Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 38 (2010) 1224–1230

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Biochemical Systematics and Ecology

journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/biochemsyseco

Essential oil composition of wild populations of Salvia lavandulifoliaVahl. from Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)q

David Herraiz-Peñalver a,*, Jaime Usano-Alemany a, Joaquin Cuadrado a,Maria Jose Jordan b, Vanessa Lax b, Jose Antonio Sotomayor b, Jesús Palá-Paúl c

aCentro de Investigación Agraria de Albaladejito, Consejería de Agricultura, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Ctra,Toledo-Cuenca, km 174, 16194 Cuenca, Spainb Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia,30150 La Alberca (Murcia), SpaincDpto. Biología Vegetal I (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 11 March 2010Accepted 31 October 2010Available online 4 December 2010

Keywords:Salvia lavandulifoliaLamiaceaeEssential oil1,8-CineoleCamphor

q Part of this paper has been presented as an oral2008.* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ34 969 212388; fa

E-mail address: dherraiz@jccm.es (D. Herraiz-Pe

0305-1978/$ – see front matter � 2010 Elsevier Ltddoi:10.1016/j.bse.2010.10.015

1. Introduction

Salvia genus is one of the wide-spread members of the Lamiaceae family. Around 1000 species of Salvia are distributedfrom North and South America, through Europe to Asia (Kintzios, 2000). Spanish sage (Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl.) is nativefrom the Iberian Peninsula and it is the species of the genusmost commonly grown in this area. This plant can be found in theWest Mediterranean area in altitudes from 300 to more than 1000 m above the sea level preferring slightly deep, limy andbasic soils (Berdonces i Serra, 2007). It is very well adapted to the semiarid Mediterranean climate.

A high morphological and chemical diversity in Salvia genus species has been observed (Skoula et al., 1999; Bernáth andNémeth, 2000 and references therein). Morales (2010) describes five different S. lavandulifolia subspecies: Subsp. lav-andulifolia, Subsp. vellerea (Cuatr.) Rivas Goday & Rivas Mart., Subsp. mariolensis (Figuerola) Alcazar & De la Torre, Subsp.blancoana (Webb & Heldr.) Rosua & Blanca, and Subsp. oxyodon (Webb & Heldr.) Rivas Goday & Rivas Mart. Moreover, highintraspecific variations can be observed depending on the climatic, geographical, seasonal conditions and genotypic factors bycomparing essential oil composition (Guillén et al., 1995; Dweck, 2000; Giannouli and Kintzios, 2000).

S. lavandulifolia has been used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties and some chemical and pharmacologicalstudies are described in the literature. Newall et al. (1996) and Todorov et al. (1984) described spasmolytic activity of Salvia

presentation at the 39th International Symposium on Essential Oils, Quedlinburg (Germany), Sept. 4–7,

x: þ34 969 232151.ñalver).

. All rights reserved.

D. Herraiz-Peñalver et al. / Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 38 (2010) 1224–1230 1225

officinalis essential oil, due to their content on camphor and bornyl acetate, which are also present in S. lavandulifolia essentialoil. Blumenthal (2000) tested the antiperspirant effect of sage leaves and De Leo et al. (1998) showed the great utility of sage inthe treatment of somemenopause symptoms such as flushing or sweating. Jiménez et al. (1986) and Zarzuelo et al. (1990) foundstrong hypoglycaemic properties in the S. lavandulifolia aqueous extract. The memory-enhancing reputation of European Salvia(S. officinalis and S. lavandulifolia) is also well known due to their anticholinesterase activity (Perry et al., 1996; 1997; Tildesleyet al., 2002). However, S. lavandulifolia is a more suitable species to investigate for memory enhancement because of its lowercontent of the toxic component thujone (1.30–22.82% a-thujone and 0.01–4.32% b-thujone) in comparison with S. officinalis(1.20–45.80% a-thujone and 1.02–40.10% b-thujone) (Giannouli and Kintzios, 2000; Perry et al., 2000).

