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FFEEDDEERRAALL RREEPPUUBBLLIICC OOFF NNIIGGEERRIIAA

FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP)

ROAD SECTOR DEVELOPMENT TEAM (RSDT)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF AKURE-ILESHA ROAD REHABILITATION PROJECT

FINAL REPORT

Submitted by

SEEMS NIGERIA LIMITED

AUGUST, 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Title i

Table of Contents ii

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

List of Plates viii

Abbreviations and Acronyms ix

Acknowledgement xii

ESIA Report Preparers xiii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiv

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 Project Overview 2

1.3 Regulatory Framework 7

1.3.1 National Legislations 8

1.3.2 Other Environmental Regulations Governing Environmental Protection 9

1.3.3 Statutory Limits/Standards 10

1.3.4 State Legislation 10

1.3.5 International Standards, Treaties and Conventions 11

1.3.6 Health, Safety and Environmental Policies and Guidelines of FMW 11

1.3.7 Organisation and Responsibilities 11

1.3.8 World Bank Policies 13

1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 15

1.4.1 ESIA Objectives 16

1.4.2 Scope of the ESIA 16

1.4.3 Terms of Reference 17

1.4.4 Methodology 17

1.5 Structure of the Report 18

2.0 Project Justification 20

2.1 Need for the Project 20

2.2 Project Alternatives 20

2.2.1 No Project 20

2.2.2 Using other Travel Modes 21

2.2.3 Alternative Alignments 21

2.2.4 Upgrading the Existing Roads 21

2.3 Project Benefits 21

2.4 Envisaged Substainability 21

2.5 Type of Project 22

2.6 Project Location 22

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2.7 Existing conditions of the project Road 22

2.7.1 Shoulders of the Road 23

2.7.2 Pavement 24

2.7.3 Exisitng Alignment 24

2.7.4 Drainage 25

2.7.5 Traffic Volume 25

2.7.6 Road Furniture 25

2.8 Design Standards 26

2.9 Input and Output of Raw Materials and Products 27

2.9.1 Raw Material Supply 27

2.9.2 Process Inputs 27

2.9.3 Sources of Energy Availale of the Project 27

2.10 Project Operation and Maintenance 27

2.11 Project Life cycle 27

2.12 Project Schedule 27

3.0 Description of the Environment 28

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Baseline Data Acquisition Methods 28

3.2.1 Sampling Methods & Field Measurement 29

3.2.2 Quality Assurance/Control Procedure 30

3.3 Description of the Baseline Status of the project area 30

3.3.1 Climate/Meteorology 30

3.3.2 Air Temperature 31

3.3.3 Relative Humidity 33

3.3.4 Rainfall 33

3.3.5 Wind Speed & Direction 35

3.3.6 Air Quality 37

3.3.7 Noise 38

3.3.8 Soils 38

3.3.8.1 Physical Properties 38

3.3.8.2 Chemical Properties 40

3.3.8.3 Soil Microbiology 40

3.3.8.4 Land Use 41

3.3.9 Geology & Hydrogeology 41

3.3.9.1 Geology of the Project area 41

3.3.9.2 Geophysical Studies characteristics 42

3.3.9.3 Hydrogeological Characteristics 42

3.3.9.4 Geophysical (Geolectric) Characteristics 43

3.3.10 Vegetation 43

3.3.11 Aquatic System 46

3.3.11.1 Water Quality 46

3.3.11.2 Water Microbiology 47

3.3.11.3 Hydrobiology 48

3.3.11.4 Fish/Fisheris 50

iv

3.3.11.5 Sediment 51

3.3.12 Terrestial Fauna and Wildlife 53

3.3.13 Waste Management 55

3.3.14 Socio Economics 55

3.3.14.1 The Project Environment 55

3.3.14.2 Socioeconomic Attributes 56

3.3.14.3 Community Health status 66

3.3.14.4 Consultation with Key Stakeholders 67

3.4 Institutional Arrangement 69

3.5 Budget for the Implementation of ESMP 71

4.0 Associated & Potential Environmental Impacts 72 4.1 Impact Prediction Methodology 72

4.2 Impact Appraisal 78

4.2.1 Environmental Issues 78

4.2.2 Environmental Consequences 83

4.3 Significant Positive Impact 83

4.4 Significant Negative Impact 84

4.5 Raw materials Impacts 84

4.6 Process Impact 84

4.7 Project Specific Incremental 84

4.8 Project Specific Cummulative Effects 84

4.9 Project Specific Long/Short term Effects 84

4.10 Project Specific Adverse/Beneficial Effects 84

4.11 Project Specific Direct/Indirect Effects 84

4.12 Project Specific Reversiable/Irreversiable Effects 84

4.13 Project Specific Risk and Hazard Assessment 85

4.13.1 Risk Scenerio 85

5.0 Mitigation of Potential and Associated Environmental Impacts 86

5.1 Best Available Control Technology 86

5.1.1 Site Clearing and Civil Work Construction 86

5.1.2 Highway Operations and Maintenance 87

5.2 Decommissioning Plan 90

6.0 Environmental and Social Management Plan 91

6.1 Introduction 97

6.2 Waste Management Strategies 97

6.3 Waste Management Programme 99

6.4 Waste Management 99

6.5 Monitoring Schedule 100

6.6 Environmental Audit 100

6.6.1 Contingency Planning 100

6.6.2 Project Organisation and Responsibilities 100

6.7 Follow-Up Action Plan 101

v

6.8 Inter-Agency and Public/NGO 101

7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 103

References 104

Appendices 106

vi

LIST OF TABLES

PAGES

Table 3.1: Summar of Weather condition Recorded at various sampling stations along 34

Akure Ilesha road

Table 3.2: Sammpling Coordinates of Air pollutants & Noise Measurements 35

(Wet & Dry season)

Table 3.3a: Air Quality Characteristics of theproject area (Wt & Dry Season) 36

Table 3.3b: Regulatory Standards for Ambient Air Quality 37

Table 3.4: Noise Characteristics of the project area (Wet & Dry Season) 37

Table 3.5: Sampling Cordinates for water Quality 38

Table 3.6: Summary of Physico-Chemical Characteristic of Soils of the project area 39

Table 3.7: The Geology Beneath the Proposed Akure-Ilesha Rehabilitation road 41

Table 3.8: VES Station and the GPS Geograghic Co-ordinates 41

Table 3.9: Classification of Soil Resistivity in terms of its Corrosivity 42

Table 3.10: Checklist of Crops plants in farms encountered along the Proposed 45

Rehabilitation road

Table 3.11: Checklist of common Economic Plant species along the route 45

Table 3.12: Sampling Coordinate for water Quality 46

Table 3.13: Summary of Physio-Chemical characteristics of water from the 47

Rivers/Streams & Boreholes/Wwells in the study area

Table 3.14a: Checklist of Phytoplankton groups 49

Table 3.14b: Distribution of Phytoplankton in the water of the project area 50

Table 3.15a: Checklist of Zooplankton Groups 50

Table 3.15b: Distribution of Zooplankton in the water of the project area 50

Table 3.16: A checklist of the fish species inhaiting the Sampled Rivers during the 50

period of study

Table 3.17: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Sediments of Rivers/Streams in the 52

species in the area

Table 3.18: List of Wildlife species sighted or reported around the project area 54

Table 4.19: Major settlements & their Geographical locations relative to the proposed 55

Rehabilitation Akure-Ilesha road

Table 3.20: Socioeconomics characteristics of PAPs 56

Table 3.21: Socioeconomics of Charateristics of PAPs 62

Table 3.22: The Summary of the Outcome of the Consultation 68

Table 4.1: Impact Indicators for various Environmental Components 75

Table 4.2: Environmental Impacts o road Construction & Operations 76

(from RAU’s (1990)Method)

Table 4.3: Impact Evaluation Matrix or the Akure-Ilesha road development project 77

Table 4.4: Summary of project Actions & Potential Impacts 79

Table 6.1: Summary of Environmental Management Responsiilities for various 92

stages of project

Table 6.2: Monitoring Impact Indicators 93

vii

Table 6.3a: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the road Development Project 94

Table 6.3b Monitoring Programme of the Project affected people 95

Table 6.4: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Road Development Project 97

Table 6.5: Environmental and SocialManagement Plan for the road Development project 99

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Map of Nigeria showing Ondo State & Osun State Travesed by Akure-

Ilesh road(Red line)

3

1.2 Map of part of Southwestern Nigeria Showing the Akure-Ilesh

Travelling Osun & Ondo State

4

1.3 Osun State Local government areas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha road 5

1.4 Ondo State Local governmntareas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha 6

1.5 Satellite Image showing Akure-Ilesha (A122) road betwwen red arrows 7

3.1 Sampling & location Map of the study area 29

3.2. Temperature regime in the Project area 31

3.3. Relative Humidity Regime inthe study area 32

3.4 Prevailing Wind directions in the study area 34

3.5 Distribution of PAPs by Community 57

3.6 Age Distribution 58

3.7 Marital Status 59

4.8 Education 60

3.9 Primary Occupation 60

3.10 Skills (The PAPs are mostly unskilled workers) 61

3.11 Annual Income 61

3.12 Family Size 63

3.13 Length of stay in the Community 63

3.14 Type of House Lived in 64

3.15 Source of water 65

3.16 Attitude towards the road 65

3.17 Expected Benefits from the Projects 66

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LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 2.1 Akure –Ilesha road at Iwaraja 22

PLATE 2.2 Akure-Ilesha road at Ikere jut in Akure 22

PLATE 2.3 ROW Encroachment y Structires 23

PLATE 2.4 Common view of sholder conditions along Akure-Ilesha road 24

PLATE 2.5 Segm,ents of road pavement failure & Pot holes road 24

PLATE 2.6 Common Alignment on Akure-Ilesha road 25

PLATE 2.7 Some of the few road Signage Infrastructure 26

PLATE 3.1 Fallow/ Bush Regrowth Vegetation stand 44

PLATE 3.2 Fallow/ Bush Regrowth Vegetation stand 44

PLATE 3.3 Consultation meeting with people in Akure 68

PLATE 3.4 Consuktation meeting with people in Erinmo 69

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GENERAL

ASL Above sea level

BDL Below Detection Limit

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

DC Double Circuit

DO Dissolved Oxygen

DPR Department of Petroleum Resources

DS Dissolved Solids

EC Electrical Conductivity

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

HC Hydrocarbon

HSE Health, Safety and Environment

ITN Insecticide Treated Nets

SS Suspended solids

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

THC Total Hydrocarbon

TSP Total Suspended Particulate

VES Vertical Electrical Sounding

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

ROW Right of Way

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

cfu/ml Colony forming unit per milliliter

cm Centimeter

dBA Decibel

ft Feet

g Gramme

k Kilogramme

g/cm Gramme per Centimeter

Km Kilometer

m Meter

m3 Meter Cube

meq Milliequivalent

mg Milligramme

mg/Kg Milligramme per Kilogramme

mg/l Milligramme per Litre

ml Millilitre

mm Millimetre

x

m/s Meter per Second

NTU Turbidity Unit o/oo Parts per thousand

oN Degree North

PH Hydrogen ion concentration

ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million

ToC Temperature in degrees Celsius

g Microgramme

S micro Siemen

m micrometer

% Percentage

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

Al Aluminum

C Carbon

Ca Calcium

CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate

CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride

Cd Cadmium

Cl Chloride

CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

Cr Chromium

Cu Copper

Fe Iron

H Hydrogen

H2O water

H2S Hydrogen Sulphide

Hg Mercury

K Potassium

Mg Magnesium

Mn Manganese

N Nitrogen

Na Sodium

Na2PO4 Sodium phosphate

NaOH Sodium hydroxide

NH3 Ammonia

NH4+ Ammonium ion

NH4F Ammonium flouride

Ni Nickel

NO2 Nitrite ion

NO3 Nitrate ion

NOX Nitrogen Oxides

xi

O2 Oxygen

P Phosphorus

Pb Lead

PO4 Phosphate

SiO2 Silicate

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

SO4 Sulphate ion

V Vanadium Zn Zinc

STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

GPS Global Positioning System

ORGANIZATIONS

APHA America Public Health Association

API American Petroleum Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

DPR Department of Petroleum Resources

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United

Nations

FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency

FMENV Federal Ministry of Environment

FMEH & UD Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing & Urban

Development

ISO International Standard Organisation

SEEMS Scienctific Energy and Environment Management

Systems

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organisation

FMW Federal Ministry of Works

RSDT Road Sector Development Team

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) wishes to acknowledge with thanks, the opportunity

granted it by the Federal Government of Nigeria, through its agencies, to conduct this

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Akure-Ilesha Road Rehabilitation Project.

This report has been prepared in line with the national and international regulatory requirements

and standards for FMW by SEEMS Nigeria Limited. The Project Team enjoyed a cordial working

relationship with the Road Sector Development Team (RSDT), the Elders, Chiefs and Youths of

the communities along the study corridor.

The active participation of the RSDT in the ESIA study from the conceptual stage, supervision and

review of the preliminary results is hereby acknowledged.

.

xiii

ESIA REPORT PREPARERS

SEEMS’ Project Team:

Project Proponents: Federal Ministry of Works

Road Sector Development Team

Name Task Assigned

Prof. A.F. Oluwole Consultation

Prof. P.O. Aina Coordination

Prof F.A. Akeredolu

Oluwasesan Joshua

Fasuyan Abiodun

Meteorology, Air Quality,

Climate and Noise Data

Prof A.O. Isichei

Dr. V.F. Olaleye

Ecology Study

Dr A.O. Akinfala

Dr. O.O. Awotoye

Wildlife & Artefacts

Prof O.I. Asubiojo

Dr. F.M. Adebiyi

Surface Water &

Hydrodynamics

Dr Y.A. Asiwaju- Bello Hydrology

Prof. M.O. Olorunfemi

Dr O.A. Akintonrinwa

Geology / Geophysics

Dr. J. Oyedele

Nurudeen Owolabi

Soil Study

K.A. Adewara GIS

Prof (Mrs) ) O.A. Aina

Mrs. O.A. Tijani

Socio-Economics

Prof G. E. Erhabor

Dr A.O. Fatusi

Community Health

Dr. S.O. Oke

Dr. J.I. Muoghalu

Vegetation

Prof. I.F. Adeniyi Aquatic Study

Dr .Ife Adewumi Waste Management

Engr. O.S. Aderinola

Highway Engineering

xiv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The Federal Government of Nigeria has proposed, through the Federal Ministry of Works (FMW)

Road Sector Development Team, to rehabilitate the Akure-Ilesha Road. This may require

debottlenecking of the road network through the construction and maintenance of roads and

rehabilitation of degraded ones. While the justification of road development projects from socio-

economic considerations cannot be overemphasized, the cumulative environmental consequences

of such projects need to be brought to fore.

In order to ensure environmental protection vis-à-vis the highway sector projects of such

magnitudes, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required and mandatory in Nigeria as

stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Ministry of

Environment (formerly Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA).

The project will not involve land acquisition along the existing right of way (ROW) but

involuntary resettlement will occur due to loss of roadside space vendors, traders, mechanics and

other informal activity. However, no number of environmental and social safeguards policies will

be triggered. In line with the Resettlement policy framework that was prepared and disclosed by

the project, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is currently underway to address the issues of

involuntary settlement. The ESMF has been prepared for the project and this ESIA in line with the

specific World Bank Safeguard policies based on screening checklist.This report presents the

environmental and social impact assessment of the road development.

Objectives of the ESIA

The main purpose of this ESIA is to establish a baseline of existing conditions in the project area

and to assess proactively the potential impact and associated impacts, including health and socio-

economic, of the proposed road construction, rehabilitation and operation on the area with a view

to mitigating the identified significant adverse impacts to acceptable level.

The objectives of the ESIA study for Akure-Ilesha road are to:

Collecting information/data on existing conditions (baseline studies) from records, surveys

and consultation with local residents with local residents, experts and professionals;

Characterizing the existing environmental and social conditions and predicting the

significance of major impacts (including reviewing expected trends within the influence of

the road project);

Developing approaches to avoid, mitigate or compensate any adverse impacts and

resolving conflicts and enhance positive impacts;

Producing an EMP; and

xv

Providing for the involvement of the public in the assessment and for reviewing the

proposed road project in an open, transparent and participatory manner

Methodology

The methodology adopted for conducting this ESIA is as follows:

Extensive literature review, detailed baseline survey from field sampling and laboratory analyses.

Identification of potential impacts ansd mitigation measures; and development of Environmental

and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria confers jurisdiction on the Federal Government

to regulate the operations and development activities in the Nigerian transport sector. These,

together with applicable International conventions provide a basis for an ESIA of the project. The

development will take account of Nigerian laws and regulations, and international conventions that

apply to the subject development. In the event of discordance between EIA laws in Nigeria and

that of World Bank safeguard policies, the more stringent will take precedence.Some of these laws

and regulations that apply to the subject development are listed below:

National Legislations

State Legislation

International Standards, Treaties and Conventions

Health, Safety and Environment Policies and Guidelines of FMW

World Bank Safeguard Policies

PROJECT JUSTIFICATION: NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Nigeria’s economy is highly dependent on good road network to facilitate haulage of people,

goods and services. Therefore, its inadequacy can be a serious constraint to national development.

Development of this road would be a confidence reassurance measure to improve the movement of

commuter and good along the corridor.

PROJECT LOCATION AND OVERVIEW The Akure-Ilesha road is located within co-ordinates (expressed in the Universal Traverse Mercator

(UTM) coordinates of Zone 31 using Minna datum) 070082mN, 0842594mE and 074566mN,

0805470mE. The topography along the highway route which stretches through a distance of about

74km is gently undulating. It starts from the end of the dual carriage at Iwaraja Ilesha and terminates

in Akure at the Akure-Ikere/Akure-Owo junction.

In general, the project will involve some civil works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil)

movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-alignment of road segments, creation of road

pavement, coal tarring, etc with potential environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and

founded on surface and the near-surface earth

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

The baseline environmental conditions of the project area are summarized as follows:

xvi

Climate/Meteorology

The project area is associated with high temperatures (22oC-34oC), high humidities for most of the

year. Mean monthly relative humidity is generally high with the highest values occurring in July

(92%) and August (92%) and lowest values recorded in December (76%), January (68%) and

March (78%). Rainfall in the project area is generally high, with mean total annual rainfall of

1353.3mm and 1418.2mm for Akure and Osogbo, respectively. The project area has a calm

weather with wind speed ranging between 0.5 m/s to 5.7m/s. During the dry season, the wind

direction is northeast while the southwest winds are dominant during the wet season.

Air Quality The project area has excellent ambient air quality, with all the measured pollutant indicators being

below FMENV regulatory limits. The ambient air concentrations ranged between <0.01ppm and

0.01 (ppm) for SOx, between <0.01ppm and 0.01ppm for NOx, and between <1ppm and 2ppm for

CO. The concentration of H2S was not detectable. SPM ranged between 60 (g.m-3

) and 206

(g.m-3

).

Noise

The (daytime) ambient noise levels measured at different locations within and outside the study

area ranged from values of 47.9 decibels-acoustic (dBA) to 70.5dBA in some communities. All the

ambient noise levels recorded were below Ministry of Environment permissible exposure limits of

85 dB(A) for 8 hour exposure.

Soils, Land Use and Agriculture

The Akure-Ilesha road is underlain by four major soils. These soils which are derived from

basement complex rocks comprise broad groups of poorly drained and well upland drained soils.

The well drained soils covered over 70% of the study area and have good potential to support

arable crops. The soils which ranged in texture from sand to sandy clay loam in the topsoil with

69.0% to 85.0% sand, 6.9% to 12.0% silt are acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.7), low electrical conductivity

(58-190µS/cm), low organic matter contents 1.08-4.43%), low to adequate total N ranged (0.05-

0.38%). The phosphorus concentrations ranged from 10.6 to 31.3ppm and most of the values fall

within the accepted range of 7.0-20.00ppm for agricultural purposes.

Geomorphology, Geology and Hydrogeology

The geology underlying the proposed Rehabilitation road is composed of Precambrian Basement

Complex rocks. The subsurface layers, which are strongly dependent on the solid geology, vary from

clay to sandy clay and clayey sand and basement bedrock beneath the segment underlain by basement

complex rocks

Water Studies

Turbidity levels of the water bodies ranged between 15 and 225NTU, indicating turbid waters

during the wet season. The values were generally above the FMENV/DPR limit of 10 NTU. The

water bodies were slightly acidic or slightly alkaline with pH values varying from 5.5-7.6.

Electrical conductivity, which is a measure of the ionic richness of the river course, ranged between 22 and 260μS/cm. These values are typical of fresh water bodies. The surface waters in

xvii

the project area are slightly acid to alkaline (pH 7.43-8.06 and mean 7.68±0.0.12), fresh and non-

saline, with low chloride and conductivities of 160-780Scm-1; high levels of dissolved oxygen

(DO =2.4-5.6mgl-1). The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the samples are (0.85 -2.40mg/l-

1) below 5.0mg/l-1, indicating low levels of organic pollution.

The concentrations of heavy metals of the waters, especially the pollution indicators - Hg, Cr, Pb,

Ni and V, are very low or below detectable limits and Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV)

and WHO limits, thus showing no evidence of contamination.

Sediment Physical and Chemical Properties

The sediments were mainly sandy (sand 65.8% - 85.5%, clay 5.2%-18.4%, silt 9.3%-15.8%),

acidic (pH4.4-5.7) and low electrical conductivity (66.8-130.2μS/cm) indicating that the

environment under study is within the freshwater habitat. The sediment samples had low contents

of organic carbon (1.48 and 2.28%), nitrogen (0.15 to 0.32%) low to moderate phosphorus

concentrations (5.8 to 34.5ppm). The concentrations of nitrate (0.072-0.112ppm), ammonium

(4.62-18.27ppm), sulphate (10.48-22.80ppm), and chloride (28.6-58.8ppm). ECEC (4.48-

7.39meq/100g) and the contents of contributory exchangeable cations are also low. The low

concentrations of heavy metals and total hydrocarbon showed that there was no accumulation of

pollutants in the sediments.

Ecology

Planktons

Sixty eight taxa of phytoplankton belonging to three divisions namely bacillariophyta or diatoms,

cyanophyta or blue-green algae, and chlorophyta or green algae, were identified during the studies.

The diatoms comprised the bulk of the flora with 51.5% followed by Chlorophyta with 33.8%.

Cyanophyta constituted 14.7%. The blue-greens occurred in a few sampling stations.

Fish and Fisheries

Fish study was conducted on fishes obtained from rivers along the proposed rehabilitation road and

through interviews and literature search. Fishing activities are carried out mostly in the nights,

early mornings and evenings, and generally done from dug out canoes. Generally, there was more

fish during the wet season compared to the dry season. The fishing gears commonly used includes

castnets, set nets, drift nets, gill nets and hook on line as well as fish fence. Fishing is carried out

by migrant fishermen, few indigenes also participate in fishing activities.

Vegetation

The main block of the Nigerian forest formation at low and medium altitude along this route is

Lowland Rainforest. The high human population densities and their activities along the

rehabilitation road have greatly transformed the complex structure and species richness of this

route. Plant cover in the study area consisted predominantly of farmlands, fallow lands at various

stages of regeneration and degraded remnant lowland tropical moist forests (freshwater swamp and

dry-land rainforests

xviii

Wildlife

A check list of forty four (44) wildlife species belonging to 36 families were encountered, based on

ground surveys and participatory rural appraisal interviews is shown in Table 4.18. Of the species

of vertebrate wildlife identified, the avifauna and mammals were the dominant groups.

The mammals, reportedly sighted or reported to occur in the area were mainly browsers or grazers including medium-sized mammals such as duikers and antelopes

Socio-Economics

There were at least 7 major settlements within 2 km on either side of the Akure-Ilesha road. These

communities were studied in detail for the social impact assessment.

Socioeconomic data was collected in seven locations. The affected communities are Akure, Owena

Ijesa, Owena Owode, Igbara Oke, Erin Oke, Erinmo and Ipetu Ijesa. The distribution indicates that

most of the PAPs are in Akure and Owena-Ijesa

There were many PAPs in Akure because of its size and population (the city is the Capital of Ondo

state and a magnet to people from all parts of the state, including roadside artisans and traders).

Owena-Ijesa however has the largest number of PAPs due to having lots of structures too close to

the highway (the encroachments include permanent physical structures and makeshift shops). The

distribution of the PAPs by ethnicity shows that they are all virtually of the Yoruba ethnicity.

About 61% of the PAPs are Christians while the rest are of the Islamic faith. Most of the PAPs are

females, 44% are males while the remaining 56% are females. Most of the PAPs are roadside

traders. These are two areas where women are mainly engaged to earn a living, hence their

preponderance among the PAPs.

Examining the education level of the PAPs, from figure 4.8 shows that about 40% either did not go

to school at all or attended only primary school. 38% attended secondary school while 15% had

tertiary education. The literacy level is generally high, with 85% having at least primary education.

The occupational distribution of the PAPs shows in figure 3.9 that they are predominantly roadside

traders (77%). A further 14% claim to be business contractors. The others are mainly petty traders

artisan.

Community Health Status

The common ailments reported are malaria, typhoid fever, coughs, and water borne diseases e.g.

diarrheoa, cholera and guinea worm. Health facilities prevalent in the project area include patient

medicine stores, local herbal dispenses.

Consultation

In-depth consultations were conducted at various times at the Palaces of the traditional rulers

between SEEMS Socio-Economic Team, leaders, different social groups and youth leaders of each

community. The socio-economic benefits were appreciated as well as possible reduction in

accident rate.

xix

Institutional Arrangement

One of the basic elements of any Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

implementation and management is the appropriate institutional framework that will ensure the

timely establishment and functioning of the team or agency mandated to implement the plan.

The major institutions that are involved in the ESIA are the Federal Ministry of Environment,

Road Sector Development Team – Federal Ministry of Works, the World Bank, Federal Ministry

of Transportation, State Ministry of Environmental, State Waste Management Authority, State

Ministry of Health, Environmental NGOs, State Minitsry of Transportation, Federal Road Safety

and Local Government Area in each project designated area. Their functions could also be

complimentary or over lapping.

In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the

mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This

contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all

environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the

project by RSTD. The EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with

affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all

agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements.

RSDT shall be represented by Social and Environmental Officer who will be responsible for the

implementation of the EMPFMENV and the Local environmental regulating bodies. Alternatively,

an independent consultant may be hired by the RSDT to implement the EMP. The World Bank and

FMENV will routinely supervised the implementation of this ESMP

Budget for the Implementation of ESMP

The implementation of ESMP will cost about N148, 000,000. The budget for the Implementation

of ESMP covers mitigation, environmental auditing, capacity strenghtening and monitoring.

The proposed budget and responsibilities for the implementation of the EIA is as detailed below:

Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility

Implementation of

Mitigation measures

N118m Contractor

Environmental Auditing N10.0m RSDT/MoE/HSE Consultant

Environmental training

Strengthening

N10.m Contractor/RSDT/HSE

Consultant

Monitoring and

Reporting

N10.0m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env

Total N148m

Waste Management The waste stream encountered in the project area comprises both bio-degradable and non-bio-

degradable products. The biodegradable wastes include domestic wastes, vegetable matter, food

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remnants and other assorted organic materials. Waste is also generated by craftsmen engaged in

various trades. The non-bio-degradable wastes include plastics, glasses, scraps from past sand

mining, scraps of vehicle involved in accidents on Akure-Ilesha expressways.Wastes are disposed

of generally by free litter. Dry refuse is burnt and the residue used as much on plants around

homesteads.

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

The project is intended to rehabilitate the already existing Akure-Ilesha road. No severe

unprecedented and or cumulative negative impacts were identified; however the following

significant adverse impacts and corresponding mitigation measures were identified

Air Quality and Noise

The land clearing and construction-related atmospheric emission (CO, HC and NOx emissions),

dust and noise impacts will occur though these will be short-lived. Operational phase noise impact

will be long term and increase over time as traffic volume on the project roads increases. The site

workers and some communities would therefore experience discomforting construction and

operational noise from construction equipment if mitigating measures are not put in place.

Mitigation

During site clearing, preparation and construction, all equipment and vehicles that show

excessive emissions of particulates due to poor engine adjustment or other inefficient

operating conditions shall not be operated unless corrective measures are taken.

The construction site shall be watered regularly during dry season to minimize fugitive dust

emissions.

Operational emission impact will be mitigated by the upgrading of the existing roads and

consequent increase in motor vehicle speeds to reduce acceleration/deceleration on the roads

and reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions.

During construction and facility operation, workers will be provided with ear muffs and other

protectors to mitigate noise and air quality(dust) impacts;

Construction work on built-up areas will be limited to day time. Planting of trees within 5 metres shall be established between road and residential/

community during operation activities in order to reduce effect of noise.

Water Quality

Surface runoff from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities will impact surface water

quality during construction. Such impacts will be temporary and limited to small areas

downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond. The construction camp stations

will also generate effluent containing COD, SS, and O&G. The effluent will eventually be

discharged to the water bodies. During the operational phase, small quantities of sediment and

dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface

water bodies as runoff during the rainy season. As this would also be the season when the rivers

have their highest flow rates, the impact to water quality will be small. Long-term impacts on

water quality in other rivers in the Project area during expressway operation will be low.

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Mitigation

All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps for waste

disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs

for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and

environmental contingency plans.

During construction, surface water flows shall be controlled and if necessary channelled to

temporary discharge points to minimize the potential threat of erosion and siltation in the

receiving water channels.

Ecology

Contamination of surface and groundwater will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste and

domestic sewage discharge and discarded lubricants, fuel and oils. Discharge of effluents has

potentials for water pollution with attendant effect on water quality and aquatic life.

Mitigation

Selective and controlled clearing of vegetation restricted to what is needed for the project

will be carried out

To mitigate the impact of loss of vegetation, trees and bushes will be planted on both sides

of the expressway, and land will be seeded to grass the embankment in an expressway

landscape plan.

Social and Health Impacts

Identified potential impacts include:

Interference with traffic and economic activities and increased safety risk to local

road users due to increased traffic during construction and project operation

Increase in social vices (drug abuse, commercial sex workers, teenage pregnancies,

etc) and increased pressure on existing infrastructure and health care facilities

(housing, educational and recreational facilities) from influx of people (job seekers)

Health impairment from equipment (air pollutants) gaseous emissions inhalation

Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted

infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction

demobilisation of large contigent of workers

Improved employment opportunities for indigenes and rural economy from phases

of project implementation

Mitigation

Payment of commensurate compensation for economic crops and surface rights to

displaced or dispossessed parties.

Resettlement of displaced people

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Youths from the host communities will be given priority in unskilled labour

employment;

FMW will provide on-the-job training for unskilled and semi-skilled workers

(especially from the host communities) during the construction and project

operation periods.

