FIELD EVALUATION OF PLANT OIL FORMULATIONS (POFS) AGAINST THE ARMYWORM SPODOPTERA LITURA (FAB.) WITH...

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FIELD EVALUATION OF PLANT OIL FORMULATIONS (POFS) AGAINST THE ARMYWORM SPODOPTERA LITURA (FAB.) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PEST -PREDATOR POPULATION IN GROUNDNUT ECOSYSTEM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

Krishnappa, K1., Mathivanan, T1 and K. Elumalai2* 1Department of Zoology, Poompuhar College, Melaiyur, Poompuhar, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu, India. 2Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Govt. Arts College (Autonomous), Nandanam, Chennai – 600 035, Tamilnadu, India.

Article info ABSTRACT

Received 29 Dec 2012 Revised 09 Jan 2013 Accepted 12 Jan 2013 Available Online 18 Jan 2013

In the present investigation, plant oil formulations were assessed towards

the control of economically important agricultural pest, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).

Standard protocols were employed in this study. 20 plant essential oils were

preliminary assayed for their antifeedant and larvicidal activity against S. litura. Based

on their efficacies only six essential oils were chosen for further assays and

formulations. Antifeedant activity of six essential oils were tested with different

concentrations (viz., 125, 250,500 and 1000 ppm) against fourth instar larvae of S.

litura and the results showed that the maximum antifeedant activity was noticed in S.

officinalis (85.56 ± 9.44%) followed by O. basilicum (80.55 ± 8.64%at 1000ppm.

Similarly, Larvicidal activity was recorded maximum in POF6 with 70.44 ± 3.43%

mortality followed by 67.55 ± 3.4; 65.41 ± 3.86; 64.24± 4.26; 60.33 ± 6.24; 55.22 ±

3.48% mortality exhibited by POF4; POF5; POF3; POF1 and POF2 respectively. Since

POF6 showed promising activity, hence, it was subjected to field assessment. Initial

spray of plant oil formulation in the groundnut field showed reduction in the pest

population to a greater extent as leaf minor population in the control was 26.66 and

the same was reduced to 15.33. Similarly, S. litura population was also reduced from

28.33 to 15.66 at 40DAS. The decline in the population of aphids, jassids and thrips

were recorded from 45.33, 36.33 and 64.66 to 36.33, 17.00 and 17.00 respectively.

POF6 was subjected to check its UV stability and phytotoxicity on the Vigna radiata

cultured in the open sunlight POF had not showed any symptom of phytotoxicity and

found viable for more than 15 days.

*Corresponding Author K. Elumalai

Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology,

Govt. Arts College (Autonomous), Nandanam,

Chennai – 600 035, Tamilnadu, India

INTRODUCTION

Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a

polyphagous insect pest widely distributed throughout Asia

(Hadapad et al., 2001). It has a wide range of host, feeding on

120species worldwide, of which 40 species are known from

India (Muraleedharan and sheeladevi, 1992). Traditional

farmers have been practicing synthetic pesticides to

eliminate S. litura and hence it has developed resistance

against almost all the commonly using pesticides in this area.

Human health problem and environmental hazards caused

by the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides during past

three decades have leads to the scientists to look for less

persistent and biodegradable alternatives (Mehrotra, 1992;

Sahayaraj et al., 2003; Sahayaraj, 2005). These novel

bioactive compounds /oils isolated from the insectidial

plants have been integrated in the Biointensive Integrated

Pest Management (BIPM) programme for many crops.

Biological, physiological and biochemical impact of many

insecticidal plants on different insect pests has been reported

by many authors. Essential oils obtained from various plant

species are recently gaining much scientific and public

interest because of their multifarious uses and diverse

biological activities (Bowles, 2003; Burt, 2004; Jie et al.,

2007; Souza et al., 2007). A large number of herbal plants

have been screened for their potential essential oil and

exploited for commercial applications (Busatta et al., 2008;

Maksimovic et al., 2008; Mohammadreza, 2008).

Sahayaraj et al., 2003; Sahayaraj, 2005). These novel

bioactive compounds /oils isolated from the insectidial

plants have been integrated in the Biointensive

Integrated Pest Management (BIPM) programme for

many crops. Biological, physiological and biochemical

impact of many insecticidal plants on different insect

pests has been reported by many authors. Essential oils

obtained from various plant species are recently gaining

much scientific and public interest because of their

multifarious uses and diverse biological activities

(Bowles, 2003; Burt, 2004; Jie et al., 2007; Souza et al.,

2007). A large number of herbal plants have been

screened for their potential essential oil and exploited

for commercial applications (Busatta et al., 2008;

Maksimovic et al., 2008; Mohammadreza, 2008).

