ETHNOBOTANY OF INDIAVolume 4

Western and Central Himalayas

http://taylorandfrancis.com

ETHNOBOTANY OF INDIAVolume 4

Western and Central Himalayas

Edited by

T. Pullaiah, PhDK. V. Krishnamurthy, PhD

Bir Bahadur, PhD

Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA

© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis GroupNo claim to original U.S. Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paperNeed to add somewhere, preferably on the copyright page. Cover photo 1 by Wouter Hagens . Used with permission via public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Houttuynia_cordata_A.jpg Cover photo 2 by Karsten Heinrich. Used with permission via the Creative Commons Attribution license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahonia_napaulensis#/media/File:Mahonia_napaulensis_Nepal.JPGCover photo 3 by Kristian Peters. Used with permission under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mentha_arvensis#/media/File:Mentha_arvensis.jpegCover photo 4 by JeremiahsCPs. Used with permission by via public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepenthes_khasiana.jpg

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-550-8 (Hardcover)International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-20739-1 (eBook)

Ethnobotany of India, 5-volume setInternational Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-600-0 (Hardcover)International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-18662-7 (eBook)

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permis-sion and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of refer-ences are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copy-right holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification with-out intent to infringe.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Ethnobotany of India / edited by T. Pullaiah, PhD, K. V. Krishnamurthy, PhD, Bir Bahadur, PhD.Includes bibliographical references and indexes.Contents: Volume 4. Western and central Himalayas -- Volume 5. The Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India.Issued in print and electronic formats.ISBN 978-1-77188-550-8 (v. 4 : hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-599-7 (v. 5 : hardcover).-- ISBN 978-1-315-20739-1 (v. 4 : PDF).-- ISBN 978-1-315-18784-6 (v. 5 : PDF)1. Ethnobotany--India. I. Pullaiah, T author, editor II. Bahadur, Bir, author, editor III. Krishnamurthy, K. V., author, editorGN635.I4E85 2016 581.6'30954 C2016-902513-6 C2016-902514-4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Pullaiah, T., editor. | Krishnamurthy, K. V., editor. | Bahadur, Bir., editor.Title: Ethnobotany of India. Volume 4, Western and Central Himalayas / editors: T. Pullaiah, K.V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur.Other titles: Western and Central HimalayasDescription: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2017022226 (print) | LCCN 2017022997 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315207391 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771885508 (hardcover : alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Ethnobotany--India--Himalaya Mountains.Classification: LCC GN476.73 (ebook) | LCC GN476.73 .E823 2017 (print) | DDC 581.6/3095496--dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017022226

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademic-press.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com

List of Contributors .......................................................................................vii

List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................... ix

Preface ........................................................................................................... xi

Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... xv

Ethnobotany of India 5-volume Series ......................................................... xvi

About the Editors......................................................................................... xvii

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................1Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy, and T. Pullaiah

2. Ethnic Diversity in Central and Western Himalaya ................................ 11Mamta Sharma and S. K. Sood

3. Ethnic Food Plants and Ethnic Food Preparation in Western and Central Himalaya.................................................................................39Basant Ballabh and T. Pullaiah

4. Ethnomedicinal Plants of Subalpine and Alpine Region of Uttarakhand Himalaya......................................................................... 115Harsh Singh and Veena Dixit

5. Ethnomedicinal Plants of Western and Central Himalaya ...................149Basant Ballabh, O. P. Chaurasia, P. C. Pande, and T. Pullaiah

6. Ashtavarga Plants: A Review ...................................................................293S. John Adams, T. Senthil Kumar, G. Muthuraman, and Anju Majeed

7. A Reconnaissance of Ethnic Psychedelic Plants of Western Himalaya and Their Possible Identity to Soma ......................................313K. V. Krishnamurthy and Bir Bahadur

8. Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants of Western and Central Himalaya ......................................................................................325T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur, S. John Adams, and T. N. Manohara

CONTENTS

vi Contents

9. Ethnobotany of Useful Plant Species in North Western Himalaya, India ............................................................................................................357A. Rajasekaran, Joginder Singh, S. P. Subramani, and Shalu Devi

10. Ethno-Conservation Practices in North Western Himalaya, India ............................................................................................................409A. Rajasekaran, Vaneet Jishtu, Yogesh Gokhale, Nazir A. Pala, and Jagdish Singh

11. The Sacred Natural Sites, the Social Taboo System and the Scope of Developing Some of the Sites as Biodiversity Heritage Sites, Uttarakhand, Central Himalaya ..............................................................445Chandra Singh Negi

Index ............................................................................................................479

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

S. John AdamsR&D, Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sami Labs Ltd., Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, India, E-mail: s.johnadams13@gmail.com

Bir BahadurDepartment of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warangal – 505009, India, birbahadur5april@gmail.com

Basant BallabhDefence Institute of Bio-Energy Research, Defence Research & Development Organization, Goraparao, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India, E-mail: ballabhbb@gmail.com

O. P. ChaurasiaDefence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organization, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Shalu DeviFaculty of Forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Benihama, Srinagar – 191121, Jammu & Kashmir, India, E-mail: shalu2006@gmail.com

Veena DixitPlant diversity, Systematics and Herbarium division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow – 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

Yogesh GokhaleThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India, E-mail: yogeshg@teri.res.in

Vaneet JishtuHimalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla – 171009, Himachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: jishtuv@icfre.org

K. V. KrishnamurthyConsultant, R&D, Sami Labs, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore – 560058, Karnataka, India

T. Senthil KumarDepartment of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli – 620024, India

T. N. ManoharaBioprospecting and Indigenous Knowledge Division, Rain Forest Research institute. Po. Box. 136, Jorhat, Assam, India.

Anju MajeedR&D-Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sami Labs Ltd., Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, India

G. MuthuramanR&D-Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sami Labs Ltd., Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, India

Chandra Singh NegiDepartment of Zoology, Government Postgraduate College, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand – 262502, India, E-mail: csnsacred1@gmail.com

viii List of Contributors

Nazir A. Pala Department of Forestry, Faculty of Horticulture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari – 736165, Cooch Behar (WB), India, E-mail: nazirpaul@gmail.com

P. C. Pande Department of Botany, Kumaum University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

T. PullaiahDepartment of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur – 515003, A.P., India, E-mail: pullaiah.thammineni@gmail.com

A. RajasekaranInstitute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore – 641002, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: rajasekarana@icfre.org

Mamta SharmaDepartment of Botany, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla – 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: diamondmamta@gmail.com

Harsh SinghDepartment of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow – 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: harshchamlegi@gmail.com

Jagdish Singh Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla-171009, Himachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: singhj@icfre.org

Joginder SinghHimalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla – 171009, Himachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: chnjsmak@gmail.com

S. K. SoodDepartment of Botany, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla – 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India

S. P. SubramaniInstitute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore – 641002, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: subisp@gmail.com

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AST Ashtavarga Kvatha CurnaBHS biodiversity heritage sitesBMC Biodiversity Management CommitteeBNF Bangladesh National FormularyCNS central nervous systemHFRI Himalayan Forest Research InstituteHMS Himalayan medicine systemIHR Indian Himalayan RegionIPR intellectual property rightsISM Indian System of MedicinesJFM Joint Forest ManagementKFD Kedarnath Forest DivisionMAPs medicinal and aromatic plantsMDMA 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamineMPCA Medicinal Plant Conservation AreaNBAI National Biodiversity Authority of IndiaNMPB National Medicinal Plants BoardRET species rare, endangered and threatened speciesSNS sacred natural sitesTHC tetrahydrocannabinolTKBS traditional knowledge-based systemsWHO World Health Organization

http://taylorandfrancis.com

PREFACE

Humans are dependent on plants for their food, medicines, clothes, fuel and several other needs. Although the bond between plants and humans is very intense in several ‘primitive’ cultures throughout the world, one should not come to the sudden and wrong conclusion that post-industrial modern soci-eties have broken this intimate bond and interrelationship between plants and people. Rather than plants being dominant as in the ‘primitive’ societ-ies, man has become more and more dominant over plants after the indus-trial revolution, leading to over-exploitation of plants, and resulting in a maladapted ecological relationship between the two. Hence a study of the relationships between plants and people—ethnobotany—and, thus, between plant sciences and social sciences, is central to correctly place humanity in the earth’s environment. Because ethnobotany rightly bridges both of these perspectives, it is always held as a synthetic scientific discipline that bridges science and humanity.

Most people tend to think that ethnobotany, a word introduced by Harshberger in 1896, is a study of plants used by ‘primitive’ cultures in ‘exotic’ locations of the world, far removed from the mainstream. People also think wrongly that ethnobotany deals only with non-industrialized, non-urbanized and ‘non-cultured’ societies of the world. Ethnobotany, in fact, studies plant-human interrelationships among all peoples. However, since indigenous non-Westernized societies form the vast majority of people now as well as in the past a study of their interrelationships with people becomes important. Tens of thousands of human cultures have existed in the past and a number of them persist even today. They contain the knowledge system and wisdom about the adaptations with nature, par-ticularly with plants, for their successful sustenance. Thus, ethnobotanical information is vital for the successful continuance of human life on this planet.

Ethnobotany is of instant use in two very important respects: (i) provid-ing vital ecological knowledge, and (ii) acting as a source for economically useful plants. The first will help us to find solutions to the increasing environ-mental degradation and the consequent threat to our biodiversity. In indig-enous societies, biodiversity is related to cultural diversity and, hence, any

threat to biodiversity would lead to erosion of cultural diversity. Indigenous cultures are not only repositories of past experiences and knowledge but also form the frameworks for future adaptations. Ethnic knowledge on eco-nomically useful plants has resulted in detailed studies on bioprospection for newer sources of food, nutraceuticals, medicines and other novel materials of human use. Bioprospecting has resulted in intense research on reverse pharmacology and pharmacognosy. This has given rise to attendant prob-lems relating to intellectual property rights, patenting and the sharing of the benefits with the traditional societies who owned the knowledge. This has also resulted in efforts to seriously document all types of traditional knowl-edge of the different cultures of the world and to formalize the methods and terms of sharing this traditional knowledge. It has also made us to know not only what plants people in different cultures use and how they use them, but also why they use them. In addition it helps us to know the biological, sociological and cultural roles of plants important in human adaptations to particular environmental conditions that prevailed in the past, and may pre-vail in future.

This series of the five edited volumes on ethnobotany of different regions of India tries to bring together all the available ethnobotanical knowledge in one place. India is one of the most important regions of the Old World which has some of the very ancient and culturally rich diverse knowledge systems in the world. Competent authors have been selected to summarize information on the various aspects of ethnobotany of India, such as eth-noecology, traditional agriculture, cognitive ethnobotany, material sources, traditional pharmacognosy, ethnoconservation strategies, bioprospection of ethnodirected knowledge, and documentation and protection of ethnobotani-cal knowledge.

The first volume was on Eastern Ghats and Adjacent Deccan Region of Peninsular India, while the second one is on Western Ghats and Western Peninsular India. Third volume is on North-East India and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, one of the hot spots of biodiversity. The fourth volume is on Western and Central Himalayas. And the fifth volume is on The Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India. Published information is summarized on different aspects. Our intention is that the information contained in this volume may lead in the future to discovery many new drugs, nutra-ceuticals, novel molecules, and other useful products for the benefit of mankind.

xii Preface

Preface xiii

Since it is a voluminous subject we might have not covered the entire gamut but we have tried to put together as much information as possible. Readers are requested to give their suggestions for improvement of future volumes in this series.

http://taylorandfrancis.com

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to express our grateful thanks to all the authors who have contrib-uted their chapters. We thank them for their cooperation and erudition. We also thank several colleagues for their help in many ways and for their sug-gestions from time to time during the evolution of this volume.

We wish to express our appreciation and help rendered by Ms. Sandra Jones Sickels and her staff at Apple Academic Press. Above all, their profes-sionalism that has made this book a reality is greatly appreciated.

We thank Mr. John Adams, Senior Research Fellow of Prof. K. V. Krishnamurthy for his help in many ways.

We wish to express our grateful thanks to our respective family members for their cooperation.

We hope that this book will help our fellow teachers and researchers who enter the world of the fascinating subject of ethnobotany in India with confidence.

—Editors

Ethnobotany of India 5-volume SeriesEditors: T. Pullaiah, PhD, K. V. Krishnamurthy, PhD, and Bir Bahadur, PhD

Volume 1: Eastern Ghats and DeccanVolume 2: Western Ghats and West Coast of Peninsular IndiaVolume 3: North-East India and the Andaman and Nicobar IslandsVolume 4: Western and Central HimalayasVolume 5: The Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India

ABOUT THE EDITORS

T. Pullaiah, PhDFormer Professor, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh, India

T. Pullaiah, PhD, is a former Professor at the Department of Botany at Sri Krishnadevaraya University in Andhra Pradesh, India, where he has taught for more than 35 years. He has held several positions at the univer-sity, including Dean, Faculty of Biosciences, Head of the Department of Botany, Head of the Department of Biotechnology, and Member, Academic Senate. He was President of the Indian Botanical Society (2014), President of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (2013), and Fellow of the Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences. He was awarded the Panchanan Maheswari Gold Medal, the Dr. G. Panigrahi Memorial Lecture Award of the Indian Botanical Society, the Prof. Y. D. Tyagi Gold Medal of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy, and a Best Teacher Award from Government of Andhra Pradesh. He has authored 45 books, edited 15 books, and published over 300 research papers, including reviews and book chap-ters. His books include Flora of Eastern Ghats (4 volumes), Flora of Andhra Pradesh (5 volumes), Flora of Telangana (3 volumes), Encyclopedia of World Medicinal Plants (5 volumes), and Encyclopedia of Herbal Antioxidants (3 volumes). He was also a member of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Professor Pullaiah received his PhD from Andhra University, India, attended Moscow State University, Russia, and worked as postdoctoral fellow during 1976–78.

K. V. Krishnamurthy, PhDFormer Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India

K. V. Krishnamurthy, PhD, is a former Professor and Head of Department, Plant Sciences at Bharathidasan University in Tiruchirappalli, India, and is at present a consultant at Sami Labs Ltd., Bangalore. He obtained his PhD

xviii About the Editors

degree from Madras University, India, and has taught many undergraduate, postgraduate, MPhil, and PhD students. He has over 48 years of teaching and research experience, and his major research areas include plant mor-phology and morphogenesis, biodiversity, floristic and reproductive ecol-ogy, and cytochemistry. He has published more than 170 research papers and 21 books, operated 16 major research projects funded by various agencies, and guided 32 PhD and more than 50 MPhil scholars. His important books include Methods in Cell Wall Cytochemistry, Textbook of Biodiversity, and From Flower to Fruit. One of his important research projects pertains to a detailed study of the Shervaroy Hills, which form a major hill region in the southern Eastern Ghats, and seven of his PhD scholars have done research work on various aspects of Eastern Ghats. He has won several awards and honors that include the Hira Lal Chakravarthy Award (1984) from the Indian Science Congress; Fulbright Visiting Professorship at the University of Colorado, USA (1993); Best Environmental Scientist Award of Tamil Nadu state (1998); the V. V. Sivarajan Award of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy (1998); and the Prof. V. Puri Award from the Indian Botanical Society (2006). He is a fellow of the Linnaean Society, London; National Academy of Sciences, India; and Indian Association of Angiosperm Taxonomy.

Bir Bahadur, PhDFormer Professor, Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India

Bir Bahadur, PhD, was Chairman and Head of the Department, and Dean of the Faculty of Science at Kakatiya University in Warangal, India, and has also taught at Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. During his long academic career, he was honored with the Best Teacher Award by Andhra Pradesh State Government for mentoring thousands of graduates and post-graduate students, including 30 PhDs, most of whom went onto occupy high positions at various universities and research organizations in India and abroad. Dr. Bahadur has been the recipient of many awards and honors, including the Vishwambhar Puri Medal from the Indian Botanical Society for his research contributions in various aspects of plant Sciences. He has published over 200 research papers and reviews and has authored or edited dozen books, including Plant Biology and Biotechnology and Jatropha,

About the Editors xix

Challenges for New Energy Crop, both published in two volumes each by Springer Publishers. Dr. Bahadur is listed as an Eminent Botanist of India, the Bharath Jyoti Award, New Delhi, for his sustained academic and research career at New Delhi and elsewhere. Long active in his field, he is a member of over dozen professional bodies in India and abroad, including Fellow of the Linnean Society (London); Chartered Biologist Fellow of the Institute of Biology (London); Member of the New York Academy of Sciences; and a Royal Society Bursar. He was also honored with an Honorary Fellowship of Birmingham University (UK). Presently he is an Independent Director of Sri Biotech Laboratories India Ltd, Hyderabad, India.

http://taylorandfrancis.com

CHAPTER 1

CONTENTS

Abstract .........................................................................................................11.1 The Study Region ................................................................................21.2 Ethnic Diversity ...................................................................................41.3 Ethnic Traditional Knowledge of Plants ..............................................51.4 Ethnoconservation ................................................................................8Keywords ......................................................................................................8References .....................................................................................................8

ABSTRACT

This introductory chapter deals with the scope of this volume. It gives a general account on the Western and Central Himalayas (covering the States of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), particularly the physical location, geology, climate and vegetation. It also introduces the other chapters of this volume which are related to the ethnic diversity, various

INTRODUCTION

BIR BAHADUR1, K. V. KRISHNAMURTHY2, and T. PULLAIAH3

1Department of Botany, Kakatiya University, Warangal – 505009, India

2Consultant, R&D, Sami Labs, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore – 560058, Karnataka, India

3Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur – 515003, A.P., India, E-mail: pullaiah.thammineni@gmail.com

2 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 4

aspects of ethno-traditional knowledge systems and ethnic conservation strategies.

1.1 THE STUDY REGION

The Indian subcontinent of Asia consists of the Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic plains, Peninsular India with its uplands and plateaus and the Narrow coastal plains along the seaboards (Valdiya, 2010). The Himalayas form the mountainous province that girdles the northern border of India. It is a struc-turally, lithologically, physiographically and evolutionarily distinct prov-ince that separates India from the rest of Eurasia. The composite Himalayas comprises the Kirthar and the Sulaiman mountain chains in the west, the main Himalayas in the center and the Patkai-Naga-Arakan-Yoma mountain ranges in the east. The Himalayas forms a 2,400 km long and 300–400 km wide region and embodies four physiographically different terrenes: the Siwalik, the Himachal (Lesser Himalayas), the Himadri (Greater Himalayas) and the Tethys Himalayas. The Siwalik Terrane abruptly rises above the almost flat Indo-Gangetic plains, is about 250 to 800 m. height and forms the southern front of Himalayas. It is mainly made up of the sedi-mentary deposits by ancient Himalayan rivers in the last 16 to 1.5 million years. The Siwalik is often broken by south-facing scarps and show long, and flat stretches called Duns.

Lying north of Siwalik is the outer Lesser Himalayas or Himachal which consists of Pir Panjal-Dhauladhar-Mussorie-Nainital-Mahabharat Ranges (generally more than 2,000 m high). North of these in the central sector (Kumaun and Nepal) is the Middle Lesser Himalayas (600–2,000 m high). The valleys of the rivers like Ravi, Sutlej, Yamuna, Ganga, Kali, Karnali, Kandaki, Kosi, Arun and Subansiri (most of these rivers are older than the regions which they cross) are characterized by deep gorges and defiles (Valdiya, 2010). The rocks of Lesser Himalayas are Precambrian and are more than 540 million years of age; these are often found along with volca-nic and sedimentary rocks.

The Himadri or Greater Himalayas is perennially snow-capped and extremely rugged (with a height from 3,000 to 8,000 m). There are many mountain peaks such as Nanga Parbat (8,126 m), Nun-Kum (7,817 m), Daulagiri (8,172 m), Sagarmatha or Everest (8,848 m), Kanchanjungha (8,598 m) and Namcha Barwa (7,756 m). This region of Himalayas is made up of high-grade metamorphic rocks and gneissic granites.

Introduction 3

Beyond Himadri is the Tethys Himalayas which has sedimentary rocks of late Precambrian (more than 600 million years old) to the Cretaceous and Eocene (95–45 million years old). It is a cold desert and is without vegeta-tion. This Himalayan region ends up against the zone of collision of India with Asia, which is a 50–60 km wide zone of continental junction (3600–5000 m high). North of this is Tibet plateau. This Himalayan zone, also called Trans-Himalayas, makes up the Ladakh-Kailas-Gangadese ranges (Valdiya, 2010).

The states of India included in this study region (Western and Central Himalayas) are Jammu & Kashmir (incl. Ladakh), Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The average height of mountains in this region ranges between 3000 and 4000 m.

The annual precipitation in the study region ranges from 500 to around 1200 mm, of which about 50% is received in the form of snow during winter. Thus, when compared to Eastern Himalayas, this region receives low rainfall, but with high solar radiation. The mean temperature during winter is around –2°C to –8°C while maximum temperature during summer is around 32°C. The relative humidity ranges from 40 to 90%.

Although much less diverse than Eastern Himalayas, this region has a fairly rich vegetation. The areal extent of forest cover (in Km2) in Trans-Himalayas did not change between 1930 when it was 1695 and 2013 when it was again around 1695. In Western-Himalaya in 1930 it was around 52,166 but in 2013 it was reduced to 43,982. For Jammu and Kashmir the forest cover was 28,986 in 1930 but was only 18,662 in 2013, in Himachal Pradesh it was 14,762 in 1930 but 14,354 in 2013 while in Uttarakhand it was 24,729 in 1930 but 19,292 in 2013 (Sudhakar Reddy et al., 2016). The characteristic features of this vegetation are the dominance of vast and gregarious conifer forests of chir, blue pine, deodar and fir with patches of dry Juniper forests. However, the vegetation varies due to different climatic features. The vegetation is primarily arboreal except in the alpine zones, and has forests, meadows, marshes, swamps, etc. There are cultivated areas that range from 14–20% of the total land area. The vegetation is classified into three basic categories: Tropical, Temperate and Alpine. The tropical vegetation may be Evergreen, Semi-evergreen, Deciduous, or Savanna for-ests and Grasslands. The temperate vegetation occurs at 1200–3000 m and may be either Moist Temperate or Dry Temperate. These two are mainly made of conifers, although species of hardwoods such as Shorea, Acer, Fraxinus, Ilex, Buxus, Aesculus, Myrica, Corylus, Juglans, Rhus, Ulmus, Cornus, Viburnum and Rhododendron also occur. The poor ground flora

4 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 4

includes species of Abelia, Berberis, Coriaria, Cotoneaster, Daphne, Inula, Rubus, Myrsine, Spiraea, etc. The Alpine vegetation occurs at a height of 3,000 to 3,400 m. and is made up mainly of dwarf shrubs and herbs such as Betula, Cupressus, Berberis, Rosa, Sorbus, Anemone, Gentiana, Potentilla, Saussurea, Saxifraga, Agrostis, Bromus, Festuca, Poa, Stipa, etc.

About 4,000 to 5,000 species of vascular plants have been reported from this region. The Kashmir Himalayas of the Pir Panjal range (including the Trans-Himalayan Ladakh) alone has about 2,000 species (Dhar et al., 2012), which make up around 12% of total Indian Angiosperms. Here alone, there are 153 endemic plant taxa (3% of Indian endemics), although earlier only 54 taxa were reported (Dhar et al., 2012). Important species of endemic category belong to the following genera: Gentiana, Potentilla, Astragalus, Berberis, Corydalis, Festuca, and Pseudomertensia. The above authors have also reported the presence of 45 threatened taxa belonging to various RET categories. These include nearly 80 orchids and the eight Ashtavarga plants (essentially because of trade but also because of annual burning of grassland and cutting of grasses) (see Chapter 6 for more details). The other most important endangered species include Gentiana kurroo, Meconopsis acu-leata (blue poppy), Podophyllum hexandrum, Rheum australe, Dioscorea deltoidea, Aconitum heterophyllum, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Rhododendron cam-panulatum, etc. Three biosphere reserves (Dachigam in Jammu & Kashmir; Salamynala in Himachal Pradesh Valley of Flowers in Uttarakhand) and one National Park (Corbett National park) are located in the study region.

