothos longipes, Baloghia inophylla, Sloanea australis, Ripogonumdiscolor, Microsorum scandens and Heritiera actinophylla. Those most strongly associated with recent(and probably frequent) fire includePersooniasericea,Jacksonia scoparia,Entolasia stricta, Trachymeneincisa, Kennedia rubicunda, Hardenbergia violacea and the exotic herbs Sigesbeckia orientalis, Cirsiumvu/gare and Bidens pilosa.

• 0

0

• 0

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00

0

o

Figure 2. Partial CCA with respect to logging history, using rainfall, radiation index, temperature,lithology, topographic positio~ and fire age as covariables. Open symbols represent unlogged plots andclosed symbols represent logged plots.

There is a very strong floristic gradient associated with broad groups 8 and 10 which tends to dominateobseIVedordinationpatterns, and these groups represent forest oflow commercialvalue whichis generallysubject to low logging intensity. For these reasons, they were excluded from subsequent analyses in anattempt to refine the examination of patterns related to logging history. The resulting data matrixcomprised 117 plots and 299 species. The broad effects of logging only, with the effects of physicalenvironmental factors and fire history removed as covariables, are shown in Figure 2. For simplicity ofdisplay, species are not plotted on this diagram, but an ordered matrix ofspecies abundance by plot fo~ thespecies which are most strongly associated with oneorother logging category is given in Appendix 1. The


FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW 95

majority ofspecies are clustered around the centreofthe plot and are thus apparently insensitive to loggingcategory, at least within the limits sampled in the present survey. Relatively few species appear at theextremes and thus show atendency to be associated with particular logging history parameters. Individualspecies within these extreme groups occur mostly at low frequency and in most cases the observeddistribution has a fairly high probability of occurring by chance. Collectively however, these extremespecies represent a suite which is strongly associated with logging category. Although logging categorycontributes relatively little to the overall variation in floristic composition (about 10% ofthe totalvariationaccounted for by all measured variables), the contribution is highly statistically significant compared toa randomly pennuted vector oflogging categories (p<0.001).

lage

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6 74 5

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5 3 336

~434

2 5 42 5

4 1 1 5~33 i3 3 1 3 33 6

2 1 3 3 222 2 1 22

32 3 3 31 2 3

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1 33

Figure 3. Partial CCA for logged plots only, using rainfall, radiation index, temperature, lithology,topographic position and fire age as covariables. Logging age is plotted, coded as 1=1-2 yr, 2=3-5 yr, 3=610 yr, 4=11-15 yr, 5=16-20 yr, 6=21-30 yr, 7=31-40 yr, 8=41-50 yr.

From Appendix 2 there appear to be fewer species which are associated with unlogged plots than areassociated with logged plots. Mostofthose which evidently favour unlogged plots can be placed into twocategories. Species such as Lomandra spicata, Dendrobium aemulum, D. gracilicaule, Capparis arboreaand Cuttsia viburnea are typically associated with rainforest and may represent species which, in the studyarea, occur marginally in eucalypt forest. The other group, represented by species such as Cheilanthesdistans, Jacksonia scoparia and Monotoca scoparia, typically occur in drier woodland habitats. Theapparent association ofthese with unlogged areas is more likely due to their tendency to occur in areas oflow commercial value which are less likely to be logged, rather than to a real sensitivity to logging. Morefrequent species which are most clearly associated with logged plots include Tristaniopsis laurina,



Ceratopetalum apetalum, Trimenia moorei and Rhodamnia rubescens. These, and the majority of otherspecies which are grouped at the logged end ofthe ordination diagram, are species ofmoist habitats, oftentypically occurring in rainforest. It could be inferred that they are moist forest species which increase inabundance following disturbance. Species of drier forests are notably infrequent in this group. Thisindicates that logging effects are likely to be greatest in moist forest and least in dry and grassy forest.