Aromatic plants and their essential oils have been used

since antiquity in flavor and fragrances, as condiment or

spice, in medicines, as antimicrobial / insecticidal

agents, and to repel insect or protect stored products.

These constitute effective alternatives to synthetic

pesticides without producing adverse effects on the

environment (Dorman and Deans, 2000; Isman and

Machial, 2006; Bakkali et al., 2008).

Full Length Research Article © SIRP| All Rights Reserved

ISSN 2319 - 8788



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environment (Dorman and Deans, 2000; Isman and Machial,

2006; Bakkali et al., 2008). Antifeedant activities of seven

chemicals isolated from Ajuga nipponensis were examined

in a bioassay against 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella

(Zhen huang et al., 2008). In the recent past, several

workers have been documented the bioefficacy of plant

essential oils against various group of insects (Bidhan

Chandra Das et al., 2008; Kaliyaperumal et al ., 2008;

Bagavan et al., 2008; Krishnan et al., 2008; Caballero et al.,

2008; Marei et al., 2009; Hanem fathy khater and khater,

2009; Pandey et al., 2009; Islam et al., 2009; Min Chung et

al., 2009; Nutchaya khumrungsee et al., 2009; Prejwltta

maurya et al., 2009; Shyamapada mandal, 2010; Elumalai et

al., 2010a-c)

The popularity of botanical pesticides is once

again increasing and some plant products are being used

globally as green pesticides. The body of scientific literature

documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to different

pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals

are currently used in agriculture. Although a huge number

of plant species have been investigated for their essential oil

potential and biological activities, however, to the best of

our knowledge there are no earlier reports yet available

regarding the detailed evaluation of biological and

pesticidal principles of essential oils from plants of

Lamiaceae family, native to India against the important field

pest, the armyworm, Spodoptera litura. Hence, the present

study was undertaken to assess the impact of selected

essential oils against the selected pest.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Procurement of plant essential oils

Plant essential oils as listed in table 1 were procured

from an authorized dealer (Theeraj Trading Co. Ltd.,

Naineappan Naickan Street, Paris Corner, Chennai) in an

amber vials. Before collecting the oils, the glass vials were

dipped in soap water for 48 hrs and thoroughly washed

with tap water then rinsed with double distilled water. The

washed vials were kept in oven for 1hr and then autoclaved

to disinfect the vials. After getting the oil, the vials were

named and covered with silver foil then transported to the

laboratory. Until the experiment, those vials were kept in

cool dark place.

Insect rearing

Spodoptera litura (Noctuide:Lepidoptera) armyworm

was collected from field, cultured and maintained in the

laboratory on castor leaves (Ricinus communis L.). Rearing

conditions were 12 h photo regime at 28±2°C and 75±5%

relative humidity. An insect culture was continuously

refreshed with wild moths captures by a light trap in the

vicinity of Annamalai University, Annamalainagar. Generally

hale and healthy and uniform sized fourth instar larvae (F1)

of selected species were used in the experiments.

Bioassay

Antifeedant assay

Antifeedant activity of the selected plant volatile oils

were studied using leaf disc non choice method (Isman et

al., 1990). Fresh castor leaf discs (3-cm diameter) were used

for the experimentation. Each oil with 125, 250, 500 and

1000 ppm concentrations were treated individually on the

fresh leaf discs. One treatment with acetone alone was used

as positive control and one treatment without solvent was

considered as negative control. In each Petri disc (1.5 cm x

for the experimentation. Each oil with 125, 250, 500 and

1000 ppm concentrations were treated individually on

the fresh leaf discs. One treatment with acetone alone

was used as positive control and one treatment without

solvent was considered as negative control. In each Petri

disc (1.5 cm x 9cm) wet filler paper was placed to avoid

early drying of the leaf disc single fourth instar larva of S.

litura, was introduced individually. Ten replicates were

maintained for each concentration and the progressive

consumption of leaf area by the larvae after 24h was

recorded in control and treated discs using leaf area

meter (Delta – T Devices, serial No. 15736 F96, UK).