1.2 ETHNIC DIVERSITY

India is known for its remarkable ethnic diversity with about 427 tribal communities of about 65 million people (Singh, 1993, Vinodkumar, 2002), although others speak of about 4635 well-defined ethnic groups under 532 tribes. This remarkable diversity is due to India’s geographical loca-tion at the tri-junction of the African, Eurasian and Oriental realms. Its great variety of environmental regimes and enormous biodiversity (plants and animals) attracted human inflow of different ethnic stocks, cultures and languages into the country starting from around 70,000 years ago. This W. Himalayan region formed an important entry point for such human inflows from central India and Eastern Europe. These inflows included the Indo-Europeans, Greeks, Sakas, Kushans, Huns and Arabs. The human population

Introduction 5

present in the study region may roughly be categorized into four major eth-nic groups recognized for India as a whole: Australoid, Negrito, Mongoloid and Caucasoid (Kashyap et al., 2003), although Negriod group is very rarely seen. The main language groups are Tibeto-Burman, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic (Majundar, 2001) and Indo-European (Gadgil et al., 1998).

Western and Central Himalayan regions of India form important areas of ethnic diversity in India. Mamta Sharma and Sood have provided a detailed account on the ethnic diversity of these two Himalayan regions. Their account shows how very rich ethnic traditional knowledge of this area is contributed by the different tribes.

1.3 ETHNIC TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF PLANTS

Traditional knowledge systems include all kinds of knowledge relating to subsistence production systems, ecosystems, logics of subsistence, tradi-tionally used plants in food, medicine and other human needs, methods of socialization, education, self-governance and community decision mak-ing, etc. It is a pity that many of these systems of knowledge are not even recognized as knowledge but as superstitious and irrational belief systems. One should bear in mind that technical, social, organizational and cul-tural traditional knowledge was obtained as “a part of great experiment of survival and development” over several thousands of years and hence it should be regarded as constitutive of a full-fledged science in its own right. Since ethno-based bioprospection has resulted in the discovery of new and novel food and medicinal plants, new biomolecules of importance in nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals, documentation and presentation of ethnic knowledge on plants (animals) of any region of the world would be an immense service to the human kind (Cotton, 1997; Krishnamurthy, 2003).

Food forms the very stuff of life of humans (as well as of other animals). Although initially hunted and collected from wild, most food was gradually collected from select plants that were domesticated and cultivated and from select animals that were subject to animal husbandry. The traditional foods and food systems, though surviving in some traditional ethnic communities of the world, have been greatly corrupted and/or replaced by alien foods/food systems due to increased globalization and homogenization; this is in spite of the fact that the traditional foods and food preparations cover the full

6 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 4

spectrum of life that the modern foods do not. Moreover, traditional foods/food systems have been developed based on locally available food plants and local environmental/climatic and cultural conditions over the past sev-eral hundreds of years when ethnic people were living in close association with nature. An impressive array of traditional food species and food prepa-rations are available and these should be documented before they vanish; if anything happens to the modern food systems and their source plants (and animals) we have no other option except to look back into our traditional food sources. In Chapter 3 of this volume Basant Ballabh discusses the eth-nic food plants and food preparations of Western and Central Himalayas. This account provides some very interesting food preparations which were not well known in other parts of India.

India is known for its very rich traditional medical knowledge. Both codified and non-codified medical systems were already well developed (Bahadur et al., 2007) and the physical and therapeutic bases of such sys-tems were also very well established. The sources of drugs/medicines for all human ailments (all ailments known in modern humans were almost known to ancient Indian Vaidyas, although in different terminologies) came from plants, animals and minerals formed around them. More than 8,000 species of plants were known to be used (Murthy et al., 2008) and different kinds of drug/medicine preparations were in vogue. These were not only thera-peutically very effective but were also devoid of any major side effects. The Indian Himalayan region, particularly the Western and Central Himalayan region, has a very rich biodiversity, particularly medicinal plants diver-sity. In the Himalayan medicinal system there are more than 1,800 plants (Agarwal, 2011) of which more than three-fourths are found in Western and Central Himalayas. In chapters 4 and 5 Harsh Singh and Veena Dixit, and Basant Ballabh et al. respectively deal with ethnomedicinal plants of sub-alpine and alpine regions of Uttarakhand Himalaya, and Ethnomedicinal plants of Western and Central Himalayas. Both have provided an exhaustive list of medical plants, the parts used and the ailment for which they are used. This rich phytodiversity of medicinal importance is obviously the outcome of a very rich ethnodiversity.

Western Himalayan region is also a home for the evolution of Ayurvedic system of medicine especially that is related to the Rasayanas that deal with systematic rejuvenation. It is intended to arrest the decay of the system, to restore youth and to ensure long life with health and intelligence. One of the very important components of Ayurvedic Rasayana is the Ashtavarga, a

Introduction 7

group of eight plants whose underground parts are used in rejuvenation med-icine. The Ashtavarga plants were all W. Himalayan in distribution, although one or two of them are also found in E. Himalayas. A detailed review on Ashtavarga plants is given in Chapter 6 of this book by John Adams et al.

The western Himalaya and the subjacent Indus Plain is considered by many as the region where Aryans lived and flourished. It is also consid-ered as the region where the four Vedas as well as Ayurveda were created and practiced. The first of the four Vedas, the Rig Veda, as well as Atharva Veda make frequent references to the Soma which not only denoted a deity but also a plant (or plants). The latter was (were) the source of soma rasa, the divine extract, often used for sacrifice and consumption during Yagnas and rituals. Soma rasa was considered to produce a hallucinogenic effect under whose influence, it is believed, that vedic hymns were created and chanted as well as “vedic Shamanism” was practiced. The exact identity of the soma plant is still debated although some taxa have been suggested. In Chapter 7 of this volume Krishnamurthy and Bir Bahadur discuss the pos-sible relationship of the soma to the psychoactive plants known from the “soma land” which roughly corresponds to the Kashmir Himalayas and its adjacent regions north of Kashmir.

India is blessed with a very rich stock of domesticated animals and local breeds. There are about 30 indigenous cattle breeds, 12 buffalo breeds, 20 goat breeds, 40 sheep breeds, 6 horse breeds, 3 pig breeds, and about 20 breeds of poultry (Aruna Kumara and Anand, 2006). Most breeding were done by the tribal communities, who besides breeding, spent much attention on maintenance of such breeds as well as preventing and curing their dis-eases. Thus, ethnoveterinary medicine in India is as old as the domestication of animals. More than 250 diseases have been reported and ethnic people have, by trial and error identified several plants to prevent and cure them. W. Himalaya has a rich domesticated animals diversity and it specifically includes varieties of wool-yielding sheep, draft mules and horses, and yak. Pullaiah et al. have dealt with in detail the ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of the study region covered in this volume in Chapter 8.

Plants provide a vast array of products other than food and medicine. Many of these are exploited from wild plants, while a number of them are from cultivated sources. Ethnic communities around the world, have been exploiting wild plants for timber, fuel, shelter, fiber, dyes, tannin, gums, resins, ornamental and many other purposes. Much of this information is poorly documented particularly for the different Himalayan regions where a

8 Ethnobotany of India, Volume 4

number of ancient tribal communities live. In Chapter 9, Rajasekaran et al. have provided a detailed account on the traditionally used plants of Western and Central Himalayas for purposes other than food and medicine.

1.4 ETHNOCONSERVATION

There are many reasons as to why ethnic knowledge on plants is to be con-served. The most important reason is that it provides for human need and benefits that are cultural, social/cognitive and/or utilitarian. However, it is to be stressed here that the ethnic communities themselves realized these values of biodiversity and developed sustainable and effective conservation strategies to conserve it. Chapters 10 and 11 by Rajasekaran et al. and Negi, respectively, deal with the various ethnoconservation strategies developed by the various ethnic tribes of Western and Central Himalayas.

KEYWORDS

• Central Himalayas

• ethnic diversity

• ethno-traditional knowledge systems

• ethnoconservation strategies

• Western Himalayas

REFERENCES

1. Agarwall, D. P. (2011). Traditional Knowledge Systems: Culture, Ecology, and ways of Knowing. Multiversity and Citizens International, Penang, Malaysia. pp. 1–50.

2. Aruna Kumara, V. K., & Anand, A. S. (2006). An Initiative towards the conservation and development of Indian cattle breeds. In: Balasubramanian, A. V., & Nirmala Devi, T. D. (eds.) Traditional Knowledge Systems of India and Sri Lanka. Centre for Indian Knowl-edge Systems, Chennai, India. pp. 104–113.

3. Bahadur, B., Janardhan Reddy, K., & Rao, M. L. N. (2007). Medicinal Plants: An overview. In: Janardhan Reddy, K., Bahadur, B., Rao, M. L. N., & Bhadraiah, B. (Eds.) Advances in Medicinal Plants. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India.

4. Cotton, C. M. (1997). Ethnobotany. Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Introduction 9

5. Dhar, G. H., Khuroo, A. A., & Aman, N. (2012). Endemism in the Angiosperm flora of Kashmir Valley, India: Stocktaking. In: Maiti, G., & Mukherjee, S. K. (Eds.) Multidisciplinary Approaches in Angiosperm Systematics. Vol. 2. Univ. Kalyani, Kalyani, W. Bengal, India. pp. 502–516.

6. Gadgil, l. M., Joshi, N., Manoharan, S., Patil, S., & Prasad, U. V. S. (1998). Peopling of India. In: Balasubramanian, D., & Appa Rao, N. (Eds.) The Human Heritage. Universities Press, Hyderabad, India. pp. 100–129.

7. Kashyap, V. K., Sarkar, N., Sahoo, S., Sarkar, B. N., & Trivedi, R. (2003). Genetic variation at fifteen microsatellite loci in human Populations. Curr. Sci. 85, 464–473.

8. Krishnamurthy, K. V. (2003). Textbook of Biodiversity. Science Publishers. 9. Majumdar, P. P. (2001). Ethnic populations of India as seen from an evolutionary

perspective. J. Biosci. 26, 533–545. 10. Murthy, G. V. S., Benjamin, J. H. F., & Bahadur, B. (2008). Medicinal Plants of Andhra

Pradesh. Proc. A. P. Akademi of Sciences. Special Issue on Plant Wealth of Andhra Pradesh 12, 120–137.

11. Singh, K. S. (1993). Peoples of India (1985–92). Curr. Sci. 64, 1–10. 12. Sudhakar Reddy, C., Jha, C. S., Dadhwal, V. K., & Diwakar, P. G. (2016). Quantification

and monitoring of deforestation in India over eight decades (1930–2013). Biodiversity and Conservation 25(1), 93–116.

13. Valdiya, K. S. (2010). The making of India. Geodyamic Evolution. MacMillan Publishers India Ltd., New Delhi, India.

14. Vinodkumar (2007). Sustainable development perspectives of Eastern Ghats-Orissa. pp. 558–575. In: Proc. Natl. Sem. Conserv. Eastern Ghats. ENVIS Center, EPTRI, Hyderabad, India.

Introduction Agarwall, D. P. (2011). Traditional Knowledge Systems: Culture, Ecology, and ways of Knowing(pp. 1–50). Penang, Malaysia: Multiversity and Citizens International. Aruna Kumara, V. K. & Anand, A. S. (2006). An Initiative towards the conservation anddevelopment of Indian cattle breeds. In A. V. Balasubramanian & T. D. Nirmala Devi (Eds.),Traditional Knowledge Systems of India and Sri Lanka (pp. 104–113). Chennai, India: Centrefor Indian Knowledge Systems. Bahadur, B. , Janardhan Reddy, K. , & Rao, M. L. N. (2007). Medicinal Plants: An overview. InK. Janardhan Reddy , B. Bahadur , M. L. N. Rao , & B. Bhadraiah (Eds.), Advances inMedicinal Plants. India: Universities Press, Hyderabad. Cotton, C. M. (1997). Ethnobotany. Chichester: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. Dhar, G. H., Khuroo, A. A. , & Aman, N. (2012). Endemism in the Angiosperm flora of KashmirValley, India: Stocktaking. In: Maiti, G. , & Mukherjee, S. K. (Eds.) Multidisciplinary Approachesin Angiosperm Systematics. Vol. 2. Univ. Kalyani, Kalyani, W. Bengal, India. pp. 502-516. Gadgil, l. M. , Joshi, N. , Manoharan, S. , Patil, S. , & Prasad, U. V. S. , (1998). Peopling ofIndia. In D. Balasubramanian & N. Appa Rao (Eds.), The Human Heritage (pp. 100–129).Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. Kashyap, V. K. , Sarkar, N. , Sahoo, S. , Sarkar, B. N. , & Trivedi, R. (2003). Genetic variationat fifteen microsatellite loci in human Populations. Curr. Sci. , 85 , 464–473. Krishnamurthy, K. V. (2003). Textbook of Biodiversity. Science Publishers. Majumdar, P. P. (2001). Ethnic populations of India as seen from an evolutionary perspective.J. Biosci. , 26 , 533–545. Murthy, G. V. S. , Benjamin, J. H. F. , & Bahadur, B. (2008). Medicinal Plants of AndhraPradesh. Proc. A. P. Akademi of Sciences . Special Issue on Plant Wealth of Andhra Pradesh , 12 , 120–137. Singh, K. S. (1993). Peoples of India (1985-92). Curr. Sci. , 64 , 1–10. Sudhakar Reddy, C. , Jha, C. S. , Dadhwal, V. K. , & Diwakar, P. G. (2016). Quantification andmonitoring of deforestation in India over eight decades (1930-2013). Biodiversity andConservation , 25 (1), 93–116. Valdiya, K. S. (2010). The making of India. New Delhi, India: Geodyamic Evolution. MacMillanPublishers India Ltd.. Vinodkumar (2007). Sustainable development perspectives of Eastern Ghats-Orissa. pp. 558-575. In: Proc. Natl. Sem. Conserv. Eastern Ghats. ENVIS Center, EPTRI, Hyderabad, India.

Ethnic Diversity in Central and Western Himalaya Banerji, G. , & Pragnya, M. F. (2016). Protection of Cultural diversity in the Himalayas. Abackground paper for a workshop on addressing regional disparities: Inclusive and Culturallyattuned development for the Himalayas. http://www.pragya.org/doc/ Cultural-diversity.pdf.Accessed on 17th June 2016. BBC. (2005). Himalayan Glaciers Melting Fast. [Updated 14 March, 2005; cited 29 October2007]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4346211.stm Gadgil, M. , Berkes, F. , & Folke, C. (1993). Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation.Ambio . 22 , 151-156. Galla, A. (2002). Culture and Heritage in Development: Ha Long Eco museum, A Case Studyfrom Vietnam. Humanities Research , 9 (1), 1–13. Hasnain, S. I. (2000). Status of the Glacier Research in the HKH region. Kathmandu, Nepal:ICIMOD. Jain, S. K. & Sharma, P. P. (2000). A review of the parallel or unique indigenous uses of 25plants in India and some African countries. Ethnobotany , 12 , 51–55. Kurin, R. (1991). Cultural conservation through representation: Festival of India folklifeexhibitions at the Smithsonian Institution. In I. Karp & S. D. Lavine (Eds.), Exhibiting cultures:The poetics and politics of museum display. Washington and London: Smithsonian InstitutionPress.

Peterson, R. D. (1996). Extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods and urban clime. SocialForces, 75(2), 619616. Sahoo, A. K. , Pal, D. C. , & Goel, A. K. (2013). A Glimpse of the tribal and ethnobotanicaldiversity in India. Ethnobotany , 25 , 47–55. UNESCO, meeting in Paris, 29 Sept.-17 Oct., 2003, at its 32nd session. WWF-Nepal. (2005). An Overview of Glaciers, Glacial Retreat and Subsequent Impacts inNepal, India and China. WWF. pp. 1-2. Wake, C. (2000). Himalayan Glaciers and Climate Change. Trekking and Climbing In Nepal: 25Adventure Treks in The Mighty Himalaya. New Holland, London. pp. 140-141. https://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/2002/env/236.pdf https://www.museumsnett.no/alias/HJEMMESIDE/icme/icme2003/kredler.html https://www.isec.org.uk/articles/breaking.html https://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0105/01050140.htm https://www.grain.org/seedling/?id=393 https://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/training/country_report_pdf/08_09/country_report_india.pdf https://www.banffcenter.ca/mountainculture/newsletter/pdf/peak_march03.pdf https://www.le.ac.uk/ge/maj4/himalayas.html https://www.digitalhimalaya.com/projectteam/turin/downloads/Jetwork_languages.pdf https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/hjs/pdf/HJS_04_06.pdf 12

Ethnic Food Plants and Ethnic Food Preparation in Western andCentral Himalayas Abrol BK , Chopra IC . Some vegetable resources of Ladakh. Curr. Sci. 1962;31:324–325. Angchok D , Dwivedi SK , Ahmed Z . Traditional foods and beverages of Ladakh. Indian J.Trad. Knowl. 2009;8(4):551–558. Anonymous . (1994). Ethnobiology in India: a status report. Ministry of Environment and Forest,Govt. of India. Ballabh B , Chaurasia OP . Ethnobotanical studies on Boto tribe in Ladakh. Ethnobotany.2006;18:87–95. Ballabh B , Chaurasia OP , Ahmed Z . Herbal products from medicinal plants of LadakhHimalaya. Curr. Sci. 2007;92:1644–1645. Ballabh B , Chaurasia OP , Pande PC , Ahmed Z . Raw edible plants of cold deserts of Ladakh.Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 2007;6(1):182–184. Ballabha R , Rawat DS , Tiwari JK , Tiwari P , Gairola A . Wild edible plant resources of theLohba Range of Kedarnath Forest Division (KFD), Garhwal Himalaya. India. Inter. Res. J. Biol.Sci. 2013;2(11):65–73. Balodi B , Rao BR . Some wild edible medicinal plants used by the Adiva- sis of Garhwal andKumaun Himalaya. Annals Forestry. 1998;6:18–30. Bhargava KS . Unusual and supplementary food plants of Kumaon. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.1960;56:26–31. Bhatt KC , Sharma N , Pandey A . ‘Ladakhi tea’ Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): a cultivatedspecies in the cold desert of Ladakh Himalaya, India. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol.2009;56(6):879–882. Bhatt KC , Silas RA . Traditional beverages and their importance in the folk life of Bhotiyas inU.P. Himalaya. JOHSARD. 1989;13–14:56–62. Chandra K , Nautiyal BP , Nautiyal MC , Raj K . Ethno-botanical resources as supplementaryfoods and less known wild edible fruits in District Rudra- prayag, Uttarakhand. India. J. Hum.Ecol. 2013;42(3):259–271. Chauhan J , Negi AK , Rajshekharan A , Pala NA . Wild edible plants as emergingethnomedicines from the Kinnaur District in Himachal Pradesh. India. J Non Timb. For. Prod.2013;20(4):273–280. Chauhan J , Negi AK , Rajasekaran A , Pala NA . Wild edible macrofungi: A source ofsupplementary food in Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh. India. J Med. Pl. Stud.2014;2(1):40–44.

Chaurasia OP , Ahmed Z , Ballabh B . Ethnobotany and plants of Trans Himalaya. Delhi:Sathish Serial Publication Housing; 2007. Chaurasia, O. P. , Singh, N. , & Singh, B. (2000). Potential wild leafy vegetables from Ladakh.Ind. Hort. pp. 4–5 Dangwal LR , Singh T , Singh A . Exploration of wild edible plants used by Gujjar and Bakerwaltribes of District Rajouri (J&K). India. J. Applied and Natural Sci. 2014;6(1):164–169. Devi U , Thakur M . Exploration of ethnobotanical uses of some wild plants from cold desert ofHimachal Pradesh, Asian . J. Exp. Biol. Sci. 2011;2:362–366. Dhyani PP , Khali MP . Fruit yield and economics of Jelly and Jam production from fruits ofsome promising Ficus (Figs) tree crops. Ecol. Food Nutr. 1993;30:169–178. Dwivedi, S. K. , & Ahmed, Z. (2006). Seabuckthorn (Hippophae sp.) - a potential underutilizedfruit plant for cold arid India. Acta Hort., 769 Gairola Y , Biswas S . Bioprospecting in Garhwal Himalayas. Uttarakhand. Curr. Sci.2008;94(9):1139–1143. Gaur RD . Wild edible fruits of Garhwal Hills. J. Himal. Stud. Reg. Dev. 1977;1:66–70. Gaur RD . Flora of the District Garhwal. Northwest Himalaya. 1999;230–232. Gaur RD , Semwal JK . Some little known wild edibles of Garhwal Himalaya. Man & Environ.1983;7:161–165. Gupta PRK . Some unusual and interesting food plants of Garhwal Himalayas. JournalD’Agric.Tropicaleet de Botanique Appliquee. 1962;9(11–12):532–535. Joshi GC , Tewari KC . Wild edible plant diversity in Uttar Pradesh Himalaya. J. Econ. Taxon.Bot. 2000;24:433–443. Joshi HC , Arya SC , Samant SS . Diversity, distribution and indigenous uses of medicinal andedible plants in a part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 1. Himalaya Biosphere Reserves.1999;1:49–65. Kala CP . Prioritization of cultivated and wild edibles by local people in the Uttaranchal hills ofIndian Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 2007;6(1):239–244. Kalia P , Sharma A , Singh S , Singh Y . Locally adapted indigenous vegetables of HimachalPradesh and their role in alleviating poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Acta Hort.2007;752:239–424. Kaul MK , Bhatia AK , Atal CK . Ethnobotanic studies in north-west and trans Himalaya-conservation to the wild food plants of Ladakh. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 1985;6(3):523–527. Kaul MK , Sharma PK , Singh V . Ethnobotanical studies in North West and Trans Himalaya IV.Some traditionally tea substitute from JK State. Himal. Pl. J. 1987;4:23–28. Khan M , Hussain S . Diversity of wild edible plants and flowering phenology of District Poonch(J&K) in the Northwest Himalaya. Indian J. Sci. Res. 2014;9(1):32–38. Khan M , Kumar S , Ahmed H , Irshad & Koul, S. Wild edible plants of Sewa Catchment area inNorthwest Himalaya. J. Pl. Dev. Sci. 2009;1(1&2):1–7. Kumar LN , Ghosh D , Dwivedi SC , Singh B . Wild edible plants of Uttarakhand Himalaya: Apotential nutraceutical source. Res. J. Med. Pl. 2011;5:670–684. Kumar S , Hamal IA . Wild Edibles of Kishtwar High Altitude National Park in NorthwestHimalaya, Jammu and Kashmir (India). Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2009;13:195–202. Lone FA , Lone S , Aziz MA , Mala FA . Ethnobotanical studies in tribal areas of Kupwara. India.Int. J. Pharma & Biosci. 2012;3(4):399–411. Maikhuri RK , Nautiyal S , Rao KS , Semwal RL . Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants andwild edibles among three tribal sub communities of the Central Himalayas, India. IndigenousKnowledge and Development Monitor. 2000;8:7–13. Maikhuri RK , Rao KS , Saxena KG . Bioprospecting of wild edibles for rural development incentral Himalaya. Mt. Res. Dev. 2004;24:110–113. Maikhuri RK , Semwal RL , Singh A , Nautiyal MC . Wild fruits as a contribution to sustainablerural development: a case study from the Garhwal Himalaya. Inter. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol.2009;1(1):56–68. Mehta PS , Kumar D , Bhatt KC . Wild edible plant species for subsistence in Kumaon Himalayaand associated traditional knowledge. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. (Suppl.). 2006;30:340–352. Mehta PS , Negi KS , Ojha SN . Native Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Foods ofUttarakhand Himalaya. Indian. J. Nat. Prod. Resources. 2010;1(1):89–96. Mir MY . Documentation and ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by the tribals ofKupwara, J & K. India. Inter. J. Herb. Med. 2014;2(4):11–18.

