Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report

Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report –Boreholes in Dadaab and Fafi- Garissa County

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

MINISTRY OF WATER & SANITATION

PROJECT NAME: WATER AND SANITATION SERVICE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ADDITIONAL FINANCING (WASSIP - AF)

CREDIT NO.: 51030-KE

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) PROJECT REPORT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF 15NO. BOREHOLES TO SUPPLY

WATER FOR DADAAB HOST COMMUNITIES

FOR

CONSULTING SERVICES FOR PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORTS, RESETTLEMENT

ACTION PLANS (RAPS) AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENTS FOR WSDP CONTRACTS

Works carried out under

CONTRACT No.: CWWDA/WASSIP-AF/C/35/2016

Coast Water Works Development Agency (CWWDA) P.O. Box 90417-80100, Mombasa Tel: 041-2315230

E-mail: [email protected]

Zamconsult Consulting Engineers Ltd. P.O Box 68221 – 00200 Nairobi Cell: 0733750231 Email:

[email protected]

February 2021

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

ii

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) PROJECT REPORT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF 15NO. BOREHOLES TO SUPPLY WATER FOR DADAAB HOST COMMUNITIES

Project: WATER AND SANITATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(WSDP)

Project Number: P156634

Credit No: IDA-60300 KE

Employer: GARISSA WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANY (GAWASCO)

Country: REPUBLIC OF KENYA

Submitted On: FEBRUARY 2021

of 440

Executive summary Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report –Boreholes in Dadaab and Fafi- Garissa

County

ESIA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The Government of Kenya (GoK) through the Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MWS), the Coast Water Works Development Agency (CWWDA), the Water Services Regulatory Board (WSREB), and several counties and WSPs in the coast and northeast regions, is implementing the Word Bank-financed Water and Sanitation Development Project (WSDP).

Coast Water Works Development Agency (CWWDA) and Northern Water Works Development Agency are independent parastatals (Government Owned and Autonomous) created under the Water Act, 2016 but established through separate Gazette Notices. They operate under the Parent Ministry of Water and Sanitation and in accordance with: The provisions and regulations of the Water Act, 2016, The State Corporation Act Cap 446, Other Relevant Provisions of the Laws of Kenya and Rules and Regulations given in form of circulars by the Parent Ministry and Ministry of Finance.

The area of jurisdiction of NWWDA covers all the three counties of North Eastern province namely: Garissa, Wajir and Mandera, two counties from Eastern Province namely Isiolo and Marsabit and another two from the Rift valley namely Laikipia and Samburu counties. The main economic activity in the region is Pastoralism. The NWWDA region has a population of about 4.5 million people as projected from the 2009 national census

The seven counties and sub counties covered by Northern Water Works Development Agency region are as tabulated hereunder Table 0-1

Table 0-1 Counties and Sub Counties in NWWDA Area

S/No County Sub counties 1 Garissa County Garissa Township, Ijara, Hulugho, Dadaab, Lagdera, Balambala

and Fafi 2 Wajir County Wajir South, Buna, Habaswein, Wajir East, Wajir North and Wajir

West.

3 Mandera County Mandera East, Mandera South, Mandera North, Mandera West, Lafey and Banissa

4 Marsabit County Moyale, Marsabit central, Laisamis, Loyangalani, 5 Isiolo Isiolo, Garbatula and Merti 6 Samburu Samburu East, Samburu Central and Samburu North 7 Laikipia Laikipia East, Laikipia West, Laikipia North

The project is located within Dadaab and Fafi Sub Counties in Garissa county. Garissa town is the headquarters of Garissa county. Dadaab Sub- County covers 6,781 Km2 area having 6 wards. Fafi sub county has a total of five wards and covers a total of 15,469.40 Km2.

The 50km radius of Dadaab is a perennially water deficient area as it does not have any perennial river and the source of water in Dadaab is through boreholes. The aquifer unfortunately happens to be saline in some areas like Kulan and Kokar. There are two other aquifers located at deeper depths. The most sustainable water source in the area is ground water from the Merti aquifer. However, no conclusive studies have been done to ascertain their

of 440

Executive summary Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report –Boreholes in Dadaab and Fafi- Garissa County

quantity. Water is therefore obtained from the upper aquifer (which is less saline in some areas) through boreholes.

The boreholes within the Dadaab sub county are;

1) Welhar 2) Bulla Nyanya 3) Weldon 4) Mathagesi 5) Labisigale 6) Bulla Kheir 7) Bogyar

Boreholes located within the Fafi Sub county;

1Alinjugur 2. Hagardera 3. Yumbis 4. Welmerer 5. Mathamarub 6.Biyamathobe 7. Fafi Centre 8.Harbole

The following are the intervention that are proposed for each aforementioned borehole site at Dadaab and Fafi sub counties.

− Borehole drilling & Equipping − Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) − Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank

− Construction of three community water kiosks

− Construction livestock watering troughs

− Construction a well-ventilated Control/Generator house

− Secure borehole site on plot size 50mx30m with 100mmx100mm by 2.4m high

concrete poles fence 1.8m high above ground chain-link on galvanized wire.

Institutional capacity a) Procurement pickup for management and supervision of water points and

boreholes b) Construction of Water Department /laboratory building & GAWASCO office

Block in Garissa township. c) Procurement of a crane mounted truck with lifting capacity of 15 tones d) Require 7 water trucks as an alternative to ease in water supply during the

dry season e) Consultancy services for GAWASCO utility turnaround framework f) Water meters & water meter test bench procurement for GAWASCO to

reduce NRW g) Establish and equip a water quality monitoring Laboratory within Dadaab

Sub-County. h) Capacity building training for Water User Associations based on

UNICEF/GoK manual for training community water management manual i) Require 100 plastic tanks of 10,000 liters’ capacity j) Require 60 collapsible tanks of 10,000 liters capacity k) Require 3, 4-wheel drive vehicles l) Require 10 motorbikes to ease in movement for the subcounty water

officers m) Require operations and maintenance equipment’s n) Consultancy to develop Garissa County water masterplan

of 440


County

Zamconsult Consulting Engineers has been contracted to undertake the ESIA and RAP for the proposed works as part of the WaSSIP Additional funding projects with funding from the World Bank.

Study Methods

The study approach and methodology adopted included screening to determine the extent of the project and desktop data search and analysis for the baseline bio-physical and social environmental parameters of the project area. In addition, the consultant worked with the project design group and was briefed and obtained design approaches to be used which informed the requirements of the environmental reporting process and for which excerpts have been obtained on salient design information. The Consultant engaged on multi-faceted public consultation process which included ad hoc roadside interviews, household social and environmental surveys using structured questionnaires duly analyzed and key informant interviews to institutions and lead agencies and public consultation meetings. Based on these findings and expert judgement, the consultant has compiled the projected social and environmental impacts (positive and negative) likely to emanate from proposed project activities and the Environmental and Social Monitoring and Management Plan (ESMMP) which details how adverse impacts and risks will be reduced or eliminated and by whom.

The review of this ESIA is undertaken during the era of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. However, the preparation of the ESIA including the relevant consultations were undertaken before the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Kenya. As such, specific mitigation measures have been introduced to prevent the spread of the pandemic during the construction period. Moreover, consultations required as part of the mitigation measures, such as during RAP implementation and training on E&S issues, also pose a risk of infection to communities. For this reason, the risk of contracting the virus during consultations will be avoided, minimized and mitigated with specific measures to ensure national requirements on social distancing and recommendations on how to minimize contact are adhered to.

Need for the Project

Dadaab is a perennially water deficient Sub-county as it does not have any permanent surface water sources. It is sitting on Merti aquifer which so far has been the major source of water for the town and surrounding communities.

Water is obtained from the Merti aquifer through boreholes. The majority of boreholes in Dadaab area are publicly owned and serve small commercial concerns mostly located surrounding centers of Dadaab town.

This lack of access to clean water promotes the spread of disease since it forces the local communities to use dilapidated water sources. Water borne diseases are therefore common, especially following rains or lack of when the quantities diminish or surface runoff contaminate boreholes that have worn-out borehole sanitary seals.

The traditional division of roles means that it is primarily the women and children that search for and fetch water. This takes time away from vital tasks that include earning a living for the family and children missing out on school attendance and participation in education.

of 440


County

The project’s primary objective is therefore to improve water supply and sanitation services in Dadaab Town and the host communities. This will be achieved through investing in water supply and sanitation infrastructure. The project will also improve services by strengthening institutional capacity in areas such as reducing non-revenue water, improving billing and revenue collection systems.

Alternatives to the project

Different borehole locations were considered and the ones arrived were due to the needs for the community at the borehole site and the increasing population at and around the borehole sites. Also, the hydrological studies done in the Dadaab area aided in the choosing of the sites as they indicated abundance of water resource at the chosen sites.

Legislative Framework for this Study

The principal National legislation governing issues of environmental concern in Kenya is the Environmental Management & Coordination (Amended) Act of 2015 typically referred to as EMCA. EMCA calls for Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) (under Section 58) to guide the implementation of environmentally sound decisions and empowers stakeholders to participate in sustainable management of the natural resources. Projects likely to cause environmental impacts require that an environmental impact assessment study to be carried out. It is under this provision that the current study has been undertaken.

Other legislation adhered to during this study are the regulations borne of EMCA Cap 387 namely the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003; The Environmental Management Coordination Act (Waste Management) Regulations 2006; the Environmental Management Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations 2006; and the Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive vibration pollution Control) Regulations2009 (Legal Notice 61), Air quality Regulations 2014 among others.

Sectoral legislation applicable to this Project include The Lands Act (2012), the National Land Commission Act (2012), Community Land Act 2016, the Constitution, The Public Health Act (CAP. 242), among others.

In addition to the local legislation, the Consultant identified the various World Bank operational policies relevant to the project. Some of these policies include Operational Policy (OP) 4.01, OP 4.04, OP 4.12, as well as the World Bank Policy on Access to Information, 2010.

Expected impacts

Positive Impacts during Construction Stage

The primary positive impact of the project during the construction phase will be the creation of employment opportunities for the local communities. This will have the effect of;

• Creating employment for both skilled and unskilled laborers directly involved in

the project.

• Creating business opportunities especially for locals as most of them will be

involved in small time trades such delivering food to site workers;

of 440


County

• Acting as a source of livelihood for the community members/the youth who will be

used to run the project;

• Acting as a source of income for those supplying materials for the project.

Positive Impacts during Operation Stage

The Project will result to both direct and indirect benefits to the residents of the Project Area. These will include:

❖ Improved availability of water. This lead to

o Reduction in workload for women as time will now be available to focus on

other activities

o Improved number and health of livestock

o Improved children school attendance as a result of less time spent fetching

water

❖ Provision of employment, for the people that will be managing and maintaining

the 15No boreholes, Dadaab town.

❖ Improved overall hygiene of the beneficiary communities as a result of improved

access to clean water. This will lead to:

o Reduced cases of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, amoeba

and diarrhea through provision of sanitation facilities due to improved

hygiene.

o Improved children school enrolment rate and reduced dropout occasioned

by illnesses

Impacts on Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups

Referring to Social Impact Assessment Report (Zamconsult 2017) and Northern Water Works Development Agency Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) Screening, the entire Garissa County is predominantly occupied by native Somali speaking communities who according to OP 4.10 are categorized as Vulnerable and Marginalized. Also, Dadaab Town and surrounding villages host refugees who have lived in (Hagadera, Ifo 1, 2, Dagahaley, Dadaab, Kambioos Refugee camps) for decades. However, the Project scope excludes refugee camps. The implementation of the proposed water and sanitation improvement project is anticipated to trigger social effects and safeguard concerns in all the project components. Both positive and negative impacts are anticipated.

The ESIA identified the following adverse Project Impacts to VMGs:

• Non-affordability of Metered Water by VMGs

• Difficulties connecting water to VMG’s makeshift huts

• Resistance to sharing water with other clans

• Elite capture of water supply services

• Rejection of outsiders working with contractors but also influx.

• Loss of business around current water sources

• Loss of land and trees

• Spread of HIV/AIDS

• GBV/SEA/ SH

The following mitigation measures were proposed for the impacts related to VMG’s

of 440


County

• Subsidize water bills to a minimum flat rate for VMGs or if feasible exempt VMGs

from water bills altogether

• Construct water kiosks in areas around clusters of houses

• Construct water kiosks around schools so pupils can go home with water rather

than skip school to fetch water for domestic use.

• Community sensitization/education

• Negotiations involving clan elders and community leaders

• Revenue sharing with communities hosting water sources through corporate

social responsibility (CSR) activities.

• Charge more for consumption of units above a certain minimum to discourage

misuse of clean water

• If grave relocation cannot be avoided, negotiate with clan/bulla elders and

religious leaders to perform rituals for grave relocation.

• Induction of outsiders on local customs and norms

• Develop livestock watering points in the vicinity of redeveloped water sources

• Develop market stalls next to redeveloped water sources to forestall business loss

• Only perform project activities in designated land areas.

• Compensation and/or negotiation with community leaders to access community

land for public use

• Provision of Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) Services in the construction

sites including along pipelines

• Engage respected community elders in the fight against gender-based violence

• Funding women’s full participation in the project to eliminate gender-based

violence.

Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Project Construction Period

Table 0-2 Anticipated Negative Impacts during Construction and Proposed Mitigation Measures.

Impacts Mitigation Measures Summary

Impact Trigger- site clearance, excavation works and, in the roads, leading to the project sites.

Passage of increased number of vehicles during construction and use of machinery

• Use protective clothing

• Spray water on regularly used transportation routes

• All construction machinery shall be maintained and

serviced comply to the provisions of EMCA 2015 (Air

Quality Regulations 2014)

Impact Trigger – Pollution from Civil Works

Project activities that generate debris, domestic and human waste, timber, stones, rock, metals, paper, plastics, etc.

•Provide adequate waste disposal facilities.

•Ensure spill kits are provided at the construction sites

•Ensure fuels, oils, lubricants and chemicals are stored in impermeable containers and away from surface drains

•Ensure that the machines are serviced in specific locations off-site

of 440


County

Impacts Mitigation Measures Summary

Site Related Oil Spills

Spills resulting from construction equipment and storage

•All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced

regularly

•Ensure spill kits are provided at the construction sites

•Ensure fuels, oils, lubricants and chemicals are stored in impermeable

containers and away from surface drains

• Ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures

for dealing with spills and leaks e.g., using dispersants or adding biological

agents to speed up the oil breakdown

Soil-Related Impacts

Soil contamination resulting from oil and other waste, and the disturbance of the natural soil structure

•Valuable top soil should be excavated separately and piled in an adequate

manner for re-use where applicable.

•Plan emergency response measures in case of accidental oil spills.

•Drainage channels with stone pitching or holding ponds can be employed

in places identified as having a high risk of runoff

•Trees will be planted on the site after construction

•In areas prone to erosion, provision of soil stabilization in form of a

planting of trees

•Clearly demarcate the access routes to be used by vehicles

Impacts on Existing Water Resources

Contamination, interruption and diversion of the flow of seasonal rivers due to construction works and depletion of water in aquifer due to puncturing during drilling

• Storage sites for hazardous materials to identify the materials stored

inside, and be restricted to authorized personnel and vehicles. • Have spill kits on site

• Ensure that the machines are serviced in specific locations off-site

• Ensure proper measures are in place for collection and disposal of spilled

oils and lubricants.

• Ensure boreholes are cased

Noise pollution

Noise generation and vibrations in an otherwise quiet environment from construction machinery and activities could adversely affect the local people and animals.

• Night time's uses of certain noisy machines will be regulated.

• Ensure use of non-mechanized construction to reduce the use of

machinery

• Positioning Powered Mechanical Equipment (PME) so that noise is

directed away from sensitive areas; • Contractor to prepare a Health Management Plan (HMP) detailing means

to protect site workers and community from excessive noise and

vibrations

• Special care should be taken when construction is taking place near

sensitive receptors such as residential estates, schools and hospitals.

• Heavy vehicles should not be used at night across populated areas.

of 440


County

Impacts on Flora and Fauna

Disruption of the natural habits of local animals due to noise and vibrations, and the cutting down of trees to allow for the construction

• Empty containers and other waste to be managed carefully. • Promoting non-mechanized methods of construction whenever possible

• Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be removed such as trees

and shrubs.

• Re-plant the indigenous vegetation as much as possible once work is

completed.

• The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of

the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks

• The workforce must not haunt the fauna (Guinea fowl, dik-diks)

Public & Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational risks due to handling of machinery, construction material and noise, electromechanical works.

• Draft operational manuals such as a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) for

both civil and electromechanical work in line with OSHA

• The contractor should prepare a code of conduct for his staff

• Appoint a trained health and safety team for the duration of the

construction work.

• Provide First Aid Kit within the construction site.

• Posting of clear and prominent warning signage at appropriate potential points of entry to hazardous areas.

• Keep verifiable records of all accidents, incidences and corrective

actions taken.

• Ensure alcohol free work force.

• Spread awareness to curb vandalism of safety equipment and other

installations.

• Installation of barriers like fences around active sites and other

locations.

• Ensure that all construction machines and equipment are in good

working conditions.

• Provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment

(PPE).

• The workers should receive requisite training especially on the

operation of the machinery and equipment.

• Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito breeding sites.

• Provide adequate appropriate human and solid waste disposal facilities

e.g., Toilets and dustbins.

Traffic inconveniences during laying of reticulation network in Dadaab town

• The contractor should notify the public when such interruptions will

happen, install and maintain adequate traffic warning/direction

signages during the works, and have his/her people direct the traffic

accordingly.

of 440


County

Spread of communicable diseases, STIs and HIV/AIDS

• Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness, prevention and management of HIV/AIDS and sexual health and rights

through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia and

workshops or during community Barazas.

• Use existing clinics to provide VCT services to construction crew and

provision of ARVs for vulnerable community members

• Ensure safety of women and girls in provision of VCT services.

• The contractor should provide quality condoms to personnel on site.

• Access to the contractor’s camps by outsiders should be strictly

controlled.

Spread of COVID-19 among workers during construction,

• The Contractors will develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for managing the spread of Covid-19 during project execution and submit them for the approval of the Supervision Engineer and the Client, before mobilizing to site. The SOPs shall be in line with the World Bank guidance on COVID-19, Ministry of Health Directives and site-specific project conditions;

• Mandatory provision and use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shall be required for all project personnel including workers and visitors;

• Avoid concentrating more than 15 workers at one location. Where more than two persons are gathered, maintain social distancing of at least 2 meters;

• All workers and visitors accessing worksites every day or attending meetings shall be subjected to rapid Covid-19 screening which may include temperature check and other vital signs;

• The project shall put in place means to support rapid testing of suspected workers for Covid-19;

• Install handwashing facilities with adequate running water and soap, or sanitizing facilities at entrance to work sites including consultation venues and meetings and ensure they are used;

• Ensure routine sanitization of shared social facilities and other communal places routinely including wiping of workstations, door knobs, hand rails etc.;

• Provision of hand washing stations, hand sanitizers, & Mask issuance. Social Impacts

Spread of COVID-19 amongst community members during consultation processes

• Electronic means of consulting stakeholders and holding meetings,

shall be encouraged, whenever feasible. One-on-one engagements for

the PAPs while observing social distance and adhering to PPE wearing

shall be enforced;

• Avoid concentrating more than 15 community members at a venue.

Where more than one participant gathered, maintain social distancing

of at least 2 meters (6 feet);

• The team carrying out engagements within the communities on one-

on-one basis will be provided with appropriate PPE for the number of

people and stakeholders they intend to meet.

• Use traditional channels of communications (TV, newspaper, radio,

dedicated phone-lines, public announcements and mail) when

of 440


County

stakeholders do not have access to online channels or do not use them

frequently. Ensure to allow participants to provide feedback and

suggestions.

• Hold meetings in small groups, mainly in form of FGDs if permitted

depending on restrictions in place and subject to strict observance of

physical distancing and limited duration.

• In situations where online interaction is challenging, disseminate

information through digital platform (where available) like Facebook

and WhatsApp & Chart groups.

• Ensure online registration of participants, distribution of consultation

materials and share feedback electronically with participants.

Damage to private property

Construction activities may lead to accidents that lead to damaged private property such as cars, fences, houses, bicycles,

• The Contractor to repair any damage done to private property.

• The contractor should prepare a code of conduct and ensure that it is

followed by his staff at all times

Crime Management • Fencing off the storage sites for the contractor’s equipment and

materials.

• Working with local committees to provide security within the site in

addition to the Contractor’s own security.

• Removing any employee who persists in any misconduct

• Taking all reasonable precautions to prevent unlawful, riotous or disorderly conduct by or amongst the contractor's personnel

• Prohibiting alcohol, drugs, arms, and ammunition on the worksite

• The contractor and Supervision Consultant should report all activities of

a criminal nature on the worksite or by the contractor's employees to

the police

of 440


County

Impacts • Mitigation Measures Summary

Child Labour and Protection

• Ensure no children are employed on site in accordance with national

labour laws. This can be done through incorporating prohibitive

provisions in the code of conduct and also having the recruitment

policies that prohibits child labour.

• Ensure that any child sexual relations offenses among contractors'

workers are promptly reported to the police.

Effects of Immigrant workers

• Contractor should use the local workforce as much as possible

(preference to local community members on skills locally available).

• Effective community engagement and strong grievance mechanisms on

matters related to labour

• All workers to sign an employment contract including a Code of Conduct

governing appropriate behaviors

• The workforce should be sensitized to local social and cultural practices

and be educated on the expected behaviors and conduct

• Contractor should prepare and enforce a No Sexual Harassment and

Non-Discrimination Policy • Contractor should prepare and implement a gender action plan

Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA)

• Develop and implement an SEA action plan with an Accountability and

Response Framework as part of the ESMP. The SEA action plan will follow guidance on the World Bank’s Good Practice Note for Addressing Gender-based Violence in Investment Project Financing.

• The SEA action plan will include how the project will ensure necessary steps are in place for:

o Prevention of SEA: including CoCs and ongoing sensitization of staff

on responsibilities related to the CoC and consequences of non-compliance; project-level IEC materials;

o Response to SEA: including survivor-centered coordinated multi-sectoral referral and assistance to complainants according to standard operating procedures; staff reporting mechanisms; written procedures related to case oversight, investigation and disciplinary procedures at the project level, including confidential data management;

o Engagement with the community: including development of confidential community-based complaints mechanisms discrete from the standard GRM; mainstreaming of PSEA awareness-raising in all community engagement activities; community-level IEC materials; regular community outreach to women and girls about social risks and their PSEA-related rights;

• Management and Coordination: including integration of SEA in job

descriptions, employments contracts, performance appraisal systems,

etc.; development of contract policies related to SEA, including

whistleblower protection and investigation and disciplinary procedures;

training for all project management; management of coordination

of 440


County

mechanism for case oversight, investigations and disciplinary procedures; supervision of dedicated PSEA focal points in the project

and trained community liaison officers.

Gender-based violence at community level

• The contractor will implement provisions that ensure that gender-based violence

at the community level is not triggered by the Project, including:

o effective and on-going community engagement and consultation, particularly with women and girls;

o review of specific project components that are known to heighten GBV risk at the community level, e.g.; community level water management, representation or related economic activities etc.

o Specific plan for mitigating these known risks, e.g., sensitization around gender-equitable approaches to employment, representation, management etc.

• The contractor will ensure adequate referral mechanisms are in place if a case of GBV at the community level is reported related to project implementation.

Gender Equity, Sexual Harassment and abuse

• The contractor should prepare and enforce a No Sexual Harassment and

Non-Discrimination Policy

• The contractor should strive for an equitable distribution of

employment opportunities between men and women.

• Provision of gender disaggregated bathing, changing, sanitation facilities

• Whenever harassments are recorded on site, the contractor should

ensure prompt and effective remedial action

• The employees should be trained and sensitized on appropriate

behaviors.

Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Project Operation Period

Impacts on Aquifer Water Availability Suppression of aquifer water levels due to excessive pumping

• Sensitize and educate the beneficiaries on the need to conserve water and promote best practices in the use of water.

• Ensure optimum maintenance of the water supply system components including pipelines, valves and consumer taps

• Ensure that the proposed boreholes are located a safe distance from existing boreholes

• Water quality should be checked at key times of the year for bacteriological and chemical contamination

Impacts related to the operation of the pump room

• Alternative sources of energy e.g., solar energy to power the generators should be used instead of diesel.

• All chemicals and lubricants should be stored in appropriate containers and equipment serviced by experienced personnel.

• The generators should be installed on impermeable concrete surfaces to prevent seepage of spilled liquids into the soil below.

• Trees native to the area should be planted around the boreholes. Change in Settlement Patterns

• GAWASCO should liaise with the County to control developments in the area and ensure provision of adequate services.

of 440


County

Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Project Operation Period

Impacts associated with aquifer water availability and water quality • Intrusion of salt

water • Pollution induced

by maintenance of other boreholes

• Land subsidence • Deterioration of

water quality

• Water quality should be checked at key times of the year for bacteriological and chemical contamination in accordance with national guidelines

• In addition, the borehole yields shall be regularly monitored in line with WRA

requirements.

Environmental and Social Assessment Findings

The project has net positive impact – mainly on the health of the beneficiaries through the supply of adequate quantities of clean water. The negative impacts are minimal and are concentrated in the construction phase which is temporary.

The negative impacts identified in this ESIA during all the phases of the project including waste generation, air pollution, noise pollution, occupational health and safety impacts, community health and safety impacts, traffic, immigration of workers and gender impacts will be limited to the specific project location and can be mitigated through the measures proposed in the ESMP as well as the preparation and implementation of safeguard policies. Other plans to aid the safe project implementation can be included as the project continues.

Impacts resulting from the operation of the project will be associated with excessive abstraction of water. These can be managed through appropriate licensing of boreholes and borehole operators and regular monitoring of the borehole yields in line with WRA

requirements.

Spread of water borne diseases and increase in mosquito breeding sites and soil erosion at the watering points.

• Waste water drainage channel be constructed to lead water away from the water points and water kiosks.

• Boreholes, reticulation pipes, water kiosks and tanks should be maintained regularly

• Waste water management in the beneficiary areas should be enhanced so as to reduce risk of contamination of ground water and to reduce spread of disease.

• The watering points for animals should be graveled or murram the access path to avoid soil erosion.

Occupational safety hazards during operation and maintenance

• Undertake safety hazard identification and prevention awareness among the O&M personnel

• Provision and enforcement of proper PPE’s where necessary to reduce the risk of accident occurrence.

• The manufacturers manual has to be observed at all times in case of servicing the generators.

• Laboratory to have standard operating procedures

of 440


County

The project will not trigger resettlement. The boreholes will be situated within community land which communities have consented to make available for project use. Any other local community issues e.g., the location of boreholes, raising mains, water supply, and management of the boreholes that may arise will be addressed through the implementation of a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). This will have three levels, each populated with local administrative officials from the project area and professionals involved with the project. Level one involves local committee while level 2 involves county committee. Level three of grievance redress mechanism involves a project committee.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

This was prepared to reduce, minimize or altogether eliminate the adverse impacts. Positive impacts are project enhancements and do not require mitigation.

The ESMP is fully described in chapter 7 of this report. The table below presents the identified environmental and social impacts, their mitigation measures and the party responsible for carrying out the mitigation measures, in summary.

of 440

Executive Summary Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report –Boreholes in Dadaab and Fafi- Garissa County

Table 0-3 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

Project Phase

Environmental / Social Impact

Mitigation Measure Responsibility Cost (KShs.)

Pre-construction/Planning

Loss of land livelihood within the project sites

The boreholes will be located outside residential areas. This is largely community land which the locals indicated they would formally allow the county to “use” for the project. As such no compensation for the land taken up by the project will be required. The community resolution and permit to use land report were done in consultation with the local population. The views of the local community have been incorporated in this ESIA report and also captured in the Community resolution and permit to use land report.

GAWASCO/County government

N/A

Construction Air quality • Use protective clothing like dust masks on

construction crew.

• Construction sites and regularly used transportation

routes will be water-sprayed on regularly.

• All the vehicles and construction machinery should

be operated in compliance with relevant vehicle

emission standards.


serviced

• Contractor shall comply to the provisions of EMCA

2015 (Air Quality Regulations 2014);

• All waste must be transported off- site for processing,

not burnt or stored for any longer than is absolutely

necessary.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

• Kshs 7,000.00 per site to

cater for dust masks for the

whole project period for all

site users.