Larvicidal assay

For evaluation of larvicidal activity, the same

concentrations as stated in the previous experiments

were used against S. litura larvae. Petioles of the leaves

were tied with wet cotton plug to avoid early drying and

placed in plastic trough (29cm x 8cm) 20 pre starved

(4h) fourth instar larvae of test organisms were

introduced individually and covered with muslin cloth.

Ten individual containers were considered as one

replication. Ten replicates were maintained and the

number of larvae dead after 48h was recorded and the

percentage of larval mortality was calculated using

Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925).

Selection of field for evaluation:

Groundnut growing farmer’s fields were selected,

Sirkali Block, Nagapattinam District Tamil Nadu.

Experiment site was selected from the Koothur Village

for field evaluation of POFs and their impact on insect

complex in the groundnut ecosystem. JL - 24 varieties

was selected for the present field evaluation because of

its wide used and great market demand. Based on the

available literature leaf miner- Aproarema modicella,

tobacco armyworm Sprodoptera litura, leafhopper –

Emposca kerri, aphids Aphis craccivora, thrips –

Franklinella schultzei and gram caterpillar Helicoverpa

armigera were selected for the evaluation of various

components. These pests were predominantly occurring

in the selected farmer’s fields both in irrigated and

rainfed conditions.

Based on the available literature commonly

occurring predators in groundnut ecosystem such as

lynx spider- Oxyopes javanus, ladybird beetle- Menochilus

sexmaculatus, damselfly – Agriocnemic pymaea, long

horned grasshopper- Concephalus longipennis, ants-

Camponatus compressus were chosen for the impact

assessment of various control measures.

Randomized block design experiments were

conducted in a selected farmer’s field under irrigated

conditions. In the selected field plot size was fixed in 40

sq.m (1 cent) and plants were raised with the spacing of

30 x 10 cm. Seven treatments were given with three

replications to assess the pest and natural enemy

complex under the influence of POF6. Pest surveillance

was conducted 7 days after treatment.



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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 2 shows the list of selected 20 plant

essential oils in the preliminary assays for their antifeedant

and larvicidal activity against S. litura. Based on their

efficacies only six essential oils were chosen for further

assays and formulations. Antifeedant activity of six

essential oils were tested with different concentrations

(viz., 125, 250,500 and 1000 ppm) against fourth instar

larvae of S. litura and the results are presented in table 3.

As it was evidenced from the table, the feeding deterrent

activity was noticed in increasing manner with the increase

in the concentration of the oil tested. At 125 ppm

concentration R. officinalis showed 12.78% feeding

deterrence. At 250ppm concentration M. spicata and S.

officinalis showed significant feeding deterrent activity

against the experimental larvae of S. litura. More than 50%

feeding inhibition was noticed at 500ppm concentration

among the six oils tested, of which, O. sanctum and R.

officinalis did not differ statistically (p ≤ 0.05). Maximum

antifeedant activity was noticed in S. officinalis (85.56 ±

9.44%) followed by O. basilicum (80.55 ± 8.64%; Table 3)

at 1000ppm.

Larvicidal activities of six different plant essential

oils are shown in figure 1. Generally increased larval

mortality was observed at higher concentrations (500 and

1000 ppm). The LC50 of O. basilicum was derived to be

440.30 ppm with LCL of 332.53 and UCL of 558.76 ppm.

Similarly the LC90 was found to be 824.26 ppm with LCL of

679.52 and UCL of 1098.76 ppm. The LC50 of O.

sanctum was derived to be 446.96 ppm with LCL of 360.77

and UCL of 40.32 ppm. Similarly the LC90 was found to be

831.51 ppm with LCL of 708.75 and UCL of 1035.47 ppm

against S. litura. In nut shell, the experimental larvae

subjected to 1000 ppm concentrations were found more

susceptible to the oil tested since the lethality of the larvae

were found to be maximum among the test concentrations.

The LC50 of M. arvensis was derived to be 469.20 ppm with

LCL of 430.06 and UCL of 509.78 ppm. Similarly the LC90

was found to be 879.39 ppm with LCL of 815.24 and UCL of

959.37 ppm against S. litura. In nut shell, the experimental

larvae subjected to 1000 ppm concentrations were found

more susceptible to the oil tested since the lethality of the

larvae were found to be maximum among the test

concentrations. The LC50 of R. officinalis was derived to be

419.78 ppm with LCL of 318.35 and UCL of 531.12 ppm.