Mishra S , Maikhuri RK , Kala CP , Rao KS , Saxena KG . Wild leafy vegetables: a study of theirsubsistence dietetic support to the inhabitants of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve. India. J.Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2008;4:15. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-4-15. Navchoo IA , Buth GM . Ethnobotany of Ladakh, India: Beverages, Narcotics. Food. Econ. Bot.1990;44(3):318–321. Negi, K. S. (1986). Edible wild plants of Garhwal Himalaya: An ethnobotanical survey. PhDthesis, Garhwal University, Srinagar Negi KS . Some little known wild edible plants of U.P. hills. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.1988;12(2):345–360. Negi CS . Socio-cultural and ethnobotanical value of a sacred forest, Thal Ke Dhar. CentralHimalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 2005;4(2):190–198. Negi KS , Gaur RD . A contribution to the edible wild fruits of Uttar Pradesh hills. Bull. Bot. Surv.India. 1991a;33:233–266. Negi, K. S. , & Gaur, R. D. (1991b). Little known endemic wild edible Allium sp. of U. P. hills.Mountain Res., & Dev. 11, 162–164 Negi, K. C. , & Gaur, R. D. (1994). Principal wild food plants of western Himalaya UttarPradesh, India. In: Gupta, B. K. (ed.). Higher Plants of Indian Subcontinent, Bishan SinghMahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun), 1–78 Negi PS , Subramani SP . Wild edible plant genetic resources for sustainable food security andlivelihood of Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh. India. Inter. J Conser. Sci. 2015;6(4):657–668. Paliwal GS , Badoni AK . Ethnobotany of hill tribes of Uttarkashi II: Wild Edible. Bull. Bot. Surv.India. 1988;30:111–119. Pande PC , Pangtey YPS . Studies on ethnobotany I. On some less known edible andeconomic ferns of Kumaon region of western Himalaya. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 1987;11(1):81–85. Pangtey YPS . Some wild edible fruit plants of Kumaon hills. In: Singh JS , Singh SP , Shastri C, editors. Science and rural development in mountains. Nainital: Gyano- daya Prakasan; 1980.p. 350–363. Pangtey YPS , Rawat GS , Kalakoti BS . Unusual and supplementary wild food plants ofKumaun. Himalaya Res. Dev. 1982;1:35–40. Pant S , Samant SS . Centre for Biodiversity Studies. School of Biosciences and Biotechnology,Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2010;14:193–217. Prasad P , Chauhan K , Kandari LS , Maikhuri RK , Purohit A , Bhatt RP , Rao KS . Morchellaesculenta (Guchhi): Need for scientific intervention for its cultivation in central Himalaya.Current Science. 2002;82(9):1098–1100. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar - I. The World Weeds.1997a;4:81–108. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar - II. The honey suckingplants - I. The World Weeds. 1997b;4:227–231. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar - III. The weeds II. The WorldWeeds. 1998a;5:1–19. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar - IV. The Ficus species II.The World Weeds. 1998b;5:91–100. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar (Western Himalayan) - VIII.The Shrubs. The World Weeds. 1998c;5:153–163. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar (Western Himalaya) - IX. TheMistletoes. The World Weeds. 1998d;5:177–178. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar (Western Himalaya) - V. TheTrees I. Advances in Plant Sci . Res. in India. 1999a;9:117–126. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar (Western Himalaya) -Uttaranchal. Indian Forester. 1999b;128(5):571–582. Pundir YPS , Singh D . Wild edible food plants of Jaunsar - Bawar (Western Himalaya) - V. TheTrees II. Advances in Plant Sci . Res. in India. 1999c;9:89–99. Rajasekaran A , Singh J . Ethnobotany of India horse chestnut (Aesculus indica) in Mandidistrict. Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 2009;8(2):285–286. Rana JC , Pradheep K , Chaurasia OP , Sood S , Sharma RM , Singh A , Negi R . Geneticresources of wild edible plants and their uses among tribal communities of cold arid region ofIndia. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2012;59:135–149.

Rashid A , Anand VK , Sarvar J . Less known wild edible plants used by the Gujjar tribe ofdistrict Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir State. India. Int. J. Bot. 2008;4(12):219–224. Rawat SM , Pant G , Sarla B , Negi YS , Badoni S . Biochemical investigation of some commonwild fruits in Garhwal Himalaya. Prog. Hort. 1994;26:35–40. Renfrew JM . Paleobotany: the Prehistoric Food Plants of the Near East and Europe. ColumbiaUniversity Press; 1963. Roy B , Kala CP , Farooquee NA , Majila BS . Indigenous fermented food and beverages: apotential for economic development of high altitude societies in Uttaranchal. J. Human Ecology.2004;15:45–49. Samant SS , Dhar U . Diversity, endemism and economic potential of wild edible plants ofIndian Himalaya. Int. J. Sust. Dev. World Ecol. 1997;4:179–191. Sarin YK . Survey of vegetable raw material resources of Lahaul. Indian Forester.1967;93(7):489–499. Savitri & Bhalla, T. C. Traditional food and beverages of Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad.Knowl. 2006;6(1):17–24. Sehgal, A. B. , & Sood, S. K. (2013). Nutritional Analysis of Edible Wild Fruit (Zizyphus jujubaMill.). used by rural populace of District Hamirpur, (H. P.), India IOSR J. Phar. Biol. Sci. 6(2),46–49 Shah NC . Black soybean: an ignored nutritious and medicinal food crop from the Kumaonregion of India. Asian Agri-History. 2006;10:33–42. Sharma M , Sood SK . Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Plants of District Solan, HimachalPradesh. India. Int. J. Environ. Biol. 2013;3(3):87–95. Sharma N , Singh A . An insight into traditional foods of North-western area of HimachalPradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 2012;11(1):58–65. Sharma P , Agnihotry A , Sharma PP , Sharma L . Wild edibles of Murari Devi and surroundingareas in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. India. Inter. J. Biod. Cons. 2013a;5(9):592–604. Sharma P , Patti P , Agnihotry A . Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of floristic diversityin Murari Devi and surrounding areas of Mandi district in Himachal Pradesh. India. Pak. J. Bio.Sci. 2013b;16(10):451–468. Sharma S , Gautam AK , Bhadauria R . Some Important Supplementary Food Plants and WildEdible Fungi of Upper Hilly Region of District Shimla (Himachal Pradesh), India. EthnobotanicalLeaflets. 2009;13:1020–1028. Singh B , Chaurasia OP , Ballabh B . Edible wild plants of Trans-Himalayan Cold Desert. In:Pande PC , Samant SS , editors. Plant Diversity of the Himalaya. Gyanodaya Prakashan,Nainital: Samant; 2001. p. 483–512. Singh HB , Arora RK . Wild Edible Plants of India. New Delhi: ICAR; 1978. Singh J , Rajshekharan A , Negi AK , Pala NA . Wild vegetable plants used by tribal people ofKinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh. India. Int. J. Usuf. Mngt. 2014;15(2):47–56. Singh PB . Wild edible plants of Mandi district in North-West Himalaya. In: Jain SK , editor.Ethnobiology in Human welfare. New Delhi: Deep Publ; 1996. p. 22–25. Singh R , Dwivedi SK , Raut B , Mishra SN . Ethnobotany of Hippophae ‘Seabuckthrn’ inLadakh. Ethnobotany. 2003;15:1–5. Singh V . Lesser Known Wild Edible Plants of Zanskar, (Ladakh) Himalaya. J. Econ. Taxon.Bot. 1997;21(1):175–178. Singh V . Cultural importance of the wild edible plants of Lolab valley of Kashmir Himalaya. J.Econ. Taxon. Bot. 2002;26(3):669–672. Sinha RK . Ethnobotany - the renaissance of traditional herbal medicines. Jaipur: Ina Shree;1996. Smith DB . The Independent domestication of Indigenous seed-bearing plants in Eastern NorthAmerica. Center for Archeological Research: Southern Illinois University, Occasional Papers;1986. p. 7. Srivastava TN . Wild edible plants of Jammu & Kashmir State: An Ethnobotanical Study.Ancient Sci. Life. 1988;7(3&4):201–206. Tiwari JK , Ballabhah R , Tiwari P . Some promising wild edible plants of Srinagar and itsadjacent. J. Amer. Sci. 2010;6(4):167–174. Upreti, K , Tewari, L. M. , Pangtey Y. P. S. , & Jalal, J. S. (2010). Diversity and distribution ofwild edible fruit plants of Uttarakhand. In: Tewari, L. M. , Pangtey, Y. P. S. , & Tewari, G. (eds.)Biodiversity potentials of the Himalaya. Nainital Gyanodaya Prakashan, pp. 157–196

Ethnomedicinal Plants of Subalpine and Alpine Region of UttarakhandHimalaya Adnan, M. , Ullah, I. , Tariq, A. , Murad, W. , Azizullah, A. , Khan, A. A. , & Ali, N. (2014).Ethnomedicine use in the war affected region of Northwest Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. , 10 , 16. Ahluwalia, K. S. (1965). Medicinal plants of Har-Ki-Dun. Tons Division, U.P: Nararjun.135-139. Anonymous (1989). The State of Forest Report 1989. Forest Survey of India. Dehradun:Government of India. Aumeeruddy, Y. S. J. P. (2003). Applied Ethnobotany; case studies from the Himalayan region.People and plants working paper 12. Godalming: WWF, 3–4. Bartwal, M. , Chandra, V. , & Rajwar, G. S. (2011). Ethnomedicinal plant diversity among theJaunsaries in Tons Valley, Uttarakhand. National Conference on Forest Biodiversity: Earth’sLiving Treasure, 22 May, pp. 109–114. Bisht, C. & Badoni, A. (2009). Distribution and indigenous uses of some medicinal plants indistrict Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand. India. Researcher , 1 (6), 38–40. Chandra, K. & Pandey, H. C. (1983). Collection of plants around Agora-Dodital in Uttarkashidistrict of U.P. with medicinal value and folk-lore claims. Intern. J. Crude Drug Res. , 21 ,21–28. Chauhan, R. S. , Nautiyal, B. P. , & Nautiyal, M. C. (2013). Trade of Threatened Himalayanmedicinal and aromatic plants: Socioeconomy, management and conservation issues inGarhwal Himalaya, India. Global J. Med. Res. Microbiol. Pathol. , 13 (2), 9–17. Dangwal, L. R. , Rana, C. S. , & Sharma, A. (2011). Ethno-medicinal plants from transitionalzone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour. , 2 (1), 116–120. Gangwar, K. , Deepali, K. , & Gangwar, R. S. (2010). Ethnomedicinal plant diversity in KumaunHimalaya of Uttarakhand. India. Nature and Science , 8 (5), 66–78. Gaur, R. D. (1999). Flora of the district Garhwal, North West Himalaya with EthnobotanicalNotes. India: Transmedia Srinagar (Garhwal), U.P. Gaur, R. D. , Semwal, J. K. , & Sharma, M. P. (1980). Ethnotoxic plants of Garhwal hills. TheEastern Anthopologist , 33 , 159–163. Gaur, R. D. , Semwal, J. K. , & Tiwari, J. K. (1983). A survey of high altitude medicinal plants ofGarhwal Himalayas. Bull. Med. Ethnobot. Res. , 4 , 674–686. Gaur, R. D. , Sharma, J. , & Painuli, R. M. (2010). Plants used in traditional healthcare oflivestock by Gujjar community. Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour , 1 (1), 243–248. Gorenflo, L. J. & Brandon, K. (2005). Agricultural capacity in high biodiversity forestecosystems. Ambio. , 34 , 199–204. Issar, R. K. (1981). Traditionally important medicinal plants and folk-lore of UttarakhandHimalayas for animal treatment. J. Sci. Res. Plants and Med, 2, 61-66. Jain, S. K. & Saklani, A. (1991). Observations on Ethno-botany of the Tons Valley Region ofUttarkashi District of North-West Himalayas. Mountain Res. Dev. , 11 , 177–183. Joshi, G. C. , Tewari, K. C. , & Tewari, V. P. (1995). Alpine environs around Kumaon andGrahwal in Central Himalaya India with special reference to herbal resources. Bull. Med.Ethnobot. Res. , 16 , 114–122. Kala, C. P. (2007). Local preferences of ethnobotanical species in the Indian Himalaya:Implications for environmental conservation. Curr. Sci. , 93 (12), 1828–1834. Kala, C. P. (2011). Medicinal plants used for dermatological disorders: a study of Uttarakhandstate in India. Austr. J. Medi. Herbalism. , 23 (3), 132–137. Kala, C. P. (2015). Medicinal and Aromatic plants of Tons watershed in Uttarakhand Himalaya.Appl. Ecol. and Environ Sci. , 3 (1), 16–21. Kehar, S. , Thakur, M. K. , Bawa, R. , Rainer, W. , & Bussmann . (2014). Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/946870. Khan, S. M. , Page, S. E. , Ahmad, H. , & Harper, D. M. (2013). Sustainable utilization andconservation of plant biodiversity in montane ecosystems: the western Himalayas as a casestudy. Ann. of Bot. , 1–23 , doi:10.1093/aob/mct125. Kumar, A. , Mitra, M. M. , Adhikari, B. S. , & Rawat, G. S. (2016). Flora of Niti valley: a cold aridregion of Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve, Western Himalaya. India. Checklist , 12 (1), 1–16. Kumari, P. , Joshi, G. C. , & Tewari, L. M. (2012). Indigenous uses of threatened ethno-medicinal plants used to cure different diseases by ethnic people of Almora district of Western

Himalaya. Int. J. Ayurvedic and Herbal Med. , 2 (4), 661–678. LaSorte, F. A. & Jetz, W. (2010). Projected range contractions of montane biodiversity underglobal warming. Proc. Roy. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. , 277 , 3401–3410. Malhotra, C. L. & Balodi, B. (1984). Wild medicinal plants in the use of Johari Tribals. J. Econ.Taxon Bot. , 5 , 841–843. Mondoni, A. , Probert, R. J. , Rossi, G. , Vegini, E. , & Hay, F. R. (2011). Seeds of alpine plantsare short lived: implications for long-term conservation. Annals of Botany. , 107 , 171–179. Mondoni, A. , Rossi, G. , Orsenigo, S. , & Probert, R. J. (2012). Climate warming could shift thetiming of seed germination in alpine plants. Annals of Botany , 110 , 155–164. Nautiyal, A. R. , Nautiyal, M. C. , & Purohit, A. N. (Eds.). (1997). Harvesting Herbs - 2000.Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Negi, C. S. (2010). Askote Conservation Landscape (Culture, Biodiversity and Economy).Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Paliwal, G. S. & Badoni, A. K. (1990). Ethnobotany of the hill tribes of Uttarkashi 1. MedicinalPlants. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 14 (2), 421–442. Pande, P. C. , Tiwari, L. , & Pande, H. C. (2006). Folk-medicine and aromatic plants ofUttaranchal. Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Pangtey, Y. P. S. , Samant, S. S. , & Rawat, G. S. (1989). Ethnobotanical notes on the Bhotiatribes of Kumaun. Indian J. Forestry. , 12 (3), 191–196. Phondani, P. C. , Maikhuri, R. K. , Rawat, L. S. , Farooquee, N. A. , Kala, C. P. , Vishvakarma,S. C. R. , Rao, K. S. , & Saxena, K. G. (2010). Ethnobotanical uses of plants among the BhotiyaTribal Communities of Niti Valley in Central Himalaya. India. Ethnobotany Research &Applications. , 8 , 233–244. Ratha, K. K. , Rungsung, W. , Dutta, S. , Joshi, G. C. , & Hazra, J. (2014). Some importantherbaceous medicinal flora of Alpine and Sub-Alpine ecosystem of Western Himalaya. Amer. J.Pharmand Health Res., 2(9). Ratha, K. K. , Joshi, G. C. , Rungsung, W. , & Hazra, J. (2015). Use pattern of high altitudemedicinal plants by Bhotiya tribe of Niti valley. Uttarakhand. World J. Pharm. Pharmaceuti. Sci., 4 (6), 1042–1061. Rawat, G. S. (2005). Alpine Meadows of Uttaranchal. Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh MahendraPal Singh. Rawat, G. S. & Pagtey, Y. P. S. (1987). A contribution to the ethnobotany of alpine regions ofKumaun. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 2 (1), 139–147. Sahni, K. C. & Raizada, M. B. (1957). Observations on the vegetation of Panch Chuli. IndianForester. , 81 , 3000–317. Samant, S. S. & Pal, M. (2003). Diversity and conservation status of medicinal plants inUttaranchal State. Indian Forester , 129 (9), 1090–108. Samant, S. S. & Pant, S. (2006). Diversity, distribution pattern and conservation status of theplants used in liver diseases/ailments in Indian Himalayan region. J. Mountain Sci. , 3 , 28–47. Satyal, G. S. , Samant, S. S. , & Kumar, K. (2002). Indigenous knowledge and Conservation ofmedicinal plants used by the Bhotia tribes in Kumaun Himalaya. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. WorldEcol. , 9 , 159–166. Semwal, D. P. , Saradhi, P. P. , Nautiyal, B. P. , & Bhatt, A. B. (2007). Current status,distribution and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants of Kedarnath WildlifeSanctuary, Central Himalayas. India. Curr. Sci. , 92 , 1733–1738. Semwal, J. K. & Gaur, R. D. (1981). Alpine flora of Tungnath in Garhwal Himalaya. J. BombayNat. Hist. Soc. , 78 , 498–512. Shah, N. C. & Joshi, M. C. (1971). An ethnobotanical study of the Kumaon Region of India.Econ. Bot. , 25 , 414–422. Singh, D. & Pundir, Y. P. S. (2004). Wild medicinal plants of Jaunsar-Bawar WesternHimalayas), Uttaranchal-1. Indian Forester. , 140 (12), 1259–1271. Singh, G. & Rawat, G. S. (2011). Ethnomedicinal survey of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary inWestern Himalaya, India. Indian J. Fundam. Appl Life Sci. , 1 (1), 2231–6345. Singh, H. (2008). Importance of local names of some useful plants in ethnobotanical study.Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 7 (2), 365–370. Singh, H. , Husain, T. , Agnihotri, P. , Pande, P. C. , & Khatoon, S. (2014). An ethnobotanicalstudy of medicinal plants used in sacred groves of Kumaon Himalaya, Uttarakhand. India. J.Ethnopharmacol. , 154 (1), 98–108.

Singh, V. & Pandey, R. P. (1980). Medicinal plant lore of the tribals of Eastern Rajasthan India).J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 1 , 137–147. Uniyal, M. (1968). Medicinal plants of Bhagirathi valley lying in Uttarkashi forest division. IndianForester. , 94 , 407–420.

Ethnomedicinal Plants of Western and Central Himalayas Abrol, B. L. & Chopra, I. C. (1962). Some vegetable drug resources of Ladakh. Curr. Sci. , 31 ,324. Agrawal, D. P. & Kharakwal, J. S. (1998). Central Himalayas. Delhi: Aryan Books International. Ahluwalia, K. S. (1965). Medicinal plants of Har-Ki-Dun, Toons division, UP. Nagarjun , 8 ,135–139. Angmo, K. , Adhikari, B. S. , & Rawat, G. S. (2012). Changing aspects of traditional healthcaresystem in Western Ladakh. India. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 143 (2), 621–630. Anonymous (1948-76). The Wealth of India - Raw Materials: A Dictionary of Indian RawMaterials and Industrial Products. C.S.I.R., New Delhi. Ansari, A. A. & Nand, G. (1985). Some medicinal plants of Pauri Garhwal. Himalayan Chem.Pharm. Bul. , 2 , 42–44. Ansari, A. A. (1991). Ethnobotanical notes on some plants of Khirsu, Pauri Garhwal, U. P.Ethnobotany, 3, 105-106. Ara, S. & Naqshi, A. R. (1992). Ethnobotanical studies in Gureiz Valley. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 17 (3), 185. Arya, K. R. & Prakash, V. (2003). Ethnomedicinal study of remote tribal area of Almora district:A survey report - part I. In J. K. Maheshwari (Ed.), Ethnobotany and Medicinal plants of IndianSubcontinent (pp. 247–252). Jodhpur: Scientific publishers. Arya, K. R. , Pande, P. C. , & Prakash, V. (1999). Ethnobotanical study on tribal areas ofAlmora district II. Ethnobotany , 11 , 100–104. Aswal, B. S. (1992). Less known medicinal uses of three plants from Kumaun Himalaya (India).Indian J. Forerstry , 15 (1), 76–77. Aswal, B. S. & Goel, A. K. (1989). Less-known medicinal uses of three plants from WesternHimalaya (India). Econ. Bot. , 43 , 419–420. Aswal, B. S. & Mehrotra, B. N. (1987). Ethnobotanical studies on the flora of Lahul valley(Northwest Himalaya). In M. R. Sharma & B. K. Gupta (Eds.), Recent Advances in PlantSciences. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Atal, C. K. , & Kapur, B. M. (1982). Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants. RegionalResearch Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu-Tawi. Azad, S. A. & Bhat, A. R. (2013). Ethnomedicinal plants recorded from Rajouri-Poonch districtsof J&K state. Ind. J. Life Sci. , 2 , 77–79. Baba, I. A. , Dubey, S. , Alia, A. , Saxena, R. C. , Itoo, A. A. , & Powar, K. (2012).Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the people of district Ganderbal, Jammu &Kashmir. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. , 3 , 549–556. Badola, H. K. & Aitken, S. (2011). The Himalayas of India: A treasury of medicinal plants undersiege. Biodiver. , 4 (3), 3–13. Badoni, A. , & Badoni, K. (2001). Ethnobotanical heritage. In: O. P. Kandari & O. P. Gusain(eds.). Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society.). Transmedia, Media House, Srinagar,Garhwal. pp. 127-147. Badoni, A. K. . (1987-1988). Ethnobotany of hill tribes of Uttarkashi, plants used in rituals andpsychomedicinal practices. J. Himal. Stud. Reg. Dev. , 11&12 , 103-115. Badoni, A. K. (1990). An ethnobotanical study of Pinswari community - A preliminary survey.Bull. Bot. Surv. India , 32 , 103–115. Ballabh, B. , Chaurasia, O. P. , & Ahmed., Z. (2008a). Traditional Medicinal plants of colddesert Ladakh used in treatment of Jaundice. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 32 (suppl), 404–408. Ballabh, B. & Chaurasia, O. P. (2009). Medicinal plants of cold desert Ladakh used in treatmentof stomach disorders. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 8 (2), 185–190. Ballabh, B. & Chaurasia, O. P. (2011). Herbal formulations of cold desert plants used forgynecological disorders. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. , 9 , 59–66.

Ballabh, B. & Chaurasia, O. P. (2006). Ethnobotanical studies on Boto tribe in Ladakh.Ethnobotany , 18 , 87–95. Ballabh, B. & Chaurasia, O. P. (2007). Traditional medicinal plants of cold desert Ladakh - usedin treatment of cold, cough and fever. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 112 (2), 341–349. Ballabh, B. (2002). Ethnobotany of Boto Tribe of Ladakh Himalaya. Ph. D Thesis. KumaunUniversity, Nainital. Ballabh, B. , Chaurasia, O. P. , & Ahmed, Z. (2007). Herbal products from medicinal plants ofLadakh Himalaya. Curr. Sci. , 92 , 1644–1645. Ballabh, B. , Chaurasia, O. P. , Ahmed, Z. , & Singh, S. B. (2008b). Traditional medicinal plantsof cold desert Ladakh - used in treatment of kidney and urinary problems. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 118 (2), 333–339. Beigh, S. Y. , Nawchoo, I. A. , & Iqbal, M. (2003). Plants in traditional medicine of KashmirHimalaya. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 27 (1), 99–104. Bhat, J. A. , Kumar, M. , & Bussmann, R. W. (2013). Ecological status and traditionalknowledge of medicinal plants in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India. J.Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. , 9 , 1. Bhat, T. A. , Nigam, G. , & Majaz, M. (2012). Study of some medicinal plants of the Shopiandistrict, Kashmir (India) with emphasis on their traditional use by Gujjar and Bakerwal tribes.Asian J. Pharma. Sci. Clinical Res. , 5 , 94–98. Bhatia, H. , Sharma, Y. P. , Manhas, R. K. , & Kumar, K. (2014). Ethnomedicinal plants used bythe villagers of district Udhampur, J&K. India. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 151 (2), 1005–1018. Bhatt, D. , Kumar, R. , Joshi, G. C. , & Tiwari, L. M. (2013). Indigenous uses of medicinal plantsby Vanraji tribes of Kumaun Himalaya. India. J. Med. Pl. Res. , 7 (37), 2747–2754. Bhatt, V. P. & Negi, G. P. S. (2006). Ethnomedicinal plant resources of Jaunsari tribes ofGarhwal Himalaya. Uttaranchal. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 5 (3), 331–335. Bhattacharyya, A. (1991). Ethnobotanical observation in the Ladakh region of northern J&KState. India. Econ. Bot. , 45 (3), 305–308. Bhellum, B. L. & Singh, S. (2012). Ethnomedicinal plants of district Samba of Jammu andKashmir state (List-II). Inter. J. Sci. Res. Pub. , 2 (9), 8. Bhellum, B. L. (2013). Diversity of tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) in flora of Jammu andKashmir state. J. Biol. Earth. Sci. , 3 , B24–B29. Bhushan, B. & Kumar, M. (2013). Ethnobotanically important medicinal plants of Tehsil Billawar,District Kathua. J&K. Ind. J. Pharmacog. Phytochem. , 2 , 14–21. Bisht, A. & Jain, S. P. (2006). Review of ethnobotanical studies of genus Rubus (Rosaceae)from North-Western Himalayas. Ethnobotany , 18 , 127–130. Bisht, V. K. & Purohit, V. (2010). Medicinal and aromatic plants diversity of Asteraceae inUttarakhand. Nat. Sci. , 8 , 121–128. Bisht, V. K. , Negi, J. S. , Bhandari, A. K. , & Sundriyal, R. C. (2011). Anti-cancerous plants ofUttarakhand Himalaya: A Review. Inter. J. Cancer Res. , 7 , 192–208. Bist, L. (1994). Gheengaru: Beemar Dil ke Leeye Himalayee Tohpha. Uttarakhand , 8 , 95–98. Bisht, M. K. , Bhatt, K. C. , & Gaur, R. D. (1988). Folk Medicine of Arakot Valley in DistrictUttarkashi: An ethnobotanical study. In P. Kaushik (Ed.), Indigenous medicinal plants (pp.157–166). New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow Printers & Publishers. Brown, C. H. (1984). Language and Living Things. Rutgers University Press. Chak, I. , Agarwal, R. K. , & Kak, M. (2008). Ethnomedicinal study of some important plantsused in the treatment of hair and boils in district Pulwama of Kashmir. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 32, 92–96. Chak, I. , Agarwal, R. K. , & Kak, A. M. (2009). Ethno-medicinal study of some important plantsused in the treatment of hair and boils in district Pulwama of Kashmir. Annals of Forestry , 17 ,101–107. Chandra, S. (2004). Effect of altitude on energy exchange characteristics of some Alpinemedicinal crops from Central Himalayas. J. Agron. Crop Sci. , 190 (1), 13–20. Chandrasekar, K. & Srivastava, S. K. (2003). Ethnomedicinal studies in Pin valley Nationalpark, Lahul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh. Ethnobotany , 15 , 44–47. Chandrasekar, K. & Srivastava, S. K. (2005). New reports on aphrodisiac plants from Pin valleyNational park, Himachal Pradesh. Ethnobotany , 17 , 189–190. Chauhan, N. S. (1999). Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh, Indus PublishingCompany, New Delhi.