Attempts to examine the more subtle patterns associated with time since logging were masked by therelatively stronger contribution the logged I unlogged contrast. To examine these patterns in more detail,the analysis was repeated with ~11 unlogged plots excluded, leaving a matrix of 102 plots and 276 species.Figure 3 shows the result. A weak gradient in relation to logging age is evident, but is not statisticallysignificant (p>O.2), so that any inferences in regard to individual species are very tentative. The ordereddata matrix for the species most strongly related to this gradient is shown in Appendix 2. Species whichmayfavour recently logged areas includeDuboisiamyoporoides, Ozothamnus diosmifolius, Lepidospermalaterale, Plectranthus parvijlorus, Cayratia clematidea, Andropogon virginicus, Sigesbeckia orientalis,Rubus rosifolius and Rubus hilli. Species whichmaypreferolderlogged areas includeOxylobium ilicifolium,Beilschmiediaelliptiea,Endiandra erassijlora,Plaryeerium bifureatum, Callitrismacleayanus,Aspleniumaustralasieum, Austrobuxus swainii and Daviesia arborea. These patterns may reflect later colonizationofdisturbed areas by species ofthe second group, or may represent chance occurrences simply associatedwith the distribution of logging in time and space.

Floristic richness and abundance of weeds and epiphytes

The regression tree analysis indicated that the total numberofnative species perplot was primarily relatedto fire history. Amean of38 species perplot was recorded in plots burnt less than five years priorto survey,compared to 49 species per plot for plots burnt less recently. This reflects the distinction between wetsclerophyll forest and dry sclerophyll or grassy forest, which is also primarily related to fire history.Logging history had no influence on native species richness for dry forest, and only avery minor influencefor wet forest plots. Recently logged wet sclerophyll plots had higher native species richness (52 speciesper plot) than older logged plots (47 species per plot). The major distinction was at ten years since logging,suggesting that short-lived colonizing species invade the site following disturbance, but decline inabundance within about 10-15 years.

There were 34 weed s'pecies and 32 epiphyte species recorded in the survey. The regression tree analysisusing numberofweed species perplot as the dependentvariable split initially on logging age as the primaryvariable. R~cently «10 years) logged plots had a mean of 2.3 species per plot compared to 1.1 speciesperplot for olderlogged plots. The result for total weed coverwas very similar. This pattern is very similarto that for all native species in wet sclerophyll forest, but for weeds it occurs across both broad types. Asimilar analysis for epiphytes suggested that logging history was unimportant in determining abundanceof epiphytes. The most important factors were fire age, rainfall and temperature, with a greater numberofspecies and higherabundance ofepiphytes in less recently burnt (> 15 years), higher rainfall (>2176 mm)and lower temperature areas «18.7). It is possible that the survey has underestimated the abundance andnumber of epiphytes in unlogged forest, as they may occur in taller subcanopy trees and thus be moredifficult to detect.


FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION,NSW 97

DISCUSSION

The analyses reported here potentially offer a powerful means of separating floristic patterns associatedwithlogginghistory from those which are apparently due to logging but are actually a result ofinteractionsbetween logging history and other measured factors. As a simple hypothetical example, unlogged plotsmay be concentrated at higher altitudes and an apparent logging impact is actually a climatic effect. CCAcanseparate the relative influenceofthese factors. However, interpretationofthe data reported here is verymuch limited by the lack of pre-treatment data and thus possible confounding effects of unmeasuredfactors. The species which are associated with logging history based on the above analyses may includethose which are genuinely sensitive to logging, those for which an apparent pattern occurs purely bychance, and those for which the apparent pattern is due to unknown or unmeasured factors which arecorrelated to spatial distribution of logging but not necessarily causally linked. It is not possible todetermine from the data the relative magnitude of each of these classes of species, or their composition.This is especially limiting in the study area, because the area has along history oflogging, most accessiblestands have been logged and there is thus alack ofunlogged sites which could potentially provide suitablecontrols. There are no extensiveunlogged areas, and unlogged patches are usually surrounded by generallylogged forest Unlogged stands are often those which have been avoided because ofsome unusual feature.This will exaggerate the apparent impact of logging, because unlogged stands may be of differentcomposition regardless of logging pistory. It will also make any real logging impacts difficult to detect,because there are few suitable unlogged controls with which to make comparisons. Two otherfactors maycompensate for this to some extent and tend to make unlogged samples appear more similar to loggedsamples thanmight otherwise be thecase. Firstly, unlogged patches may have been affected by disturbancein the surrounding forest. Secondly, older logged stands may have no physical evidence of loggingdisturbance remaining if the logging was of low intensity and no stumps are evident in the immediatevicinity of the sample plot. Thus, some older logged stands may have been recorded as unlogged.