• Kshs 10,000 per site for

spraying water on roads

and excavated surfaces for

dust control

of 440


Construction Solid and Liquid Waste Generation

• Provide adequate waste disposal facilities. • Ensure spill kits are provided at the construction

sites

• Ensure fuels, oils, lubricants and chemicals are

stored are stored in impermeable containers and

away from surface drains

• Ensure that the machines are serviced in specific locations off-site.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

Kshs 75,000.00 per site to cater for solid waste management such as color-coded bins (red-hazardous, yellow-recyclable & green-organic); as well as sealed collection drums for used oil disposal.

Kshs 50,000.00 per site to cater for the capital of acquiring dustbins to be used during the operation period of the project. Other costs to be included in the O&M Manual

Construction Site related Oil spills

• The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks

• All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order and serviced regularly

• Ensure spill kits are provided at the construction sites




Contractor

Resident Engineers

•Kshs 100,000 per site to cater for accidental oil spills and tests on soil to ensure compliance

Construction Impacts on Soil • The valuable top soil should be excavated separately

and piled in an adequate manner for re-use where

applicable.

• Plan emergency response measures in case of

accidental oil spills.

• Use drainage channels lined with stone pitching in

locations identified to have a high risk of runoff

Contractor,

Resident Engineer

Kshs 1,500 per site for planting trees on the site after completion of the works

Other costs included in solid and liquid waste

of 440


• After completion of the construction works, trees

will be planted on the site.

• Clearly demarcate the access routes to be used by

vehicles and machinery so as to minimize the

affected areas.

management and in site related oil spills

Construction Impacts on water sources

• Areas dedicated for hazardous material storage shall

provide spill containment and facilitate clean up

through measures in case of spills

• Provide solid and liquid waste disposal system and a

waste collection bin for each housing unit,

workshop, plant, structural shelter.




• Ensure that the machines are serviced in specific

locations off-site.

• Ensure proper measures are in place for collection

and disposal of spilled oils and lubricants.

• Ensure proper management of boreholes so that the

safe yield is not exceeded

• Ensure boreholes are have a proper sanitary seal so

that the aquifer doesn’t receive surface runoff

Contractor

Resident Engineer

Costs included in solid and liquid waste management and in site related oil spills

Construction Noise pollution • Construction activities to be scheduled carefully.

Night time's uses of certain noisy machines will be

regulated.

• Where possible, ensure non mechanized

construction to reduce the use of machinery

• Positioning Powered Mechanical Equipment (PME)

so that noise is directed away from sensitive areas;

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO

No additional costs

of 440


• Contractor to prepare, for approval by GAWASCO, a

Health Management Plan (HMP) detailing means to

protect site workers and community from excessive

noise and vibrations

• Special care should be taken when construction is

taking place near sensitive receptors.

• To the extent possible, heavy vehicles should not be

used at night across populated areas. Ensure that construction equipment is operating optimally and with operational noise mufflers where possible.

Construction Impacts on flora and fauna

• Empty containers and other waste to be managed

carefully to avoid exposing animals to possible

poisoning.

• Promoting non-mechanized methods of construction

whenever possible

• Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be

removed such as trees and shrubs.

• Re-plant the indigenous vegetation once work is

completed.

• The Contractor should ensure that the employees on

site are aware of the company procedures for dealing

with spills and leaks

• Staff don’t engage in wildlife hunting

Contractor

Resident Engineer

Costs included in solid and liquid waste management, site related oil spills and in impacts on soil

Construction Impacts on public health and safety

• Draft operational manual such as a Health and

Safety Plan (HASP) for both civil and

electromechanical.

• The contractor should prepare a code of conduct for

his staff and ensure that it is followed to prevent

accidents

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO

Toolbox meetings and awareness trainings shall be included in the safety trainings.

900,000.00 for personal protective equipment for 100 pieces at an average of

of 440


• Appoint a trained health and safety team for the

duration of the construction work.


• Posting of clear and prominent warning signage at

appropriate potential points of entry to hazardous

areas.

• Keep verifiable records of all accidents, incidences

and corrective actions taken.


• Spread awareness to curb vandalism of safety

equipment and other installations.

• Installation of barriers like fences around active

sites and other locations to prevent access to

facilities by unauthorized persons.

• Ensure that all construction machines and

equipment are in good working conditions and to

manufacturer’s specifications to prevent

occupational hazards.

• Provide workers with appropriate personal

protective equipment (PPE).

• The workers should receive requisite training

especially on the operation of the machinery and

equipment.

• Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito

breeding sites.

• Provide adequate appropriate human and solid

waste disposal facilities e.g., Toilets and dustbins.

9,000.00 per person broken down as follows: safety boots – 4,000.00; Helmet – 1000.00; Reflector jackets – 400.00; Gloves – 600.00; Overalls – 3,000.00.

Other costs included in impacts on air quality.

Construction HIV & AIDS Impacts together with STIs

• In conjunction with County Health Officers, sensitize

workers and the surrounding communities on

awareness, prevention and management of

HIV/AIDS.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO

Kshs 300,000.00 to cater for a comprehensive awareness program including VCT services and

of 440


• Use of existing clinics to provide VCT services to

construction crew

• The contractor should provide quality condoms to

personnel on site.

• Access to the contractor’s camps by outsiders should

be strictly controlled.

The County Government provision for ARVs throughout the project period.

Kshs 10,000.00 for the provision of condoms in site toilets and contractor’s residential areas

Construction

Spread of COVID-19 amongst workers

• The Contractors will develop a SOPs for managing the spread of Covid-19 during project execution and submit them for the approval of the Supervision Engineer and the Client before mobilization. The SOPs shall be in line with the World Bank guidance on COVID-19, Ministry of Health Directives and site-specific project conditions;

• Mandatory provision and use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shall be required for all project personnel including

• Avoid concentrating of more than 15 persons or workers at one location. Where more than two persons are gathered, maintain social distancing at least 2 meters All workers and visitors accessing worksites every day or attending meetings shall be subjected to rapid Covid-19 screening which may include temperature check and other vital signs;

• The project shall put in place means to support rapid testing of suspected workers for covid-19;


• Ensure routine sanitization of shared social

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO

The County Government


1,000,000.00 for personal protective equipment for 100 pieces at an average of 10,000.00 per person.

of 440


facilities and other communal places routinely including wiping of workstations, door knobs, hand rails etc.;

Construction Spread of COVID-19 during community consultations.

• Electronic means of consulting stakeholders and, holding meetings, whenever possible, shall be encouraged whenever feasible. One on one engagements for the PAPs while observing social distance and adhering to PPE wearing shall be enforced where necessary;

• Avoid concentrating of more than 15 community members at one location. Where more than two persons are gathered, maintain social distancing at least 2 meters where necessary

• The team carrying out engagements within the communities on one-on-one basis will be provided with appropriate PPE for the number of people they intend to meet where necessary;

• Use traditional channels of communications (TV,

newspaper, radio, dedicated phone-lines, public

announcements and mail) when stakeholders do

not have access to online channels or do not use

them frequently. Ensure to provide and allow

participants to provide feedback and suggestions

where necessary;

• In situations where online interaction is

challenging, disseminate information through

digital platform (where available) like Facebook

and WhatsApp & Chat groups where necessary.

• Ensure online registration of participants,

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO


Communication expert

Ksh 58,500 per site

of 440


distribution of consultation materials and share feedback electronically [Facebook, WhatsApp & Chat groups] with participants where necessary

Construction Gender-based

violence at community level

• The contractor will implement provisions that

ensure that gender-based violence at the community level is not triggered by the Project, including:

o effective and on-going community engagement and consultation, particularly with women and girls;

o review of specific project components that are known to heighten GBV risk at the community level, e.g.; community level water management, representation or related economic activities etc.

o Specific plan for mitigating these known risks, e.g., sensitization around gender-equitable approaches to employment, representation, management etc.

The contractor will ensure adequate referral mechanisms are in place if a case of GBV at the community level is reported related to project implementation.

GAWASCO


Contractor

Resident Engineer

A lumpsum of Ksh 400,000

Construction

Sexual exploitation and abuse.

• Develop and implement an SEA action plan with

an Accountability and Response Framework as part of the ESMP. The SEA action plan will follow guidance on the World Bank’s Good Practice Note

GAWASCO


Contractor

A lumpsum of Kshs 400,000

of 440


for Addressing Gender-based Violence in Investment Project Financing.

• The SEA action plan will include how the project will ensure necessary steps are in place for:

o Prevention of SEA: including CoCs and

ongoing sensitization of staff on responsibilities related to the CoC and consequences of non-compliance; project-level IEC materials;

o Response to SEA: including survivor-centered coordinated multi-sectoral referral and assistance to complainants according to standard operating procedures; staff reporting mechanisms; written procedures related to case oversight, investigation and disciplinary procedures at the project level, including confidential data management;

o Engagement with the community: including development of confidential community-based complaints mechanisms discrete from the standard GRM; mainstreaming of PSEA awareness-raising in all community engagement activities; community-level IEC materials; regular community outreach to women and girls about social risks and their PSEA-related rights;

• Management and Coordination: including

integration of SEA in job descriptions, employments

contracts, performance appraisal systems, etc.;

development of contract policies related to SEA,

Resident Engineer

of 440


including whistleblower protection and

investigation and disciplinary procedures; training

for all project management; management of

coordination mechanism for case oversight,

investigations and disciplinary procedures;

supervision of dedicated PSEA focal points in the

project and trained community liaison officers.

Construction Damage to private property

• The Contractor to repair any damage done to private

property.

• The contractor should prepare a code of conduct and

ensure that it is followed by his staff at all times

Contractor

Resident Engineer

No additional Costs. Compensation to be determined when it happens.

Construction Crime management

• Fencing off the storage sites for the contractor’s

equipment and materials.

• Working with local committees to provide security

within the site in addition to the Contractor’s own

security.

• Removing any employee who persists in any

misconduct or lack of care.

• Taking all reasonable precautions to prevent

unlawful, riotous or disorderly conduct by or

amongst the contractor's personnel.

• Prohibiting alcohol, drugs, arms, and ammunition on

the worksite among personnel.

• The contractor and Supervision Consultant should

report all activities of a criminal nature on the

worksite or by the contractor's employees to the

police and undertake the necessary follow-up.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

Local Administration

No additional cost

Construction Child Labour and Protection

• Ensure no children are employed on site in

accordance with national labour laws.

The contractor

The Resident Engineer

No additional costs

of 440


• Ensure that any child sexual relations offenses

among contractors' workers are promptly reported

to the police.


Construction Effects of Immigrant workers

• Contractor should use the local workforce as much

as possible. Depending on the size and the skill level

of the local workforce, a share of the workers

required for the project may be recruited locally.

• Effective community engagement and strong

grievance mechanisms on matters related to labour

• All workers to sign an employment contract

including a Code of Conduct governing appropriate

behavior in the accommodation facilities.

• The workforce should be sensitized to local social

and cultural practices and be educated on the

expected behavior and conduct

• Prepare and enforce a No Sexual Harassment and

Non-Discrimination Policy.

• Ensure that the grievance redress mechanisms are

adhered to.

• Have a social/environmental specialist in the

supervision consultant’s team with GBV specific

skills.

• Clearly define the GBV requirements and

expectations in the bid documents

• Have separate, safe and easily accessible facilities

for women and men working on the site and in the

residential accommodations.

• Display signs around the project that signal to

workers and the community that the project site is an

area where GBV is prohibited.

Contractor

Resident Engineer


Kshs 10,000 per site for the installation of safety signs around the construction

of 440


Construction Gender Equity and Sexual Harassment and abuse.


Non-Discrimination Policy, in accordance with

national law where applicable.

• Strive for an equitable distribution of employment

opportunities between men and women. Mainstream

Gender Inclusivity in hiring of workers as required by

Gender Policy 2011 and 2/3 gender rule should be

enforced;

• Provision of gender disaggregated bathing, changing,

sanitation facilities

• Ensure the contractor follows the Grievance Redress

Mechanism

• Whenever harassments are recorded on site, the

contractor should ensure prompt and effective

remedial action

• The employees should be trained and sensitized on

appropriate behavior on the construction site and

within the residences

Contractor


GAWASCO

Kshs 200,000.00 to cater for hiring male and female mobile toilets at the contractor’s camp.

Operation Impacts on aquifer water availability

• Policies should be set in place to regulate the drilling and abstraction of water in the area. There should be a limit to the number of additional boreholes that can be drilled and on the amount of water that can be abstracted from any one borehole.

• Licensing should be implemented and monitoring put in place to ensure that people are adhering to the rules set in place.

• GAWASCO personnel should be trained on their roles and responsibilities. The right personnel should be equipped with the right equipment so as to ensure a quality supervision of project facilities.

GAWASCO/resident engineer/contractor

At least 5 meetings to be held to train the people of Dadaab and Fafi on the use, misuse and wastage of water. Cost per meeting, Kshs 50,000.00

Kshs 5,000.00 per site for testing of water quality testing

of 440




• Ensure that the proposed boreholes are located a safe distance from existing boreholes.


Operation Impacts associated with pump room operation

• Solar energy should be the primary source of power with the generators being used as an emergency power source.

• All chemicals and lubricants should be stored in appropriate containers and equipment serviced by experienced personnel.

• The generators should be installed on impermeable concrete surfaces to prevent seepage of spilled liquids into the soil below.

• Trees native to the area should be planted around the boreholes to help cut down on noise and air pollution

GAWASCO

• Costs included in impacts of soil

Operation Mosquito breeding and disease transmission

• Waste water drainage channel be constructed to lead water away from the water points and water kiosks.

• Boreholes, reticulation pipes, water kiosks and tanks should be maintained continuously

• Waste water management in the beneficiary areas should be enhanced so as to reduce risk of contamination of ground water.

GAWASCO

• Kshs 5,000.00 per water site for the construction of drains to prevent pooling of water

of 440


The estimated cost for implementing the ESMP during construction and operation is Kshs. 7,190,000 (Seven million, One hundred and ninety thousand Kenya Shillings). This will be incorporated in the bidding documents to ensure that the contractor have budget adequately for the ESMP implementation.

Operation Occupational safety and health risks to O&M personnel

• Proper PPE’s to be provided where necessary to reduce the risk of accident occurrence.

• The manufacturers manual has to be observed at all times in case of servicing the generators.

• GAWASCO • No additional costs

of 440

Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report for Dadaab host communities water supply.

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP

The organizational structure elaborates on the role of various stakeholders in administering the ESMP. It further clarifies the role of PAPs and stakeholders and their responsibility in the exercise in relation to ESIA. The table below shows the various institutions and their role in the implementation of the ESMP.

Table 0- 4 Institutional Framework for ESMP

Name of Institution

Role of Institution

Ministry of Water and Sanitation

• Central agency responsible for holding all information on

the ESIA and RAP.

• Mobilization of financial resources from Government/

County Governments for the approved ESIA.

County Government of Garissa

• Responsible for engaging with local community on matters concerning land and water distribution.

Water and Sanitation Development Project (WSDP)

• Program under the Ministry of Water and Sanitation in the

implementation of the project.

• Represent the ministry in the project.

GAWASCO • Responsible for contracting the works, and supervising and

managing the contractor, under the project

• responsible for day-to-day coordination and


• Oversee the contractor’s work including implementation of

the contractor’s’ ESMP

• Ensure the grievance committees are established and

working.

• Monitor the ESMP implementation.

• Responsible for operation phase ESMP

• GAWASCO has a Project Coordination Unit (PCU) that

incorporates Environmental and Social Safeguards Experts

who will oversee the implementation of the ESMP.

NEMA • Review ESIA report and provide EIA license for the project.

Contractor • Implementing the project

• To ensure strict compliance environmental specifications of

this ESMP

Supervision Consultant

• Ensure that the proposed ESMP is up to date and is being

used by the contractor.

• Periodic audits of the ESMP will have to be done to ensure

that its performance is as expected.

of 440


ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) PROJECT REPORT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF 15NO. BOREHOLES TO SUPPLY WATER FOR DADAAB HOST COMMUNITIES

Project: WATER AND SANITATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(WSDP)

Project Number: P156634

Credit No: IDA-60300 KE

Employer: GARISSA WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANY (GAWASCO)

Country: REPUBLIC OF KENYA

MAIN REPORT

February 2021

of 440


Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 39

1.1 COAST WATER WORKS DEVELOPMENT AGENCY ........................................................... 39

1.2 COUNTY GOVERNMENTS ....................................................................................... 40

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................... 40

1.4 PROJECT SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 40

1.5 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 43

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA .............................................................................................. 44

1.7 METHODOLOGY OF WORK ............................................................................................. 44

1.8 HEALTH IMPACTS DUE TO COVID-19. .......................................................................... 46

1.9 LOCATION ...................................................................................................................... 46

1.10 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES .................................................................................. 47

1.11 DADAAB SUB COUNTY ............................................................................................... 48

1.12 PROJECT AREA ........................................................................................................... 50

1.13 THE BACKGROUND OF PROPOSED PROJECT ................................................................ 56

1.14 PROJECT ACTIVITIES................................................................................................... 57

1.15 DESIGN COMPONENTS ................................................................................................ 57

1.16 WATER YIELD AND QUANTITY MODELING ................................................................ 62

1.17 PROJECT COSTS .......................................................................................................... 64

2 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS .............................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2.1 APPLICABLE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES TO PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT ................. 65

2.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 65

2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION ................................................................................ 68

2.4 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION .......................................................................... 68

2.5 CONSULTATION DURING THE PROJECT DURATION ......................................................... 71

3 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT .................................................................................... 74

4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC SURVEY . 75

4.1 PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS .................................................... 75

4.2 LAND USE AND LAND COVER ........................................................................................ 80

4.3 FLORA AND FAUNA ........................................................................................................ 80

4.4 HYDROLOGY .................................................................................................................. 81

4.5 SOCIO ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE .............................................................................. 83

4.6 SOCIO- ECONOMIC SURVEY ................................................................................... 87

4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND LAND USE PATTERNS ................................................ 89

of 440


4.8 DRINKING WATER ISSUES .............................................................................................. 92

4.9 WASTE DISPOSAL ........................................................................................................... 97

4.10 AWARENESS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ................................................................... 97

4.11 PERCEIVED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ....................................................... 98

4.12 COMMON DISEASES & MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS TAKEN .......................................... 99

4.13 HIV/AIDS ISSUES .................................................................................................... 101

4.14 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE PROJECT AREA ...................................................... 103

5 RELEVANT POLICY, LEGISLATIVE/REGULATORY FRAMEWORK. .............................. 105

5.1 THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA 2010............................................................................ 105

5.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION (AMENDED) ACT OF 2015

105

5.3 THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION AMENDED ACT 2015 AND ITS

TOOLS ..................................................................................................................................... 106

5.4 WATER ACT 2016 ........................................................................................................ 109

5.5 THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACT (CAP. 242) ......................................................................... 111

5.6 THE LAND ACT, 2016 ................................................................................................... 111

5.7 PHYSICAL AND LAND USE PLANNING ACT OF 2019 ....................................................... 111

5.8 NATIONAL LAND COMMISSION ACT, 2012 ................................................................... 112

5.9 LAND REGISTRATION ACT, 2012 .................................................................................. 112

5.10 COMMUNITY LAND ACT 2016 ................................................................................... 112

5.11 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT, 2007.................................................... 113

5.12 THE HIV AND AIDS PREVENTION AND CONTROL ACT, 2006 ................................. 114

5.13 NATIONAL GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,2019 ........................................... 114

5.14 THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT, 2006 .......................................................................... 115

5.15 THE CHILDREN ACT, 2001 ........................................................................................ 115

5.16 THE COUNTY GOVERNMENTS ACT, 2012 ................................................................. 115

5.17 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ....................................................................... 115

5.18 WBG EHS GUIDELINES ON WATER AND SANITATION ............................................... 117

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT................... 122

6.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION .............................................................................................. 122

6.2 IMPACT PREDICTION..................................................................................................... 123

6.3 MITIGATION OF IMPACTS ............................................................................................. 123

6.4 IMPACT CATEGORIES .................................................................................................... 123

6.5 IMPACTS EMANATING FROM THE PROPOSED PROJECT .................................................. 131

7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) .................................. 154

7.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF ESMP .............................................................................................. 154

7.2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF ESMP ........................................................................... 154

of 440


7.3 AUDITING OF ESMP ..................................................................................................... 154

7.4 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................... 155

7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ..................................................... 169

7.6 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS - ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EACH ACTOR... 175

8 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS ............................................................................. 182

9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................... 190

10 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 191

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 192

APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................................. 192

APPENDIX B “CHANCE FIND” PROCEDURES ................................................................................... 196

APPENDIX C: PUBLIC CONSULTATION SUMMARY .......................................................................... 197

APPENDIX D: PUBLIC ATTENDANCE LISTS ..................................................................................... 215

APPENDIX E: COMMUNITY LAND RESOLUTION & CONSENT FOR LAND USAGE REPORT. . 232

List of Tables:

Table 1- 1:Counties and Sub Counties in NWWDA Area ..................................................... 39

Table 1- 2:The constituencies in Garissa County ................................................................. 47

Table 1- 3:Wards and sub - locations in the project area .................................................... 48

Table 1- 4:Dadaab Refugee Camp Host villages ................................................................... 51

Table 1- 5:Host community villages and the distance to the nearest refugee camp ......... 51

Table 1- 6 :Service Type (Source: Dadaab Water Masterplan) ........................................... 57

Table 1- 7:Consumption Rates ............................................................................................... 58

Table 1- 8: Water demands for Dadaab Host Community .................................................. 59

Table 1- 9: LU conversion table ............................................................................................. 59

Table 1- 10: Livestock population in Dadaab Host Community ......................................... 60

Table 1- 11:Projected livestock water demand .................................................................... 60

Table 1- 12: Domestic and livestock demand in Dadaab Host community (immediate works).................................................................................................................................................. 61

Table 1- 13: Safe yield demand ............................................................................................. 61

Table 1- 14: Dadaab cost estimates ....................................................................................... 64

Table 2- 1: Persons met during the ESIA study in planning the Improvements on water supply ...................................................................................................................................... 67

Table 2- 2: Means of Communication with External Stakeholders by the community… 72

Table 2- 3:Means of Communication with Internal Stakeholders by community members72

Table 4- 1:Population density and future projections of citizens for Dadaab Refugee Camp Host Communities…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75

Table 4- 2:Population of Host Communities (2017) ................................................................ 84

Table 4- 3:Population Projection for Dadaab Refugee Camp Host Community .................... 85

Table 4- 4:Livestock population for Dadaab Sub- County ....................................................... 86 Table 5- 1: Domestic water quality……………………………………………………………………………………... 107

Table 5- 2: Table showing Permissible Noise Level for a Construction Site .................... 109

Table 6- 1: Characterization of Impacts…………………………………………………………………… 125

of 440


Table 6- 2: Characterization of Operation Phase Impacts .................................................. 128

Table 6- 3: Characterization of Cumulative Impacts ........................................................... 129

Table 6- 4: Characterization of Positive Impacts ................................................................. 130

Table 7- 1:Proposed ESMP and associated costs…………………………………………. 156

Table 7- 2: Proposed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan .................................... 170

Table 8- 1: Table Showing a Sample Grievance Form……………………………………………… 185

Table 8- 2: Sample of a Grievance Resolution Form .......................................................... 187

Table 8- 3: Table Showing a Sample Grievance Form ........................................................ 189

List of Figures

Figure 1- 1:Garissa County in Kenya ......................................................................................... 47

Figure 1- 2:Dadaab Sub county ................................................................................................... 48

Figure 1- 3: Map showing Refugee Camps in Dadaab sub-county ............................................. 50

Figure 1- 4: Dagahaley Refugee camp showing Labisigale, Bulla Nyanya, Welhar as Host

Communities ................................................................................................................................ 53

Figure 1- 5:Hagadera refugee camp showing Hagadera Borehole 5 & Alinjugur Host communities

...................................................................................................................................................... 53

Figure 1- 6:Ifo Refugee camps showing Bulla Kheir host community .................................... 54

Figure 1- 7: Mathagesi borehole site as a host community ..................................................... 54

Figure 1- 8:Map showing various host community sites in Dadaab ....................................... 55

Figure 1- 9:Map showing the proposed boreholes in Dadaab and Fafi Sub-counties ........... 56

Figure 1- 10:Temperature ............................................................................................................ 62

Figure 1- 11:Salinity/ portability ............................................................................................... 63 Figure 2- 1: Public consultation at Alinjugur Borehole site…….…………………………………………... 69

Figure 2- 2: Public Participation at Biyamathobe borehole site ............................................. 70

Figure 2- 3: Public Participation at Bulla Nyanya borehole site with the female members of the community ............................................................................................................................ 70

Figure 2- 4:Public participation at Yumbis Borehole ............................................................... 71

Figure 2- 5:Consultation with local leaders at Welmerer borehole site ................................ 71

Figure 2- 6 : Public consultation at Weldoni Borehole site ..................................................... 71

Figure 2- 7:Public Consultation at Mathagesi borehole site .................................................... 71

Figure 4- 1:Map highlighting Garissa County and its sub counties…………………………….. 76

Figure 4- 2: Climate graph Dadaab (Source: Garissa County) ............................................. 77

Figure 4- 3:Temperature graph Dadaab (Source: Garissa County) .................................... 77

Figure 4- 4:Climate table/Historical Weather Data Dadaab (Source: Garissa County) .... 78

Figure 4- 5:Average relative humidity in Dadaab Sub-County (Source: Garissa County) 78

Figure 4- 6: Humidity comfort levels (Source: Garissa County) ......................................... 79

Figure 4- 7:Hydrogeology of Garissa & Dadaab County....................................................... 82

Figure 4- 8:Household members by age group .................................................................... 87

Figure 4- 9: Education level of Dadaab residents ................................................................. 88

Figure 4- 10: Respondents gender ......................................................................................... 88

Figure 4- 11:Respondents marital status .............................................................................. 88

Figure 4- 12:Household head ................................................................................................. 89

Figure 4- 13:Religion in Dadaab............................................................................................. 89

Figure 4- 14: Economic activity of the household heads ..................................................... 90

Figure 4- 15:businesses conducted in Dadaab ..................................................................... 90

Figure 4- 16:Type of crops in Dadaab ................................................................................... 91

Figure 4- 17:Type of livestock in Dadaab .............................................................................. 91

Figure 4- 18:Average household income per month ............................................................ 91

of 440


Figure 4- 19:common fuel used in Dadaab ........................................................................... 92

Figure 4- 20:Common sources of water in Dadaab .............................................................. 92

Figure 4- 21: Perceived water quality in Dadaab ................................................................. 93

Figure 4- 22: Frequency of fetching water in Dadaab .......................................................... 93

Figure 4- 23: Adequacy of water supply in Dadaab.............................................................. 94

Figure 4- 24: distance of the water sources .......................................................................... 94

Figure 4- 25: ownership of the water sources ...................................................................... 95

Figure 4- 26: Payment for water ............................................................................................ 95

Figure 4- 27: Cost of water in Dadaab ................................................................................... 96

Figure 4- 28: Transportation of water in Dadaab ................................................................. 96

Figure 4- 29: challenges faced in transporting water .......................................................... 96

Figure 4- 30: methods of disposing waste in Dadaab .......................................................... 97

Figure 4- 31: households that own toilets ............................................................................. 97

Figure 4- 32: knowledge on the proposed project ............................................................... 98

Figure 4- 33: The figure shows the effects of the proposed works ..................................... 98

Figure 4- 34: positive effects of the project........................................................................... 98

Figure 4- 35: negative effects of the project .......................................................................... 99

Figure 4- 36: mitigation measures that would be undertaken to reduce the negative effects of the project ........................................................................................................................... 99

Figure 4- 37: common diseases in Dadaab .......................................................................... 100

Figure 4- 38: The figure shows the measure taken when the Residents are sick ............ 100

Figure 4- 39: ownership status of the health facilities in Dadaab ..................................... 101

Figure 4- 40: distance of the health facilities ...................................................................... 101

Figure 4- 41: awareness of HIV/AIDS in Dadaab ................................................................ 102

Figure 4- 42: sources of HIV/AIDS information ................................................................. 102

Figure 4- 43: household members affected by HIDS/AIDS ............................................... 102

Figure 4- 44: The awareness of Dadaab residents on the prevention of HIV/AIDS ........ 103

Figure 4- 45: awareness of HIV/AIDS voluntary testing areas in Dadaab ....................... 103

Figure 4- 46: environmental issues of concern in Dadaab ................................................ 103

Figure 4- 47: environmental conservation initiatives in Dadaab ...................................... 104

Figure 4- 48: The groups involved in conserving the environment in Dadaab................ 104

Figure 4- 49: how the proposed project will help in conserving the environment ......... 104

Figure 7- 1: Institutional set -up under water act 2016…………………………………………… 177

Figure 8- 1:Dispute Resolution Procedure……………………………………………………………… 188

of 440


ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

a.m.s.l. above mean sea level

ARVs Antiretroviral

COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease

CWWDA Coast Water Works Development Agency

EHS Environment Health & Safety

EIA Environment Impact Assessment

ESIA Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment

ESMP Environmental Monitoring Plan

G.I Galvanized Iron

GAWASCO Garissa Water & Sewerage Company

GBV Gender based Violence

GIS Geographical Information System

GoK Government of Kenya

HDPE High-density polyethylene

HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

IAPs Interested and Affected Parties

IEBC Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission

KAP Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices

KShs Kenya Shillings

m3 cubic meters

MCA Member of County Assembly

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

NWWDA Northern Water Works Development Agency

PAPs Project Affected Persons

PCU Project Coordination Unit

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PV PhotoVoltaic

R.C Reinforce concrete

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse

SH Sexual Harassment

SOP Standard operating Procedure

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing

WaSSIP-AF Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project – Additional Financing

WBG World Bank Group

WRA Water Resources Authority

WSDP Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project

WSP Water Services Provider

of 440


1 INTRODUCTION

The Government of Kenya (GoK) through the Ministry of Water and Irrigation has received funding from World Bank under the Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project (WSDP). Part of these funds are to be used to improve the water supply to the Dadaab host Communities. The funds are to be disbursed through Coast Water Works Development Agency (CWWDA)/Northern Water Works Development Agency (NWWDA) in conjunction with the County Governments of Wajir and Garissa.