Chauhan, N. S. (2003). Important medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. IndianForester , 129 (8), 979–998. Chaurasia, O. P. , & Gurmet, P. (2004). A checklist on medicinal & aromatic plants of TransHimalayan cold desert (Ladakh & Lahaul-Spiti). Field Research Laboratory, Leh Ladakh (J&K). Chaurasia, O. P. , Ahmed, Z. , & Ballabh, B. (2007). Ethnobotany and plants of Trans-Himalaya. Delhi: Satish Serial Publishing House. Chaurasia, O. P. , Bhatt, B. B. , & Singh, D. V. (2000). Ethnobotany of Ladakh Himalaya. In P.S. Jina (Ed.), Ladakh: Past & Present. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. Chaurasia, O. P. , Singh, B. , & Ballabh, B. (2001). Potential aromatic flora of Himalayan colddesert: Ladakh & Lahul - Spiti. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 25 (1), 91–97. Chaurasia, O. P. , Singh, B. , & Sareen, S. K. (1999). Ethno-medico-botanical survey of NubraValley (Ladakh). J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 (1), 167–172. Chaurasia, O. P. , Singh, B. , & Attrey, D. P. (2003). Ethnobotany of Changtang valley - LadakhHimalaya. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 27 (1), 108–113. Chopra, R. N. , Badhwar, R. L. , & Ghosh, V. (1984). Poisonous plants of India. AcademicPublishers Jaipur. Chopra, R. N. , Nayar, S. L. , & Chopra, I. C. (1956). Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. A. R.,New Delhi: I. C. Chowdhery, H. J. (1992). Himachal Pradesh. Floristic diversity and conservation strategies inIndia (Eds.). Mudgal and Hajra, Dehradun, pp. 845-887. Dad, J. M. , & Khan, A. B. (2011). Threatened medicinal plants of Gurez valley, KashmirHimalayas: distribution pattern and current conservation status. Intern. J. Biod. Sci., Ecozys.Ser. Manag. , 7(1), 20-26. Dangwal, L. R. & Singh, T. (2013). Ethno-botanical study of some forest medicinal plants usedby Gujjar tribe of district Rajouri (J&K). India. Indian J. App. Res. , 3 , 11–14. Dangwal, L. R. , Rana, C. S. , & Sharma, A. (2011). Ethno-medicinal plants from transitionalzone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, District Chamoli, Uttarakhand (India). Indian J. Nat.Prod. Resour. , 2 (1), 116–120. Dar, G. H. , Vir, J. , Kachroo, P. , & Buth, G. M. (1984). Ethnobotany of Kashmir-I, Sind Valley.J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 5 (3), 668–675. Datt, B. , & Lal, B. (1993). Less known medicinal uses of some plants from Pithoragharh districtof Kumaun Himalaya, U. P. Aryavaidyan , 6 , 242-246. Devi, U. , Sharma, P. J. , & Rana, J. C. (2014). Assessment of ethnomedicinal plants in ShivalikHills of Northwest Himalaya. India. Amer. J. Ethnomed. , 1 (4), 186–205. Dhar, U. & Siddique, M. A. A. (1993). Ethnobotanical studies and biological diversity of Suruvalley (Zanskar). In J. N. Govil , V. K. Singh , & S. Hashmi (Eds.), Glimpses in Plant Research,Vol. X (pp. 31–39). New Delhi, India: Today and Tomorrow's Printers & Publications. Dhar, U. , Rawal, R. S. , & Upreti, J. (2000). Setting priorities for conservation of medicinalplants- a case study in the Indian Himalaya. Biol. Conserv. , 95 , 57–65. Dhasmana, H. (1986a). Medicinal plants of Pauri town (Garhwal) and Adjacent Forest Region(Part 1: family-Compositae). J. Sci. Res. Pl. Med. , 7 , 45–49. Dhasmana, H. (1986b). Medicinal plants of Pauri Town (Garhwal) and adjacent forest region(Part: family-Labiatae). J. Sci. Res. Pl. Med. , 7 , 52–56. Dhasmana, H. (1987). Medicinal plants of Pauri Town and adjacent forest region (PauriGarhwal). J. Sci. Res. Pl. Med. , 8 , 1–8. Farooquee, N. A. & Saxena, K. G. (1996). Conservation and utilization of medicinal plants inhigh hills of the Central Himalayas. Environ. Conserv. , 23 (1), 75–80. Farooquee, N. A. , Majila, B. S. , & Kala, C. P. (2004). Indigenous knowledge systems andsustainable management of natural resources in a high altitude society in Kumaun Himalaya.India. J. Hum. Ecol. , 16 , 33–42. Gairola, S. , Sharma, J. , & Bedi, Y. S. (2014). A cross-cultural analysis of Jammu, Kashmir andLadakh (India) medicinal plant use. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 155 (2), 925–986. Ganai, K. A. & Nawchoo, I. A. (2003). Traditional treatment of toothache by the Gujjar andBakerwal tribes of Kashmir in India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 27 , 105–107. Gangwar, K. K. & Deepali & Gangwar, R. S. (2010). Ethnomedicinal plant diversity in KumaunHimalaya of Uttarakhand. India. Nature and Sci. , 8 (5), 66–78. Gaur, R. D. & Singh, P. B. (1993). Ethnomedicinal plants of Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh.B. M. E. B. R., 14 (1–2), 1–11.

Gaur, R. D. & Tiwari, J. K. (1987). Some little known medicinal plants of Garhwal Himalaya: Anethnobotanical study. In: Leewenberg (ed.). Medicinal and poisonous plants of the Tropics.Netherland. pp. 139-192. Gaur, R. D. (1999). Flora of the district Garhwal North West Himalaya with ethnobo- tanicalnote. Srinagar Garhwal: Trans. Media. Gaur, R. D. , Purohit, V. P. , & Silas, R. A. (1986). Eunymus tingens Wall. (Celastraceae)- Atree of multieconomic folk utility in Raath region (Garhwal Himalaya). Bull. Bot. Surv. India. , 28, 146–148. Gaur, R. D. , Semwal, J. K. , & Tiwari, J. K. (1984). A survey of high altitude medicinal plants ofGarhwal Himalaya. Bull. Med. Ethnobot. Res. , 4 (3–4), 102–116. Gohil, P. N. , & Quardi, M. A. (1992). Ethnobotany of Kargil- medicinal plants used by Balti,Dard, Bokpa Races, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 10 (Addl. ser.) , 301-306. Goyal, H. R. , Kishore, P. , Issar, R. K. , Phuntsog, S. T. , & Namgyal, G. (eds.) (1996-1998).Research on Amchis system of medicine - A research profile. Amchi Research Unit Leh-Ladakh. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha; (Ministry of Health and FamilyWelfare) Govt. of India, New Delhi. Guleria, V. & Vasishth, A. (2009). Ethnobotanical uses of wild medicinal plants by Guddi andGujjar tribes of Himachal Pradesh. Ethnobotanical Leaflets , 13 , 1158–1167. Gupta, S. K. , Sharma, O. P. , Raina, N. S. , & Sehgal, S. (2013). Ethno-botanical study ofmedicinal plants of Paddar valley of Jammu and Kashmir, India. African . J. Traditional,Complementary and Alternative medicines , 10 , 59–65. Gupta, A. (2011). Ethnobotanical studies on Gaddi tribe of Bharmor area of Himachal Pradesh.India: Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and forestry. Gupta, O. P. , Srivastava, T. N. , Gupta, S. S. , & Badola, O. P. (1981). An ethnobotanical &phytochemical screening of high altitude plants of Ladakh Part II. Bull. Medico-Ethnobot. Res. , 2 (1), 67–68. Gupta, O. P. , Srivastava, T. N. , Gupta, S. S. , & Badola, O. P. (1980). An ethnobotanical &phytochemical screening of high altitude plants of Ladakh Part I. Bull. Medico- Ethnobot. Res. , 1 (3), 301–317. Gupta, R. (1962). Medicinal plants of West Himalaya. J. Agric. Trop. Bot. App. , 9 , 1–54. Gupta, R. K. (1960a). Some useful and medicinal plants of Garhwal Himalaya: An eth-nobotanical study. In: Medicinal and poisonous plants of the Tropics (Eds. Leewenberg). pp.139-142. Gupta, R. K. (1960b). Some useful and medicinal plants of Nainital district in the KumaunHimalaya. Indian Forest. , 57 , 309–324. Gurmet, P. , Chaurasia, O. P. , Singh, B. , & Singh, D. V. (1998). Some traditional medicinalplants of Khardungla and Changla (Ladakh) used in Amchi medicine. Bull. Medico-Ethnobot.Res. , 19 (3–4), 93–101. Hassan, G. A. , Ahmad, T. B. , & Mohi-ud-din, R. A. (2013). An ethnobotanical study in Budgamdistrict of Kashmir valley: An attempt to explore and document traditional knowledge of theArea. Intern. Res. J. Phar. , 4 (1), 201–204. Helle, O. L. & Carsten, S. O. (2006). Unsustainable collection and unfair trade? Uncovering andassessing assumptions regarding central Himalayan medicinal plant conservation. Plant Cons.Biodiver. , 105–123. Heywood, V. H. (1995). Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress. Jain, S. K. (1991). Dictionary of Indian folk-medicine and ethnobotany. New Delhi: DeepPublications. Jain, S. K. & Mitra, R. (1991). Ethnobotany in India. In S. K. Jain (Ed.), Contribution to IndianEthnobotany (pp. 1–17). Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Jain, S. K. & Saklani, A. (1991). Observations on the Tons Valley region in the Uttarkashidistrict of the North-West Himalaya. India. Moun. Res. Dev. , 11 (2), 157–161. Jain, S. K. (Ed.). (1981). Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. New Delhi: Oxford and IBHPublishing Co.. Jain, S. K. (Ed.). (1987). A manual of ethnobotany. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Jain, S. P. & Puri, H. S. (1984). Ethnomedicinal plants of Jaunsar-Bawar Hills, Uttar Pradesh.India. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 12 (2), 213–222.

Jee, V. , Dar, G. H. , Kachroo, P. , & Bhat, G. M. (1984). Taxo-ethnobotanical studies of therural areas in District Rajouri (Jammu). J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 5 , 831–838. Jeelani, S. M. , Wani, M. P. , Kumari, S. , Gupta, R. C. , & Siddique, M. A. A. (2013).Ethnobotany of some polypetalous plants from the Kashmir Himalaya. J. Med. Pl. Res. , 7 (36),2714–2721. Joshi, D. N. , Shah, B. C. L. , & Suri, R. K. (1982). Some medicinal plants of Rudranath Bugyal(District Chamoli), U. P. Bull. Med. Ethnobot. Res., 3 , 27-42. Joshi, G. C. , & Pande, P. C. (2000). Ethnobotany of Tarikhet block of Kumaun Himalaya. In:Agrawal, C. M. (ed.). ‘Shikhar' Salutation to the Himalaya Indian Publishers & Distributors,Delhi. pp. 209-228. Joshi, G. C. , & Uniyal, M. R. (1991). Folk medicinal importance of “Udsaleeb” Peonia emodiWall. and its cultivation strategy from Western Himalaya drug. Sachitra Ayurved , 124-125. Joshi, G. C. , Pandey, N. K. , Tewari, V. P. , & Tewari, K. C. (1995a). Indigenous system ofmedicine and drug abuse. Sachitra Ayurved, July: 207-208. Joshi, G. C. , Tewari, K. C. , & Tewari, V. P. (1996). -97). Botanical identification of new folkmedicine for snakebite from Kumaun Himalaya. Aryavaidyan , 10 (2), 114–115. Joshi, G. C. , Tewari, K. C. , Pandey, N. K. , & Pandey, G. (1994). Dioscorea kumaunensisKunth: A new source of anti rheumatic drug from Kumaun Himalaya and its conservationstrategy. Sachitra Ayurved , 298–299. Joshi, G. C. , Tewari, V. P. , & Tewari, K. C. (1995b). Taxus baccata Linn. (Himalayan yew): Anemerging anticancer plant drug, Sachitra Ayurved, 611-612. Juyal, S. P. & Uniyal, M. R. (1960). Medicinal plants of commercial and traditional importance inBhillangana valley of Tehri Garhwal. Nagarjun , 10 , 26–36. Juyal, S. P. & Uniyal, M. R. (1966). Medicinal plants of Bhagirathy Valley. Nagarjun , 10 , 26. Kachroo, P. & Nahvi, I. M. (1987). Ethnobotany of Kashmir. In G. Singh & P. Kachroo (Eds.),Forest flora of Srinagar and plants of neighborhood. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra PalSingh. Kak, A. M. (1983). Ethnobotany of Kashmiris, Part III. Kahkahshan , 16 , 1–21. Kak, A. M. (2007). Ethno-botanical studies on macrophytes of North Western Himalayas. J.Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 31 , 104–122. Kala, C. P. (2002). Medicinal plants of Indian trans-Himalaya. Dehradun: Bishen SinghMahendra Pal Singh. Kala, C. P. (2003). Medicinal Plants of Indian trans-Himalaya: Focus on Tibetan use ofmedicinal resources. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Kala, C. P. (2004). Assessment of species rarity. Curr. Sci. , 86 (8), 1058–1059. Kala, C. P. (2005a). Current status of medicinal plants used by Traditional Vaidyas inUttaranchal state of India. Ethno. Res. Appl. , 3 , 267–278. Kala, C. P. (2005b). Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatenedmedicinal plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conser. Biol. , 19 (2), 368–378. Kala, C. P. (2005c). Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of Amchis in Trans-Himalayan region of India. Curr. Sci. , 89 (8), 1331–1338. Kala, C. P. (2006). Medicinal plants of the high altitude cold desert in India: Diversity,distribution and Traditional uses. Intern. J. Biod. Sci. Manag. , 30 , 360–369. Kala, C. P. (2011). Floral diversity and distribution in the high altitude cold desert of Ladakh.India. J. Sustain. Forest. , 2 , 360–369. Kala, C. P. (2015). Medicinal and aromatic plants of Tons Watershed in Uttarakhand Himalaya.Sci. Edu. Pub. , 3 (1), 16–21. Kala, C. P. , Farooquee, N. A. , & Majila, B. S. (2005). Indigenous knowledge and medicinalplants used by Vaidyas in Uttarakhand. India. Nat. Prod. Rad. , 4 , 195–204. Kala, C. P. , Farooquee, N. A. , & Dhar, U. (2004). Prioritization of medicinal plants on the basisof available knowledge, existing practices and use value status in Uttaranchal. India. Biodiv.Conser. , 13 (2), 453–469. Kala, C. P. & Manjrekar, N. (1999). Ethno-medicobotany of Indian trans-Himalaya: a case studyfrom Spiti. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 , 177–183. Kala, C. P. & Mathur, V. B. (2002). Patterns of plant species distribution in the transHimalayanregion of Ladakh. India. J. Veget. Sci. , 13 , 751–754. Kala, C. P. & Ratajc, P. (2012). High altitude Biodiversity of the Alps and the Himalayas:Ethnobotany, plant distribution and conservation perspective. Biodivers. Conserv. , 21 ,

1115–1126. Kalakoti, B. S. & Pangety, Y. P. S. (1988). Ethnomedicine of Bhotiya tribe of Kumaun Himalaya.UA. Bull. Med. Ethnobot. Res. , 9 , 11–20. Kanwar, P.S. Neetu & Rekha, A. (2006). Medicinal plants used in traditional healthcare systemsprevalent in Western Himalayas. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 5 (3), 300–309. Kapahi, B. K. (1990). Ethno-botanical investigation in Lahaul (Himachal Pradesh). J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. , 14 (1), 49–55. Kapahi, B. K. , Srivastava, T. N. , & Sarin, Y. K. (1993). Traditional medicinal plants of Gurez(Kashmir) - An ethnobotanical study. Ancient Sci. Life , 13 (1&2), 119–124. Kapoor, L. D. , Abrol, B. K. , & Chopra, I. C. (1957). Medicinal plants of high altitude. Bull. Nat.Inst. Sci. Ind. , 9 , 223–229. Kapur, S. K. (1996a). Traditionally important plants of Bhaderwah hills - Jammu province. PartIII. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. Ser. , 12 , 62–69. Kapur, S. K. (1996b). Traditionally important plants of Bhaderwah hills - Jammu province. PartIV. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. Ser. , 12 , 70–74. Kapur, S. K. & Singh, P. (1996). Traditionally important plants of Udampur district (Jammuprovince). Part I. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. Ser. , 12 , 75–81. Kapur, S. K. (1991). Traditionally important medicinal plants of Dudu valley - Jammu. J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. , 15 (1), 1–10. Kapur, S. K. & Nanda, S. (1992). Traditionally important medicinal plants of Bhaderwah Hills-Jammu Province-I. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. (Addl. Ser.) , 10 , 307–318. Kapur, S. K. & Nanda, S. (1996). Traditionally important plants of Bhaderwah hills - Jammuprovince. Part II. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. Ser. , 12 , 56–61. Kapur, S. K. (1993). Ethnomedicinal plants of Kangra valley (Himachal Pradesh). J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. , 17 (2), 395–408. Katiyar, S. K. , Bhatia, A. K. & Kaul, M. K. (1990). Nutritive value and medicinal beliefs of somenovel wild plants of Gurez valley in Kashmir. Arogya - A J. Health Sci . XVI, 131-134. Kaul, M. K. , & Handa, S. S. (2001). Medicinal plants on crossroads of Western Himalaya. In:Samant, S. S. , Dhar, U. , & Palni, L. M. S. (eds.). Himalayan medicinal plants: Potential andprospects Gyanodaya Prakasan, Nainital. pp. 73-87. Kaul, M. K. (1997). Medicinal plants of Kashmir and Ladakh (Temperate and cold Himalaya).New Delhi: Indus Publishing Company. Kaul, M. K. , Bhatia, A. K. , & Atal, C. K. (1985). Ethnobotanical studies in Notrthwest andTrans-Himalaya. Contribution to the wild food plants of Ladakh. J. Econ Taxon. Bot. , 6 ,523–527. Kaul, M. K. , Sharma, P. K. , & Singh, V. (1989). Ethnobotanic studies in north-west and TransHimalaya. VI. Contributions to ethnobotany of Bani-Basholi region, J., & K State. Bull. Bot. Surv.India , 31 , 89–94. Kaul, M. K. , Sharma, P. K. , & Singh, V. (1990). Ethnobotanical studies in Northwest andTrans-Himalaya VII. Home remedies for Arthritis in Kashmir Himalaya. Arogya - A J. Health Sci., 16 , 81–87. Kaul, M. K. , Sharma, P. K. , & Singh, V. (1991). Contribution to the ethnobotany of Padaris ofDoda in J., & K State. Bull. Bot. Surv. India , 33 , 267–275. Kaul, M. K. , Sharma, P. K. , & Singh, V. (1998). Crude drugs of Zanskar (Ladakh):Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop - Kullu (H. P.) 16-18 April. Kaur, I. , Sharma, S. , & Lal, S. (2011). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used fordifferent diseases in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Chem. , 1 (4),1167–1171. Khan, J. A. , Wani, T. A. , Kumar, S. , & Ram, G. (2012). Ethnomedicinal plants used fortoothache in Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir (India). Asian J. Exper. Biol. , 3 , 415–419. Khan, Z. S. , Khuroo, A. A. , & Dar, G. H. (2004). Ethno-medicinal survey of Uri, in the KashmirHimalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 3 , 351–357. Kharkwal, G. (2009). Diversity and distribution of medicinal plant species in the centralHimalaya. India. Researcher , 1 (1), 61–73. Khullar, S. P. (2001). Ferns in medicine and how to identify them. In: Samant, S. S. , Dhar, U. ,& Palni, L. M. S. (eds.). Himalayan medicinal Plants: Potential and prospects GyanodayaPrakasan, Nainital. pp. 65-73.

Kim, H. S. & Kapahi, B. K. (2001). Ethnobotanical notes on some fern and fern allies of Jammuand Kashmir state. India. Indian Fern. J. , 18 , 35–38. Kim, H. S. , Kapahi, B. K. , & Srivastava, T. N. (1999). Ethnobotanical observation onGymnosperms of Poonch district (J & K) State. India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot , 23 (1), 155–160. Kimothi, G. P. & Shah, B. C. L. (1989). Some medicinal plants of Gopeshwar-Tungnath regionof Uttar Pradesh. Anc. Sci. Life , 8 , 283–292. Koelz, W. N. (1979). Notes on the ethnobotany of Lahaul, a province of the Punjab. Quart. J.Crude Drug. Res. , 17 , 1–56. Kumar, A. , Kumar, N. , Sannd, B. N. , & Hakim, A. (1993). The folklore medicines used byGujjar and Bakarwal communities of Jammu region. Bull Medico-Ethno- Bot. Res. , 14 ,98–104. Kumar, A. M. & Naqshi, A. R. (1990). Ethnobotany of Jammu- II Banihal. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 14 (1), 67–74. Kumar, M. , Paul, Y. , & Anand, V. K. (2009). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants usedby the locals in Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Ethnobotanical leaflets , 13 , 1240–1256. Kumar, M. , Sheik, M. A. , & Bussman, R. W. (2011). Ethnomedicinal and ecological status ofplants of Garhwal Himalaya. India. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. , 7 , doi:10.1186/1746-42697-32. Kumar, R. & Bhagat, N. (2012). Ethnomedicinal plants of district Kathua (J&K). Inter. J. Med.Arom. Plants , 2 , 603–611. Kumar, S. & Hamal, I. A. (2011). Herbal remedies used against arthritis in Kishtwar HighAltitude National Park. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 10 , 358–361. Kumari, P. , Joshi, G. C. , & Tewari, L. M. (2011). Diversity and status of ethno- medicinalplants of Almora district in Uttarakhand. India. Int. J. Biod. Conser. , 3 (7), 298–326. Kumari, S. , Batish, D. R. , Singh, H. P. , Negi, K. , & Kohli, R. K. (2013). An ethnobotanicalsurvey of medicinal plants used by Gujjar community of Trikuta Hills in Jammu and Kashmir.India. J. Med. Pl. Res. , 7 , 2111–2121. Kumari, N. , Jakhar, A. K. , & Choyal, R. (2014). Ethno-medicinal uses of some plants ofHamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh for the treatment of piles (p. 50). Leaflets: Life Sci. Lal, B. & Singh, K. N. (2008). Indigenous herbal remedies used to cure skin disorders by thenatives of Lahau-Spiti in Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 7 (2), 237–241. Lal, B. , Dasmana, H. , & Nigam, R. K. (1989). A contribution to the medicinal plants lore ofGarhwal Region. Himal. Res. Dev. , 8 (182), 24–30. Lal, B. , Vats, S. K. , Singh, R. D. , & Gupta, A. K. (1996). Plants used as ethnomedicine andsupplement food by the Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh, India. In S. K. Jain (Ed.), Ethnobiology inHuman Welfare. New Delhi. Lata, S. , Maurya, A. K. , & Jain, S. K. (2008). An overview of ethnobotanical studies onUttarakhand state in North India. Ethnobotany , 20 , 25–40. Lone, P. A. , Bhardwaj, A. K. , & Bahar, F. A. (2013a). A study of some locally available herbalmedicines for the treatment of various ailments in Bandipora district of J&K. India. Inter. J.Pharm. Bio. Sci. , 4 (2), 440–453. Lone, P. A. , Bhardwaj, A. K. , & Bahar, F. A. (2013b). Traditional knowledge on healingproperties of plants in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir. India. Inter. J. Rec. Sci. Res. , 4 , 1755–1765. Lone, P. A. & Bhardwaj, A. K. (2013a). Traditional herbal based disease treatment in some ruralareas of Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir. India. Asian J. Pharma. Clinic. Res. , 6 ,162–171. Lone, P. A. & Bhardwaj, A. K. (2013b). Ethnomedicinal uses of certain locally available plants ofBandipora district of Jammu & Kashmir, India. Inter. J. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , 3 ,470–485. Loreau, M. & Oteng, Y. A. (2006). Diversity without representation. Nature. , 422 , 245. Mahajan, V. , Vaid, A. , Singh, A. P. , & Kumar, S. (2012). Ethnobotanical inventory onmedicinal plants of North Western Himalayas. J. Krishi Vigyan , 1 , 21–26. Maheshwari, J. K. , & Singh, H. (1990). Herbal remedies of Boxas of Nainital District, U. PAryavaidan , 4(1), 30-34. Maheshwari, J. K. & Singh, J. P. (1984). Contribution to the ethnobotany of Bhoxa tribe of Bijnorand Pauri Garhwal District, U. P. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 5 (2), 251–259. Mahmud, S. , Anand, V. K. , & Shah, N. H. (2008). Ethno-medico-botany of some importantaquatic plants of Jammu province (J&K) India. J. Phytol. Res. , 21 , 269–272.