In this study area, comparisons of stands ofdifferent logging ages may be more reliable than comparisonsoflogged with unlogged plots, although still confounded to some extent by logging patterns which are notinterspersed and not evenly or randomly distributed among habitat types. In this respect, the data suggestavery weak (and statisticallynon-significant) gradient. The lackofastrongergradientcould suggesteitherthat there is little impact of initial logging in unlogged stands, and therefore little subsequent change, orthat an initial change does occur, but further change in composition over the range oftime periods sampled

. is minimal. If the apparent differences evident in figure 2 are real and not just a sampling artefact, thenthe second of these scenarios is most likely. In this case, it should be noted that all except five loggedsamples are less than 30 years since logging. Thus there is insufficient evidence from the present surveyto indicate whether the composition of logged stands would tend more towards unlogged stands overperiods exceeding 30 years.

From the ordination analyses it is clear that logging history contributes relatively little to overall floristicpatterns, which are primarily determined by fire history and climatic factors. The majority ofspecies occurindependently oflogging history. However, unlogged plots do 'appear to differ to some extentfrom loggedplots in floristic composition, and there is a weak gradient in floristic composition associated with timesince logging. Due to complicating factors related to the historical patterns of logging and the smallnumber of potentially suitable unlogged samples, it is not clear that the differences are actually due tologging. If these observed patterns with respect to logging history are actually causally related to logging,then the impact is strongest in wet sclerophyll forest and differences are due to the occurrence of relativelyfew species.



REFERENCES

Borcard, D., Legendre, P. and Drapeau, P. (1992). Parttalling out the spatial component of ecologicalvariation. Ecology 73: 1045-1055.

McIntyre, S. and Lavorel, S. (1994). How environmental and disturbance factors influence speciescomposition in temperate Australian grasslands. Journal ofVegetation Science 5: 373-384.

Palmer, M.W. (1993). Putting things in even better order: the advantages of canonical correspondenceanalysis. Ecology 74: 2215-2230.

ter Braak, C.J.F. (1986). Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvectortechnique formultivariatedirect gradient analysls. Ecology 67: 1167-1179.

terBraak, C.J.F. (1987). The analysis ofvegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondenceanalysis. Vegetatio 69: 69-77.

ter Braak, C.lF. (1988). Partial canonical correspondence analysis. pp. 551-558 in Oassification andrelated methods of data analysis. ed. H.H. Bock. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Tweedie, T.D., Chapman, W.S., Bruskin, S. and Heyward, R.W. (1995). Flora survey ofthe Coffs Harbourand Urunga Management Areas, Northern Region, NSW. SF NSW Forest Resources Ser. In press.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW soum WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES,NO. 33


Appendix 1. Occurrence of species in sites for Urunga data, ordered by logging category (O=unlogged,l=logged). Only the extreme 20% of species associ~ted with either category are listed. Abundance in the table iscover abundance score. Species are coded as first four letters of genus name plus first four letters of species name.

DAVIUMBECORDRUBR.LEPTPOLYOREOPINNPOLYCUNNOZOTRUFECALATRIPIllBBVESTORITEXCETRISLAURACACFALCACROAGGRPOTHLONGLINOMONOABROORNACERAAPETCALLMACLTRIMMOORSLOAAUSTMACLCOCHTOONCILICORYACONOMALPOPUENDICRASACACFLORGAHNMELAPASSEDULPULTRETURHODRUBEACRAEUODDENDTEREBEILELLIELAEOBOVCOMMCYANPARSFULVAMYLDICTBLECPATERAPAVARIACACBINEDAVAPYXIACACIRIRDORYSASSSYZYOLEODIGIDIVAMAYTSILVPERSCORNPHYLGASSMACRFAWCDRYMMOORPERSLEVIANOPMACLGOODLOTIASTRLATICRYPOBOVANGOCOSTGOMPFRUTGONOOREOPILIGLABPOLYSAMBELATRETI

............................................. 2 2 1. .

2 .. 1.1. .

........ 1. 1. 1. 2 .

•. 132 .

2.2 .. 32 .

.................... 1. .2 1 .

.......................................... 2 1. 1. .

............................................. 2 2 2 .

3 .. 3.4 1. 1. .

21. 2.2 .. 2 •• 2 2 .

................................................................................. 2 2 2 .

.31.1. .

..... 2 1. 1 .. 1 .. 1. 2 .

12 32 1. 2 .

...... 22 2 1. 5 1. 1. .

4223224 3 33 3 .

.5 .. 2 3 2 .

221. .. 2 .. 522 •. 1. •• 1. 2 1. .

.• 1..43 2 4 2 .