Community assistance programmes will be provided along with project

development to boost the health status and socio-economic conditions of the

stakeholders;

Development of green areas in the Project site to mitigate noise impact;

Implementation of safety regulations at all times.

Development of careful proactive management to avoid many of the social risks

that have troubled project development areas

Provision of construction camp and sanitary facilities

Compliance with company’s safety regulations around worksite

Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the

implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need

to sustain healthy lifestyle and behaviour.

Medical facilities shall be provided on site, with critical cases transferred to retainer

hospitals.

Alternative source of potable water shall be provided during construction

Waste Management

The construction camps will generate effluent containing COD and SS. The effluent will

eventually be discharged to the water bodies. During the operational phase, small quantities of

sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to

nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season.

Mitigation

All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps for waste

disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs

for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and

environmental contingency plans.

Environmental and Social Management Plan

The prroposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) approach which is designed

to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the ESIA findings and FMW’s Corporate HSE

policy objectives, will include:

Effective integration of ESIA into project design, from construction through

abandonment;

Environmental Monitoring of development phases including operations and close

down;

Specific training of staff and contractors to enhance environmental awareness; and

Sustained consultation with all stakeholders at all times on the field development.

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CONCLUSION

This ESIA has been carried out by the project proponent in order to comply with the statutory

requirements and to identify, evaluate and mitigate the significant potential impacts of the

development project on the environment. An Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

has also been developed as a guide to ensure environmental sustainability during and after the

execution of the various project activities.

The Akure-Ilesha highway route is underlain by clays, sandy clays, clayey sands, sands and

laterites occurring at varying depths and locations along the route. The road development will

lower transportation cost, reduce travel time and will provide a significant aid to the poor through

greatly improved transport infrastructure and access to marketplaces. The

construction/rehabilitation and operation of the Project will bring a large number of direct and

induced employment opportunities to the local economy.

Eventhough the ESIA shows that there are none of the significant potential impacts identified that

cannot be adequately managed and mitigated, an environmental management plan is required for

effective mitigation of the potential impacts following the conduct of full ESIA.

1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Roads play a key role in the socio-economic development of any Nation. Development in the

industry, agriculture, service, trade and other major sectors of a country’s economy depend to a

large extent on the efficiency of the existing road network. In Nigeria, the need for the

development and maintenance of efficient and adequate road infrastructure to meet the rapid rise

in the traffic volume and to provide a fillip to the socio-economic development of the country is

indeed evident. This may require debottlenecking of the road network through the construction

and maintenance of roads and rehabilitation of degraded ones. While the justification of road

development projects from socio-economic considerations cannot be overemphasized, the

cumulative environmental consequences of such projects need to be brought to fore. In order to

ensure environmental protection and safety of the population, vis-à-vis, the highway sector

projects of such magnitudes, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) which is

mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 1992

of the Federal Ministry of Environment (formerly Federal Environmental Protection Agency

(FEPA) is required. Similarly the multilateral aid agencies, including the World Bank require

ESIA as part of their conditions for project funding.

The project will not involve land acquisition along the existing right of way (ROW) but

involuntary resettlement will occur due to loss of roadside space vendors, traders, mechanics and

other informal activity. However, few numbers of environmental and social safeguards policies

will be triggered. In line with the Resettlement policy framework that was prepared and disclosed

by the project, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is currently underway to address the issues of

involuntary settlement. The World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.12 (Involuntary Settlement)

encourages the participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation.

The policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both results from the World Bank-

assisted investment projects

It is in compliance with the national and international regulations of minimizing impact on the

environment in which it operates that Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) that is charged with the

responsibility for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of the Federal Highways

has planned to proactively conduct an ESIA of the Federal Roads Development Project (FRDP)

for the rehabilitation and maintenance of some federal roads including the Akure - Ilesha road. Earlier, at the preparatory stage, a number of safeguard instruments were prepared to guide the

project namely, the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and the Environmental and Social

Management Framework (ESMF). These instruments were prepared because of the multiple sub-

projects nature of the project, whose detailed engineering design, precise location and the entire

gamut of environmental and social safeguard issues were not fully understood then. The basic

idea in the preparation of the instruments was to ensure that the RSDT sub-projects’

environmental and social impacts were identified, assessed, evaluated and appropriately

mitigated, managed and monitored as early as possible in the overall project management.

2

The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is in place to enhance the quality and efficiency of

the works program. The RPF sets out the general terms under which land needed for the

program is acquired and outlines the steps needed before any occupied land, whether part of the

existing rights of way or outside them, can be entered and used in construction and

reconstruction tasks. The RPF establishes a process for treating fully and fairly, and in a timely

way, whatever rights to occupy such space that individuals and enterprises may have.

The ESMF on the other hand has been prepared to satisfy national and state regulatory

requirements as well as World Bank‟s mandate for project of such magnitude and it addresses

the environmental and socio-economic consequences of the project. The framework also

identifies the project-environment interactions during operational phase and defines standard

procedures and methods for incorporating environmental and social concerns into the selection,

planning and implementation of all sub-projects carried out under the project. Both the RPF &

ESMF contain checklist for screening project activities for the potential environmental and social

impacts, EA category and appropiate mitigation. In line with these provisions of the ESMF, the

proposed Akure-Ilesha road was screened for potential adverse environmental and social

impacts. The report of the screening also classified the EA category as B and recommended the

preparation of ESIA for the mitigation of potential adverse impacts of the rehabilitation of the

Akure-Ilesha Road

Presented here is the Final Report of the ESIA of the Akure - Ilesha road rehabilitation and

maintenance project which will be carried out in compliance with the provisions of the ESIA

Decree 86 of 1992 and FMW’s Corporate Health, Safety and Environmental policy.

The need for ESIA of road projects may be seen in the context of sustainable development, to:

Ensure that environmental concerns are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the

project decision making process,

Anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and

other relevant effects of development proposals,

Maintain eco-system and conserve bio-diversity,

Protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and the ecological processes

which maintain their functions,

Promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resource use and management

opportunities.

1.2 Project Overview

The project involves road rehabilitation through the widening (in places) and improving the

pavement of the present roadway by grading and paving with asphalt surfacing. Small portions

may be built on new alignments to bypass areas where significant disturbance to village

properties and people would otherwise occur. In general, the project will involve some civil

works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-

alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring, etc with potential

environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and founded on surface and the near-surface earth

Project Location

3

The Akure-Ilesha road is located within co-ordinates (expressed in the Universal Traverse Mercator

(UTM) coordinates of Zone 31 using Minna datum) 070082mN, 0842594mE and 074566mN,

0805470mE. The topography along the highway route which stretches through a distance of about

74km is gently undulating. It starts from the end of the dual carriage at Iwaraja Ilesha and

terminates in Akure at the Akure-Ikere/Akure-Owo junction. It traverses Osun, and Ondo states

and 5 Local Government Areas – Akure South, Ifedore (Ondo State), Atakunmosa East,

Atakunmosa West and Oriade (Osun State) LGAs and transecting or outlying some urban and

rural settlements (Figures 1.1-1.4). The topography along the highway is gently undulating. The

Satellite image in Figure 1.5 shows the location of the Akure-Ilesha road (A122).

Figure 1.1: Map of Nigeria showing Ondo and Osun States

Traversed by Akure-Ilesha Road (Red Line)

4

Figure 1.2: Map of Part of Southwestern Nigeria Showing the Akure-Ilesha Road

Traversing Osun and Ondo States.

(Modified After Spectrum Road Map, 2002)

5

Figure 1.3: Osun State Local Government Areas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha Road

6

Figure 1.4: Ondo State Local Government Areas Traversed by Akure-Ilesha Road

7

Figure 1.5: Satellite Image showing Akure - Ilesha (A122) Road (between red arrows)

1.3 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related

activities. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria confers jurisdiction on the Federal

Government to regulate the operations and development activities in this sector. These, together

with applicable International conventions provide a basis for an ESIA of the project. The

development will take account of the following Nigerian laws and regulations, and international

conventions that apply to the subject development:

1.3.1 National Legislations

Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural/Sectoral Guidelines for Infrastucture

development projects (1995) of the Federal Ministry of Environment Guideline

8

Decree No. 58 of 30 December 1988: Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree.

Decree No. 86 of 10 December 1992: National Environmental Protection (Management

Procedure on Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations.

Federal Highways Draft Bill 2001 It provides guidelines and standards for construction,

maintenance and operation of highways,

Quarries Act 350 LFN of 1990

(i) Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree No 58 of 30 December 1988 (as

amended by Decree 59 of 1992 and further amended by Decree 14 of 1999)

The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now Federal Ministry of Environment

(FME), was established by Decree No. 58 of 1988 (amended by the FEPA Decree 59 of 1992).

The Agency has responsibility for the protection and development of the environment in general,

and environmental technology, including initiation of policies in relation to environmental

research and technology.

(ii) National Effluent Limitation Regulations 1991

This Decree was issued in 1991. It provides national Guidelines and Standards for industrial

effluents, gaseous emissions, noise, air quality and hazardous wastes management for Nigeria.

(iii) National Environmental Protection (Pollution and Abatement in Industries in Facilities

Producing Waste) Regulations, 1991

This provides general guidelines for the containment of pollution in industries that generate

harmful wastes. These include:

Regulations S.1.8, S.1.9, S.1.15 of 15 August 1991

National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (FEPA,

1991).

National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities

Generating Wastes) Regulations – S.I.9 (FEPA, 1991).

National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes)

Regulation S.I. 15

Waste Notification

Industries are obliged to notify the FMENV of all toxic hazardous and radioactive wastes which

are stored on site or which are generated as part of operations (Regulations 1991, Article 2).

Waste Management

With regard to waste management, a legal basis exists in Nigeria for the establishment and

implementation of a “cradle-to-grave” tracking system. Specifically, the Solid and Hazardous

Wastes Management Regulations 1991 provide for the establishment of a documentation scheme

to cover the generation, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes.

(iv) Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86 of 10 December 1992

This decree provides the guideline for activities or development projects for which ESIA is

mandatory in Nigeria. Such developments include oil and gas fields, conversion of mangrove

swamps covering area of 50 hectares or more for industrial use, land/coastal reclamation projects

9

involving an area of 50 hectares or more. Pursuant to this, the ESIA Decree No 86 sets out the

procedure for prior consideration of environmental issues in certain categories of public and

private development projects.

(v) Federal Ministry of Environment Sectoral Guidelines for ESIA

The FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990 allocates powers of environment legislation making and

enforcement to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA).

In-line with its functions, FEPA has published the ESIA Sectoral Guidelines (revised in

September 1995). The guidelines cover major development projects and are intended to inform

and assist proponents in conducting ESIA studies.

(vi) Harmful Waste Decree No. 42 of 25 November 1988

Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc.).

(vii) Ordinance of 23 May 1937: Forest Ordinance - Northern Region and Decree No. 36 of

26 August 1991 Federal National Parks Decree

For instance, Decree No. 86/92 (Management Procedure on Environmental Impact

Assessment) includes a number of provisions concerning protected areas and makes an

ESIA mandatory where: Logging or conversion of forestland to other land uses is

planned to take place within river basin catchment areas and irrigation areas for

hydropower generation.

(vii) National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency

(NESREA) Act 2007

NESREA is charged with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines,

policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria. It also has the responsibility to enforce compliance

with provisions of international agreements, protocols, conventions and treaties on the

environment

1.3.2 Other Environmental Regulations Governing Environmental Protection The environmental regulations related to the protection of environment include:

(i) Criminal Code

Section 247 of the Nigerian Criminal code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months

imprisonment for “Any person who: Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it

noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the

neighbourhoods or passing along a public way or, does any act which is, and which he knows or

has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life,

whether human or animal”.

(ii) Forestry Act, 1958

Provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves and makes it an

offence, punishable with a fine of N100 or up to 6 months imprisonment to cut down trees over 2

feet in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances.

10

(iii) Land Use Decree 1978

States that “… it is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land

in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the

sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved”.

1.3.3 Statutory Limits/Standards

The Guidelines and standards for Environmental Pollutions Control in Nigeria (1991) of the

Federal Ministry of Environment provides interim permissible effluent limits as protective

measures against the indiscriminate discharge of particulate matter and untreated industrial

effluent into lakes, rivers, estuaries, lagoons and coastal waters. The national limitations on

effluent and gaseous emissions in Nigeria as applicable to the construction and operational

phases of the proposed project are shown in Appendix 1. These statutory limits shall also form

the basis for future environmental monitoring of the project.

1.3.4 State Legislation The Nigerian Constitution allows States to make legislations, laws and edicts on the

Environment. The ESIA Decree No. 86 of 1992 also recommends the setting up of State

Environmental Protection Agencies (SMENV), to participate in regulating the consequences of

project development on the environment in their area of jurisdiction. SMENVs thus have the

responsibility for environmental protection at the state level within their states. The functions of

the SMENV s include:

Routine liaison and ensuring effective harmonisation with the FMENV in order to

achieve the objectives of the National Policy on the Environment;

Co-operate with FMENV and other relevant National Directorates/Agencies in the

promotion of environmental education;

Be responsible for monitoring compliance with waste management standards;

Monitor the implementation of the ESIA and the Environmental Audit Report (EAR)

guidelines and procedures on all developments policies and projects within the State.

In accordance with the provisions of Section 24 of Decree 58 of 1988 and Chapter 131 of the

Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, the State Environmental Protection Agencies were formed in

Akure –Ilesha which are important stakeholders in the proposed project because the site of the

project is within the two States.

1.3.5 International Standards, Treaties and Conventions Global and Regional Treaties and Conventions are, in principle, binding in first instance on

National Governments that accede to them. They are obliged to implement such arrangements

through national legislation. At the international level, Nigeria is party to a number of

11

Conventions that are relevant to the proposed development project. UNEP (1991) provides an

overview of applicable, international Treaties and conventions. The more relevant ones are

reviewed briefly below:

(i) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including the Montreal

Protocol and the London Amendment

The objectives of this Convention adopted in 1985 are to protect human health and the

environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which

modify or are likely to modify the Ozone Layer and to adopt agreed measures to control human

activities found to have adverse effects on the Ozone Layer.

(ii) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or Bonn

Convention

The Bonn Convention’s adopted in 1979 aims at the conservation and management of migratory

species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their

conservation, including habitat conservation.

(iii) Convention on Biological Diversity

The objectives of this Convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit

and adopted in 1994, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its

components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic

resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources by appropriate transfer of

relevant technologies.

(iv) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage or

World Heritage Convention

This Convention adopted in 1972 defines cultural and natural heritage. The latter is defined as

areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic and conservation points of view.

1.3.6 Health, Safety and Environment Policies and Guidelines of FMW

The following will be FMW’s objectives, targets and minimum environmental practice. It will be

the policy of FMW to:

(i) establish and maintain the highest standards of occupational health, safety and

environmental protection at work, so as to prevent personal injury or illness,

property damage, fires security losses and environmental pollution and to ensure

that its consumers and customers are provided with products that are safe in use

by designing safety into all product and processes;

(ii) Require its staff and contractors working on their behalf to apply health, safety

and environmental matters; provide them with relevant information and discuss

with them related company policies and practices;

12

(iii) Develop and maintain contingency procedures, in co-operation with authorities

and emergency services, in order to minimise harm from accidents;

(iv) Work with government and others in the development of improved regulations

and industry standards, which relate to health, safety and environmental matters;

(v) Conduct or support research towards the improvement of health, safety and

environmental aspects of their products, processes and operations;

(vi) Facilitate the transfer to others, freely or on a commercial basis, of know-how

developed by the component companies in these fields.

HSE Commitment Statement will ensure that:

“FMW is committed to:

Pursue the goal of no harm to people

Protect the environment

Use material and energy efficiently to provide products and services

Develop energy resources, products and services consistent with these aims

Consult with stakeholders and publicly report on performance

Manage Health, Safety and Environment matters as any other key business activity

Promote a culture in which all FMW employees, contractors and partners share this

Commitment”.

In this way FMW intends to earn the confidence of the customers, shareholder and society at

large, by being a good neighbour and contribute to sustainable development.

In the implementation of these policies, FMW will be guided by the following objectives

amongst others;

Collective and personal responsibility;

Regular consultation and the involvement of stakeholders;

Utilisation of best available equipment, materials, contractors, specialist services and

operational methods;

Maintenance of clean, healthy and safe working environment;

Provision of appropriate protective clothing and equipment;

Safeguarding the health and safety of employees and protecting people, property and

environment in hazardous/emergency planning/situations within the vicinity of FMW

operations;

Maintaining adequate provisions for the prevention of fire, fire-fighting, fire

evacuation;

Provide expert professional support on occupational health issues;

Have certified safety, health and environmental protection specialist;

establish and maintain close working relationship with all relevant Government

Agencies;

Report and investigate incidents/accidents with potential damage to workers and

environment and take necessary actions; and

Ensure that FMW minimum standards and Nigerian legislation product safety

standards are achieved.

1.3.7 Organisation and Responsibilities

13

The responsibility for implementing the FMW HSE Policy will reside with Planning Division of

the Highway Department.

1.3.8 World Bank Safeguard Policies

Operational Directive 4.01 ‘Environmental Assessment’ (1991)

The World Bank is committed to a number of operational and safeguards policies which aim to

prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in any development initiative

involving the bank. These policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staff in the

identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. There are ten World

Bank Environmental/Safeguard Policies.

Relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies

The World Bank safegaurd policies that may be triggered by the proposed project are:

(i) World Bank Safeguard PolicyOP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment The is the umbrella policy for the Bank's environmental 'safeguard policies' which among others

include: Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Forests (OP 4.36), Pest Management (OP

4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), and Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)

The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to

help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus improve decision

making. Such EAs are carried out by the borrower to evaluate a project's potential environmental

risks and impacts in its area of influence. The EA process analyzes project alternatives; identifies

ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing,

minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing

positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental

impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank favours preventive measures over

mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible.

EA looks at the interaction of the project with the natural environment (air, water, and land);

human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and

physical cultural resources); and where applicable, transboundary and global environmental

aspects.World Bank safeguard policy and Nigeria EIA law are very similar indeed. However, in

the event discordance between World Bank policy and the existing laws in Nigeria, the more

stringent shall apply

Summary of Provisions:

States that all projects proposed for World Bank Group funding require EA

review/analysis to ensure that they are environmentally and socially sound/sustainable.

An EA evaluates a project’s potential environmental impacts; examines project

alternatives; identifies ways of preventing, minimizing, mitigating or compensating for

adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts.

EA considers: the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety;

social aspects (involuntary resettlement, cultural property); as well as, trans-boundary and

global environmental aspects.

Projects are categorized based on environmental significance and the type of EA

required.

14

Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt

beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long

term. Such projects require full EA. Category ‘A’ projects require a full EIA undertaken

by independent EA experts.

Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment

interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter

natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground

water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are

mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and

social action plans.

Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse

environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a

Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.

Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment

of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse

environmental impacts.

Project sponsors for Category A projects must prepare a Public Consultation and

Disclosure Plan (PCDP) and an Environmental Action Plan (EAP). Project sponsor must

consult project-affected groups and local NGOs at least twice: before TORs for EA are

finalized and once a draft EA report is prepared.

During project implementation, the project sponsor reports on compliance with (a)

measures as agreed upon with IFC, including implementation of an EAP; (b) status of

mitigative measures; and (c) the findings of monitoring programs.

The World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook describe pollution prevention

and abatement measures and emission levels that are normally acceptable to the Bank. However,

taking into account borrower country legislation and local conditions, the Bank works with

alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for projects.

The EA report must provide full and detailed justification for the levels and approaches chosen

for the particular project or site.

(ii) Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.04 - Natural Habitat - seeks to ensure that

World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the

conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which

natural habitats provide to human society

(iii) Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.36 - Forests. This policy aims to reduce

deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation,

reduce poverty, and encourage economic development.

15

(iv) Operational Policy 4.09 - Pest Management - policy recognizes that pesticides can be

persistent and harmful to the environment for a long time. If pesticides must be used, the policy

requires that Pest Management Plan (PMP) be prepared by the borrower, either as a stand-alone

document or as part of an Environmental Assessment.

(v) Operational Policy /Bank Procedure 4.11 - Physical Cultural Resources seeks to

avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the

World Bank finances. This project will not affect physical cultural resources because it requires

no land acquisition.

(vi) Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement is concerned with situations

involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated

parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent

feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. It promotes

participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key

economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore

their incomes and standards of living after displacement.

Summary of Provisions:

Operational Policy 4.12 is forthcoming; projects must comply with OD 4.30, Involuntary

Resettlement in the interim.

Aims to avoid or minimise the involuntary resettlement of people required for projects.

Applied wherever land, housing, or other resources are taken involuntarily from people.

Sets out procedures for baseline studies impact analyses and mitigation plans for affected

people.

Project sponsors must implement a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), as specified in the

policy.

However, in the course of implementing the road project, a number of environmental and

social safeguards policies will be triggered. Temporally shops and structures along the

ROW of the road corridor will be displaced. This will result to involuntary displacement

and disturbance of access to means of livelihoods, and therefore, triggering the World

Bank's Operational Policy 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement).

RAP must address both physical resettlement and economic effects of displacement.

The physical cultural resource will not be affected because the project requires no land

acqusition

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Environmental impact is any alteration of the environmental conditions or creation of a new set

of environmental conditions adverse or beneficial caused or induced by the action or set of

actions under consideration. ESIA is the documentation of an environmental analysis, which

includes identification, interpretation, prediction and mitigation of impacts caused by a proposed

16

action or project. FMW has commissioned this ESIA study in order to anticipate the impacts of

road development on the environment. The objective is to articulate the mitigation measures that

will be incorporated into the project Environmental Management Plan and design. The ESIA

study which covers the baseline studies, consultation programmes, environmental quality

assessment and impact prediction and quantification was conducted in consonance with the laid

down procedures contained in the National Sectoral Guidelines for Environmental Impact

Assessment (Decree 86 of 1992) for transportation development projects (roads and highways)

issued by the Federal Ministry of Environment in 1995.

1.4.1 ESIA Objectives

The main purpose of this ESIA is to establish a baseline of existing conditions in the project area

and to assess proactively the potential impact associated impacts, including health, socio-

economic and gender issues of the proposed construction and operation of the roads on the

environment. It aims at ensuring sustainable development (i.e. the minimization of negative

impacts) during project conception and implementation through the conduct of baseline pre-

impact studies of the environment, systematic identification and evaluation of the potential

impacts of proposed projects, plans, programme or legislative actions and mitigating negative

impacts from the project as well as monitoring the environment during and after the project.The

main specific objectives of the ESIA are to:

(i) establish the existing biological, physical and socio-economic conditions of the

project area;

(ii) characterize the environment, thereby identifying the resultant hazards (including

social) associated with the project;

(iii) identify, evaluate and predict the impacts of the project on the environment

including socio-economic and health aspects with adequate interfacing and

project interaction;

(iv) make recommendations to eliminate/mitigate/control the magnitude and

significance of the impacts;

(iv) ensure proper consultation with the host communities around the proposed project

site;

(v) development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will ensure

environmental sustainability throughout the project life-span.

1.4.2 Scope of the ESIA

The Scope of Work for the ESIA requires field observations, field measurements and laboratory

analyses. It also covers all the phases of the road development and improvement project

including mobilization, construction, operation, maintenance and decommissioning in as much

as the activities take place within the field area and the access routes and in as far as these

activities are within the responsibility of FMW. The study has focused on evaluating the

potential environmental impacts due to road development activities thereby, providing guidelines

for the project execution.

17

Detailed workscope for the ESIA includes:

Project definition and preparation of TOR for the study in accordance with

FMENV guidelines

Preparation of Preliminary Impact Assessment

Extensive literature search for theoretical support and direction.

Screening, preliminary impact assessment and scoping

Carrying out a detailed baseline survey involving field sampling and

laboratory analysis of the collected samples

Predicting the potential impacts of project activities using appropriate

models, and recommending options for mitigation of impacts

Development of a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan,

including monitoring, decommissioning/abandonment and remediation

plans

Preparation of detailed reports to meet FMENV standards.

1.4.3 Terms of Reference The Terms of Reference (TOR) used as a guide in executing and implementing the ESIA study

of Akure-Ilesha road under Phase I of FRDP, rehabilitation and operation include the following

tasks:

Outline the general scope of the ESIA study including the overall data requirements on

the proposed project and affected environment

Carry out the detailed Environmental baseline studies of the ambient environment;

Define the procedures and protocols for identification and assessment of associated and

potential impacts;

Select appropriate mitigation measures for such impacts and develop an effective

Environmental Management Plan for the project;

Define framework for interaction and integration of views of a multidisciplinary project

team with regulators, host communities and other stakeholders;

Define relevant framework of legal and administrative requirements of the project.

Prepare the ESIA Report for the approval/permit to commence the projects from the

Federal Ministry of Environment.

1.4.4 Methodology

The methodology adopted for conducting this ESIA is as follows:

(i) Literature Search

Desktop research was carried out to establish an environmental information database for the

ESIA. Consulted materials include textbooks, articles, reports, maps and photographs, as

specified in the references section to this report.

(ii) Field Work and Laboratory Analysis

A reconnaissance survey was first undertaken to familiarize the ESIA Team with the proposed

project area and to facilitate concept design of field work execution. Baseline data gathering and

18

laboratory analysis were then carried out to verify and complement information obtained from

literature search. The fieldwork covered all the relevant aspects of the ecological and socio-

economic environment.

(iii) Validation

The systematic incorporation of expert opinions, as well as mathematical modeling techniques

were used to identify potential environmental impacts and to predict their magnitudes and

significance (empirical worst case scenario). Experts in the relevant fields (as listed in the list of

report preparers) were consulted for their opinions on issues relating to the potential ecological

impacts of the proposed project.

(iv) Consultation with Stakeholders

Stakeholder consultation is a very important aspect of the ESIA study. The result of the process

forms the basis for consultation with key stakeholders who are identified in Chapter 3 of this

report.

(v) Project Logistics

The logistic support for the project included the following:

A preliminary project kick-off meeting was held between FMW and Professor Oluwole,

the Project Consultants’ Team Leader. The meeting discussed the Terms of Reference

prepared by the Clients in relation to the Work Plan submitted by the Contractor. The

details of the Scope of Services for the Project were agreed upon;

A Pre-mobilization meeting before the fieldwork commenced;

Field Work and sample collection were carried out at the project site;

Consultation and interaction with Stakeholders within the communities along the route in

project area;

Administration of ESIA survey questionnaires, FGD and in-depth interview;

Analysis of results;

Preparation of draft ESIA Report;

Submission of ESIA Report to the regulatory authority, FMENV.

1.5 Structure of the Report

The ESIA report is presented in nine chapters. Chapter 1 is the Introduction. It gives relevant

background information on the project, FMW (the ESIA proponent), the Statutory Regulations

and project objectives. In addition, it highlights the environmental assessment process.

Chapter 2 discusses justification for the project, project alternatives the proposed project and

processes, namely, type, input and output of raw materials and products, project operation and

maintenance and schedule. Chapter 3 describes the existing environmental status of the study

area, consultations, institutional arrangement, budget for the implementation of ESMP and

Chapter 4 identifies and predicts the potential impacts. Chapter 5 proffers mitigative and

ameliorative measures. The project involves road rehabilitation through the widening (in places)

and improving the pavement of the present roadway by grading and paving with asphalt

surfacing. Small portions may be built on new alignments to bypass areas where significant

disturbance to village properties and people would otherwise occur. In general, the project will

19

involve some civil works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling,

alignment and re-alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring, etc with

potential environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and founded on surface and the near-

surface earth

e adverse potential impacts identified. Chapter 6 presents the Environmental Management Plan

that will be adopted throughout the project cycle. It also includes the Monitoring Plan that will

ensure the effectiveness of the mitigative measures and the remediation plans after de-

commissioning/closure. Chapter 7 contains the Conclusions.

20

CHAPTER TWO

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Nigeria’s economy is highly dependent on good road network to facilitate haulage of people,

goods and services. Its inadequacy can therefore be a serious constraint to national development.

Handling increased traffic volumes efficiently require widen the existing road network through

the rehabilitation of degraded portions. The Akure-Ilesha road is one of the major and shorter

road linking our Federal Capital-Abuja and carrying the bulk of the commuter and goods.

Development of this road would be a confidence reassurance measure to improve the movement

of vehicles. The rehabilitation of the study road is also considered necessary to accommodate the

existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the states and

promote economic development in and around the project corridors.

2.2 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

Study alternatives will be considered that best suit the purpose and need for the Project. Potential

alternatives include (1) taking no action; (2) using alternative travel modes; (3) improving the

existing facilities; and, (4) alternative alignments construction of a multi-lane, controlled access

facility on new location. Design variations of alignment and grade will be incorporated into the

study of each of the alternatives. In conceiving the development options and scenarios, the

following main factors were also considered:

availability of raw materials,

process facilities,

cost effectiveness and more effective utilization of resources.

2.2.1 No-Project

A no-project or no-development scenario in which road development/improvement project is

not executed. With the “no-project” option, existing levels of service and safety deficiencies in

the project area will worsen as automobile and truck traffic volumes continue to increase and

would make industrial and socio-economic development impossible or unaffordably expensive.

This will negatively impact the nation’s economy that is highly dependent on good road network.

This scenario is therefore rejected as it would prevent meeting the nation’s growing transport

needs.

In general all the interactions with the communities were positive. They wanted the project to

commence in earnest. The results of the public meetings and the completed questionnaires

supported the Project and considered it a necessity to promote economic development and reduce

poverty in the region.

2.2.2 Using Other Travel Modes Other modes of efficient passenger travel and goods movement over long distances include air,

rail, transit, and marine. With regards to goods movement the only realistic alternative to

trucking is rail. Rail, transit is feasible alternatives for transporting passengers. However,

21

currently there is no passenger and goods rail service between Akure and Ilesha and very limited

distance transit service. Therefore other modes of travel are not seen as effective alternatives.

2.2.3 Alternative Alignments Alternative alignment options would be prohibitively expensive and more disruptive, and could

lead to loss of revenues from diverted traffic. It would also entail very high costs for property

acquisition and compensation claims, lost employment, a decreased tax base, and reduced access.

This alternative is not acceptable as it would be prohibitively expensive.

2.2.4 Upgrading the Existing Roads

Dualizing existing Akure-Ilesha road to a dual carriage will debottleneck the existing road

network to facilitate more efficient haulage of people, goods and services. It will accommodate

the existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the region

and promote economic development in and around the project corridors. This alternative is

acceptable.