Maikhuri, R. K. , Nautiyal, S. , Rao, K. S. , & Saxena, K. G. (1998). Role of medicinal plants inthe traditional health care system: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Curr. Sci., 75 (2), 152–157. Maikhuri, R. K. , Nautiyal, S. , Rao, K. S. , & Saxena, K. G. (1997). Medicinal Plants Cultivationand Biosphere Reserve Management: A case study from the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.West Himalaya. Curr. Sci. , 74 (2), 157–163. Mala, F. A. , Lone, M. A. , Lone, F. A. , & Arya, N. (2012). Ethno-medicinal survey of Kajinaagrange of Kashmir Himalaya. India. Inter. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. , 3 , B442–B449. Malhotra, C. L. & Balodi, B. (1984). Wild medicinal plants in the use of Johari tribals. J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. , 5 (4), 841–843. Malhotra, C. L. & Bashu, D. (1984). A preliminary survey of plants resources of medicinal andaromatic value from Almora. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 5 , 859–864. Malik, A. H. , Khuroo, A. A. , Dar, G. H. , & Khan, Z. S. (2011a). Ethnomedicinal uses of someplants in the Kashmir Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 10 , 362–366. Malik, A. R. , Siddique, M. A. A. , Sofi, P. A. , & Butola, J. S. (2011b). Ethnomedicinal practicesand conservation status of medicinal plants of north Kashmir Himalayas. Res. J. Med. Pl. , 5 ,515–530. Malik, Z. A. , Bhat, Jahangeer A. , Ballabha, Radha , Bussmann, Rainer W. , & Bhatt, A. B.(2015). Ethnomedicinal plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants ofWestern Himalaya. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 172 , 133–144. Mehra, A. , Bajpai, O. , & Joshi, H. (2014). Diversity, utilization and sacred value of ethno-medicinal plants of Kumaun Himalaya. Trop. Pl. Res. , 1 (3), 80–86. Mehrotra, B. N. (1979). Survey of medicinal plants around Kedarnath Shrine of GarhwalHimalaya. Indian Forester , 105 , 788–801. Mehta, I. S. , Joshi, G. C. , & Basera, P. S. (1994). The folklore medicinal plants of Talla Joharof Eastern Kumaun. Higher Plants of Indian Subcontinent. Indian J. For. (Addl. Ser.) , 3 , 125-133. Mehta, P. S. , Negi, K. S. , Ojha, S. N. , Royal, A. , & Verma, S. K. (2013). Herbal basedtraditional practices used by the Bhotias and Gangwals of the Central Himalayan region,Uttarakhand. India. J. Environ. Nanotechnol. , 2 (1), 83–96. Mir, G. M. & John, S. A. (2014). Ethno-medicinal study of Pulwama tehsil (Jammu andKashmir). J. Med. Pl. Stud. , 2 (4), 5–8. Mir, M. Y. (2014). Indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants in treating skin disease byTribal's of Kupwara, J&K. India. Inter. J. Herb. Med. , 1 (6), 2–68. Mishra, P. L. (1985). The medicinal plants of Himalaya. Himalayan J. Sci., 4 & 5, 65-80. Mukherjee, P. K. (2005). Chemistry for green environment. Exploring green resources for drugdevelopment through ethnobotany: Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. Mumgain, S. K. & Rao, R. R. (1990). Some medicinal plants of Pauri Garhwal. J. Econ. Taxon.Bot. , 14 (30), 633–640. Naithani, B. P. (1973). Medicinal plants of Western Garhwal. Khadi Gramoudyog , 19 ,269–278. Naqshi, A. R. , Baba, M. Y. , & Ara, S. (1992). Ethnobotanical studies of Kashmir- Jhelumvalley. In S. P. Raychaudhuri (Ed.), Recent Advances in Medicinal, Aromatic and Spice Crops,Vol. 2 (pp. 371–379). New Delhi, India: Today and Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers. Naranjo, P. (1995). Ethnobotany: Evolution of a discipline. Urgent need for the study ofmedicinal plants: Dioscorides Press, Portland. Nautiyal, S. (1981). Some medicinal plants of Garhwal hills: A traditional use. J. Sci. Res. Pl.Med. , 2 , 12–18. Nautiyal, S. , Maikhuri, R. K. , Rao, K. S. , & Saxena, K. G. (2001). Medicinal plant resources inNanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in the Central Himalayas. J. Herbs Spices Med. Pl. , 8 (4),47–64. Navchoo, I. A. & Buth, G. M. (1989). Medicinal system of Ladakh. India. J. Ethnophar- macol. , 26 , 137–146. Navchoo, I. A. & Buth, G. M. (1990). Ethnobotany of Ladakh. India. Econ. Bot. , 44 (3),318–321. Navchoo, I. A. , & Buth, G. M. (1992). Ethnobotany of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir State. J.Econ. Taxon. Bot., 10(Addl. Ser.) , 251-258.

Nayar, M. P. , & Sastry, A. R. K. (1987, 1988, 1999). Red Data Book of Indian Plants, Vol. I-III.Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Negi, C. S. (2005). Socio-cultural and ethnobotanical value of a sacred forest, Thal Ke Dhar.Central Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 (2), 190–198. Negi, C. S. , Nautiyal, S. , Lokesh, Dasila , Rao, K. S. , & Maikhuri, R. K. (2002).Ethnomedicinal plant uses in a small tribal community in a part of central Himalaya. India. J.Hum. Ecol. , 14 (1), 23–31. Negi, G. S. (1994). Study of the ancient traditional therapeutic wealth of Pauri and TehriGarhwal. Part (IV). Pauri Garhwal. Him. Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. , 11 , 7–17. Negi, K. S. , Tiwari, J. K. , & Gaur, R. D. (1985). Economic importance of some common treesin Garhwal Himalaya: An ethnobotanical study. Indian J. For. , 8 (4), 276–289. Negi, P. S. & Subramani, S. P. (2002). Ethnobotanical study in the village Chhitkul of Sanglavalley district Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. J. Non Timber Forest Prod. , 9 , 113–120. Pala, N. A. , Negi, A. K. , & Todaria, N. P. (2010). Traditional uses of medicinal plants of PauriGarhwal. Uttarakhand. Nature and Sci. , 8 (6), 57–61. Pande, G. (1993a). Amees - a traditional Herbal drug of Uttarakhand Himalayas. SachitraAyurved , 45 , 803–813. Pande, G. (1993b). Ganjiyari-a traditional herbal drug of Uttarakhand Himalayas. SachitraAyurved , 46 , 118–120. Pande, G. (1994). Kubjak in Uttarakhand Himalaya: A traditional medicinal plants. SachitraAyurved , 46 , 571–573. Pande, P. C. , & Joshi, G. C. (2001). Cultivated plants of Kumaun Himalaya used for medicinalpurpose. In: Samant, S. S.., Dhar, U. , & Palni, L. M. S. (eds.). Himalayan medicinal plants:Potential and prospects Gyanodaya Prakasan, Nainital. pp. 117-125. Pande, P. C. , Pokharia, D. S. , & Bhatt, J. C. (Eds.). (1999). Ethnobotany of Kumaun Himalaya.Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Pande, P. C. , Tiwari, L. , & Pande, H. C. (2006). Folk medicine and aromatic plants ofUttaranchal. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Pande, P. C. , Tiwari, L. , & Pande, H. C. (2007). Ethnovetenary plants of Uttaranchal.- AReview. Indian J. Trad. Knowl., 6 (3), 444-458. Pandey, H. K. , Deendayal & Das S. C. (2006). Threatened medicinal plants Biodiversity ofWestern Himalaya and its Conservation. In: William, S. John . (ed.) Biodiversity: Life to MotherEarth. Loyola College, Chennai, pp. 282-294. Pant, S. & Samant, S. S. (2010). Ethnobotanical observations in the Mornaula reserve forest ofKumoun, West Himalaya, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets , 14 , 193–217. Pant, S. , Samant, S. S. , & Arya, S. C. (2009). Diversity and indigenous household remedies ofthe inhabitants surrounding Mornaula reserve forest in West Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 8 (4), 606–610. Pant, S. C. & Pande, G. (1995). Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal flora of Tharu tribal poketsin Kumaun region in Uttar Pradesh (p. 51). Sem: Res. Ayurveda and Shiddha, CCRAS. Phondani, P. C. , Maikhuri, R. K. , Rawat, L. S. , Farooquee, N. A. , Kala, C. P. , Vishvakarma,S. C. R. , Rao, K. S. , & Saxena, K. G. (2010). Ethnobotanical uses of plants among the Bhotiyatribal communities of Niti valley in Central Himalaya. India. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. , 8 (1),233–244. Pondhani, P. C. , Negi, V. , Bhatt, I. D. , Maikhuri, R. K. , & Kothyai, B. P. (2011). Promotion ofmedicinal and aromatic plant cultivation for improving livelihood security: A case study fromWest Himalaya. India. Int J Med Arom Plants , 1 (3), 245–252. Prakash, R. (2015). Medicinal plants used by tribal communities: A study of UttarakhandHimalayan region. Int. J. Hum. Soc. Sci. Inven. , 4 (2), 55–61. Purohit, A. N. (1997). Himalayan medicinal plants-focus on Uttarakhand. Himalayanbiodiversity: Action plan (pp. 91–110). Nainital: Gyanodaya Prakashan. Purohit, V. P. , Silas, R. A. , & Gaur, R. D. (1986). Ethnobotanical studies of some medicinalplants used in skin diseases from Raath (Pauri) Garhwal Himalaya. J. Sci. Res. Pl. Med. , 6 ,39–47. Raghunathan, K. (1987). Medico-ethno-botanical surveys and their role in research inAyurveda. In S. K. Jain (Ed.), Manual of ethnobotany. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Raghunathan, K. (Ed.). (1976). Preliminary techno economical survey of natural resources andherbal wealth of Ladakh. New Delhi: CCRIMH.

Rajwar, G. S. (1983). Low altitude medicinal plants of south Garhwal. Bull. Med. Ethnobot. Res., 4 , 14–28. Rajwar, G. S. (1984). Exploitation of medicinal plants of Garhwal Himalaya. Sci. Environ. , 2 ,37–41. Rana, M. S. & Samant, S. S. (2011). Diversity, indigenous uses and conservation status ofmedicinal plants in Manali Wildlife Sanctuary, North Western Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 10 (3), 439–459. Rana, P. K. , Kumar, P. , Singhal, V. K. , & Rana, J. C. (2014). Uses of local plant biodiversityamong the tribal communities of Pangi valley of district Chamba in cold desert Himalaya (p. 15).India: The Scientific World Journal. Rani, S. , Chahota, R. K. , & Sharma, T. R. (2015). Ethnobotanical survey and traditionalknowledge of some medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh, North-west Himalayas.Int. J. Appl. Pure Sci., & Agric. 1(12), 1-22. Rao, M. R. , Palada, M. C. , & Becker, B. N. (2004). Medicinal and aromatic plants in Agro-Forestry systems. Agrofor Syst. , 61 , 107–122. Rao, R. R. & Hajara, R. K. (1987). Methods of research in ethnobotany. In S. K. Jain (Ed.), Amanual of ethnobotany (pp. 33–41). Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Rao, R. R. (1996). Traditional knowledge and sustainable development Key role ofethnobiologists. Ethnobot. , 8 , 14–24. Rashid, A. (2012a). Plant diversity used for traditional phytotherapy of rheumatism by theGujjar-Bakerwal tribe of district Rajours, Jammu and Kashmir state. Asian J. Exper. Biol. , 3 ,816–821. Rashid, A. (2012b). Ethnomedicinal plants used in the traditional phytotherapy of chestdiseases by the Gujjar-Bakerwal tribe of district Rajouri of Jammu & Kashmir state. Inter. J.PharmaceuticalSci. , 4 , 328–333. Rawat, B. , Sekar, K. C. , & Gairola, S. (2013). Ethnomedicinal plants of Sunderdhunga valley,Western Himalaya, India - Traditional use, current status and future scenario. Indian For. , 139(1), 61–68. Rokaya, M. B. , Munzbergova, Z. , Shrestha, M. R. , & Timsina, B. (2012). Distribution patternsof medicinal plasnts along an elevational gradient in central Himalaya. Nepal. J. Moun. Sci. , 9(2), 201–213. Saklani, P. M. (1998). Traditional practice and knowledge of wild plants among the ethniccommunities of Garhwal Himalaya. Puratattva , 29 , 89–99. Samal, P. K. , Dhyani, P. P. , & Dollo, M. (2010). Indigenous medicinal practices of Bhotia tribalcommunity in Indian Central Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 9 (1), 140–144. Samal, P. K. , Shah, A. , Tiwari, S. C. , & Agarwal, D. K. (2004). Indigenous healthcarepractices and their linkage with bioresources conservation and socio-economic development incentral Himalayan region of India. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 3 (1), 12–26. Samant, S. S. & Dhar, U. (1997). Diversity, endemism and economic potential of wild edibleplants of Indian Himalaya. Int. J. Sustinable Dev. World Ecol. , 4 (3), 179–191. Samant, S. S. , & Mehta, I. S. (1994). The folklore medicinal plants of Johar valley. HigherPlants of Indian Subcontinent. Indian J. For. (Addl. Ser.), 3, 143-159. Samant, S. S. & Palni, L. M. S. (2000). Diversity, distribution and indigenous uses of essentialoil-yielding medicinal plants of the Indian Himalayan region. J. Med. Arom. Pl. Sci. , 22 (1B),671–684. Samant, S. S. & Pant, S. (2003). Diversity, distribution pattern and traditional knowledge ofsacred plants in Indian Himalayan region. Indian J. Forestry , 26 (3), 222–234. Samant, S. S. , Dhar, U. , & Palni, L. M. S. (1998a). Medicinal plants of Indian Himalaya:Diversity distribution potential values. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment andDevelopment, Almora: G. B. Samant, S. S. , Dhar, U. , & Palni, L. M. S. (1998b). Medicinal plants of Indian Himalaya:Diversity, distribution potential value. Himavikas publication No. 13. Gyanodaya Prakashan,Nainital. Samant, S. S. , Dhar, U. , & Rawal, R. S. (2001). Diversity, distribution and indigenous uses ofthreatened medicinal plants of Askot Wildlife Sanctuary in West Himalaya: Conservation andmanagement perspectives. In S. S. Samant , U. Dhar , & L. M. S. Palni (Eds.), Himalayanmedicinal plants: potential and prospects (pp. 167–185). Nainital: Gyanodaya Prakasan.

Samant, S. S. , Pant, S. , Singh, M. , Lal, M. , Singh, A. , Sharma, A. , & Bhandari, S. (2007).Medicinal plants in Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya. India. Inter. J. Biod. Sci.Manag. , 3 (4), 234–251. Sand, B. N. & Badola, D. P. (1987). An ethno-botanical study of J&K state of North-WestHimalaya. Bull Medico-Ethno-Bot Res. , 8 , 147–154. Semwal, D. P. , Saradhi, P. Pardha , Kala, C. P. , & Sajwan, B. S. (2010). Medicinal plants usedby local vaidyas in Ukhimath Block Uttarakhand. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 9 (3), 480–495. Shah, A. , Abass, G. , & Sharma, M. P. (2012). Ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plantsfrom tehsil Budhal, district Rajouri (Jammu and Kashmir). Intern. Multidiscipl. Res. J. , 2 (6),5–6. Shah, K. K. , Palni, S. K. , & Singh, H. (1980). Survey of some medicinal plants of Dharchulablock in Pithoragarh district of U.P. Bull. Medico. Ethnobot. Res. , 1 , 8–24. Shah, N. C. & Joshi, M. C. (1971). An ethnobotanical study of Kumaun region of India. Econ.Bot. , 25 (4), 414–422. Shah, N. C. (1971). Medico-botany of Dronagiri-The mythic hill in Kumaun (U.P.). J. Res. IndianMed ., 8(1), 47-59. Shah, N. C. (1981). The role of ethnobotany in relation to medicinal plants in India. In: Jain, S.K. . (ed.) Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany Oxford & IBH Publications, New Delhi. pp. 69-80. Shah, N. C. (1987). Ethnobotany in the mountain region of Kumaun Himalaya. PhD Thesis(Unpublished). Kumaun University, Nainital. Shah, N. C. (1994). Ethnobotany of some well known Himalayan Compositae. In: Proceedingsof the International Compositae Conference, New Biology and Utilization. Royal BotanicalGardens, Kew. pp. 415-123. Shah, S. , Ram, J. , Pala, N. A. , Tripathi, P. , & Kumar, M. (2014). Medicinal plant wealth of oakdominated forest in Nainital catchment area of Uttarakhand. Amer. J. Med. Pl. Res. , 2 (1),6–13. Shaheen, H. , Nazir, J. , Firdous, S. S. , & Khalid, A. R. (2014). Cosmetic ethnobotany practicedby tribal women of Kashmir Himalayas. Avicenna J. Phytomed. , 4 (4), 239–250. Shapoo, G. A. , Kaloo, Z. A. , Ganie, A. H. , & Singh, S. (2013). Ethnobotanical survey anddocumentation of some orchid species of Kashmir Himalaya. J&K-India. Inter. J. Biolo.Pharmaceut. Res. , 4 , 32–40. Sharma, P. , Patti, P. , & Agnihotry, A. (2013). Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses offloristic diversity in Murari Devi and surrounding areas of Mandi district in Himachal Pradesh.India. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. , 16 (10), 451–468. Sharma, B. & Maheshwari, S. (2005). Traditional medical practices of Gaddi tribes in Kangradistrict. Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 (2), 169–172. Sharma, M. & Sood, S. K. (2013). Ethnobotanical survey for wild plants of district Solan,Himachal Pradesh. India. Intern. J. Environment. Bio. , 3 (3), 87–95. Sharma, P. , Agnihotry, A. , & Sharma, P. P. (2015). An ethnobotanical study of medicinalplants in Murari Devi and surrounding areas (Mandi district), Himachal Pradesh, India. IndianForester , 141 (1). Sharma, P. K. & Chauhan, N. S. (2000). Ethnobotanical studies of Gaddi - a tribal community ofdistrict Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. In R. K. Kohli , H. P. Singh , S. P. Vij , K. K. Dhar , D. R.Batish , & B. K. Dhiman (Eds.), Man and Forest (pp. 301–302). Chandigarh: Punjab University. Sharma, P. K. & Lal, B. (2005). Ethnobotanical notes on some medicinal and aromatic plants ofHimachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 (4), 424–428. Sharma, P. K. (1991). Herbal remedies for treating rheumatic pains in Jammu & Kashmir.Indian J. For. , 14 (3), 206–210. Sharma, P. K. , Chauhan, S. , & Lal, B. (2004). Observations on the traditional phytotherapyamong the inhabitants of Parvati valley in Western Himalaya. India. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 92 ,167–176. Sharma, P. K. , Chauhan, S. N. , & Lal, B. (2005). Studies on plant associated indigenousknowledge among the Malanis of Kullu district. Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4(4), 403–408. Sharma, J. , Gairola, S. , Gaur, R. D. , & Painuli, R. M. (2012). The Treatment of Jaundice withmedicinal plants in Indigenous communities of the Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand. India.J. Ethnopharmacol. , 143 (1), 262–291.

Sheikh, M. A. (2014). Phytochemical use of some of the medicinal plants of Kashmir Himalaya-A review. Int. J. Biol. Phar. Alld. Sci. , 3 (3), 462–489. Shinwari, S. K. & Gilani, S. S. (2003). Sustainable harvest of medicinal plants at BulashbarNullah, Astore (Pakistan). J. Ethnopharmacol. , 84 , 289. Shiva, V. (1996). Protecting our biological and intellectual heritage in the age of biopiracy.Technology and Natural Resources Policy, New Delhi, India: The Research Foundation forScience. Siddique, M. A. A. , John, A. Q. , & Paul, T. M. (1995). Status of some important medicinal andaromatic plants of Kashmir Himalaya. Adv. Pl. Sci. , 8 , 134–135. Silori, C. S. & Badola, R. (2000). Medicinal plant cultivation and sustainable development. Acase study in the buffer zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya, India.Mount. Res. Dev. , 20(3), 272-279. Singh, B. , Chaurasia, O. P. , & Singh, D. V. (1997). Plants Biotechnology and Herbal Flora ofLadakh. In: Proceedings of National Sym. on Herbal Medicines: Application of Biotechnologyand Futuristic Approach. 27-29 Mar. Singh, B. & Chaurasia, O. P. (2000). Medicinal flora of Indian cold desert. Acta Hort. , 523 (13),65–72. Singh, B. & Pruthi, T. D. (1998). Biodiversity in herbal medicines. Science Reporter. , 52–58. Singh, B. , Chaurasia, O. P. , & Jadav, K. L. (1995). An ethnobotanical study of Indus. valley(Ladakh). J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 12 (addl. Ser.), 92-101. Singh, D. K. , & Hajra, P. K. (1996). Floristic Diversity. In: Gujral, G. S. , & Sharma, V.(Eds.).Changing perspective of biodiversity status in the Himalaya. British Council Division,British High Commission Publ. Wildlife Youth Services, New Delhi, pp. 23-38. Singh, G. & Rawat, G. S. (2011). Ethnomedicinal survey of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary inWestern Himalaya, India. Indian J. Fundam. Appl. Life. Sci. , 1 (1), 35–36. Singh, G. S. (1999). Ethnobotanical study of useful plants of Kullu district in North WesternHimalaya. India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 (1), 185–198. Singh, G. S. (2004). Ethnobiological and bio-medicinal wealth of Western Himalaya. India. J.Med. Arom. Pl. Sci. , 26 (3), 517–526. Singh, H. , & Maheshwari, J. K. (1992). Traditional Remedies for Snake-bite and Scorpion Stingamong the Boxas of Nainital District, U. P. Aryavaidyan, 6(2), 120-123. Singh, H. & Maheshwari, J. K. (1993). Phytotherapy for Diphtheria by the Bhoxas of NainitalDistrict, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany , 5 , 63–65. Singh, H. (1988). Ethnobiological Treatment of Piles by Bhoxas of Uttar Pradesh. Anc. Sci. Life., 8 , 167–170. Singh, H. (2003). Herbal recipe for spermatorrhoea by Bhoxa tribe of Uttaranchal. Ethnobotany, 15 , 115–117. Singh, H. (2006). Some unrecorded dye-yielding plants and their less-known ethnomedicinaluses in Uttaranchal. Ethnobotany , 18 , 119–121. Singh, H. B. & Arora, R. K. (1978). Wild Edible Plants of India. A. R., New Delhi: I. C. Singh, K. N. (2013). Traditional knowledge on ethnobotanical uses of plant biodiversity: adetailed study from the Indian western Himalaya. Biodiv. Res. and Conser , 28 , 63–77. Singh, K. K. & Kumar, K. (2000). Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya.Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Singh, K. K. & Maheshwari, J. K. (1994). Traditional phytotherapy of some medicinal plantsused by the Tharus of the Nainital district, Uttar Pradesh. India. Int. J. Pharmacog. , 32 , 51–58. Singh, K. K. (1999). Ethnobotanical Studies of the Tharus of Kumaun Region, Uttar Pradesh. In:Pande, P. C. , Pokharia, D. S. , & Bhatt, J. C. (ed.). Ethnobotany of Kumaun Himalaya ScientificPublishers, Jodhapur. pp. 1-13. Singh, M. P. & Dey, S. (2005). Indian Medicinal Plants. India: Satish Serial Publishing House,Delhi. Singh, R.V. (2014). Indigenous uses of medicinal and edible plants of Nanda Devi BiosphereReserve - A review based on previous studies. Global J. Res. Med Pl. Indig. Med . 3(2), 57-66. Singh, R. , Dwivedi, S. K. , Raut, B. , & Mishra, S. N. (2003). Ethnobotany of Hippophae‘Seabuckthrn' in Ladakh. Ethnobotany , 15 , 1–5. Singh, S. K. , & Rawat, G. S. (1998). Traditional versus commercial use of wild medicinal plantsof Great Himalayan National Park. “Proceeding Mountain Meet, 98”.