Similarly the LC90 was found to be 794.05ppm with LCL of

656.21 and UCL of 1050.54 ppm. The LC50 of S. officinalis

was derived to be 445.13 ppm with LCL of 356.71 and UCL

of 540.89 ppm. Similarly the LC90 was found to be 838.56

ppm with LCL of 712.27 and UCL of 1050.23 ppm. The LC50

of M. spicata was derived to be 440.42 ppm with LCL of

349.77 and UCL of 537.80 ppm. Similarly the LC90 was

found to be 839.67 ppm with LCL of 711.24 and UCL of

1056.86 ppm against S. litura (Table 4). In nut shell, the

experimental larvae subjected to 1000 ppm concentrations

were found more susceptible to the oil tested since the

lethality of the larvae were found to be maximum among

the test concentrations. Based on the above performance

the oils were subjected to formulations as table 5.

the oils were subjected to formulations as table 5.

Antifeedant activity of POFs (Table 6) clearly revealed

that highest activity was shown by POF6 (95.55 ± 7.89%)

followed by POF5 (84.49 ± 6.55%), POF4 (82.36 ± 5.65%),

POF3 (80.64 ± 5.66%), POF2 (75.69 ± 3.64%) and POF1

(64.88 ± 3.48%). These results are statistically significant

at P ≤ 0.05 (MANOVA; LSD -Turkey’s Test). Similarly,

Larvicidal activity was recorded maximum in POF6 with

70.44 ± 3.43% mortality followed by 67.55 ± 3.4; 65.41 ±

3.86; 64.24± 4.26; 60.33 ± 6.24; 55.22 ± 3.48% mortality

exhibited by POF4; POF5; POF3; POF1 and POF2

respectively. Since POF6 showed promising activity, hence,

it was subjected to field assessment.

Initial spray of plant oil formulation in the groundnut

field showed reduction in the pest population to a greater

extent as evidenced in table 7. Leaf minor population in the

control was 26.66 and the same was reduced to 15.33.

Similarly, S. litura population was also reduced from 28.33

to 15.66 at 40DAS. The decline in the population of aphids,

jassids and thrips were recorded from 45.33, 36.33 and

64.66 to 36.33, 17.00 and 17.00 respectively. Results

obtained from the experimental quadrate are on par with

the untreated control. Similar trend was also observed in II

spray at 55 DAS. Contrarily, plant oil formulation

significantly increased the predator’s population in both 45

and 55 DAS periods (Table 7). POF6 was subjected to check

its UV stability and phytotoxicity on the Vigna radiata

cultured in the open sunlight POF had not showed any

symptom of phytotoxicity and found viable for more than

15 days.

The results obtained from the present investigation

are in corroborating with the earlier findings of several

workers. Earlier authors reported that the effects of T.

patula essential oil compounds are known to posse’s

antifeedant activity against a variety of agricultural field

pests (Krishnappa et al., 2010). Earlier, Elumalai et al.,

(2010c) have been reported that essential oil of Cuminum

cyminum, Menthe piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus

vulgaris and Coriandrum sativum exhibited complete

(100%) antifeedant activity at 6mg/cm2 over a 24 hours

period against Armyworm, S. litura. Further antifeedant

agent from the neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) reduced

feeding rate of H. armigera resulted in lowest pod and grain

damage (Sarode et al., 1995; Raja et al., 2002). Similarly,

jojoba and sesame oil extracts at higher concentration

(3%), acted as feeding deterrent to 4th instar larvae of S.

littoralis. In general some essential oils are toxic and act as

a feeding deterrent to different larval stages of S. littoralis

e.g. Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum which

significantly affected the growth indices (Pavela, 2004).

Further antifeedant agent from the neem seed kernel

extract (NSKE) reduced feeding rate of H. armigera

resulted in lowest pod and grain damage (Sarode et al.,

1995; Raja et al., 2002). Earlier Hermawan et al. (1994)

reported that the plant extract of Andrographis paniculata

effectively reduced the feeding of fourth stadium diamond

black moth larvae (P. xylostella).