2.3 PROJECT BENEFITS

There are tangible benefits some of which are listed below:

• reduce the transport operating cost by improving the riding quality of the road.

• reduce journey time by minimizing congestion in urban centers.

• minimize road accidents by increasing road widths, improving inter sections and road

geometry.

• upgrade roads to function in all weathers, by improving drainage and raising road

levels.

• provide route options to achieve better distribution of traffic.

• minimize annual road maintenance costs.

• minimize the environmental impact from road improvement works.

2.4 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY

The road development project will be undertaken according to best industry practice, including

standard and time-tested design, standard construction methods, standard operational procedures

and fully trained and qualified personnel to man the project. For any form of development to be

sustainable, it should also incorporate an enhancement and the preservation of the existing

environment. The sustainability of the project is based on the above premise and on the

following specific considerations:

Time-tested standard civil designs as listed below. This will improve the life cycle

costs, environmental performance and project economics;

All other works would follow Standard Construction methods of FMW so as to

keep the disruption to the environment at acceptable levels;

The use of best available technology and effective waste management will be

carried out to enhance environmental protection;

Operation, maintenance and upkeep of roads by periodic inspection in accordance

with the operational procedures developed through FMW’s extensive experience.

Project management by fully trained and qualified personnel who are conversant

with the FMW’s HSE policy guidelines;

22

2.5 TYPE OF PROJECT The project involves road rehabilitation through the widening (in places) and improving the

pavement of the present roadway by grading and paving with asphalt surfacing. Small portions

may be built on new alignments to bypass areas where significant disturbance to village

properties and people would otherwise occur. In general, the project will involve some civil

works, vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-

alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring, etc with potential

environmental impacts. The works will be hosted and founded on surface and the near-surface earth.

2.6 PROJECT LOCATION

The Akure-Ilesha road is located within co-ordinates (expressed in the Universal Traverse Mercator

(UTM) coordinates of Zone 31 using Minna datum) 070082mN, 0842594mE and 074566mN,

0805470mE. The topography along the highway route which stretches through a distance of about

74km is gently undulating. It starts from the end of the dual carriage at Iwaraja Ilesha and

terminates in Akure at the Akure-Ikere/Akure-Owo junction.

Plate 2.1:Akure-Ilesha Road at Iwaraja Plate 2.2: Akure-Ilesha Road at Ikere Jct in Akure

2.7 EXISTING CONDITIONS OF PROJECT ROAD

The project covered a distance of 74 kilometer and involved 5 metres right of way (ROW) on

either side and from the edge of the road. A site assessment of the project roads, covering the full

length of approximately 74km from the Ado-Ekiti junction in Akure to Iwaraja junction in

Ilesha. The objectives of this study were:

To assess the present condition of the local network at each location so as to determine

the present state of effects of the local environment

23

To ascertain the details of the road geometry (width, slopes, curvature, etc) pavement

construction method and pavement conditions, drainage location and condition of

structures;

To ascertain the present site of the road development in its locality, the communities

served by the section of the highway, the common goods moved, the alternative mode of

transportation, problems militating transport and travel within these locations.

The following were the observations made during the survey:

2.7.1 Shoulders of the Road

The existing single lane in general was 7.30m wide and the width of the existing shoulders

varied from 1.20 to 1.5m (of the required width of 2.75m) the condition of which was mostly

heavily vegetated (especially after FUTA at Akure), eroded or non-existent. Even though

originally paved with asphaltic material, the condition of the roads ranged from fair to poor and

has fallen below acceptable standards in places because of neglect and inadequate maintenance.

Akure-Ilesha road was generally fairly good with less frequent pavement distress features like

potholes, cracks, ruts, edge failure and erosion (especially around Erinmo and Ilara Mokin ) bad

shoulders with loss of surfacing).

Plate 2.3: ROW Encroachment by Structures

24

Plate 2.4: Common View of Shoulder Conditions along Akure-Ilesha Road

2.7.2 Pavement

The pavement of the existing Akure-Ilesha road was mostly of naturally occurring lateritic

materials stabilized with cement as sub-base course and crushed stone as base course. The

surfacing is of hot-rolled asphaltic concrete. Some portions of the pavement have deteriorated;

these will have to be rehabilitated along with the road

The Ondo State section was fairly good with less frequent pavement failures but shouldiers over-

grown by bush especially around FUTA gate in Akure.

Plate 2.5: Segments of Road Pavement Failure and Pot holes along Akure-Ilesha Road

2.7.3 Existing Alignment

The alignment generally traverses a flat to gently rolling terrain. Most of the existing road

between Iwaraja junction and Erinmo has long straight sections but rough elevation while section

between Owena and Akure has sharp corners. The horizontal and vertical alignments appear

sufficient for the proposed road design of 100km/hr. However, some of the horizontal alignment

has to be improved upon to satisfy geometric design requirements.

25

Plate 2.6: Common Alignment on Akure-Ilesha Road

2.7.4 Drainage

The project road is criss-crossed by many rivers. There are therefore various types of existing

drainage structures – mainly bridges and culverts along the route to ensure adequate drainage and

maintenance of moisture equilibrium throughout the year. This is apparently because of the high

incidence of rainfall and the fact that the terrain is rolling thus forming many water pathways.

However, from the assessment, it was noticed that over a significant part of the road, side drains

were not provided which is likely one of the reasons why the pavement has completely failed in

places.

2.7.5 Traffic Volume

A 7-day-16-hour traffic count conducted from 7am to 7pm at locations along the route indicated

the following trend in traffic volume. The points chosen for the survey include Iwaraja junction,

FUTA gate and Ado Ekiti Junction. By and large, the traffic along the single-lane Akure-Ilesha

road is heavy, consisting of 23% trucks while cars and buses/pick-ups shared the rest almost

equally. This project road leads to different mojor cities like Abuja, Ekiti and so on. This could

be easily taken as the reason for the high proportion of cars and buses/pick-ups

2.7.6 Road Furniture

The traditional highway furniture such as road markings and safety warning signs and kilometre

posts for proper direction of traffic are not common on the project roads. The few ones provided

along the roads are not obeyed by the road user.

26

Plate 2.7: Some of the Few Road Signage Infrastructure

2.8 DESIGN STANDARDS

The horizontal and vertical alignments of this route as they exist will in a lot of cases meet with

the design standards required of Federal highways by the Federal Ministry of Works without

much impediment and re-alignment. In general, the road design shall be carried out to the

Federal Ministry of Works’ “Highway Manual Part I – Design”, unless when this is not

justifiable due to site constraints or economic considerations. The design speed required is

100Km/hr. Where re-alignment is considered, after examining various alternatives, long

stretches joined by large curves of minimum radius 300m will be aimed at. Permanent features

like bridges and culverts shall be provided in accordance with the Federal Highways standards.

The design standards upon which the road development shall be based are as follows:

Design Rehabilitation Road Project

(i) Design Speed 100km/hr

(ii) Type of Road Single lane carriageway

(iii) Carriageway Width 8.0m

(iv) Shoulder Width 2.5m

(v) Drainage 2.5m

(vi) Maximum Grade 5%

(vii) Pavement Laterite subbase, crushed stone base course, with

thickness specified after determination of the soil bearing

capacity

(viii) Surfacing AC binder and wearing courses shall be used for

pavement/Surfacing Design)

(ix) Design parameters Curve radius, curve lengths, sight distances and other

parameters shall correspond to the 100km/hr design speed.

27

2.9 INPUT AND OUTPUT OF RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

2.9.1 Raw Material Supply

Major inputs in the road project include the various construction equipment and machinery for

vegetation (bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-

alignment of road segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring and construction materials

including bitumen, gravel and fill material usually excavated on site. The coal burning

residual/bottom ash has also been used widely as a subgrade material.

2.9.2 Process Inputs

Road pavement is usually of lateritic materials stabilized with cement as sub-surface course and

crushed stone as base course while the surfacing is of hot-rolled asphaltic concrete

2.9.3 Sources of Energy Available to the Project

Petroleum products which include motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil,

liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil represent major energy sources

in Nigeria available to the project.

2.10 ROJECT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Optimum highway operation will ensure free flow of traffic at the designed speed to avoid

frequent acceleration/deceleration which is environmentally undesirable) and maintain high level

of safety. Road infrastructure will therefore be maintained to achieve these objectives by periodic

inspection of roads to maintain good drainage, bridges and culverts in functional conditions, and

rehabilitation as necessary for timely rectification of road failures through reworking or

strengthening of base and sub-bases of deteriorated pavement to improve their structural integrity

and asphalt surfacing as necessary, clearing of road shoulders of bush and maintaining adequate

road furniture.

2.11 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

The project will go through conceptual/design stages (in which the ESIA outputs will be fed

back into improving the final design for sustainable development). During the construction and

operational phases, negative environmental impacts identified in this ESIA (and documented in

the Environmental Management Plan) will be guarded against. At the end of project life span, the

decommissioning plan will be activated.

2.12 PROJECT SCHEDULE

The total duration from zero date to commissioning of plant is 12 months. The remaining phases

required prior to construction include completion of the environmental impact assessment and

screening, detailed field survey and geometric design, and acquisition of the required right of

way especially for the Owena-Akure section of the expressway. This is estimated to take one to

two years to complete. Construction thereafter will depend on the availability of funding. The

project of the expressway is expected to be maintained and to remain in operation indefinitely.

28

CHAPTER THREE

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the environmental (biophysical, health and social) setting of the study area

along Akure and Ilesha road. In this study, the environmental characteristics of the project area were established through extensive literature search, field sampling/measurements, laboratory analysis, stakeholder consultation and data interpretation. Gaps in environmental baseline information of the area were identified, and

fieldwork activities designed to acquire additional data to fill these gaps was then planned and

conducted.

3.2 Baseline Data Acquisition Methods

Prior to commencing baseline studies, known issues and impacts identified from some of the

ESIA projects review were used in further developing the scope of this study. These identified

issues were complemented by examining inventory of potential negative impacts of major energy

and industry developments as contained in the Guidelines for Environment Assessment of

Energy and Industry Projects, Vol. 111, World Bank Technical Paper no. 154. Environment

Department.

3.2.1 Sampling Methods and Field Measurement

A two-season fieldwork was embarked upon for the biophysical as well as social and health

studies. The field sampling and measurement was carried out between September 20 and

September 23, 2011 for wet season fieldwork and between January 30 and February 3, 2012 for

the dry season. FMENV Guidelines and Standards were strictly adhered to in the course of field sampling and measurement. A multi-disciplinary approach was adopted for the ecological characterization and data acquisition. The environmental components covered include topography, climate/Meteorology, air quality, and noise soil, vegetation, animal ecology, aquatic systems including ecology and fisheries, geology/geophysics/hydrogeology, socio-economics, health status assessment and waste management. The sampling points were geo-referenced using Global Positioning

System (GPS).The coordinates were used to generate sampling and location map for the study

area ( see Figure 3.1) . Parameters with short-holding time were determined in-situ using calibrated instruments. Detailed field sampling methodologies are provided in Appendix

29

810000 820000 830000 840000 850000 860000

705000

710000

715000

720000

725000

730000

735000

740000

745000

810000 820000 830000 840000 850000 860000

705000

710000

715000

720000

725000

730000

735000

740000

745000

Iwaraja Junction

Erinmo

Erin Oke Junction

Ipetu-Ijesha Junction

Ikeji-Arakeji Junction

Owena

Igbara oke Junction

Ado-Ekiti Junction

Ilara Mokin Junction

Akure

Akure-Ile

sha Road

Owena River

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 cm

Contour lines are in feet (ft)

LegendROW

Water Sample

Soil Sample

Air & Noise

Afariogun

Figure 3.1: Sampling and Location Map of the Study Area 3.2.2 Quality Assurance/Control Procedure Quality Assurance/quality Control (QA/QC) procedures covered all aspects of the study, including sample collection, handling, laboratory analyses, data coding and manipulation, statistical analyses, presentation and communication of results. Chain of

30

custody procedures including sample handling, transportation, logging and cross-checking in the laboratory were also implemented. All analyses were carried out in FMENV accredited laboratories. The methods of analyses used in this study were those specified in EGASPIN 2002 and other internationally accepted analytical procedures, in order to ensure the reliability and integrity of the data obtained. Details of the sampling procedures and the laboratory analysis methods used are presented in Appendix 3.3 Description of the Baseline Status of the Project Area Below is the description of the baseline status of environmental components of the proposed rehabilitation of Akure-Ilesha Road. 3.3.1 Climate/Meteorology The climate of the area can be described as humid, semi hot equatorial type with high rainfall.

There are two seasons namely, the rainy season and dry season. The wet season from April to

October and the dry season from November to March, is typical of the area. Although

weather/climatic data were collected during the field study, historical data were also collected

from the Nigerian Meteorological Agencies (NIMET) covering the period 2002-2011 for Akure

and Osogbo, representative of the study area and are expected to be no different. The main

characteristics of the climate and meteorology of the study area is described below.

3.3.2 Air Temperature

Temperatures are generally high throughout the year in the project area, with monthly minima and maxima of about 22oC and 34oC, respectively and an annual mean of 32oC. On a diurnal basis, maximum temperature occurs between 1300 and 1500h while minimum temperature occurs between 0100 and 0600h. Air temperature values are generally slightly higher for the dry season months (32.4-35.0oC) than the wet season months (28.0-32.8oC) (Figures 3.2a & 3.2b).

OSHOGBO

0

10

20

30

40

JAN

FEBMAR

APRMAY

JUN

JULAUG

SEPOCT

NOVDEC

Month

Tem

pera

ture

(oC

)

TMAX TMIN

31

Figures 3.2a-b: Temperature Regime in the Project Area Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agencies (NIMET)

The highest mean temperature values occur in the month of February at the peak of the dry season while the lowest temperature occurs in the month of August at the peak of the wet season. During the field studies, the temperatures recorded at various sampling locations along Akure-Ilesha road which ranged from 32.6-34.8

oC in the dry season and

from 28.4-31.5oC in the wet season fall within the historical range of temperatures for the area

(Table 3.1). 3.3.3 Relative Humidity

The mean monthly RH for the area is shown in Figures 3.3a & 3.3b with the highest values

occurring in July (92%) and August (92%) and lowest values recorded in December (76%),

January (68%) and March (78%). As expected, mean monthly relative humidity values are high

for the wet season months when the influence of the moisture-laden southwesterlies is greatest.

During the field monitoring, daily relative humidity of 69-88% was recorded for wet season and

52-62% for dry season (Table 3.1). Maximum relative humidity values generally occurred

between 0700h and 0900h while minimum relative humidity values were recorded between

1000h and 1600h.

AKURE

05

10152025303540

JAN FEBMAR

APRMAY JUN JUL

AUG SEPOCT

NOVDEC

Month

Tem

per

atu

re(o

C)

TMAX TMIN

32

Figures 3.3a &b: Relative Humidity Regime in the Project Area Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agencies

AKURE

0

20

40

60

80

100

JAN FEBMAR

APRMAY JUN JUL

AUG SEPOCT

NOVDEC

Month

Ral

ativ

e H

umid

ity(%

)

9 HOURS 15 HOURS

33

3.3.4 Rainfall

Rainfall in the project area is generally high, with mean total annual rainfall of 1353.3mm and

1418.2mm for Akure and Osogbo, respectively. The rainfall pattern shows a double maxima

resulting in two identifiable seasons: the raining season (April to October) typified by the

southwest trade winds and the dry season (November to March) characterized by the northeast

trade winds which bring harmattan. Rainfall is heaviest during the months of May and June.

About 65% of the total rainfall occurs between April and September whilst only about 10% of

the annual total falls between November and February.

3.3.5 Wind Speed and Direction The project area has a calm weather with wind speed ranging between 0.5 m/s to 5.7m/s (Figure

3.4). The mean surface wind speed and direction are influenced by seasonal variation. Two main air masses alternate with the season. During the dry season, the northeast winds predominate while the southwest winds are dominant during the wet season (Figure 3.4). The highest wind speed is recorded at the onset of the wet season when early rains are torrential and accompanied by squalls, lightning, and thunder. The wind speeds are lower in the nights than during the days. During the field study the mean wind speed varied from 1.0 to 2.2m/s during the wet season and 1.3 – 3.2 m/s during the dry season.

34

Figure 3.4: Prevailing Wind Directions in the Study Area

(Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agencies)

Table 3.1: Summary of Weather Conditions Recorded at Various Sampling Stations along Akure-Ilesha Road (Wet And Dry Season Field Studies)

Station Season Temperature

oC

Relative

Humidity

%

Wind Speed

m/s

Wind

Direction

SS1 Dry 32.6 58 2.5 N

Wet 31.3 88 2.2 SW

SS2 Dry 34.0 62 1.9 NW

Wet 31.5 80 2.1 SW

SS3 Dry 34.4 57 1.6 NE

Wet 30.4 81 2.8 SSE

SS4 Dry 33.8 52 1.8 NW

Wet 31.5 69 3.2 SW

SS5 Dry 33.7 62 2.0 E

Wet 29.4 81 1.9 SW

SS6 Dry 34.8 59 2.0 N

Wet 31.3 80 2.5 SSE

SS7 Dry 34.0 58 1.2 N

Wet 30.5 87 2.5 SW

Wet 31.5 72 2.5 S

SS8 Dry 34.1 62 2.2 E

Wet 28.4 77 1.8 SW Source: Field work 2011&2012

35

3.3.6 Air Quality The ambient air concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), SO2, H2S

and VOC measurement were measured using VRAE Multi gas analyzer from RAE System Inc in

United State of America. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was determined with Air metric

sampler and handheld model PDR-1000AN monitor. The air samples were collected at heights of

1.6m above ground level. Overall, air quality was measured over eight locations including

control point.

Table 3.2: Sampling Coordinates for Air Pollutants and Noise Measurements

S/N Location Northing Easting

1 Iwaraja Junction 842602 700847

2 Omo Ijesha Junction 841223 705362

3 Erin Oke Junction 835116 707700

4 Owena 818611 722170

5 Ilara Mokin 812112 732099

6 Akure 806981 738138

7 Ado-Ekiti Junction 805489 745128

8 Afariogun Village (Control Point) 831060 708527 Source: Field work 2011&2012

A summary of the findings of the ambient air quality measurements taken for the project area is

presented in Table 3.3a with due reference to FMENV standards.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

SPM concentrations ranged from 60 to 206μg/m3 in the study area for dry season and wet

season. Although the SPM value was relatively high at some locations in the immediate

environment of the project, the values along Akure –Ilesha road and communities were below

FMENV maximum allowable levels of 250g.m-3

for the Nigerian environment in the remote

areas.

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

The levels of SO2 were ranged from <0.01 to 0.01ppm during both the wet and dry seasons and

within the FMENV limits of 0.10ppm. Anthropogenic contribution to SO2 load was apparently

insignificant at some locations along the proposed project area and neighbouring communities.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO & NO2)

Low levels of NO and NO2 were measured for both dry and wet seasons at all sampling

locations. The values obtained (<0.01-0.01ppm) are well within the FMENV limits of 0.04-

0.06ppm. The lowest concentrations were measured at the locations remote to roads and

petroleum combustion activities.

36

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide has a very short atmospheric life span. As expected therefore, low

concentrations were obtained at most of the sampled sites, except Erin Oke Junction and Ilara

mokin with elevated concentrations between <1ppm and 2ppm in the dry and wet seasons, which

are still within the FMENV limits of 10ppm.

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

The levels of H2S were less than 0.01ppm with no significant spatial and seasonal variations in

the data obtained except Omo Ijesha due to the dumping site along the road. The predominant

source of ambient H2S is the anaerobic degradation of wastes. Although there are no standards

set for H2S, the low levels obtained should not attract any precautionary measures.

Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC)

The values obtained for NMHC were very low (<0.01-0.01ppm) and several orders within the

FMENV limit of 160g/m3

at all the sampling locations. The results indicate that there are low

fugitive emissions of VOC along Akure-Ilesha.

Table 3.3a: Air Quality Characteristics of the Project Area

(Wet and Dry Seasons)

Source: Field work 2011&2012

Sampling Station SPM

SO2 NO

NOx

CO

H2S

NMHC

g.m-3

ppm

Iwaraja Junction (Dry) 131.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 <1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Iwaraja Junction (Wet) 110.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Omo Ijesha Junction (Dry) 135.00 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Omo Ijesha Junction (Wet) 100.00 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.00 0.01 <0.01

Erin Oke Junction (Dry) 188.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 0.01

Erin Oke Junction (Wet) 90.70 <0.01 0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 <0.01

Owena (Dry) 168.00 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Owena (Wet) 60.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Ilara Mokin (Dry) 142.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 <0.01

Ilara Mokin (Wet) 90.00 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Akure (Dry) 206.00 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 2.00 <0.01 <0.01

Akure (Wet) 65.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Ado-Ekiti Junction (Dry) 117.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 <1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Ado-Ekiti Junction (Wet) 70.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Afariogun Village (Dry) 150.00 <0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

Afariogun Village (Wet) 69.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.00 <0.01 <0.01

37

Table 3.3b: Regulatory Standards for Ambient Air Quality

S/N Contaminant Averaging

Period

Maximum Concentration (µg/m3)

WHO FMENVa World Bank

b

1. CO 1 – Hr 30,000

8 – Hr 22,800 10,000

24 – Hr 11,400

2. NOX 24 – Hr 200 75 – 113

0.04-0.06ppm

150

3 SO2 1 – Hr 125 260(0.1ppm)

24 – Hr 26(0.01ppm)

4 O3 24 – Hr 100-120

5. PM2.5 24 – Hr 25

6. PM10 24 – Hr 80

7 Non –Methane HC 160

8. TSP 1 – Hr 600

24 – Hr 250 80 aSource: FMENV (1991);

bSource: World Bank (1998)

3.3.7 Noise The noise levels (Table 3.4) varied from 47.9 to 70.5dB (A) in the dry season and from 57.0 to

69.0dB (A) in the wet season. The highest noise level was recorded at Ado-Ekiti junction due to

the high level of traffic while lowest noise level was recorded at Afariogun (rural) community.

The main sources of sound in the project area are vehicular traffic and human conversation.

Slight seasonal variations observed in the data were not significant. The results indicate that the

mean noise levels recorded at the different receptors within the project area were below the

Maximum Allowable Laeq (Hourly) of 90dB (A) limit of FMENV.

Table 3.4: Noise Characteristics of the Project Area (Wet and Dry Seasons)

Sampling Station Noise Level

LAeq(dBA)

Wet season Dry season

Iwaraja Junction 64.80 58.40

Omo Ijesha Junction 63.40 57.20

Erin Oke Junction 62.70 60.90

Owena 65.10 60.00

Ilara Mokin 64.30 59.50

Akure 66.50 64.40

Ado-Ekiti Junction 69.00 70.50

Afariogun Village 57.00 47.90

Source: Field work 2011&2012

38

3.3.8 Soil

The Akure-Ilesha road is underlain by four major soils. These soils which are derived from

basement complex rocks comprise broad groups of poorly drained and well upland drained soils.

The well drained soils covered over 70% of the study area and have good potential to support

arable crops. The coordinates of the soil sample is given in Table 3.5 while the physical and

chemical properties of the soils of the proposed rehabilitation Akure-Ilesha road are presented

for the wet and dry seasons in Table 3.6.

Table 3.5: Sampling Coordinates for Water Quality

S/N Source Northing Easting

1 Iwaraja Junction 842586 700855

2 Afariogun Junction 831062 708527

3 Ilara Mokin Junction 812081 732063

4 Akure 807007 738129

5 Ado Ekiti Junction 805488 745108 Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.8.1 Physical Properties

In general, the soils ranged in texture from sand to sandy loam in the topsoil (top 15cm of soil

profile) with the sand fraction varying from 69.0% to 85.0% with mean values of 76.4 ± 6.3%

and 67.5 ± 13.5% in the top 15cm and the subsoil horizons respectively and the silt fractions

from 6.9% to 12.0% (means of 8.6 ± 5.1% and 11.1 ± 6.5% in top and sub soil layers

respectively. The soils were moderately aerated, as porosity values (computed from measured

bulk density values) ranged from 47.0 to 52.0%, with mean values of 50.0 ± 2.8% in the top

soils.

3.3.8.2 Chemical Properties The soils are characterised by acidic reaction (pH range of 4.5 to 5.7 in the surface 15cm to pH

4.6 to 5.3 at lower depths with mean values of 5.4 ± 0.36 and 5.0 ± 0.19 for the top and sub-soil

horizons, respectively), low EC (58-190µS/cm) and low organic matter (1.08-4.43%), total

nitrogen (0.05-0.38% with mean for top and sub-soils of 1.05±0.20 and 0.83±1.8%,

respectively). Contents of available phosphorus were moderate to high in the soils with available

P ranging from 10.6 to 31.3 ppm for all soils and mean values of 18.2±7.3ppm in top soils and

16.7±5.8ppm in the sub soils, while the concentrations of other anions were low to moderate and

composed mainly of nitrates (0.06-0.32ppm); ammonium (0.12-19.5ppm) and sulphates (0.76-

8.56ppm). The chloride concentrations were generally low (77.6-995ppm). Contents of

exchangeable cations were either low or moderate. Range of values of exchangeable cations in

the soils was for potassium, 0.06 to 0.26 cmol/Kg soil, calcium, 2.03 to 5.21 cmol/Kg soil;

magnesium, 1.50 to 2.71 cmol/Kg soil, and sodium, 0.08 to 0.18cmol/Kg, low ECEC 3.88-4.85

cmol/Kg and moderate to high base saturation values (82-98%).

Heavy metal and hydrocarbon contents of the soils were generally low and of little or no

environmental consequences. Contents of iron (Fe) varied widely from 119.5 to 230.7 ppm

39

(mean = 188.4 ± 67.5ppm and 201.6±45.7 in the top and subsoil layers, respectively). Values of

Mn varied from 63.2 to 125.9µg/g with mean values of 89.3±35.28 µg/g in surface soils and

117.6±34.13 µg/g in the subsurface layers. The soils contain adequate concentrations of other microelements or heavy metals for the healthy growth of plants. There was no indication of accumulation of microelements (Table 3.6) as a result of past/present farming practices or industrial activities or the construction of the existing road.

Table 3.6: Summary of Physico-Chemical Characteristics

of Soils of the Project Area

Parameters Mean/Season 1Normal Soil

Values Dry Wet

pH 4.6-5.5 4.5-5.7 5.0 – 6.0 EC, μS/cm 48.2-210.0 58-190 % OM 0.72-2.25 1.08-4.43 1.0 % N 0.05-0.25 0.05-0.38 0.15 NO3, ppm 0.02-0.180 0.06-0.32 NH4

+1, ppm 0.22-4.26 0.12-19.5 6-10

Available P, ppm 8.58-20.6 10.6 - 31.3 7-20 SO4 ppm 0.55-7.10 0.76-8.56 Cl, ppm 58.2-615.0 77.6-995.3 Na, cmol/kg 0.12-0.21 0.08 to 0.18 K, cmol/kg 0.10-0.22 0.06 - 0.26 Ca, cmol/kg 3.15-4.68 2.03 to 5.21 2-5 Mg, cmol/kg 2.02-2.26 1.50 to 2.71 0.1-10 ECEC cmol/kg 3.33-5.25 3.88-4.85 8.0 – 16 Base Saturation, % 80-98 82-98 50 Fe, ppm 130.0-280.4 119.5 - 230.7 4.5 mg/kg Mn, ppm 55.8-115.1 63.2 - 125.9 1.0 Zn, ppm 2.65-6.50 3.22-8.15 1.0 Cu, ppm 0.22-1.14 0.27-0.65 0.2 Cr, ppm 0.32-1.10 0.37-1.13 Cd, ppm 0.01-0.04 0.01-0.03 Ni, ppm 0.10-0.22 0.14-0.22 V, ppm 0.01-0.06 0.01-0.05 Pb, ppm 0.82-3.48 1.01-3.54 Hg, ppm 0-0.0 0.0-0.0 THC, ppm 4.45-8.75 6.52 - 18.25 30 Clay % 4.9-32.4 3.0-36.1 Silt % 5.2-15.6 5.9-12.0 Sand % 62.4-79.5 59.0-85.0

Source: Field work 2011&2012 &1Alloway, 1990

40

The total hydrocarbon concentrations of the soils of the study area were low with values

varying widely from 6.5 to 18.2 mg/g THC (mean values of 12.2±6.6 mg/g and 8.1±5.7mg/g for

the top and sub soils, respectively). These could be from biogenic sources (decaying plant and animal parts - suberins, waxes, chitin etc). There is therefore no addition of hydrocarbon from anthropogenic or pathogenic sources within the study area.

3.3.8.3 Soil Microbiology

Total heterotrophic bacteria abundance ranged from 3.20-8.26x105 and 2.85-7.25x10

5 CFU g

-1 in

the surface and subsurface samples respectively during the dry season. During the wet season,

the counts were slightly higher ranging from 3.83-8.88 x105 and 1.83-8.25x10

5 CFU g

-1 in the

surface and subsurface samples, respectively. The pre-dominant heterotrophic bacterial isolates were Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Serratia sp, Escherichia sp, Vibro sp,

Flavobacterium sp and Alkalegenes sp. The abundance of heterotrophic fungi varied from 2.50-

5.15 x103 and 3.12-6.33x10

3 CFU g

-1 in surface and subsurface samples in the dry-season.

Lower counts were observed during the wet season. The major fungal isolates are Penicillium

sp, Aspergillus sp, Candida sp, and Mucor sp. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in the

surface and subsurface were higher during the wet season sampling than during the dry season.

Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi were generally more numerous in the surface than subsurface.

This trend may be related with availability of more organic material and better growth conditions

in the surface than the subsurface. The low percentage of hydrocarbon utilizes to heterotrophy

(less than 5%) in both seasons indicates that the soils have no recent anthropogenic hydrocarbon

pollution.

3.3.8.4 Land Use

The predominant types of vegetation traversed along Akure-Ilesha road are secondary forest re-

growth, with sparse population of various food crops. Major changes, which had occurred during

the wet season sampling included denser thicket and taller canopy stature of the predominant

vegetation types, greener colouration of the leaves for both planted crops and wild plants and the

submergence of some low growing grasses in the lowland areas along the proposed rehabilitation

road.

The primary use of land in the communities along the proposed rehabilitation road is for

agriculture. Most of the land area was cultivated to arable crops such as cassava (Manihot spp.),

followed by cocoyam (Xanthsomonas spp.), yam (Dioscorea spp), yam (Dioscorea spp) and

vegetables (Telferia, Amaranths spp) in a descending order. The lands were also cultivated to

some deep-feeding tree crops such as oil palm (Eleais guineensis), and cashew (Anarcardium

occidentalis) trees and in a few upland places such as Owena areas there were Cocoa

(Theobroma cacao) tree plantations.