The Implementation Agencies of the Project has been designed to be in accordance with the New Constitution of Kenya which was enacted in August 2010. The Constitution of Kenya (2010) has altered the administrative structure of the government from the initial 8 administrative provinces to 47 semi-autonomous Counties. The autonomy of the Counties has vested powers and privileges in each County especially on the provision of essential public services such as water, sanitation, education and other social services. In this case, Garissa County is the Implementing Agency.

It is therefore required that the formulated Project be aligned to respect and respond to the requirements of the new constitution. A key benchmark of the new Constitution is stipulated under Chapter IV-BILL OF RIGHTS, paragraph 45(1)(b) and (d) which stipulates: “Every person has the right to (b) reasonable standards of sanitation and (d) clean and safe water in adequate quantities.”

1.1 COAST WATER WORKS DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

Coast Water Works Development Agency (CWWDA) and Northern Water Works Development Agency are independent parastatals (Government Owned and Autonomous) created under the Water Act, 2016 but established through separate Gazette Notices. They operate under the Parent Ministry of Water and Irrigation and in accordance with: The provisions and regulations of the Water Act, 2016, The State Corporation Act Cap 446, Other Relevant Provisions of the Laws of Kenya and Rules and Regulations given in form of circulars by the Parent Ministry and Ministry of Finance.

The area of jurisdiction of NWWDA covers all the three counties of North Eastern province namely: Garissa, Wajir and Mandera, two counties from Eastern Province namely Isiolo and Marsabit and another two from the Rift valley namely Laikipia and Samburu counties. The main economic activity in the region is Pastoralism. The NWWDA region has a population of about 4.5 million people as projected from the 2009 national census

The seven counties and sub counties covered by Northern Works Development Agency region are as tabulated hereunder.

Table 1- 1: Counties and Sub Counties in NWWDA Area

S/No County Sub counties 1 Garissa County Garissa Township, Ijara, Hulugho, Balambala, Dadaab, Lagdera

and Fafi 2 Wajir County Wajir South, Buna, Habaswein, Wajir East, Wajir North and

Wajir West.

of 440


3 Mandera County Mandera East, Mandera South, Mandera North, Mandera West, Lafey and Banissa

4 Marsabit County Moyale, Marsabit central, Laisamis, Loyangalani, 5 Isiolo Isiolo, Garbatula and Merti 6 Samburu Samburu East, Samburu Central and Samburu North 7 Laikipia Laikipia East, Laikipia West, Laikipia North

1.2 COUNTY GOVERNMENTS

In addition, the County Governments get their mandate to provide water and sanitation services from the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of Kenya 2010.

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

The main objective is to develop a Sustainable Water Supply System to Dadaab Refugee Camp Host community in Garissa County and provide safe, clean water for domestic use.

1.4 PROJECT SCOPE

The 50km radius of Dadaab is a perennially water deficient area as it does not have any

perennial river and the source of water is mainly through boreholes. The aquifer unfortunately happens to be saline in some areas like Kulan and Kokar. There are two other

aquifers located at deeper depths. The most sustainable water source in the area is ground water from the Merti aquifer. Water is therefore obtained from the upper aquifer (which is less saline in some areas) through boreholes. To augment the host communities water demands below are the proposed immediate water works for the respective villages;

1) Welhar (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank

(d) Construction of three community water kiosks

(e) Construction livestock watering troughs

(f) Construction a well-ventilated Control/Generator house

(g) Secure borehole site on plot size 50mx30m with 100mmx100mm by 2.4m high concrete

poles fence 1.8m high above ground chain-link on galvanized wire.

2) Bulla Nyanya (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






of 440


3) Weldoni (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank




(g) Secure borehole site on plot size 50mx30m with 100mmx100mm by 2.4m high


4) Mathagesi (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






5) Alinjugur

(a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






6) Labisigale Borehole 5







7) Bulla Kheir (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






of 440


8) Bogyar







9) Boreholes 5 Hagadera (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






10) Yumbis (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






11) Welmerer (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






12) Mathamarub (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank




of 440




13) Biyamathobe (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






14) Fafi center







15) Harbole (a) Borehole drilling & Equipping (b) Supply and installation of Generator & Solar PV Power Supply (Hybrid system) (c) Supply and installation of 100m3 elevated pressed steel collection tank






1.5 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

The proposed Dadaab water supply project is targeted at investments on rehabilitation and expansion of existing water supply schemes.

Further support would consolidate the gains in sector institutional arrangements and help these institutions to improve and expand actual WSP delivery to Dadaab residents through sustainable infrastructure investments.

Dadaab town and its environs (a 50km radius) is a perennially water deficient town as it does not have any permanent surface water. The area lies within the Merti aquifer where boreholes have been drilled and have been a source of water over the years.

In order to stimulate economic growth and end perennial water problem in Dadaab Town, this project plans to rehabilitate some boreholes and drill new additional ones to augment Dadaab host communities Water Supply.

of 440


1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA

The overall objective of the ESIA is to ensure that all environmental and social impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed Dadaab host communities Water Supply Project are evaluated and addressed as part of the mitigation measures incorporated into the proposed Dadaab Water Supply Project. The specific objectives of the assignment are:

✓ Analyzing the physical, biological, and socio-economic environment of the project area with respect to results of the proposed project’s preliminary design

✓ Screening of potential issues, concerns and impacts relative to siting, construction and operation of various designed components to distinguish those that are likely to be significant for a particular subcomponent and warranting further specialized investigation.

✓ Identify environmental and social issues of concern for integration in to the detailed design.

✓ Recommending measures to mitigate adverse issues, concerns and impacts during construction, operation and decommissioning.

✓ Preparing a preliminary Environmental and social Management Plan indicating impact areas, recommended mitigation measures, and method of monitoring impacts, particularly during construction and operation phases

✓ Proposing an Environmental Monitoring Plan (ESMP) and the Institutional Set Up for Implementation of the above Environmental Management Plan

✓ To fulfil the legal requirements as outlined in section 58 to 69 of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act and Regulation 7 of the EIA Regulations, World bank policies and the ESMF requirements.

✓ To obtain background biophysical information of the site, legal and regulatory issues associated with the project

✓ To assess the legal and regulatory framework governing the project ✓ To allow for public participation and integration of stakeholders’ views into the

project ✓ To lower project cost in the long term ✓ To compile an ESIA Project Report for submission to NEMA

Generally, ESIA also aims to ensure that development projects are implemented in a sustainable manner. Sustainable development is increasingly becoming a common synonym to environmental management in infrastructure development. It refers to a pattern of resource use that is aimed at meeting present day human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met in future generations. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity.

1.7 METHODOLOGY OF WORK

The ESIA was undertaken at a level that was considered to be commensurate with the scale, complexity and sensitivity of the project. The key stages in the process included scooping, which includes key informant & household consultations, impact assessment, mitigation, review, decision-making and monitoring, as part of the preparation of this project report.

of 440


Environment and Social Scoping

The scoping process involved identification of significant environmental and social issues associated with the proposed Works within target locations in the Project area. ESIA Scoping was achieved through reviews of the secondary documents and available data supported with field evaluations.

Data and Information

This stage involved review of various documents. This was conducted prior to site visit in order to have a clear understanding of the Project Area, Terms of Reference, Social Status of the Project, etc. Documents reviewed are listed below:

• Water and Sanitation Development Program (WSDP)- Environment and Social

Management Framework (EMSF) (February 2017)

• Water and Sanitation Development Program (WSDP)- Resettlement Policy

Framework (RPF) (February 2017)

• Social Assessment Report on Dadaab and Host Communities Water Masterplan Project. February 2017

• Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA)2015 • Immediate Works Design Report for the Feasibility Study and Preliminary

Design of Water Supplies for Dadaab and Host communities Town Water

Masterplan

• Final Masterplan Report for the Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design of

Water Supplies for Dadaab and Host communities

Stakeholder Consultations

Informing and consulting the public are integral tasks within any environmental and social assessment process in Kenya and form part of best practice. Accordingly, the TOR required the ESIA consultant to organize and implement a public consultation exercise in undertaking the ESIA process. Informing the local people, community leaders and key stakeholders about the proposed project was carried out through community consultative meetings, key informant interviews and questionnaire administration.

During the consultation process, the stakeholders were taken through the proposed project including its objectives, technologies of implementation and possible impacts associated with implementation of the project. Stakeholders were then given time to ask relevant questions regarding the proposed project to enable the consultants clarify on any issues that they may not have understood properly.

Socio-economic Assessment

The purpose of the socio-economic assessment was to analyze the social, cultural, economic and political conditions of individuals, groups, communities and organizations in the project area.

Key parameters explored included:

• Land and resource use patterns

• stakeholder characteristics

• gender issues

• Stakeholder perceptions on project

• organization and resource governance

• community services and facilities

of 440


• Demography and community organization.

• KAP on HIV/AIDS.

1.8 HEALTH IMPACTS DUE TO COVID-19.

The review of this ESIA is undertaken during the era of the Coronavirus pandemic 2019 (COVID-19). However, the preparation of the ESIA including the relevant consultations were undertaken before the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Kenya. As such, specific mitigation measures have been introduced to prevent the spread of the pandemic during the construction period. Moreover, consultations required as part of the mitigation measures, such as during RAP implementation and training on E&S issues, also pose a risk of infection to communities. For this reason, the risk of contracting the virus during consultations will be avoided, minimized and mitigated with specific measures to ensure national requirements on social distancing and recommendations on how to minimize contact are adhered to.

1.9 LOCATION

Garissa County is one of the three counties in the North Eastern Region of Kenya. It covers an area of 44,174Km2 and lies between latitude 10 58’N and 20 1’ S and longitude 380 34’E and 410 32’E. It borders Lamu County to the south, Tana River County to the west, Isiolo County to the north - west and Wajir County to the north. as depicted in Fig. 1-1 below.

of 440


Figure 1- 1:Garissa County in Kenya

1.10 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES

Garissa County has seven sub-counties which include: Fafi, Garissa, Ijara, Lagdera Balambala, Dadaab and Hulugho. The county is further divided into 30 wards and 83 locations as indicated in Table 1-2. In terms of parliamentary representation, the county has six constituencies namely Fafi, Garissa Township, Lagdera, Dadaab and Ijara. In addition, there are thirty county electoral wards. Garissa County has only one Major town i.e., Garissa township and six urban centers namely: Balambala, Bura East, Dadaab, Modogashe, Masalani and Hulugho.:

Table 1- 2: The constituencies in Garissa County

Constituencies Sub-county Population

(2019-National

Census)

Area

(Km2)

Wards Locations

Garissa Township Garissa 163,914 3,318 4 10

Balambala Balambala 32,257 3,684 5 12

Lagdera Lagdera 50,315 6,096 6 10

Dadaab Dadaab 185,252 6,415 6 12

Fafi Fafi 134,030 15,050 5 12

Ijara Ijara 141,591 2,453 2 11

Hulugho 133,984.00 7,737.00 2 16

Total 841,343 44,753 30 83

of 440


Dadaab Constituency and sub-county has the largest size of population in Garissa County. Much of the greater population is of the refugees and asylum seekers who are approximately over 211,365 as at the end of 13 May 2019 according to UNHCR. From the census, the population of the refuges is not included.

1.11 DADAAB SUB COUNTY

Dadaab Sub- County covers 6,415 Km2 area having 6 wards as shown in table below.

Table 1- 3: Wards and sub - locations in the project area

No. Wards Population

(2009

National

Census)

Area (Sq.

Km)

Description

1 Dertu 17,333 1,102 Dertu Sub–Location

2 Dadaab 70,252 392 Dadaab Sub–Location

3 Labisigale 43,741 323 Labisigale Sub–Location

4 Damajaley 14,452 2,102 Dagahaley, Kokar and Damajale Sub–

Locations

5 Liboi 23,240 1,112 Kulan, Liboi and Hara Hara

6 Abakaile 16,234 1,384 Abakaile and Kumahumato Sub–Locations

Figure 1- 2:Dadaab Sub county

Figure 1- 2 above is the map of Dadaab sub-county with wards colored variously. The project area is in Dadaab Sub- County at a radius of approximately 50 Km around Dadaab Refugee Camp.

of 440


Dadaab refugee camp is run by the UNHCR, and its operations are financed by foreign donors. It’s located about 50km away from the border. It is a complex of five refugee camps hosting a total of approximately 330,000 Refugees currently making it the biggest refugee camp in Kenya and in the world.

The refugees are hosted in five sub-camps situated over a 15 km radius. The Hagadera camp is the largest as it hosts over one hundred thousand refugees, while Kambioos is the smallest, hosting under 20,000 refugees. The camps are:

• Dagahaley Refugee Camp • Ifo 2 East and West Refugee Camp • Ifo Refugee Camp • Hagadera Refugee Camp • Kambioos Refugee Camp

As a result of this refugee camp, Dadaab town has developed; which provide services to UNHCR and NGOs staff as well as the refugees. The map showing the distribution of the camps in Dadaab Project area is as shown below:

of 440


Figure 1- 3: Map showing Refugee Camps in Dadaab sub-county

1.12 PROJECT AREA

The assessment covered the host communities in two sub counties Dadaab and Fafi Sub-County, specifically, the host communities adjacent to the refugee camps. The refugee camps are fairly well served with water while the host communities are not. The area is semi-arid and not endowed with natural surface water resources. The local people are mainly pastoralists with nomadic lifestyle. They trek long distances in search of pasture and water for their livestock as well as for their consumption. It is for these reasons that this project targets these host communities.

of 440


The locations and sub-locations under study are as shown in Table 1-4. The table indicates various villages in existence in their respective sub locations.

Table 1- 4: Dadaab Refugee Camp Host villages

S/

No Location Sub-Location Bullas/ Villages

1 Dadaab Alango-Arba

Dertu Hagarbul, Dertu, Gargubane, Boransis, Fafi Kalala,

Ahmed Tukale, Gurow 2 Kumahumato

Labisigale Centre Borehole 5 Dagahaley, Welhar, Lander,

Labasigale Dagahaley Shanta Abak, Madah Well, Maleyle 1 Dadaab Dadaab, Bulla Kheir, Bogyar, Weldoni

Abakaile Kumahumato, Libahlow, Alikune, Abakayle, Saredo,

Morodile, Medina

2 Liboi Liboi Maleyle 2, Wel Yahuu, Welyahuu, Kulan Damajale Mathagesi, Bulla Nyanya, Shebta Ad

3 Jarajilla Amuma Amuma Welmerer Welmarer

Fafi Alinjugur, Fafi, Mathamarub, Dad-bilal, Lanfin,

Boreholes 5 Hagadera Yumbis Yumbis

The Table 1-5 below shows the various Host Community Villages and the approximate distance to the nearest refugee camp.

Table 1- 5: Host community villages and the distance to the nearest refugee camp

S/

No.

Villages/

Centers/ Bullas Ward Nearest Camp

Approx. Distance to

Camp

1 Dadaab Dadaab Ifo 5km

2 Bulla Kheir Dadaab Ifo 10km

3 Bogyar Dadaab Hagadera 20km

4 Weldoni Dadaab Ifo 15km

5 Centre Borehole

5 Dagahaley Labisigale

Camp

Dagahaley 5km

6 Welhar Labisigale Dagahaley 25km

7 Mathagesi Damajale Dagahaley 20km

8 Lander/landic Abakaile Dagahaley 29km

9 Kumahumato Abakaile Dagahaley 32km

10 Libahlow Abakaile Dagahaley 35km

11 Alikune Abakaile Dagahaley 40km

12 Abakayle Abakaile Dagahaley 36km

of 440


S/

No.

Villages/

Centers/ Bullas Ward Nearest Camp

Approx. Distance to

Camp

13 Saredo Abakaile Ifo 30km

14 Morodile Abakaile Ifo 15km

15 Medina Abakaile Dagahaley 45km

16 Hagarbul Dertu Ifo 48km

17 Dertu Dertu Ifo 49.5km

18 Gargubane Dertu Dagahaley 48km

19 Boransis Dertu Dagahaley 44km

20 Fafi Kalala Dertu Dagahaley 52km

21 Ahmed Tukale Dertu Dagahaley 49km

22 Shanta Abak Shanta Abak Dagahaley 50km

23 Bulla Nyanya Damajale Dagahaley 1km

24 Maleyle 1 Liboi Ifo 20km

25 Maleyle 2 Liboi Ifo 28km

26 Welyahuu Liboi Ifo 35km

27 Kulan Liboi Ifo 50km

28 Shebta Ad Liboi Ifo 50km

29 Borehole 5

Hagadera Fafi Hagadera 1km

30 Alinjugur Jarajilla Hagadera 1km

31 Welmarer Jarajilla Hagadera 41km

32 Yumbis Fafi Hagadera 27km

33 Fafi Fafi Hagadera 60km

34 Amuma Jarajilla Hagadera 10km

35 Mathamarub Jarajilla Hagadera 65km

36 Lanfin Jarajilla Hagadera 40km

37 Gurow 2 Dertu Ifo 43km

of 440


Figure 1- 4: Dagahaley Refugee camp showing Labisigale, Bulla Nyanya, Welhar as Host Communities

Figure 1- 5:Hagadera refugee camp showing Hagadera Borehole 5 & Alinjugur Host communities

of 440


Figure 1- 6:Ifo Refugee camps showing Bulla Kheir host community

Figure 1- 7: Mathagesi borehole site as a host community

of 440


Figure 1- 8:Map showing various host community sites in Dadaab

of 440


Figure 1- 9:Map showing the proposed boreholes in Dadaab and Fafi Sub-counties

1.13 THE BACKGROUND OF PROPOSED PROJECT

Dadaab sub county is a perennially water deficient sub-county as it does not have any perennial river and the source of water in Dadaab sub county is through boreholes. The aquifer unfortunately happens to be saline in some areas like Kulan and Qokar. Thus, a need has arisen to consider sustainable water supplies and Sanitation services to the Refugee Host Community centers and villages around Dadaab area which are in Garissa County.

of 440


The assignment is aimed at addressing water services problems in the Refugee Host Community Centers. In Dadaab project area, the water source is expected to be the Merti aquifer and therefore the development is drilling of boreholes around Dadaab Host Community area. Water pans as an alternative option may also be considered. With regard to Ground water exploitation the consultant carried out Geophysical surveys to determine borehole sites and consider an efficient and economical water supply system(s) consisting of pumping equipment, transmission system, storage, distribution system, communal water points and treatment if necessary.

1.14 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

Construction Phase

The project activities will include: -

• Drilling and equipping of the boreholes at Dadaab and Fafi areas

• Laying connections of pipelines and backfilling of the trenches mainly main lines to

the water kiosks and the institutions.

• Refilling of voids around the borehole site and landscaping to restore the site.

Operation Phase

These will include operating a hybrid power system (Solar & Diesel-Powered generator) to pump water to the elevated steel tank and subsequent conveying water to the water kiosks and livestock watering troughs by gravity using uPVC pipes.

Quarterly monitoring of water quality and borehole water levels.

1.15 DESIGN COMPONENTS

Most of the centers in Dadaab and Fafi Sub-counties require standalone independent projects as there is abundant water underneath each village that is not overly settled, with the exception of Dadaab Town. In general, all the 15 borehole sites shall have identical activities only the borehole yield shall differ.

1.15.1 Projected Water Demand

The Consultant closely followed the guidelines of The Practice Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya, 2005 by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. The larger Garissa County being a rural area of medium potential will be expected to have some individual connection (IC) and majority non-individual connection users (NC). Table 1- 6: below has been used as a guide to the distribution between IC and NC, and Table 1-7 below gives the consumption rates depending on the potential and service type.

Table 1- 6: Service Type (Source: Dadaab Water Masterplan)

IC % NC %

Initial Future Ultimate Initial Future Ultimate

Urban Areas

High and Medium Class Housing

100 100 100 0 0 0

of 440


Low class Housing 10 30 50 90 70 50

Rural Areas

High potential 20 40 80 80 60 20

Medium potential 10 20 40 90 80 60

Low potential 5 10 20 95 90 80

Table 1- 7: Consumption Rates

CONSUMER UNIT RURAL AREAS URBAN AREAS High

potential

Medium

potential

Low

potential

High Class

Housing

Medium

Class

Housing

Low

Class

Housing

People with individual

Connections

1/head/

day

60

50

40

250

150

75

People without

Connections 1/head/

day

20

15

10

-

-

20

Livestock unit 1/head/

day

50

-

Boarding schools 1/head/

day

50

Day schools with WC

without WC

1/head/

day

25

5

Hospitals Regional

District other

1/bed/

day

400

200

100

+ 20 l per outpatient per day

(minimum 5000 l/day)

Dispensary and Health

Centre

1/day

5000

Hotels

High Class Medium

Class

Low Class

1/bed/

day

600

300

50 Administrative offices

1/head/

day

25

Bars 1/day 500 Shops 1/day 100 Unspecified industry 1/ha/da

y 20,000

Coffee pulping

factories

1/kg

coffee

25 (when re-circulation of water is used).

of 440


Table 1- 1 Water demands for Dadaab Host Community

S/ No

Ward

Village (Bulla)

Current year

2017

Present year service type

Present year

2017 water demand (m3)

NC IC

1 Labisigale Welhar 4000 95

5 67

2 Dagahley Bulla nyanya 2500 60

40 73

3 Dadaab Weldoni 4000 95

5 67

4 Labisigale Mathagesi 2700 95

5 46

5 Jarajilla Alinjugur 2500 95

5 42

6

Labisigale Centre Borehole

5 Dagahley

2500

95

5

42

7

Dertu Alango-Arba

(Hargabul)

4200

80

20

93

8

Dadaab Dadaab Daidai

Borehole

2000

60

40

58

9 Damajale Barkin 1500 95

5 26

10 Dadaab Bulla kheir 2000 60

40 58

11 Dadaab Bogyar 3300 95

5 56

12

Jarajilla Boreholes 5

Hagadera

2100

95

5

36

Total 33,300 1,020 180 664

Livestock Water Demand

The livestock population is assumed constant as it is more dependent on land carrying capacity and changing economic trends.

Table 1- 9: LU table

Fraction of a Livestock Unit

Livestock High Grade Stock Local Stock

Cattle 2 years 1.00 0.67

Cattle 1-2 years 0.67 0.44

Cattle 2 years 0.33 0.22

Mature sheep/goats 0.20 0.13

Camel 1.00 0.67

Donkey 0.22 0.22

of 440


Table 1- 2 Livestock population in Dadaab Host Community

2017 Livestock Population

S/ No

Ward

Village (Bulla)

Shoats

Cow

Donkeys

Camels Livestock

Units (LU)

1 Labisigale Welhar 10,000 3,000 1,500 4,000 6,320

2 Dagahley Bulla Nyanya 5,000 600 300 2,000 2,458 3 Dadaab Weldoni 4,500 200 500 1,500 1,834 4 Labisigale Mathagesi 7,000 400 400 3,000 3,276 5 Jarajilla Alinjugur 10,000 500 400 1,500 2,728

6

Labisigale Centre Borehole

5 Dagahley

12,000

1,000

500

3,000

4,350

7

Dertu Alango-Arba

(Hargabul)

7,000

2,000

500

2,500

4,035

8


Borehole

500

200

100

2,000

1,561 9 Damajale Barkin 10,000 500 200 3,000 3,689

10 Dadaab Bulla kheir 5,000 100 50 1,000 1,398 11 Dadaab Bogyar 10,000 300 200 3,000 3,555

12

Jarajilla Boreholes 5

Hagadera 5000

500

100

1000

1677

Total 86,000 9,300 4,750 27,500 36,881

The equivalent livestock units in Dadaab Host Community is 36,881 LU this year based on

the reported livestock population shown in

Table 1- 2 above. The water demand per LU according to the Practice Manual is 50 l/h/d

thus the livestock water demand is 1,844 m3/d as shown in table 1-6 below.

Table 1- 3:Projected livestock water demand

S/ No

Ward

Village (Bulla) 2017 Livestock

Units (LU)

2017 Livestock

Demand (m3)

1 Labisigale Welhar 6,320 316

2 Dagahley Bulla nyanya 2,458 123

3 Dadaab Weldoni 1,834 92

4 Labisigale Mathagesi 3,276 164

5 Jarajilla Alinjugur 2,728 136

of 440


6

Labisigale

Centre Borehole 5 Dagahley

4,350

218

7 Dertu Alango-Arba (Hargabul) 4,035 202

8 Dadaab Dadaab Daidai Borehole 1,561 78

9 Damajale Barkin 3,689 184

10 Dadaab Bulla kheir 1,398 70

11 Dadaab Bogyar 3,555 178

12 Jarajilla Boreholes 5 Hagadera 1,677 84

Total 36,881 1,844

Table 1- 4 Domestic and livestock demand in Dadaab Host community (immediate works)

S/ No

Ward

Village (Bulla) Domestic

(m3/d)

Livestock

(m3/d)

Total (M3/d)

1.0 Labisigale Welhar 67 316 383

2.0 Dagahley Bulla nyanya 73 123 196

3.0 Dadaab Weldoni 67 92 159

4.0 Labisigale Mathagesi 46 164 210

5.0 Jarajilla Alinjugur 42 136 178

6.0 Labisigale Centre Borehole 5 42 218 260

7.0 Dertu Alango-Arba 93 202 295

8.0 Dadaab Dadaab Daidai 58 78 136

9.0 Damajale Barkin 26 184 210

10.0 Dadaab Bulla kheir 58 70 128

11.0 Dadaab Bogyar 56 178 234

12.0 Jarajilla Borehole 5 36 84 120

Total 664

1,844 2,508

Table 1- 5 Safe yield demand

S/ No

Ward

Village (Bulla)

Safe Yield

(m3/h)

Daily (16hrs) Safe Yield (m3/d)

Quality

1 Labisigale Welhar 15 240 Potable

2 Dagahley Bulla nyanya 15 240 Potable

3 Dadaab Weldoni 13 208 Potable

4 Labisigale Mathagesi 20 320 Potable

5 Jarajilla Alinjugur 15 240 Potable

6

Labisigale Centre Borehole 5

Dagahley

16

256

Potable

of 440


7

Dertu Alango-Arba

(Hargabul)

45

720

Potable

8


Borehole

30

480

Potable

9 Damajale Barkin 20 320 Potable

10 Dadaab Bulla kheir 25 400 Potable

11 Dadaab Bogyar 20 320 Potable

12

Jarajilla Borehole 5

Hagadera

16

256

Potable

1.16 WATER YIELD AND QUANTITY MODELING

1.16.1 Temperature variation and distribution in the study area.

The below model shows that the coolest/lowest temperature waters are found in the Dadaab area. This vindicates the assumptions made after a forty- y e a r study that Dadaab is the center of recharge of the Merti aquifer, and that the rate of movement of water (Transmissivity) in the subsurface sediments is highest in this area. The dilution flow may thus lower any salinity from carbonation dissolved in the water after years of contact with parent rock of aquifer materials

Figure 1- 10:Temperature

of 440


1.16.2 Salinity/ Potability

For Salinity testing, water taste codes to study the distribution of salinity / portability

status of the aquifer in the study area.