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Baskar et al. (2010) reported that the ethyl acetate extract

of Couroupita guianensis exhibited 69.7% against H.

armigera at 5% concentration. The antifeedant activity was

due to the presence of steroids, phenols, flavonoids and

alkaloids in the ethyl acetate extract of leaf. Results

obtained from present investigations coincide with the

earlier report of Caasi (1983) who observed that water

extract of A. tagala showed antifeedant activity against S.

litura. Also methanol extract of A. ringens showed effects of

antifeedancy, food poisoning, contact poisoning and

repellency against Sitophilus zeamais (Arannilewa et al.,

2006). Lajide et al. (1993) observed antifeedency in

methanol extract of A. albida against S. litura. This

observation is corroborated with some earlier findings of

Baskar et al. (2009, 2010) for alkaloids who reported

antifeedant activity against H. armigera; anti-insect and

pharmacological activities have been reported for

flavonoids and phenolic compounds (Yao et al., 2004);

steroids present in Ajuga reptans inhibited the feeding

(Camps and Coll, 1993).

Ever since the striking antifeedant effect of

azadirachtin was first documented against the desert

locust, Schistocerca gregaria, the concept of using feeding

deterrents has drawn considerable interest (Butterworth

and Morgan 1968). However, in spite of the fact that many

plant species have been tested for their action against S.

litura, (Thappa et al., 1989; Luthria et al., 1992), few

attempts have been made to exploit the full potential of

antifeedants in crop protection programmes (Murray et al.,

1993; Isman, 1994). In view of the continuous need for new

pest control methods, the potential of antifeedants as crop

protectants cannot be ignored and require more research.

The hot ethanol extract of T. indica caused significant

feeding inhibition and mortality of S. litura larvae while E.

camaldulensis and C. lanceolatus exhibited growth

inhibitory properties. The bioactivity of T. indica extract

may be attributed to the presence of various alkaloids (Jain

and Agrawal, 1991; Verma et al., 1986), while growth-

inhibiting properties of E. camaldulensis and C. lanceolatus

can be attributed to the presence of tannins and essential

oil (CSIR 1981).

Although the effect of exposure on larval mortality

had significant relationship, the variable response of plant

species for larval mortality has been clearly elucidated

when analysed using two-way ANOVA (Oil X concentration

X insect) This suggests that biological activity of botanicals

is plant species-specific and the exposure concentration

has a direct impact on the efficacy of test species. Plants

having active principles with high antifeedant properties

and high insecticidal activity seem to be a better option to

combat pest problem than those with antifeedant

properties alone. The broad-spectrum activities of oils, an

extractable molecule imparts unique qualities to the plant

and its potential needs to be further exploited for insect

control programme.

Elumalai et al. (2004) reported that ethyl acetate leaf

extract of Acorus calamus at 5.0% exhibited maximum

larvicidal activity of 40.24% against S. litura. The present

study on insecticidal activity showed many remarkable

findings. Further synergistic studies (not shown in tables)

study on insecticidal activity showed many remarkable

findings. Further synergistic studies (not shown in tables)

also revealed enhanced malformed anatomical activities

of the oils tested against the selected pests. It may due to

reduction in the total protein content which is a major

component for the metamorphosis of the larval instars,

this was clear that the dead larvae showed the symptom

of improper metamorphosis from one instar to another

instar. This result is also coinciding with the findings of

Krishnayya and Rao (1995) that had been reported that

the application of plumbagin greatly reduced the protein

concentration of H. armigera. The present findings pave

the way for purification and identification of the effective

principle / compound to control the important

polyphagous pest. Further suggest the value of exploring

other oils in search for new, environmentally acceptable

pest control agents for S. litura.

Furthermore, the oil formulation should be

applied as early as possible when the insects are eggs,

neonates, or larvae in order to prevent economically

significant crop losss under field conditions. Protection is

critical during last decade depending on the region (de

Kraker et al., 2000; Isman et al., 1990). Initial spray of

plant oil formulation in the groundnut field showed

reduction in the pest population to a greater extent as

evidenced from the data. Leaf minor population in the

control was 26.66 and the same was reduced to 15.33.

Similarly, S. litura population was also reduced from 28.33

to 15.66 at 40 DAS. The decline in the population of

aphids, jassids and thrips were recorded from 45.33,

36.33 and 64.66 to 36.33, 17.00 and 17.00 respectively.

Results obtained from the experimental quadrate are on

par with the untreated control. Similar trend was also

observed in II spray at 55 DAS. Contrarily, plant oil

formulation significantly increased the predators’

population in both 45 and 55 DAS periods.