Singh, S. K. (1999). Ethnobotanical study of useful plants of Kullu district in NorthwesternHimalaya. India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 (1), 185–198. Singh, V. (2002). Herbal remedies in the Traditional medicines of the Lolab Valley in KashmirHimalaya, India. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Ethnomed. Pharmacog. , 1 , 63–71. Singh, V. & Chauhan, N. S. (2005). Traditional practices of herbal medicines in the Lahulvalleys. Himachal Himalayas. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 (2), 208–220. Singh, V. (1994). Ethnobotanical observations on Dards tribe of Gurez valley in KashmirHimalaya. Ethnobiol. Human Welfare (Abst.) Fourth International Congress of Ethnobotany,Lucknow, India, p. 316. Singh, V. (1995). Traditional remedies to treat asthma in North West and Trans-Himalayanregion in J., & K. state. Fitoterapia , 66 , 507–510. Sood, S. K. & Thakur, S. (2004). Ethnobotany of Rewalsar Himalaya. New Delhi: DeepPublications. Sood, S. K. , Nath, R. , & Kalia, D. C. (2001). Ethnobotany of cold desert tribes of Lahul-Spiti(Northwest Himalaya). New Delhi: Deep Publications. Srivasatava, T. N. , Gupta, O. P. , Uniyal, M. R. , & Shah, N. C. (1976). Preliminarytechnoeconomic survey of natural resources and herbal wealth of Ladakh. (Eds. Raghunathan,K.) CCRIMH Publication, 21 (1st edn). (2nd ed. 1996). Srivastava, S. K. & Chandrasekar, K. (2004). Ethnomedicine of Pin valley National Park,Himachal Pradesh: Plants used in treating dysentery. Ethnobotany , 16 , 62–63. Srivastava, T. N. & Gupta, O. P. (1982). Medicinal plants used by amchies in Ladakh. In C. K.Atal & B. M. Kapur (Eds.), Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants; Regional ResearchLaboratory (pp. 519–526). New Delhi: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Srivastava, T. N. , Badola, D. P. , & Gupta, O. P. (1981). Medicinal herbs used by Amchies ofLadakh. Bull. Medico-Ethno-Bot. Res. , 2 , 193–202. Srivastava, T. N. , Badola, D. P. , Shah, D. C. , & Gupta, O. P. (1984). Ethno-medico-botanicalexploration of Gurez valley. Kashmir. Bull. Medico-Ethno-Bot. Res. , 142 , 15–54. Srivastava, T. N. , Rajasekharan, S. S. , Badola, D. P. , & Shah, D. C. (1986). An index of theavailable medicinal plants, used in Indian system of medicine from Jammu & Kashmir State.Ancient Science of Life. , 6 (1), 49–63. Stewart, R. R. (1916-17). The flora of Ladakh and Western Tibet. Bull. Bot. Torry Club , 43 ,571-590. Sultan, J. & Singh, C. J. (2006). Herbal market spectrum. Sirmor, Himachal Pradesh: GrameenVikas Evam Prayavaran Jagran Samiti, Paonta Sahib. , 1 (2), 1–7. Tantray, M. A. , Tariq, K. A. , Mir, M. M. , Bhat, M. A. , & Shawl, A. S. (2009). Ethnome- dicinalsurvey of Shopian, Kashmir (J & K). India. Asian J. Trad. Med. , 4 , 1–6. Tariq, A. , Mussarat, S. , & Adnan, M. (2015). Review on ethnomedicinal, phytochemical andpharmacological evidence of Himalayan anticancer plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. , 164 , 96–119. Tariq, K. A. & Tantry, M. A. (2012). Preliminary studies on plants with anthelmintic properties inKashmir-The north-west temperate Himalayan region of India. Chinese Medicine , 3 , 106–112. Tewari, K. C. , Joshi, G. C. , Tewari, R. N. , & Pandey, N. K. (1989). Lobelia pyramidalis Wall. -A drug for asthma from Himalayan folklore. Sachitra Ayurved, 347-348. Thakur, K. S. , Kumar, M. , Bawa, R. , & Bussma, R. W. (2014). Ethnobotanical study ofherbaceous flora along an altitudinal gradient in Barmor forest division district Chamba ofHimachal Pradesh. India: Evidence Based Complement Alternt. Med.doi:10.1155/2014/946870. Trak, T. H. , Jahangir, R. , Ayub, H. , & Updhyay, R. (2013). Ethnobotanical survey of importantplants used by locals of Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. IndoAmerican J.Pharmaceut. Res . 3 . Tripathi, G. (2001). Indigenous knowledge and traditional practices of some Himalayanmedicinal plants. In: Samant, S. S. Dhar, U. , & Palni, L. M. S. . (eds.). Himalayan medicinalplants: Potential and prospects Gyanodaya Prakasan, Nainital. pp. 151-157. Tyagi, D. K. (2005). Pharma forestry: A field guide to medicinal plants. Atlantic Publishers &Dist., pp. 276. Uniyal, B. (2003). Utilization of medicinal plants by the rural women of Kullu. Himachal Pradesh.Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 2 (4), 366–370. Uniyal, M. P. , & Issar, R. K. (1988). Utility of hitherto unknown herbal drugs traditionally used inLadakh & possible alternative medicine, Bull. Medico- Ethnobot. Res. , 9 ( 3-4 ), 96-105.

Uniyal, M. R. (1981). A preliminary study of medicinal plants from Suru valley in Ladakh. BullMedico-Ethno-Bot. Res . 2 , 316-326. Uniyal, M. R. & Joshi, G. C. (1986). Traditionally used family planning drug “Babila Ghass” fromGarhwal Himalaya. Sachitra Ayurved , 198–400. Uniyal, S.K. , Singh, K. N. , Jamwal, P. , & Lal, B. (2006). Traditional use of medicinal plantsamong the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal. Western Himalaya. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. , 2 (1), 14–22. Uniyal, S. K. , Awasthi, A. , & Rawat, G. S. (2003). Developmental processes, changing lifestyleand traditional wisdom: analyzes from Western Himalaya. The Environmentalist , 23 , 307–312. Utkarsh, G. (2001). Patenting Life? Biodiversity and Intellectual Property Rights. Resonance , 2, 51. Prakash, Ved (2001). Indian medicinal plants; Current status. In S. S. Samant , U. Dhar , & L.M. S. Palani (Eds.), Himalayan medicinal plants: Potential and prospects (pp. 45–65). Nainital:Gyano-daya Prakashan. Verma, S. & Chauhan, N. S. (2006). Studies on ethno-medico-botany of Kunihar forest division,district Solan (H. P.). Ethnobotany , 18 , 160–165. Virendra., S. , Singh, V. , Singh, V. K. , Govil, J. N. , & Singh, G. (2002). Herbal remedies in thetraditional medicines of the Lolab valley in Kashmir Himalaya. Recent progress in medicinalplants. Vol. 1: Ethnomed. Pharmacog., pp. 63-71 Viswanathan, M. V. & Mankad, N. R. (1984). Medicinal Plants of Ladakh. (J&K). J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. , 5 (2), 401–407. Viswanathan, M. V. (1999). Edible and medicinal plants of Ladakh (J&K). J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 (1), 151–154. Yousuf, J. , Verma, R. K. , & Dar, H. (2012). Traditional plant based therapy among ruralcommunities of some villages of Baramulla district (Jammu and Kashmir). J. Phytol. , 4 , 46–49.

Ashtavarga Plants: A Review Ahmed, Z. , Chishti, Z. M. , Johri, R. K. , Bhagat, A. , Gupta, K. K. , & Ram, G. (2009).Antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Dioscorea bulbiferatubers. Diabetologia Croatica. , 38 (3), 63–71. Anonymous (1969). The Wealth of India: A dictionary of Indian raw material and industrialproducts, 8 (pp. 192–193). New Delhi: Publication and Information Directorate CSIR. Anonymous (2003). Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part 1. 2nd revised English edn.(Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, 33-34. Anonymous . (2011). Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, Vol. 1 Part. V. Ministry Of Health AndFamily Welfare Department of Ayush, Government of India, New Delhi. Antoniuk, V. O. (1993). Purification and properties of lectins of Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.and Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh. , 65 (1), 41–48. Balkrishna, A. (2012). Secrets of Ashtavarga Plants. Mahashri Dayanand Gram, Haridwar,Uttarakhand: Divya Prakashan. Balkrishna, A. , Srivastava, A. , Mishra, R. K. , Patel, S. P. , Vashistha, R. K. , Singh, A. , Jadon,V. , & Saxena, P. (2012). Ashtavarga plants-threatened medicinal herbs of the North-WestHimalaya. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants. , 2 , 661–676. Bhatt, D. , Kumar, R. , Tewari, L. M. , & Joshi, G. C. (2014). Polygonatum cirrhifolium Royle andPolygonatum verticillatum (L.) Allioni: Status assessment and medicinal uses in Uttarakhand.India. J. Medicinal Plant Res. , 8 , 253–259. Bisht, S. , Bisht, N. S. , & Bhandan, S. (2012). In Vitro micropropagation in Polygonatumverticillatum (L.) All. An important threatened medicinal herb of Northern India. Physiol Mol BiolPlants. , 18 , 89–93. Caldecott, T. (2006). Ayurveda. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, USA: The divine science of Life. Chauhan, R. S. , Nautiyal, M. C. , & Prasad, P. (2007). Habenaria intermedia D.Don- anendangered medicinal Orchid. The McAllen International Orchid Society Journal. , 8 , 15–20. Chauhan, R. S. , Nautiyal, M. C. , Prasad, P. , & Purohit, H. (2008). Ecological features of anendangered medicinal orchid-Malaxis muscifera (Lindley) Kuntze in the western Himalaya. TheMcAllen International Orchid Society Journal. , 9 (6), 8–12.

Chunekar, K. C. & Pandey, G. S. (1969). Bhavprakash Nighantu (in Hindi). Varanasi, India:Chokhamba Vidya Bhawan. Dhyani, A. , Bahuguna, Y. M. , Semwal, D. P. , Nautiyal, B. P. , & Nautiyal, M. C. (2009).Anatomical features of Lilium polyphyllum D. Don ex Royle (Liliaceae). J. American Science. , 5, 85–90. Gaur, R. D. (1999). Flora of district Garhwal, North West Himalaya (with ethnobotanical notes).Srinagar Garhwal: Transmedia. Habbu, P. V. , Smita, D. M. , Mahadevan, K. M. , Shastry, R. A. , & Biradar, S. M. (2012).Protective effect of Habenaria intermedia tubers against acute and chronic physical andpsychological stress paradigms in rats. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. , 22 , 568–579. Hamid, K. , Ullah, M. O. , Kabir, M. S. , Paul, A. K. , Alam, M. Z. , & Choudhuri, M. S. K. (2011).Changes in lipid profile of rat plasma after chronic administration of Ashtavarga Kvatha Curna(AST)-an ayurvedic formulation. Biology and Medicine. , 3 , 26–31. Hoffmann, D. (1998). The Herbal Handbook. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. Javed, N. K. , Ansari, S. H. , Mohammad, A. , & Iram, N. (2012). Phytoconstituents from thebulb of Lilium polyphyllum D.Don. Intern. Res. J. Pharmacy . 3 (2), 146-148. Kant, R. , Verma, J. , & Thakur, K. (2012). Distribution pattern, survival threats andconservation of ‘Ashtavarga’ orchids in Himachal Pradesh. Northwest Himalaya. Plant Archives., 12 , 165–168. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Gilani, A. U. , Khan, M. A. , Dar, A. , & Khan, I. (2010). Theantinociceptive activity of Polygonatum verticillatum rhizome in pain models. J.Ethnopharmacol. , 27 , 521–7. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Gilani, A. U. , Khan, M. A. , Khan, I. , & Ashraf, N. (2011). Antiociceptiveactivity of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum: attenuation of both peripheral and centralpain mediators. Phytother Res. , 25 , 1024–30. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Gilani, A. H. , Mehmood, M. H. , Rehman, N. U. , Muhammad, N. ,Abbas, M. , & Hag, I. U. (2013a). Bronchodilator activity of aerial parts of Polygonatumverticillatum augmented by anti-inflammatory activity: attenuation of Ca2+ channels andlipoxygenase. Phytother Res. , 27 , 1286–92. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Gilani, A. H. , Muhammad, N. , Hag, I. U. , Ashraf, N. , Rehman, N. U. ,& Haleemi, A. (2013b). Antipyretic and anticonvulsant activity of Polygonatum verticillatum:Comparison of rhizomes and aerial parts. Phytother Res. , 27 (3), 468–71. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Gilani, A. H. , Muhammad, N. , Rehman, N. U. , Mehmood, M. H. , &Ashraf, N. (2016a). Antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities of rhizomes of Polygonatumverticillatum maneuvered predominately through activation of K+ channels: componentsidentification through TLC. Toxicol Health. , 32 (4), 677–85. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Mehmood, M. H. , Rehman, N. U. , Muhammad, N. , Hag, I. U. , Ashraf,N. , El-Tahir, K. E. , & Gilani, A. H. (2013c). Studies on tracheorelaxant and anti-inflammatoryactivities of rhizome of Polygonatum verticillatum . BMC Complement Altern Med. , 13 , 197. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Muhammad, N. , Ghaffar, R. , Khan, S. A. , & Hassan, S. (2012a).Antimicrobial activities of rhizomes of Polygonatum verticillatum attributed its total flavonoidaland phenolic contents. Pak. J. Pharm Sci. , 25 , 463–467. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Muhammed, N. , Khan, F. , Ibrar, M. , Hassan, S. , & Shah, W. A.(2012b). Report: Comprehensive nutrients analysis of rhizome of Polygonatum verticillatum .Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. , 25 (4), 871–875. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Muhammad, N. , & Perviz, S. (2016b). Phytochemical analysis,antibacterial, and antifungal assessment of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum . ToxicolInd Health. , 32 (5), 841–847. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Muhammad, N. , Rauf, A. , Khan, A. Z. , & Ullah, R. (2016c). Antioxidantprofile of constituents isolated from Polygonatum verticillatum rhizomes. Toxicol. Ind. Health. , 32 (1), 138–142. Khan, H. , Saeed, M. , Rauf, A. , Khan, M. A. , & Muhammad, N. (2015). Antimicrobial andinhibition on heat-induced protein denaturation of constituents isolated from Polygonatumverticillatum rhizomes. Nat Prod Res. , 29 , 2160–3. Kumar, R. K. , Sruajani, M. S. , Arya, J. C. , & Joshi, G. C. (2012). Impact of climate change ondiversity of Himalayan medicinal plant: A threat to Ayurvedic system of medicine. Intern. J. Res.Ayurveda and Pharmacy. , 3 (3), 327–331. Kunwar, R. M. & Adhikari, N. (2005). Ethnomedicine of Dolpa district, Nepal: the plants, theirvernacular names and uses. Lyonia. , 8 , 43–49.

Lal, V. K. , Wahi, A. K. , & Khosa, R. L. (1978). Pharmacognosy of the rhizome of Polygonatumverticillatum . Indian J. Pharmaceutical Sci. , 40 , 225. Mathew, S. , Joy, P. P. , Savithri, K. E. , Sakaria, B. P. , & Kochurani, K. (2005). Variation inphenolic glycosides in kali musli (Curculigo orchioides). J. Med. Arom Plant Sci , 27 (1), 43–48. Mathur, S. R. (2003). Yogtarangini. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambu Vidhya Bhawan. Mishra, L. C. (Ed.). (2004). Scientific basis for Ayurvedic Therapies. USA: CRC Press. BocaRaton. Misra, A. , Srivastava, S. , Verma, S. , & Rawat, A. K. S. (2015). Nutritional evaluation,antioxidant studies and quantification of poly phenolics in Roscoea purpurea tubers. BMC ResNotes. , 8 , 324. Misra, T. N. , Singh, R. S. , Upadhyay, J. , & Tripathi, D. N. M. (1984). Aliphatic hydroxyketones from Curculigo orchioides rhizomes. Phytochemistry , 23 (8), 1643–1645. Miyazaki, S. , Devkota, H. P. , Joshi, K. R. , Watanabe, T. , & Yahara, S. (2014). Chemicalconstituents from the aerial parts and rhizomes of Roscoea purpurea . The Japanese J.Pharmacognosy. , 68 (2), 99. Nadkarni, A. K. (1954). Indian Materia Medica, (3rd ed.)., Vol. 1. India: Popular Book DepotBombay. Naithani, B. D. (1984). Flora of Chamoli, Vol. 2 (p. 654). Howrah: Botanical Survey of India. Nautiyal, B. P. , Pandey, N. , & Bhatt, A. B. (1998). Floristics and vegetational composition in analpine zone of North West Himalayas. In B. D. Sharma & T. Kumari (Eds.), Himalayan naturalresources: ecothreats and restoration study (pp. 28–83). New Delhi: Indus PublishingCompany. Nautiyal, S. , Rao, K. S. , Maithuri, R. K. , Senwal, R. L. , & Saxena, K. G. (2001). Traditionalknowledge related to medicinal and aromatic plants in tribal societies in a part of Himalaya. J.Med. Arom. Plant Sci . 22 (4A), 23(1A), 538-541. Nautiyal, M. C. & Nautiyal, B. P. (2004). Agrotechniques for high altitude medicinal andaromatic plants (pp. 149–155). Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Panda, H. (2005). The complete technology book on herbal beauty products with formulationsand processes. Delhi, India: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.. Pathak, B. , Dwivedi, K. K. , & Shukla, K. P. (1992). Clinical evaluation of Snehan, Swedanaand an ayurvedic compound drug in sandhivata vis-a-vis osteoarthritis. J. Research andEducation in Indian Medicine , 11 , 27–34. Poonam, B. , Pratti, P. , & Prasad, N. B. (2011). Polygonatum verticillatum (Linn.) All. andPolygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle: Two threatened vital healers from Ashtavarga nurturedby Garhwal Himalaya. India. J. Plant. Develop. , 18 , 159–167. Puri, H. S. (2003). Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation. New York, NY:CRC Press. Rath, C. , Kumari, S. , Bishnupriya, D. , Mohanty, R. C. , Renu, D. , Padhi, M. M. , & Ramesh,B. (2011). Phyto-pharmacognostical studies of two endangered species of Malaxis (jeevak andRishibhak). Pharmacognosy Journal. , 3 , 77–85. Rath, C. , Suman, K. , Dhar, B. , Mohantly, R. C. , Dixit, R. , Padhi, M. M. , & Babu, R. (2011).Pharmacognostical & Phytochemical studies of Roscea procera (Kakoli) and Lilium polyphyllum(Ksheerkakoli) in comparison with market samples. Pharmacognosy Journal. , 3 (25), 32–38. Rath, C. , Tewari, D. , Singh, A. , & Mangal, A. (2015). Significance of pharmacog- nostical &phytochemical study in the identification of an important Ashtavarga plant Kakoli- Roscoeapurpurea Smith. Nat Prod. Chem. Res. , 3 , 6. Raval, S. S. , Mandavir, M. K. , Manatma, M. K. , & Golakiya, B. A. (2015). Separation andidentification of phytochemical from Lilium polyphyllum D. Don (Kshirkakali), An ingredient ofAshtavarga. J Cell & Tissue Research. , 15 (3), 524–527. Sahu, M. S. , Mali, P. Y. , Waikar, S. B. , & Rangari, V. D. (2010). Evaluation ofimmunomodulatory potential of ethanolic extract of Roscoea procera rhizomes in mice. J.Pharma Bioalled Sci. , 2 (4), 346–349. Sharma, B. D. & Balkrishna, A. (2005). Vitality strengthening Ashtavarga plants (Jeevaniya &Vayasthapan Paudhe), Uttaranchal (India). Divya Yog Mandir: Divya Publishers. Singh, A. P. (2006). Ashtavarga: Rare Medicinal Plants. Ethnobotanical Leaflets , 10 , 104–108. Sood, S. K. , Rana, S. , & Lakhanpal, T. N. (2005). Ethnic aphrodisiac plants. Jodhpur:Scientific Publishers India.

Srivastava, S. , Misra, A. , Kumar, D. , Srivastava, A. , Seed, A. , & Rawat, A. (2015).Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography—ultraviolet pholediode arraydetector validated simultaneous quantification of six bioactive phenolic acids in Roscoeapurpurea tubers and their in vitro cytotoxis potential against various cell lines. PharmacognosyMagazine (supp.) , S488–495. Subasini, U. , Thenmozhi, S. , Sathyamurthy, D. , Vetriselvan, S. , Victor, G. , Rajamanickam,G. V. , & Dubey, G. P. (2013). Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations of Dioscoreabulbifera L. International J. Pharmacy & Life Sciences. , 4 (5), 2693–2700. Thirumulpadu, K. R. (2010). Ayurveda and Veda. pp. 15-22. In: Glimpses of Wisdom. I-AIM,Bengaluru, India. Usher, G. (1974). A dictionary of plants used by man. London, U.K.: Constable and CompanyLtd.. Vashistha, R. K. (2006). Ecophysiology and agro-technology of two important Himalayan herbs:Angelica glauca. Edgew. and Angelica archangelica Linn.: D. Phil. Thesis submitted to H. N. B.Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, India. Watanabe, T. , Rajbhandari, K. R. , Malla, K. J. , Devkota, H. P. , & Yabara, S. (2013). Ahandbook of medicinal plants of Nepal supplement I (pp. 254–255). Kanagawa: Ayurseed LifeEnvironmental Institute.