Code 1=freshwater

Code2=hard water/freshwater

Code3=saline water

Figure 1- 11:Salinity/ portability

Figure 1-11 above shows the labeled locations of the mapped areas for water quality

using codes. In the model, all the areas to be worked on appear to have acceptable water

quality. There are no saline aquifers anticipated. The locals indicated what the water has

a sweet taste, and tests for water from the wells, for hardness, freshness and salinity

were conducted.

of 440


1.17 PROJECT COSTS

The proposed project is expected to cost KShs. 418,139,300.00 (Four Hundred Eighteen Million One Hundred Thirty-Nine Thousand, Three Hundred Eighty Shillings Only) for the improvement and rehabilitation of the new and existing water supply. The cost of implementing the ESMP is estimated at Kshs 7,190,000.00.

Table 1- 6 Dadaab cost estimates

No. Description Estimated Contract sum (Ksh)

A: Works

W007 Rehabilitation and Construction of Boreholes (Group 1)

139,597,400.00


116,027,900.00


162,514,000.00

Total of Works 418,139,300.00

of 440


2 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

Public and stakeholder consultation is required under the Amended Environmental Management and Coordination Act (2015) as well as the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2003) and World Bank Operational policies. Public and stakeholder consultation is useful for gathering environmental and socio-economic information, understanding likely impacts, determining community as well as individual preferences. Through this process, stakeholders have an opportunity to contribute to the overall project design by making recommendations and raising concerns. In addition, the process creates a sense of responsibility, commitment and local ownership for smooth implementation of the project.

Effective public participation requires the availability of adequate information in public inputs. The latter involves various values, critiques, questions, information, suggestions and other inputs, which are expressed by individuals, groups or organizations among the general public in an attempt to influence decision-making. Public consultations with Interested and Affected Parties (IAPs) were done in order to:

• inform the local people, leaders and other stakeholders about the proposed project

and its objectives;

• initiate public involvement processes, in a bid to induce and cultivate a sense of

peoples’ belongingness to the project;

• suggest and facilitate the peoples’ roles in the project’s sustainability, in terms of

management, maintenance and productivity;

• seek views, concerns and opinions of people in the area concerning the project.

• establish if the local people foresee any positive or negative environmental effects

from the project and if so, how they would wish the perceived impacts to be addressed;

• find out if there are issues or places of cultural/or religious importance to the local

communities that could be negatively impacted upon by the project and its

infrastructure.

2.1 APPLICABLE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES TO PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT

The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (2015) as well as the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2003) and World Bank operational policies set out the minimum requirements for stakeholder consultation and engagement. Further details of the legal and regulatory requirements that apply to the project are provided in Chapter 6 of this report.

2.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION METHODOLOGY

Public participation was mainly achieved through direct interviews, observations, questionnaire administration and a public meeting. The ESIA team began the public consultation process by holding preparatory meetings to strategize on how to engage the stakeholders in the ESIA process. This was done in consultation with GAWASCO and the

of 440


County Administration including chiefs and the County Health Officer, who helped in the process of identification of the significant stakeholders who could provide data relevant to the proposed project. The following is a detailed discussion of public consultation methodology used by the ESIA team.

2.2.1 Key Informant Interviews

Issues of concern regarding projects like borehole projects often revolve about matters such as pollution, biodiversity loss, community safety, communicable diseases and employment and trade opportunities.

Efforts were made to contact all with the information on the following issues;

✓ Assessment of the baseline environmental and social conditions.

✓ Consideration of feasible and environmentally & socially preferable alternatives.

✓ Requirements under Kenya country laws and regulations, and World Bank Guidelines.

✓ Protection of human rights and community health, safety and security (including risks,

impacts and management of project’s use of security personnel).

✓ Protection and conservation of biodiversity.

✓ Sustainable management and use of renewable natural resources (including

sustainable resource management through appropriate independent certification

systems).

✓ Use and management of dangerous substances and major hazards assessment.

✓ Labour issues (including the four core labour standards), and occupational health and

safety.

✓ Socio-economic impacts & fire prevention and life safety.

✓ Impacts on affected communities, and disadvantaged or vulnerable groups.

✓ Cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future

projects.

✓ Consultation and participation of affected parties in the design, review and


✓ Efficient production, delivery and use of energy.

✓ Pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management.

of 440


As such a cross-section of persons were consulted in Garissa County as indicated by the following consultation registers in Table 2- . between 11th December 2018 and 20th December 2018.

Table 2- 1 Persons met during the ESIA study in planning the Improvements on water supply

No. Name Office Designation Contacts

1 Ahmed Yusuf GAWASCO Managing Director N/A

2 Abdihakim Mohamed Garissa County Water Department

Deputy Director Water N/A

3 Mohamed Dakane GAWASCO Water Clerk Dadaab N/A

4 Adan Bile Bale NEMA County Director Environment N/A

2.2.1.1 Overview from the Managing Director (MD) – Garissa Water and Sanitation Company

The MD indicated that the Dadaab area has a problem of water shortage. As company (GAWASCO), they are doing all that they can so that they make the water resource available to all in the region as it is their mandate. The availability of adequate clean water for the people of Dadaab will eradicate the outbreak of diseases and reduce the time wasted in water collection point and also the traveling of long distances. He also indicated that, sanitation in the Dadaab region is a problem and the provision of clean water will improve the overall status of the town and its environs.

2.2.1.2 Overview from the Deputy County Water Director

The Deputy water director indicated that the project is long overdue. The people of the Dadaab region are suffering as they have no access to clean and safe drinking water. The available water points are serving many people and as a result, a lot of time is spent at the water collection points. Such time can be used constructively on other issues of development. He further indicated that improving the water supply will improve the general outlook of the region as agriculture can be practiced thus raising the social standards of the locals.

2.2.1.3 Overview from the Water Clerk Dadaab

The clerk acknowledged the shortage of the water resource in the Dadaab region. He indicated that people travel for long distances in search of the commodity. A lot of time is wasted. He also indicated that the local communities are in dire need of water. Rain in the region is unreliable and hence cannot be dependent on. He indicated that more boreholes need to be sunk in the area as the area has plenty of water.

2.2.1.4 Overview from the County Director Environment

The county director indicated the need for public consultation with the local communities. The consultation will aid in knowing the needs of an individual community. He acknowledged the need for the project to the people of Dadaab. The project will go a long way in alleviating the problem of water shortage. The general sanitation of the area will also improve.

of 440


2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION

ESIA questionnaires were prepared by the consultant and administered to the sampled households in the project area. The consultant employed enumerators from the project sites who could speak in the local language (Somali) so that they could aid in the dissemination of the information carried on the questionnaire to the local populace. The enumerators were trained on questionnaire administration and briefed about the project. The team then organized visits to meet the representatives of all the stakeholders identified e.g, the local community, local leaders, MCAs and water representatives., whom they met and spent considerable time with, and held discussions with them on their opinions about the proposed project. Minutes of the public consultation meeting are attached on APPENDIX A.

2.4 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

The Consultant conducted 14 public consultations in the form of a consultation meetings in the project area following a written and verbal communication with the local administration, ward administrators as well as GAWACO representatives where, the Consultant presented the project to the local community. Other meetings with the stakeholders were held at the GAWASCO office with the Garissa County PCU. Their main point of concern was that the project is long overdue. The current yields of the boreholes have gone down and they required an urgent intervention to ensure sufficient water availability. The generators at the borehole sites have also broken down and the repair costs are running high. The minutes and an attendance sheet of the meeting are presented in appendix C.

2.4.1 Findings of the meetings

The meetings included a presentation by the Consultant on the proposed works, the various environmental and social impacts that may arise from the project. The consultant however pointed out that the impacts will be localized to specific sites and negative impacts will only be at the construction stage.

Being a public consultation meeting, feedback from the stakeholders was obtained with majority of the stakeholders approving of the project however the needs of the residents in the projects area be looked after due to the fact that most of them were low-income earners. All the meetings were successful and the outstanding issues that emanated from the meetings held are presented in summary below, with the public accepting the project.

2.4.1.1 Issues Discussed During the Public Participation Meetings

1) Acceptance of the Project

The public indicated that they were ready for the project. The project was long overdue and several consultations have been done. They wondered why the project had not started yet they have been in support of the project since its inception.

2) Availability of water and cost of managing the boreholes

The community members were eager to get the water. Concerns about the dwindling of water from the boreholes were also raised. They indicated that in some boreholes, they pump water for long periods an, indication of a dwindling resource. Longer pumping periods also imply usage of high costs of fuel that are unsustainable. They requested that the diesel generators be replaced with solar powered generators since the area experience plenty of solar energy.

of 440


This will go a long way in reducing the cost of managing the boreholes. Some generators are not in proper working conditions and therefore need replacement.

3) Work and employment for the locals

The local community members were eager to take on the works. As the works would be tendered, the locals would get the jobs that they were qualified to do. The locals would also be involved in the running of the project once it was implemented.

Figure 2- 1: Public consultation at Alinjugur Borehole site

of 440


Figure 2- 2: Public Participation at Biyamathobe borehole site

Figure 2- 3: Public Participation at Bulla Nyanya borehole site with the female members of the community

of 440


Figure 2- 4:Public participation at Yumbis Borehole

Figure 2- 5:Consultation with local leaders at Welmerer borehole site

Figure 2- 6 : Public consultation at Weldoni Borehole site

Figure 2- 7:Public Consultation at Mathagesi borehole site

2.5 CONSULTATION DURING THE PROJECT DURATION

Continuous consultation will be carried out throughout the construction phase of the project using focus group discussions to ensure interested stakeholders are aware of construction procedures and provide a forum for feedback and recommendations for implementation in the construction.

Interested stakeholders and the recommended means of communicating with them is summarized in the table below.

of 440


Table 2- 2: Means of Communication with External Stakeholders by the community

Stakeholder/s Type of communication Responsibility Timing

External Stakeholders

Local administration representatives Chiefs and Ward Representatives

Public meetings and monthly project progress updates

Contractor / GAWASCO

Throughout project implementation phase

Interested NGOs and other civil societies operating in Garissa

Local media (Radio stations) ESIA, disclosed ESIA at location level. Translated copies of ESIA executive summary in local language


Throughout the implementation of the Project

Relevant National Government and County Government Authorities

Official correspondence and meetings, progress reports Permitting procedures


During project design, construction and implementation

Kenya National Museums due to chance find clause of OP 4.11 on physical cultural resources

Official correspondence and meetings Permitting procedures


During project Construction phase

Table 2- 3: Means of Communication with Internal Stakeholders by community members

Internal Stakeholders

Employees (Contractor,) Notice boards, email, Grievance Redress Mechanism, meetings

Contractor

Casual workers and temporary staff

Notice boards, email, Grievance Redress Mechanism, meetings

Contractor

In addition, there is a grievance redress procedure which is provided in Chapter 8 of this report.

Community Relations in Construction Phase

The primary responsibility for liaison will be borne by the Contractor who will develop his own plan and more detailed proposals for community liaison. This will build on the approach outlined in this section. All potential contractors will be required to draw up this plan as part of the tender process.

of 440


The objectives of the Community Relations Programme will be to: • Provide local residents with regular information on the progress of work. • Inform the project contractor of any community related issues that may impact

construction. • Monitor implementation of mitigation measures and the impact of construction via

direct monitoring and feedback from Project area. • Identify any significant emerging issues during the construction period • Manage any complaints against the project contractors from local residents

The role of community relations officer will be assigned to someone whose responsibilities will be:

• The de-escalation of grievances that have not been resolved in either tier of the proposed GRM

• Maintenance of records of all grievances lodged and resolved.

Construction Contractor’s Role in Community Liaison

The Contractor will be required to adhere to the requirements of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that sets out how the contractor will meet and monitor the mitigation measures recommended by the Plan.

The role and responsibilities of the Contractor’s Community liaison include:

• Provide primary interface between project and affected or interested persons;

• Coordinate and implement required pre-construction activities, namely;

• Produce management plans for community relations, construction camps and transport; train staff with community relations responsibilities;

• Implement induction training workshops for all construction staff;

• Assist in local recruitment process;

• Ensure on-going communication with project and affected or interested persons.

Community Relations in Operational Phase

The objective of the Community Relations Programme in this Phase will be to:

• Maintain constructive relationships among the local residents to assist in the operation of the facilities;

• Maintain awareness of safety issues among local residents in the project area;

• Ensure compliance with land use constraints among land owners in the project area

Grievance Redress Management Plan

This ESIA provides for a Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRM) which includes instruments, methods and processes by which a resolution to a grievance is sought and provided. This is discussed in detail in chapter 8 of this report

of 440


3 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter highlights all the alternatives considered during the design of the improvements; these included looking at different locations as well as technology employed in the design. The following alternatives were considered.

3.1.1 Alternative Sites for Setting up the improvements

The alternative considered here was the drilling of new boreholes in different locations. With this however, enormous amounts of capital will have to be spent and yet the boreholes at the project site have not been fully utilized to capacity and also the yield from the boreholes is still good. It was thus considered that rehabilitating the available boreholes at the project site would be the ideal option. In sites where the yields have dwindled, new boreholes will be drilled.

3.1.2 Analysis of Alternative Designs

The design arrived at took into consideration the available land and individual needs of each borehole site. It also takes into consideration the needs of the local population and thus the selected options for the individual boreholes.

At the borehole site, land is communally owned and as thus consultation with the local community and GAWASCO with the help of the county government of Garissa were done and their written permission to allow “use” of their lands was documented.

3.1.3 No Action Alternative

The No Action Alternative is the future without the planned Project. The alternative entails not rehabilitating or drilling the new boreholes, the troughs, the kiosks and the distribution network to the kiosk and livestock watering trough. With this therefore, the people of Dadaab and Fafi will therefore continue to experience the perennial water shortage problem. The immediate and surrounding environment will continue to be negatively impacted due to water scarcity. In the long run, the biodiversity of both Dadaab and Fafi will be negatively impacted and the current persistence of public hygiene challenges will continue.

of 440


4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-

ECONOMIC SURVEY

4.1 PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

4.1.1 Dadaab Refugee Camp Host Communities

The assessment covered host communities in two districts, Dadaab and Fafi, specifically, the host communities of Dadaab, Dagahaley, Ifo and Alinjugur sub-divisions.

Two divisions, Dadaab and Jarajilla, and 7 sub-locations including Dadaab, Borehole 5, Block 0, Alinjugur, Dagahaley, Ifo, Welmerer were assessed.

Garissa County has six constituencies namely; Garissa Township, Fafi, Dadaab, Lagdera, Balambala and Ijara Constituency. The wards under study are Dadaab, Labisigale, Abakailie, Dertu, Damajale, Liboi, Fafi and Jarajilla. Shown in Table 4-1.

Table 4- 1:Population density and future projections of citizens for Dadaab Refugee Camp Host Communities

S/ No

Location Sub-location 2009 Population census

No of House-holds

Area in Km2

Population Projection for Citizens

Current year 2017

Future year 2027

Ultimate year 2037

1 Dadaab

134,404 21,681 3,535.80 173,247 249,319 358,455 Alango-Arba 3,618 616 771.5 4,664 6,711 9,649 Dertu 11,395 1,463 1,102 14,688 21,138 30,390 Kumahumato 6,132 940 987.5 7,904 11,375 16,354 Labisigale 43,741 7,241 316.4 56,382 81,140 116,657 Dagahaley 2,826 467 79.2 3,643 5,242 7,537 Dadaab 60,390 10,064 392.0 77,843 112,023 161,060 Abakaile 6,302 890 1,384 8,123 11,690 16,807

2 Liboi

18,083 3,220 3,245.60 23,309 33,544 48,227 Kulan 3,120 526 442.4 4,022 5,788 8,321 Liboi 8,320 1,454 1,112 10,724 15,434 22,189 Damajale 6,643 1,240 2,102.0 8,563 12,323 17,717

3 Jarajilla 73,045 12,064 8,876.20 94,155 135,498 194,811 Amuma 2,309 437 2,558.80 2,976 4,283 6,158 Welmerer 65,628 10,699 710.1 84,595 121,740 175,030

Fafi 3,908 703 4488.7 5,037 7,249 10,423 Yumbis 1,200 225 1118.6 1,547 2,226 3,200

Total

225,532 36,965 15,658 290,711 418,361 601,493

Source (KNBS)

of 440


Figure 4- 1:Map highlighting Garissa County and its sub counties

4.1.2 Topography

The area within 50 km of the camps is mostly flat or gently undulating with elevation between 110 and 190 m above mean sea level [a.m.s.l.]. The camps themselves lie at 120-130 m a.m.s.l., Ifo being the lowest, while the surrounding terrain generally slopes downwards from west to east. The main geographical feature is the Lagh Dera flood plain, which passes immediately north of Dagahaley camp and is a former continuation of the Ewaso Ng’iro River that rises on Mount Kenya. The Lagh Dera floods periodically and inundates parts of Dagahaley and Ifo.

4.1.3 Climate

The climate is characterized by extreme variability in weather parameters such as temperature, with annual means decreasing and annual ranges increasing pole-ward, and relatively little precipitation.

Dadaab is considered to have a desert climate. There is little rainfall during the year in Dadaab. This climate is considered to be BWh (hot desert) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The temperature here averages 28.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 338 mm.

of 440


Figure 4- 2: Climate graph Dadaab (Source: Garissa County)

The least amount of rainfall occurs in February with an average of 5 mm. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in April, with an average of 90 mm.

Figure 4- 3:Temperature graph Dadaab (Source: Garissa County)

The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 85 mm. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is 4.0 °C.

of 440


Figure 4- 4:Climate table/Historical Weather Data Dadaab (Source: Garissa County)

4.1.4 Relative Humidity

Garissa experiences average humidity;

▪ On average, December is the most humid. ▪ On average, July is the least humid month.

The mean monthly relative humidity over the year in Dadaab Sub-County, Garissa is as shown in Figure 4- 5, below with an average of 60% relative humidity throughout the year.

Figure 4- 5:Average relative humidity in Dadaab Sub-County (Source: Garissa County)

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night. Dadaab sub-county area experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity as depicted in Figure 4- 6. The comfort levels are during the cold season where the air is cool and relatively dry.

of 440


Figure 4- 6: Humidity comfort levels (Source: Garissa County)

4.1.5 Evaporation

Like precipitation the annual evaporation rate depends on the altitude and general environment of the location. In arid low-lying areas, it can be as high as 2300 mm whereas the average open water evaporation in wet highlands is much less. The run-off data for Dadaab Sub County is inconsistent due to dwindled and unreliable rainfall.

4.1.6 Temperature

Across the months, the maximum temperatures range from a minimum of 22.2oC to a maximum of 33.3oC giving a range 11.1o C over the period of record. The highest maximum temperatures occur in the dry month of February and the lowest occur in July. High clouds and clouds with vertical development are displayed in white, low clouds and fog in grey.

4.1.7 Drainage

Garissa is a perennially water deficient County as it does not have any perennial river and the

source of water in Dadaab is through boreholes. The aquifer unfortunately happens to be

saline and also bacteriologically contaminated in some areas like Kulan and Kokar near Liboi.

There are two other aquifers located at deeper depths. However, no enough studies have been

done to ascertain their quantity although it is clear they are more saline than the shallow

aquifer.

Water is therefore obtained from the upper Aquifer (which is less saline in some areas)

through boreholes. Boreholes are located on every part of Dadaab Host Community Area.

Proposed future intervention for Dadaab Host community water supply to include but not

limited to the following:

1. Sourcing water from Merti Aquifer

2. Capture rain water and retain surface run off in water pans and reservoir tanks.

of 440


4.1.8 Geology

4.1.8.1 Basement geology

The regional geology of Dadaab and Garissa area covers the project area. It consists of volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The most abundant Basement system rocks are granitoid gneisses, limestones, quartzites and plagioclase amphibolites with amounts of hornblende and graphitic gneisses.

4.1.8.2 Surface and superficial Soils

The soils overlying the alluvial deposits west and south of Dadaab and around Dadaab fall generally into two types, according to source material and subsequent sorting and redeposition:

i. well-drained sandy soils ranging in color from white to red and ii. silty and clayey, poorly drainable soils which are gray to black in color.

At some places these soils are saline. The gray and black [gray-cotton, black- cotton] soils, where they are not saline, are the most fertile soils in the district and support the best stands of grass. Typically, most of the province is covered by open or more or less dense bush, alternating with open grassy plains. Large trees, for the most part Acacia species, are found only along drainage- ways. All vegetation is adapted to survive on a small amount of residual soil moisture or on water obtained from condensation.

4.2 LAND USE AND LAND COVER

The communities in Northern Kenya are nomadic livestock keepers with livestock population being in many cases more than the human population. The livestock are free range due to scarce water and grass. Apart from animal husbandry and very minimal farming there is no other land use.

The vegetation becomes verdant within a week following the rains. The low and medium bush consists predominantly of species of Acacia and Commiphora, with varying amounts of grass as undergrowth. Where grazing has been heavy the grasses are chiefly annuals and where the grazing has been particularly intense, the undergrowth is chiefly weeds and unpalatable shrubs. Areas remote from permanent water often have a good cover of perennial grasses.

4.3 FLORA AND FAUNA

The proposed boreholes are not expected to interfere with the flora and fauna as the disturbance will be localized to a small drilling point. However, some trees may be cut to allow access by the drilling machinery and to create a working space.

The drillers are urged to minimize cutting of trees to the extent feasible as they form habitat of both flora and fauna. The area is predominant of pastoralist and there is no wildlife protect zone around though some wildlife such as helmeted guineafowl, dik-diks, lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), spotted hyena, civet, warthogs among others roam around the range lands. Pastoralist sedentary lifestyle have altered the natural habitat especially for wildlife over the years. With the wildlife being attracted to the settlement in search of food and water. The areas are majorly covered by shrubs and woodland vegetation of Acacia species.

The areas have started experiencing patches of the invasive Prosopis Juliflora species known to replace pasture and unconsumed by livestock. The range lands are mainly concentrated

of 440


towards the North and West of the County. The range land ranges from open vegetation to closed vegetation and in some cases having sparse trees and shrubs.

4.4 HYDROLOGY

Rainfall in the area is limited and is characterized by large temporal and spatial variability. Most of the rainfall occurs in two rainy seasons during October-November and February-March. The potential evaporation in the area is large, up to 2600 mm a year, and surpasses the rainfall most months of the year. However, rainfall events in the area are known to have a strong convective character, resulting in very local rainfall with a high intensity. As such, runoff may occur depending on the antecedent state of the system.

Although perennial (permanent) surface water is important for the water supply in the study area, it is outweighed by ephemeral (seasonal) sources. There are two perennial water courses in the area underlain by the aquifer: The Rivers Tana and Ewaso Ng'iro (see figure 4-7). The Ewaso Ng’iro is relevant for the groundwater system underlying Habaswein and the surrounding areas. The Ewaso Ng'iro River drains the northern and western slopes of Mount Kenya and the NE slopes of the Aberdares. At Archer's Post (north of Isiolo). After the Ewaso Ng’iro River becomes ephemeral, it is referred to as the Lagh Dera. The ephemeral river floods irregularly. In the 1950’s the Lagh Dera was known to flood the Lorian Swamps near Habaswein regularly. However, increased water subtractions and changes in climate have caused a now irregular and less frequent flooding of this area. Currently, the swamps have retreated many kilometers upstream, decreasing the perennial swamp size from 150km2 to 39km2. These flood-areas are commonly referred to as the Lorian Swamps, even though the location has shifted. In most years, the perennial Ewaso Ng’iro becomes ephemeral near the town of Merti. When the rains are poor, the cessation of flow occurs even further upstream. This leaves the downstream inhabitants and livestock largely dependent on groundwater.

of 440


Figure 4- 7:Hydrogeology of Garissa & Dadaab County

4.4.1 Hydrogeology

The area underlain by the Merti Aquifer comprises a thick and complex sequence of Mesozoic to Quaternary sediments, which overlie metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian Basement System. The aquifer is situated in the Anza Rift, which was formed in the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era. It runs inland from the coast in north-western direction, and links the Lamu embayment of southern Kenya with the South Sudan rifts. This geological setting shapes the hydrogeology in the study area.

Groundwater resources Dadaab sub-county include pans and boreholes. Groundwater occurs in deep aquifers in the area. Shallow aquifers can be found in the alluvium beneath and along (ephemeral) river beds, where they occur as shallow groundwater bodies. Boreholes that tap into the deeper aquifers have variable yields and water quality (salinity). A large fresh water body is present in what is regarded in most studies as the Merti aquifer, which is one of the largest known aquifers in the region. Around Dadaab Host Community project area, water is generally struck at a depth of approximately 130 m below ground level. Test yields of the existing boreholes vary from 75 to 350 m3/day. Apart from aquifer characteristics, the yield depends on borehole characteristics, such as screen length. Only one existing borehole is known to have a large screen length (approx.25 m), which also has the highest yield (350m3/day). EC values at Dadaab Refugee Host Community range from 1000 to 2500 𝜇S/cm.

of 440


4.5 SOCIO ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

4.5.1 Administration, Health and Education

The Dadaab town is the administrative and Commercial Centre of Dadaab Sub-County and has relatively high standards of social amenities. The DC’s office has been constructed while other departments are operating from Garissa Town.

There are a few primary and secondary schools some boarding while others are day schools; some in Kulan, Kokar, Dadaab and many more areas. There are also various Health centers within the 50 Km radius. Here, some of the health institutions have been closed due to a lack of access to water, an example is Kokar health center.

4.5.2 Transport, Communication and other Infrastructure

Access to Garissa County is well versed with gravel roads linking various centers and surrounding towns and Counties. The transport system is relatively poor and impassable during the rainy seasons. Public transport is very poor, having a few matatus taxis [four-wheel drive-based vehicles] and occasionally busses ply the route. The telecommunication network for Dadaab town is very good as the key mobile operators [Airtel, Safaricom and Orange] are available. The roads in Dadaab area and its environs are easily accessible during the dry season; much of the roads are gravel roads having a well-articulated road reserve.

The Government through its implementing agency the Rural Electrification Authority has been implementing various rural electrification projects in Northern Kenya this has improved the power distribution in Dadaab Town. However, the interior centers in Dadaab areas were neglect of power. Such areas used diesel as a source of power for water pump generators.

4.5.3 Local Communities

The indigenous people of this town are the Al juran, a Somali sub-tribe who speak Somali. Illiteracy levels are very high with a negligible population able to speak and write English and Swahili languages. The people practice nomadic pastoralism as their way of life.

4.5.4 HUMAN POPULATION

Dadaab sub-County of Garissa County is part of the former North Eastern Province which has experienced rapid and highly variable inter censual growth rates from 1969. The population of North Eastern Province in 1969, 1979, 1989, 1999 and 2009 was 245,757; 373,787; 371,391; 962,143 and 2,310,757 respectively. The inter-censual growth rate has been 4.2, -0.1, 9.5 and 8.8 between the census years. Dadaab is the home of the largest refugee camp in the world with a fluctuating Refugee population of 200,000 and 500,000. However, the refugee population is thought not to directly affect the population of the host communities as these communities are very conservative and do not intermarry and mix. Therefore, a more constant inter-censual growth rate of 3.5% p.a has been applied for population projection. (Garissa County, 2016) According to the CIDP the county has a population growth rate of 3.96 which varies due to new emergence of new settlements as resources dwindle. In a county where >50 per cent of the population lives in absolute poverty, such an increase in population has direct impact on the basic needs like food, water, health and education. The high population growth has been brought about by cultural beliefs which advocated for non-adherence to family planning, polygamy and high illiteracy levels

of 440


The assessment covered Dadaab Host communities in their respective vicinity/ villages each having at least one operational borehole. Table 4-2 shows the population of Dadaab Host community as registered in the 2009 Kenya National bureau of Statistics census. The Consultant will have used a rate of project on 3.96% for the Master plan.