Groundnut crop suffers heavily from the attack

of pests such as leaf miner, aphids, leafhoppers, tobacco

armyworm and thrips and some common fungal

pathogens, which cause leaf spot, rust and root rot. This

ultimately results in severe yield loss. It is necessary to

protect the crop against pests and disease in order to

increase the production for future needs of growing

population. Apart from pests and pathogens, weeds also

interfere with growth and development of groundnut crop

and they also act as alternate host for many insects and

diseases.

Understanding the diversity of host plants and their

influence on natural enemies in different cropping

systems in essential for conservation and enhancement of

natural enemies population. Some of the commonly

occurring natural enemies in groundnut pets are spiders,

ladybird beetles, ants, long horned grasshoppers,

damselflies and wasps. In order to maintain the natural

enemy populations it is important to study the impact of

botanicals which are safer to not-target organisms and

which can check effectively the pests in the field.

Among POFs tested in the farmers’ field, POF6

treated plots showed maximum reduction of leaf miner,

tobacco armyworm, aphids, jassids and thrips. The

promising pest control activity of neem oil is due to the

presence of azadirachtin content in the oil.



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Table 1 List of plant essential oils selected for their bioefficacy in the present investigation against, Spodoptera litura, Sl. No.

Oil names Botanical name Family

1. Basil Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae

2. Basil Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae

3. Bergamot Mentha citrata Lamiaceae

4. Catnip Nepeta cataria Lamiaceae

5. Clary Sage Salvia sclarea Lamiaceae

6. Cornmint Mentha arvensis Lamiaceae

7. Lavender a. Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae

8. Lavender l Lavandula latifolia Lamiaceae

9. Marjoram Thymus mastichina Lamiaceae

10. Marjoram, Sweet Origanum majorana Lamiaceae

11. Melissa brectified Melissa officinalis Lamiaceae

12. Oregano Origanum compactum Lamiaceae

13. Oregano Origanum vulgare Lamiaceae

14. Patchouli Pogostemon cablin Lamiaceae

15. Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium Lamiaceae

16. Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae

17. Sage Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae

18. Spearmint Mentha spicata Lamiaceae

19. Thyme Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae

20. Thulsi Lucas aspera Lamiaceae

Table 2 Antifeedant activity of selected oils against the larvae of the selected pest species at 500 ppm concentration

Sl. No. Oils * Antifeedant activity Larvicidal activity

1. Ocimum basilicum +++ +++

2. Ocimum sanctum +++ ++

3. Mentha citrata - ++

4. Nepeta cataria + +

5. Salvia sclarea ++ -

6. Mentha arvensis +++ +++

7. Lavandula angustifolia ++ +

8. Lavandula latifolia - ++

9. Thymus mastichina - +

10. Origanum majorana ++ +

11. Melissa officinalis - ++

12. Origanum compactum - +

13. Origanum vulgare ++ +

14. Pogostemon cablin + ++

15. Mentha pulegium ++ +

16. Rosmarinus officinalis +++ +++

17. Salvia officinalis +++ ++

18. Mentha spicata +++ ++

19. Thymus vulgaris ++ +

20. Lucas aspera ++ ++

Antifeedant activity assayed by the method of Isman et al. (1990). Leaf disc no-choice method. *Oil mixed with 0.5%DMSO with distilled water at 500 ppm concentration. ** Newly moulted fourth instar larvae of the test species was subjected to the experiment. - =No activity; +=<25% activity; ++= >25% but <50% activity; +++=>50% activity.



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Table 3 Antifeedant activity of selected oils against the freshly moulted fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura at

different concentrations.

Name of the plant eassential oils tested

Concentrations tested (ppm)

125 250 500 1000

Ocimum basilicum 5.24 ± 1.09c 12.24 ± 2.22 c 64.65 ± 3.42f 80.55 ± 8.64f

Ocimum sanctum 3.68 ± 0.24b 8.32 ± 1.46 b 54.28 ± 2.46c 60.59 ± 3.65b

Mentha arvensis 6.45 ± 0.88d 16.88 ± 2.44d 50.56 ± 3.42b 74.85 ± 3.00e

Rosemarinus officinalis 12.78 ± 1.23g 18.43 ± 1.46e 60.96 ± 3.46e 70.55 ± 7.36d

Salvia officinalis 7.71 ± 0.66e 20.59 ± 2.22f 58.33 ± 3.22d 85.56 ± 9.44g

Mentha spicata 10.65 ± 1.42f 22.47 ± 1.88g 68.55 ± 2.64g 65.55 ± 7.00c

Control 1.22 ± 0.36a 1.22 ± 0.36a 1.22 ± 0.36a 1.22 ± 0.36a

Values represent mean ± S.D. of ten replications. Different alphabets in the column are statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. (MANOVA; LSD -Tukey’s Test). Control groups were fed with tender host leaf disc with no phytochemicals; no-choice leaf disc methods (Isman et al., 1990). Table 4 Larvicidal activity of plant essential oils against freshly moulted (0-6h old) 4th instar larvae of selected