S. lavandulifolia is very well adapted to the local environmental conditions in many areas of the Iberian Peninsula andappears as an attractive crop for the phytocosmetics, phytotherapy and aromatherapy industries. Nevertheless, the cultivationof this species requires an adequate cultivation technology including appropriate plant material (Bernáth and Németh, 2000).A programme of selection and domestication of indigenous plants is needed to obtain homogeneous productions in quantityand quality. Such a work has not ever been done and this is the main reason why nowadays S. lavandulifolia is not animportant crop in Spain despite its cultivation potential.

In this work, a characterization of the essential oil composition of 20 wild populations of S. lavandulifolia Subsp. lav-andulifolia in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) has been achieved. As far as we know, this is the first approach to the chemicalcharacterization of the essential oil of S. lavandulifoliawild populations from Iberian Peninsula. These results will be useful forfuture works on breeding and selection of this species and to provide a base of indigenous material as a starting point.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Prospection and plant material

It has been carried out an exploration in the places where populations of S. lavandulifolia Subsp. lavandulifolia are likely tobe found (Cuadrado et al., 2006). The prospected area ranged from 4328432N to 4527650N of latitude (Y UTM coordinate) andfrom 768 m (Villanueva de la Jara) to 1249 m (Valdecabras) of altitude. The geographical locations of the prospected pop-ulations are detailed in Table 1. A sample of the aerial parts (inflorescences, leaves and stems) of each populationwas gatheredin full flowering time, which usually happens in the studied region in June. A voucher specimen has been deposited at theBank of Plant Germplasm of Cuenca (BGV-CU. Code ESP 124) (see voucher numbers in Table 1).

2.2. Isolation of volatile oils

All the samples were air dried. Approximately 100 g of dried material composed of inflorescences, leaves and stems weresubjected to steam distillation with cohobation for 8 h. using a Clevenger type apparatus as previously described by Brophyet al. (1991).

2.3. Identification of components

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the essential oils were carried out using an Agilent Technologies 5890 Series II plusgas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a 30 m� 0.25 mm i.d. HP-5 (cross-linked phenyl-methyl siloxane) non-polar column

Table 1Geographical location of S. lavandulifolia sampled populations.

Population Province X UTM Y UTM Altitude (m) Voucher number

1. Torralba (Tor) Cuenca 30T567852 4436334N 841 BCU0026782. Alcantud (Alc) Cuenca 30T557901 4488010N 921 BCU0026033. Zaorejas (Zao) Guadalajara 30T570302 4515554N 989 BCU0026044. Villar de Cobeta (Cob) Guadalajara 30T567028 4520367N 1161 BCU0026055. Saelices de la Sal (Sae) Guadalajara 30T555577 4527650N 1023 BCU0026066. Mirafrío (Mir) Guadalajara 30T504140 4519370N 961 BCU0026077. Tendilla (Ten) Guadalajara 30T504167 4487909N 888 BCU0026088. Cardenete (Car) Cuenca 30T616965 4401878N 834 BCU0027949. Mira (Mir) Cuenca 30T633999 4400738N 982 BCU00260910. Gascueña (Gas) Cuenca 30T542442 4461348N 1006 BCU00267911. Huete (Hut) Cuenca 30T527856 4444488N 800 BCU00268212. Campillo Paravientos (Cam) Cuenca 30T627572 4421840N 1116 BCU00261013. La Huérguina (Hue) Cuenca 30T629973 4422440N 1117 BCU00261114. Albalate de las Nogueras (Alb) Cuenca 30T566331 4468126N 860 BCU00261215. Priego (Pri) Cuenca 30T558020 4481797N 892 BCU00268016. Villanueva de la Jara (Jar) Cuenca 30T593849 4368759N 768 BCU00267717. Alatoz (Ala) Albacete 30T639186 4328432N 826 BCU00268118. Fuentes (Fue) Cuenca 30T586414 4421522N 1157 BCU00268419. Huélamo (Hul) Cuenca 30T601810 4460339N 1216 BCU00279320. Valdecabras (Val) Cuenca 30T583080 4447907N 1249 BCU002683

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with 0.25 mm film thickness supplied by Agilent Technologies (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.), and an Agilent model 5972 inert massspectrometry detector (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.). The initial oven temperaturewas held at 60 �C for 4 min. It was then increased at3 �C/min to 250 �C; the injection port was kept at 250 �C. Helium was used as carrier gas, the flow through the column was1 mL/min, and the split ratio was 100:1 with 0.1 mL of sample injected.