3.3.9 Geology and Hydrogeology

3.3.9.1 Geology of the Project Area The geology underlying the proposed Rehabilitation road is composed of Precambrian Basement

Complex rocks . The geology and the lithological units along the rehabilitation road are contained in

41

Table 3.7.

Table 3.7: The Geology Beneath the Proposed Benin-Osogbo Rehabilitation road

VES

Loc.

Site Description Geology Lithological Unit

1 Akure (Ondo State) Basement Complex Migmatite Gneiss

2 Ilara Mokin (Ondo State) Basement Complex Charnockite

3 Owena-Igbara Oke (Ondo

State)

Basement Complex Migmatite Gneiss

4 Abule-Fariogun Junction,

Ipetu (Osun State)

Basement Complex Migmatite Gneiss

5 Iwaraja Junction (Osun State) Basement Complex Metasediment

(Sources of Geological Information: Rahaman, 1976; Geological Survey Nigeria, 1974; Offodile, 2002)

3.3.9.2 Geophysical Studies

Geophysical investigation involving Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings (VES) was carried

out along the proposed rehabilitation road at five (5) localities at intervals varying from 6.0 – 15.0

km. The depth sounding measurements were required for both near and sub-surface soil resistivity

determination and sub-surface imaging for stratigraphic sequence delineation. The description and

geographical co-ordinates of the VES stations are shown in Table 3.6 .

3.3.9.3 Hydrogeological Characteristics

The proposed rehabilitation road is mainly basement complex terrains.The groundwater within the

segment underlain by the basement complex area (VES 1-5) is contained in weathered and or

fractured basement columns. Groundwater yield is dependent on the degree of weathering and

fracturing. It is highest where groundwater flow is assisted by fractures. The groundwater table

varies from few meters, in basement complex area, to several tens of meters.

Table 3.8: VES Stations and the GPS Geographic Co-ordinates.

VES Site Description UTM (Zone 31)

Easting; Northing

Geographic Coordinate

Latitude; Longitude

1 Ala-Elefosan (Ondo State) 761159; 783808m 7o 05.14’; 5

o 21.85’

2 Ilara Mokin (Ondo State) 732170; 812054m 7o 20.53’; 5

o 06.19’

3 Owena-Igbara Oke (Ondo State) 722899; 819098m 7o 24.38’; 5

o 01.17’

4 Abule-Fariogun Junction, Ipetu

(Osun State)

708623; 830943m 7o 30.84’; 4

o 53.44’

5 Iwaraja Junction (Osun State) 700951; 842585m 7o 37.17’; 4

o 49.29’

Source: Field work 2011&2012

Recharges and Discharges

42

The major source of aquifer recharge in the project area is surface precipitation (rainfall). The high

annual average rainfall over the area ensures adequate groundwater recharge. Other sources include

lateral water movement from streams and rivers and basal groundwater flow.

Discharge sources include groundwater abstraction from boreholes located within the project area

and evapo-transpiration.

3.3.9.4 Geophysical (Geoelectric) Characteristics

General Features of the VES Curves

The VES curves are the H, K, HA, KH, KQ and QH type.

Geoelectric Parameters and Geoelectric/Stratigraphic Sections

The subsurface geoelectric sequence is determined by the geology. The characteristics are the

following:

Basement Complex Environment for VES 1-5;

1st Layer: Topsoil: Clay/Sandy Clay/Clayey Sand.

Resistivity: 31 - 621 ohm-m; Thickness: 0.6 – 1.6 m

2nd Layer: Weathered Layer: This is composed of Clay/Sandy clay.

Resistivity: 29 - 379 ohm-m; Thickness: 1.2 – 24.8 m

3rd Layer: Basement Bedrock (fractured in places).

Resistivity: 112 - ∞ ohm-m; Rockhead at:1.2 – 26.0 m

Groundwater Quality

In the study area, the basement complex rocks are generally known to host fresh water.

Soil Resistivity and Corrosivity Evaluation

The formation of corrosion cells which can lead to severe corrosion failures are known to be

associated with low resistivities. Soil resistivity can be classified in terms of the degree of soil

corrosivity as shown in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9: Classification of Soil Resistivity in terms of its Corrosivity

SOIL RESISTIVITY (ohm-m) SOIL CORROSIVITY

Up to 10 Very Strongly Corrosive (VSC)

10 – 60 Moderately Corrosive (MC)

60 – 180 Slightly Corrosive (SC)

180 and above Practically Non-Corrosive (PNC) (Based on Baeckmann and Schwenk, 1975 and Agunloye, 1984)

43

The subsoil resistivity within the depth range of 0 - 2 m within which the base of the rehabilitation

road could be founded varies from 29 – 3912 ohm-m (Figure 3.8). Based on Table 3.9 above, soils

with layer resistivity values within this range are moderately corrosive to practically non-corrosive.

3.3.10 Vegetation The main block of the Nigerian forest formation at low and medium altitude along this route is

Lowland Rainforest. The high human population densities and their activities along the

rehabilitation road have greatly transformed the complex structure and species richness of this

route. Plant cover in the study area consisted predominantly of farmlands, fallow lands at various

stages of regeneration and degraded remnant lowland tropical moist forests (freshwater swamp

and dry-land rainforests). Plates 3.1-3.2 capture the some of the various vegetation forms

encountered along the proposed rehabilitation road

The bush re-growth vegetation includes fallow of less than five years of age. The rotational bush

fallow systems of cultivation accounts for much of the structural and floristic variations as well

as the micro pattern of the present cover along the route. Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) forms an

upper stratum with isolated crowns in most of the encountered fallowlands while a great variety

of species with relatively small crowns generally in lateral contact with each other such as

Albizia zygia, Alstonia boonei, Anthocleista vogelli, Mangifera indica, Myrianthus arboreus,

Azadiractha indica, Bambusa vulgaris, Alchornea spp, Blighia sapida, Newbouldia laevis,

Ricinus communis, Tithonia diversifolia, Tremia orientalis, and Cnetis ferruginea form the

middle stratum. Herbaceous species such as Panicum maximum, Aspilia africana, Urena lobata,

Axonopus compresus, Sida acuta, Andropogon gayanus. Imperata cylindrica and Chromolaena

odorata form the ground layer. Climbers, epiphytes, saprophytes and parasite are also found

along this route. The epiphytic components include a large number of lower cryptograms and

ferns and flowering epiphytes were conspicuous. The tree density is is generally low as a result

of human influence.

Fallow land vegetation of the following distinct physiognomy was encountered at the study site:

Fallow land vegetation with Tremia orientalis as the dominant woody species and

Chromolaena odorata as the dominantnt shrubby/herbaceous species.

Fallow land vegetation with Musanga cecrepoides as the dominantnt woody

species and Chromolaena odorata as the dominant shrubby/herbaceous species

Fallow land vegetation dominated by Cassia siamea (woody species and

Chromolaena odorata (shrubby/herbaceous species)

Fallowwland vegetation with woody species such as Cassia siamea, Cola

gigantea,Mangifera indica,Elaeis guineensis and shrubs such Jatropha

species,Ricinus communis,Chromolaena odorata and Solanum torvum

guineensis,Newbouldia laevis Trema orientalis and Spondias mombim,

Fallow land vegetation with woody species such as Alstonia boonei,Alchornea

cordifolia,Gliricidia sepium,Anthoclestia vogelli,shrubs such as Chromolaena

odorata and grasses as ground layer such as Andropogon spp, Panicum maximum

Fallowland vegetattion of fresh water swamp dominated by Alchornea cordifolia

and Elaeis guineensis

44

Fallowland vegetation of grasses and Chromolaena odorata with evidence of

annual burning

Fallowland vegetation dominated by Tithonia diversifolia

Plate 3.1 Fallow / Bush Regrowth Vegetation Stand

Plate 3.2 Fallow / Bush Regrowth Vegetation Stand

Agriculture

The major cultivated crops in the areas include cassava (Mannihot esculenta), Yams (Dioscorea

sp), Pumpkin (Telfainia occidentalis), banana and plantaing (Musa sp). Tree species, which offer

non-timber forest products (barks, fruits, roots etc) that play roles in traditional medicine and

nutrition, abound in the areas and include Raphia hookeri (wine palm), Alstonia booneii (Stool

wood), Harungana madagascariensis (Blood tree), and Musanga cercropioides (Umbrella trees).

Checklist of crops encountered along the rehabilitation road are presented in Table 3.10

The study area has a diversity of plants that are of economic importance, including their uses as fuel, timber, dyes, vegetable, edible fruits and seed trees, medicinal and religious plants and sponge. A checklist of the common economic plants within the study area is presented in Table 3.11.

45

Table 3.10: Checklist of Crops Plants in Farms Encountered along the Proposed Rehabilitation Road

S/N Scientific Name

Family/Sub family

Common Name

Uses/Economic Importance

Density (No./ha)

1 Zea mays Poaceae Maize/Corn Grains 10,000

2 Manihot

esculenta

Euphoriace Cassava Root tuber 2,500

3 Arachis

hypogea

Fabaceae

(papilionaceae)

Groundnut Peanuts 30,000

4 Dioscorea

rotundata

Dioscoreaceae White yam Stem tuber 5,000

5 Dioscorea alata Discoreaceae Water yam Stem tuber 5,000

6 Vigna

unguiculata

Fabaceae Cowpea Grain legume 20,000

7 Dioscorea

trifoliate

Dioscoreaceae Yellow yam Stem tuber 2,500

8 Capsicum

Annum

Solanaceae Pepper Spice 5,000

9 Lycopersicon

esculentum

Solanaceae Tomato Fruit vegetable 5,000

10 Corchorus

olitorus

Malvaceae

Yoruba:

Ewedu

Leafy vegetable

edible fruits

10,000

11 Hibiscus

Esculentus

Malvaceae Okra Edible fruit 5,000

12 Oryza sativa Poaceae Rice Grains 80,000

13 Citrulus lanatus Cucurbitaceae Melon Seeds for soup 2,500

14 Saccharum

officinarum Poaceae Sugar cane Edible

stem/sugar 2,500

Source: Field work 2011&2012

Table 3.11: Checklist of Common Economic Plant Species along the route

Economic Plant Species Common Name Use(s)

1. Mangifera indica Mango Edible fruit

2. Alchornea spp Christinas bush Medicinal

3. Raphia hookeri Rafia Wine

4. Elaeis guineensis Oil palm Palm oil / wine brown

5. Alstonia boonei Alstonia Medicinal / timber

6. Manihot esculenta Cassava Food product

46

7. Oryza sativa Rice Food prodcts

8. Musa spp Banana Food product

9. Xanthosoma mafaffa Cocoyam Food products

10. Abelmoschus esculentus Okro Food products

11. Zea mays Maize Food product

12. Rauvolfia vomitoria Medicinal

13. Chromolaena odorata Awolowo/Akintola Medicinal

14 Ananas spp Pineapple Food product

15 Piliostigma

thonningii Thonning’s piliostigm

Dye yielding, Religions purposes

16 Daniellia oliveri

African copaiba balsam

Timber, fuel wood

17 Vitex doniana

Black plum Yoruba: orinla

Fuel wood, Edible fruits

18 Anacardium occidentalis Cashew Edible fruit, Medicinal

19 Mangifera indica

Mango

Edible fruit, Medicinal

20 Tectonia grandis

Teak

Used as poles for high/low tension electric lines

21 Citrus aurantium Orange Edible fruit Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.11 Aquatic System 3.3.11.1 Water Quality

The water body investigated along the proposed rehabilitation road axis was only one perennial

river: Owena River. Baseline information on the existing water quality of the study area is presented in Table 4.12 and Table 4.13. Table 3.12: Sampling Coordinate for Water Quality

S/N Source Type Easting Northing

1 Iwaraja Junction Well 842726 700826

2 Owena River River 818872 722305

3 Ado-Ekiti Junction Well 805488 745108 Source: Field work 2011&2012

The water temperature at sampling varied between 26.8.0ºC and 33.4ºC.. The conductivity of

water samples which is a reflection of the low total dissolved solids content varied between

22.5μS and 260μS/cm (Ado-Ekiti junction-well water) . The poor ionic contents of the water

samples were probably responsible for the low conductivity. In the western axis of the

rehabilitation road, the TDS of water which ranged between 59.4 mgl-1

and 287.6 mg/l was also

reflected as high conductivity values. The dissolved oxygen content of water ranged between

1.80 mgl-1

and 5.6 mgl-1

. As expected, the DO content of flowing river water was higher than

47

those of borehole and well water samples respectively, because of high rate of turbulence and

atmospheric dissolution at the air-water interphase.

The levels of the biogenic cations and those of some heavy metals assayed in the water samples

collected along the rehabilitation road axis is shown in Table 3.13. he Mg2+

level ranged

between 0.10 mgl-1

and 4.60 mgl-1

(Owena River samples).

In the water samples collected from most locations the Mn2+

and Fe2+

ionic contents were very

high, while Zn2+

and Cr2+

which were the minor elements had relatively low concentration. The

other assayed heavy metals occurred in trace amounts and below recommended limits set by FMENV.

The total hydrocarbon values reported were quite low in most sampling stations. It fluctuated between 0.55mg/l and 2.75mg/l. These levels are generally lower than recommended limits for inland waters in Nigeria.

3.3.11.2 Water Microbiology Twenty species of bacteria and fifteen of fungi were isolated from the surface water bodies

including those of human origin. The bacterial isolates belong to two orders: Pseudomonadales

and Eubacteriales while the fungal isolates belong to 3 Orders - Mucorales, Moniliales and

Sphaeriales. The prominent isolates were Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa and

Klebsiella pneumoniae and Yeasts sp. Heterophic bacteria and Fungi abundance in the waters

ranged from 2.15 x 104 – 8.75 x 10

4 and 1.75 x 10

3 – 3.5510

3 CFU ml

-1, respectively. The low

proportion (<1%) of hydrocarbon utilizers to heterotrophs indicates that the water bodies

sampled were not contaminated with hydrocarbons. Saccharomyces (yeast), Mucor, Aspergillus,

Candida, and Penicillium were the predominant fungi species whereas Bacillus, Staphylococcus,

Serretia, Proteus and Pseudomonas were the major bacteria species. Results also revealed that

most of the water bodies contained coliforms, confirmed as faecal in origin in excess of 50

MPN/100ml.

Table 3.13: Summary of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water

From the Rivers/Streams and Boreholes/Wells in the study area

Parameter

Surface Water Ground Water 1Limit Min Max Min Max

Water temperature ˚C 27.4 33.4 26.8 28.5

pH 5.7 7.6 6.6 7.5

6.5-9.5

Conductivity μS/cm 30 102 22.5 260

Total dissolved Solids (mgl-1

) 70.5 220 29 287.6

1200

Apparent colour (Pt-Co) 90.3 224.15 8.75 160.5

OD, mg/l 2.4 5.6 1.8 3.3

5

COD, mg/l 4.2 7.8 8.4 12.0

50

48

Turbidity (NTU) 15.5 225.5 3.79 46.97

Alkalinity Mgl-1

CaCO3) 0.94 46.0 2.0 80.0

Acidity (Mgl-1

CaCO3) 2 4.15 2 12

Chloride (Mgl-1

) 0.8 2.8 0.95 10.08

Bicarbonate (Mgl-1

) 1.08 55.2 2.4 116

Sulphate (Mgl-1

) 0.11 0.65 0.16 1.06

250

Nitrate (Mgl-1

) 0.01 3 0.01 0.7

50

Sodium (mgl-1

) 0.45 1.15 0.1 2.2 200

Potassium (mgl-1

) 4.35 31.13 2.94 257.35

Calcium (mgl-1

) 0.05 0.61 0.2 22

Magnesium (μgl-1

) 0.15 4.6 0.1 2.5

Manganese (μgl-1

) 21 115.4 7 196.5

0.1

Iron (μgl-1

) 0.15 190.4 16.5 248

0.3

Copper (μgl-1

) 1.05 3.84 0.65 3.15

2

Zinc (μgl-1

) 2.6 10.2 4.8 39

Lead (μgl-1

) 0.05 1.6 0.04 0.5

0.01

Chromium (μgl-1

) 1.11 2.05 0.05 1.6

0.05

Cadmium (μgl-1

) 0.06 1.4 0.06 0.9

0.003

Nickel (μgl-1

) 0.85 2.38 2.02 17

0.02

Arsenic (μgl-1

) 0.01 0.06 0.014 0.075

Mercury (μgl-1

) 0 0 0 0

0.001

THC 0.55 2.75 0.28 0.62

10

Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.11.3 Hydrobiology Phytoplankton The phytoplankton assemblages of the surface waters along the proposed rehabilitation road

shows that the species richness varied between 8 and 20 species with 68 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to three divisions namely bacillariophyta or diatoms, cyanophyta or blue-green algae, and chlorophyta or green algae identified during the studies (Table 3.14a and Table 3.14b).In Owena River water, the phytoplankton flora consists of 2 Blue green algae

(Cyanophyta), 4 chlorophytes (Chlorophyta) and 7 diatom species.

The diatoms comprised the bulk of the flora with 51.5% followed by Chlorophyta with 33.8% and Cyanophyta forming 14.7%. The blue-greens are known to be tolerant of pollution because of their ability to utilize high nutrient levels, and have been known to tolerate high levels of stress in aquatic environment. The low diversity levels reported

49

for the phytoplankton flora may be attributable to alterations of the physico-chemical conditions of the water (Copper and Wihun 1975). Table 3.14a: Check list of Phytoplankton Groups Division Chlorophyta Closterium acerosum

C. moniliferum

Cosmarium sp.

Desmidium sp.

Eudorina elegans

Hyalotheca dissiliens

Micrasterias radiata

Mongeilia spherocarpa

Oedogonium grande

Pediastrum duplex

Spirogyra varians

Ulothrix tenuissima

Zygnema pectinatum

Scenedesmus spp.

Division Cyanophyta

Nostoc spp. Anabaena solitaria

Anacystis cyanea

Chroococcus limieticum

Chroococcus turgidus

Microcystis aeruginosa

Oscillatoria borneltia

Oscillatoria Formosa

O. limosa

Division Bacillariophyta

Asterionella formosa,

Fragilaria crotenensis,

Navicula radiosa,

Synedra ulna

Melosira varians Aulocoseira granulata

Frustulia rhomboides

Pinnularia viridis

Surirella elegans

Source: Field work 2011&2012

Table 3.14b: Distribution of Phytoplankton in the waters of the project area

Group Number

of Species

Total

Abundance

% Abundance

Cyanophyta 10 478 14.7

Chlorophyta 23 1099 33.8

Bacillariophyta 35 1672 51.5 Source: Field work 2011&2012

Zooplankton The results on zooplankton taxa, abundance and distribution encountered during the rainy season

are presented in Tables 3.15a and 3.15b. The data show that four major groups of zooplankton

containing a total of 16 taxa were observed. In Owena River water samples, the micro

invertebrate fauna consist of 3 rotifers and 2 arthropodic species.

The Rotifera made up 75.0% while Cladocerans constituted 17.9% and Arthropoda 7.1% of the total population. Rotifers dominated the water bodies followed by the Cladocerans . Generally, the zooplanktons are sparse in terms of numbers of individuals and taxa richness. In terms of abundance, Nauplius larvae are relatively the most abundant, followed by insect larvae. Species diversity, which expresses species richness, was determined using the Simpson’s Diversity Index. The analysis showed low species diversity.

50

Table 3.15a: Check list of Zooplankton Groups

Arthropoda

Cyclops sp.

Chydorus sp

Nauplia of Cyclopod

Chaoborus sp.

Rotifera

Rotaria neptunia

Asplanchna priodonta

Brachionus falcatus

Keratella cochlearis

Lecane luna

Notholca sp.

Trichocerca bicristata

Cladocera

Bosmina longirostris

Diaphanosoma sp.

Ceriodaphinna sp.

Moina micrura

Source: Field work 2011&2012

Table 3.15b: Distribution of Zooplankton in the waters of the project area

Group Number

of Species

Total

Abundance

% Abundance

Arthropoda 2 80 7.1

Rotifera 4 824 75.0

Cladocera 4 196 17.9 Source: Field work 2011&2012

3.3.11.4 Fish/fisheries Fish study was conducted on fishes obtained from rivers along the proposed rehabilitation road and through interviews and literature search. Fishing activities are carried out mostly in the nights, early mornings and evenings, and generally done from dug out canoes. Generally, there was more fish during the wet season compared to the dry season. The fishing gears commonly used includes castnets, set nets, drift nets, gill nets and hook on line as well as fish fence. Fishing is carried out by migrant fishermen, few indigenes also participate in fishing activities. Fifteen fish species distributed in 7 families were identified. The checklist of fishes

observed in the river along the rehabilitation road is shown in Table 3.16. Table 3.16: A checklist of the fish species inhabiting the sampled rivers during the period

of study

Family Species Name Common Name Economic

Importance

Abundance

Mormyridae Mormyrus rume Mormyrid High Low

Cyprinidae Barbus ablabes Minnow/Barbels Low High

B. callipterus Minnow/Barbels Low High

51

Hepsetidae Hepsetus odoe African River Pike High Very High

Malapteruridae Malapterurus electricus Electric Fish Fairly High Low

Clariidae Clarias gariepinus Mudfish Very High Very High

Heterobranchus bidorsalis Mudfish Very High Very High

Cyprinodontidae Epiplatys senegalensis Pan chax Low Very Low

Channidae Channa obscura Snake Head Very High High

Cichlidae Hemichromis bimaculatus African Jewel fish High High

H. fasciatus Five spotted

Tilapia

Fairly High High

Oreochromis niloticus Nile Tilapia Very High Very High

Tilapia zillii Red Belly Tilapia Very High Very High Source: Field work 2011&2012

In terms of species richness, Cichlidae was dominant. Fish processing within the study area is basically traditional using indigenous technology. Traditional smoking kiln or earthen ovens were prevalent throughout the study area. The smoked fish is consumed within the family unit and/or sold at the local markets. Gymnarchus niloticus (Mormyrid), Channa obscura (Snake head fish), Heterotis niloticus

(African bony tongue fish), and Chrysichthys auratus (Silver cat fish) were the most palatable among the fish species. All the fishes examined did not show any physical evidence of parasitic infestation. There was no observation of disease infestation, abnormalities or physical deformities. Analysis of the condition factors (KF), an index of the well being of the fish, showed that the fishes were healthy and well fed in relatively undisturbed environment. The factors on the average were well above the critical value of 1.0.

3.3.11.5 Sediment Physico-Chemical Characteristics The physico-chemical characteristics of sediment samples are presented in Table 3.17. The

sediments were mainly sandy (sand 65.8% - 85.5%, clay 5.2%-18.4%, silt 9.3%-15.8%), acidic

(pH4.4-5.7) and low electrical conductivity (66.8-130.2μS/cm) indicating that the environment

under study is within the freshwater habitat. The sediment samples had low contents of organic

carbon (1.48 and 2.28%), nitrogen (0.15 to 0.32%) low to moderate phosphorus concentrations

(5.8 to 34.5ppm). The concentrations of nitrate (0.072-0.112ppm), ammonium (4.62-18.27ppm),

sulphate (10.48-22.80ppm), and chloride (28.6-58.8ppm) are considered low but the nutrients are

adequate to support the healthy growth of benthic population. The exchangeable cation exchange

capacity (ECEC) is low, ranging from 4.48to 7.39meq/100g sediment. The major contributors to

the ECEC were Ca (2.25-4.43meq/100g sediment), Mg 1.24 to 2.24meq/100g sediment), and Na

(0.12 to 0.44 meq/100g sediment). The heavy metal concentrations are low in the sediment

samples and there was no indication of their accumulation in the samples. No mercury (Hg) was

detected in the sediment samples. The total hydrocabon content (THC) varied from 0.78 to

4.52ppm and these can be accounted for from biogenic sources mainly of vegetal debris. Thus

there was no oil pollution of the sediment.

52

Sediment Microbiology

Microorganism abundance was generally higher in the sediment than in the overlying water

body. This is understandable given that deposition and subsequent degradation of organic

material in the sediment releases dissolved organic carbon and materials into the sediment. These

materials are utilized by heterotrophs for growth and incorporated into their body biomass.

Heterotrophic bacteria in the sediment varied from 8.06 x 104 – 9.15 x 10

5 CFU g

-1 during wet

season. Heterotrophic fungi in the sediment had mean abundance of 8.75 x 103 CFUg

-1. The

sediment samples also had hydrocarbon utilizers to heterotrophic microbes’ ratio of less than

4.5%, indicating that the area had no recent hydrocarbon pollution.

Table 3.17: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Sediments of Rivers/Streams

in the study area

Parameters Sediment

Clay % 12.0

Silt % 7.6

Sand % 80.4

pH 4.8

EC, μS/cm 130.2

% C 2.26

% N 0.17

NO3, ppm 0.112

NH4+1

, ppm 17.10

Available P, ppm 8.9

SO4 ppm 22.8

Cl, Meq/100g soil 58.8

Na, Meq/100g soil 0.16

K, Meq/100g soil 0.28

Ca, Meq/100g soil 2.89

Mg, Meq/100g soil 1.56

ECEC, Meq/100g soil 3.93

Base Saturation, % 92.8

Fe, ppm 128. 2

Mn, ppm 75.8

Zn, ppm 4.75

Cu, ppm 1.82

Cr, ppm 0.08

Cd, ppm 0.06

Ni, ppm 0.12

V, ppm 0 Pb, ppm 0 Hg, ppm 0 THC, ppm 1.12

Source: Field work 2011&2012

53

3.3.12 Terrestrial Fauna and Wildlife

A check list of forty four (44) wildlife species belonging to 36 families were encountered, based

on ground surveys and participatory rural appraisal interviews is shown in Table 3.18. Of the

species of vertebrate wildlife identified, the avifauna and mammals were the dominant groups.

The mammals, reportedly sighted or reported to occur in the area were mainly browsers or grazers including medium-sized mammals such as duikers and antelopes. Others include

some primates (Cercopithecus Erthropgaster) and rodents (small mammals) like Thryonomys

swinderianus (cutting grass), Xerus erythropus (ground squirrel) and Cricetomys gambianus

(Gambia pouched rat). At Afariogun village crossing, the farmer interviewed confirmed the

presence of the primates (Papio anubis, Erythrocebus patas, and Goilla gorilla) as well as those

of the Reed buck (Redunca redunca) and the Civet cat (Cirettictis civetta) was also confirmed by

famers in the forest reserve area. The observed mammalian taxonomic diversity was however

low for this environment indicating a disturbed ecosystem, due to farming activities and annual

bush burning.

Amphibians and reptiles include frogs, toads, lizards, and snakes (cobra and vipers). Toads are represented by the genus Bufo while the frogs were mainly Rana spp. The reptiles are represented by snakes (Cobra, viper, and African python); lizards (Hemidactylus brooki, Brook’s gecko; Chameleo senegalensis, African chameleon; and Agama agama, the rainbow lizard). Four (4) reptilian species which were not sighted during the rainy period were

sighted during the dry season. These are the rainbow lizard, the monitor lizard (Varanus

niloticus), the black cobra (Naja nigricollis) and the West African Green tree mamba

(Dendroaspis viridis).

A number of species sighted in the rainy season but not during the dry season include the mouse-

brown sun bird (Anthreptes gabonicus) (which is known to be dependent on nectars of flowers)

and Black and White-tailed hornbill (Tockus fasciatus). The Senegal Indigo Finch (Vindua

calybeata) and the Yellow Fronted Canary (Serinus mozambicus) sighted during the rainy season

were also absent during the dry season. Black hawks were sighted along the water banks.

In general, low densities and sparse distribution of wildlife were observed in the project area,

apparently due to the exposure of the study area has anthropogenic impacts such as clearance for

agriculture, annual bush burning and hunting (including the setting of traps). Literature review

and information gap analysis also revealed a dearth of information on the wildlife of the project

area, resulting in an unclear picture of wildlife diversity, abundance and distribution. Most of the

wildlife taxa would, therefore, be classified as not evaluated’ or “data deficient” based on IUCN

(1994) guidelines. This implies that data is insufficient to assign conservation status to these

wildlife taxa. Under these circumstances, the IUCN (1994) recommends that such organisms

should be given the same degree of protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be

evaluated. Other than the small mammals whose conservation status may be considered as

54

satisfactory (survival not threatened), most vertebrate wildlife would be considered as rare (and

therefore vulnerable). Some of the mammalian (Athercunus africanus and Tragelephus spekei),

avifauna (Family Arceidae) and reptilian (Pyton (Morelia spilotata) and Crocodyius) species

identified are threatened or endangered and international trade is either prohibited or requiring

licenses (NEST, 1991).

Table 3.18: List of Wildlife Species sighted or reported around the project area

Common Name Biological Name Detection

method

(DS/IH)

Decrees

11/1985

National

Resources

Conservation

Council, 1992

MAMMALIAN

White throated

Guenon

Cercopithecus

Erthropgaster

IH Vulnerable

Common Rats Rattus rattus 10

House Mouse Mus musculus 5

Gambia pouched rat Cricetomys gambianus 10

African Palm Squirrel Epixerus ebii 8 Schedule 1 Endangered

Ground Squirrel Xenus erythropus IH

Grass Cutters Thryonomys swinderianus IH

African Civet Civettictis civetta IH Threatened

Small Deer IH

Antelope Neotragus batesi IH

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriplus IH

Maxwell’s Duiker Cephalopus maxwelli IH Vulnerable

Porcupine Atherunus africanus IH Schedule 1

Nigerian musk shrew Crocidura nigenriae IH

REPTILIA

African Pyton Morelia spilotata IH

Black Cobra Naja melanoleuca IH Schedule 1

Viper Echis caminatus IH

Black Tree Snake Thrasops occidentalis IH

Snake Dendroaspis viridis IH

Snake Atheris chloraechis IH

Common Lizards Agamma agamma 15

Monitor Lizard Veranus niloticus 20

AMPHIBIAN

Frogs Dicoglossus sp 5

Long-Legged Frog Ptychodena sp 4

Toads Bufo regularis 5

Crabs 2

African chameleon Chameleo senegalensis, 2

AVIES

55

Black Kites Milvus nigrans 8

Chicken Hawk Accipter erythropus 5

Cattle Egret Ardeola ibis 25

White Egret Egretta alba IH Schedule 2

Common Vultures Necrosyrtes monarchus 15

Sparrows Sparrows IH

Eagle Eagle IH

Pin-Tailed Whydah Vidua macroura IH

Pied Crow Corvus albus IH

Wood Pecker Dendropicos pyrrhogaster IH

Bronze Manikin Lonchura cucullatus IH

Weaver Bird Plesiositagra cucullatus >20

White-Crested hornbill Tropicranus albocristatus

Cassin

IH

Guinea fowl Guttera pulcherani 15

Nectar Bird Anthreptes collaris Vieil. IH Source: Field work 2011&2012

Note: Schedule 1 Animals in relation to which international trade is absolutely prohibited

Schedule 2 Animals in relation to which international trade may only be conducted under license

DS Direct sighting

IH Interview with Hunters, communities or literature search

3.3.13 Wastes Management The waste stream encountered in the project area comprises both bio-degradable and non-

bio-degradable products. The biodegradable wastes include domestic wastes, vegetable matter,

food remnants and other assorted organic materials. Waste is also generated by craftsmen

engaged in various trades. The non-bio-degradable wastes include plastics, glasses, scraps from past sand mining, scraps of vehicle involved in accidents on Akure-Ilesha expressways.Wastes are disposed of generally by free litter. Dry refuse is burnt and the residue

used as much on plants around homesteads.