Table 4- 2:Population of Host Communities (2017)

S/ No. Ward Villages Current year 2017

No of House -holds

1 Dadaab Dadaab Town 60000 8,571

2 Dadaab Bulla Kheir 2000 286

3 Dadaab Bogyar 3300 471

4 Dadaab Barkin 1500 214

5 Dadaab Weldoni 4000 571

6 Labisigale Centre BH 5 Dagahaley 2500 357

7 Labisigale Welhar 4000 571

8 Demajale Mathehgesi/ Madahghisi

2700 386

9 Abakaile Lander/landic 300 43

10 Abakaile Kumahumato 3000 429

11 Abakaile Libahlow 400 57

12 Abakaile Alikune 4000 571

13 Abakaile Abakayle 2500 357

14 Abakaile Saredo 4000 571

15 Abakaile Morodile 1500 214

16 Abakaile Medina 1500 214

17 Dertu Hagarbull 4200 600

18 Dertu Dertu 8000 1,143

19 Dertu Gargubane 1500 214

20 Dertu Boransis 1200 171

21 Dertu Fafi Kalala 200 29

22 Dertu Ahmed Tukale 800 114

23 Shanta Abak Shanta Abak 4000 571

24 Damajale Bulla Nyanya 2500 357

25 Liboi Maleyle 1 2000 286

26 Liboi Maleyle 2 2000 286

27 Liboi Welyahuu 200 29

28 Liboi Kulan 3000 429

29 Liboi Shebta Ad 300 43

30 Fafi Borehole 5 Hagardera 2100 300

31 Jarajilla Alinjugur 2500 357

32 Jarajilla Welmarer 4000 571

33 Fafi Yumbis 3000 429

of 440


34 Fafi Fafi 1500 214

35 Jarajilla Amuma 2500 357

36 Jarajilla Madahmarub 300 43

37 Jarajilla Lanfin 200 29

38 Dertu Gurow 2 1300 186

39 Demajale Kokar 2500 357

40 Demajale Sheldub 500 71

Table 4- 3:Population Projection for Dadaab Refugee Camp Host Community

Villages Current year 2017

Initial year 2022

Future year 2032

Ultimate Year 2042

Dadaab Town 60000 72,859 107,435 158,419

Bulla Kheir 2000 2,429 3,581 5,281

Bogyar 3300 4,007 5,909 8,713

Barkin 1500 1,821 2,686 3,960

Weldoni 4000 4,857 7,162 10,561

Centre Borehole 5 Dagahaley

2500 3,036 4,476 6,601

Welhar 4000 4,857 7,162 10,561

Mathagesi 2700 3,279 4,835 7,129

Lander/landic 300 364 537 792

Kumahumato 3000 3,643 5,372 7,921

Libahlow 400 486 716 1,056

Alikune 4000 4,857 7,162 10,561

Abakayle 2500 3,036 4,476 6,601

Saredo 4000 4,857 7,162 10,561

Morodile 1500 1,821 2,686 3,960

Medina 1500 1,821 2,686 3,960

Hagarbull 4200 5,100 7,520 11,089

Dertu 8000 9,715 14,325 21,123

Gargubane 1500 1,821 2,686 3,960

Boransis 1200 1,457 2,149 3,168

Fafi Kalala 200 243 358 528

Ahmed Tukale 800 971 1,432 2,112

Shanta Abak 4000 4,857 7,162 10,561

Bulla Nyanya 2500 3,036 4,476 6,601

Maleyle 1 2000 2,429 3,581 5,281

Maleyle 2 2000 2,429 3,581 5,281

Welyahuu 200 243 358 528

Kulan 3000 3,643 5,372 7,921

Shebta Ad 300 364 537 792

of 440


Boreholes 5 Hagardera 2100 2,550 3,760 5,545

Alinjugur 2500 3,036 4,476 6,601

Welmarer 4000 4,857 7,162 10,561

Yumbis 3000 3,643 5,372 7,921

Fafi 1500 1,821 2,686 3,960

Amuma 2500 3,036 4,476 6,601

Madahmarub 300 364 537 792

Lanfin 200 243 358 528

Gurow 2 1300 1,579 2,328 3,432

Kokar 2500 3,036 4,476 6,601

Sheldub 500 607 895 1,320

TOTAL 147,500 179,110 264,106 389,444

4.5.5 LIVESTOCK POPULATION

The livestock population is assumed constant as it is more dependent on land carrying capacity and changing economic trends. The livestock population as per the County Drought Contingency Plan, Garissa County (2014) is 816,617 cattle, 942,732 sheep, 1,294,687goats, 261,100 camels, 160,000 donkeys, poultry, and 10,632 bee - hives. (Garissa County, 2014) Table 4-4, shows the livestock population of the study area. Garissa County has a high number of livestock population, leading to a high-water demand for their stock.

There is no published literature on livestock numbers per village, and these village boundaries are amorphous with vast unclaimed areas in between. The best way to determine the livestock numbers per village would be to conduct a livestock census, which can only be done by the County and the Ministry of Agriculture.

Table 4- 4:Livestock population for Dadaab Sub- County

Livestock Garissa County (44,580km2) Dadaab Sub - County (7,142km2)

Sheep 942,732 151,032

Goats 1,294,687 207,417

Cattle 816,617 130,827

Donkeys 160,000 25,633

Camels 261,100 41,830 Source: County Drought Contingency Plan, Garissa County (2014)

of 440


4.6 SOCIO- ECONOMIC SURVEY

The socio-economic situation of the area was captured based on findings of a household

survey carried out using a structured questionnaire. A sample size of 25 households per

borehole, distributed within the project sites was interviewed for purposes of the analysis. A

total of 350 questionnaires were carried out around all the borehole sites amongst the project

affected people. The dissemination of ESIA questionnaires to the project affected people was

done through enumerators employed by the consultant from within the project site who

could speak the local language (Somali) fluently. This aided in translating the information

carried in the ESIA questionnaire to the locals who could not understand the English

language. The enumerators were trained on how to disseminate the information in the ESIA

questionnaire to the affected people.

4.6.1 Population Dynamics and Household Characteristics

The general trend shows that most of the people fall in the 5-18 and 19-35 Yrs. age groups as

shown in figure 4-8.

Figure 4- 8:Household members by age group

The study established that most residents had not attained basic education level as shown in

figure 4-9, hence most of them could not read and write. 32% had not attained any

educational level and 42% had attained primary level, this indicates that there is high

prevalence of the residents not being educated, and the need for the residents to be informed

more about the project. From Figure 4- 10, most of the respondents were female at 76%. Most

of the respondents were married (94%) as indicated in Figure 4- 11, and in most cases, the

household were male at 52% (Figure 4- 12). The most dominant religion in Dadaab is Islam

Figure 4- 13.

0 - 5 Yrs

27%

5 - 18 Yrs

32%

19 - 35 Yrs

28%

36 - 49 Yrs

11%

49 - 65 Yrs

2%

Household Members by Age Group

of 440


Figure 4- 9: Education level of Dadaab residents

Figure 4- 9: Respondents gender

Figure 4- 10:Respondents marital status

No

Education32%

Primary

42%

Secondary

23%

College/

university3%

Household Literacy Level

Male

24%

Female

76%

Respondent Gender

Single

6%

Married

94%

Respondent Marital Status

of 440


Figure 4- 11:Household head

Figure 4- 12:Religion in Dadaab

4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND LAND USE PATTERNS

Business activity (41%) is prevalent in Dadaab. Livestock farming (28%) is the main socio-

economic activity practised in this region. There is need to create sustenance of the major

socio-economic activity and innovating new ideas and activities in order not to pressure the

major socio-economic activity. Figure 4-14, shows that formal employment and business are

the major activities hence there is need to diversify.

Male

Head52%

Female

Head48%

Household Head

Muslim

100%

Religion

of 440


Figure 4- 13: Economic activity of the household heads

Of the total population practising business, (88%) are into the shops while (7%) is onto M-

pesa (figure 4-15). With this trend, there is need for the diversification of the business

opportunities to the local residents. Figure 4- 14 and Figure 4-17, shows the type of crops and

livestock found in Dadaab respectively.

Figure 4- 15:Businesses conducted in Dadaab

Crop farming

7%

Livestock

farming28%

Formal

employment3%

Business

41%

Pastoralism

21%

Household Head Occupation / Economic

Activity

Shop

88%

M-pesa

7%

Jua kali

4%Grocery

1%

Type of Business

of 440


Figure 4- 16:Type of crops in Dadaab

Figure 4- 17:Type of livestock in Dadaab

Most Dadaab residents (84%) earn less than KShs 15,000 while 16% earn above KShs 15,001

as shown in Figure 4- 18.

New income generating methods should be practised in order to increase the per capital

income of the households and the region in general. This indicates that the income generating

methods isn’t sufficient enough.

Figure 4- 18: Average household income per month

Maize

79%

Mangoes

10%

Beans

11%

Type of Crops

Cow

21%

Sheep

30%

Goats

34%

Donkey

3%Camels

12%

Type of Livestock

Less than

Kshs. 15,000

84%

Kshs. 15,

001 -30,000

15%

Kshs. 30,

001 -50,000

1%

Average Household Income per Month

of 440


Firewood (92%) is the main source of energy for the community Figure 4- 19. There is need

to revise the sources of energy by the community in order to avoid deforestation. The

commonly used fuel does not sustain the environmental system hence may lead to expansion

of the desert, other economic and environmentally friendly fuel are the least used as shown

in figure. Dadaab residents should be educated and trained on eco-friendly systems to avoid

creating a future environment catastrophe

Figure 4- 19: common fuel used in Dadaab

4.8 DRINKING WATER ISSUES

4.8.1 Sources and Quality of Drinking Water

The study established that the common sources of water in Dadaab are Public taps, and

boreholes. As indicated in Figure 4-20, 73% of the people are supplied from public taps while

22 % rely on boreholes. This implies that the government needs to put in more efforts to

increase fresh water supply to her people.

Figure 4- 18:Common sources of water in Dadaab

In terms of water quality, this study observed that 51% of Dadaab residents consider their

fresh water supplies as of good quality while the 46% deem their fresh water to be of fair

Firewood

92%

Charcoal

7%Kerosene

1%

Fuel used by Households

Private tap

5%

Public tap

73%

Borehole

22%

Common Source of Water

of 440


quality. This is illustrated in Figure 4-21. This disparity is reasonable as some residents do

receive public tapped water while others rely on untreated freshwater sources such as

boreholes. The ongoing water supply project, again, is expected to ensure that Dadaab County

residents are supplied with water of the recommended quality.

Figure 4- 19: Perceived water quality in Dadaab

21 % of the population fetch water everyday, 79% fetch every alternate day of the week as

shown in Figure 4-22. The government then should work on reducing the time spent in

fetching water daily by ensuring water services are close to the people.

Figure 4- 20: Frequency of fetching water in Dadaab

In most cases the existing water supply is not enough to meet the needs of all the people. 68%

of the population felt that the water being currently provided wasn’t adequate whereas the

remaining 32% were being adequately supplied(Figure 4-23)

Good

51%Fair

46%

Bad

3%

Water Quality

Every day21%

Every alternate day of the

week79%

Fetching Water Frequecy

of 440


Figure 4- 21: Adequacy of water supply in Dadaab

4.8.2 Distance to and Ownership of Drinking Water Sources

Dadaab residents travel varying distances to access drinking water sources. The distance to

most of the water sources is about 1-2 kilometers as shown in figure 4-24. This implies that

much time and energy is spent in search of water and it is hoped that this challenge will cease

upon completion of the water supply project. Figure 4- 25 breaks down the water sources they

travel to access in terms of their ownership. It is apparent that half of the population access

public water sources. This project will aid in the reduction of distances travelled in search of

water as the availability of the water resource will be developed near to the local

communities’ residential area.

Figure 4- 22: distance of the water sources

Adequate

68%

Not

adequate32%

Water Supply

Less than 0.2

KM17%

0.2 - 1 KM

7%

1 - 2 KM

68%

Above 2 KM

8%

Distance to Water Source

of 440


Figure 4- 23: ownership of the water sources

4.8.3 Cost of Drinking Water

The study established that 96% of the people paid for their fresh water needs as indicated in

Figure 4-26. As further shown in Figure 4-27, 85% of Dadaab residents spend more than Kshs

5 for a 20-liter jerrican of fresh water. This is quite costly, implying that families with low

income strain a lot to get water. NWWDA should ensure that the people get affordable water

supply and it is in this light that water supply infrastructure is presently been expanded in

the County. The average cost that is widely accepted by the residents to make water

affordable was not determined by this study.

Figure 4- 24: Payment for water

Public

90%

Faith based

4%

Private

5%

NGO

1%

Ownership Status of the Water Source

Pay

96%

Don't pay

4%

Water Payment

of 440


Figure 4- 25: Cost of water in Dadaab

4.8.4 Common mode of transporting water and the challenges they face

The common mode of transporting is Rolling 58%, carrying on the head 8% and hand driven

carts 33%, Figure 4-28.There is need to provide piped water to avoid tiresome and expensive

modes of transporting water ,since the residents also spend by paying for water. The

challenges they face are fatigue(28%) and loss of time(49%) as illustrated in Figure 4-29.

Figure 4- 28: Transportation of water in Dadaab

Figure 4- 26: challenges faced in transporting water

Kshs. 2

2%

Kshs. 5

85%

Kshs. 10

12%

Above Kshs.

101%

Amount Paid per 20 Litre Gallon

8%

33%

2%

58%

Carrying on the head

Hand driven carts / wheelbarrow

Pack animals (donkeys / camels)

Rolling the water Jerrican on the ground

Common Mode of Transporting Water

49%

28%

12%

11%

Challenges Faced in Transporting

Water

Loss of time

Physical fatigue due

to travelling for long

distances

of 440


4.9 WASTE DISPOSAL

4.9.1 Existing Waste Disposal Systems

The study established that burying was the most common waste disposal system for solid

waste in Dadaab County. 35% of the respondents burn their solid waste while 49% bury it

(Figure 4-30). As it is well known, open-air burning is not a sustainable management option

for solid waste as it is environmentally unfriendly due to release of GHGs to the atmosphere.

Figure 4- 30: methods of disposing waste in Dadaab

4.9.2 Availability of Toilet Facilities

The study probed the availability of toilet facilities (Pit latrines) in Dadaab County. It was

established that 84% of the people had toilets for their households (Figure 4- 31).

Figure 4- 27: households that own toilets

4.10 AWARENESS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Public awareness of any infrastructure project plays a key role in its implementation and

success. Thus, this study sought to establish the level of awareness of the proposed project

among Dadaab residents. As shown in Figure 4-32, 19% of the people were not aware of the

proposed project, and therefore numerous sensitization efforts need to be put in place by the

client and the consultants to aid in the resident’s sensitization of the project.

6% 6%4%

35%

49%

Waste Disposal Methods

Compost pit /

buryingCollection by the

councilRecycling

Burning

Yes

84%

No

16%

Household with Toilet

of 440


Figure 4- 28: knowledge on the proposed project

4.11 PERCEIVED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

All infrastructure project has positive and as well as negative impacts. In order to probe

further their degree of awareness of the project, respondents were challenged to indicate

their personal perceptions of how the project would affect them. 81% of the people perceive

that the project will affect them positively as indicated in figure 4-33 while the remaining

19% felt that this project would affect them negatively. The perceived positive and negative

impacts are shown in Figure 4- 34 and Figure 4- 35 respectively.

Figure 4- 29: The figure shows the effects of the proposed works

Figure 4- 30: positive effects of the project

Yes

81%

No

19%

Knowledge on Proposed

Works

Positively

81%

Adversely

19%

Effects on Proposed Works

37%

23%

18%

3%

4%

5%

1%

9%

Reduced time and cost of travel to look…

Reduced cases of waterborne diseases

Improved hygiene

Improved business

Growth of town with water supply

Reduced livestock diseases

Employment for the youth

Alleviate water shortage

Positive Effects

of 440


Figure 4- 31: negative effects of the project

Figure 4- 32: mitigation measures that would be undertaken to reduce the negative effects of the project

4.12 COMMON DISEASES & MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS TAKEN

This study established that Malaria still remains a significant health concern in Dadaab town

among 70% of the population. According to the 2010 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS),

malaria prevalence in Kenya ranges from 5% in urban areas; 12% in rural areas and 38% in

regions around Lake Vitoria. Thus, alongside projects such as this in Dadaab town, the

government should consider measures to fight malaria in the region. By improving water

management in Dadaab town, it is anticipated that this project will reduce the amount of

stagnant water in the town thus minimizing breeding sites for mosquito. This, to an extent,

may reduce malaria cases. However, further efforts should be put in place by the government

to rid Dadaab town of the Malaria pandemic. Figure 4- 37 shows the common diseases and the

percentage of respondents who considered them a key concern.

54.8%

6.5%

6.5%

6.5%

22.6%

3.2%

Dust and noise

Demolition of structures

Loss of grazing land/trees/crops

Soil erosion

Interruption of services (water, electricity,…

Spread of diseases (STD, HIV/AIDS)

Adverse Effects

63%

5%

16%

16%

Inform the public about any interruption of services

Install storm water drains

Avoid night time construction

Educate the public and the construction crew on…

How to Mitigate Adverse Effects

of 440


Figure 4- 37: common diseases in Dadaab

While sick, the respondents take a number of actions. This study established that 84% of the

people seek medical attention while the rest either seek prayers, herbal or traditional doctors’

help. This raises concerns of the possible risks posed by non-medical health interventions

among a significant proportion of 16% of the population, as shown in Figure 4-38.

Figure 4- 38: The figure shows the measure taken when the Residents are sick

The type/ownership of available health facilities was also probed by this study. The results

indicated that majority of the people rely on public health services while about 15%

depended on private-health facilities as shown in Figure 4- 39, However, as shown in Figure

4- 40; the distance to the nearest health facilities still remains a challenge, especially in

Dadaab town. This calls for intensification of health services to such areas.

70%4%1%

14%

7%

1%2%1%

Common Diseases

Malaria

Malnutrition

Measles / Eye

problemsDiarrhea

Cholera

Intestinal worms /

Skin rashesRespiratory

infections

Seek medical

attention from a health centre

84%

Prayed for

9%

Take herbs

2%

Visit a

traditional doctor

5%

Measures Taken when Sick

of 440


Figure 4- 33: ownership status of the health facilities in Dadaab

Figure 4- 40: distance of the health facilities

4.13 HIV/AIDS ISSUES

4.13.1 Awareness and Sources of Information

HIV/AIDs remain a major health challenge in Kenya and infrastructure projects have been

found to have a significant bearing on its spread.

In terms of awareness, this study showed that most of the people (99%) are aware of

HIV/AIDS (Figure 4- 41). As further shown in Figure 4-42, the dominant source of information

on HIV/AIDs among Dadaab County residents is the media, particularly Radio and TV

although health facilities, religious groups and families also play a significant role in

disseminating such information.

This study established that 97% of the household were not affected by HIV/AIDS as shown in

Figure 4- 43. Only 3% revealed that at least someone in their household has ever suffered

from the endemic. Dadaab has the lowest adult HIV prevalence in Kenya, at 1.0%, which is

much lower than the national prevalence of 7.4% (NASCOP 2008).

Public

76%

Private

15%

Faith based

1%

NGO

1%

Traditional

7%

Ownership Status of Health Facilities

Less than 1

KM69%

1 - 3 KM

17%

3 - 5 KM

5%

Above 5 KM

9%

Distance to Health Facility

of 440


Figure 4- 41: awareness of HIV/AIDS in Dadaab

Figure 4- 42: sources of HIV/AIDS information

Figure 4- 34: household members affected by HIDS/AIDS

4.13.2 HIV/AIDs Testing and Prevention

This study showed that 83% have the knowledge that HIV/AIDS as shown in Figure 4- 44 can

be prevented. Although there are a high % of people who are aware of HIV/AIDS prevention

there is quite a number who don’t know it could be prevented. The government should inform

and sensitize the people on methods available for HIV/AIDS prevention. The study also

showed that most of the people know where they could get HIV/AIDS voluntary testing and

counseling as shown in Figure 4- 45. The people should be encouraged to go for testing in

order for them to be aware of their status and be counseled,

Heard

99%

Never heard

1%

HIV/AIDS

90%

2%

2%

2%

2%

2%

Radio/TV

Religious leaders

Relative/ friend

Health worker/ clinic

NGO / CBOs

Newspaper

Source of HIV/AIDS Information

Yes

3%

No

97%

Household Member Affected by HIV/AIDS

of 440


Figure 4- 35: The awareness of Dadaab residents on the prevention of HIV/AIDS

Figure 4- 36: awareness of HIV/AIDS voluntary testing areas in Dadaab

4.14 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE PROJECT AREA

4.14.1 Key Issues of Environmental Concern

The study established the key issues of environmental concerns as shown in Figure 4-46. The

government should consider practicing on environmental and sensitize the community on its

importance. The environmental issues could help the County note where environmental

challenges occur and prevent them

Figure 4- 37: environmental issues of concern in Dadaab

Can be

prevented83%

Can't be

prevented2%

Don't know

15%

HIV/AIDS

Yes

82%

No

18%

Those who know where to go for HIV/AIDS

Voluntary Testing

57%

6%

4%

1%

6%

26%

Water shortage

Overgrazing

Mosquitoes and malaria spread

Solid waste

Deforestation

Drought

Environmental Issues of Concern

of 440


4.14.2 On-going Environmental Conservation Initiatives

The study established that there were conservation initiatives going on in the County as

shown in figure 4-47. Tree Planting, educating the public and cleaning of mosquito breeding

sites are the major environment conservation initiatives. The government should encourage

and give more option of conserving the environment. The study established that most of the

Women Groups and community-based organizations were involved with the conservation as

indicated in Figure 4- 48. The government should give initiatives to the groups that are mostly

involved in conservation programs so as to motivate them. The study established that the

project would assist with the conservation as indicated in Figure 4- 49. The project would

ensure creativity of conserving the environment by giving new ideas brought in by the

professionals. The professionals would be putting up different conservation methods to

adhere to NEMA.

Figure 4- 38: environmental conservation initiatives in Dadaab

Figure 4- 48: The groups involved in conserving the environment in Dadaab

Figure 4- 39: how the proposed project will help in conserving the environment

Source: Survey data.

55%

15%

29%

1%

Environmental

Conservation Initiatives

Tree

planting

21.3%

4.9%

6.1%

62.2%

5.5%

Women groups

County council

Non Governmental Organizations

Community Based Organizations

Youth groups

Those Involved in Conserving the Environment

Yes

27%

No

73%

Proposed Work Help in Environmental

Conservation

of 440


5 RELEVANT POLICY, LEGISLATIVE/REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.

There are many laws and regulations governing issues of environmental concern in Kenya. The principal National legislation is the Environmental Management & Coordination (Amended) Act of 2015. The Act empowers stakeholders to participate in sustainable management of the natural resources. It calls for Environmental and Social Impact assessment (ESIA) to guide the implementation of environmentally sound decisions. Other local laws and regulations looked into include but are not limited to, the Constitution, the Water Act of 2016 among others.

In addition to the local legislation, the Consultant has identified some World Bank Policies of relevance to the project.

The following is an outline of the legislative, policy and regulatory framework for which the Proponent shall observe and implement in an effort to comply with Environmental Sustainability.

5.1 THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA 2010

Article 42 states that every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. The constitution provides guidance on steps that may be taken in case any of any infringement on these rights. In addition, the constitution provides for the establishment systems for carrying out environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment.

In addition to the protection of the environment, the constitution states that the land in Kenya belongs to the people of Kenya collectively as a nation. The constitution classifies the land in Kenya into different categories. These categories will dictate whether compensation will be required for the acquisition of a way leave. The categories include: public (including oceans, land between high and low water marks, all roads and thoroughfares).

The Constitution is critical in identifying the need for this project, since it intends to improve the general environment of Garissa County and it will govern the means to ensuring the method in which the project is carried out, by providing an EIA which is provided in this report.

5.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION (AMENDED) ACT OF 2015

This Act is an amendment of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act of 1999. The amended Act covers virtually all diverse environmental issues which require a holistic and coordinated approach towards its protection and preservation for the present generation without compromising the interests of the future generation to enjoy the same. Consequently, the amended act provides for the legal regime to regulate, manage, protect and conserve biological diversity resources and access to genetic resources, wetlands, forests, marine and freshwater resources and the ozone layer to name a few.

The Environmental Management and Coordination (Amended) Act, 2015 harmonizes the various requirements of the other existing laws and regulations by stipulating that where the provisions of any existing law conflicts with itself, then the provisions of the Environmental Management and Coordination (Amended) Act, 2015 shall prevail. This way, the act is able to minimize any conflicts in enforcement of the various environmental laws and regulations as applied to the relevant sectors. The Environmental Management and Coordination

of 440


(Amended) Act, 2015 represents the culmination of a series of initiatives and activities coordinated by Government and stakeholders. It accentuates the right of every person in Kenya to live in a clean and healthy environment and obliges each and every one to safeguard and enhance the environment. It is the master plan for the environment in Kenya and contains a National Environment Policy, Framework Environmental Legislation and Environmental Strategy.

The Act gives power to the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) which is a semi-autonomous government agency mandated to exercise general supervision and coordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the Government of Kenya in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment. NEMA is the body in charge of ensuring developments adhere to the policies and frameworks set out by the Authority.

The amended act highlights the need for an ESIA which is presented in this report.

5.3 THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION AMENDED ACT 2015 AND ITS TOOLS

The Act has several regulations that aid in its implementation the relevant regulations are highlighted in the sections below:

5.3.1 Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003

These Regulations stipulate the importance of conducting an ESIA as well as the procedure necessary. The Regulations highlight the various reports and their contents to be submitted to NEMA for licensing. The regulations highlight the ESIA process which includes:

• Submission of a ESIA project report to NEMA for review or licensing • In some cases, the Authority will request for a full study report for some projects for

which the applicant will be required to prepare a Terms of Reference and submit a study report.

The project and study reports will be conducted before the implementation of the development in question, the reports will be subject to approval by NEMA, which will provide a license.

The regulations also call for Environmental auditing and monitoring that will be carried out during the construction or operation of the enterprise, the regulations provide the format of the audit report which will be provided to NEMA.

5.3.2 Water Quality Regulations (2006)

Water Quality Regulations apply to water used for domestic, industrial, agricultural, and recreational purposes; water used for fisheries and wildlife purposes, and water used for any other purposes. Different standards apply to different modes of usage. These regulations provide for the protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other water sources.

These regulations provide the standards for all sources of water for domestic uses, which will be important for this project as boreholes water is sourced for consumption for Dadaab host communities. The standards are summarized in the table below:

of 440


Table 5- 1: Domestic water quality

Parameter Guide Value (max allowable)

pH 6.5 – 8.5

Suspended solids 30 (mg/L)

Nitrate-NO3 10 (mg/L)

Ammonia –NH3 0.5 (mg/L)

Nitrite –NO2 3 (mg/L)

Total Dissolved Solids 1200 (mg/L)

Scientific name (E.coli) Nil/100 ml

Fluoride 1.5 (mg/L)

Phenols Nil (mg/L)

Arsenic 0.01

Cadmium 0.01 (mg/L)

Lead 0.05 (mg/L)

Selenium 0.01 (mg/L)

Copper 0.05 (mg/L)

Zinc 1.5 (mg/L)

Alkyl benzyl sulphonates 0.5 (mg/L)

Permanganate value (PV) 1.0 (mg/L)

The water from the wells and boreholes will have to meet the above regulations during its operation. The design has been carried out to meet these standards.

Everyone is required to refrain from any actions, which directly or indirectly cause water pollution, whether or not the water resource was polluted before the enactment of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) gazette in 2015. It is an offence to contravene the provisions of these regulations with a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings.

According to these regulations, “Every person shall refrain from any action which directly or indirectly causes, or may cause immediate or subsequent water pollution, and it shall be immaterial whether or not the water resource was polluted before the enactment of the Act”.

5.3.3 The Environmental Management and Coordination (waste management)

Regulation, 2006

The Waste Management Regulations are meant to streamline the handling, transportation and disposal of various types of waste. The aim of the Waste Management Regulations is to protect human health and the environment. The regulations place emphasis on waste minimization, cleaner production and segregation of waste at source.

These regulations will be of great importance particularly during the construction and operation phases of the project. During the Construction, the Contractor will have to meet the

of 440


requirements of the regulations, by providing solid waste sorting and transportation using a licensed transporter who will dispose of the solid waste to the designated receptacle.

The Waste Management Regulations, 2006 aim to protect human health and the environment by streamlining the handling, transportation and disposal of various types of waste. The regulations place emphasis on waste minimization, cleaner production and segregation of waste at source. The regulations have classified various types of waste and recommended appropriate disposal methods for each waste type.

The regulation requires licensing of transporters of wastes and operators of disposal site (sections 7 and 10 respectively). In section 14 (1) every trade or industrial undertaking is obliged to install anti- pollution equipment for the treatment of waste emanating from such trade or industrial undertaking. The Developer shall ensure that the garbage collector contracted has a valid license from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA).

The Waste Management Regulations, 2006 states the life, health and wellbeing of people as a chief environmental value in relation to waste management.

This value is relevant to the project as its alignment covers settled areas, areas of ecological value and areas of productive agricultural land.