Mass spectra were scanned fromm/z 35 to 300, generating 5.27 scans/s. The mass spectrometer was operated in electronimpact ionization modewith an ionizing energy of 70 eV, scanning fromm/z 50 to 500 at 3.21 scan/s. The quadrupole and ionsource temperatures were set at 150 �C and 230 �C respectively. The electron multiplier voltage was maintained at 1300 V.

The individual peaks were identified by their retention times and retention index (relative to C6–C17 n-alkanes), comparedwith those of corresponding reference standard (Across Organics BVBA/SPRL, Fisher Scientific S.A. and Sigma Aldrich QuímicaS.A.), and by comparison of mass spectra using the NIST98 library (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD) and spectra obtained from thestandard or published spectra (Adams,1995, 2001). Percentage compositions of essential oils were calculated according to thearea of the chromatographic peaks.

2.4. Data analysis

Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) have been used to study the inter-relationships between populations and their chemical composition. Cluster analysis has been applied to group populationswith more similar essential oil composition, the Squared Euclidean was the type of distance used to measure the similaritybetween samples and hierarchical clustering was performed according to the Ward’s variance minimising method (Ward,1963). In the PCA the extraction of principal components amounts to a variance maximizing (varimax) rotation of the orig-inal variable space.

Both analyses (AHC and PCA) were developed with the compounds which appear in the S. lavandulifolia essential oilchromatographic profile according to the standard UNE 84310 (AENOR, Spanish Standardization Association, 2001). Thisstandard is defined by AENOR as a non obligatory technical specification for its continued and repetitive use and it serves asa reference in commercial transactions. SPSS 12.0 for Windows has been the software used in the statistical data analysis.

3. Results and discussion

The identified compounds and their range of percentage in the essential oil of S. lavandulifolia are summarized in Table 2.The compounds are arranged in order of their elution from the column. A total of 61 compounds have been identified,although only 20 of them (marked with bold letters in Table 2) represented more than 75% of the total oil in all the analyzedsamples. Themain compounds of oil were a-pinene, b-pinene,1,8-cineole and camphor (Tables 2 and 4), similarly as observedin previous studies (Guillén et al., 1995; Giannouli and Kintzios, 2000; Rzepa et al., 2009). Particularly striking was the case ofcamphor, which reached high values in some populations, whereas in others was not detected (Table 4). This suggests theexistence of different chemotypes in S. lavandulifolia essential oil.

Other representative compounds were identified as camphene, limonene, borneol and E-b-caryophyllene (Tables 2 and 4).The presence of camphene in S. lavandulifolia is under discussion. Rzepa et al. (2009) state that S. lavandulifolia has nocamphene, which provides a chemotaxonomic marker for this particular species. In contrast, its presence in S. lavandulifoliaessential oil has been observed in other studies (Guillén and Ibargoitia, 1995; Guillén et al., 1995; Giannouli and Kintzios,2000). In this work, camphene has been detected in all the analyzed samples in a percentage between 1.4 and 4.6% of theessential oil. The presence of b-myrcene has been also regarded as another chemotaxonomic marker of S. lavandulifolia byRzepa et al. (2009) who consider this compound relatively rare in other sage species. In this study, b-myrcene has been foundin all the analyzed samples (Tables 2 and 4) so we consider the presence of this compound a much more valid chemotax-onomic marker of this species than the absence of camphene.

The Spanish standard UNE 84310 is dedicated to the quality of S. lavandulifolia essential oil and consists of a profile of 11main compounds (Table 3). In comparison with this standard, linalyl acetate has not been detected in any of the populations,and other compounds as a-pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole and borneol presented a larger range of variation. It seems thatthewild populations of S. lavandulifolia have amuch greater variability in the composition of their essential oil than that of theUNE standard, and point to the necessity of a selectionwork to provide to the producers appropriate cultivars fitting with therestrictive standard requirements.