3.3.14 Socio-Economics 3.3.14.1 The Project Environment There were at least 7 major settlements (listed in Table 3.19) within 2 km on either side of the

Akure-Ilesha road. These communities were studied in detail for the social impact assessment.

Table 3.19: Major Settlements and their Geographical Locations Relative to the Proposed Rehabilitation Akure-Ilesha Road

S/N Name of Community State Easting Northing

1 Akure Ondo 0741212 0799989

2 Owena Ijesha Osun 0722612 0818826

3 Owena Owode Ondo 0704928 0843071

4 Igbara Oke Ondo 0722899 0819098

5 Erin Oke Osun 0705362 0841223

6 Erinmo Osun 0707700 0835116

7 Ipetu Ijesa Osun 0708623 0830943

Source: Fieldwork 2011 and 2012

56

3.3.14.2 Socioeconomic Attributes

Table 3.20: Socioeconomic Characteristics of PAPs

Variables Frequency percentage

Name of village/town

Akure 36 37.11

Owena Ijesa 47 48.45

Owena Owode 6 6.19

Igbara Oke 1 1.03

Erin Oke 4 4.12

Erinmo 2 2.06

Ipetu Ijesa 1 1.03

Ethnicity

Yoruba 98 98.99

Igbo 1 1.01

Religion

Christianity 60 60.61

Islam 39 39.39

Age

11-20 6 5.94

21-30 32 31.68

31-40 25 24.75

41-50 27 26.73

51-60 8 7.92

61+ 3 2.97

Marital Status

Single 12 11.88

Married 76 75.25

Divorced 3 2.97

Widow 10 9.90

Level of Education

Primary 24 23.76

Secondary 38 37.62

Vocational/Technical 8 7.92

Tertiary 15 14.85

No formal education 16 15.84

Occupation

Farming/hunting 1 0.99

Technician 4 3.96

Trading 78 77.23

Business/contractor 14 13.86

Teaching 1 0.99

Civil servant 2 1.98

Student/apprentice 1 0.99

Skills

Mason 1 1.03

Technician 4 4.12

Politician 1 1.03

Transporter 2 2.06

Unskilled 89 91.75

Annual income (₦)

1000-10000 1 0.99

11000-20000 1 0.99

21000-30000 0 0

57

31000-40000 0 0

41000-50000 1 0.99

51000-60000 4 3.96

61000-70000 3 2.97

71000-80000 7 6.93

Above 80000 84 83.17

Source: Field work 2011&2012

Figure 3.5: Distribution of PAPs by Community

Socioeconomic data was collected in seven locations as shown in Table 3.19 and figure 3.5. The

affected communities are Akure, Owena Ijesa, Owena Owode, Igbara Oke, Erin Oke, Erinmo

and Ipetu Ijesa. The distribution indicates that most of the PAPs are in Akure and Owena-Ijesa.

There were many PAPs in Akure because of its size and population (the city is the Capital of

Ondo state and a magnet to people from all parts of the state, including roadside artisans and

traders). Owena-Ijesa however has the largest number of PAPs due to having lots of structures

too close to the highway (the encroachments include permanent physical structures and

makeshift shops, Plate 1.2).

Ethnicity

The distribution of the PAPs by ethnicity shows that they are all virtually of the Yoruba

ethnicity. The road project actually runs through two states whose indigenes are of Yoruba

descent, hence the nearly 100% Yoruba ethnicity.

58

Gender of PAPs

Most of the PAPs are females, 44% are males while the remaining 56% are females. Most of the

PAPs are roadside traders. These are two areas where women are mainly engaged to earn a

living, hence their preponderance among the PAPs.

Religion

About 61% of the PAPs are Christians while the rest are of the Islamic faith.

Age Distribution The disaggregation of the PAPs by age shows that they are between age range of 17 and 90

years (Figure 3.6). When grouped (in ten-year intervals), the majority of the PAPs are between

ages 21 and 50 (83%). A third of the PAPs are between 21 – 30 years, and about a quarter each

are between ages 31 – 40 (25%) and 41 – 50 (27%) respectively. Thus, the data suggests that

most of those to be affected by the project are people in their primes who are making a livelihood

from the roadsides.

Figure 3.6: Age Distribution

Marital status The data also show in figure 3.7 that three-quarters (75%)of the PAPs interviewed are married,

12% are unmarried, 10% are widowed and 3% are divorced. This indicates that most of the PAPs

are either currently married or were in a marital union; these people are likely to have families

that depend on them for livelihood and hence any displacement will not only have a direct effect

on the PAPs but also on their likely dependants.

Age Distribution of PAPs

11-20.

21-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

61+

59

Figure 3.7: Marital status

Education Examining the education level of the PAPs, from figure 3.8 shows that about 40% either did not

go to school at all or attended only primary school. 38% attended secondary school while 15%

had tertiary education. The literacy level is generally high, with 85% having at least primary

education.

60

Figure 3.8: Education

Occupation

The occupational distribution of the PAPs shows in figure 3.9 that they are predominantly

roadside traders (77%). A further 14% claim to be business contractors. The others are mainly

artisans. This is not surprising giving the educational qualifications and the locations where they

earn their livelihood (by the roadside). This suggests that they are mostly struggling to make a

livelihood from the mostly petty trading they engage in by the sides of the Akure – Ilesa

highway. The skills reported by the respondents further underscores the educational and

occupational data described earlier. About 9 in 10 of the interviewed PAPs were unskilled

workers (92%) while the remaining 8% comprises mainly of technicians and transporters.

61

Figure 3.9: Primary Occupation

Figure 3.10: Skills (The PAPs are mostly unskilled workers)

Annual Income

The income distribution of the affected persons show that majority of them (83%) earn incomes

in excess of ₦80,000 per annum. Only a few earn less than ₦70,000 per annum among the

affected persons.

Figure 3.11: Annual Income

62

Table 3.21: Socioeconomic Characteristics of PAPs

Variables Frequency percentage

Family size

1-3 32 34.04

4-6 44 46.81

7-10 14 14.89

11-15 2 2.13

16-20 2 2.13

Length of stay in the community (years)

0-5. 32 32.32

6-10. 28 28.28

11-15. 8 8.08

16-20. 10 10.10

Above 20 years 12 12.12

Since birth 9 9.09

Type of house

Thatched 21 21.88

Thatched/wooden 28 29.17

Zinc roof/wooden 12 12.50

Zinc roof/block 35 36.46

Type of waste discharge system

Water system 3 3.23

Pit system 6 6.45

Bucket system 6 6.45

River 1 1.08

Bush swamp 58 62.37

Other 19 20.43

House Refuse Disposal

Dustbin 29 31.87

Open dumping on land/creeks 33 36.26

Composting 4 4.40

Incineration 3 3.30

Others 22 24.18

Source of drinking water

Tap 44 44.0

Well 33 33.0

Stream 4 4.0

Other 19 19.0

Attitude to this project

Support the project 85 86.73

Resist the project 8 8.16

No idea 4 4.08

Demand compensation 1 1.02

Benefit expected from road project

Employment opportunity 11 11.11

Economic boom 73 73.74

Infrastructural development 12 12.12

Scholarship 2 2.02

Hospital 1 1.01

Source: Field work 2011&2012

63

Family size

The socioeconomic data shows that many of the affected persons are members of large families.

About 66% belong to families with a size ranging between 4 to 20 members while a third of the

affected persons are part of families with a size range of 1 to 3 members. The family size of 4 – 6

persons is the most common family size in the area with a proportion of 47%.

Figure 3.12: Family Size

Length of Stay in the Community

The findings show that majority (32%) of the affected persons have stayed in the communities

for less than six years while about a fifth (21%) have been living in the communities either since

birth or for at least twenty years. About 47% of the affected persons have lived in the

communities where they were interviewed for between 6 years and 20 years.

Figure 3.13: Length of stay in the Community

64

Type of House Lived in

The findings also show that only 36% of the affected structures are made of blocks/zinc roof.

About 13% of the structures are wooden/zinc roof while 29% are wooden structures with

thatched roof. The remaining 22% are only thatched structures.

Figure 3.14: Type of House Lived In

Type of toilet

The type of toilet facilities used by the affected persons show that only a tenth (10%) use proper

toilets (sewage system or pit latrine). The remaining 90% defecate in the bush or nearby swamps.

Also, the disposal of house refuse by the affected persons show that only about a third (32%)

have dustbins in their structures. About 36% of the affected persons dispose of refuse wherever

they find convenient (open dumping). About 8% dispose of refuse by either composting or

incineration of the refuse.

65

Source of Water

Figure 3.15: Source of Water

The findings show that 44% of the affected persons source their drinking water from a tap while

33% drink from wells. The portability of the well water cannot be determined as the wells were

not examined by the interview team, also the frequency of supply of the tap water was not asked.

The remaining quarter (23%) of the affected persons drink from streams and other sources.

Attitude towards the road project

Figure 3.16: Attitude towards the Road

The findings also show that almost all the affected persons are favourably disposed to the

project. About 8% are opposed to the project while the remaining 92% have no opposition to the

project; 87% outrightly supports the project.

66

Expected benefits from the project

Figure 3.17: Expected benefits from the project

On the benefits that the affected persons expect should accrue from the project, most expects that

the project will impact positively on the communities in terms of employment and economic

opportunities and infrastructural developments.

3.3.14.3 Community Health Status

Common health facilities in the project area include Chemist Stores, hospitals, and clinics,

(private and/or government owned). Chemist or patent store is the most common and the most

used health facility in the rural communities. Self medication is practised in at least 7 out of 10

households. In the urban sites, hospitals and clinics were reported as the popularly used health

facilities. Other alternative local health resources are Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) and

Herbalists. The common ailments reported are malaria, typhoid fever, coughs, and water borne

diseases e.g. diarrheoa, cholera and guinea worm.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Sexually Transmitted Infections

About 56% of the respondents have heard of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) but only 11%

reported that they can describe symptoms of STIs in women and while none reported being able

to describe symptoms of STIs in men. Also, about 41% of the respondents have heard of

HIV/AIDS though only about 3% knows of a person who is infected or have died of HIV/AIDS.

The symptoms of STIs described for women include bunrning pains on urination, genital

ulcers/sores, itching, abdominal pains and genital discharge

67

3.3.14.4 Consultation with Key Stakeholders

Early and effective community engagement engenders the success of risks and impacts

identification and management. It is therefore our wish to effect the International Finance

Corporation (IFC) process of “free Prior and informed consultation with Affected Communities”

at the various stages of activities. Before the commencement of the study, meetings and

consultations will be held with community leaders and different groups to gain accessibility to

the affected portions of the road.

Consultation process and outcome are important and seen as early and mandatory

exercise as the best strategy to overcome the problems that may arise during project

execution and as a means to achieve the overall scope of the activities of the project. This

is in line with the definition of World Bank which defined Consultation as “the soliciting

of people’s views on a proposed action and engaging them in a dialogue”. It is pertinent

as a process of informing the community of the need for citing a project in their domain,

the scope and the need for the community to own and safeguard the project as

beneficiaries and stakeholders. It also affords an opportunity for input and feedback

information, aimed at strengthening the development project and avoiding negative

impacts or mitigating them, where they cannot be avoided.

Based on these, the public consultation which started with the reconnaissance level-survey was

done at two levels, viz community level and project affected person’s level.

Community Consultations

Field activities that took place offered the opportunity to interact with host communities along Akure-Ilesha road. The consultation took place across the corridor in order to sample the opinion of the people on the project and their expectations from the proponent. During the subsequent field work that commenced on September 17, 2011,

consultative meetings through FGDs, In-depth Interviews and questionnaire survey were

conducted at various times at the Palaces of the traditional rulers between SEEMS Socio-

Economic Team, leaders, different social groups and youth leaders of each community. At the

meetings, the socio-economic benefits and environmental implications of the proposed project,

and the need for and objectives of an environmental impact assessment were explained. The socio-economic aspect of the studies involved field interviews and consultation with the host communities, the leaders, and other community representatives. The community leaders interviewed included the chiefs of the different villages. Issues of concern raised by the communities during the meetings and interviews are as summarized below.

Issues and Concerns

Opinions gathered through interaction with stakeholders along the proposed rehabilitation road

indicate that the people are well disposed to the project. However, issues and concerns were

expressed by them. Some of the issues raised and the way they were addressed at the meetings

are highlighted in Table 3.22 below.

68

Table 3.22: Summary of the outcome of the Consultation

S/N Issues Raised Recommended Action

1 That government should inform PAPs on

time when the road project operation will

take place to enable them remove their

belongings

That a workable time line be given

to PAPs for early evacuation of

belongings

2 That the project authority should ensure that

compensation benefits reach the actual

PAPs

That the resettlement committee

should ensure transparency in

dispensing compensation benefits

3 That practical alternative in the form of by-

pass be constructed where feasible to enable

the people’s movement during project

operation phase

That contractor should show

professional standards and social

responsibility during road

rehabilitation by providing

temporary access way so that

communities and commuters are

not hindered from going about their

normal businesses

That contractor should put in place

appropriate safeguard measures and

signal words to prevent public

intrusion into construction work

areas

4 That government should engage their

youths in employment even as casual

labourers in the proposed road rehabilitation

RSDT/FMW is happy to have

everyone’s support as the project is

for the common good of everyone

especially those that transverse the

corridor.

In general, interactions with the communities were positive and there was widespread

appreciation of the consultation process undertaken. In terms of proposed road rehabilitation

project, the communities were of the view that it would afford considerable potential for

providing significant socio-economic benefits and community assistance projects. However,

their priority was to ensure that compensations are paid.

Community Expectations

Views on expectations of what the proposed project would bring to the people were unanimous

and people ranked them in the following order of priority:

Pipe-borne water supply;

Primary health care centers/c

Electricity supply;

69

Plate 3.1: Akure Consultation Meeting Plate 3.2: Owena Consultation Meeting

Plate 3.3 Owena Youth Forum Meeting Plate 3.4: Erinmo Meeting

3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

One of the basic elements of any Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

implementation and management is the appropriate institutional framework that will ensure the

timely establishment and functioning of the team or agency mandated to implement the plan.

The major institutions that are involved in the ESIA are the Federal Ministry of Environment,

Road Sector Development Team – Federal Ministry of Works, the World Bank, Federal Ministry

of Transportation, State Ministry of Environmental, State Waste Management Authority,

Environmental NGOs, State Minitsry of Transportation, Federal Road Safety and Local

Government Area in each project designated area. Their functions could also be complimentary

or over lapping.

The roles and responsibilities of the institutions regarding Environmental and Social Impact

Assessment Implementation are below;

70

Road Sector Development Team and World Bank

They will be responsible for compliance with safety and environmental standards and

regulations. The RSDT and World Bank shall be charged with the following specific tasks:

The developing and maintaining of the Environmental and Social Management Plan

(ESMP) and associated plans for materials management, waste management, accident

preparedness and response, inspection and monitoring, staff training;

The implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan related tasks;

Conducting or organising periodic audits;

Initiating or organising corrective actions when necessary;

Preparing and managing documentation related to environmental performance;

Regular and incidental reporting to the FMW management;

Liaising and reporting to the appropriate environmental regulatory authorities.

Ministry of Transport (Federal and State)

The Ministry formulates policies and other agencies. It also sees to the implementation of policy

decisions and coordinates various transport law and policies. Statutorily, the Ministry is

mandated to: provide road infrastructures, enforce traffic regulations, carry out public education

and enlightenment. Specifically Ministry shall work with RSDT/World Bank to ensure that

affected people are compensated in areas that will not impede traffic and also with the NURTW.

Federal Ministry of Environment

Federal Ministry of Environment is the supreme reference authority in environmental matters in

Nigeria although state and local government authorities and institutions including their

environmental departments are still expected to play their traditional role of monitoring and

enforcing standards as well as fixing penalties charges, taxes and incentives to achieve certain

environmental goals. The agency was also empowered to initiate specific programmes of

environmental protection and may establish monitoring stations or networks to locate sources of

and dangers associated with pollution. Furthermore, it had powers to conduct public

investigations or enquiries into aspects of pollution (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1988). The

Ministry shall work directly with RSDT/World Bank.

State Ministry of Environment

The Ministry is responsible for the overall environmental policy of the State. Pursuant to the

fulfillment of its responsibilities, the government enacted the Environmental Sanitation law

2000. The law provide for Environmental sanitation in the affected states (Osun and Ondo), and

establishment of environmental sanitation Corps and for connected purposes. It imposes

responsibility on all facets of environmental media, and prohibition of certain acts and conducts.

The Ministry shall work directly with RSDT/World Bank.

Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC)

Federal Road Safety Commission has the power to regulate, control and manage traffic and other

related matters. Parts of the functions of the commission include:

Conducting high visible day and night traffic patrols to enforce traffic rule and

regulations and clear the highways of obstruction;

71

Reducing the incidence and severity of road traffic accidents

Safeguarding highways from encroachment from the activities (market, trading e.t.c.)

Safeguarding motor vehicles and motor cyclists

The Ministry shall mandate FRSC to enforce traffic regulations on the road during construction

and operation phases of the project. FRSC shall report directly to RSDT.

Local Government Areas and Environmental NGO

These are part of stakeholders for the implementation of ESIA. The ESIA work shall be carried

out in close cooperation with Local Government Area (LGA) and Environmental NGO. Relevant

NGOs and affected LGAs shall be consulted and the outcome of consultation shall be forwarded

to World Bank through RSDT.

State Waste Management Authority

The affected State Waste Management Authority shall coordinate the waste management of the

project activities especially, construction phase. The Authority shall report to RSDT through

Ministry of Environment.

3.5 BUDGET FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP

The budget for the Implementation of ESMP covers mitigation, Environmental Auditing,

capacity strenghtening and monitoring (Table3.23).

Table 3.23: Budget for the Implementation of ESMP

Item Budget Estimate (N) Responsibility

Mitigation 118,000,000 Contractor

Environmental Auditing 10,000,000 RSDT/Consultant

Capacity Strengthening 10,000,000 RSDT/World Bank

Monitoring 10,000,000 RSDT/FMENV/State Ministry

of Environment

Total 148,000,000

Total budgetary Estimate for ESMP Implementation: N148, 000,000

72

CHAPTER FOUR

ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

4.1 IMPACT PREDICTION METHODOLOGY

To be of most benefit, it is essential that an environmental assessment is carried out to identify

significant impacts early in the project cycle so that recommendations can be built into the

design. The first stage in the identification of impacts is to establish the scope of the

investigations needed for each of the environmental components. This was carried out using a

combination of desk study, consultation with stakeholders and field survey to characterize the

ambient environment. Then, the potential impacts were assessed and mitigation measures

identified. The significance of the environmental impacts of the project was also established. The

objectives of this chapter are to:

• Identify potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project

activities, both negative and positive;

• Empirically predict the likelihood and magnitude of such impacts and evaluate the

significance of changes likely to result from them; and

• Proffer appropriate impact mitigation and/or control measures.

Methods for the assessment of environmental impacts range from simple checklists and

qualitative impact matrices to much more complex computer-based approaches using, for

example, simulation modeling and optimization, geographical information systems (GIS), or

expert systems techniques. The methods of assessment also ought to include some of the more

important aspects, such as legal, procedural and institutional components, that may differ widely

from country to country and from project to project.

The following five major approaches are considered for this study:

(i) Leopold matrix (Leopold et al., 1971)

(ii) Peterson Matrix (Peterson et al., 1974)

(iii) Overlays (McHarg, 1968); and

(iv) Battelie Environmental Evaluation System (Dee et al., 1972).

(v) Rau'Ad Hoc method' (Rau 1990)

All of these methods employ the following steps:

Identification of impacts

Prediction of impacts

Evaluation and interpretation of impacts

Communication

Inspection procedure

For this project, the associated and potential impacts of the project activities were predicted

using a combination of the Peterson Interaction Model (Peterson 1974) which relates project

activities with environment components and the Rau'Ad Hoc method (Rau 1990). This

methodology is expected to indicate whether the impact is beneficial or adverse, whether it has

temporal or spatial dimension, cumulative, spontaneous, and primary or secondary (Table 7.2).

73

The Leopold Matrix, (Leopold, et al. 1971), another assessment method, was used to identify

cause-effect relationships between specific project actions in the environment and potential

environmental impacts. The checklist presented in Table 7.1 shows a comprehensive list of

environmental effects and impact indicators that helped to review possible consequences of

contemplated actions. The method provides a semi-quantitative insight into the potential

impacts, specified as an expert opinion value for Impact Magnitude and one for Impact

Significance. Magnitude represents the extent and duration of interaction between the activity

and the environment. Significance which represents the severity of impact and the importance of

the environmental component is related to the rate by which legislative environmental standards

are exceeded. A significant impact is considered to be an impact that should be taken into

account during the decision-making process.

(i) The Leopold Matrix

The Leopold Matrix is a comprehensive checklist designed for the identification,

evaluation, assessment and analysis of environmental impacts on the Development

project following the interaction matrix analysis approach by Leopold. The Leopold

Matrix developed for the road construction/rehabilitation project is provided as Table 6.3.

The checklist interaction matrix for environmental impact assessment was obtained by

placing identified existing environmental components in the columns and the proposed

project activities in the rows of the matrix. The number on the left hand side of the

diagonal, in a cell, represents the magnitude of identified impact, while that on the right

hand side, represents the importance or significance of the impact. A plus (+) sign

indicates a positive or beneficial impact while the minus (-) sign is used to express

negative or adverse impact. The process is summarized as follow:

The Leopold Matrix Table

Columns represent identified existing environmental components

Rows, proposed project activities

Cells – x/y

where x = magnitude of identified impact, and y = importance or significance of impact.

(+) sign = positive or beneficial impact

(-) sign = negative or adverse impact.

An attribute description package is complied and by means of "value functions",

measured environmental parameters such as pollutant concentrations are translated into

environmental quality rating of high quality, moderate and poor quality with numerical

ratings of (0 -1.9), (2.0 - 5.9) and (6.0 - 10.0), respectively:

The magnitude (severity of impacts) is scaled as follows:

1 - 2 - negligible

3 - 4 - mild

5 - 6 - moderate

7 - 10 - severe

The degree of importance or probability of identified impacts:

1 - 2 - negligible

3 - 4 - low

5 - 6 - medium

7 - 10 - high.

74

The criteria applied to the screening of various activities are:

(i) Magnitude - probable level of severity.

(ii) Prevalence - likely extent of the impact.

(iii) Duration and frequency - likely duration - long-term, short-term or intermittent.

(iv) Risks - probability of serious impacts.

(v) Importance - value attached to the undisturbed project environment.

Example of impact indicator value derivation:

If baseline noise level is 40dBA and project activity is predicted to result in incremental

impact of 10dBA then resultant noise level = 50dBA

Since resultant environmental noise level of 50dBA<55dBA, the environmental quality is

rated as high with indicator value of 0-1.9.

if the incremental impact raises the environmental noise level to between 55dBA and 60

dBA then impact indicator value will be 2-6.

If the incremental impact raises the environmental noise level to > 60dBA then impact

indicator value will be 7-10.

Total Impact Score = sum of {(x) x (y)} for each environmental component and for each

project activity. Thus the far right column in Table = total impact on environmental

component. While the lowest row = total impact caused by each project activity.

Procedure

A panel of experts from SEEMS LTD (see list of Consultants) independently ranked the

impacts of each project activity on selected environmental indicator, on a 1 - 10 scale.

Independent scores were then statistically analyzed and the results of the scores judged as

follows:

if variance, s2 < 5% of the mean, subjectivity was minimal and the score was good; if s2

> 5% but < 10% of the mean, the score was fair, then scorers were given the opportunity

to review their scores. This process was repeated and the parameters with high levels of

scores (5 and above) were then considered for detailed impact assessment and mitigation.

75

TABLE 4.1: IMPACT INDICATORS FOR VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL

COMPONENTS

Environmental

Components

Impact Indicators

Climate Humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction

Air Quality Particulates, NOx, SOx, CO2, CO, Oil and grease

Water Quality Solids (DS, SS), turbidity, toxicity, eutrophication, contamination,

microbiology, E. coli

Hydrology Drainage, discharge, hydrologic balance, sedimentation, erosion.

Hydrogeology Ground water level, quality & availability

Soil/Landuse Erosion, fertility, subsidence, farming, hunting, recreation.

Ecology Diversity, distribution & abundance of Aquatic & Terrestrial Flora &

Fauna.

Fisheries Productivity, diversity & abundance.

Archaeology Cultural relics, shrines & taboos.

Noise & Vibration Day-time disturbance, hearing loss, communication impairment,

annoyance

Socio-economic Population, income, settlement pattern, health, safety and security.

Wildlife & Forestry Abundance, diversity of species, numbers of unique, rare or

endangered species.

(ii) Peterson Matrix

Peterson Matrix is a modification of Leopold Matrix which relies directly on the multiplication

properties of matrices. Also, the individual impacts are subjectively evaluated on an ordinal scale

by a team of assessors, and separate matrix layers are produced for physical and human impacts.

The matrices are also multiplied to find the effect of the casual elements on human environment

while the resulting product is weighed according to the significance of the human impact. The

‘weighted’ impacts are finally aggregated to produce a single overall impact score.

(iii) The Rau'Ad Hoc method

The Rau method provides guidance for total impact assessment while suggesting the broad

nature of these possible impacts. Using this, it is possible to quickly judge the order of

magnitude of effects or impacts as follows: No effect, Positive effect, Negative effect,

Beneficial, Adverse, Problematic, Short-term, Long-term, Reversible, Irreversible. The total

potential impact of the proposed project is assessed in Table 4.2 according to the Rau'Ad Hoc

method.

(iv) Prime Potential Impacts

The results of total impact evaluation as presented in Table 4.2 indicate that both the construction

and the operation phases of the development projects will contribute to the adverse impacts on

the project environment unless proper mitigation measures are put in place. The nature of the

impacts is however different in each of the phases and projects. The impacts resulting from

operations would generally be long term, as indicated by the higher figures for impact

magnitude. The prime contributors to the total impact are the air emissions and socioeconomic

impact.

76

Table 4.2: THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS

(FROM RAU'S (1990) METHOD) Impacts No

Effect

Positive

Effects

Negative

Effects

Beneficial

Effects

Adverse

effects

Problematic Short-

Term

Long-Term Reversible Irreversible

Highway Construction/Rehabilitation Loss of agricultural land for road &

excavation of filling materials

* * * * *

Air quality impairment from particulate

(dust) & construction vehicle emission

*

*

*

*

Increased noise level from clearing

equipment & construction machinery

*

*

*

Soil deterioration due to motor vehicle

lead emission, erosion from desurfacing

*

*

*

*

Impaired water quality from siltation,

erosional discharge & construction camp

domestic effluent

*

*

*

*

Reduced Floral & faunal diversity from

bush clearing and land-use

*

*

*

*

Habitat change/reduced population of

wildlife from noise

*

*

*

Waste management of the materials used

for construction and domestics

* * * *

Creation of burrow pit and earth

movement may lead to traffic congestion

*

*

*

*

Displacement of people and property * * * * *

Increased transport infrastructure,

employment opportunity & revenue

Diffusion of diseases like HIV and others

* * *

Highway Operation Transportattion of hazardous materials

results in explosions, fires, or spills

* * * * *

Impaired air quality from motor vehicle

emissions of & particulate (dust)

emission

* * * *

Impaired hearing from noise from vehicle

traffic

* * * *

Soil deterioration due to motor vehicle

lead emission

* * * *

Increased health risk from vehicle

emissions inhalation & traffic hazards

* * *

Economic development employment

opportunity & improved rural economy

*

*

*

Land and community severance by road

* * * * *

77

TABLE 4.3: IMPACT EVALUATION MATRIX FOR THE AKURE-ILESHA ROAD DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT

PHASE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

Site

Preparation

Excavation Construction

Operation &

Maintenance

Environmental Components

Bush

cle

arin

g &

des

tum

pin

g

Acc

ess

road

const

ruct

ion

Road

T

raff

ic

Em

issi

ons

Was

te D

isposa

l

Lev

elli

ng/C

om

pac

tion

Spoil

Dis

posa

l

Oil

spil

l/le

akag

e

Em

issi

ons

Acc

iden

ts

Haz

ardous

Was

tes

Weig

hti

ng F

acto

r

Tota

l w

eig

hte

d F

acto

r

1. CLIMATE 1

Wind direction & speed -1/0 -2/-1 -1

Temperature -3/-2 -4/-2 -4/-2 -6

2. AIR QUALITY 2

TSP -1/-2 -3/-2 -1/-2 -3/-2 -3/-2 -10

NOx, SOx, CO -3/-1 -3/0 -3/-4 -3/0 -4/-4 -4/-3 -12

HC -2/-2 -3/-2 -3/-2 -3/-2 -8

3. WATER QUALITY 2

Solids -1/-2 -2/-2 -2/-1 -2/-1 -2/-2 -2/-1 -3/-2 -11

Turbidity -1/-2 -2/-2 -2/-1 -2/-2 -2/-1 -2/-2 -10

Toxicity -3/-1 -3/-2 -3

BOD/COD -3/-1 -3/-2 -3

4. HYDROLOGY 2

Drainage -3/-2 -4/-2 -4/-2 -2/-2 -8

Hydrologic balance -2/-2 -2/0 -2/0 -2

5. HYDROGEOLOGY 2

Groundwater quality -2/-1 -2/-2 -3/-2 -5

Groundwater level -2/-2 -3/-2 -2/-2 -3/-2 -8

6. SOIL & LANDUSE 3

Soil erosion -4/-2 -4/-3 -4/-3 -8

Farming -4/-2 -2/-2 -4

7. ECOLOGY 2

Flora & Fauna diversity -4/-2 -4/-3 -3/-3 -3/-2 -4/-3 -4/-3 -16

Flora & Fauna abundance -4/-2 -4/-2 -3/-3 -3/-2 -4/-3 -3/-2 -14

8. FISHERIES 1

Productivity -2/-2 -2

Fish kill -2/-1 -1

9. NOISE 2

Impared hearing -3/0 -3/-2 -3/-2 -4/-3 -7

Communication interference -3/-3 -3/-2 -3/-2 -4/-3 -10

10.WILDLIFE/FORESTRY 1

Diversity & abundance -3/-1 -3/-1 -3/-1 -3

Habitat -3/-2 -3/-1 -3/-1 -4

11.SOCIO-ECONOMIC 2

Population 3/10 4/10 20

Income 4/10 4/10 20

78

Health & -3/-8 -3/-2 -4/-3 -13

Aesthetics 4/10 10

Total Impact -1 -8 -13 -12 -11 -19 -6 -8 -19 -20 -12 -129

Notes: 0=No impact; 1-2=minimum; 3-4=Small; 5-6=Moderate; 7-8=Significant; 9-10 =Severe; x/y = Impact

Magnitude/Indicator Value

4.2 IMPACT APPRAISAL

4.2.1 Environmental Issues

Direct impacts of road development result from construction, maintenance and operation of the

facility. The most significant project-related impacts are those related to site preparation

activities, construction and commissioning and operation and maintenance. Some of the major

project actions that will have potential impacts on the environment are discussed in the next

section.