The objectives for waste management are based on the waste management hierarchy of avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, treat and dispose. There may be in excess of 100 workers on construction sites along the project who will generate tonnes of garbage daily. Assuming a construction period of 4 years, this garbage will be too much and must therefore be dealt with using any one of the waste management hierarchy. The construction mitigation measures proposed in the EMP in regard to waste management comply with the Waste Management Regulations, 2006 as they seek to ensure that pollution does not emanate from project activities and if it does, transmission to receptors that would be adversely affected is intercepted.

5.3.4 EMCA (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009

These Regulations determine the level of noise that will permissible in particular during the construction of the improvements, the following factors will be considered:

• Time of the day; • Proximity to residential area; • Whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant; • The level and intensity of the noise; • Whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type of electronic or

mechanical means; and, • Whether the noise is subject to be controlled without unreasonable effort or expense

to the person making the noise.

The Contractor will have to meet the requirements of these regulations particularly during the construction process, where some of the construction activities are bound to make some level of noise. These regulations are summarized in the table below:

of 440


Table 5- 2: Table showing Permissible Noise Level for a Construction Site

Facility Local Maximum Noise Level Permitted in Decibels

Day Night

1. Health facilities, educational institutions, homes for disabled etc.

60 35

2. Residential areas 60 35

3. Areas other than 1 and 2 above

75 65

In addition, the IFC regulations for permissible noise levels are summarized in the table below:

Facility Maximum Noise Level Permitted in Decibels

Day Night

1. Residential; institutional; educational

55 45

2. Industrial; commercial 70 70

Comparatively both regulations are relatively similar, as such the local regulations will be used.

5.3.5 Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations,

2014

The objective of the Regulations is to provide for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution to ensure clean and healthy ambient air. It provides for the establishment of emission standards for various sources such as mobile sources (e.g., motor vehicles) and stationary sources such as the improvements made to the water source. The Contractor will have to ensure all his machinery do not exceed the emissions made in the regulations (presented in the first schedule of the regulations). In addition, the operation of the improvement works will not exceed the requirements set in the third schedule of the regulations. (Sulphur oxides (Sox)2 60 g/m3, Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) 60 g/m3, Nitrogen Dioxide 0.05 ppm, Suspended Particulate matter (SPM) 140 g/m3, Respirable Particulate Matter 50g/m3), Lead (Pb) 0.75 g/Nm3, Carbon monoxide (CO)/carbon dioxide 2.0 mg/m3, Ozone 0.12 ppm. The design of the improvements has incorporated these standards into the design.

5.4 WATER ACT 2016

This Act is an update of the Water Act of 2002. It makes provision for the provision of clean and safe water in adequate quantities and to reasonable standards of sanitation for all citizens.

of 440


The Act gives power to Water Works Development Agencies which are charged with:

a) Undertaking the development, maintenance and management of the national public water works within its area of jurisdiction.

b) Operating the waterworks and providing water services as a water service provider, until such time as responsibility for the operation and management of the waterworks are handed over to a county government, joint committee, authority of county governments or water services provider within whose area of jurisdiction or supply the waterworks is located.

c) Providing a reserve capacity for purposes of providing water services where pursuant to section 103, the Regulatory Board orders the transfer of water services functions from a defaulting water services provider to another licensee.

d) Providing technical services and capacity building to such county governments and water services providers within its area as may be requested; and

e) Providing to the cabinet secretary technical support in the discharge of his/her functions under the constitution of this Act.

In accordance to Article 152 of the Act, NWWDA under whose jurisdiction the project falls, will transition into a Water Works Development Agency. However, this transition has not yet occurred, as such the consultant will still report to the NWWDA and CWWDA and one of its service providers GAWASCO under whose jurisdiction the project falls.

Section 25 (1) of this Act states that a permit shall be required for any of the following purposes:

✓ Any use of water from a water resource, except as provided by Section 26; ✓ The drainage of any swamp or other land; ✓ The discharge of a pollutant into any water resource; and ✓ Any purpose, to be carried out in or in relation to a water resource, which is prescribed

by rules made under this Act to be a purpose for which a permit is required.

Part II, Section 18, of this Act provides for national monitoring and information system on water resources. Following on this, Sub-section 3 of the same Section, allows the Water Resources Authority (WRA) to demand from any person or institution, specified information, documents, samples or materials on water resources. Under these rules, specific records may be required to be kept by a facility operator and the information thereof furnished to the authority.

WRA issues borehole drilling permit that is attached to the EIA report with an annex of Hydrogeological report that subsequently is submitted to NEMA for review and Project licensing. During Borehole development WRA shall monitor and issues abstraction licenses for the boreholes based on the Borehole completion Report.

Section 23 (1) of the Act states that the Authority shall not approve any community project unless:

✓ The proposed project is approved by the persons owning or occupying at least two thirds of the particular area concerned in the project; and

✓ Provision is made by the project for adequate alternative supply of water to be supplied to permit holders likely to be adversely affected and unable to benefit from the scheme.

of 440


5.5 THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACT (CAP. 242)

Part IX Section 8 & 9 of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Any noxious matter or waste water flowing or discharged into a water course is deemed as a nuisance. Part Xll Section 136 states that all collections of water, sewage, rubbish, refuse and other fluids which permits or facilitates the breeding or multiplication of pests shall be deemed nuisances The Act addresses matters of sanitation, hygiene and general environmental health and safety. This Act will govern the Contractor’s activities on site including ensuring the health and safety of employees including providing health services when it comes to venereal diseases. In addition, this law justifies the need for the improvements in the water supply of Dadaab host communities that is currently happening as this will improve the general health of the residents of Dadaab.

5.6 THE LAND ACT, 2016

This Act applies to all land declared as public land in Article 62 of the Constitution and all private land as declared by Article 64 of the Constitution.

The Act identifies all public land, of importance to this project will be the communal land where the boreholes, tanks and Water Kiosk will be constructed respectively and the road reserve where the pipelines will be laid within Dadaab town. The road reserve has not been encroached and as thus, there are no structures or businesses to be displaced by the proposed project activities.

The enactment of the Land Act, Sec 157(2), criminalized encroachments on public land as follows:

i. Unlawful occupation of public land is an offence which attracts fines of up to KES 500,000 and if a continuous offence, a sum not exceeding KES 10,000 for every day the offence is continued;

ii. Wrongful obstruction of a public right of way is an offence and attracts a fine of up to KES 10,000,000 and if a continuous offence, a sum of up to KES 100,000 for every day the offence is continued; and

iii. In addition to these criminal sanctions, any rights over land that were obtained by virtue or on account of an offence may be cancelled or revoked.

5.7 PHYSICAL AND LAND USE PLANNING ACT OF 2019

The Physical and Land Use Planning Act, 2019 was assented to on 16th July 2019 and commenced on the 5th August 2019. It repeals the Physical Planning Act, 1996. The Act is the principal law on physical and land use planning. It is intended to make provision for the planning, use, regulation and development of land and for connected purposes.

Section 64(1) of the Act requires an applicant for development permission to commence the proposed project within three (3) years of receiving the development permission, failure to which the permission shall lapse. The applicant, however, can make an application to the relevant County Executive Committee for extension of the development permission for one year.

Further, under the Act, building works ought to be completed within 5 years of commencement. The Act provides under Section 65 that a member of the County Executive Committee may impose a fine or conditions on an applicant for development permission for

of 440


building works, where that applicant fails to complete the building works within 5 years. Formulation of regulations to operationalize the Act are underway.

It is important to note that under Section 92 of the Act, any approval for development granted under the previous laws, prior to the commencement of this Act, shall be deemed to be a development permission granted under the current Act. However, with regard to time lapse, such approvals shall lapse if not commenced within 24 months of the commencement of the new Act.

5.8 NATIONAL LAND COMMISSION ACT, 2012

There are new land laws governing the management and administration of land in Kenya. The Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development had hitherto spearheaded the formulation of land bills which were debated on by various stakeholders, passed by Parliament and assented to into law by H. E. the President of the Republic of Kenya on the 27th April 2012.

The National Land Commission Act, 2012 is an Act of Parliament to make further provisions as to the functions and powers of the National Land Commission, qualifications and procedures for appointments to the Commission; to give effect to the objects and principles of devolved government in land management and administration, and for connected purposes.

Under Articles 62(2) and (3) of the Constitution, the Commission has power to administer public land on behalf of the national government and county governments.

5.9 LAND REGISTRATION ACT, 2012

The Land Registration Act, 2012 is an Act of Parliament to revise, consolidate and rationalize the registration of titles to land, to give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration, and for connected purposes. This Act repeals; The Indian Transfer of Property Act 1882, The Government Lands Act, (Cap 280), The Registration of Titles Act, (Cap 281), The Land Titles Act, (Cap 282) and The Registered Land Act (Cap 300).

5.10 COMMUNITY LAND ACT 2016

The Community Land Act is aimed at;

• Giving effect to Article 63 of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 (the Constitution) which provides for a classification of land known as community land. To this end, the Constitution provides that community land shall vest in and be held by communities.

• Providing for, first, the recognition, protection and registration of community land rights. Second, the management and administration of community land. Third, the role of county governments in relation to unregistered community land and related matters.

A community in this case is defined as a consciously distinct and organised group of users of community land who are citizens of Kenya and share common ancestry, similar culture or unique mode of livelihood; socioeconomic or other similar common interest; geographical space; ecological space; or ethnicity. All communities claiming an interest over communal land should be registered and community land may be held as communal land, family or clan land, reserve land, or in any other category of land recognised under the Act.

of 440


An agreement relating to investment in, and development of community land should be free, open and a result of a consultative process which should involve among other things stakeholder consultations and involvement of the community. The agreement should provide for the payment of compensation, capacity building of the community and transfer technology to the community. This act is of paramount importance as the project make use of community land. The boreholes are located in community lands of which the community has been consulted and their permission documented for “use” of their lands for the project.

5.11 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT, 2007

This legislation provides for protection of workers during construction and operation phases of the project. This act will provide some of the mitigation measures for any negative impacts in particular those concerning the workers within the site.

Under this Act, the duties of the Occupier are provided thus in Section 6:

✓ Every occupier shall ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of all persons working in his workplace.

✓ Without prejudice to the generality of an occupier's duty under subsection (1), the duty of the occupier includes:

✓ The provision and maintenance of plant and systems and procedures of work that are safe and without risks to health;

✓ Arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances;

✓ The provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of every person employed

✓ The maintenance of any workplace under the occupier's control, in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks to health;

✓ The provision and maintenance of a working environment for every person employed that is, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for the employee’s welfare at work;

✓ Informing all persons employed of ✓ Any risks from new technologies; and ✓ Imminent danger; and ✓ Ensuring that every person employed participates in the application and review of

safety and health measures. ✓ Every occupier shall carry out appropriate risk assessments in relation to the safety

and health of persons employed and, on the basis of these results, adopt preventive and protective measures to ensure that under all conditions of their intended use, all chemicals, machinery, equipment, tools and process under the control of the occupier are safe and without risk to health and comply with the requirements of safety and health provisions in this Act.

✓ Every occupier shall send a copy of a report of risk assessment carried out under this section to the area occupational safety and health officer;

✓ Every occupier shall take immediate steps to stop any operation or activity where there is an imminent and serious danger to safety and health and to evacuate all persons employed as appropriate.

✓ It is the duty of every occupier to register his workplace unless such workplace is exempted from registration under this Act.

of 440


✓ An occupier who fails to comply with a duty imposed on him under this section commits an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both

Part VI of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2010, addresses provisions concerning health.

These provisions are:

✓ Cleanliness; ✓ Overcrowding; ✓ Ventilation; ✓ Lighting; ✓ Drainage of floors; and ✓ Sanitary conveniences.

These provisions are to be enforced by the Department of Occupational Health and Safety of the Ministry of Labour, social security and services.

Failure to comply with the OSHA, 2010 attracts penalties of up to KES 300,000- or 3-months jail term or both or penalties of KES 1,000,000- or 12-months jail term or both for cases where death occurs and is in consequence of the employer.

The Environmental Value represented by this Act is that it seeks to provide for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all persons lawfully present at workplaces. The project area will become a workplace as defined by the Act and, henceforth, whether it is under construction or operation, all provisions of the said Act will apply.

5.12 THE HIV AND AIDS PREVENTION AND CONTROL ACT, 2006

This is an Act of Parliament to provide measures for the prevention, management and control of HIV and AIDS, to provide for the protection and promotion of public health and for the appropriate treatment, counseling, support and care of persons infected or at risk of HIV and AIDS infection, and for connected purposes.

This Act will ensure that the Contractor makes provision for VCT services for employees and locals, as well as promotes public awareness. This will go a long way in ensuring stigmatization of HIV and AIDS is reduced as well as managed during the construction period.

5.13 NATIONAL GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,2019

The National Gender and Development Policy provide a framework for advancement of women and an approach that would lead to greater efficiency in resource allocation and utilization to ensure empowerment of women.

The National Policy on Gender and Development is consistent with the Government’s efforts of spurring economic growth and thereby reducing poverty and unemployment, by considering the needs and aspirations of all Kenyan men, women, boys and girls across economic, social and cultural lines. The policy is also consistent with the Government’s commitment to implementing the National Plan of Action based on the Beijing Platform for Action (PFA).

The overall objective of the Gender and Development Policy is to facilitate the mainstreaming of the needs and concerns of men and women in all areas in the development process in the

of 440


country. This law will be of relevance to the contractor in ensuring that all genders are given an equal opportunity during recruitment during the construction phase and operation phase of the project. The employers will also provide adequate facilities for all genders within the project site.

5.14 THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT, 2006

This Act protects people and employees from any unwanted sexual attention or advances by staff members. This act ensures the safety of women, children and men from any sexual offences which include rape, defilement, indecent acts. This law will govern the code of conduct of the Contractor’s staff and provide repercussions of any wrongdoing.

5.15 THE CHILDREN ACT, 2001

This Act protects the welfare of children within the Country. The Act identifies Children as a person below the age of 18 years old and protects them from exploitation. Of importance to this project, is section 10, which protects the child from:

• Economic exploitation. • Any work that interferes with his/ her education, or is harmful to the child’s health or

physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

5.16 THE COUNTY GOVERNMENTS ACT, 2012

The promulgation of the 2010 Constitution brought about County Governments. This Act highlights the role of the County Government. The County Government will be in charge of all development activities within the County, as such will be a major stakeholder for the proposed project.

5.17 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

5.17.1 Operational Policy (OP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment, 2001

Environmental Assessment is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts associated with Bank lending operations. The purpose of Environmental Assessment is to provide guidance for environmental assessment of the WB financed projects, improve decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted. The improvements on the water supply are considered EA Category B, as the project impacts are anticipated to be specific to the project site and reversible with implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

5.17.2 Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats, 2001

The policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). The Construction activities of the improvements to the water supply will have to be carried out in a way that doesn’t negatively affect the surrounding biodiversity.

of 440


5.17.3 Operational Policy (OP/BP) 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources

The objective of this policy is to assist countries in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance. PCR may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or under water. The cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. This policy applies to all projects requiring a category A or B environmental assessment, project located in, or in the vicinity of recognized cultural heritage sites. Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people’s cultural identity and practices. For projects involving substantial civil works a set of “chance find” procedures is to be developed and included into the contracts to be used in case of accidental discovery of cultural objects during construction. The boreholes are located in Welhar, Bulla Nyanya, Weldon, Mathagesi, Alinjugur, Labisigale, Bulla Kheir, Bogyar, Hagadera BH5, Yumbis, Welmerer, Mathamarub, Biyamathobe, Fafahjin and Harbole locations. Although the improvements will not affect any cultural site as there isn’t any around, care must be taken to ensure construction methods do not affect any site as there may be “chance finds” within the area e.g., graves, during construction for which measures will be provided in this report.

5.17.4 The Bank's Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement

This is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts.

It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement.

The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects.

The boreholes are located on community land of which consultation with the community has been done extensively and they have given their consent for the county’s usage of their land for the project as attached in the appendix E.

5.17.5 World Bank Policy on Access to Information, 2010

The World Bank policy on access to information sets out the policy of the World Bank on public access to information in its possession. This Policy supersedes the World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information, and took effect on July 1, 2010.

This Policy is based on five principles:

❖ Maximizing access to information. ❖ Setting out a clear list of exceptions.

of 440


❖ Safeguarding the deliberative process. ❖ Providing clear procedures for making information available. ❖ Recognizing requesters’ right to an appeals process.

In disclosing information related to member countries/borrower in the case of documents prepared or commissioned by a member country/borrower (in this instance, safeguards assessments and plans related to environment, resettlement, and indigenous peoples, OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessments, OP/BP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples, and OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement); the bank takes the approach that the country/borrower provides such documents to the Bank with the understanding that the Bank will make them available to the public.

The World Bank Industry Specific Water and Sanitation Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines.

These are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These General EHS Guidelines are used in addition to the local guidelines in order to provide mitigation measures for the various environmental and social impacts that will be identified in this report.

In addition to this, the Bank has put in place a set of Environmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) Enhancements for Standard Procurement Documents (SPDs) and Standard Bidding Documents (SBDs) which shall be applicable for all new works contracts for which the relevant SBD/SPD are used. The contractor ESMP is also required to include Labor Influx Management Plan.

5.18 WBG EHS GUIDELINES ON WATER AND SANITATION

Environmental issues associated with water and sanitation projects may principally occur during the construction and operational phases, depending on project-specific characteristics and components. Recommendations for the management of EHS issues associated with construction activities as would typically apply to the construction of civil works are provided in the General EHS Guidelines

5.18.1 Drinking Water

5.18.1.1 Water Withdrawal

Traditional sources for potable water treatment include surface water from lakes, streams, rivers, etc. and groundwater resources. Where surface or groundwater of adequate quality is unavailable, other sources of water including seawater, brackish water, etc. may be used to produce potable water. Development of water resources often involves balancing competing qualitative and quantitative human needs with the rest of the environment. This is a particularly challenging issue in the absence of a clear allocation of water rights which should be resolved with the participation of appropriate parties in advance of project design and implementation.

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control environmental impacts associated with water withdrawal and to protect water quality include:

of 440


➢ Evaluate potential adverse effects of surface water withdrawal on the downstream ecosystems and use appropriate environmental flow assessment to determine acceptable withdrawal rates;

➢ Design structures related to surface water withdrawal, including dams and water intake structures, to minimize impacts on aquatic life. For example:

a) Limit maximum through-screen design intake velocity to limit entrainment of aquatic organisms

b) Avoid construction of water intake structures in sensitive ecosystems. If there are threatened, endangered, or other protected species within the hydraulic zone of influence of the surface water intake, ensure reduction of impingement and entrainment of fish and shellfish by the installation of technologies such as barrier nets (seasonal or year-round), screens, and aquatic filter barrier systems

c) Design water containment and diversion structures to allow unimpeded movement of fish and other aquatic organisms and to prevent adverse impacts on water quality

d) Design dam outlet valves with sufficient capacities for releasing the appropriate environmental flows

➢ Avoid construction of water supply wells and water intake structures in sensitive ecosystems;

➢ Evaluate potential adverse effects of groundwater withdrawal, including modeling of groundwater level changes and resulting impacts to surface water flows, potential land subsidence, contaminant mobilization and saltwater intrusion. Modify extraction rates and locations as necessary to prevent unacceptable adverse current and future impacts, considering realistic future increases in demand.

5.18.1.2 Water Treatment

Environmental issues associated with water treatment include:

➢ Solid waste

➢ Wastewater

➢ Hazardous chemicals

➢ Air emissions

➢ Ecological impacts

5.18.1.3 Solid Waste

Solid waste residuals generated by water treatment include process residuals, used filtration membranes, spent media and miscellaneous wastes. Process residuals primarily consist of settled suspended solids from source water and chemicals added in the treatment process, such as lime and coagulants. Pre-sedimentation, coagulation (e.g., with aluminum hydroxide [alum] or ferric hydroxide), lime softening, iron and manganese removal, and slow sand and diatomaceous earth filtration all produce sludge. Composition of the sludge depends on the treatment process and the characteristics of the source water, and may include arsenic and other metals, radionuclides, lime, polymers and other organic compounds, microorganisms, etc. Damaged or exhausted membranes are typically produced from water treatment systems used for desalination. Spent media may include filter media (including sand, coal, or diatomaceous earth from filtration plants), ion exchange resins, granular activated carbon [GAC], etc.

of 440


Recommended measures to manage solid wastes from water treatment include:

➢ Minimize the quantity of solids generated by the water treatment process through optimizing coagulation processes;

➢ Dispose of lime sludges by land application if allowed, limiting application rates to about 20 dry metric tons per hectare (9 dry tons per acre) to minimize the potential for mobilization of metals into plant tissue and groundwater;4

➢ Dispose of ferric and alum sludges by land application, if allowed and if such application can be shown through modeling and sampling to have no adverse impacts on groundwater or surface water (e.g., from nutrient runoff). Balance use of ferric and alum sludges to bind phosphorous (e.g., from manure application at livestock operations) without causing aluminum phytotoxicity (from alum), iron levels in excess of adulteration levels for metals in fertilizers, or excessively low available phosphorous levels;

➢ Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water, in the context of protection, conservation and long-term sustainability of water and land resources, should be assessed when land is used as part of any waste or wastewater treatment system;

➢ Sludge’s may require special disposal if the source water contains elevated levels of toxic metals, such as arsenic, radionuclides, etc.;

➢ Regenerate activated carbon (e.g., by returning spent carbon to the supplier).

5.18.1.4 Wastewater

Wastewater from water treatment projects include filter backwash, reject streams from membrane filtration processes, and brine streams from ion exchange or demineralization processes. These waste streams may contain suspended solids and organics from the raw water, high levels of dissolved solids, high or low pH, heavy metals, etc.

Recommended measures to manage wastewater effluents include:

➢ Land application of wastes with high dissolved solids concentrations is generally preferred over discharge to surface water subject to an evaluation of potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water resulting from such application;

➢ Recycle filter backwash into the process if possible;

➢ Treat and dispose of reject streams, including brine, consistent with national and local requirements. Disposal options include return to original source (e.g., ocean, brackish water source, etc.) or discharge to a municipal sewerage system, evaporation, and underground injection.

5.18.1.5 Hazardous Chemicals

Water treatment may involve the use of chemicals for coagulation, disinfection and water conditioning. In general, potential impacts and mitigation measures associated with storage and use of hazardous chemicals are similar to those for other industrial projects and are addressed in the General EHS Guideline.

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control potential environmental impacts associated with the storage, handling and use of disinfection chemicals in water treatment facilities include:

of 440


For systems that use gas chlorination:

➢ Install alarm and safety systems, including automatic shutoff valves, that are automatically activated when a chlorine release is detected

➢ Install containment and scrubber systems to capture and neutralize chlorine should a leak occur

➢ Use corrosion-resistant piping, valves, metering equipment, and any other equipment coming in contact with gaseous or liquid chlorine, and keep this equipment free from contaminants, including oil and grease

Store chlorine away from all sources of organic chemicals, and protect from sunlight, moisture, and high temperatures

Store sodium hypochlorite in cool, dry, and dark conditions for no more than one month, and use equipment constructed of corrosion-resistant materials;

Store calcium hypochlorite away from any organic materials and protect from moisture; fully empty or re-seal shipping containers to exclude moisture. Calcium hypochlorite can be stored for up to one year;

Isolate ammonia storage and feed areas from chlorine and hypochlorite storage and feed areas;

Minimize the amount of chlorination chemicals stored on site while maintaining a sufficient inventory to cover intermittent disruptions in supply;

Develop and implement a prevention program that includes identification of potential hazards, written operating procedures, training, maintenance, and accident investigation procedures;

Develop and implement a plan for responding to accidental releases.

5.18.1.6 Air Emissions

Air emissions from water treatment operations may include ozone (in the case of ozone disinfection) and gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine and ammonia). Measures related to hazardous chemicals discussed above will mitigate risks of chlorine and ammonia releases. In addition, specific recommended measures to manage air emissions include installation of an ozone-destroying device at the exhaust of the ozone-reactor (e.g., catalytic oxidation, thermal oxidation, or GAC).

5.18.1.7 Water Distribution

The most fundamental environmental health issues associated with distribution networks is the maintenance of adequate pressure to protect water quality in the system as well as sizing and adequate maintenance to assure reliable delivery of water of suitable quality. The most significant environmental issues associated with operation of water distribution systems include:

➢ Water system leaks and loss of pressure

➢ Water discharges

Water System Leaks and Loss of Pressure

Water system leaks can reduce the pressure of the water system compromising its integrity and ability to protect water quality (by allowing contaminated water to leak into the

of 440


system) and increasing the demands on the source water supply, the quantity of chemicals, and the amount of power used for pumping and treatment. Leaks in the distribution system can result from improper installation or maintenance, inadequate corrosion protection, settlement, stress from traffic and vibrations, frost loads, overloading, and other factors. Recommended measures to prevent and minimize water losses from the water distribution system include:

➢ Ensure construction meets applicable standards and industry practices;

➢ Conduct regular inspection and maintenance;

➢ Implement a leak detection and repair program (including records of past leaks and unaccounted-for water to identify potential problem areas);

➢ Consider replacing mains with a history of leaks of with a greater potential for leaks because of their location, pressure stresses, and other risk factors.

Water Discharges

Water lines may be periodically flushed to remove accumulated sediments or other impurities that have accumulated in the pipe. Flushing is performed by isolating sections of the distribution system and opening flushing valves or, more commonly, fire hydrants to cause a large volume of flow to pass through the isolated pipeline and suspend the settled sediment. The major environmental aspect of water pipe flushing is the discharge of flushed water, which may be high in suspended solids, residual chlorine, and other contaminants that can harm surface water bodies. Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control impacts from flushing of mains include:

➢ Discharge the flush water into a municipal sewerage system with adequate capacity;

➢ Discharge the flush water into a separate storm sewer system with storm water management measures such as a detention pond, where solids can settle and residual chlorine consumed before the water is discharged;

Minimize erosion during flushing, for example by avoiding discharge areas that are

susceptible to erosion and spreading the flow to reduce flow velocities.

of 440


6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED

PROJECT

This Chapter presents an assessment of the issues likely to arise as a result of

implementation of the drilling and equipping of the boreholes, the laying of the raising

mains and the distribution network to the water kiosks and livestock watering trough.

An environmental or social impact is any change to the existing condition of the

environment caused by human activity or an external influence. Impacts may be:

• Positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse);

• Direct or indirect, long-term or short-term in duration, and wide-spread or

local in the extent of their effect.

Impacts are termed cumulative when they add incrementally to existing impacts. In the case

of the Project, potential environmental impacts would arise during the construction and

operation phases of the Project and at both stages positive and negative impacts would

occur.

In general, successful implementation of the project will have high environmental and

socio-economic benefits to the people and will contribute to the health and wellbeing.

Overall, expected negative impacts related to the boreholes and the pipelines are localized

and not considered significant and long-lasting and can be mitigated through appropriate

mitigation measures. The severity and duration of these impacts can be minimized by

ensuring that the excavation and construction works are limited to the project areas, and

that works are carried out rapidly and efficiently.

6.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION

The identification of impacts in the ESIA study generally used the following methods:

• Compilation of a comprehensive list of key environmental impacts. These are such

as changes in air and water quality, noise levels, wildlife habitats, bio-diversity,

landscape, social and economic systems, cultural heritage, settlement patterns, and

employment levels.

• Identification of all the sources of impacts such as dust, spoils, vehicles emissions,

water pollution, construction camps, etc. using checklists or questionnaires. This

was followed by listing possible receptors in the environment (e.g., crops,

communities, and migrant laborer’s) through surveying the existing environmental

and socio-economic conditions and consultation with concerned parties.

• Identifying and quantifying various environmental and socio-economic impacts

through the use of checklists, interaction matrices and overlays.

of 440


6.2 IMPACT PREDICTION

Prediction of impacts technically characterizes the causes and effects of impacts, and their secondary and synergistic consequences for the environment and the local community. It examines each impact within a single environmental parameter into its subsequent effects in many disciplines (e.g., deterioration of water quality). It draws on physical, biological, socio-economic, and anthropological data and techniques. In quantifying impacts, it employs socio-cultural models, economic models, and expert judgments.

It is worth noting that as prediction techniques of environmental impacts, by their nature, involve some degree of uncertainty.

6.3 MITIGATION OF IMPACTS

Each predicted adverse impact is evaluated to determine whether it is significant enough to warrant mitigation. This judgment of significance has been based on one or more of the following:

• Comparison with laws, regulations or accepted standards;

• Consultation with the relevant decision makers;

• Reference to present criteria such as protected sites, or endangered species

• Consistency with government policy objectives

• Acceptability to the local community or the general public

6.4 IMPACT CATEGORIES

Likely potential areas of concerns have been determined and ranked according to the following:

Impact

• Potential environmental impacts which are deemed to be highly significant and

need thorough investigation in the ESIA

• Potential environmental impacts that are deemed to be moderately significant, and

will require reasonable investigation in the ESIA

• Potential environmental impacts that are deemed low/unlikely to be significant,

and will need to be listed, and addressed in some way, but which will not require

detailed assessment in the ESIA.