Thewild populations have been grouped according to their percentages of the compounds of the Spanish UNE standard byan AHC statistical analysis (Fig. 1). It can be clearly distinguished by two branches: a first one named ‘Serrania Baja-Man-chuela’ including the 7 southernmost populations of the prospection (UTM Y coordinate 4422440N and below), and a secondbranch named ‘Serrania Alta-Alcarria’ with the other 13 populations. In this second branch it has been differentiated3 subgroups: B1, B2 and B3. B1 subgroup comprises the five northernmost populations of the prospection, located at analtitude between 921 m and 1161 m above the sea level. The subgroup B1 showed in the dendogram a longer distance incomparison with B2 and B3 sub-branches indicating thus a higher similarity between these two subgroups (B2 and B3). B3subgroup consisted of populations located in a well defined natural region called Alcarria characterized by very alkaline soilsand continental climate, with altitudes from 800 to 1000 m above the sea level, whereas B2 subgroup is more heterogeneousincluding populations from two different natural regions, Alcarria (Albalate, 860 m and Priego, 892 m) and Serranía Alta(Huelamo, 1249 m and Valdecabras, 1216 m).

Table 2Range of the identified compounds (% of essential oil) in the prospected wild populations of S. lavandulifolia.

Componenta R.I.b Min. Max.

Tricyclene 915 0.1 0.1a-Thujene 920 0.1 0.9a-Pinene 926 6.7 23.2Camphene 942 1.4 4.6Sabinene 966 0.1 2.7b-Pinene 971 3.8 19.2Myrcene 974 0.9 2.43-Octanol 982 0.0 0.12-Octanol 986 0.0 0.2a-Phellandrene 994 0.0 0.3a-Terpinene 1008 0.1 1.2p-Cymene 1017 0.8 5.2Limonene 1021 0.8 16.61,8-Cineole 1023 6.4 34.5(Z)-b-Ocimene 1029 0.1 1.2(E)-b-Ocimene 1040 0.0 0.2g-Terpinene 1053 1.1 6.9(E)-Sabinene hydrate 1058 0.1 0.5Terpinolene 1077 0.2 0.7(Z)-Sabinene hydrate 1086 0.1 0.1Linalool 1089 0.1 0.3endo-Fenchol 1100 0.0 0.1b-Thujone 1103 0.0 0.2a-Campholenal 1114 0.0 0.1(E)-Limonene oxide 1124 0.0 0.3Camphor 1133 0.0 15.4Borneol 1154 1.4 8.7Terpinen-4-ol 1166 0.5 1.0p-Cymen-8-ol 1172 0.0 0.2a-Terpineol 1178 0.3 1.0Dihydrocarvone 1183 0.1 0.8Verbenone 1194 0.0 0.4Nerol 1217 0.0 0.14-Isopropylbenzyl alcohol 1220 0.1 0.4Myrtenyl acetate 1225 0.0 0.1Carvone 1231 0.0 0.0Geraniol 1245 0.0 0.1Geranial 1259 0.0 0.0Bornyl acetate 1274 0.2 2.0Sabinyl acetate 1280 0.0 0.53-methyl-4-isopropylphenol 1283 0.1 0.3Carvacrol 1287 0.0 0.2Terpinyl acetate 1338 0.0 0.7a-Cubebene 1341 0.0 0.5Eugenol 1346 0.0 0.1Geranyl acetate 1372 0.0 0.1(Z)-Jasmone 1384 0.0 0.0a-Gurjunene 1399 0.0 0.3(E)-b-Caryophyllene 1407 1.5 8.1Aromadendrene 1428 0.0 0.8a-Humulene 1444 0.1 3.9Allo-Aromadendrene 1451 0.0 0.8g-Selinene 1459 0.1 0.2g-Muurolene 1466 0.1 0.3b-Ionone 1474 0.0 0.2Bicyclogermacrene 1483 0.2 1.4a-Muurolene 1488 0.0 0.2d-Cadinene 1513 0.1 1.7Spathulenol 1565 0.1 2.4Caryophyllene oxide 1570 0.4 5.6Viridiflorol 1579 0.1 9.7

a Order of elution in non-polar column (HP-5).b Kovats retention index relative to n-alkanes on non-polar column HP-5MS.