The poject activities which may impact the environment include:

Site Preparation Activities

These consist essentially of bush clearing and de-stumping of approximately 120ha of mainly

agricultural land for the new carriageway of the proposed dualized Akure-Ilesha road, levelling,

grading and compacting.

Construction/Civil Work and Commissioning

The project construction activities will involve civil engineering construction works, vegetation

(bush) clearing, earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, alignment and re-alignment of road

segments, creation of road pavement, coal tarring and bridge and culvert works. The pavement will

be mostly of lateritic materials (200mm) stabilized with cement as sub-base course and crushed

stones (200mm) as base course and the surfacing of hot-rolled asphaltic concrete (40mm) and

20mm surface dressing.

Operation and Maintenance Activities

Periodic inspection of roads to maintain good drainage, bridges and culverts in functional

conditions, road rehabilitation by mending potholes, rutting, reworking or strengthening of base

and sub-bases of deteriorated pavement to improve their structural integrity and asphalt surfacing

as necessary, clearing of road shoulders of bush and maintaining adequate road furniture.

4.2.2 Environmental Consequences of the Project

The potential impacts resulting from project actions are summarized in Table 4.4. The potential

impacts are discussed as follow:

Site Clearing and Construction/Civil Work

The impact of these activities on the environment will depend of the types of clearing and

construction equipment used.

(i) Air quality

The primary air emissions during project construction will be from pug mills and airborne dust

from construction truck movements and bush clearing and construction equipment. Air

monitoring for similar highway projects have indicated that at 100 m leeward to the source,

concentrations of pug mill emissions were up to 1.2 to 1.7 mg/m3 and dust (as TSP) from truck

79

traffic 20 mg/m3; contaminated areas could reach 150 m leeward. TSP of 60-206 (g.m-3

)

measured in the area during the study for both wet and dry season was lower in concentration

than the acceptable limit of 250g.m-3

in any given day stipulated by FMENV.

The clearing and construction activities will also be of short duration thus making the impact of

low significance.

Table 4.4: Summary of Project Actions and Potential Impacts

Project Activity

Potential Impact

1 Land Clearing Air quality impairment from clearing equipment gaseous (S02 C02) &

particulate (dust) emission

Noise from bush clearing equipment

Soil deterioration due to desurfacing & compaction

Loss of land, property and population displacement;

Loss of vegetation, wildlife & wildlife habitat

Degradation of surface water quality by discharge from runoff &

erosion

Loss of biodiversity vegetation & wildlife

Interference with farming activities;

2 Construction Air quality impairment from construction-related equipment gaseous

(S02 C02) & fugitive (dust) emission

Contamination of surface & groundwater from construction camp

chemical effluents, solid waste and domestic sewage discharge &

discarded lubricants, fuel and oils

Noise from construction equipment

Soil deterioration due to desurfacing & compaction

Diffusion of disease like HIV/AIDS

Creation of burrow pit and earth movement equipment

Traffic congestion

3 Operation &

maintenance Air quality impairment from emission of gases (CO, S02, N02)

Noise from vehicle traffic

Risk to health and safety from dust and gaseous emissions inhalation

& traffic

Provision of improved transport infrastructure to neighbourhood

Improved employment opportunities & rural economy

(ii) Noise

The main noise sources during construction are construction machinery, which are known to

generate noise at levels from 76 dB(A) to 98 dB(A) measured 5 m from running machines. At

about 100 m, the noise levels are expected to reduce to levels within the daytime national noise

standards of 85 dB(A). The noise will have an impact mostly on construction workers and

residents living within 100 meters from the construction sites. Impacts during construction will

arise from equipment noise, blasting and vibration and, during operation, those closest to the

highway will hear vehicle movement. The existing ambient noise level (LA90) along the study

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corridor is within acceptable limits (47.9-70.5 dBA). The noise sources during site preparation

and construction activities are the internal combustion diesel engines powering bush clearing and

civil works.

(iii) Ecology

Site clearing will destroy the plant community and wildlife habitat, leading to the death of plants

and relatively immobile animals as well as the migration of the animals that are capable of

escaping. This will lead to the reduction of biodiversity in the area and possible soil erosion by

rain water due to soil exposure. The majority of lands crossed by the Akure-Ilesha road are

forests.

Although there are no known rare or endangered plants or animal species within the corridor for

the proposed alignment, there are known occurrences within the broader study area. Therefore,

there exists some potential for impacts by the proposed alignment. Fauna species along the

Akure-Ilesha route are sparse due to habitat fragmentation and agricultural usage.

Construction noise may disrupt nearby wildlife during their nesting period.

(v) Water Quality

During the bush clearing and construction stage, silt from disturbed soil and in-river construction

activities may result in increased suspended solids (SS) in rivers immediately downstream from

the expressway, and duck/fish ponds and water wells near the roads. Such impacts will be

temporary and limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent

fish pond. Construction camps will generate domestic effluent of 60 L per person per day on

average, and total wastewater in the largest camp may be up to 60,000 L per day. If discharged

directly into natural water bodies, the domestic effluent from construction camps would raise

COD concentrations by about 1.2 mg/L in large rivers and up to 34.7 mg/L in smaller streams.

During the operational stage, small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the

road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during

the rainy season. As this would also be the season when the rivers have their highest flow rates,

the impact to water quality will be small. The two surface stations will generate effluent

containing COD and SS. The effluent will eventually be discharged to the Rivers, year-round.

(vii) Wildlife and Forestry

The proposed project is expected to have direct impact on wildlife and forestry in the following

ways:

Site preparation and construction will result in the reduction of wildlife

habitats for arboreal and infaunal species.

Noise from the use of clearing and construction equipment and machinery will

cause the migration of much of the remaining wildlife from project areas.

Bush clearing will lead to the loss of important vegetation and economic tree

species (oil palm, kola, and cocoa trees) which constitute over 65% of the

area.

(viii) Socio-Economics & Health

The proposed Akure-Ilesha alignment will directly impact several homes and is in close

proximity to residential development at several locations. Indirect negative impacts may include

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increased noise and pollution levels, and reduced access to properties. The Akure-Ilesha

rehabilitation will separate certain farmland from farmers and some villages from one another on

both sides of the alignment. It will limit the access of certain farmers to their fields and certain

rural residents to schools, markets, services, and relatives and friends. About 8 villages and

throughout the Project area will be affected. Also, some farmland originally cultivated as one

parcel will be split into two.

Increased motor vehicle traffic from project development would constitute nuisance and higher

safety risk to local road users (cyclists and pedestrians). A number of crossings will be

constructed under the expressway. The majority of the crossings are designed to be at existing

roads and meet the need for agricultural and social activities. The crossings will eliminate the

impact of land and community severance, except that pedestrians who otherwise could walk to

their destinations through the field will have to walk no more than 300 m on average to one of

the crossings. Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted

infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction demobilisation of

large contigent of workers

Migration of workers and alteration of existing population characteristics are envisaged as the

employment opportunities bring an influx of new people to the project area.

The Project will improve infrastructure in the region and make the area more attractive to outside

investments. Economic benefits will also include higher efficiency in transport of local raw

materials (minerals, agricultural produce such as fruits, etc.) and finished goods to local and

outside markets. More tangible and immediate benefits will be increased employment

opportunities directly related to project construction and operation. Of an estimated 11 million

labor-days required for the expressway construction, 50 percent is expected to come from the

local labor force. Of the labor requirements for roads construction, 80-90 percent will come

directly from seasonal labor of the rural villages. Indirect employment related to services,

vendors, etc. will generate additional income-earning opportunities, especially for women and

children during the construction period.

Recreation

The proposed alignment is expected to have very little impact on recreation in the area.

Utilities

The proposed alignment crosses a high voltage power transmission line, several lower voltage

power transmission lines, telephone and cable lines, and municipal water and sewer lines. There

are currently no gas pipelines in the study area.

Temporary disruption of power, telecommunication services, and municipal services may occur

as they will be crossed by the proposed Highway during construction. Utilities are typically

encountered at roadway crossing locations.

Heritage Resources and Archaeology

There are no heritage properties, National Historic Sites, or known archaeological/fossil sites

within the corridor for the proposed alignment.

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Project Operation

The impact of the activities associated with Highway operation phase of this project is discussed

succinctly below:

(i) Air Quality and Noise

A model using the Gaussian Equation was applied to forecast air contamination for Class D

Atmospheric Stability during project operation. The modeling results indicate that CO

concentrations will be below the national standards beyond 10 m from the expressway in the

year 2019. The model forecasts that NOx concentration (daily average) will slightly exceed the

standards for one receptor in the year 2010 and for five in 2019. None of the forecast parameters

exceed the standards for the roads. Long-term air quality monitoring is needed to confirm the air

modelling forecasts for the Project area. Because of the low traffic and the absence of sensitive

receptors nearby, the Akure-Ilesha roads will have negligible air quality impact.

The noise impact will be long term and increase over time as traffic volume on the project roads

increases. Positively, the site preparation and construction phases of the project would provide

short-term (as long as the activities last) employment to a number of people from within the

communities. The site workers and some communities would therefore experience discomforting

construction and operational noise from construction equipment if mitigating measures are not

put in place.

(ii) Ecology

Contamination of surface and groundwater will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste and

domestic sewage discharge and discarded lubricants, fuel and oils. Discharge of effluents has

potentials for water pollution with attendant effect on water quality and aquatic life.

(iii) Wildlife and Forestry

Operational noise from process vehicles will cause the migration of wildlife from project areas.

(iv) Socio-Economics and Community Health

The project development activities have both positive and negative impacts on the

socioeconomic and health conditions of the area in which additional indirect employment

opportunities in the downstream industries will be created in the region. This will be

accompanied by improved social services and rural economy.

Other potential socio-economic impacts associated with Highway operation include: higher risk

to health and safety from increased traffic, discomforting operational noise to communities,

permanent loss of agricultural land and productivity. Increased motor vehicle traffic from

project operation would constitute nuisance and higher safety risk to local road users (cyclists

and pedestrians). Public/environmental health and nuisance issues associated with dust and

exhaust fumes can arise and may have a significant effect on neighbouring locations.

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The project would result in increased accessibility to the area due to the creation of new access

roads; this coupled with the influx of people to the project area may lead to the loss of cultural

values of the inhabitants.

Energy Impacts

The energy impact of a proposed project deals with the amounts of energy consumed, produced

or conserved by the project in the context of supply and demand for those types of energy. Since

essentially all projects consume, produce or conserve measurable amounts of energy in one form

or another, an energy impact assessment is appropriate for all projects.

Energy impact assessment includes determination of :

the sources of energy available to the project

other demands for these energy supplies

the net effects on supply/demand

alternatives and their energy impacts

the amount of energy consumed, produced or conserved by the project.

conservation measures.

Petroleum products which include motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil,

liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil represent major energy sources

in Nigeria.

The energy flow for the proposed project is as follows:

Construction (Energy Consumption)

Site preparation - Bush clearing/destumping, excavation, sand filling,

paving etc - Diesel fuel

Pavement -Aspalt.

Operation

Motor gasoline - Petrol

4.3 SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE IMPACTS

The significant positive impacts associated with the project include:

Improved transportation infrastructure and the associated financial benefits to the

stakeholders;

Development of downstream industries dependent on electric energy

Provision of employment opportunities including the opening up of an otherwise

rural area.

4.4 SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE IMPACTS

There are no expected significant negative impacts that cannot be mitigated.

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4.5 RAW-MATERIALS IMPACTS

Petroleum products are the major raw materials that will be consumed in the construction and

operational phases. Since these are not renewable, the project will be accompanied by some

measure of resource depletion.

4.6 PROCESS IMPACT

There are no significant process impacts because virtually all the potential adverse environmental

impacts particularly the discharge of gas and particulates will be mitigated in the environmental

management plan.

4.7 PROJECT SPECIFIC INCREMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

No project specific incremental environmental changes were identified.

4.8 PROJECT SPECIFIC CUMULATIVE EFFECTS

No project specific cumulative effects were detected.

4.9 PROJECT SPECIFIC LONG/SHORT TERM EFFECTS

The long and short-term project specific impacts include gas emission and noise. Mitigation

measures have been provided.

The impacts resulting from operations would generally be insignificant, as indicated by the low

figures for impact magnitude (see impact evaluation matrix Tables 5.3).

4.10 PROJECT SPECIFIC REVERSIBLE/IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS

The environmental effects are mostly reversible. Raw materials consumption is, however,

irreversible.

4.11 PROJECT SPECIFIC DIRECT/INDIRECT EFFECTS

The direct and indirect effects of the proposed project include :

provision of improved transportation infrastructure to neighbourhood

Increased employment opportunity, and revenue for inhabitants of the area from direct

employment and indirectly by the downstream industries that depend on the

establishment of the improved transportation infrastructure.

4.12 PROJECT SPECIFIC ADVERSE/BENEFICIAL EFFECTS

Major adverse effects include:

Impaired air quality from S02, C02 & particulate (dust) emission

Impaired hearing due to noise from construction activities and traffic operation

Increased health risk from dust and gas emission inhalation and vehicle traffic

The beneficial effects are the following:

provision of improved transportation infrastructure to neighbourhood

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Increased employment opportunity, and revenue for inhabitants of the area from direct

employment and indirectly by the downstream industries that depend on the

establishment of the improved transportation infrastructure.

4.13 PROJECT SPECIFIC RISK AND HAZARD ASSESSMENT

The hazards associated with various events in the project are summarized under the following

scenarios:

4.13.1 Risk Scenarios

In nearly all aspects of the project, there is a potential risk of an accidental event leading to an

unwanted impact. Some specific operations carry a greater risk of accidents. The risk scenarios

identified that can create environmental hazard include:

Transportattion of hazardous materials resulting in explosions, fires, or spills

Motor vehicle accidents during transportation

Abandonment of roads

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CHAPTER FIVE

MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS

5.1 BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

In order to ensure that the impacts emanating from the project activities are mitigated, time-

tested standard designs, employing new technology with bias for environmental safety and

economics will be adopted in all the phases of the project - construction, operation and

maintenance. The measures that will mitigate the impacts identified with the respective project

activities are reviewed as follow:

In general, the road design shall be carried out to the Federal Ministry of Works Federal

Highways standards (Highway Manual Part I – Design), unless when this is not justifiable due to

site constraints or economic considerations. The design speed required is 100Km/hr, where re-

alignment is considered, after examining various alternatives, long stretches joined by large

curves of minimum radius 300m will be aimed at. Permanent features like bridges and culverts

shall be provided in accordance with the Federal Highways standards. Horizontal and vertical

alignments of the route will conform with the design standards required of federal highways by

the Federal Ministry of Works without much impediment and re-alignment.

5.1.1 Site Clearing and Civil Work/Construction

Air Quality and Noise

The clearing and construction-related impacts such as equipment emission and noise impacts are

short-term in duration. Their impact is not predicted to be worse than the present level in the

area. The residual impact of equipment emissions will be negligible except to construction

workers. During dry season and in sensitive areas, hauling roads will be watered to suppress

dust. The residual impact of airborne dust will be limited to small areas close to truck roads and

terminated shortly after the end of truck traffic.

Equipment and vehicles that show excessive emissions of particulates due to poor engine

adjustment or other inefficient operating conditions shall not be operated unless corrective

measures are taken. In addition to the emission control, the workers will be provided with

adequate personal protective equipment particularly nose masks for the effective protection

against the inhalation of particulate matter and ear muffs where necessary to operators exposed

to noise for long duration.

Soil

During construction operations it will be ensured that surface water flows are controlled and if

necessary channelled to temporary discharge points. Such points shall be located, designed and

constructed in a manner that will minimize the potential threat of erosion in the receiving waters.

Surface runoff within the worksite shall be drained into a suitable silt trap before its discharge

into an outlet drain, ditch, stream or river. The silt trap shall be of adequate size and shall be

regularly de-silted.

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Water Quality

During the construction stage, silt from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities may

result in increased suspended solids (SS) in rivers immediately downstream from the

expressway, and fish ponds and water wells near the roads. Such impacts will be temporary and

limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond.

Surface runoff to fish ponds and drinking water wells by the roads will be intercepted to prevent

impact on these water bodies. The residual impact on water quality during construction will

basically be short-term increases in SS concentrations in the rivers immediately downstream

from the expressway. Increased SS may drive the fish population, away from the impacted area;

but the impact will dissipate soon after the construction terminates. The receiving water bodies

may be impacted in terms of increased COD and SS by the final discharges from the service area

septic tanks during dry season when river flows are minimum.

Waste Management

Construction camps will generate domestic effluent of 60 L per person per day on average, and

total wastewater in the largest camp may be up to 60,000 L per day. If discharged directly into

natural water bodies, the domestic effluent from construction camps would raise COD

concentrations by about 1.2 mg/L in large rivers and up to 34.7 mg/L in smaller streams.

All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps as part of the

construction contracts. This will remove approximately 40-50 percent of the COD and 50-70

percent of the SS. During construction, contractors will also be required to have sound

environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste

collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans.

Highway Integrity

To ensure a stable highway, the road pavement will be founded directly on competent clayey

sand/sand/lateritic layer. Where cuts are inevitable, it must rarely go beyond 0.5 m. If the cut

exposes the incompetent clay substratum, it must be excavated and backfilled with competent

lateritic soil. Where cuts are made into the incompetent clayey substratum, serious consideration

must be given to drainage and slope protection to prevent slope breakdown and leaching of

feldspathic and siliceous materials resulting in cavities and troughs on the slope surface with toe

slumps and sometimes slip failure. Because of the heavy rainfall in the project area and the

subsequent high runoff, drainage channels will be properly designed and constructed on the roads to

ensure that moisture equilibrium is maintained throughout the year. Normal Highway maintenance

practices will be in place.

5.1.2 Highway Operations and Maintenace

Atmospheric Emissions & Noise Impact Due to construction activities the noise level is expected to increase in the project area. In order to mitigate the

impact of noise in the project area, work will be limited to day time in built-up areas. In addition, workers will be

obliged to consistently use Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) especially ear mufflers.

Lead Emission to Soil

A motor vehicle lead emission model projected that by the year 2019, lead concentrations in the

soil within 1 km of the proposed project alignments will be up 33 mg/kg through accumulated

increase of motor vehicle emissions. Although this is an almost 60 percent increase from the

existing baseline lead concentrations in the soil, it will still be far below the 300 mg/kg limit set

by applicable national standards. The impact of motor vehicle emissions to the soil will be

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insignificant, and no specific mitigation measure is necessary. In fact, the impact to the soil is

expected to be of little relevance if the use of leaded gasoline is discouraged.

Soil ErosionMost of the required fill material will be excavated on site, creating ditches on both

sides of the roadways. Surface erosion and silt runoff may occur on the bare embankment, and

unprotected slopes during heavy rainfall. Total silt erosion due to the Project is estimated to be

about 1,500 tons/yr during construction and nil during operation when the landscaping is

finished. Because of the flat terrain, the lost silt is expected to settle in side ditches, which are

designed for surface water runoff from the Project. The roadway embankment slopes will be

grassed and treed soon after the expressway is completed. Land disturbance will be limited to the

construction period. Erosion and silt runoff during road operation will be negligible.

Construction and proper termination of drains in natural water courses such as rivers and streams

Water Quality

During the operational stage, small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the

road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during

the rainy season. As this would also be the season when the rivers have their highest flow rates,

the impact to water quality will be small. The construction camp stations will generate effluent

containing COD and SS. The effluent will eventually be discharged to the Rivers, year-round.

Surface runoff to fish ponds and drinking water wells by the roads will be intercepted to prevent

impact on these water bodies. Long-term impacts on water quality in other rivers in the Project

area during expressway operation will be low. During construction and operation, water quality

in the major rivers will be monitored for SS and COD to confirm the result of the impact

Transportation of Hazardous Materials

Planned measures to mitigate impacts from accidents involving transport of hazardous materials

which could threaten the safety of people, and pollute waterways and soils in accident areas are

the following. (i) Individuals (drivers, etc.) transporting hazardous materials will be examined

when entering the expressway to ensure possession of appropriate operation permits. Vehicles

will be inspected to ensure appropriate marks and equipment. (ii) Vehicle operators will be

forbidden to smoke cigarettes while with the vehicles, and will be warned through appropriate

signs for traffic safety while passing rivers, villages, and other sensitive areas. (iii) When

accidents occur, vehicle operators will be required to report immediately to public security (the

police) and the environmental authority and take appropriate emergency measures according to

relevant guides to minimize potential spread of the spilled materials. (iv) An emergency response

team will be established to deal with accidents involving hazardous materials. The team will

involve fire departments, police, and environmental specialists. They will be trained to properly

handle these accidents and to be familiar with necessary emergency measures such as prompt

evacuation of residents nearby as needed. (v) An emergency phone system will be installed along

the expressway for prompt reporting of environmental emergencies, as well as other accidents.

The telephone number for the environmental emergency teams will be posted in each of the

phone booths.

Socio-Economic & Health

To mitigate the impact of loss of vegetation, trees and bushes will be planted on both sides of the

expressway, and land will be seeded to grass the embankment in an expressway landscape plan.

As the lost cultivated land economic crops, and property within the proposed ROW to be

89

demolished cannot be recovered elsewhere, affected farmers will be compensated to offset the

lost production and revenue or resettled. Impacts on agricultural output and revenue, are

expected to be insignificant after compensation. The potential land acquisition, compensation

and resettlement requirements in the road right-of-way of the proposed road alignments will be

determined in accordance with the World Bank’s Safeguard Operational Directive on

Involuntary Resettlement. A resettlement plan will be prepared based on the number of persons

to be affected and government or private owned properties to be expropriated because of the road

construction. Costs to mitigate this problem, or dislocate the affected persons, if any will be

estimated. The lists of those persons to be (fully and partially) affected by the project with the

type, number and size of houses to be demolished both in urban and rural areas, farmlands to be

taken (permanently and temporarily), fruit and other trees to be removed and other related issues

consultant will also be assessed. Youths from the host communities will be given priority in

unskilled labour employment; FMW will provide on-the-job training for the unskilled and semi-

skilled workers (especially from the host communities) during the construction period.

FMW shall provide construction camp, sanitary facilities and alternative source of potable water

during construction. The medical facilities shall be provided on site, with critical cases

transferred to retainer hospitals. Also, awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field

workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need

to sustain healthy lifestyle and behaviour.

The key environmental protection measure for new industrial developments as a result of the

road development is sound environmental planning and management. No developments will be

allowed without an appropriate environmental impact assessment and mitigation plan.

5.2 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN

The project Highway is generally expected to be maintained and to remain in operation

indefinitely and the operation and maintenance procedure provide for monitoring the

performance and the integrity of the system components. However, when the performance of the

system scales to diminishing returns, or a new replacement road is in place standard procedures

for decommissioning shall be invoked. A decommissioning team is set up to plan and implement

laid down guidelines on decommissioning. The following activities are involved in

decommissioning /abandonment:

Cut off passage or accessibilty

Disposal of Wastes;

Rehabilitation of Site by regetation etc.

At the end of decommissioning, various solid wastes are segregated according to their types and

then disposed of according to FMENV waste disposal guidelines.

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CHAPTER SIX

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.0 INTRODUCTION

Environmental and Social management is a planned, integrated programme aimed at ensuring

that unforeseen and unidentified impacts of a proposed project are contained and brought to an

acceptable minimum. In conducting its business activities, FMW places a strong emphasis on

maintaining safe and healthy working conditions for its personnel and minimising the effect of

its activities on the natural environment. These objectives are achieved through the

implementation of the policy and guidance that integrate environmental management approaches

into its developmental and operational schemes and which typically addresses a number of

environmental issues including the following:

Identification of environmental sensitivities;

Identification of potential significant impacts;

Adoption of design measures or operational procedures that reduce impacts to acceptable

levels;

Establishing emergency and contingency plans;

Monitoring the effectiveness of environmental protection; and

Auditing the success of the overall strategy.

The ESIA of road development (construction and rehabilitation) has addressed the impacts of the

project. The results show that the impacts of the project are not severe and are thus acceptable.

As part of the continuing process of management of Health, Safety and Environment issues

relating to the project, the latter issues of monitoring and audit can now be addressed.

In order to ensure that the environmental consideration and mitigation recommendations

of the ESIA are implemented and to guarantee the achievement of FMW’s Corporate

Policy on environment and that the provisions of the Health and Safety plan are

accommodated in subsequent stages of the projects, an Environmental and Social

Management Plan (ESMP) has been developed. The ESMP consists of plans, procedures

and programmes, covering areas such as: the handling of hazardous materials and wastes,

emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing and emergency response.

It is formulated to ensure that the environmental mitigation requirements outlined in the

ESIA are central to the management of the implementation and operation of the proposed

projects.

6.1 Introduction: Environmental and Social management Plan (ESMP)

In this section the plan for mitigating the identified significant adverse environmental and social

impacts is presented. For easy understanding and implementation, this section include a

summary of the impacts and corresponding mitigation measures, including responsibility and

cost; institutional arrangement; monitoring; and capacity building for the implementation of the

ESMP.

Table 6.1a: Summary of Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

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S/

N

Impacts Mitigation Responsibility Monitoring Supervision Mitigation

Costs (N)

1 Soil Erosion Place drain outlets so as to

avoid cascade effect; proper

termination of drains;

planting vegetation

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N40

million

2 Water Pollution Bridges drainage systems,

embankment drainage canals

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N20

million

3 Air Pollution Periodic water sprinklings,

Vegetation screens

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N4 m

4 Flora and Fauna Avoid animal road

trespassing, forbid workers

from poaching

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N2m

5 Noise Pollution In built-up areas, work will

be limited to day time,

workers will be obliged to

used PPE (ear mufflers)

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N 2m

6 Damage to

Cultural Heritage

None. But chance finding

procedures would be

followed as needed

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N8m

7 Mines/Quarries//B

orrow pits

Use of government approved

sites and proper

decommissioning at the end

of project

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N16m

8 Diffusion of

Diseases

HIV/AIDS/STI awareness

campaigns/orientation for

workers and host

communities

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N4m

9 Traffic and

Workers accidents

Diversion, Sign-posts, Speed

limits, Police patrolling, use

of PPE

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N8m

10 Construction

Camps

Careful location, construction

and management of camps;

restore site to satisfactory

standard at the end of project

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N6m

11 Waste

management

Segregation, storage,

evacuation and disposal at

government approved sites;

provide adequately located

and maintained latrines

Contractor FRDP/Third party

entity/consultant

FRDP/FMENV/WB N8m

Conclusion: The consideration presented above indicate that the proposed rehabilitation of

Akure-Ilesha Road will have a number of significant adverse environmental and social impacts

during construction and operation periods. These impacts are however, site specific, and the

required mitigatory measures can be designed more readily - typical of category B projects. With

appropriate mitigation, particularly during the construction phase of the project, none of the

impacts referred to in this report will be significant. It should be pointed out that the road will

bring numerous social and economic benefits to the communities within the area a fast, safe and

all weather road will allow efficient and rapid movements of goods between the different regions

of the country and beyond. The positive results would be sustained if the road works and

subsequent maintenance are carried out in line with this ESMP.

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The ESMP has been comprehensively developed by following international standards for

(environmental) management planning. It covers all the phases of the projects from project

design to project decommissioning. The various responsibilities and tasks involved in

implementing the ESMP for the development project vary with the project stage and are

summarized in Table 6.1 and appendix 4. The key issues are briefly discussed below.

Table 6.1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

FOR VARIOUS STAGES OF PROJECT

S/N Project Phase Action

1 Project design Review design compliance with ESMP and

regulations

2 Project planning and

scheduling

Setting up of an environmental focal point and

institutional arrangement

3 Contingency planning Training, plan development and implementation

4 Project mobilization Supervision of the process

5 Construction phase supervision Supervision including inspection, monitoring, and

auditing activities

6 Construction, demobilization Supervision of the process

7 Operations and maintenance

phase supervision

Supervision including inspection, monitoring and

auditing of activities

8 Project Decommissioning Post project monitoring and auditing

(i) Waste Management Guidelines

During the construction and subsequent operation an maintenance phases, it is inevitable that

discharges of materials to the environment will occur. If these are not controlled, they may act as

a source of environmental disturbance or nuisance. The level of discharge expected has been

quantified in Chapter seven. All the wastes that cannot be re-used will be safely managed and

disposed off in a manner that meets regulatory requirements. Below are the waste management

guidelines and waste disposal systems that will be considered in this project.

(ii) Waste Inventory

The primary wastes include exhaust emission gas – sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,

construction materials, fuel storage containers, scrap metal and domestic and sewage wastes.

These wastes shall first be segregated, minimized and/or disposed of in accordance with waste

management standards as outlined in this Section of the report.

(iii) Inspections, Audits and Monitoring

During the course of construction and operation of facility, and eventual decommissioning of the

project, agents of regulatory authorities and FMW shall conduct regular inspections to determine

the level of compliance with the guidelines of the ESMP and applicable regulations and statutes.

Specifically, the FMENV waste discharge requirements (FEPA, 1994), and FMW waste

management guidelines must be complied with. Site inspections by FMW and regulatory

authorities shall be regular not necessarily according to any structured pattern. The inspection of

facilities, in accordance with the industry practice, will be at least once in six months.

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(iv) Monitoring Objectives

In order to measure and quantify the impacts of the project development on the receiving

environment, the following monitoring objectives are established:

(i) Monitor alterations in existing physical, chemical, biological and social

characteristics of the environment.

(ii) Determine whether any detected changes in environmental components are caused

by the project or natural occurrences.