Nature:

• Positive: applies to impacts that have a beneficial economic, environmental or social

result, such as additional economic activity or enhancement of the existing

environmental conditions.

• Negative: applies to impacts that have a harmful or economical aspect associated with

them such as economical cost, loss or degradation of environmental resources.

of 440


Effect:

• Direct: applies to impacts which can be clearly and directly attributed to a

particular impacting activity.

• Indirect: applies to impacts which may be associated with or subsequent to a

particular impacting activity, but which cannot be directly attributed to it.

Time Range:

• Short Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear

within a 1-year period, or within the construction phase.

• Medium Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear

within a 5-year period following the construction phase.

• Long Term: applies to impacts whose effects on the environment will disappear in a

period greater than 5 years following the construction phase.

Reversibility:

• Reversible: applies to impacts whose significance will be reduced and disappear

over time (either naturally or artificially), once the impacting activity ceases.

• Irreversible: applies to impacts whose significance will not be reduced nor

disappear over time (either naturally or artificially), once the impacting activity

ceases.

A characterization of expected impacts is shown in the table 6-1 below.

of 440


Table 6- 1: Characterization of Impacts

Aspect Predicted Impact

(Construction Phase)

Characterization of Impacts

Impact Nature Effect Time Range Reversibility

High Mediu

m

Low Positive Negative Direct Indirect

Short

Term

Medium

Term

Long

Term

Revers

ible

Irrever

sible

Socio-

economic Impacts on Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups

X X X X X

Ambient Air

Quality

Increased local pollutant emissions and trace constituents

X X X X X

Increased levels of dust and particle emissions from construction vehicles and equipment

X X X X X

solid and

liquid waste

generation

Generation of both solid

and liquid waste at the

construction camps

X X X X X X X

Site Related

Oil Spills

Contamination of soils due

to oil spilled during vehicle

maintenance

X X X X X

Soil-Related

Impacts

Contamination of soil due to

poor disposal of solid and

liquid waste

X X X X X

of 440






High Mediu

m


Short

Term

Medium

Term

Long

Term

Revers

ible

Irrever

sible

Impacts on

Existing

Water

Resources

Contamination and

depletion of water sources X X X X X

Noise

Pollution

Nosie generated by

construction equipment

and activities

X X X X X

Impacts on

Flora and

Fauna

Destruction of vegetation

and interruption of animal

behavior

X X X X X

Public &

Occupational

Safety and

Health

Injuries and accidents

occurring on site X X X X X

HIV & AIDS

Impacts

HIV/AIDS, STIs and

increased disease risks. X X X X X X

of 440






High Mediu

m


Short

Term

Medium

Term

Long

Term

Revers

ible

Irrever

sible

COVID 19

Spread of COVID-19 19

among workers during civil

works

X X X X X

COVID 19

Spread of COVID-19 among

community members

during consultations

X X X X X

Damage to

private

property

Damaged private property

such as cars, fences, houses

and bicycles

X X X X X

Crime

Management

Crime occurring on site and

in residences X X X X X

Child Labour

and

Protection

Employment and

harassment of minors X X X X X

of 440






High Mediu

m


Short

Term

Medium

Term

Long

Term

Revers

ible

Irrever

sible

Effects of

Immigrant

workers

Negative effects due to

incoming workers to

project area

X X X X X

Gender

Equity,

Sexual

Harassment

Unequal opportunity and

harassment of women X X X X X

Table 6- 2: Characterization of Operation Phase Impacts


(Operation Phase)



High Medium Low Positiv

e

Negativ

e Direct Indirect

Short

Term

Medium

Term

Long

Term

Reve

rsible

Irreve

rsible

Impacts on

Aquifer

Water

Availability

Depletion and

contamination of water

sources

X X X X X

Impacts

related to

the

operation of

the pump

room

Noise and air pollution due

to pump room X X X X X

of 440


Change in

Settlement

Patterns

Population of people

growing around water

points

X X X X X

GBV/SEA

Unequal opportunity and

harassment of both women

and men at work place.

X X X X X

Spread of

water borne

diseases

and

increase in

mosquito

breeding

sites

Increase of disease spread

and mosquito breeding due

to accumulation of spilled

water at water points

X X X X X

Table 6- 3: Characterization of Cumulative Impacts


(Positive impacts)



High Medium Low Positive Negative Direct Indirect

Short

Term

Medium

Term

Long

Term

Revers

ible

Irrever

sible

Cumulative

impacts

associated

with

continued

pumping

Depletion and contamination

of aquifer water X X X X X

of 440


Table 6- 4: Characterization of Positive Impacts

Aspect

Predicted Impact

(Positive impacts)

(Construction)



High Medium Low Positive Negative Direct Indirect

Short

Term

Medium

Term

Long

Term

Revers

ible

Irrever

sible

Socio economics

Job creation X X X X X

Socio economics

Creation of business

opportunity X X X X X

Health &

Safety

Improvement in public

health and sanitation due to

availability of clean water

X X X X X X

Socio economics

Employment and job

creation during construction

and operation phases

X X X X X X

of 440


6.5 IMPACTS EMANATING FROM THE PROPOSED PROJECT

The impacts have been identified and discussed at four stages: -

• pre- construction/Planning Phase Impacts; • during construction; • post-construction (operation phase) and; • Decommissioning

6.5.1 Pre-Construction/Planning Phase Impacts - Damage and Loss of Land,

Structures and Livelihoods.

Often, the impacts during this phase are negative and are mainly related to the displacement of project-affected persons living in the project area. The borehole sites have not been encroached and the boreholes are in community lands. There are no structures, trees, crops and fences at the sites and thus no project affected persons. The boreholes sites are in Welhar, Bulla Nyanya, Weldon, Mathagesi, Alinjugur, Labisigale, Bulla Kheir, Bogyar, Hagadera BH5, Yumbis, Welmerer, Mathamarub, Biyamathobe, Fafahjin and Harbole in community lands. Consultation with the local community and GAWASCO and the county government were carried out regarding voluntary land donation/compensation for the borehole sites for which the community provided their consent for usage.

Positive impacts during the planning phase of the project will arise from the planning and design of the project as well as from the stakeholder engagement. The design and consultation process involved the participation of the local community and has had the result of improving awareness of the project.

6.5.2 Construction Phase Impacts

Most of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the construction phase will be negative and temporary and can be mitigated with the use of standard environmental management procedures. The potential social impacts or nuisance will be those typically associated with construction activities involving vehicles, equipment, and workers.

The predicted impacts of the project include the following:

6.5.2.1 Positive Impacts

The primary positive impact of the project during the construction phase will be the creation of employment opportunities for the local communities. This will have the effect of;

❖ Creating employment for both skilled and unskilled laborers directly involving

the project.

❖ Creating business opportunities especially for locals as most of them will be

involved in small time trades such delivering food to site workers;

❖ Acting as a source of livelihood for the community members/the youth who will

be used to run the project;

❖ Acting as a source of income for those supplying materials for the project.

of 440


6.5.2.2 Impacts on Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups

The Somali people predominantly occupy Dadaab and Fafi Sub-County. These are the people that are intended as beneficiaries of the project, but also, they are the people that will potentially be adversely affected by the project. Therefore, the whole population of Dadaab and Fafi Sub-Counties have been classified as vulnerable and marginalized as screened by the Zamconsult 2017 and Northern Water Works Development Agency (NWWDA) in consultation with the World Bank and in line with OP. 4.10. The implementation of the proposed water and sanitation improvement project is anticipated to trigger social effects and safeguard concerns in all the project components. Both positive and negative impacts are anticipated. Below is a synthesis of potential social impacts during the implementation and operational stages of the water and sanitation improvement project on the VMG’s.

Project Activities

Impact on VMGPs and accruing benefits

Water supply facilities’ improvement

Through the water supply facilities’ improvement component, WaSSIP 2 will result in significant increased quantity, quality and accessibility of water to the VMGs. This will result in improved health, economic status and higher school attendance at the primary and secondary school levels. Furthermore, the social psychological wellbeing of the community will be enhanced.

Health

Realization of sufficient quantity and quality of safe water supply when required and at appropriate distance to the user will lead to:

➢ Reduction in incidences of diarrhea ➢ Reduction in incidences of waterborne diseases ➢ Reduction in fatigue for women ➢ Reduction in workload for women ➢ Reduction of incidences of post-natal infections ➢ Increased availability of water for maternity ➢ Reduction on cases of GBV among women ➢ Reduction of fatalities among women at water points ➢ Reduction in Child Mortality ➢ Reduction in Maternal mortality

Economic status

The livelihoods of the will be boosted due to: -

➢ Time devoted to other activities other than those related to obtaining water will be increased.

➢ The conditions of the livestock will be improved ➢ Increased numbers of livestock will be realized. ➢ Household purchasing power will be enhanced, leading to reduced

malnutrition. ➢ Livelihood diversification such as ration stores (Kiosks), water

vendors, Small scale farming, mainly horticultural and aquaculture. ➢ Improved housing structures and dwelling e.g. corrugated iron

roofing and floor material.

of 440


➢ Expenses on medical treatment reduced. ➢ Initiation and maintenance of Kitchen gardens.

Education

The quality of education for school age children will be improved. Probability of getting to school late, being absent from school occasionally and dropping out of school will be minimized through

➢ Increased numbers of learners attending school regularly. ➢ Availability of time for learners to study in and out of school.

The water improvement component will lead to augmenting of low staffing levels in the local schools as teachers and other personnel for educational institutions will honor postings and transfers to the locality.

Social impacts

The level of family cohesion and interaction will increase substantially. The number of meals in a day and their uptake on time will be realized. The amount of time devoted to the vulnerable and marginalized components of the VMGPs such as children, PLWDs and the elderly if any will be increased as a result of:

➢ More and quality time spend with family ➢ Increases in community interaction. ➢ Reduction of time spent in search and collecting water. ➢ Queuing for water significantly reduced. ➢ Attendance in Water users’ associations and other community

organizations’ events.

Psychological Impacts

Water and sanitation improvement component will lead to the safe arrival of the female members of the community from ferrying water home and improved hygiene among learners especially with regard to their school uniform. This will result to:

➢ Reduced tension within and among individual members of the family and community. There is reduced amounts of stress and peace of mind for women and families.

➢ Improved marital relationships. ➢ Harmonious relationship among pupils, parents’ teachers. ➢ High self-esteem among learners /youth and improvement in pride

and dignity in community.

Cultural

Cultural relations and richness will prevail and improve in the community as demonstrated by:

➢ Observance of religious duties is made more convenient as water is readily and conveniently available for religious rites.

➢ Reduction in quarrels at water points and conflicts with neighboring families and communities.

of 440


Gender

The component will create an enabling environment for attaining gender parity among the VMGs by:

➢ Increasing the number of girls attending school, thereby improving gender inequalities in school enrolment.

➢ Improving women’s literacy levels. ➢ Increased participation of women and young people in WUA

meetings and activities. ➢ Increased participation of women in non- domestic activities.

The potential negative impacts related to the VMG’s that may result from the project include:

➢ Trigger of new migratory trends and settlement patterns leading to overcrowding ➢ Exclusion from participation in paid labour during construction phase of the

project ➢ Overreliance on external skills and management capacities leading to ineffective

technical maintenance ➢ Non - affordability of metered water

Mitigation Measures

Negotiation and sensitization programmes for community leaders and VMGs

Special consideration for local participation in paid employment within the project

Develop capacity building programmes for VMG

Adequate Corporate social responsibility initiatives

Determination of water point sites jointly with refugee host community and relevant stakeholders to enhance even distribution.

Provision of affordable micro-credit facilities

6.5.2.3 Site Related Oil Spills

During construction, oil spills may result from leakages from construction site equipment and storage, servicing, which can make its way into the seasonal rivers and the soils.

Mitigation Measures

The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks e.g., using dispersants or adding biological agents to speed up the oil breakdown for the construction machinery though induction and safety training (the contractor will propose a method of cleanup which will be subject to approval);

of 440


If the oil spill makes its way to the rivers and the lake, the Contractor can make use of a boom and skimmer to contain the oil spill

In case of spillage the Contractor should isolate the source of oil spill and contain the spillage to the source of leakage before it makes its way into the Lake, using sandbags, sawdust, absorbent material and/or other materials approved by the Resident Engineer;

The Resident Engineer and the Contractor should ensure that there is always a supply of absorbent material such as saw dust on site during construction, readily available to absorb/breakdown spill from machinery or oil storage, this can be incinerated after use;

All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced regularly in accordance to the manufacturers specifications and stored in an area approved by the Resident Engineer;

The Contractor should assemble and clearly list the relevant emergency telephone contact numbers for staff, and brief staff on the required procedures.

6.5.2.4 Impacts on soil resources

All construction activities have some minor impacts on the soil. However, these are localized and restricted locally to each site. It is expected that these impacts are also short-lived during construction and mitigation measures are recommended. The key impacts will revolve around soil erosion, contamination, disturbance of the natural soil structure and thus reducing the ecological function of the soil.

Mitigation Measures

In cases where it is identified that during construction there is a danger of increased run-off or at the project site, temporary drainage channels or holding ponds can be employed

After completion of the construction works, restoration of the ground by sowing adequate grass cover and planting of trees will be followed, therefore the impact is temporary and reversible.

In areas prone to erosion, provision of soil stabilization in form of a retaining wall or planting of trees, subject to approval by the Resident Engineer

Plan emergency response measures in case of accidental oil spills.

6.5.2.5 Impacts on Water Resources

The various construction activities (Trenching, Excavation, Drilling, Concreate Works and Laying of pipelines) may have a negative impact on the seasonal rivers. Solid as well as liquid waste if not properly disposed of, will make its way into the rivers, thus affecting the river ecosystem. In addition, if the boreholes are not properly designed, over abstraction may cause the decline of the water resource.

of 440


Mitigation Measures

Ensure proper solid and liquid wastes disposal mainly from the sites and offices.

Ensure proper measures are in place for collection and disposal of spilled oils and lubricants.

Ensure proper borehole design parameters are followed.

Ensuring that a safe yield is drawn from the borehole at all times to ensure the water resource availability.

6.5.2.6 Socio - Economic Impacts

During construction the project will have clear benefits with regard to local employment opportunities. The project will additionally require various skills and services which may not be available on the local level but certainly on the regional level, e.g., masonry workers, concrete workers, metal workers, etc. for which appropriate personnel will be contracted.

The increase in employment will temporarily lead to an overall increase of income directly and indirectly (through increased demand of other local services). Consequently, food vendors will have new opportunities to sell their commodities to the construction workers.

The major negative impact in will be that the in migration of people from different regions may have social risks which include but not limited to; increased illicit behavior and crime, increased risk in the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases, etc.

Enhancement Measures

Unskilled construction and skilled (if available) labor to be hired from the local population as far as possible to minimize on influx of foreigners into the community.

Use of manual labor during excavation and construction works where possible to ensure more employment of locals and hence ensure project support throughout the construction process.

Ensure effective and matching contractual provisions for contractor to manage labour influx

Sensitize workers and the surrounding community on awareness, prevention and management of HIV / AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia, and workshops or during community Barazas.

Use of existing clinics to provide VCT services to construction crew and provision of ARVs for vulnerable community members

The Contractor should enforce and maintain a code of conduct for his employees

of 440


6.5.2.7 Air Quality

Construction activities of materials delivery, excavation of foundations, concrete works and construction traffic will generate dust especially during the dry seasons.

Vehicular traffic to the proposed sites is expected to increase especially during delivery of raw materials. Vehicular traffic emissions will bring about air pollution by increasing the fossil fuel emissions into the atmosphere. The new access routes before completion will be to earth/murram standards, which is bound to cause an increase in dust emissions to the neighboring areas.

Mitigation:

Use protective clothing like dust masks on construction crew.

Construction sites and transportation routes (those that are murram and earth standards) will be water-sprayed on regularly up to three times a day, especially if these sites are near sensitive receptors, such as residential areas or institutions (hospitals, etc.).

All the vehicles and construction machinery should be operated in compliance with relevant vehicle emission standards and manufacturer’s specification to minimize air pollution.

6.5.2.8 Noise Pollution

Noise and vibration generated during construction by heavy construction machinery, such as excavators, bulldozers, concrete mixers, and transportation vehicles.

Generally, construction noise exceeding a noise level of 70 decibels (dB) has significant impacts on surrounding sensitive receptors within 50m of the construction site. These sensitive receptors include, the Schools and Hospitals.

Mitigation:

Avoid night time construction when noise is loudest. Avoid night-time construction using heavy machinery, from 22:00 to 6:00 near residential areas.

No discretionary use of noisy machinery within 50 m of residential areas and near institutions.

Good maintenance and proper operation of construction machinery to minimize noise generation.

Where possible, ensure non mechanized construction to reduce the use of machinery

6.5.2.9 Impacts on Flora and Fauna

The project runs the risk of contamination of the seasonal rivers via cement and oil spills that could possibly occur during the construction. These leaks will have a negative impact on the flora and fauna.

The clearing of the project site(s) will also lead to the loss of biodiversity through the removal of vegetation, which will affect the various fauna that have their habitats in the

of 440


cleared vegetation. Wastes such as food wastes can also attract free- roaming wildlife to the contractor’s camp potentially leading to human-wildlife conflicts.

Mitigation:

Re-plant the vegetation as much as possible once work is completed.

Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be removed such as trees.

Minimize the amount of destruction caused by machinery by promoting non-mechanized methods of construction.

The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks e.g., using dispersants or adding biological agents to speed up the oil breakdown for the construction machinery though induction and safety training (the contractor will propose a method of cleanup which will be subject to approval);

Sensitize contractors’ employees not to engage on wildlife hunting and on general awareness on the provisions of Wildlife Management and Conservation Act, 2013

Ensure proper waste handling on sites (especially of food waste) to avoid attracting wildlife which may lead to human-wildlife conflicts

6.5.2.10 Public Health and Safety

Construction staff and the general public will be exposed to safety hazards arising from construction activities. Most of the project sites will be located within the settlements, as such there is a risk of injuries from locals accessing the site during construction.

The project works will expose workers to occupational risks due to handling of heavy machinery, construction noise, electromechanical works etc.

Construction activities of vegetation clearing, excavation, materials delivery and concrete mixing and construction traffic will generate a lot of dust and this may affect the respiratory system.

The high temperatures in the area will expose the workers to difficult working conditions.

Construction sites may be a source of both liquid and solid wastes. If these wastes are not well disposed these sites may become a breeding ground for disease causing pests such as mosquitoes and rodents.

Mitigation:

Ensure that all construction machines and equipment are in good working conditions and to manufacturer’s specifications to prevent occupational hazards.

Establish a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) for both civil and electromechanical work.

Appoint a trained health and safety team for the duration of the construction work.

of 440


Provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

Provide workers with adequate drinking water and breaks.

Provide workers training on safety procedures and emergency response such as fire, oil and chemical spills, pipe bursts and other serious water loss risks.

Roads passing through population centers will be water sprayed to reduce dust.

Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito breeding sites.

Provide appropriate human and solid waste disposal facilities e.g., Toilets and dustbins at strategic points

Fence off the site with security to avoid unauthorized access to the project site(s) and hence potential injuries.

Provide clean toilets for workers, these toilets will be to World Health Organization standards, separate for men and women.

6.5.2.11 HIV & AIDS Impacts

In migration of workers from different regions may lead to behavioral influences which may increase the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

Mitigation:

Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness, prevention and management of HIV/AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia and workshops or during community Barazas. Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of drinking water.

Use of existing clinics to provide VCT services to construction crew and provision of ARVs for vulnerable community members

6.5.2.12 Increase in Prevalence of Communicable Diseases

Health Impact – Spread of COVID-19 amongst construction workers

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic after assessing both its alarming levels of spread and severity, and the alarming levels of inaction. Consequentially, WHO issued various guidance and measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The measures have been adopted worldwide. Similarly, the Kenyan government has since then issued several guidance and directives after the first case was registered on March 13th ,2020. These included complete cessation of movement to and from areas considered hot spots and night curfew, social distancing guidelines, closure on non – critical and essential enterprises, closure of places of worship and public gatherings, mandatory use of masks in public places, among others.

During project execution (civil works), large numbers of workers will be required to assemble together in consultation engagements, meetings, toolbox talks and even at work

of 440


sites; varied number of workforce including suppliers of material and services are also expected to come in from various places in the country which may be COVID-19 hot spots; and interaction of workers with the project host community will happen as workers find accommodation close to work sites, and/or return to their homes after works. The potential for the spread of any infectious disease like COVID-19 by projects is high. There is also the risk that the project may experience large numbers of its workforce becoming ill and will need to consider how they will receive treatment, and whether this will impact on local healthcare services including the project host community. The presence of international workers, especially if they come from countries with high infection rates, may also cause social tension between the foreign workers and the local populations.

Recently, the WHO has warned that the virus is here to stay for a long time and might persist and become our new way. The Government of Kenya has also lifted some of the initial movement controls and allowed the resumption of business, with certain industry specific guidelines being enforced. The duty of care has now been transferred to individual citizens and enterprises. Recognizing the potent risk this may present, it’s difficult to clearly outline exhaustive mitigation measures under the mitigation impacts. As such, there is need for the client and the contractor to develop and adopt COVID-19 Standard Operating Procedure (SOPs) in line with the World Bank guidance, Ministry of Health Directives and site-specific project conditions. These SOPs need to be communicated to all workers and enforced to the latter without fail. In addition to the requirement of the SOPs, the following mitigation measure shall also be adopted:

Mitigation:

The Contractors will develop SOPs for managing the spread of Covid-19 during

project execution and submit them for the approval of the Supervision Engineer

and the Client before mobilization. The SOPs shall be in line with the World Bank

guidance on COVID-19, Ministry of Health Directives and site-specific project

conditions;

Mandatory provision and use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE) shall be required for all project personnel including workers and visitors;

Avoid concentrating of more than 15 persons or workers at one location. Where

more than two persons are gathered, maintain social distancing of at least 2

meters All workers and visitors accessing worksites every day or attending

meetings shall be subjected to rapid Covid-19 screening which may include

temperature check and other vital signs;

The project shall put in place means to support rapid testing of suspected

workers for covid-19;

Install handwashing facilities with adequate running water and soap, or

sanitizing facilities at entrance to work sites including consultation venues and

meetings and ensure they are used;

Ensure routine sanitization of shared social facilities and other communal

places routinely including wiping of workstations, door knobs, hand rails etc.;

of 440


6.5.2.13 Social impacts

Spread of COVID 19 among community members during consultations

This impact is triggered during Project Construction Phase due to the Project attracting various categories of workers from local, national and international markets. This therefore leads to concentration of people in one area drawn from diverse social and cultural backgrounds often resulting in people engaging in sexual activities. Additionally, the construction and environmental and social safeguards implementation actions will be done during the COVID-19 pandemic era. The COVID – 19 is a highly contagious infectious disease and since consultations are required such as during RAP implementation and training on E&S issues, these also pose a potentially high risk of infection to and among communities. It is important that alternative ways of managing consultations and stakeholder engagement implemented to mitigate the impacts.

Mitigation:

Electronic means of consulting stakeholders and holding meetings shall

be encouraged whenever feasible. One on one engagements for the PAPs

while observing social distance and adhering to PPE wearing shall be

enforced;

Avoid concentrating of more than 15 community members at one

location. Where more than two persons are gathered, maintain social

distancing of at least 2 meters;

The team carrying out engagements within the communities on one-on-

one basis will be provided with appropriate PPE for the number of

people they intend to meet;

Use traditional channels of communications (TV, newspaper, radio,

dedicated phone-lines, public announcements and mail) when

stakeholders do not have access to online channels or do not use them

frequently. Ensure to provide and allow participants to provide feedback

and suggestions.

Hold meetings in small groups, mainly in form of FGDs if permitted

depending on restrictions in place and subject to strict observance of physical distancing and limited duration.

In situations where online interaction is challenging, disseminate

information through digital platform (where available) like Facebook


Ensure online registration of participants, distribution of consultation

materials and share feedback electronically with participants.

6.5.2.14 Gender Empowerment Impacts

There is need to promote gender equality in all aspects of economic development and more so in construction. Women roles in construction are mainly confined to supply of unskilled labour and vending of foodstuffs to the construction workers. Where available skilled women will be used.

of 440


Mitigation:

Ensure equitable distribution of employment opportunities between men and women

Provide toilets and bathrooms for both male and female workers on site

6.5.2.15 Impacts on Cultural Heritage

The project sites are located within Dadaab and Fafi, which is a home mostly to the Somali people. Even though, there is no cultural site around that will be affected, provisions must be made in case the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction.

Mitigation:

Use of “chance find” procedures by the contractor _ See Appendix B for “Chance Find” procedures

6.5.2.16 Crime Management

Construction sites tend to be a target for thieves and vandals because valuable items are left on site for long periods of time. Also, the counties of Northern Kenya have experienced terror attacks and this is prone to happen at the construction sites. Some boreholes are located in areas known as al-Shabaab hotspots as some of the project sites are located within the town and others rural, and are expected to attract a lot of traffic, incidences of crime including, theft of construction materials or individual property, violence amongst workers, vandalism drug abuse, terrorism and alcoholism are likely to occur. This can directly impact the success of a project and diminish the potential profitability of the project under construction.

Security is the protection of people and things such as buildings and sites from harm, terror activities, theft, or sabotage and encompasses several components such as physical, personnel, investigations and awareness and information security. Crime prevention on construction sites has become a major concern for building contractors and losses from theft as vandalism and loss of material and equipment can make the difference between a successful project and a failure.

Mitigation:

Install a security fence around the camp site. The gate allowing access

to the site should always be manned by a security guard.

Ensure that all workers on the sites are educated on the policy for

crime management and that they are aware of all security procedures.

Make individual members of the staff personally responsible for the

equipment they use.

Clearly mark all tools and lock them up when not in use.

of 440


Working with local committees (e.g., “nyumba kumi’’) to provide

security within the site in addition to the Contractor’s own security.

Removing any employee who persists in any misconduct or lack of care,

carries out duties incompetently or negligently, fails to conform to any

provisions of the contract, or persists in any conduct which is

prejudicial to safety, health, or the protection of the environment.

Taking all reasonable precautions to prevent unlawful, riotous or

disorderly conduct by or amongst the contractor's personnel, and to

preserve peace and protection of persons and property on and near the

site.

Prohibiting alcohol, drugs, arms, and ammunition on the worksite

among personnel.

The contractor and Supervision Consultant should register in a log all

events of a criminal nature that occur at the worksite or are associated

with the civil works activities.

The contractor and Supervision Consultant should report all activities

of a criminal nature on the worksite or by the contractor's employees

(whether on or off the worksite) to the police and undertake the

necessary follow-up. Crime reports should include nature of the

offense, location, date, time, and all other pertinent details.

Rely on the security apparatus to provide security to the construction

crew and also provide updates about any terrorism activities that may

happen in the area so as to avoid adverse impacts.

6.5.2.17 Child Labour and Protection

The Children Act of Kenya prohibits contractors from “employing children in a manner that is economically exploitative, hazardous, and detrimental to the child’s education, harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. It is also important to be vigilant towards potential sexual exploitation of children, especially young girls. The contractor should adopt a ‘Child Protection Code of Conduct’; that all staff of the contractor must sign, committing themselves towards protecting children, which clearly defines what is and is not acceptable behavior.

Mitigation:

Ensure no children are employed on site in accordance with national labor laws

Ensure that any child sexual relations offenses among contractors' workers are promptly reported to the police

of 440


6.5.2.18 Effects of Migrant workers

Construction projects often attract labour from communities outside the recipients of the projects. This may be due to a lack of skilled people within the project areas, or due to speculative followers who follow the project seeking employment, seeking to execute business opportunities or seeking to exploit opportunities for criminal or illicit behaviour. This inflow of workers is often only temporary, lasting the length of the project, or when excess labour is required. It can occur rapidly, happening over a matter of weeks, and with people coming and going, the number of people working on the project can fluctuate up or down depending on the phase of implementation. Incoming workers are typically associated with negative impacts. These include:

• Increased demand and competition for local social and health services, as well as for goods and services, which can lead to price hikes and crowding out of local consumers.