....... 1. 2 1 1 1. 1. 2.1. .

.................................. 2 2 2 .. 1..3 1. .

................................................... 1 2 2 .

· .. 2 1. 1. 1. 1..1. 1. 21. 1. .

.. 2 .. 22.2 2 1 .

........ 1. 2 2 .

................ 2 1.1 .

........ 11 •• 1. 1.1. 1 11 .

......................................... 2 2 1 1. 1..2 .

· .2 1. 22 .•. 32242 2.4.12222 .. 2.2.2 .•3.32.2 .. 2.311.14 .21. .2 32 2 .. 2 .. 2 .

2 2 2 .

..... 1 1. 2 .

•••••.• 1. ..••••••••••••.•.•.. 1. ...•. 2 ••••••••••••••••••• 4 •• 4 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

..... 1 1. 1. .1. .

.......................................... 1 2 3 .

.................................................. 1. 1..1. 2 .

....... 1 1. 1. 1 .. 1. .

..... 22 2 .

22 1 .. 12 1. 1.2 1. .

.... 4 2.2.2212 3 .. 3 2 23 3 2 2 4 .

................1. 2 •.. 1 1. 1. 1. .

· 2 1 2.23 1 2 3 5 3.2 22 ..1.2 .. 1. .. 2.1. 2 , .

2.22.31. 1. .. 2 1. 2 .

.1. 2 1. .

............ 2 1. 2 2 .

••...•• 1. •...••••••..•... 1 •••••• 2 .•..•......••. 1. •.••••...•...............•..... 1. •.........••..................•....

............................................................... 1..2 1. 2 2 1. .

......... 2 1. .. 11 .. 2 .. 1. 111. 1. .1.2 1. 2 .•.. 2 2 1. 1. ..• 1 .

.................................. 2 1 2 2 2 2 .

2.2 .. 2 1. .

· 2 1. 21.1 1.1. 1. 2 1. 2 2 2 22 .2 1. 2 11 .

2 .. 2.2 1. 1 4 2 .

................................. 1 1 1. .

........ 1. 3 3 2 .

.....32.1. 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 2 .•. 1.3 2 .

......... 13.3 .. 1.122 .. 1. .. 3 .. 3 1.12 4 2 2 •• 2 .. 22 2 3 2 .

.................................................................. 1..2 1. .

......... 4 1..2 1. 2 2 1. .

212.2.3 .•••••. 2 ••••.. 2 2.22 .. 2 .. 2. 1 ...............•..•. 1 ..•...........••......•.................................•

· 2 •• 12.2.1.1 .. 12 .. 2 12 .. 1.2 .. 22.2 .22 2.2 ..• 11 .. 1.22 .. 1.2 1. 1 2 .. 2 2 11 .

..... 2 2 2 .


STATE FORESTS OF NEW sourn WALESFOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33

ENDISIEBLASTACUMPELLPARARUBUPARVPITIUNDUADIAFORMPTERTREMTIIEMAUSTRIPODlSCSOLASTELAMORWlllTLOMAMULTGOODHEDEALLOLITTPLECGRAVTETRNITERAUWLEICSCOLBRAUELA1NERVMALLPHILGOMPLATISOLAAVICDENHCELACRYPERECPLATSUPEJAGEPSEUEMBEAUSTALOCMACRVIOLBETOOXYLILICPYRRCONFARCHGRANDYSOFRASEUPOBENNPLECPARVCROTVERRACACCONCEXOCSTRICUPAANACPARAPRUIRHODPSIDCLERTOMEHELIELATN01EVENOSYZYAUSTAMYECOROBANKIN1ECHEISIEBCUTIVIBUCAPPARBOBANKSPINMONOSCOPJACKSCOPARAUCUNNDENDEXCETRISCOLLDENDAEMUDENDGRACCHEIDISTLOMASPIC

Logging category

• .. 2 1.2 1. ••• 2 .. 1. ••3111.1..1. 3 2 •• 12 .

...... 2 2 1. 2 2 1. 2 .

.........................1. 2 2 1. 1. 1. 2 ••...•

• ••• " •••••••••••••••••••• 2 1. ••• 2 ••••• 1. 11.2 .1.1. .1. •••• 2 ••22 •••2 1. •• 1. •• 1. .2.

• 1 1. .. 2 .. 2 2 3 ..1.1..1. 2 1. .2 1. 2.232 .

..... 2 2 2 32 " 2 2 ..• 2 •.•

............................................ 2 1 2 2 .