A Reconnaissance of Ethnic Psychedelic Plants of Western Himalayaand their Possible Identity to Soma Bhishagratna, K. L. & (Trans.), (1981). Sushruta Samhita, Vol. 1. Varanasi: ChowkhambaSanskrit Series. Brough, J. (1971). Soma and Amanita muscaria . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and AfricanStudies. , 34 (2), 331–62. Chopra, R. N. , Chopra, I. C. , Handa, K. L. , & Kapur, L. D. (1958). Indigenous Drugs of India.U.N: Dhurs & Sons. Cotton, (1997). Ethnobotany: Principles and Applications. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Damania, A. B. (2001). The Ancient use of Ephedra and Tamarix in Zorastrian religiousceremonies. Asian Agri History , 5 (3), 249–257. Damania, A. B. (2004). The Origin of Soma-New theories and Myths. Asian Agri History. , 6 (2),135–139. Frawley, D. (2010). Gods, Sages and Kings (Vedic Secrets of Ancient Civilization). Twin Lake,USA: Lotus Press. Frawley, D. (2012). The Secret of the Soma Plant. American Institute of Vedic Studies. Grotenhermen, F. , & Russo, E. (2002). Cannbis and Cannabinoids pharmacology, Toxicologyand therapeutic potential. The Haworth Integrative healing Press. New York, NY. 1-439. https://www.facebook.com/notes/ayurveda/the-secret-of-the-soma-plant-by-david-frawley/417077750768/. Ingalls, D. H. H. (1971). Remarks on Wasson's Soma. J. American Oriental Society. , 91 (2),1988–191. Kuddus, M. , Ginawi, I.A. M. Al-Hazimi, A. (2013). Cannabis sativa: An ancient wild edible plantof India. Emir. J. Food. Agric. , 25 (10), 736–745. Mahadihasan, S. (1963). Identifying Ephedra as Soma. Pakistan J. Forestry. NO: October: 370-372. Mahadihassan, S. (1991). The Vedic Gods, Agni, Indra and Soma as interrelated: A Study ofSoma. Indian J. Hist. Sci. , 26 , 11–15. Mukherjee, B. L. (1921-1922). The Soma plant. J. Royal Asiatic Soc .Calcutta. (Volume: notseen in original), p. 241. Padhy, S. & Dash, S. K. (2004). The Soma Drinker of Ancient India: An Ethno-BotanicalRetrospection. J. Hum. Ecol. , 15 (1), 19–26. Roxburgh, W. (1814). Hortus Bengalensis. Calcutta. Roxbrugh, W. (1820-24). Flora Indica. Careys Edition, Serampore, Calcutta.

Saini, D. C. , Kulshrestha, K. , Kumar, S. , Gond, D. K. , & Mishra, G. K. (2011). Conservingbiodiversity based on cultural and religious values. In: National Conference on ForestBiodiversity Board, India. pp. 145-152. Sarianidi, V. (2003). Margiana and Soma-Haoma, Electronic J. Vedic Studies , 9 . 1. DiscoveryChannel.https://www.Heritageinstitute.com/zorastrianism/merv/sarianidi.htm. Schultes, R. E. (1963). Hallucinogenic Plants of the New World. The Harvard Review(Cambride, Mass.) 1.4, Summer, 18-32. Shah, N. C. (2015). Soma, an enigmatic, mysterious plant of the vedic Aryas: An appraisal.Indian J. Hist. Sci. , 50 , 26–41. Spess, D. L. (2000). Soma: The Divine Hallucinogen. Rochester, MN: Park Street Press,Vermont. Swamy, B. G. L. (1974). Sources for a History of Plant Sciences in India: The Rigvedic Somaplant. Indian J. History of Science. , 2 , 11–32. Talageri, S. G. (2000). The Rig veda. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.https://voiceofdharma.org/books/rig/img.1.jpg. Usman Ali and Narayanaswami, V. (1970). Soma. J. Research in Ind. Med . 3 ( 1 ), 106-110. Wasson, R. G. (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brac., & World, NewYork, NY. Wasson, R. G. (1972). Soma and the ‘fly-agaric'. Botanical Museum of Harvard University,Cambridge. Mass. pp. 1-58.

Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants of Western and Central Himalayas Beigh, S. Y. , Nawchoo, I. A. , & Iqbal, M. (2003). Traditional veterinary medicine among theTribes of Kashmir Himalaya. J. Herb. Spic. Med. Pl. , 10 (4), 121–127. Bharadwaj, A. K. , Lone, P. A. , Dar, M. , Parry, J. A. , & Shah, K. W. (2013). Ethnoveterinarymedicinal uses of plants of district Bandipora of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int. J. Trad. Nt.Med. , 2 (3), 164–178. Bisht, N. , Pande, P. C. , & Tiwari, L. (2004). Ethnoveterinary practices of Kapkot block ofBageshwar district, Uttaranchal. Asian Agri-History , 8 , 309–314. Chaurasia, O. P. , Singh, B. , & Sareen, S. K. (1999). Ethno-medicinal plants of Arctic Desert-Ladakh used in veterinary practices. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 (1), 161–166. Gaur, R. D. , Bhatt, K. C. , & Tiwari, J. K. (1992). An ethnobotanical study of Uttar PradeshHimalaya in relation to veterinary medicines. J. Indian Bot. Soc. , 72 , 139–144. Gaur, R. D. , Sharma, J. , & Painuli, R. M. (2010). Plants used in traditional healthcare oflivestock by Gujjar community of sub-Himalayan tracts, Uttarakhand. India. Indian J. Nat. Prod.Resour. , 1 (2), 243–248. Issar, R. K. (1981). Traditionally important medicinal plants and folklore of UttarakhandHimalayas for animal treatment. J. Scient. Res. Pl. Med. , 2 , 61–66. Kanvar, P. & Yadav, D. (2005). Indigenous animal healthcare practices of Kangra district.Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 (2), 164–168. Khuroo, A. A. , Malik, A. H. , Dar, A. R. , Dar, G. H. , & Khan, Z. S. (2007). Ethnoveterinarymedicinal uses of some plant species by the Gujjar tribe of Kashmir Himalaya. Asian J. Plant.Sci. , 6 (1), 148–152. Kumar, D. (2002). The use and relevance of Ethnoveterinary practices in sheep. Indian J. SmallRumin. , 8 (2), 124–128. Kumari, P. , Singh, B. K. , Joshi, G. C. , & Tewari, L. M. (2009). Veterinary ethnomedicinalplants in Uttarakhand Himalayan region. India. Ethnobot. Leaflets , 13 , 1312–1327. McCorkle, C. M. (1995). Back to the future: Lessons from ethnoveterinary RD&E for studyingand applying local knowledge. Agriculture and Human Values , 12 (2), 52–80. Mir, M. Y. (2014). Ethnoveterinary studies in tribals in Kupwara, J. & K., India. Int. J.Multidisciplinary Res. Dev. , 1 (6), 92–96. Nautiyal, S. , Maikhuri, R. K. , Rao, K. S. , & Saxena, K. G. (2003). Ethnobotany of the TolchhaBhotiya tribe of the buffer zone villages in Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve India. J. Econ. Taxon.Bot. , 27 , 119–142.

Pande, P. C. , Tiwari, L. , & Pande, H. C. (2007). Ethnoveterinary plants of Uttaranchal-AReview. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 6 (3), 444–458. Phondani, P. C. , Maikhuri, R. K. , & Kala, C. P. (2010). Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinalplants among traditional herbal healers in Alaknanda Catchment of Uttarakhand, India. Afric. J.Trad., Comp. Alter. Med. 7(3), 195-206. Rashid, A. , Anand, V. K. , & Shah, A. H. (2007). Plant resource utilization in theethnoveterinary practices by the Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes of Jammu and Kashmir State. India.J. Phytol. Res. , 20 (2), 293–298. Samal, P. K. , Shah, A. , Tiwari, S. C. , & Agrawal, D. K. (2002). Indigenous animal health carepractices and their relevance to bioresources conservation in Indian central Himalaya. Int. J.Sustain Dev. World Econ. , 8 , 167. Samal, P. K. , Shah, A. , Tiwari, S. , Mehara, B. , & Agrawal, D. V. (2003). Indigenous animalhealth care practices in Indian central Himalaya. Empirical evidences. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 2(1), 40–50. Shah, R. , Pande, P. C. , & Tiwari, L. (2008). Traditional veterinary medicines of western part ofAlmora district. Uttarakhand Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 7 (2), 355–359. Sharma, P. K. , Chauhan, N. S. , & Lal, B. (2005). Studies on plant associated indigenousknowledge among Malanis of Kullu district. Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 (4),403–408. Sharma, R. , Manhas, R. K. , & Mangotra, R. (2012). Ethnoveterinary remedies of diseasesamong milk yielding animals in Kathua, Jammu and Kashmir. India. J. Ethnopharmacol , 141(1), 265–272. Sharma, P. K. & Singh, V. (1989). Ethnobotanical studies in north-west and trans Himalaya.- V.Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used in Jammu and Kashmir. India. J. Ethnopharmacol , 27 ,63–70. Singh, K. K. & Kumar, K. (2000). Observations in ethnoveterinary medicine among the Gadditribe of Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Ethnobotany , 12 , 42–44. Tiwari, L. & Pande, P. C. (2004). Traditional veterinary practices in South-Eastern part ofChamoli district. Uttaranchal. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 3 (4), 397–406. Tiwari, L. & Pande, P. C. (2006a). Ethnoveterinary plants of Uttarkashi district, Uttaranchal,India. Ethnobotany , 18 , 139–144. Tiwari, L. & Pande, P. C. (2006b). Ethnoveterinary medicines of holy Doonagiri hills ofUttaranchal. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. (Suppl.) , 30 , 151–162. Tiwari, L. & Pande, P. C. (2006c). Indigenous veterinary practices of Darma valley of Pithorgarhdistrict. Uttaranchal. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 5 , 201–206. Tiwari, L. & Pande, P. C. (2010). Ethnovetinary medicine in Indian perspective: Reference toUttarakhand. Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 9 (3), 611–617. Tiwari, D. , Pande, P. C. , & Tiwari, L. (2007). Ethno-veterinary herbal medicines of Dwarahatarea of Central Himalayas. Indian Forest , 133 (3), 379–390.

Ethnobotany of Useful Plant Species in North Western Himalaya, India Anonymous (1972). Indian forest utilization. Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Managerof Publications, Fibers and flosses , 2 , 635–644. Anonymous (2010). Promising fiber-yielding plants of the Indian Himalayan Region. Almora: G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development. Anthwal, A. , Ramesh, C. S. , & Archana, S. (2006). Sacred Groves: Traditional Way ofConserving Plant Diversity in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. J. Ameri. Sci., 2(2), 2006, 35–38. Arya, D. (2014). Plant species used as traditional agricultural implements and tools in Garwhalregion of Western Himalaya. Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. , 22 (1), 69–72. Arya, D. , Pal, C. , Bohra, S. , & Tewari, A. (2011). Use of major fodder species in oak and pinedominant zones of Garhwal Himalaya, India - A case study. E-International Scientific ResearchJournal , 3 (3), 187–191. Aswal, B. S. & Mehrotra, B. N. (1987). Ethnobotanical studies on the flora of Lahaul valley(North - West Himalaya). In M. R. Sharma & B. K. Gupta (Eds.), Recent Advances in PlantSciences (pp. 116–130). Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh.

Atkinson, E. T. (1882). The Himalayan Gazetteer, Reprinted, Vol. III. New Delhi: Part I. CosmoPublications. Badoni, A. K. (1988). Ethno-botany of hill tribes of Uttarkashi: plants used in rituals and psycho-medicinal practices. J. Himal. Studies and Regional Develop , 11–12 , 103–115. Bahuguna, A. , Tripathi, N. , & Chandra, A. (2010). Potential of Girardinia heterophylla (DansKandali) as a future fiber in textile/cordage industry. Indian Forester , 136 (2), 271–272. Balokhra, J. M. (1998). The wonderland Himachal Pradesh (p. 768p). H. G: Publication, NewDelhi. Bhatia, H. , Manhas, R. K. , Kumar, K. , & Rani, M. (2014). Traditional knowledge on poisonousplants of Udhampur District of Jammu and Kashmir. India. J. Ethnopharma- col. , 152 ,207–216. Bhatt, D. , Joshi, G. C. , & Tiwari, L. M. (2009). Culture, habitat and ethno-medicinal practicesby Bhotia Tribe people of Dharchula Region of Pithoragarh District in Kumaun Himalaya,Uttarakhand. Ethnobotanical Leaflets , 13 , 975–983. Bisht, S. S. , Buchar, S. K. , Kothyari, B. P. , & Palni, L. M. S. (2005). Biochemical changesassociated with retting of Grewia bark for fiber extraction. J. Plant Biol. , 32 (1), 125–127. Butola, J. S. & Samant, S. S. (2010). Saussurea species in Indian Himalayan Region: diversity,distribution and indigenous uses. Intern. J. Plant Biol. , 1 (1), 43–51. Champion, H. G. (1968). & Seth, Vol. K. Government of India: A Revised Survey of the ForestTypes of India. Chandra, R. , Soni, P. , & Yadav, V. (2008). Fuel wood, fodder and livestock status in aHimalayan watershed in Mussoorie hills (Uttarakhand, India). Indian Forester , 134 , 894–905. Collett, H. (1902). Flora Simlensis: A handbook of the flowering plants Shimla. Dehradun:International Book Distributors. Dar, G. H. , Virgee, P. , Kachroo, P. , & Bhat, G. M. (1984). Ethnobotany of Kashmir-1 SindValley. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 5 (3), 668–675. Dhanai, R. , Negi, R. S. , Parmar, M. K. , & Singh, S. (2014). Fuel wood and fodderconsumption pattern in Uttarakhand Himalayan Watershed. Intern. J. Environmental Biol. , 4(1), 35–40. Gaur, R. D. (2008). Traditional dye yielding plants of Uttarakhand. India. Natural ProductRadiance , 7 (2), 154–165. Gaur, R. D. & Bhatt, B. P. (1994). Folk utilization of some pteridophytes of Deoprayag area inGarhwal Himalaya: India. Economic Bot. , 48 (2), 146–151. Gaur, R. D. & Nautiyal, S. (1993). A survey of fiber-yielding plants of Garhwal Himalayas.Higher Plants of Indian Subcontinent , 2 , 193–208. Goraya, G. S. , Pal, Mohinder , Kapoor, K. S. , & Jishtu, V. (2008). Hill bamboos-Socio-economic significance and conservation imperatives: A case study from Himachal Pradesh.Indian Forester , 134 (3), 351–362. Hooker, J. D. (1906). A Sketch of Flora of British India. London. Jarngal, N. & Katoch, K. N. (2014). Herbal Dye Yielding Plants of District Kathua, Jammu AndKashmir State. India. Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. , 3 (12), 73–79. Joshi, C. S. & Pande, P. C. (1999). Kumaon kala avam sanskriti mein prakritic rang: eksarvekshan. In P. C. Pande , D. C. Pokhriya , & J. C. Bhatt (Eds.), Ethnobotany of KumaonHimalaya (pp. 439–447). Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Kala, C. P. (2002). Indigenous knowledge of Bhotiya tribal community on wool dyeing and itspresent status in the Garhwal Himalaya. India. Curr. Sci. , 83 , 814–817. Kaul, A. K. , Karihaloo, J. L. , Irshad, A. , & Kiran, H. (1982). Some novel tea substitutes forKashmir. Indian Forester , 108 (4), 310–313. Kharwal, A. D. & Rawat, D. S. (2012). Ethnobotanical notes on indigenous herbal shampoos ofShivalik hills, Himachal Pradesh, (India). Plant Science Feed , 2 , 88–90. Kharwal, Anjna D. , & Rawat, D. S. (2009). Ethnobotanical Studies on Timber Resources ofHimachal Pradesh (H. P.), India, Ethnobotanical Leaflets: 9 (13), 1148–1157. Kholiya, R. , Goel, A. , & Kholiya, D. (2011). Unconventional fiber plants: a source ofsustainable livelihood, Intern. J. Sci. Tech., & Management, 2(1), 27–35. Kuniyal, C. P. , Rawat, Y. S. , Oinam, S. S. , Kuniyal, J. C. , & Vishvakarma, S. C. R. (2005). S.costus (Saussurea lappa) cultivation in the cold desert environment of the Lahaul valley,northwestern Himalaya, India: arising threats and need to revive socioeconomic values.Biodiversity and Conservation , 14 , 1035–1045.

Lal, B. , Vats, S. K. , Singh, R. D. , & Gupta, A. K. (1996). Plants used as ethnomedicine andsupplement food by the Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh, India. In S. K. Jain (Ed.), Ethnobiology inHuman Welfare. New Delhi. Lepcha, S. T. S. , Bahti, S. , & Kumar, A. (2009). Common fiber yielding plants of North-WestHimalayas-with special reference to Uttarakhand, Uttarakhand Bamboo and Fiber DevelopmentBoard (UBFDB), Dehradun. Maikhuri, R. K. & Semwal, R. L. (1997). Agroforestry for rehabilitation of degraded communityland: a case study in the Garhwal Himalaya. India. Intern. Tree Crop Journal , 1 (9), 89–99. Mani, M. S. (1974). Ecology and Biogeography of India. The Hague: Junk Publishers. Meenakshi . (2002). The study on phyto-diversity of Shilly wildlife sanctuary, HP. M.Sc., Thesis,submitted to Department of Forest Products, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University ofHorticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan. Metha, P. S. & Bhatt, K. C. (2007). Traditional soap and detergent yielding plants ofUttaranchal. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 6 (2), 279–284. Nawchoo, A. I. & Bhat, G. M. (1994). Studies on the medicinal plants used by the Gujjar andBakerwal tribes of Jammu and Kashmir. In K. C. Sahni (Ed.), Advances in Plant ScienceResearch. Dehradun: International book distributors. Negi Vikram, S. , Maikhuri, R. K. , Rawat, L. S. , & Phondani, P. C. (2010). Current status andfuture potential of fiber yielding crop Hibiscus cannabinus L. in mountain region of centralHimalaya, India. Environ . We Int. J. Sci. Tech., 87–96. Negi, K. S. , Tiwari, J. K. , Gaur, R. D. , & Pant, K. C. (1993). Notes on ethnobotany of fivedistricts of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany , 5 , 73–81. Palni, L. M. S. , Rikhari, Hem C. , & Sharma, S. (1999). Enterprise development in natural fiber-based products - a study of the status and potential in the Central Himalayan region of India.MEI Case Study Series, 99/2, 52 pp. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,Kathmandu, Nepal. Pande, P. C. , Pokhria, D. S. , & Bhatt, J. C. (1999). Ethnobotany of Kumaun Himalaya.Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers. Pandey, A. & Gupta, R. (2003). Fiber yielding plants of India: Genetic resources, perspectivesfor collection and utilization. Natural Product Radiance , 4 (2), 194–204. Polunin, O. & Stainton, A. (1984). Flowers of the Himalaya (pp. 1–580). Delhi: Oxford UniversityPress. Prajapati, U. (2004). Natural fiber based livelihood developments in the hill state of Uttaranchalobservations for material research and design interventions. Uttaranchal Bamboo and FiberDevelopment Board. , 1–8. Prajapati, U. (2005). Possibilities with natural fiber resource of Uttaranchal: UttaranchalBamboo and Fiber Development Board: pp. 1–10. Purohit, K. , & Samant, S. S. (1995). Fodder trees and shrubs of Central Himalaya. GyanodayPrakashan, Rashid, A. & Sharma, A. (2012). Exploration of economically important fodder plants of districtRajouri, Jammu and Kashmir state. Intern. J. Life Science and Pharma Res. , 2 , 144–148. Rashid, A. (2013). Dye yielding plant diversity of district Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir State-India. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci. , 4 (1), 263–266. Rawat, D. & Kharwal, A. D. (2010). Indigenous traditional method for making liquid detergent“Chhoa” from Zea mays L. In Shivalik Hills (Himachal Pradesh, India). Ethnobotanical leaflets. , 14 , 5–7. Roy, B. , Farooquee, N. A. , Sharma, S. , & Palni, L. M. S. (2002). Indigenous knowledge ofwool dyeing: A Bhotiya practice on its way out in the higher Kumaon Himalaya, Indian . J. Trad.Knowl. , 1 , 40–46. Samant, S. S. , Singh, M. , Lal, M. , & Pant, S. (2007). Diversity, distribution and prioritization offodder species for conservation in Kullu District, Northwestern Himalaya. India. J. Mountain Sci., 4 (3), 259–274. Shah, N. C. & Joshi, M. C. (1971). An ethnobotanical study of Kumaun region of India. Econ.Bot. , 25 , 414–422. Shah, R. (2006). Nature’s Medicinal Plants of Uttaranchal: (Herbs, Grasses and Ferns). Vol. 1and 2. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Sharma, A. , Dangwal, L. R. , & Dangwal, M. (2012). Dye Yielding plants of the GarhwalHimalaya, India: A Case Study. Intern. Res. J. Biol. Sci. , 1 (4), 69–72.

Sharma, B. D. & Rana, J. C. (1999). Traditional medicinal uses of plants of Himachal hills. J.Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 (1), 173–176. Sharma, B. D. , Singh, L. , & Kaur, M. J. (2014). Traditional Soap and detergents yielding plantsand animal materials of Himachal Himalaya. J. Non-Timber Forest Products , 21 (2), 75–80. Sharma, K. R. & Lekha, C. (2013). Tapping of Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine) for Oleoresin inHimachal Pradesh. India. Advances in Forestry Letters , 2 (3), 51–55. Sharma, O. P. (1976). Some useful wild plants of Himachal Pradesh. HPU, Shimla: College ofBiosciences. Sharma, P. & Devi, U. (2013). Ethnobotanical uses of biofencing plants in Himachal Pradesh.Northwest Himalaya. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. , 16 , 1957–1963. Sharma, P. K. , Chauhan, N. S. , & Lal, B. (2003). Commercially important medicinal andaromatic plants of Parvati Valley. Himachal Pradesh. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 27 (4), 937–942. Sharma, P. K. , Chauhan, N. S. , & Lal, B. (2005). Studies on plant associated indigenousknowledge among the Malanis of Kullu district. Himachal Pradesh. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 ,403–408. Shoukat, A. , & Naqshi, A. R. (1992). Medicinal herbs and ethnobotany in Gurais, valley. In:Ray Chandra, S. P. (ed.). Recent advances in medicinal and spice crops. Vol. 2, 301–303. Singh S. K. , & Rawat, G. S. (1999). Floral diversity and vegetation structure in GreatHimalayan National Park, Western Himalaya. FREEP/GHN02/05 Final Technical ReportWildlife Institute of India. Dehradun. Singh, G. S. (1999). Ethnobotanical study of useful plants of Kullu district in north westernHimalaya. India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 23 (1), 185–198. Singh, H. (2006). Some unrecorded dye-yielding plants and their less known ethnomedicinaluses in Uttaranchal. Ethnobotany , 18 , 119–121. Singh, J. , Rajasekaran, A. , & Sharma, K. D. (2008). Traditional Ethnobotanical knowledge ofKiran Pargana, Shimla District, Himachal Pradesh. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 32 , 253–263. Singh, J. S. , Singh, S. P. , & Ram, J. (1998). Fodder and fuel wood resources of centralHimalayan. Problems and solutions. Report Submitted for Study Group on Fuel and Fodder,Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi. Singh, K. K. & Kumar, K. (2000). Ethnobotanical wisdom of Gaddi tribe in Western Himalaya.Dehradun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Singh, V. & Chauhan, N. S. (2005). Traditional practices of herbal medicines in the Lahaulvalleys. Himachal Himalayas. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 4 , 208–220. Singh, V. (1996). Ethnomedicobotany of Dards tribe of Gurez valley in Kashmir Himalaya. In S.K. Jain (Ed.), Ethnobiology in Human. New Delhi: Deep Publications. Singh, V. , Gaur, R. D. , & Bohra, B. (2008). A survey of fodder plants in mid-altitude Himalayanrangelands of Uttarakhand. India. J. Mountain Science , 5 (3), 265–278. Singh, A. , Dangwal, L. R. , & Singh, T. (2014). Some lesser known fiber yielding weeds usedby Gujjar and Bekarwal tribes of District Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir. J. Applied and Nat. Sci. , 6 (1), 127–130. Siva, R. (2007). Status of natural dyes and dye-yielding plants in India. Curr. Sci. , 92 (7),916–925. Sood, S. K. , Nath, R. , & Kalia, D. C. (2001). Ethnobotany of cold desert tribes of Lahaul - Spiti(N. W. Himalaya). Deep Publications, New Delhi. Srivastava, S. K. (2010). Floristic diversity and conservation strategies in cold desert of westernHimalaya, India. Botanica Orientalis - J. Plant Science , 7 , 18–25. Srivastava, S. K. , Shashank, K. S. , Rajkumar, S. D. , & Gautam, R. P. (2014). Inventorisationand documentation of dye yielding plant diversity of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Inter. J. Res. inEngineering and Bioscience, 2(5), 70–75. Surinder Kumar , Rajasekaran, A. , & Sharma, K. D. (2004). Sacred and venerated plants ofHimachal Pradesh, In: Proceedings of National workshop on conservation of sacred groves (27-28th May 2004), pp. 170–174, organized by Institute of Forest Genetics & Tree Breeding,Coimbatore. Thakur, S. (2001). Study on the ethnobotany of Rewalsar (Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh,India). Shimla: Himachal Pradesh University. PhD thesis. Uniyal, M. R. & Chauhan, N. S. (1971). Traditionally important medicinal plants of Kangra valleyin Dharmasala Forest Circle. Himachal Pradesh. J. Res. Ind. Med. , 8 (1), 76–85.