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The PCA method has been used to analyze the contribution of compounds in the classification resulted from the ClusterAnalysis. Previously, the correlations between variables into the correlation matrix were checked and none of them wereabove the maximum limit of 0.6 and therefore, all the variables were used for the analysis. The result obtained in the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure (0.609) showed that data were within the limit of sampling adequacy.

Table 3Comparison between ranges (% of essential oil) of UNE standard and prospected wild populations of S.lavandulifolia.

UNE range Wild populations range

a-Pinene 4–11 6.7–23.2Sabinene 0.1–3 0.1–2.7Limonene 2–5 0.8–16.61,8-Cineole 11–30 6.4–34.5Linalool 0.3–4 0.1–0.3Camphor 15–36 0.0–15.4Borneol 1–5 1.4–8.7Terpinen-4-ol <2 0.5–1.0Sabinyl acetate 0.5–9 0.0–0.5a-Terpinyl acetate 0.5–9 0.0–0.7Lynalyl acetate 0.1–5 0.0

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The first three factors extracted with the PCA accounted for 62.1%, 22.8% and 11.3% of the total variance, respectively. It hasbeen represented as a scatterplot (Fig. 2) in which the axis are the first two factors extracted (first component, Y, secondcomponent X axis), both of them accumulate 84.9% of the total variance. Populations were grouped in a pattern similar to thatof the AHC analysis. The 7 southernmost populations (which comprise the branch Serrania Baja-Manchuela in the dendo-gram) were clearly differentiated in the PCA due to their high positive values of the first regression factor. On the other hand,the three subgroups identified in the second branch of the AHC (B1, B2 and B3) were not so accurately separated, in spite ofthis, therewas a tendency of the populations from B1 towards positive values of the factor score 2 (X axis), whereas B2 and B3samples were plotted in the lower-left area of the figure, with negative values for this second factor.

It was observed from the componentmatrix that the first factor extractedwas high and directly correlatedwith 1,8-cineolevariable (0.945), and inversely correlated with limonene variable (�0.894), whereas the second factor extracted with the PCAwas directly correlated with camphor variable (0.975) and with borneol (0.814).

The PCA results corroborated the AHC analysis and distinguished the populations according to the chemical compositionof their essential oil into two groups with a well defined geographical distribution. The group A ‘Serranía Baja-Manchuela’,corresponded to the southernmost populations and was characterized by a high content of 1,8-cineole (21.10–34.50%) and bya low content of limonene (0.8–4.0%). The group B ‘Serranía Alta-Alcarria’ presented the opposite characteristics, i.e. high

Table 4Percentage of the 20 main compounds which represent more than 75% of the essential oil in all the S. lavandulifolia analyzed samples.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Tor Alc Zao Cob Sae Mir Ten Car Mir Gas Hut Cam Hue Alb Pri Jar Ala Fue Hul Val

Monoterpene hydrocarbonsa-Pinene 23.2 15.4 17.0 17.7 7.8 11.1 21.6 10.1 6.7 18.1 20.0 10.9 16.7 15.2 9.0 11.5 7.4 12.4 7.8 11.0Camphene 4.6 4.1 3.3 3.1 4.2 3.0 4.5 3.1 3.9 4.5 3.2 1.4 2.3 3.5 3.3 4.2 3.3 4.0 3.5 2.0Sabinene 0.1 0.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.2 0.1 1.5 1.7 0.3 0.6 2.7 1.7 0.1 0.9 0.1 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.3b-Pinene 3.8 6.7 16.6 12.5 19.2 18.2 6.5 11.6 10.6 14.1 11.9 16.5 11.1 17.8 15.7 9.3 11.2 14.1 13.6 17.3Myrcene 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.4 1.5 1.3 2.2p-Cymene 4.9 3.1 3.5 2.8 1.8 2.7 5.2 2.6 1.3 2.5 4.6 0.8 3.2 4.6 1.7 2.7 1.5 2.6 2.5 3.6Limonene 16.6 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.6 13.1 13.2 1.2 0.8 9.5 9.5 2.1 4.0 9.6 8.8 2.3 2.4 3.4 12.6 9.9g-Terpinene 1.6 2.2 2.6 3.4 1.5 4.1 2.4 1.3 1.1 5.5 6.9 2.3 3.6 4.3 3.7 4.6 1.4 3.5 3.4 3.5