• 3 2 ••• 4 ••••• 3 2 •• 42.2.3.24.54.4 •• 4353.433.34254.5.5.433.2'.•• 55 •• 332.555

... 2.2 2 3 1. 3 2 .

....................................... 2 1. .2 2.2 1. 2 1. 12 .

...... 2 •• 2 2.21. 2 1. 1. 2 •• 2 3 3 4 .

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 •••• 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••• 2 ••••••••••••••• 1 •••••.••••• 1

............................................. 2 2 •• 2 1 2 •• 1.1.1. 22 •.• 11 1

.4 2 1. 3 .

............... 2 2 2 .

................ 2 1. 2.1. .. 1. •• 1. 1.1. 1. •• 2 1. .• 2 •..

........................................................ 1. 1. 1. .

.......................... 1. 1. 2 1. 1..1. 2 1 .

.......................... 1 1. 2 3 .

......................... 1. 3 .. 2 •• 1. 1. 1.1. 21..2 .

............................................. 2 2 1. 1. ...• 1

................................................................. 1.2 1. 2 .

........ 2 2 1. .1. 1. 1. ......•. 2 ..• 1. .

• 1. 1 1. 1. .

...................... 1. 1. 11 1. 2 2 ••.

............1. 2 1 1..1. 1. 2 ..•

• .. 1. .2 21. 1. 11 1 1 1. .2 •• 1. 1..1. 2 1. .. 2 ••• 2 2 .

........................................................ 1. 2 2 2 1. ••

..................................................................................... 11 1. .

........................................ 2 1. 2 2 2 2 3 .•• 2 ...• 1

................1.2 1. 2 2 1. 1. 1. 2 ••. 2 2 •••

..........................................1. 1. 2 2 1 2 .

....... 1. 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 3 1. ..

.........1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. •.

.................................. 1. 2 2 11.1.1. 1. .• 2 2 2 12 .. 1. .2 2.1..2.

........................... 1. 2 2 2 2 .

......................................... 2 2 2 22 2.4 ••

.................................................................... 1. 1. .3 •. 2 1. 2 .• 2.1

.................................................. 1. 1· 2 2 3 .

........ 1. 1. 2 2 2 .

......................... 11 2 1. 2.2 •• 2 3.2 .

...................................1..1. ••••••• 1. ••••• 1. 1. •••••••••••••••• 1. 1. 1. •...• 12 •••...•

.........2 2 2 3 .

........... 2 2 121. .

..................... 1 1. 2 •••. 1 .

.................................................................................. 1. ••• 1. 2 ••• 1. 1. .

...............................2 2 •••••••••• 4 ••••••••

......................................................................................... 1..1. •••••••••••• 2 ••••••• 1..

............................... 1. 1. •.•••••••••••• 2 1. 4.2.2 •••••••••••

................................... .' 2 1. 2 1 2 .

................................................ 2 1. 3 .

.........................................................2 1. 1. 2

........ : 11 2 2.2 2.2 ••• 3

.......................................1. 1. 1. ••

.................................................................1. 1. 2 1. •• 4 •••

.................................... 2 1. .••••• 2 2 .

........................................................................... 1.11. 2.2.2 ..• 12 1..

....................................................................................................... 2.1. •••••• 1. ••

..................................................................................... 1. 1. 21

........................................................................................................3 •••• 2 ••••• 1.

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 01111111 0 10 10 10000001000000000



Appendix 2. Occurrence of species in sites for Urunga data, ordered by logging age vector, codedas 1=1-2 yr, 2=3-5 yr, 3=6-10 yr, 4=11-15 yr, 5=16-20 yr, 6=21-30 yr, 7=31-40 yr, 8=41-50 yr. Onlythe species associated with the extreme ends of the logging age vector are listed. Abundance in the tableis cover abundance score. Species are coded as first four letters of genus name plus first four letters ofspecies name.

DIGIDIVAPHYSMINIPULTVILLPARAPRUIDUBOMYOPARTH1ENEELA1NERVCORYACONACROOBLOGOODLOTIDAVIUMBEPARSFULVSOLAAVICPERSCORNMELIHAYEPTERTREMACACCONCSPORAFRIALOCMACRDOD01RIQPTERSPCHRIDENTOZOTDIOSPUL1RETUCUTIVrnULEPILATEMACRFAWCCORDRUBRLASTACUMSOLAMAURMACLCOCHPLECPARVALPHEXCEHIBBVESTFLAGINDIPIT1REVOPENNCUNNSENEAMYGACRAEUODCAYRCLEMHIDIHETEANDRVIRGANGOFLORTOONCILISIGEORIERUBUROSIRHODPSIDPASSSUBPRUBUHILLDENHCELAPASPDILACOMMFRASDYSORUFUEUROFALCCRYPGLAULINDLINE

.32.22 ....••••••1. .