(iii) Determine the impacts of non compliance with ESIA and ESMP requirements by

the contractor, in particular to monitor emissions and discharges and ensure

compliance with local, national and international standards.

(iv) Determine the effectiveness of the ameliorating measures

(v) highlight areas of concern unforeseen in the ESIA and ESMP and provide a basis

for recommending further amelioration measures.

(v) Impact Indicators

In identifying impact indicators, priority is given to environmentally sensitive areas, and in this

regard, it is noteworthy that the entire project area falls under this category. Based on the results

of baseline studies and consideration of FMENV limits, the following impact indicators (Table

6.2) are identified with the corresponding environmental components.

Table 6.2: Monitoring Impact Indicators

Environmental Components Impact Indicators

Atmospheric Particulates, Volume discharged, SOx, NOx,

CO, heavy and trace metals, and HC.

Soil Texture, pH, Total Organic Carbon, Nutrients,

Heavy metals Water Quality:

DO, COD, BOD, pH, Nutrients, Turbidity,

TDS, TSS, Heavy metals, Hardness

Aquatic ecology Diversity, Abundance, Benthic Fauna

Socio-Economic Health status

(vi) Monitoring Programme

A monitoring programme is being designed which will meet the data needs of FMW for self

enforcement of corporate policy and compliance with national and international regulatory

standards. The programme is based on the status of the existing environment and the assessed

incremental impact of the additional facilities on areas designated as environmentally sensitive.

The proposed monitoring programme is shown in Table 6.3.

94

Table 6.3a: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Road Development Project

Impact

Parameter

Time of

Impact/Project

Phase

Impact

Indicator

FME

Limits

Sampling

Location

Sampling

Frequency

Sampling

Method

Monitoring

Duration

Monitoring

Personnel

Ambient Air

Quality &

particulate

and gaseous

emission

Site preparation,

Construction &

Operation of

facility

TSP

NO2

SO2

CO

HC

600g/m3

100 g/m3

300 g/m3

20 ppm

Receiving air -

upwind &

downwind of site

Daily, during site

preparation,

construction & for 1

month after;

Once every three

months during

operation of facility

Air Sampler

Short-term

Long-term

FMW

(Highway

Div)

Contractor

(ENV)

Noise Site Preparation,

Construction &

Operation of

facility

Noise Level 80 dBA (8-hr) Work Site and

200 m away

Daily (During site

preparation,

construction; Monthly

during production

Decibel Noise

Meter

Short-term

Long-term

FMW

Contractor

(ENV)

Water

Quality

(Surface &

Underground

)

Site Preparation,

Construction

pH

Temperature

Oil & Grease

Salinity

COD

BOD

Turbidity

TDS

TSS

Heavy Metals

as specified in

FMENV

Guidelines

(i) Receiving

water - 500m

upstream &

downstream of

discharge point;

(ii) Monitoring

wells onsite &

downgradient;

Daily during

Land preparation &

construction & for 1

month after

Water Sampler,

Turbidi-meter

and pH-meter

Short-term

FMW

Contractor

(ENV)

Soil Site Preparation,

Operation of

facility &

Decommissioning

Particle Size,

Total Org C,

Oil & Grease

Heavy Metals,

Nutrients,

50m each side of

Highway

corridor.

For at least 1 year

after project

commissioning

Visual Inspection

and Soil Sampler

Compliance,

Data Bank

Long-term

FMW

Contractor

(ENV)

Note:

short-term = Duration of clearing/Construction

Long-term = Duration of Operational activities

95

Presented in Table 6.3b is the monitoring programme of the Project Affected Peoples; the table

highlights the different phases, various activities, and the responsibilities

Table 6.3b: Monitoring Programme of the Project Affected Peoples

Time of

Impact/Project Phase

Activities Responsibility

PLANNING

Scoping and Screening

Initial site visit an consultation

Identification of Resettlement

and Social Issues

Application of safeguard policies

Categorization

Action plan

Screening Report

WB No-Objection

Consultant:

Supervision by

FMW/FMHUD-PIU

DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

Compensation

Construction

WB No-Objection

Consultant:

Supervision by

FMW/FMHUD-PIU

EXECUTION

Implementation and monitoring

Implementation of ESMP

Monitoring and reporting on

environmental and social

mitigation measures

Monitoring and reporting of

Resettlement and livelihood

issues

Contractors

Supervision by

FMW/FMHUD-PIU

and the community

OPERATIONS (POST-

IMPLEMENTATION)

Operation and maintenance

Maintenance

Monitoring and reporting of

Resettlement and social

livelihood issues

Contractors

Supervision by

FMW/FMHUD-

PIU and the

community

i) Scope of Monitoring:

The monitoring programme will be developed to verify the emissions and discharges based on

existing national and international regulations on environmental pollution and on the findings in

each monitoring campaign. The Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Industry in

Nigeria (FMENV, 1991) defines a required monitoring programme and the World Bank policies.

The initial emissions and discharge monitoring programme is outlined in Table 6.2. The

environment in the project area can be verified by focusing on measuring specific indicators of

environmental and socia parameters that is representative for the overall environmental quality

and at the same time relatively easy to measure.

(viii) Parameters to be Monitored

The indicators of environmental quality of the surface water which will be monitored include:

96

Dissolved oxygen

Total N

pH

Biological or chemical oxygen demand (BOD or COD)

Turbidity

Oil and grease

Heavy metals

Discharges

- fluid discharges project operation;

- recipient water monitoring ; and

Emissions

During construction, operations and maintenance of the proposed project, all emissions of air,

water and noise shall comply with regulatory limits. In addition to the above programmes,

monitoring will be undertaken for the following atmospheric emissions:

- Particulates

- Volume discharged

- SOx

- NOx

- CO

- Heavy metals, and

- HC

(ix) Monitoring Methodology

The procedures for assessing the impacts of projects on the environment. include:

identifying the source and characteristics of all wastes generated;

quantifying emissions and discharges to the environment; and

quantifying and qualifying land-take and its direct effect on terrestrial

ecology.

This environmental and social assessment will continue to evolve along with the project, and

is in fact the iterative process of impact mitigation. Monitoring and audit will continue

throughout the

97

life of these projects. Monitoring may involve measuring specific indicators of environmental

quality parameters and comparing with baseline levels. The frequency of this depends on the

results of the monitoring and inspections. If the results of the monitoring measurements give rise

to concern about the environmental quality and social issue. For example, more detailed surveys

will be performed which may include the sampling and analysis of organisms living within the

habitats and PAPs livelihood of the project area.

6.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

The strategies of waste management which will be adopted are summarised as follows:

To reduce the volumes of wastes generated.

To recycle and re-use waste where feasible.

To treat hazardous waste and make them inert before disposal.

To ensure safe and responsible collection, storage and disposal of all wastes.

To provide auditable records of all waste streams.

To monitor waste disposal activities in order to prevent future liabilities.

To reduce the negative impact of the project operations on the environment.

6.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Construction activities will result in the generation of a variety of wastes which can be divided

into distinct categories based on their constituents, as follows:

surplus excavated material (public fill) that require disposal;

construction and demolition(C&D) waste;

chemical waste; and

municipal waste.

The guideline for waste management would be used to further develop and articulate a tailored

waste management plan that takes account of waste identification methods, waste storage, waste

tracking, monitoring and audit of waste disposal sites.

Table 6.4: Environmental Monitoring Programme for the Road Development Project

Discharge Type Impact

Indicator

FMENV Limits Sampling

Frequency

Monitoring

Personnel

Sewage and

Domestic waste

Chloride

Quantity

Weekly

Daily

FMW Contractor

Solid Wastes

Quantity

Segregated & treated

according to current

FMW Guidelines

Segregated

& Quantity

recorded

weekly

FMW Contractor

Diesel oil

Lube oil

Volume

Monthly

FMW Contractor

98

Excavated material is defined as inert virgin material removed from the ground and sub-surface.

Excavated material may be generated during the reprovisioning of slip roads / local access roads,

drainage and utility undertakings and slope works. The proposed widening will involve

extending and modifying the existing embankments to facilitate the construction of new

carriageways at-grade with the existing Highway. This will include the clearance of high quality

topsoil used for planting as well as cutting and filling of existing fill from the embankment

construction to accommodate both widened embankments as well as retaining walls in areas of

limited space.

It has been identified that even with the reuse of excavated materials, there will be a net deficit of

construction fill. A number of sources of fill have been investigated for the project.

Whilst there are a variety of sources of fill, the suitability of any such fill may need to be

determined for particular uses. In particular, stringent acceptability criteria are likely to be

applied to any materials used in reinforced slopes and associated structures where stability is a

consideration.

The environmental management measures would focus on reducing the production of dust,

atmospheric emission, risks to life and accidents and energy efficiency and should include:

Developing procedures to minimise the generation of particulates around the site;

Implementing noise abatement programmes (depending upon the sensitivity of neighbouring

facilities);

Maintenance and efficiency of any on-site abatement equipment and treatment plant.

Excavated Materials

Some excavated material will be generated during the reprovisioning of slip roads / local access

roads, drainage and utility undertakings and slope works. However, there is likely to be a net

deficit of fill. It is anticipated that cut material arising through the works will be reused on site

thereby minimising the volume necessary for disposal. Where material is to be reused on site or

where material is brought in to the site from the identified source, fill (and topsoil) may need to

be stockpiled. Stockpiles have the potential to cause nuisance through fugitive emissions to air or

increased suspended sediments of local water courses where materials are allowed to be eroded.

Areas for stockpiling have not been determined at this stage, however given that any stockpiling

results in “double-handling” of material (which is time consuming) , it can be reasonably

assumed that this would be minimised as far as possible by the contractor. If the appropriate

measures are taken for the management of stockpiles, impacts are not considered to be

significant.

99

Table 6.5: Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Road Development

Project Aspect Environmental &

Social hazard

Impact Degree of

Impact

Mitigation Measures

Site clearing and

preparation

Physical disturbance Land-take, disturbance and loss

of flora & fauna; Loss of

property; Human displacement

Increased erosion potential

Acceptable adequate supervisionn during site

clearing, preparation

Compensation & Resettlement

Construction

Dust & emission from

earth moving equipment

Increased traffic &

noise

Wastes discharge

Public health and nuisance;

loss of wildlife

Road safety

Water quality and ecology

Acceptable Create safety zone

Water hauling road/site

Locate equipment 300m away

from sensitive receptor

Highway Operation &

Maintenance

Air emission

Noise

Risk to life from traffic

Accidents

Human health Acceptable Motor speed related emission

control Provision of ear defenders

Wastes discharge Water quality and ecology Acceptable Compliance with FMENV

regulations

Provide waste Incinerator

Employment

opportunities

Improved quality of life Acceptable Provide training to unskilled local

labour

Decommissioning Wastes Human health Acceptable Standard waste disposal guidelines

Human health, hydrology

Erosion potential

Acceptable Land rehabilitation:

re-vegetation

6.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT

The Waste Management Plan (WMP) shall be developed and implemented according to a best-

practice philosophy of waste management. There are various waste management options, which

can be categorised in terms of preference from an environmental viewpoint. The options

considered to be more preferable have the least impacts and are more sustainable in a long-term

context. Hence, the hierarchy is as follows:

avoidance and minimisation, i.e. avoiding or not generating waste through changing or

improving practices and design;

reuse of materials, thus avoiding disposal (generally with only limited reprocessing);

recovery and recycling, thus avoiding disposal (although reprocessing may be required);

and

treatment and disposal, according to relevant laws, guidelines and good practice.

There is anticipated shortfall in fill requirements as such:

fill

should be re-used on site;

Inert material deemed unsuitable for reuse on site, reclamation or land formation; and

noninert

construction waste material should be disposed of at a landfill;

The suitability (or otherwise) of material for reuse on site shall be detailed in the WMP. If, for

any reason, the recommendations cannot be implemented, full justification should be given in the

100

WMP for approval by EPD.

As identified above, there is anticipated shortfall in fill requirements and excavated materials are

expected to be reused on-site. Excavated material should be segregated, such that topsoil is

stored separately from fill and treated accordingly to avoid degradation.

Any stockpiles should be sited away from existing watercourses and suitably covered to prevent

wind erosion and impacts air quality and water.

6.5 MONITORING SCHEDULE

The monitoring actions required and frequency will vary depending on the parameter to be

determined and discharge type as summarized in Tables 6.2, 6..3a.and 6.3b

6.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

The effectiveness of the ESIA process relies on the availability and quality of information and

data. In order to ensure that the ESIA process remains valid and robust, the monitoring data

must be reliable. Audit schemes aim at verifying the effectiveness of environmental control and

highlights areas of weakness in environmental management. The audits are focused on areas of

project perceived to be environmentally sensitive and having the highest environmental risk. The

environmental audit process provides an assessment of the project, environmental management

strategies and the effectiveness of the system in fulfilling the Company's environmental policy.

Regular audit would be carried out for every major facility during construction and operations

and maintenance, including on-site processing and storage facilities, waste disposal facility,

maintenance facilities and emergency response facilities

6.6.1 Contingency Planning

Despite all care and diligence exercised in project execution, accidents do occur. Accidents

could occur from equipment failure or third party sabotage, all to the detriment of the

environment. Consequently, Contingency Plans are usually made to handle such situations.

Although serious incident is unlikely, FMW has in place a Contingency Plan which will be

activated; regularly updated with periodic exercises conducted.

6.6.2 Project Organization and Responsibilities

FMW has to establish a policy and schedule for responsibilities and training on matters relating

to the environment. There is a line responsibility for which all level of staff is accountable. Line

management will take full responsibility for environmental issues.

A focal point, the Management Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) Committee, which will

consist of Director of Highways, Deputy Director of Planning (Highways), RSDT, FMW HSE

Manager, FMW Director, HSE representatives of the different zones will be set up to coordinate

HSE performance and will be responsible for compliance with safety and environmental

standards and regulations. The Committee has been charged with the following specific tasks:

The developing and maintaining of the Environmental and Social Management Plan

(ESMP) and associated plans for materials management, waste management, accident

preparedness and response, inspection and monitoring, staff training;

101

The implementation of the Environmental Management Plan related tasks;

Conducting or organising periodic audits;

Initiating or organising corrective actions when necessary;

Preparing and managing documentation related to environmental performance;

Regular and incidental reporting to the FMW management;

Liaising and reporting to the appropriate environmental regulatory authorities.

The Works Controller is responsible for maintenance of the safety and pollution control

equipment. The Quality Control Manager will operate independently from the Plant Manager.

The Quality Control Unit will be staffed with at least two licensed chemists and one safety

engineer.

FMW’s management thus, affirms total commitment to safety and plans to ensure that all

environmental considerations are integrated into related activities. Induction and training courses

for staff are part and an effective parcel of environmental management system, which is of

paramount importance to FMW.

6.7 FOLLOW-UP ACTION PLAN:

The FMENV is expected to conduct surprise inspection from time to time to confirm the

compliance with its standards.

Signs of poor housekeeping should be noted in the inspection of facility such road failures in

form of pitting, rutting and slipping;

Procurement of the monitoring equipment to analyze traffic count, weighing bridge,

emission, ambient air quality, noise and water quality;

Provision of adequate personal protective equipment, particularly effective protection

against inhalation of particulate matter and ear protectors;

The age of process equipment and the presence of emission abatement technology;

The means of transport to and from the site and the associated impacts;

The boundary of the site should be walked to determine the adjacent properties/facilities

and their sensitivity;

Views of stakeholders on the operation at the road facility;

The disposal routes of any collected waste;

Contact should be made with the local regulatory agencies to determine compliance

record and whether complaints have been made by the public;

Annual compilation of all the monitoring results and highlight of the activities related to

facility social, safety and the environment of the quality control unit;

6.8 INTER-AGENCY AND PUBLIC/NGO

The ESIA work shall be carried out in close cooperation with ERA. The Consultant shall assist

in coordinating the Environmental Assessment with other governmental agencies, notably the

Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), Wildlife Conservation Organization (WCO) and

ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch (EMSB), and in communicating with and

obtaining the views of local affected groups and persons and NGOs, particularly in cases of new

road alignments. Relevant institutions or individuals should be consulted and the outcome of

102

consultation should be forwarded. The New Driving Force Programme will be implemented

through a set of projects for the promotion of purchasing fuel efficient vehicles and of driver

training and communication of fuel efficient driving behaviour. This programme will involve

many NGO’s and transport business organizations that address individual companies and drivers.

Extra funding of up to N25 million till 2005 must expand this programme and support a new

pilot research project involving mass public driver training methods that can be developed for

training of about 1 million licensed drivers.

103

CHAPTER SEVEN

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This ESIA has been carried out by the project proponent in order to comply with the statutory

requirements and to identify, evaluate and mitigate the significant potential impacts of the

development project on the environment. An Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

has also been developed as a guide to ensure environmental sustainability during and after the

execution of the various project activities.

The Akure-Ilesha highway route is underlain by clays, sandy clays, clayey sands, sands and

laterites occurring at varying depths and locations along the route.To ensure a stable highway,

the road pavement must be founded directly on competent clayey sand/sand/lateritic layer. The

road development will lower transportation cost, reduce travel time and will provide a significant

aid to the poor through greatly improved transport infrastructure and access to marketplaces. The

construction/rehabilitation and operation of the Project will bring a large number of direct and

induced employment opportunities to the local economy.

The adverse impacts generated by the expressway will be avoided or reduced to insignificant

levels through appropriate mitigation and compensation measures. Such measures include a

reforestation and landscape program along the project alignments to compensate for green field

lost to the project, construction of separated crossings under the expressway to mitigate

agricultural field and rural community severance, construction of wastewater treatment facilities

in service areas, increases in the height of residential property perimeter walls to attenuate noise

levels; building of temporary roads to minimize the effect on the traffic during upgrading of the

project road; development of sound environmental programs during construction to mitigate such

impacts as noise, dust and silt runoff; and establishment of environmental emergency teams to

minimize impacts of motor vehicle accidents involving hazardous materials.

The overall impacts on the bio-physical environment associated with the project development are

either not significant or can be managed within reasonable and acceptable limits by applying all

identified mitigation measures contained in this report. The ESIA also shows that there is no

major environmental issue to impede the development and operation of the project if the

recommended mitigation measures are implemented and pollution control facilities are properly

put in place, operated, and maintained, and FMW maintains a continued social responsibility for

the displaced people. To ensure the protection of the environment from anticipated adverse

impacts and to decide whether to take further actions for impact mitigation where needed, noise,

air quality, and water quality will be monitored during construction and operation.

104

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ALPHA (1981). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, American

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APHA, AWWA, APCF(1980): Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.

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Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) Report of Proposed Rehabilitation of Akure-

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BLACK, C.A. (ed) 1994). Methods of Soil Analysis. American Soc. of Agron, Madison, WI

(USA), Parts 1 & 2.

BLOCKER, P. C., 1973. ‘Major aspects air pollution monitoring in urban and industrial Area’

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BS 5228: 1975. British Standards Specifications on Construction Noise

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105

GOLTERMAN, H.L. CHYMO, R.S., and OHRISTEAD, M.A.N. (1978): Methods for Physical

and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. IBP Handbook No. 8. Blackwell Scientific

Publications. Oxford.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) Operational Policies 4.01.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) General Health and Safety Guidelines.

International Finance Corporation (IFC) -Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for

Waste Management Facilities

KOGBE, C. A. 1976. Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishers, Ibadan.

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for evaluating environmental impact. Geological Survey Circular 645, Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 13 pp

HAYWARD, D and OGUNTOYIBO, J 1987. Climatology of West Africa. Barens and Nobles,

New Jersey, USA 271p.

OJO, (1972). The Climates of West Africa, Heinemann Books Limited, Ibadan.

REYMENT, R. A. 1965. Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria, 133 pp., Ibadan Univ. Press.

JONES, H. A. & R. D. HOCKEY, 1964. The geology of part of South-western Nigeria.

Geological Survey of Nigeria Bull. No. 31, 1-87, 8 pb.

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Geneva.

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106

APPENDICES

107

APPENDIX 1

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

Inorganic constituents for drinking water quality

(Source: WHO, 1993)

Characteristic Health-based guideline

Antimony (mg/l) 0.005

Arsenic mg/l 0.01

Barium mg/l 0.7

Boron mg/l 0.3

Cadmium mg/l 0.003

Chromium mg/l 0.05

Copper mg/l 2

Cyanide mg/l 0.07

Fluoride mg/l 1.5

Lead mg/l 0.01

Manganese mg/l 0.5

Mercury mg/l 0.001

Molybdenum mg/l 0.07

Nickel mg/l 0.02

Nitrate mg/l 50

Nitrite mg/l 3

Selenium mg/l 0.01

Uranium g/l 140

Consumer acceptability

level

Aluminium mg/l 0.2

Chloride mg/l 250

Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 500

Hydrogen sulphide mg/l 0.05

Iron mg/l 0.3

Manganese mg/l 0.1

PH 6.5-9.5

Sodium mg/l 200

Sulphate mg/l 250

Total dissolved solids mg/l 1200

Zinc mg/l 4

108

Emission Standards, Environmental (Motor Vehicle noise) Regulations 1987

(Environmental Quality Act 1974).

Item Category of Vehicle Maximum Sound

Level Permitted (dBA)

3 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum

weight does not exceed 3.5 tons. Engine is less than 200

hp DIN

81

6 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum

weight exceeds 3.5 tons. Engine is less than 200 hp DIN

86

7 Used for the carriage of goods. Permitted maximum

weight foes not exceed 3.5 tons. Engine is 200 hp DIN or

more.

88

Source: Environmental Quality Act 1974 and Regulations

Nigeria Ambient Air Quality Standard (FEPA, 1991)

Pollutants Time of Average Limit

Particuclates

Sulphur Oxides

Sulphur Dioxide

Non-Methane Hydrocarbon

Carbon Monoxide

Nitrogen Oxides

(Nitrogen Dioxide)

Photochemical Oxidants

Daily Average of hourly values (1 hour)

Daily Average of hourly values ( 1 hour)

Daily Average of hourly values ( 1 hour)

Daily Average of hourly values (3 hourly

averages)

Daily Average of hourly values (8 hourly

average)

Daily Average of hourly values (range)

Hourly Values

250ug/m3

600ug/m3

0.01ppm

160ug/m3

10ppm

(20ppm)

0.04-0.06ppm

0.06

Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria (FEPA, 1991)

Duration/Day-Hours Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A)

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1½ 102

1 105

½ 110

¼ 115

Impulsive or Impact Noise < 140 dB, Peak

109

Effluent Limitation/Guidelines in Nigeria for all Categories of Industries (FEPA, 1991)

Parameters Units in Milligram per litre (mg/l)

Unless Otherwise Stated

Limit for Discharge into Surface

Water

Limit for Land

Application

Temperature Less than 40oC within 15 minutes

of out fall

Less than 40oC

Colour (Lovibond Units) 7 -

pH 6 – 9 6 – 9

BOD5 at 20oC 50 500

Total Suspended Solids 30 -

Total Dissolve Solids 2,000 2,000

Chloride (as CI) 600 600

Sulphate (as SO42-

) 500 1,000

Sulphide (as S2-

) 0.2 -

Cyanide (as CN-) 0.1 -

Detergents (linear alkylated suphonate as

methylene blue active substance)

15

15

Oil and Grease 10 30

Nitrate (as NO3) 20 -

Phosphate (as PO43-

) 5 10

Arsenic (as As) 0.1 -

Barium (as Ba) 5 5

Manganese (as Mn) 5 -

Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.2 -

Chlorine (free) 1.0 -

Cadmium, Cd Less than 1 -

Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) Less than 1 -

Copper Less than 1 -

Lead Less than 1 -

Tin (as Sn) 10 10

Iron (as Fe) 20 -

Mercury 0.05 -

Nickel Less than 1 -

Selenium Less than 1 -

Silver 0.1 -

Zinc Less than 1 -

Total Metals 3 -

Calcium (as Ca2+

) 200 -

Magnesium (as Mg2+

) 200 -

Boron (as B) 5 5

Alkyl Mercury Compounds Not detectable Not detectable

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 0.003 0.003

Pesticides (Total) Less than 0.01 Less than 0.01

Alpha Emitter, uc/ml 10-7

-

Beta Emitters, uc/ml 10-6

-

Coliforms (daily average) 400MP/100ml 500MP/100ml

Suspended Fibre - -

110

International Finance Corporation (IFC) /World Bank Policies and Guidelines

Ambient Air

Concentrations of contaminants, measured outside the project boundary, should not exceed the

following limits:

Particulate Matter (<10m)

Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3

Maximum 24 hour Average 500 g/m3

Nitrogen Oxides, as NO2

Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3

Maximum 24 hour Average 200 g/m3

Sulfur Dioxide

Annual Arithmetic Mean 100 g/m3

Maximum 24 hour Average 500 g/m3

Workplace Air Quality

Threshold limit values (TLVs):

Arsenic 0.5 mg/m3

Carbon Monoxide 29 mg/m3

Copper 1 mg/m3

Free Silica 5.0 mg/m3

Hydrogen Cyanide 11 mg/m3

Hydrogen Sulfide 14 mg/m3

Lead, Dusts & Fumes, as Pb 0.15 mg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide 6 mg/m3

Particulate (Inert or Nuisance Dusts) 10 mg/m3

Sulfur Dioxide 5 mg/m3

Workplace Noise

Ambient Noise levels should not exceed 85dBA

Liquid Effluents

pH 6 to 9

BOD5 50 mg/l

Oil and Grease 20 mg/l

Total Suspended Solids 50 mg/l

Temperature – at the edge of Max 5oC above

ambient temperature

A designated mixing zone receiving waters – max 3oC if

receiving waters>28oC

111

Residual Heavy Metals

Arsenic 1.0 mg/l

Cadmium 0.1 mg/l

Chromium, Hexavalent 0.05 mg/l

Chromium, Total 1.0 mg/l

Copper 0.3 mg/l

Iron, Total 2.0 mg/l

Lead 0.6 mg/l

Mercury 0.002 mg/l

Nickel 0.5 mg/l

Zinc 1.0 mg/l

1Source: The World Bank policies and guidelines, supplemented with information from OECD

sources and the proposed revisions to the World Bank guidelines.

Cyanide

In no case should the concentration in the receiving water outside of a designated mixing zone

exceed 0.022mg/l

Free Cyanide 0.1 mg/l

Total Cyanide 1.0 mg/l

Week Acid Dissociable 0.5 mg/l

Measures to prevent access by wildlife and livestock are required for all open

waters (examples tailings impoundments and pregnant leach ponds) where WAD cyanide is in

excess of 50 mg/l.

Ambient Noise

Maximum Allowable Leq (hourly), in dB(A)

Receptor Day time

07:00 – 22:00

Night time

22:00 – 07:00

Residential;

Institutional;

Educational

Industrial;

Commercial

55

70

45

70

112

APPENDIX 2

FIELD SAMPLE HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS Parameters Volume

required, ml

Container Maximum

Holding Time

Preservation

pH 25 P, G 6 hrs In situ determination

Conductivity 100 P, G 24 hrs In situ determination

Colour 50 P G 24hrs In situ determination

Odour 200 G 24hrs In situ determination

Turbidity 100 P, G 7 days In situ determination

TDS 50 P, G 6 months Filter on site

TSS 50 - 6months Filter on site

Salinity (Cl) 50 P, G 7days Not required

COD 50 P, G 7 days 2ml H2SO4 per litre

BOD 1000 P, G 6days Refrigeration at 40C

DO 300 G No holding In situ determination

Ammonia 400 P, G 24hrs Cool at 40C H2SO4 to pH<2

Oil & Grease 1000 G 24hrs Cool at 40C H2SO4 to pH<2

NO3 100 P, G 24hrs Cool at 40C H2SO4 to pH<2

Chromium 100 P, G - HNO3 to pH<2

Cadmium 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

Copper 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

Iron 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

Mercury 100 P, G 38days, glass Filter, HNO3 to pH<2

Lead 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

Nickel 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

Zinc 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

Vanadium 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

Calcium 100 P, G 7days None required

Magnesium 100 P, G 6 months HNO3 to pH<2

P = Plastic sample container G = Glass sample container

113

ANALYTICAL METHODS

I SOIL

Soil pH

Prior to laboratory analysis, soil samples were air-dried, gently crushed with pestle in agate

mortar and passed through 2-mm sieve. The less than 2-mm fractions were retained for the

following analysis. This was determined in 1:2 soil-water ratio after allowing for 30-minute

equilibration.

Particle Size Distribution Particle size analysis was carried out using the hydrometer method with Sodium

hexametaphosphate as dispersing agent as described by Day (1953).

Organic Matter This was determined by the acidified dichromate digestion and ferrous ammonium sulphate

titration method of Walkley and Black (1934).

Available Phosphorus Avail-P was extracted by the Bray-No 1 procedure (0.03N NH4F + 0.025 N HCl). The P-

concentration was then determined colorimetrically by the molybdo-phosphoric and -blue

technique.

Exchangeable Cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+)

These were extracted with 1N neutral (pH 7.0) ammonium acetate solution. The K and Na were

determined using Collins Flame Analyzer while Ca and Mg concentrations were determined by

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

Exchangeable Acidity

This comprises Al3+ and H+ which were extracted by 1N KCl solution and titrated against 0.05

N standard solution of NaOH.

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

This was computed as the sum of the exchangeable bases (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and

exchangeable acidity (Al3++H+).

Base Saturation This was computed as the sum of cations expressed as a percent of the effective cation exchange

capacity.

Exchangeable Fe+++

For this analysis, 2.5g of the finely ground soil sample was shaken in a conical flask with 25ml

of 1N ammonium acetate for 1 hour and then filtered into plastic containers. Iron (Fe+++

) was

determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentrations of this cation

114

was calculated with reference to the dilution on factor and expressed in milligram equivalent per

100g of soil (meg/100/gsoil).

Total-Nitrogen This was determined by the semi-micro kjeldahl digestion method. The ammonia was absorbed

into the boric acid mixed indicator solution and then titrated with standard 0.01N sulphuric acid

solution.

Chloride A 1:2½ soil-water suspension was shaken for one hour on orbit shaken. The suspension was

filtered using suction pump. The chloride content was determined by titration with 0.1N AgNO3

solution and potassium chromate as internal standard.

Sulphate Sulphur:

Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4) was used for the extraction and SO4-S of the extract

was gravimetrically determined by barium chloride method as in Black(1965).

Oil & Grease

The oil content (grease) of the soils was determined by shaking 10g of a representative soil

sample with 10ml of toluene and the oil extracted measured at 420mm using a spectronic 20

spectrophotometer. Absorbance was read directly. With reference to standard curve and

multiplication by the appropriate dilution, factor, the hydrocarbon concentration was calculated.