Oxygenated monoterpenes1,8-Cineole 8.3 6.4 7.3 8.5 9.4 7.8 8.1 21.4 24.4 10.3 7.9 34.5 23.6 9.7 10.3 21.1 28.2 23.9 11.4 11.3Camphor 7.6 15.4 13.4 3.5 14.4 8.0 6.3 10.8 10.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Borneol 3.5 8.4 4.8 3.8 8.7 3.2 3.4 3.6 7.2 2.9 2.1 1.4 1.7 3.3 2.8 3.2 4.7 1.9 2.8 1.5Terpinen-4-ol 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6a-Terpineol 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.3

Ester derivativesBornyl acetate 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.5 1.6 0.6 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.4 2.0 0.3 2.0 0.8

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons(E)-b-Caryophyllene 6.5 8.1 3.1 6.8 1.8 5.0 2.9 1.5 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.0 2.9 3.0 7.2 5.3 3.8 3.0 4.1 3.6a-Humulene 2.4 3.3 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.6 0.7 0.1 2.7 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.7 0.9 2.5 2.6 1.6 0.0 1.3 2.3d-Cadinene 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.6 1.4 1.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.2 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.7Caryophyllene oxide 0.4 2.7 3.7 5.1 2.7 2.5 0.6 1.2 2.3 0.4 1.1 2.2 3.7 0.7 4.1 0.5 2.1 4.4 5.0 5.6

Sesquiterpene oxygenated derivativesSpathulenol 0.5 1.6 1.0 2.1 0.5 0.7 0.2 1.1 2.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.3 1.4 0.5 1.5 0.1 1.7 0.4Viridiflorol 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.8 2.4 4.6 9.7 1.1 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total percentage 89.1 88.3 89.6 89.2 88.6 89.9 89.3 77.3 85.2 76.6 77.4 85.8 86.0 77.3 75.8 83.1 76.9 79.0 75.2 77.9

Fig. 2. Scatterplot of the two first regression factors extracted with the PCA.

Fig. 1. Dendogram from the hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s method.

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content of limonene (7.4–16.6%) and low content of 1,8-cineole (6.4–11.4%). The subgroup B1 included the five northernmostpopulations and was characterized by its richness in camphor (8.0–15.4%) and borneol (3.2–8.4%).

It is well known that essential oil species show chemical variability within populations (Perry et al., 1999; Muñoz-Bertomeu et al., 2007), so it is necessary to study the chemical composition of the individual plants used as base materialin breeding and selection programmes, but the chemical characterization of the population is the first step towards theselection of this material. According to our results, populations from the area Serranía Baja-Manchuela are more interesting toobtain S. lavandulifolia oils with high 1,8-cineole levels, whereas the populations from Serrania Alta-Alcarria are more suitablefor the production of oils rich in limonene, camphor and borneol.

AHC and PCA results show a direct relationship between geographical distances of the populations and their clusteringpatterns. Nearby populations have a closer chemical composition due to either a higher similarity among genotypes of closerpopulations or to environmental condition. Nevertheless this work has been developed with data from a single year andfurther investigations should be done in the following seasons, including genetic studies and soil and climate data of thesampled points to verify the influence of genetic heritage and abiotic factors in the S. lavandulifolia essential oil composition.

Acknowledgements

This project has been funded by INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria) RTA2005-00168-C04-04 and ERDF (European Regional Development Fund).

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