.2 1. 1. .

2.2 1. .

......2 1. 1. .

......... 231 .. 2 .. 2 .

.......................... 2 1. 1. .

............ 1. 2 1. .

2 1 2 .

..............31. 2 1. 1. 1. .

...... 1. 1. 1. .

•• 12 2 ..••...........••...........••.•••.•.................•••.•.............•.••........

...... 2 1. 1. 1. .

.2 1. .1. 2 .

2.21 1 2 .

•.••••••••••..• 1. 1. 1. 1. .•....•.•.. 2 ............•...•..... 1 ........•.••.

•.•.•.•••.• 2.1. .••.••••...•......• 2 ...•.....•......................••...••..••..............••.•......

•• 22 .•. 2 •••••••••••......•••••••. 2 .•..•...................•...•..•••..............•...•. , ............•

••••• 2 •••..• 2 ..•.•.••.••••••••....................•.....••......•......•...• 2 .•••.•.•.............•...

...... 2 2 1. .

.. 1. 2 .. 11 1 1. : 1. .. 2 .

........................... 1. 2 1 .

..... 1. 1. 1 2 .

.... 12.221.11.2212.2.12 .. 2 .. 1.2 12.1. .21. .2 •. 1..2.21. .. 1. 1. 1. .

1..1. .. 2 2.2 1. .

...•.. 1. ...•• 2 •••.••.••••••..••••••.....•..•.•• 1 .•••••••••.••••..........•...••..••.••.•.•..••.• 1. ..••

2.21. .. 13 1.2 22 2 .. 1.12 2 1. 1. .12 1. .

2.2 2 1. 2 .

........ 2 1. 2 1

...... 2 , 2 2 1. 2 .

.2 2 1. •• 1. 2 1. 1. .

...... 2 .. 1. 1. 1 1. 2 .. 1. 1. .

.2 11 •••• 1. .2 .• 2.1. 2 11 .. 2 2 1. ..

2 1.1. 2 12 2 .. 1. 3.3 11 .. 1. 1. 12 2 2 .

... 2 2.2 .

.......................... 2 12 1. .

....... 1. 11 12 •. 1.2 .. 21. .• 11 .. 1. .21. .2 .• 1. 12.1. .. 1. 1. 11. 1. .

......... 1. 1. 1. .

.2 2 2 2 2 2 .••. 2 1. .

............. 2 2 2 .

.2 •• 1.1. 212 1. 2.1. 21. 1. 1. .

...... 2 1..2 1. 2 2 .

.. 22 2 2 1. 3 2 .

2.3 2 .• 2 112 .. 12 1.2 1.1. 1..

..........................3 2 2 2 1. .

.5 •• 2 .••.. 222 ••• 2 •• 2 •.•. 1. •• 1..1. 2 ..................••• 2 12 •.•••........•............ , ....•.

.2 2 2 .. 22.1.2.1. 1. .2 1. .2.2.3.1. 2 1.1. 1. .

•• 1. ••• 2 •.•• 1. .•.•••2.2 ....•••••.............. 1. .......•..............•..•.........................•..

..... 1. 2 1. 2 2 .. 1. 1. 1. : .

.2 .•. 231121.13 1.1. .. 11 ••. 2.21. .2 .. 3 312.2 •... 232 3.2 21. 3 2 .. 1. 1. •...••....•.

........ 2 ........••.••..... 1. ...............•.. 1. ..•.. 22 ....•.•.. 1. .......•..•..................•.••..

••••• 2 •••••• 1. .•..•....•.•... 2 ••••.•••.•••••••..••••••••••••.••••••.••..••••.••.••••..•••••..•.•.•..••

....... 2 2 1. 1. .

.......................... 2 1 11.1. .

...... 1. 211 1.1. 2 1.1. 1.1. 1. 2 2 .

........ 1. 24 2 1. 21.2 1..1. 2.2 2 2 24 .