lepidopteran insect pests

Plant oils tested LC50 (ppm) 95%Confidence Limits

(ppm) LC90

(ppm)

95%Confidence Limits (ppm) χ2value

LCL UCL LCL UCL

Ocimum basilicum 440.30 332.53 558.76 824.26 679.52 1098.76 15.602*

Ocimum sanctum 446.96 360.77 540.32 831.51 708.75 1035.47 10.287*

Mentha arvensis 469.20 430.06 509.78 879.39 815.24 959.37 9.119*

Rosemarinus officinalis 419.78 318.35 531.12 794.05 656.21 1050.54 14.478*

Salvia officinalis 445.13 356.71 540.89 838.56 712.27 1050.23 10.495*

Ocimum basilicum 440.42 349.77 537.80 839.67 711.24 1056.86 10.749*

LC50=Lethal Concentration brings out 50% Mortality and LC90 = Lethal Concentration brings out 90% mortality. LCL = Lower Confidence Limit; UCL = Upper Confidence Limit; Values in a column with a different superscript alphabet are significantly different at P < 0.05 (MANOVA; LSD -Tukey’s Test). Table 5. Plant Oil Formulations

Plant Oil Formulation (POF)

POF 1. POF 2. POF 3.

Ocimum basilicum– 22.67%

Rosemarinus officinalis– 66.23%

Emulsifier - 8%

Stabilizer – 1.123%

Isopropyl alcohol – 2%

Ocimum sanctum – 66.23%

Mentha spicata – 22.67%

Emulsifier - 8%



Mentha arvensis - 44.5%

Salvia officinalis - 44.5%

Emulsifier - 8%



POF 4. POF 5. POF 6.

Salvia officinalis - 22.67%

Ocimum sanctum – 66.23%

Emulsifier - 8%



Rosemarinus officinalis - 66.23%

Mentha arvensis – 22.67%

Emulsifier - 8%



Mentha spicata - 44.5%

Ocimum basilicum - 44.5%

Emulsifier - 8%





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Table 6 Bioefficacy of POFs tested against selected lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura

Test organisms POF1 POF2 POF3 POF4 POF5 POF6

% activity recorded

Antifeedant activity* 64.88 ± 3.48b 75.69 ± 3.64c 80.64 ± 5.66d 82.36 ± 5.65d 84.49 ± 6.55de

95.55 ± 7.89f

Control 2.84 ± 0.22 a

Larvicidal activity** 60.33 ± 6.24 c 55.22 ± 3.48b 64.24± 4.26 d 67.55 ± 3.46

de 65.41 ± 3.86

d 70.44 ± 3.43

f Control 1.4 ± 0.8a

Values represent mean ± S.D. of ten replications. *Control groups were fed with tender host leaf disc with no phytochemicals; Activity assayed by no-choice leaf disc methods (Isman et al., 1990). **mortality of the larvae observed after 24h of exposure period (Abbot, 1925). Values in the rows with a different superscript alphabet are significantly different at P < 0.05 (MANOVA; LSD -Tukey’s Test).

Table 7. Effect of POF 6 against pest and predators population (Cropping season: December 2009-March 2010) in

groundnut field at Koothur Village, Sirkali Taluk, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu.