Uniyal, M. R. & Chauhan, N. S. (1982). Commercially important medicinal plants of Kullu.Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh, Nagarjuna , 15 (1), 4. Virjee, G. H. , Dar, P. , Kachroo, P. , & Bhat, G. M. (1984). Taxo-ethnobotanical studies ofRajouri. Jammu. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. , 5 (4), 832–828. Vishvakarma, S. C. R. , Kuniyal, J. C. , & Singh, G. S. (1998). Indigenous agroforestry systemof North Western Himalaya (pp. 99–118). Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital: Research forMountain Development. Some Initiatives and Accomplishments. Yadav, R. , Yadav, N. , & Dhar, K. M. (2014). A Review: Dye yielding sources and theirimportance. Intern. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. , 6 (2), 241–248.

Ethno-Conservation Practices in North Western Himalaya, India Anonymou s (2006). Sacred Groves of Himachal Pradesh, Quarterly ENVIS Newsletter,October-December, State Council for Science (p. 8). Himachal Pradesh, Shimla: Technology &Environment. Anonymous (2012). Landmark trees of India. https://www.outreachecology.com/landmark/lti_t018/Accessed on 12.04.2016. Anonymous (2013). National Wetland Inventory and Assessment High Altitude HimalayanLakes. Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad: Space Applications Centre. Anonymous (2014). The Sacred Spaces of Devbhoomi. https://thatandthisinmumbai.word-press.com/2014/05/02/travel-the-sacred-spaces-of-devbhoomi/ Accessed on 13.04.2016. Anthwal, A. , Sharma, R. C. , & Sharma, A. (2006). Sacred groves: Traditional way toconserving plant diversity in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. The . J Am. Sci. , 2 (2).35-43. Ballabh, V. & Singh, K. (1988). Managing forests through peoples participation: a case study offorest panchayats in Uttar Pradesh hills. Indian J. Agricultural Economics , 43 (3), 296–304. Balokhra, J. M. (1998). The wonderland Himachal Pradesh (p. 768). H. G: Publication, NewDelhi. Bisht, S. & Ghildiyal, J. C. (2007). Sacred groves for biodiversity conservation in UttarakhandHimalaya. Curr. Sci. , 92 (6), 711–712. Brandis, D. (1897). Indigenous Indian Forestry: Sacred Groves in Indian Forestry (pp. 12–13).UK: Working Oriental Institute. Champion, H. G. (1968). & Seth, Vol. K. Government of India: A Revised Survey of the ForestTypes of India. Chauhan, D. S. , Negi, B. S. , & Todaria, N. P. (2002). Status of forest panchayats in Chamolidistrict of Garhwal Himalaya. J. World Forest Resource Management , 9 , 147–165. Chhatre, A. , Lothiyal, T. , & Sharma, V. (1998). Nature in Retreat: Development andConservation in Himachal Pradesh. WWF-India, New Delhi: Mimeo. Fernandes, W. (1993). Forest and tribals, informal economy: Dependence and managementdecision, In: Miri (ed.),Community and Change in Tribal Society, Indian Institute of AdvancedStudy, Shimla. Ghildiyal, J. C. , Bisht, S. , & Jadli, R. (2008). A contribution to the biological diversity ofTarkeshwar Sacred Grove in Garhwal Himalayas. The Indian Forester , 134 (6), 789–799. Gokhale, Y. & Pala, N. A. (2011). Ecosystem Services in Sacred Natural Sites (SNSs) ofUttarakhand: A Preliminary Survey. J. Biodiversity , 2 (2), 107–115. Gokhale, Y. , Pala, N. A. , Negi, A. K. , Bhat, J. A. , & Todaria, N. P. (2011). Sacred landscapesas repositories of biodiversity. A case study from Hariyali Devi Sacred Landscape, Uttarakhand.Intern. J. Conserv. Sci., 2(1), 37–44. Gupta, B. & Sharma, S. (2014). Estimation of biomass and carbon sequestration of trees ininformally Protected Areas of Rajouri, J&K. India. Intern. Res. J. Environ. Sci. , 3 (6), 56–61. Gupta, B. , & Sharma, S. , (2013). Role of sacred groves in phytodiversity conservation inRajouri (JK). Int. J. Sci. and Res., 2(6), 97–101. Jaryan, V. , Uniyal, S. K. , Gopichand, Singh , & R. D., Lal, B., Kumar, A., & Sharma, V., (2010).Role of traditional conservation practice: highlighting the importance of Shivbari sacred grove inbiodiversity conservation. Environmentalist , 30 (2), 101–110. Khan, M. L. , Ashalata Devi, K. , & Tripathi, R. S. (2008). The sacred groves and theirSignificance in conserving biodiversity. An Overview. Intern . J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. , 34 (3),

277–291. Kour, K. & Sharma, S. (2014). Diversity and phytosociological analysis of tree species inSacred Groves of Vijaypur Block, Samba (J&K). Intern. J. Sci. Res. , 3 (6), 859–862. Kumar, K. , Manhas, R. K. , & Magotera, R. (2011). The Shankaracharya sacred grove ofSrinagar, Kashmir. India. Curr. Sci. , 101 (3), 362–363. Kumar, S. , Rajasekaran, A. , & Sharma, K. D. (2004). Sacred and venerated plants ofHimachal Pradesh, In: Proceedings of National workshop on conservation of sacred groves,Institute of Forest genetics & Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, pp. 170–174. Narta, U. K. , Chauhan, P. P. , & Sood, S. K. (2012). Conservation of natural resources through‘sociocultural-religious practices’: A glimpse of Sacred Groves of Himachal Himalayas in India.Symposium on “Mountain Resource Management in a Changing Environment” at Park VillageResort, Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu, Nepal. Negi, C. S. (2012). Culture and Biodiversity conservation: Case studies from Uttarakhand.Central Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 11 (2), 273–278. Negi, C. S. (2010). Traditional culture and biodiversity conservation: Examples fromUttarakhand. Central Himalaya. Mountain Res. Dev. , 30 (3), 259–265. Pala, N. A. , Negi, A. K. , & Todaria, N. P. (2014). The religious, social and cultural significanceof forest landscapes in Uttarakhand Himalaya. India. Intern. J. Conserv. Sci. , 5 (2), 215–222. Pala, N. A. , Negi, A. K. , & Todaria, N. P. (2015). Ecological status and socio-culturalsignificance of Sem Mukhem temple landscape in Garhwal Himalaya. India. Indian Forester , 141 (5), 496–504. Pala, N. A. , Negi, A. K. , Gokhale, Y. , Razvi, S. , & Todaria, N. P. (2012). Medicinal plantresources in sacred forests of Garhwal Himalaya. J. Non Timber Forest Products , 19 (4),291–296. Pala, N. A. , Negi, A. K. , Shah, S. , & Todaria, N. P. (2013). Floristic composition, ecosystemservices and biodiversity value of sacred forests in Garhwal Himalaya. Indian J. Forestry. , 36(3), 353–362. Pala, N. A. , Negi, A. K. , Gokhale, Y. , Shah, S. , & Kumar, M. (2016). Community structureand plant diversity of community based religious conserved forests of Garhwal Himalaya, India.J Earth Sci Clim Change , 7 , 2. doi:10.4172/2157- 7617.1000334. Pant, M. & Semwal, P. (2013). Brahma Kamal - the spiritually revered, scientifically ignoredmedicinal plant. Curr. Sci. , 104 (6), 685–856. Priya, K. & Sharma, S. (2014). Deteriorating condition of sacred groves in Jammu city and itssurroundings. J&K. Intern. J. Scientific Res. , 3 (4), 213–215. Rajasekaran A. (2013). Plant wealth in sacred groves of Himachal Pradesh. In: Non TimberForest Products: Conservation, utilization and management. K. R. Dhiman , R. Bawa , K. K.Raina & N. P. Dohroo (eds.). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Rajasekaran, A. & Shalu, D. T. (2015). Assessment of status and site-specific managementstrategies for conservation and rejuvenation of sacred groves in Kullu Valley of HimachalPradesh. Research in Environ. Life Sci. , 8 (4), 679–686. Rajasekaran, A. , Singh, J. , Sharma, K. D. , Shalu, T. , & Chand, L. (2008). Inventorization,documentation of plant diversity and to evolve site-specific management strategies forconservation of various sacred groves in Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh. Final Project Reportsubmitted to G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora,Uttarakhand, India. Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1998). Conserving the sacred for biodiversity: the conceptual framework.In P. S. Ramakrishnan , K. G. Saxena , & U. M. Chandrashekara (Eds.), Conserving the sacredfor biodiversity management. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.. Rani, M. & Kachhawa, G. M. (2015). A study of sacred groves existing in different religiouspatches of Poonch district. Periodic Res , 4 (1), 1–7. Rawal, R. S. & Dhar, U. (2001). Protected area network in Indian Himalayan: need forrecognizing value of low profile protected areas. Curr. Sci. , 81 (2), 175–184. Rawat, L. (2014). Role of sacred groves in ameliorating microclimate: A case study of Nagdevtemple forest of Pauri Garhwal. Uttarakhand Himalaya, India: Intern. Rawat, L. (2014). Role of sacred groves in ameliorating microclimate: A case study of Nagdevtemple forest of Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand Himalaya India. Intern. J Biodiversity conservation , 6 (1), 50–58.

Rawat, M. , Vasistha, H. B. , Manhas, R. K. , & Negi, M. (2011). Sacred forest of KunjapuriSiddhapeeth, Uttarakhand. India. Tropical Ecol. , 52 (2), 219–221. Sharma, B. R. (2000). Sacred groves and their role in social life in Himachal Himalayas.Abstract National Workshops on Community Strategies on the Management of NaturalResources. Bhopal, India. Sharma, P. , Santvan, V. K. , Sharma, A. , & Sharma, B. P. (2014a). Ethnomedicinal Flora ofSacred Groves of Nurpur and Surrounding Areas of Himachal Pradesh, India. Global J Res.Med. Plants & Indigen Med , 3 (4), 154–164. Sharma, P. , Santvan, V. K. , Sharma, A. , & Sharma, B. P. (2014b). Ethnobotanical Studies ofSada Shiv Sacred Grove, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Life Science leaflet , 53 , 89–96. Sharma, S. & Devi, R. (2014). Sacred groves: Traditional way of conserving plant diversity inblock Bhalwal of Jammu District (J&K). Intern J. Sci. Res. (IJSR) , 3 (2), 239–242. Shivkumar, K. P. , Nair, Akhila S. , & Jaya, D. S. (2014). Indigenous reverence for Environment:A review on sacred groves in India. Tech. Proc. Intl. Conf. Indi. Init. Env. Dev. , 90–104. Singh, G. S. , Rao, K. S. , & Saxena, K. G. (1998). Eco-cultural analysis of sacred species andecosystems in Chhakinal watershed, Himachal Pradesh. In P. S. Ramakrishnan , K. G. Saxena, & U. M. Chandrashekara (Eds.), Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management (pp.301–314). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.: Pvt. Ltd.. Singh, H. , Agnihotri, P. , Pande, P. C. , & Husain, T. (2013). Role of traditional knowledge inconserving biodiversity: A case study from Patal Bhuvneshwar sacred grove, KumaonHimalaya. India. J. Biodivers. Manage. Forestry , 2 , 2. Sinha, B. & Maikhuri, R. K. (1998). Conservation through ‘socio-cultural- religious practice’ inGarhwal Himalaya: A case study of Hariyali sacred site. In P. S. Ramakrishnan , K. G. Saxena ,& U. M. Chandrashekara (Eds.), Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management (pp.289–299). New Delhi: UNESCO and Oxford-IBH Publishing. Thaplyal, V. , & Verma, A. (2015). Sacred groves of Himachal Pradesh: A traditional communitypractice of Biodiversity Conservation and Testimony of Religious Beliefs - pp. 89–96. Thaplyal, V. , Sharma, S. , & Bhatt, A. B. (2012). Sacred groves as ethnobotanical gene poolsin tribal areas of the Western Himalaya. Indian Forester , 138 , 70–78. Usha Bande (2003). https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030531/windows/site.htm. Vasan, S. (2001). “Community Forestry: Historical Legacy of Himachal Pradesh,” Himalaya,Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: 21(2), Article 8. Vasan, V. & Kumar, V. (2009). Situating Conserving Communities in their Place: PoliticalEconomy of Kullu Devban. Conservation & Society , 4 (2), 325–346.

The Sacred Natural Sites, The Social Taboo System and the Scope ofDeveloping Some of the Sites as Biodiversity Heritage Sites,Uttarakhand, Central Himalaya Abayie Boateng, A. (1998). Traditional conservation practices: Ghana’s example. Institute ofAfrican Studies Research Review , 14 (1), 42–51. Adhikari, S. D. & Adhikari, B. S. (2007). Veneration of a deity by restoration of sacred grove in avillage Minar, Kumaun region of Uttarakhand: a case study. J. Amer. Sci. , 3 (2), 45–47. Agnihotri, P. , Singh, H. , & Husain, T. (2012). Patalbhuvneshwar: A new sacred grove fromKumaun Himalaya. Curr. Sci. , 102 (6), 830–831. Alvard, M. S. (1998). Evolutionary ecology and resource conservation. Evol. Anthropol. , 7 ,62–74. Anthwal, A. , Gupta, N. , Sharma, A. , Anthwal, S. , & Kim, K. (2010). Conserving biodiversitythrough traditional beliefs in sacred groves in Uttarakhand Himalaya. India: Resources,Conservation and Recycling. doi:10.1016/J.resconrec.2010.02.003. Basu, R. (2000). Studies on sacred groves and taboos in Purulia District of West Bengal. IndianForester , 126 , 1309–1318. Bisht, S. & Ghildiyal, J. C. (2007). Sacred groves for biodiversity conservation in UttarakhandHimalaya. Curr. Sci. , 92 (6), 711–712. Bisht, T. S. & Bhatt, A. B. (2011). Sacred groves: A traditional way of conserving biodiversity inGarhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand. In Y. Gokhale & A. K. Negi (Eds.), Community-based

biodiversity conservation in the Himalayas (pp. 61–73). New Delhi: The Energy and ResourcesInstitute (TERI). Burke, B. E. (2001). Hardin revisited: A critical look at perception and logic of the commons’.Human Ecology , 29 , 149–176. Chandran, M. D. S. & Hughes, J. D. (2000). Sacred groves and conservation: The comparativehistory of traditional reserves in the Mediterranean and in South India. Environment and History, 6 , 169–186. Colding, J. & Folke, C. (1997). The relations among threatened species, their protection, andtaboos. Conserv Ecol. , 1 (1), 6. Colding, J. & Folke, C. (2001). Social taboos: ‘Invisible’ systems of local resource managementand biological conservation. Ecological Applications , 11 (2), 584–600. Dorm-Adzobu, C. , Ampadu-Agyei, O. , & Veit, P. G. (1991). Religious Beliefs andEnvironmental Protection: The Malshegu sacred grove in Northern Ghana. WRI Washington:DC, USA and Acts Press, Africa Centre for Technology Studies, Kenya. Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concept of Pollution and Taboo.London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Durkheim, E. (1915). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, Allen and Unwin, London,UK. (Translated from E. Durkheim. 1912. Les formes elementaires de la vie religeuse: lesystemes totemique en Australia. Free Press, New York, USA.) Falconer, J. (1992). Non-timber Forest Products in Ghana. ODA: Main Report. Fargey, P. J. (1991). Assessment of the conservation status of the Buabeng Fiema MonkeySanctuary. Ghana: Report submitted to the Flora and Fuana Preservation Society. Fargey, P. J. (1992). Monkeys and traditional conservation in Ghana. Oryx , 26 , 151–156. Frazer, J. G. (1922). The Golden Bough. Bungay, U.K.: Chaucer Press. Gadgil, M. (1987). Diversity: cultural and biological. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 12 , 369–373. Gadgil, M. (1998). Conservation: Where are the people? Hindu Survey of the Environment ,107–137. Gadgil, M. , Berkes, F. , & Folke, C. (1993). Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation.Ambio , 22 , 151–156. Ghildiyal, J. C. , Bisht, S. , & Jadli, R. (2008). A contribution to the biological diversity ofTarkeshwar sacred grove in Garhwal Himalayas. Indian Forester , 134 (6), 279–800. Gyasi, E. A. (1996). Gyamfiase, Ghana: A study in threat and counteracting threat toindigenous forest groves and sustainable forest management systems. Paper presented atWorkshop on Contested Terrain: West African Forestry Relations, Landscapes and Processes,12-13 April, 1996, Centre of West African Studies, University of Birmingham, Egbaston. Hames, R. & Vickers, W. (1982). Optimal diet breadth theory as a model to explain variability inAmazonian hunting. Amer. Ethnol. , 9 (2), 358–378. Harris, M. (1971). Culture, Man and Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology. Crowell,New York, USA: Thomas Y. Harris, M. (1979). Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture. New York:Random House. Joshi, P. C. (1992). Afforestation, development and religion: A case from the Himalayas. In:Himalaya: Environment, Economy and People, pp. 453-465. Kamga-Kamdem, I. S. L. (2008). Ancestral beliefs and conservation: The case of sacred areasin Bandjoun (p. 23). West Cameroon, African Centre of Applied Forestry Research &Development (CARFAD): West Cameroon. Knight, J. (1992). Institutions and Social Conflict. New York: Cambridge University Press. Kumbhojkar, M. S. & Kulkarni, D. K. (1998). Environmental impacts of sacred groves inWestern Ghats of Maharashtra. Science and Culture , 64 , 205–207. Malhotra, K. C. & Mark, P. (1989). Forest regeneration through community protection. WestBengal, India: Forest Department. Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An account of native enterprise andadventure in the archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London, U.K.: Routledge andKegan Paul. McNeely, J. A. (1993). Economic incentives for conserving biodiversity: Lessons for Africa.Ambio , 22 (2–3), 144–150. Messerschmitt, D. A. (1993). Common forest resource management, annotated bibliography ofAsia, Africa and Latin America, (Community Forestry Note No. 11) FAO, Rome, Italy.

Murphree, M. W. (1994). The role of institutions in community-based conservation. In: D.Western , R. M. Wright , S. C. Strum (Eds.), Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation, Island Press, Washington D.C., & Covelo, California, pp. 403-427. National Biodiversity Act (2002). Guidelines for selection and management of the biodiversityHeritage Sites. Chennai, India: National Biodiversity Authority. Negi, C. S. (2003). Role of traditional knowledge and beliefs in conservation- Case studies fromCentral Himalaya. India. Man in India , 83 (3–4), 371–391. Negi, C. S. (2005). Religion and biodiversity conservation: Not a mere analogy. Inter. J.Biodiversity Science and Management , 1 (2), 85–96. Negi, C. S. (2010a). Askote Conservation Landscape-Culture. Dehra- dun, India: Biodiversityand Economy. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Publishers & Distributors. Negi, C. S. (2010b). Culture and Biodiversity Conservation: Examples from Uttarakhand.Central Himalaya. Mountain Research & Development , 30 (3), 259–265. Negi, C. S. (2010c). The Institution of Taboo and the Local Resource Management andConservation Surrounding Sacred Natural Sites in Uttarakhand, Central Himalayas. Intern. J.Biodiversity and Conservation , 2 (8), 186–195. Negi, C. S. (2010d). Traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation: A preliminary study ofthe Sacred Natural Sites in Uttarakhand. Central Himalaya. J. Biodiversity , 1 (1), 43–62. Negi, C. S. (2012). Culture and Biodiversity Conservation: Case Studies from Uttarakhand.Central Himalaya. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. , 11 (2), 273–278. Negi, C. S. (2013). Ethno-biological study and conservation of sacred forests towards evolvingsound policy initiatives for their eco-restoration. Project Report GBPI/IERP/ CP/03-04/05/96(unpublished), G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development, Almora,Uttarakhand, India. Negi, C. S. , Maikhuri, R. K. , Rao, K. S. , & Nautiyal, S. (2001). Nanda Raj Jaat-Maha-kumbhaof Uttaranchal: A Socio-ecological and religious perspectives. Man in India. , 82 (3–4),341–357. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions. Institutional Change and Economic Performance: CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK. Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. (1991). Conservation of coastal lagoons in Ghana: The traditional approach.Lands. Urban Plann. , 20 , 41–46. Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. (1995). Indigenous vs. Introduced Biodiversity Conservation Strategies: TheCase of Protected Area Systems in Ghana. African Biodiversity Series Number 1, May 1995,Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC. Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. , Gyamfi-Fenteng, L. J. , & Abbiw, D. (1992). Management strategy forSacred Groves in Ghana. New York, NY: Report prepared for the World Bank and theEnvironmental Protection Council. Osemeobo, G. J. (1994). The role of folklore in environmental conservation: Evidence from EdoState, Nigeria. Intern. J. Sust. Dev. World Ecol. , 1 , 48–55. Padoch, C. , & Vayda, A. P. (1983). Patterns of resource use and human settlement in tropicalforest. In: Golley, F. B. , & Lieth, H. (Eds). Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, Structure andFunction, Ecosystems of the World No. 14A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 301-313. Posey, D. A. (1992). Interpreting and applying the “reality” of indigenous concepts: What isnecessary to learn from the natives? In: Redford, K. H. , & Padoch, C. (Eds.). Conservation inNeotropical Forests: Working from Traditional Resource Use. Columbia University Press,Irvington, New York, pp. 21-34. Posner, R. A. & Rasmussen, E. B. (1999). Creating and enforcing norms, with special referenceto sanctions. Inter. Rev. Law and Economics , 19 , 369–382. Rappaport, R. A. (1968). Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Rawat, M. , Vasistha, H. B. , Manhas, R. K. , & Negi, M. (2011). Sacred forest of Kunja- puriSiddhapeeth, Uttarakhand. India. Tropical Ecology , 52 (2), 219–221. Rea, A. M. (1981). Resource utilization and food taboos of Sonoran desert peoples. J.Ethnobiol. 1, 69-83. Ross, E. B. (1978). Food taboos, diet, and hunting strategy: The adaptation to animals inAmazon cultural ecology. Curr. Anthro. , 19 , 1–36. Ruttan, L. M. (1998). Closing the commons: Co-operation for gain or restraint? Hum. Ecol. , 26(1), 43–66.

Ruttan, L. M. & Borgerhoff, M. M. (1999). Are East African pastoralists truly conservationists?Curr. Anthropol. , 40 , 621–652. Sharma, S. , Rikhari, H. C. , & Palni, L. M. S. (1999). Conservation of natural resources throughreligion: a case study from Central Himalaya. Society & Natural resources , 12 , 599–622. Sinclair, F. L. & Walker, D. H. (1999). A utilitarian approach to the incorporation of localknowledge in agroforestry research and extension. In L. E. Buck , J. P. Lassoie , & E. C. M.Fernandes (Eds.), Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems (pp. 245–275). Boca Raton,FL, USA: CRC Press LLC. Singh, H. , Agnihotri, P. , Pande, P. C. , & Husain, T. (2011). Biodiversity conservation throughtraditional beliefs system in Indian Himalaya: a case study from Nakuleshwar sacred grove.Environmentalist , 31 , 246–253. Singh, H. , Husain, T. , & Agnihotri, P. (2010). Haat Kali sacred grove, Central Himalaya.Uttarakhand. Curr. Sci. , 98 (3), 290. Singh, H. , Husain, T. , Agnihotri, P. , Pande, P. C. , & Iqbal, M. (2012). Biodiversityconservation through traditional belief systems: a case study from Kumaun Himalaya. India. Int.J. Conserv. Sci. , 3 (1), 33–40. Sinha, R. K. (1995). Ecosystem preservation through faith and tradition in India. J. Human Ecol., 2 (1), 21–24. Sinha, B. , Ramakrishnan, P. S. , Saxena, K. G. , & Maikhuri, R. K. (2003). The concept ofsacred linked to biological resource management in the Himalayan culture. In E. Ehlers (Ed.),Environment across cultures (pp. 197–204). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. Smith, E. A. (1995). Comment on Alvard. Curr. Anthropol. , 36 , 810–811. Smith, E. A. & Wishnie, M. (2000). Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies. Ann.Rev, of Anthropol. , 29 , 493–524. Vidyarthi, L. P. (1963). The Maler: A Study in Nature-Man-Spirit Complex. Calcutta, India: Bookland.