•• 1. •.•••••••.•....... 1. ..••...•...........................•...............................•. 1 1.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR102 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION,NSW


ARACARISCLERFLORGOODHEDECLAOAUSTSARCSTIPLINOMONOPERSLEVIACACLONIPITIUNDULOMASILACERAAPETDRYMMOORLITSRETIARCHGRANEXOCSTRISYZYCREBSLOAWOOLDORYSASSGONOOREOTETRNITEPELLPARAPYRRCONFCITRPAUCDAVIARBOAUSTSWAIASPLAUSTPOLYCUNNLOMAMULTCLERTOMEPOTHLONGCASSFLOREUPOBENNMELIMICRDIOSAUSTPELLFALCCALLMACLSOLAINAECALATRIPCROTVERRACACFALCPLATBIFUENDICRASJACKSCOPSARCFALCACROAGGRAMYLDICTDIOSPENTCISSSTERLEPTPOLYBEILELLIOXYLILICCUPAANACELAEOBOVVERBBONAPOALABIDENDTERE

Logging age

•••••• 2 2 12 2.2 2 .. 2.2 1. 22.2 33.4 3 4 2.3 •••• 2 2

............................1. 1..2 1. 1. 11 ••••••••••

2 2.1.1. 1. 2 1. 2 2 ••

••••• 11 1. •• , .11 2 1. ••• 1. •••• 112 ••••• 22.1. ••••••• " •••••• 12•••••••.••

.......................... 1. 1..1. •• 1. •• 12 2.2.1. 2 .2 •••• 2 ••••• 12 •••••• 1. 2 •• 3

•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 ••••••• 2 ••••••••••• 21 •••••••••• 3

••••••• 2 •••••••••• 1.2.2 •••• 1. 2 1 2 1. •• 2.2 1. ••• 1. ••••••• 2.2.1. 1..2 1. •

.......... 2 1. .1. 1. 11 .

................... 1. 2 2 12 1 2 •• 11 1.13.2 .

.. 2 2.12 .. 2 2.1. •• 2.

........................... , 3 •••••••• 2 ••••• 3 ••• 4 ••••• 3.4 ••• 2 ••••••• 2 •• 3 3.2 •• 2

..................................................................... 2 2 .• 2

................. 1 2 2 1. 1. .2 2 •• 2

...............................................1. 2 1. ••• 2 ••••••••••

............................. 2 1..1. 1. 3.

•••••• 1. 1. 1. •••••

................. : 2 1. 11.1. 2 ••.•• 2 1. .. 3

.................................................. 2 2.1. ••.• 1. .•••••••• 2 ••••••. 1.2 •• 3

.................................................... 4 1. 21. 2.2 .

................... 1. 1.1. 212.1. 1. ••••••••.

............................... 1. 2 1. 2 1. .

................ 1 2.1. .. 11 2 2 '"

.............. 1. 2 1 1. 1 1.. 22 1 2 2

................33 2 2 3 3 ••• 245 2.3 ••• 4.

.............................. 1 3.2 3 2.2 4 .••

..................................................... 1..2 12 2 2 2

..................................................................... 2 2 2 .. 3

••••••••• 2 2 2 .

........................................................ 1.1. 1..1. ••••••• 1. •.•• 1. •••••••.•.••

.......................... 1 1 1. .•• 2 1. 2

..... 1. 2 2 .

............................................. 1. 1. 1. .

............. 2 1 2 .

................1. 1. 2.2 2 2 2 .

.......................................................2 •• 1. 1. .

................................................................................. 2 2.5 •• 3 .

.2 1. 2 1. 1 2 2

.......................... 1 2 •••••••••• 1. •••

........................... 1. 1. 2 2 .

•• 2 2 ' 2 .

.......................... 1 1. 1. .2 1. .2 1.2 1.12 •••. 1 .. 1.2.2.2 .• 1. .•• 12

....................................................... 2 2 2 2 .. 2

..................... 1 2 1. 2 2 •......•

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................................................................................. 1. ...... 3 1. ••

............................................................. 1. 1. 1. 1. •. 1. .

........................................ 1. .• 1. 1..1 3

............................................. 1 1. 1. .

................... 1. 1.1. 2 ••••••••

.................................................................. 4 .' 41. 1.2 '"

........................................................................ 2 2 •• 2 1. 32.

......................................................... 1 1 2 .

............................... 1. 1 1. 1

.........................1. 2 2 ••••••

....................................................................2 1. 2 .

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FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOURMANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW 103

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