Pests I spray at 40 DAS II spray at 55 DAS

Treatment Control Treatment Control

Leaf miner 15.33 .57b 26.661.15c 14.330.57a 26.330.57c

Army worm 15.660.57b 28.330.57d 14.01.00a 27.330.57c

Aphids 36.333.21b 45.337.50d 24.332.51a 44.336.02c

Jassids 17.000.57 a 36.331.52b 17.330.57a 39.662.08c

Thrips 17.02.00b 64.662.51c 15.01.00a 65.333.05d

Predators Spiders 21.33 .15a 27.331.15b 21.0 .52a 28.02.00c Ladybird beetle 23.03.00b 27.332.51d 20.330.57a 26.332.08c

Ants 17.331.52c 19.01.0 b 9.662.08a 18.02.00d

Long horned grasshopper 7.331.52b 9.331.15d 3.0 1.00a 8.331.52c

Damselflies 2.660.57b 5.660.57d 1.661.52a 4.661.15c

Values represent mean SD of Three replications. Values in the rows with a different superscript alphabet are significantly different at P < 0.05 (MANOVA; LSD -Tukey’s Test).

Fig 1. Larvicidal activity of different plant essential oils tested against fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera litura



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treated plots showed maximum reduction of leaf miner,

tobacco armyworm, aphids, jassids and thrips. The

promising pest control activity of neem oil is due to the

presence of azadirachtin content in the oil. Due to the

repellent activity of oil components present in neem oil the

pests moved away from the treated plots; in some others

the molting hormone activity was arrested after a small

feeding and ultimately due to the failure of molting insects

died. These results are in agreement with the earlier report

of Kumar et al. (1997). They reported that neem oil (3%)

showed higher percent mortality of sucking pests such as

aphids and leafhopper followed by pungam and Vitex

negundo. Guddewar and Chandra (1993) also reported that

neem oil at 1.5% controlled sucking pest population. With

regard to the mode of action of azadiractin Gupta (2003)

reported that azadirachtin caused deformities in the

developing larvae, pupae and adults. The most spectacular

morphogenetic effects with larval pupal intermediates, and

deformed pupae and adults. Azadirachtin acts as

metamorphosis and growth disrupter in S. litura and H.

armigera. It may, therefore, be inferred that presence of

high content of azadirachtin was responsible for different

types of interactions between juvenile hormone and

moulting hormone and because of that morphogenetic

manifestations occurred in the treated insects.

Plants products seem to be an excellent choice for

preservation of beneficial organisms. In the present study

POF6 treated plots recorded maximum populations of

natural enemies. This confirms the nontoxic affect of

selected oil formulation on natural enemies. Dhaliwa et al.

(1999) reported that neem formulations were

comparatively safer to the predator. Non-toxic effects of

neem-based products such as Azatin, AD-9 and Repellin

have been reported against spider (Mansour et al. 1993). In

the field trials, reduction of natural enemy populations

such as spiders, coccinellids, chrysopids and syrphids in

unfortified formulations, fortified formulations, dust

formulations and seed kernel extracts was less when

compared by insecticides such as methyl demeton and

dimethoate as reported by Jayaraj and Saminathan, (2002).

Conservation of natural enemies in many agro

ecosystems involves judicious use of pesticides to avoid the

side effects of pesticidal applications. Proper timing of

application of pesticides and use of safer formulations as

well as relatively safer pesticides such as endosulfan

monocrotophos etc. would enable the natural enemy fauna

survice and multiply in a given ecosystem (Navarajan Paul,

2001; Singh, 2001). Pollen or nectar – yielding crops such

as sunflower, maize, castor and cowpea raised in poly crop

system provided food to the predators, whenever prey

population was not adequate.

CONCLUSION

In the present investigation, the population of natural

enemies such as predators and parasitoids were found to

be more in the plots treated with POF6 than the plots

treated with other POFs. Hence, the application of

phytochemicals can be a best tool in the IPM programme.

Thus it throws more light on the interesting area and paves

the way for the searching of new phytopesticide to keep the

pests in control/check condition and also enhances the

natural enemies’ population. Further, the POF will

definitely play an imminent role in the near future as

alternatives to the synthetic pesticides; also they are

the way for the searching of new phytopesticide to keep

the pests in control/check condition and also enhances

the natural enemies’ population. Further, the POF will

definitely play an imminent role in the near future as

alternatives to the synthetic pesticides; also they are

environmentally safer and almost non-toxic to non target

organisms. Salvia officinalis could be employed in the

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme.

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This Article Citation

Krishnappa, K. Mathivanan, T and K. Elumalai (2013) Field evaluation of Plant Oil Formulations (POFs) against the armyworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.) with special reference to pest -predator population in groundnut ecosystem (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Int J of Interdisci Res and Revs. 1(2):pp 30 – 39.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest.

This Article is downloaded from ijirr.selvamcollege.in

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