Heavy Metals

The dried sub-samples were used in this analysis. The samples were finely ground to facilitate

accurate measurements. Four grams (4gm) of this sample was weighed and put into a 250ml

beaker to which was added 100ml of distilled water and 1ml of analytical grade concentrated

HNO3 (specific gravity 1.42). A foaming reaction on addition of the acid indicated the presence

of carbonates, in which case the acid was slowly added. Then 10ml of analytical grade

concentrated HCI (specific gravity 1.19) was added. The beaker was covered with ribbed watch

glasses and heated on hot plate at 950C, care was taken not to allow the solution to boil our bump

by addition of anti bumping substances to prevent splattering and hence affecting the accuracy of

the measurements. Heating was continued until 10-15ml of the solution was left in the beaker.

This was then brought down, allowed to cool before being filtered into a 100ml volumetric flask

and made up to volume with distilled water. The digested filtrate was used for the determination

of the various trace metals by the Atomic Absorption/Flame Emission Spectrophotometer

(SHIMADZU MODEL AA-670).

Soil Microbiology: The soil samples were first subjected to conditioning by storing first in a refrigerator and then at

room temperature for two days in order to restore normal microbial activities and avoid

fluctuations in the numbers due to sporulation.

The conditioned samples were then ground in stomacher homogenizer in the collection bag to

break up lumps. One gramme of the soil sample was weighed and added to 99ml sterile

115

enrichment mineral solution in 250ml comical flasks. The samples were shaken for 6hr at room

temperature in a Gallenkamp incubator shaker at 80-100 rev/min.

Dilution/media for cultivation:

Serial dilutions in sterile water put to 10-6

were prepared. The highest dilution was used for the

enumeration of hydrocarbon decomposing bacteria and for the determination of total bacterial

counts on mineral salt plus 1% hydrocarbon containing media with the addition of an antifungal

agent and on plate count agar, respectively.

Inoculation/incubation

One ml aliquot from the highest dilution was pipetted into sterile pets dishes placed on a rotating

plate holder and the media was poured over. The plates were rotated until the media was partially

set, covered and incubated at 35oC for 48h for total bacterial count and for hydrocarbon

decompresers at 30oC for 14 days. Counts were expressed as cfu/ml/g substrate after counting on

a colony counter.

II WATER

The parameters measured in the laboratory include: pH, conductivity, total suspended solids,

total dissolved solids, chloride, total alkalinity, hardness, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, turbidity,

chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, surfactant, iron and heavy metals. Details and

principles of the methods are as shown below:

Electrical Conductivity

The electrical conductivity of the samples were measured using Lovibond conductivity meter

(Type CM-21).

Total Suspended Solids

This parameter was measured by the gravimetric method (APHA, 1995). Water samples, 200ml

were filtered through pr-weighed 0.5 u membrane filters. The filters were then dried to constant

eight in an oven at 103 – 105oC.

Chloride

The Chloride content was determined by Mohr’s method potassium chromate indicator solution

was added to the water sample and titrated with silver nitrate (which reacts with

chlorides/bromides in water to form precipitates of the corresponding salts) to the formation of

brick-red silver chromate precipitate as he end point. (APHA, 1975) limit of detection is

1.0mg/l.

Total Alkalinity

Total Alkalinity was determined by titrating 100ml of the water samples with 0.02N H2SO4

solution using methyl orange as the indicator (APHA, 1975) limit of detection is 1.0mg/l as

CaCO3.

116

Sulphate

Sulphate was determined by the turbidimeter method (APHA, 1975) colloidal Barium sulphate

was formed by the reaction of sulphate with barium ion in a barium chloride-hydrochloric acid

solution in the presence of glycerol ad ethyl alcohol. The colour intensity was measured using

spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20) at 420mm wavelength. Limit of detection is 1.0mg/l.

Sulphide was measured by a titrimetric (iodine) method (APHA, 1975).

Phosphate

Phosphate was determined by the Stannous Chlorine method (APHA), 1975, (Galley et al.

1975). Phosphate in water reacts with ammonium molybdate in acidic medium to form

molybdo-phosphoric acid, which is reduced to molybdenum blue complex by stannous chloride.

The intensity of colour was measured using Spectronic 20 (Spectrophotometer) at 690mm. The

limit of detection is 0.05mg/l.

Nitrate

The nitrates content of the samples was determined by the Brucine-Sulphate method (APHA,

1975). To 2ml of the water sample, was added 2ml of H3SO4 and 0.2ml of Brucine sulphate

heated in a water bath. The intensity of the resultant yellow coloration was measured using a

spectrophotometer (Spectronic 20) at 410nm. Limit of detection is 0.5mg/l.

Chemical Oxygen Demand

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined using the Permanganate method as

modified by Welcher (1975). It is a titrimetric method and the COD is recorded as the

permanganate value in mg/l.

Oil and Grease

Oil and grease was measured after pre-extracting 100ml sample with 10.0ml carbon

tetrachloride, using a Horiba Oil Content Analyzer (OCMA-200, range 0 – 100 ppm).

Heavy Metals

Heavy metals were determining by direct aspiration using a varian Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer (AAS) model AA-10 with manual sample changer equipped with a C.T.A

graphic table atomizer.

III AIR QUALITY

Suspended Particulate Matter

Pre-weighed filter paper are placed in a high volume air sampler, air is then sucked into the unit

containing the filter paper within the sampler for 4 hours. The filter paper is then re-weighed,

with the old weight subtracted from the new and the difference is the weight of the particulate in

air. This is then subjected to some conversion and represented in parts per million (ppm).

Hydrocarbon Gases (VOC)

The equipment is switched on and using the various buttons for measurement of the various

gases, the values are read out automatically. Readings are only taken when the values have

stabilised, that is, when the values are no longer rising or falling. Usually the equipment is

117

allowed enough time to suck in air and analyse to obtain representative sample readings. Time

interval between measurements of the various hydrocarbon gases is about 5 minutes. Each

analyte was estimated more than once for good representation.

Ammonia (NH3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Oxides (SOx), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx),

and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

Lamotte Air Pollution Test Equipment with Lamotte® Model BD Air Sampling Pump was used

with appropriate absorbing solutions and reagents recommended for each parameter.

118

APPENDIX 3

SOCIO-ECONOMIC QUESTIONNAIRE

119

ESIA QUESTIONNAIRE

Akure-Ilesha Road Rehabilitation

1. SETTLEMENT CODE

1.1 Date of Interview _________________

1.2 Name of village/Quarter____________

1.3 Population………………………

1.4 L. G. A _________________________

1.5 State ___________________________

1.6 Ethnic Groups ____________________

2. RESPONDENT SOCIAL DATA

2.1 Sex

2.1.1 Male

2.1.2 Female

2.2 Age

2.2.0 <10 years

2.2.1 11 - 20 years

2.2.2 21 – 30 years

2.2.3 31 – 40 years

2.2.4 41 – 50 years

2.2.5 51 – 60 years

2.2.6 Over 61 years

2.3 Marital Status

2.3.1 Single

2.3.2 Married

2.3.3 Divorced

2.3.4 Widow

2.3.5 Widower

2.4 Level of Education

2.4.1 Primary School

2.4.2 Secondary School

2.4.3 Vocational / Technical

School

2.4.4 Tertiary School

2.4.5 No Formal Education

2.5 Employment/Occupation

2.5.1 Farming/Hunting

2.5.2 Fishing

2.5.3 Technician

2.5.4 Trading

2.5.5 Business / Contractor

2.5.6 Teaching

2.5.7 Civil Servant

2.5.8 Retired

2.5.9 Student / Apprentice

2.5.10 Unemployed

2.5.11 Others (Specify)

2.6 Skills

2.6.1 Mason

2.6.2 Welder

2.6.3 Technician

2.6.4 Fisherman

2.6.5 Politician

2.6.6 Transporter

2.6.7 Unskilled

2.7 Length of Service

2.7.1 0 – 5 years

2.7.2 6 – 10 years

2.7.3 11 – 20 years

2.7.4 21 – 30 years

2.7.5 Above 30 years

2.8 What is your annual income?

2.8.1 1,000 - 10,000

2.8.2 11,000 - 20,000

2.8.3 21,000 - 30,000

2.8.4 31,000 - 40,000

2.8.5 41,000 - 50,000

2.8.6 51,000 - 60,000

2.8.7 61,000 - 70,000

2.8.8 71,000 - 80,000

2.8.9 Above 80,000

2.9 Family size

2.9.1 1- 3

2.9.2 4 – 6

2.9.3 7 – 10

2.9.4 11 – 15

2.9.5 16 – 20

2.9.6 Above 20

2.10 Age Distribution of household

(Including Parents)

MALE Age range FEMALE

2.10.1 0 - 14

2.10.2 15 – 24

2.10.3 25 – 34

2.10.4 35 - 44

2.10.5 45 - 54

2.10.6 Above 55

2.11 Distribution of household occupation

MALE Status FEMALE

2.11.1 Student / Apprentice

2.11.2 Business / Contractor

2.11.3 Technician

2.11.4 Farming/Fishing/Hunting

2.11.5 Teaching

2.11.6 Civil servant

2.11.7 Married / House Wife

2.11.8 Unemployed

2.11.9 Others (Specify)

2.12 How many births in the last 12 months?

2.12.1 :........................................

2.13 How many deaths in the last 12

months

2.13.1 :........................................

2.14 List the common sickness in the

settlement ?

2.14.1 :........................................

2.14.2 :........................................

2.15 List the Environmental problems in the

settlement

2.15.1 Soil infertility

2.15.2 Pest attack / invasion

2.15.3 Soil salinity

2.15.4 Erosion

2.15.5 Rain storm / flooding

2.15.6 Others (specify)

2.15.7 No idea

2.16 Status of Respondent

2.16.1 Traditional Ruler/Head of

Settlement

2.16.2 Church Leader

2.16.3 Traditional Chief/Councillor

2.16.4 Family head

2.16.5 Union Leader

2.16.6 Doctor/Nurse/Herbalist

2.16.7 Immigrant/Settler

2.16.8 Visitor

2.16.9 Others (Specify)

120

2.17 Who should speak for your community on

project matters?.

2.17.1 Chief

2.17.2 Community chairman

2.17.3 Community secretary

2.17.4 Youth leader

2.17.5 Church leader

2.18 How long have you lived in the settlement

2.18.1 0 – 5 years

2.18.2 6 – 10 years

2.18.3 11 – 15 years

2.18.4 16 – 20 years

2.18.5 Above 20 years

2.18.6 Since birth

2.19 What is your religion

2.19.1 Traditional

2.19.2 Islam

2.19.3 Christianity

2.19.4 Worship God

2.19.5 Atheist

2.20 Of what use are the water bodies in your

area?

2.20.1 Fisheries

2.20.2 Irrigation

2.20.3 Domestic

2.20.4 Transportation

2.20.5 Recreation

2.20.6 None

2.20.7 Others (specify)

3. RESPONDENS’ ECONOMIC DATA

3.1 Annual Income (Naira)

2.8.1 1,000 - 10,000

2.8.2 11,000 - 20,000

2.8.3 21,000 - 30,000

2.8.4 31,000 - 40,000

2.8.5 41,000 - 50,000

2.8.6 51,000 - 60,000

2.8.7 61,000 - 70,000

2.8.8 71,000 - 80,000

2.8.9 Above 80,000

3.2 What type of house do you (own /live in)

3.2.1 Thatched

3.2.2 Thatched/wooden

3.2.3 Thatched/mud

3.2.4 Zinc roof/wooden

3.2.5 Zinc roof/mud

3.2.6 Zinc roof/block

3.3 How many sleep in one room

3.3.1 1

3.3.2 2

3.3.3 4

3.3.4 6

3.3.5 8

3.3.6 >8

3.4 Do you own

3.4.1 Canoe

3.4.2 Bicycle

3.4.3 Motor – Cycle

3.4.4 Car / Lorry

3.4.5 Engine boat

3.4.6 Fish pond

3.4.7 House

3.4.8 Other (specify)

3.5 What other properties do you own ?

3.5.1 Rubber plantation

3.5.2 Palm plantation

3.5.3 Cocoa plantation

3.5.4 Forestry / Raffia palm

3.5.5 Farm land

3.5.6 Poultry (specify)

3.5.7 None

3.5.8 Others (specify)

3.6 Rank order pattern of land ownership

3.6.1 Inheritance

3.6.2 Tenant / lease

3.6.3 Family

3.6.4 Outright purchase

3.6.5 Communal

3.6.6 Others (Specify)

3.7 What is the total size of your land in

hectares?

3.7.1 0 - 5 (1 = football field)

3.7.2 2 - 3

3.7.3 4 - 5

3.7.4 6 - 7

3.7.5 Above 7

3.7.6 None

3.8 Which are the farming methods in your

area?

3.8.1 Garden

3.8.2 Fallow

3.8.3 Shifting cultivation

3.8.4 Rotational bush fallow

3.8.5 No idea

3.9 What cropping system is common here ?

3.9.1 Mono - Cropping

3.9.2 Mixed - Cropping

3.9.3 Inter - Cropping

3.9.4 Others (specify)

3.9.5 No idea

3.10 What has been the nature of Agricultural

yield?

3.10.1 Increasing

3.10.2 Decreasing

3.10.3 The same

3.11 Form of Fish farming

3.11.1 Net (canoe)

3.11.2 Net (Motorized Boat)

3.11.3 Hook

3.11.4 Trap/Basket

3.11.5 Any other (specify)

3.13.7 ……………………………….

3.12 What has been the nature of fish yield in the

past five years

3.12.1 Increasing

3.12.2 Decreasing

3.12.3 Constant

3.13 What is your usual means of

Transportation?.

3.13.1 Canoe

3.13.2 Engine Boat

3.13.3 Motorcycle

3.13.4 Car

3.13.5 Bicycle

3.14 Name Sacred sites in your community

121

3.14.1 ……………………………….

3.14.2 ……………………………….

3.14.3 ……………………………….

3.14.4 ……………………………….

3.14.5 ……………………………….

3.14.6 ……………………………….

4 RESPONDENTS ATTITUDE TO COMPANY

/ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Name the companies in this area and state the benefits

you have derived from

them....………………………………..?

4.1.1 Employment

4.1.2 Scholarship

4.1.3 Community Project (specify)

4.1.4 Skills Acquisition

4.1.5 None

4.1.6 Negative

4.1.7 Name negative effects

4.2 Are you aware of any intended project in the

Community? (Yes / No) If yes, What is it?

4.2.1 Cement factory

4.2.2 Power Transmission Line

4.2.3 Development project (specify)

4.2.4 No idea

4.3 What benefit do you expect from this Road project?

4.3.1 Employment opportunity

4.3.2 Economic boom

4.3.3 Infrastructural development

4.3.4 Scholarship

4.3.5 Housing

4.3.6 Hospital

4.3.7 Others (specify)

4.4 What is your attitude to this project?

4.4.1 Support the project

4.4.2 Resist the project

4.4.3 No idea

4.4.4 Demand compensation

4.5 What pipeline related social-problems do you have in

your area ?

4.5.1 Youth / Juvenile delinquency

4.5.2 Land dispute

4.5.3 Chieftaincy tussle

4.5.4 Inter-family problem

4.5.5 Inter-village / Tribal conflict

4.5.6 Acute unemployment

4.5.7 Child abuse/ Infant pregnancy

4.5.8 Alcoholism, Prostitution

4.5.8 Other (specify)

4.6 What are your fears on the proposed Road Rehab

project in order

of importance

4.6.1 Loss of land (acquisition/deforestation)

4.6.2 Damage to farmland

4.6.3 Pollution of air/waterways

4.6.4 Health problems

4.6.5 Socio-cultural interference

4.6.6 High cost of living

4.6.7 Increased population

4.6.8 Soil infertility

4.6.9 Social disorder

4.6.10 Frequent death

4.6.11 Others (specify)

4.6.12 Explain your fears in details

4.6.13 ……………………….

4.6.14 ……………………….

4.6.15 ……………………….

4.7 Give general comment on activities of FMW or any

other company in this community ?

4.7.1 .............................................................

4.7.2 .............................................................

4.7.3 .............................................................

4.7.4 ………………………………………

4.7.5 ………………………………………

4.8 What Power Transmission Line induced problem

have you experienced, when and where ?

4.8.1 ..............................................................

4.8.2 ..............................................................

4.8.3 ...............................................................

4.8.4 ……………………………………….

4.8.5 ……………………………………….

4.9 Type of waste discharge system

4.9.1 Water System

4.9.2 Pit system

4.9.3 Bucket system

4.9.4 River

4.9.5 Bush/swamp

4.9.6 Others (specify)......................................

4.10 Source of water supply

4.10.1 ..........................................................

4.10.3 ..........................................................

4.10.3 ..........................................................

4.11 Do you have the following in the river/creek ?

4.11.1 Shrimps/prawns

4.11.2 Oysters

4.11.3 Thias

4.11.4 Periwinkles

4.11.5 Scallops

4.11.6 Crabs

4.11.7 Others (specify).........................

4.12 Types of wild life in the area

4.12.1 .................................................

4.12.2 .................................................

4.12.3 .................................................

4.13 List in order of importance what you expect from

FMW

4.13.1 ……………………………………

4.13.2 ……………………………………

4.13.3 ……………………………………

4.13.4 ……………………………………

4.13.5 ……………………………………

4.13.6 ……………………………………

4.14 Which group(s) in your community suffers most

from industrial activities

4.14.1 …………………………………..

4.14.2 …………………………………..

4.14.3 …………………………………..

4.14.4 …………………………………..

4.14.5 …………………………………..

122

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COMMUNITY

HEALTH SURVEY (HIA)

A) SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

1. Name of

Town/village_______________________________

2. House Hold No. (District/settlement/house

no.)__________

3. Age (Last

birthday)_________________________________

4. Sex: (a) Male (b) Female

5. Marital Status: (a) Married (b) Single (c) Divorced (d)

Separated

6. What is the highest level of education you attained?

7 Occupation _________________________________

8. Income per Month (for Adults only):

_________________

9. Ethnic Group: ________________________________

B) LIFE STYLE / HABITS

1. Common food/preparations taken in the community

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

2. During the last 4 weeks how often have you had drinks

containing alcohol? Would you say:

3. Smoking (Yes / No)

If yes, how many sticks per day?………….

4. Use of Tobacco (Yes / No)

5. Exercise (Yes / No)

Type …………………. (b) How often ……………….

C) COMMON HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE

COMMUNITY

1. During the last 12 months have you been admitted into a

hospital on account of ill health? (Yes / No)

2. If yes for which condition?

3. List all illness episodes in the last 12 months:

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

4. Which disease conditions in your opinion poses the

greatest health threat to the community: (in order of

priority)

5. How many people on the average died in your

community within the last 12 months: Adults --------------

Under 5 --------------- Less than one year -------------

6. What in your opinion is the most important cause of

death in the community?

(a) Amongst children under one year

_____________________________

(b) Amongst children under 5 years

_____________________________

(c) Amongst adults

___________________________________________

D) IMMUNISATION STATUS (CHILDREN)

Have you received any of the following vaccines?

(i) DPT (Yes / No)

(ii) BCG (Yes / No)

(iii) Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) (Yes / No)

(iv) Typhoid

(v) Yellow Fever

(vi) Tetanus Toxoid

(vii) Small Pox

(viii) Hepatitis Vaccine

(ix) Others (Specify)

E) KAP REGARDING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED

INFECTIONS

1. Have you ever heard of diseases that can be transmitted

through sexual intercourse?

2. Can you describe any symptoms of sexually transmitted

diseases in women?

1. Abdominal pains

-

3. Can you describe any symptoms of sexually transmitted

disease in men?

res

4 Have you heard of HIV/AIDS

5 Do you have a close friend or close relative who is

infected with HIV or who has died of AIDS?

6 In your opinion, can people protect themselves from

contracting sexually transmitted diseases or HIV/AIDS?

Yes No

Yes No

If yes by what means

______________________________________

7 Do you think this project will increase or decrease the

chances of people contracting sexually transmitted

diseases and HIV/AIDS?

o Yes will increase chances

o Yes will decrease chances

o No difference

o Don’t know

8 If yes, how

______________________________________________

9 What do you think can be done to prevent people from

contracting sexually transmitted diseases and

HIV/AIDS during this project? _______________

123

F COMMUNITY HEALTH NEEDS

1 What in your opinion are the most important health needs

of your Community. (Score in order of priority 1 – 5)

lth services / clinics

2 In order of preference, what do think should be done to

improve the Health Services in your community?

(i) ___________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________

(iii) __________________________________________

3 What Health problems do you think may arise because of

this project in your Community?

(i) ___________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________

(iii) __________________________________________

(iv) __________________________________________

4. In order of preference what do you think should be done

to minimize these anticipated health problems?

(i) ___________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________

(iii) __________________________________________

(iv) __________________________________________

G) ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

1. What is the source of your drinking water?

ther (Specify)

2. How do you dispose your faeces?

(a) Bucket System

(b) Pit latrine

(c) Water System

(d) Bush

(e) Into River/Stream

(f) others (specify)

3. How do you dispose your house refuse?

(a) Dustbin

(b) Open dumping on land / creeks

(c) Composting

(d) Incineration

YES No

(e) Others (specify).

(H) OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES

(a) Have you been exposed to any of the following (Explain

possible sources)

(b) Have you had any of the following occupational

illnesses: (Explain symptoms)

Cancer and malignant blood disease

-health

Thanks a lot for your patience and co-operation.

124

HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION/REHABILITATION: IMPACTS .How would you describe the road networks around this area? And what will you like to see done?

How would you see an attempt to construct a highway near this community?

What will you personally gain, if a highway is constructed via this community?

What will you personally lose, if a highway is constructed via this community?

Who is most likely to become richer if a highway is constructed via this community? (Tick as appropriate)

Who is likely to become poorer if a highway is constructed via this community?

What types of goods are men in this community likely to transport using road facilities?

What types of goods are women in this community likely to transport using road facilities?

How often do men travel out of this community for business/trading?

How often do women travel out of this community for business/trading activities?

If a highway is to be constructed near this community, what are those things you would want the government to do to ensure that

your community fully supports this venture?

What other suggestions you would like to give the government to ensure that the project succeeds:

What other impacts of the highway construction do you envisage in the following area:

the Health of the people during and after the construction of the road

Economic life for men, women, and youths;

Social life of the community, especially as the construction workers interact with the local community;

Risk factors i.e increase in the volume of vehicles travelling along the high way

Risk factors relating to the construction period

Land use implication of the highway construction as some land may have to be taken over by the highway

How would the people consider the issue of compensation if the highway takes over some of the land owned by the local

community?

How forms should the compensation take for men; women; and youths?

Under what conditions would you like the highway to be constructed, such that the local community will have a say in this

process?

Who are in the best position to negotiate with government/construction company on behalf of the community?

What specific roles should men play in this process?

What specific roles should women play in this process?

What specific roles should youths play in this process.

125

APPENDIX 4

Institutional Responsibility for the Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures (Construction Phase)

Issue Potential Impacts Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Monitoring Indicators Institutional

Responsibility

LAND TAKE Impacts to ecology from land

take – loss of natural habitats

and biodiversity including

mature roadside trees, loss of

ecosystem service (eg. air

quality)

Avoid sensitive areas (eg. Wetlands

forests) through route selection

Where unavoidable, develop mitigation

suitable for type of habitat and species

affected (mangroves, forests, river banks,

etc)

Ensure thorough surveys are carried out

prior to construction to ensure mitigation

fully informed

Maintain ecologist on site during

construction

Avoid cutting of mature urban trees

Replace urban trees where cutting is

unavoidable

Change in number of

species in habitat adjacent

to road construction

Change in area of critical

habitat

Number of trees planted

/growing alongside road

FMW-RSDT

State Ministry

of Environment

Environmental

NGOs

NOISE AND

VIBRATION

Impact in Noise from

construction

Maximise daytime working, minimize

night time working

Use temporary noise barriers to mitigate

noise from worksites

Control hours of working

Set maximum daytime and night time

noise limits- any variation should be

agreed with Local Government Authority

Refine construction methods to select

least noisy methods

Number of community

complaints

Db(A) sound pressure

levels measured against

acceptable noise level

standards

FMW-RSDT

constractors

126

Impact in Noise from

construction

Construction methods refinement for the

method least likely to cause vibration

Protect residents from level of vibration

which causes nuisance

Protect buildings from level of vibration

which causes damage

Number of community

complaints

Integrity of structures

Occurrence of damage

caused by vibrations

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

Issue Potential Impacts Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Monitoring Indicators Institutional

Responsibility

AIR

QUALITY

Impacts to air quality from

dust

Enclosure and damping down of

stockpiles

Water spraying especially of unpaved

roads

Sheeting of vehicles carrying waste and

dusty materials

Wheel cleaning facilities

Limit vehicle speeds on unpaved

surfaces

Implement procedure for monitoring

wind speed and direction

Undertake visual inspections

Design and implement strategy for

demolition of structures that will

minimize dust creation and exposure to

receptors

Number of community

complaints about dust

Levels of airborne

particulate matter

Undertake visual

inspections

FMW-RSDT

construction

constractors

127

Impacts to air quality from

construction related

emissions

Use processes that do not generate

hazardous fumed and / or hazardous dust

Ensure that airborne hazards do not

escape from the site to affect members of

the public and surrounding environment

Do not burn materials on site

Ensure machinery is well on site

Ensure machinery is switched off when

not in use

Levels in air of:

Carbon monoxide (CO)

8 hours

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

1 hour

Photochemical oxidants

measured as ozone (03) 1

hour

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1

hour

Lead (Pb) 1 year

Particles as PM10 1 day

Particles as TSP 1 day

CO2 / Green House

Gasses

FMW-RSDT

construction

constractors

SOIL AND

WATER

Impacts to soil and water

from increased soil erosion:

Construction activities such

as grading, excavations, and

borrowing/ quarrying

Inadequate design of culverts

and drainage controls

Design:

Use surface drainage controls & mulch

on vulnerable surfaces and slopes

Line receiving surfaces with stones or

concrete

Locate & design borrow/ quarry sites

for erosion control during road

construction & future maintenance

operations

Construction:

Limit earth movement &soil exposure

to the dry season

Balance cut & fill for minimum

deposition of earth

Provide sedimentation basins

Resurface & re-vegetate exposed

surfaces

Integrity of road structures

Degree of erosion

Quality of surface

water(turbidity)

FMW-RSDT

construction

constractors

128

Install drainage ditches to divert water

away from road

Impacts to water from

accidental spillages Ensure procedures are in place to deal

with accidental spillages

Install drainages systems w/ appropriate

treatment

Presence of

contaminates in surface

water (including oil & gas,

suspended solids)

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

State Waste

Management

Authority to

monitor

CONTAMINA

TED LAND

AND WATSE

Impacts to public and staff

health and safety from

contaminated land and waste

Safe disposal strategy for solid waste:

collect all solid waste from all site areas

and dispose of either in local landfill or

well-screened waste pits

Develop and implement remediation for

contaminated land

Local complaints of

excessive waste & odours

BOD, COD, SS, and oil

levels in soil (measured

once a month during

construction /

rehabilitation phase)

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

State Waste

Management

Authority to

monitor

TRAFFIC

AND

TRANSPORT

Disruption to roadside

residents, passing pedestrians

and passing traffic

Minimise construction duration;

Plan and implement temporary road and

pedestrian traffic management measures;

Minimize construction generated traffic

Transport construction workers to site

on dedicated transport

Number of complaints

received from roadside

residents and road users

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

Federal

Ministry of

Transportation

State Mnistry

of Transportation

Federal Road

Safety

129

SOCIO-

ECONOMICS

Impacts to archaeology and

cultural heritage: Loss of or

damage to structures of

historic, religious, cultural or

archaeological significance

Identify areas where buildings of

historical or cultural significance

predominates

Avoid buildings of cultural, historical

or religious significance through careful

route selection

Apply chance find procedures in

construction clauses

Numbers of chance finds

occurrences

Records of measures

implemented to ensure

protection of structures of

cultural significance

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

Legacy

(Building

conservation

NGO)

Impacts to public health

from stagnant pools of water

created in construction

borrow pits and quarries, and

on road sides, that breed

disease carriers

Develop and implement plan to deal

with drainage impacts including:

Drive roads after moderate rains to

identify areas that collect or gully water

Ensure proper drainage of construction

areas and road sides

Coordinate construction phases with

dry season

Ensure current system can handle

improved drainage (prevent runoff

erosion/ reservoir overflow)

Changes in occurrence

of illness or disease(

particularly malaria) in

roadside communities

Reported incidence of

flooding/ reduced drainage

capacity during

construction

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

(Ministry of

Health to

monitor)

Involuntary resettlement due

to loss of roadside space for

vendors, traders, mechanics

and other informal activity

Develop Resettlement Action Plan

(RAP) according to guidelines set by

World Bank Safeguard Policy:

Identification and notification of all

Project Affected Peoples(PAPs)

Assessment and valuation of all

property loss

Identification of suitable alternative

land for resettlement(considering

accessibility, electricity, water, etc)

Payment of compensation where

appropriate

Number of project

affected people adequately

compensated and resettled

Number of complaints

received through

grievance mechanism

Records of consultation

meetings before and after

relocation

Evaluation of

livelihoods of PAPs post

resettlement to alternative

Local

Government

Authority

Community

Development

NGOs

Community

based

Organizations

(CBOs)

Land

Regularization

130

Assistance to PAPs with relocation and

livelihoods rehabilitation post relocation

Establishment of a grievance

mechanism

location Directorate

Land Valuation

Bureau

Ministry of

Women’s Affairs

and Poverty

Alleviation

Impacts to employment and

social networks from influx

of construction workers,

including social disruption

and tension over

employment opportunities

Ensure that contractors work with

CBOs to ensure that local people are

used as far as possible for non-skilled

jobs

Ensure that contractor has and

implements a code of conduct for all

construction workers (see Camp code of

conduct below)

Number of local people

employed by contractors

Reported incidence of

conflict between local

residents & project

workers

Reports from involved

CBOs

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

Community

Development

NGOs

HEALTH

AND SAFETY

Impacts to health and safety

of construction workers

Plan/ Implement occupational health

measures/ training programmes (certifiable/

verifiable) for workers & subcontractors

Use proper protective equipment/

preventative practices

Security controls at worksites (incl. traffic

controls)

Effective monitoring/ incident reporting @

site

Ensuring minimum working conditions

including regular breaks

Number of accidents/

incidents recorded

Contractors have satisfactory

Health and safety plan in

place

FMW-RSDT

construction

contractors

Impacts to health and safety

of pedestrians

Management of project waste removal/

treatment, incl. measures to prevent water/

air contamination

Effective traffic control and exclusion of

Number of accidents/

incidents reported

Complaints from public

FMW-RSDT

construction

Contractors

131

public from construction sites where

possible

State Ministry

of Transportation

State Waste

Management

Authority to

monitor

132