• Conflicts between locals and non-locals concerning employment opportunities, wages, natural resources, or over matters concerning religious, cultural or ethnic differences

• Incoming workers can also contribute gender-based social impacts. A workforce will typically be mostly males who are working far from their families. This can lead to an increase in unplanned pregnancies

• Incoming workers can lead to an increase in illicit behaviour, crime, and the perception of insecurity by the local communities. Illicit behaviour can include theft, physical assaults, substance abuse, prostitution and increased sexually transmitted diseases.

• As the workers or often young men, inappropriate behaviour such as sexual harassment of women and girls, exploitative sexual relations, and illicit sexual relations with minors from the local community can occur. Increases in crime and violence against women and girls may be particularly acute in settings where there is an existing gender differentiation in terms of power and norms

• Provision of clean drinking water and water for hygiene purposes can result in increased pressure on freshwater resources in the project area.

Mitigation:

Contractor should use the local workforce as much as possible. Depending on the size and the skill level of the local workforce, a share of the workers required for the project may be recruited locally. This may be easier for unskilled workmen. Specialized workmen may be hired from elsewhere. Local workers may also be trained especially if they are required for the operation of the project.

Effective community engagement and strong grievance mechanisms on matters related to labour

All workers to sign an employment contract including a Code of Conduct governing appropriate behaviour in the accommodation facilities. This will be strictly enforced by the contractor. Project related staff should

of 440


also be trained on the behaviour obligations required by the Code of Conduct.

The workforce should be sensitized to local social and cultural practices and be educated on the expected behaviour and conduct

As the project area is rural, with Dadaab town a short distance away, the contractor should house workers in accommodation within the town. They should be housed together. This will enable easier supervision and better security for the incoming workers. The accommodation should include facilities such as dining areas, washing and laundry areas.

Ensure that the contractor adheres to the mitigation of risks against labour influx. Depending on the risk factor, appropriate mitigation measures may be deployed. These may range from engagement with a local community liaison to the use of the local Bulla elders.

The works contractor should be required, under the contract, to prepare and enforce a No Sexual Harassment and Non-Discrimination Policy, in accordance with national law as well as to the World Bank Code of Conduct guidelines where applicable.

The contractor should prepare and implement a gender action plan, to include at minimum:

• Ensure that the grievance redress mechanisms are adhered to. • Have a social/environmental specialist in the supervision

consultant’s team with GBV specific skills to supervise issues related to GBV such as verifying working GRM for GBV is in place.

• Clearly define the GBV requirements and expectations in the bid documents

• Have separate, safe and easily accessible facilities for women and men working on the site and in the residential accommodations.

• Display signs around the project that signal to workers and the community that the project site is an area where GBV is prohibited.

6.5.2.19 Gender Equity, Sexual Harassment and exploitation, and Gender Based Violence (GBV)

The construction industry is famously male-centric. Women are under-represented in all construction occupations and professions. This is because of stereotypes promote the idea that women are not tough but rather delicate and can therefore not handle a tough job.

The workplace culture in most construction sites is one that promotes long working hour and excessive risk taking. As women are often the ones often responsible for their families, they do not stay on site late and do not take on the responsibilities that would put them in unnecessary danger. Knowing this, women often avoid the work place and those hiring avoid hiring women.

The result of this discriminatory environment leads to a small number of women who in turn often become the focus of inappropriate attention from their male workers. Gender based violence and harassment of women on site can follow, making the work environment a hostile place for the women. This can take forms such as;

of 440


• Physical abuse including assault

• Sexual violence including rape and sexual assault

• Sexual harassment

• Sexual exploitation and abuse

• Verbal and sexist abuse

• Psychological abuse, intimidation and threats of violence

• Economic and financial abuse

Mitigation:

In cases where communal shelter is the only option, ensure that that

appropriate divisions between genders are established

Ensure that women and minority group community members are

provided opportunities to meaningfully participate in decision-making

processes concerning location of services such as toilets and

accommodation.

Liaise with local/host authorities to encourage them to participate and

take an active interest in the host community’s welfare

The contractor should be required, under its contract, to prepare and

enforce a No Sexual Harassment and Non-Discrimination Policy, in accordance with national law where applicable.

The contractor should employ and train committed female staff to

positions of authority. These will help promote the employment of

female staff

The contractor should strive for an equitable distribution of

employment opportunities between men and women. Mainstream

Gender Inclusivity in hiring of workers as required by Gender Policy 2011 and 2/3 gender rule should be enforced;

Provision of gender disaggregated bathing, changing, sanitation

facilities

Ensure the contractor follows the Grievance Redress Mechanism

Whenever harassments are recorded on site, the contractor should

ensure prompt and effective remedial action

The employees should be trained and sensitized on appropriate

behavior on the construction site and within the residences

effective and on-going community engagement and consultation,

particularly with women and girls;

of 440


Review of specific project components that are known to heighten GBV

risk at the community level, e.g.; community level water management,

representation or related economic activities etc.

Specific plan for mitigating these known risks, e.g., sensitization around

gender-equitable approaches to employment, representation,

management etc.

The Contractor should develop and implement an SEA action plan with

an Accountability and Response Framework as part of the ESMP. The

SEA action plan will follow guidance on the World Bank's Good Practice

Note for Addressing Gender-based Violence in Investment Project

Financing.

The Contractor should develop a management and coordination:

including integration of SEA in job descriptions, employments

contracts, performance appraisal systems, etc.; development of contract policies related to SEA, including whistleblower protection and

investigation and disciplinary procedures; training for all project

management; management of coordination mechanism for case

oversight, investigations and disciplinary procedures; supervision of

dedicated PSEA focal points in the project and trained community

liaison officers.

6.5.2.20 Gender Equity.

Construction workers are predominantly younger males. Those who are away from home on the construction job are typically separated from their family and act outside their normal sphere of social control. This can lead to inappropriate and criminal behavior, such as exploitative sexual relations, and illicit sexual relations with minors from the local community. A large influx of male labor may also lead to an increase in exploitative sexual relationships and human trafficking whereby women and girls are forced into sex work.

Mitigation:

The works contractor should be required, under its contract, to prepare and enforce Non-Discrimination Policy, in accordance with national law and World Bank policies where applicable.

The contractor should prepare and implement a gender action plan, to include at minimum:

• Gender mainstreaming in employment at the worksite with opportunities provided for females to work, in consonance with local laws and customs

• Gender sensitization of workers (this could be done by the HIV/AIDS services provider; see above)

of 440


• Provision of gender disaggregated bathing, changing, sanitation facilities

• Grievance redress mechanisms including non-retaliation.

6.5.2.21 Liability for loss of life, injury or damage to private property

Some of the Construction activities may lead to accidents that may be mild or fatal depending on various factors. During the implementation of the proposed project, accidents could be due to negligence on part of the workers, machine failure or breakdown or accidental falls into the trenches. These incidents can be reduced through proper work safety procedures.

In addition, during Construction, there may be damage to private property that may not be foreseen by the Community Resolution and Voluntary Land Donation Report.

Mitigation:

Provision of PPE.

The workers should receive requisite training especially on the operation of the machinery and equipment

There should be adequate warning and directional signs.

Ensuring that the prepared code of conduct for staff is followed to prevent accidents.

Develop a site safety action plan detailing safety equipment to be used, emergency procedures, restriction on site, frequency and personnel responsible for safety inspections and controls.

Cordon off unsafe areas

Provide first Aid kit within the construction site.

Recording of all injuries that occur on site in the incident register, corrective actions for their prevention are instigated as appropriate.

Contractor to ensure compliance with the Workmen's Compensation Act, ordinance regulations and union agreements.

The Contractor to repair any damage done to private property.

6.5.3 Impacts during Operation & Maintenance

During the operation of the water supply project, the positive impacts greatly outweigh the negative impacts, and with proper maintenance, potential negative impacts can be mitigated.

6.5.3.1 Positive Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts

The several positive impacts are summarized below:

❖ Improved availability of water. This lead to

of 440


o Reduction in workload for women as time will now be available to focus

on other activities

o Improved number and health of livestock

o Improved children school attendance as a result of less time spent

fetching water

❖ Provision of employment, for the people that will be managing and maintaining

the boreholes, reticulation network and water kiosks.

❖ Improved overall hygiene of the beneficiary communities as a result of improved

access to clean water. This will lead to:

o Reduced cases of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, amoeba

and diarrhea through provision of sanitation facilities due to improved

hygiene.

o Improved children school enrolment rate and reduced dropout occasioned

by illnesses

6.5.3.2 Noise Pollution

Noise Pollution may occur due to the various hauling trucks that will be used to transport GAWASCO staff, particularly to the sites that are close to residential areas, and sensitive areas e.g., Hospitals and Schools.

Mitigation measures:

All transportation vehicles should be kept in good working order, serviced regularly in accordance to the manufacturer’s specifications.

6.5.3.3 Land Subsidence and lowering the water table

Land subsidence may occur if large amount of groundwater is drawn from certain types of rocks such as fine-grained sentiments. The rocks compact because the water is partially responsible for holding the ground up.


Ensure that a safe yield is drawn at all times. This will ensure that the water table is maintained and land subsidence does not occur.

Steal casing to be done for the boreholes to ensure that other underground water do not enter the well.

6.5.3.4 Leaks and Burst

During the project duration there may be leaks and bursts caused by various reasons such as excessive pressures, illegal connections, among others. Also, hazardous wastes from motor vehicles batteries may leak to the environment.


A program of leak detection to be put in place to identify aging pipes for replacement to avoid major bursts and frequent repairs. In case of unavoidable major repairs, mitigation measures similar to those applied during construction to reduce the impacts of noise, dust, disturbance of flora and fauna

of 440


Leaks and pipe bursts to be promptly repaired to avoid contamination of water resources

Constant policing of network to check for illegal connections

Constant checking of the batteries to ensure that they are in good condition. Also, safe disposal of replaced batteries should be observed.

6.5.3.5 Impacts on Aquifer Water Availability

When drilling a borehole, consideration has to be given to the availability of ground water and its chemical characteristics. It is also important that the effects of pumping the ground water be taken into account. The drilling process exerts a downward pressure on the water level. The result is a suppression of the water level. Once the water table has been intercepted, and pumping begins, it is important that the water be protected so as to maintain the project’s viability, and also to protect the environment.

Water drawdown due to excessive water extraction

Drawdown is the change in water level within an aquifer from initial levels. This may occur due to pumping from a borehole, or from interference from neighboring boreholes.

1. The most severe consequence of excessive water extraction is the depletion of

water sources. Aquifers are meant to be replenished. This recharge happens when

the aquifer receive precipitation which seeps into the water bearing rock and

travels through a combination of hydrostatic forces and capillary action. As the

rate of recharge for any particular aquifer is fixed, drawing too much water from

the aquifer can actually cause severe decreased in water availability for all

boreholes relying on the aquifer for water. Additionally, a cone of depression

forms around the borehole. This causes the water in the aquifer to flow down

towards the borehole currently being pumped and taking even more away from

other users.

2. As the water in the aquifer is flowing through it, it will often exit the aquifer in

streams, lakes and wetland. If depleted, the available water reaching these water

bodies will also be cut. Depleted wetlands will have severe impacts on the fauna

that rely on the water.

3. Land subsidence can also happen due to excessive water extraction. The water

contained in the aquifer is often held under great pressure applied by the strata of

soil above. This pressure contributes to the overall strength of the aquifer and

when the water is removed, the rock can collapse into itself. It can happen over a

very large area of land or can happen in localized places causing sinkholes. Though

it should be mentioned that no such event has been recorded along the Merti

Aquifer.

4. As the pumping of water is continued and the level continues to drop, the cost associated with drawing water from the aquifer increases. This happens because

the water has to be pumped from greater and greater depths and any future

boreholes have to be drilled deeper, therefore increasing the general cost

associated with the water.

5. Deterioration of water quality can occur due to saltwater intrusion. Water found

in the deepest strata tends to be very saline. Under natural conditions the

of 440


boundary between the freshwater and saltwater tends to be relatively stable, but

pumping can cause saltwater to migrate upward, resulting in saltwater

contamination of the water supply.

Mitigation:

With the help of GAWASCO and the County Government, policies should

be set in place to regulate the drilling and abstraction of water in the

area. There should be a limit to the number of additional boreholes that

can be drilled and on the amount of water that can be abstracted from

any one borehole. This can be done with the WRA guidelines. WRA will

control the licensing and monitoring put in place to ensure that people

are adhering to the rules set in place. Licensing should entail giving

borehole operators and drillers the license to carry out their duty. This

will restrict the functionality of unlicensed drillers and operators and fear of sanction will prompt them to get their license.

GAWASCO personnel should be trained on their roles and

responsibilities. The right personnel should be equipped with the right

equipment so as to ensure a quality supervision of project facilities.

Sensitize and educate the beneficiaries on the need to conserve water

and promote best practices in the use of water. Steps should be taken to

avoid wastage and misuse of water so as to avoid the necessity of excessive abstraction.

Ensure optimum maintenance of the water supply system components

including pipelines, valves and consumer taps

Ensure that the proposed boreholes are located a safe distance from

existing boreholes to avoid the abstraction affecting other boreholes.

Water quality should be checked at key times of the year for

bacteriological and chemical contamination in accordance with national

guidelines (e.g., arsenic, nitrate, fluoride, iron, manganese).

Groundwater levels as well as continued adherence to groundwater

protection measures need to be monitored

6.5.3.6 Impacts related to the operation of the pump room

Diesel generators tend to be more reliable than other energy sources and are easy to maintain. This has led to their being popular for use as alternative sources of energy in projects like this. They can however be very loud and can cause noise pollution. The effect of this on operators can range from hearing loss to sleeping problems. Animals in the area can also be affected, leading to changes in feeding and reproductive habits.

Pollution can occur due to maintenance works associated with the pump rooms. Oils and lubricants can be spilled and leak into the ground and can find its way into surface water and ground water. Poorly maintained generators can generate a lot of smoke causing air pollution. For this project, solar powered generators are proposed with sufficient energy back up.

of 440


Mitigation:

Alternative sources of energy should be used in place of the generators.

The proposed solar energy should be the primary source of power with

the generators being used as an emergency power source.

All chemicals and lubricants should be stored in appropriate containers

and equipment serviced by experienced personnel. The generators

should be installed on impermeable concrete surfaces to prevent

seepage of spilled liquids into the soil below.

6.5.3.7 Spread of water borne diseases, increase in mosquito breeding sites and soil erosion.

With increasing population and demand of water resources, more energy may be directed into enhancing water flow but forgetting the management of sanitation and wastewater. Water spillage around the taps during operation may provide breeding ground for vectors of diseases such as worms and mosquitoes. This can also happen as a result of broken reticulation pipes that leads to leakage and loss of water. Increased use of water will also lead to an increase in generation of waste water. Poorly managed, this can lead to contamination of ground water sources and further spread of disease.

Mitigation:

Waste water drainage channel be constructed to lead water away from

the water points and water kiosks.

Boreholes, reticulation pipes, water kiosks and tanks should be

maintained continuously

Waste water management in the beneficiary areas should be enhanced

so as to reduce risk of contamination of ground water and to reduce

spread of disease.

The watering points for animals should be graveled/murram access path

to reduce soil erosion.

6.5.3.8 Cumulative impacts during Operation and maintenance

Cumulative impacts are those that result from the successive, incremental, and/or combined effects of an action, project, or activity when added to other existing, planned, and/or reasonably anticipated future ones. The assessment of cumulative impacts considers the environmental and socio-economic cumulative effects of the Project in combination with other existing, planned and reasonably predictable future projects and development activities in that region.

of 440


6.5.3.9 Cumulative impacts associated with continued pumping

Intrusion of salt water

Intrusion of saline water from lower levels of the aquifer can occur as the number of boreholes tapping water from the same general area of the aquifer increases. Abstracting large amounts of water disturbs the boundary between the salt and the fresh water leading to contamination of the fresh water

Pollution induced by maintenance of other boreholes

When a well has been unused for a while, chemicals are used to dissolve the in-crusting materials that grow in the well shaft. These chemicals can make their way into the water to be picked up by other boreholes.

Land subsidence

This can occur when a large amount of water is drawn out of an aquifer. This subsidence can present itself as a general sinking of the land where the water is being abstracted, or as sinkholes.

Deterioration of water quality

As the water level in an aquifer falls due to continued pumping, its quality can worsen. The level of dissolved substances in the water can increase, leading to health problems in the people and animals that drink the water.


Policies should be set in place to regulate the drilling and abstraction of water in the area.

Water quality and water levels should be checked at key times of the year for bacteriological and chemical contamination in accordance with national guidelines

6.5.4 Impacts during De-commissioning

De-commissioning of the Project is not envisaged. Project components however will be rehabilitated over time having served their useful life.

of 440


7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

7.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF ESMP

An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for developing projects is used

to provide a logical framework within which identified negative environmental impacts

can be avoided, mitigated and monitored. In addition, the ESMP assigns responsibilities

of actions to various actors and provides a timeframe within which mitigation measures

and monitoring can be done. The ESMP is a vital output of an Environmental and Social

Impact Assessment as it provides a checklist for project monitoring and evaluation. The

ESMP outlined below will address the identified potential negative impacts and

mitigation measures of the Project.

7.2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF ESMP

The specific objectives of the ESMP are to:

• Serve as a guiding document for the environmental and social monitoring

activities for the supervising consultant, contractor and the client management

including requisite progress reports.

• Provide detailed specifications for the management and mitigation of activities

that have the potential to impact negatively on the environment.

• Provide instructions to relevant project personnel regarding procedures for

protecting the environment and minimizing environmental effects.

• Document environmental concerns and appropriate protection measures; while

ensuring that corrective actions are completed in a timely manner.

7.3 AUDITING OF ESMP

GWASCO and the contractor shall conduct regular audits to the ESMP to ensure that the

system for implementation of the ESMP is operating effectively. The audit shall check that

a procedure is in place to ensure that:

• The ESMP being used is the up-to-date version;

• Variations to the ESMP and non-compliance and corrective action are

documented;

• Appropriate environmental training of personnel is undertaken;

• Emergency procedures are in place and effectively communicated to personnel;

• A register of major incidents (spills, injuries, complaints) is in place and other

documentation related to the ESMP; and

• Ensure that appropriate corrective and preventive action is taken by the

Contractor once instructions have been issued

of 440


7.4 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Mitigation measures have already been discussed in Chapter 6. However, a brief summary is included in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in Table 7-1 below. Also considered in this management and monitoring plan are the persons responsible for implementation.

The cost of some of the proposed mitigation measures will have been included in the main engineering Bills of Quantities and therefore need not be included in the Environmental mitigation costs. These costs will also include cost of supervision for implementation of mitigation measures. These costs will be added to the Bill of Quantities as the Environmental Mitigation Costs.

The tables below show cost estimates for environmental mitigation. The brief description of the items is for identification purposes and does not supersede or modify the detailed descriptions of works in the Bills of Quantities and Design Reports.

of 440


Table 7- 1:Proposed ESMP and associated costs

Project Phase



Pre-construction/Planning

Loss of land livelihood within the project sites

The boreholes will be located outside residential areas. This is largely community land; thus, the community has granted their consent for the county’s usage of their lands. As such no compensation for the land taken up by the project will be required. The community resolution and land donation report were done in consultation with the local population. The views of the local community have been incorporated in this ESIA report and also captured in the Community resolution and land donation report.

GAWASCO/County government

N/A

Construction Air quality • Use protective clothing like dust masks on

construction crew.

• Construction sites and regularly used transportation

routes will be water-sprayed on regularly.

• All the vehicles and construction machinery should

be operated in compliance with relevant vehicle

emission standards.


serviced

• Contractor shall comply to the provisions of EMCA

2015 (Air Quality Regulations 2014);

• All waste must be transported off- site for processing,

not burnt or stored for any longer than is absolutely

necessary.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

• Kshs 7,000.00 per site to

cater for dust masks for the

whole project period for all

site users.

• Kshs 10,000 per site for

spraying water on roads

and excavated surfaces for

dust control

Construction Solid and Liquid Waste Generation

• Provide adequate waste disposal facilities. • Ensure spill kits are provided at the construction

sites

Contractor

Resident Engineer

Kshs 75,000.00 per site to cater for solid waste management such as color-coded bins (red-hazardous,

of 440


Project Phase






• Ensure that the machines are serviced in specific locations off-site.

yellow-recyclable & green-organic); as well as sealed collection drums for used oil disposal.

Kshs 50,000.00 per site to cater for the capital of acquiring dustbins to be used during the operation period of the project. Other costs to be included in the O&M Manual

Construction Site related Oil spills

• The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks

• All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order and serviced regularly

• Ensure spill kits are provided at the construction sites




Contractor

Resident Engineers

•Kshs 100,000 per site to cater for accidental oil spills and tests on soil to ensure compliance

Construction Impacts on Soil • The valuable top soil should be excavated separately

and piled in an adequate manner for re-use where

applicable.

• Plan emergency response measures in case of

accidental oil spills.

• Use drainage channels lined with stone pitching in

locations identified to have a high risk of runoff

Contractor,

Resident Engineer

Kshs 1,500 per site for planting trees on the site after completion of the works

Other costs included in solid and liquid waste management and in site related oil spills

of 440


Project Phase



• After completion of the construction works, trees

will be planted on the site.

• Clearly demarcate the access routes to be used by

vehicles and machinery so as to minimize the

affected areas.


• Areas dedicated for hazardous material storage

shall provide spill containment and facilitate clean

up through measures in case of spills

• Provide solid and liquid waste disposal system and a

waste collection bin for each housing unit,

workshop, plant, structural shelter.




• Ensure that the machines are serviced in specific

locations off-site.

• Ensure proper measures are in place for collection

and disposal of spilled oils and lubricants.

• Ensure proper management of boreholes so that the

safe yield is not exceeded

• Ensure boreholes have a proper sanitary seal to

avoid contamination of the aquifer from surface run

off.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

Costs included in solid and liquid waste management and in site related oil spills

Construction Noise pollution • Construction activities to be scheduled carefully.

Night time's uses of certain noisy machines will be

regulated.

• Where possible, ensure non mechanized

construction to reduce the use of machinery

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO

No additional costs

of 440


Project Phase



• Positioning Powered Mechanical Equipment (PME)

so that noise is directed away from sensitive areas;

• Contractor to prepare, for approval by GAWASCO, a

Health Management Plan (HMP) detailing means to

protect site workers and community from excessive

noise and vibrations

• Special care should be taken when construction is

taking place near sensitive receptors.

• To the extent possible, heavy vehicles should not be

used at night across populated areas.

• Ensure that construction equipment is operating

optimally and with operational noise mufflers

where possible.

Construction Impacts on flora and fauna

• Empty containers and other waste to be managed

carefully to avoid exposing animals to possible

poisoning.

• Promoting non-mechanized methods of construction

whenever possible

• Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be

removed such as trees and shrubs.

• Re-plant the indigenous vegetation once work is

completed.

• The Contractor should ensure that the employees on

site are aware of the company procedures for dealing

with spills and leaks

• Ensure the employees don’t hunt the wild life

Contractor

Resident Engineer

Costs included in solid and liquid waste management, site related oil spills and in impacts on soil

of 440


Project Phase



Construction Impacts on public health and safety

• Draft operational manual such as a Health and

Safety Plan (HASP) for both civil and

electromechanical.

• The contractor should prepare a code of conduct for

his staff and ensure that it is followed to prevent

accidents

• Appoint a trained health and safety team for the

duration of the construction work.


• Posting of clear and prominent warning signage at

appropriate potential points of entry to hazardous

areas.

• Keep verifiable records of all accidents, incidences

and corrective actions taken.


• Spread awareness to curb vandalism of safety

equipment and other installations.

• Installation of barriers like fences around active

sites and other locations to prevent access to

facilities by unauthorized persons.

• Ensure that all construction machines and

equipment are in good working conditions and to

manufacturer’s specifications to prevent

occupational hazards.

• Provide workers with appropriate personal

protective equipment (PPE).

• The workers should receive requisite training

especially on the operation of the machinery and

equipment.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO


900,000.00 for personal protective equipment for 100 pieces at an average of 9,000.00 per person broken down as follows: safety boots – 4,000.00; Helmet – 1000.00; Reflector jackets – 400.00; Gloves – 600.00; Overalls – 3,000.00.

Other costs included in impacts on air quality.

of 440


Project Phase



• Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito

breeding sites.

• Provide adequate appropriate human and solid

waste disposal facilities e.g., Toilets and dustbins.

Construction

HIV & AIDS together with STIs Impacts

• In conjunction with County Health Officers, sensitize

workers and the surrounding communities on

awareness, prevention and management of

HIV/AIDS.

• Use of existing clinics to provide VCT services to

construction crew

• The contractor should provide quality condoms to

personnel on site.

• Access to the contractor’s camps by outsiders should

be strictly controlled.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

GAWASCO


Kshs 300,000.00 to cater for a comprehensive awareness program including VCT services and provision for ARVs throughout the project period.

Kshs 10,000.00 for the provision of condoms in site toilets and contractor’s residential areas

Construction


• The Contractors will develop a SOPs for managing the spread of Covid-19 during project execution and submit them for the approval of the Supervision Engineer and the Client before mobilization. The SOPs shall be in line with the World Bank guidance on COVID-19, Ministry of Health Directives and site-specific project conditions; • Mandatory provision and use of appropriate

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shall be required for all project personnel including

• Avoid concentrating of more than 15 persons or workers at one location. Where more than two persons are gathered,

GAWASCO & Supervising Eng. & Contractor


1,000,000.00 for personal protective equipment for 100 pieces at an average of 10,000.00 per person.

of 440


Project Phase



maintain social distancing at least 2 meters. All workers and visitors accessing worksites every day or attending meetings shall be subjected to rapid Covid-19 screening which may include temperature check and other vital signs;

• The project shall put in place means to support rapid testing of suspected workers for covid-19;


• Ensure routine sanitization of shared social

facilities and other communal places

routinely including wiping of workstations,

door knobs, hand rails etc.

Construction

Spread of COVID-19 amongst community members during consultations processes

• Electronic means of consulting stakeholders and, holding meetings, whenever possible, shall be encouraged whenever feasible. One on one engagements for the PAPs while observing social distance and adhering to PPE wearing shall be enforced;

• Avoid concentrating of more than 15 community members at one location. Where more than two persons are gathered, maintain social distancing at least 2 meters

• The team carrying out engagements within the communities on one-on-one basis will be provided with appropriate PPE for the number

GAWASCO & Supervising Eng. & Contractor

Communication/ Stakeholder engagement expert

877,500.00

of 440


Project Phase



of people they intend to meet; • Use traditional channels of communications (TV,

newspaper, radio, dedicated phone-lines, public

announcements and mail) when stakeholders do

not have access to online channels or do not use

them frequently. Ensure to provide and allow

participants to provide feedback and suggestions.

• Hold meetings in small groups, mainly in form of

FGDs if permitted depending on restrictions in

place and subject to strict observance of physical

distancing and limited duration.

• In situations where online interaction is

challenging, disseminate information through

digital platform (where available) like Facebook


• Ensure online registration of participants,

distribution of consultation materials and share

feedback electronically with participants.

• Provision of hand washing stations, hand

sanitizers, & Mask issuance.


• Working areas should be well defined and

demarcated

• The Contractor to repair any damage done to private

property.

Contractor

Resident Engineer

No additional Costs. Compensation to be determined when it happens.

of 440


Project Phase



• The contractor should prepare a code of conduct and

ensure that it is followed by his staff at all times

Construction Crime / Terror activities management

• Fencing off the storage sites for the contractor’s

equipment and materials.

• Working with local committees to provide security

within the site in addition to the Contractor’s own

security.

• Removing any employee who persists in any

misconduct or lack of care.

• Taking all reasonable precautions to prevent

unlawful, riotous or disorderly conduct by or

amongst the contractor's personnel.

• Prohibiting alcohol, drugs, arms, and ammunition on

the worksite among personnel.

• The contractor and Supervision Consultant should

report all activities of a criminal nature on the

worksite or by the contractor's employees to the

police and undertake the necessary follow-up.

• Relying on security apparats to provide continued

updates on security matters and advising

accordingly.

Contractor

Resident Engineer


County Government of Garissa

No additional cost


• Ensure no children are employed on site in

accordance with national labour laws.

• Ensure that any child sexual relations offenses

among contractors' workers are promptly reported

to the police.

The contractor

The Resident Engineer


No additional costs

of 440


Project Phase



Construction Effects of Immigrant workers

• Contractor should use the local workforce as much

as possible. Depending on the size and the skill level

of the local workforce, a share of the workers

required for the project may be recruited locally.

• Effective community engagement and strong

grievance mechanisms on matters related to labour

• All workers to sign an employment contract

including a Code of Conduct governing appropriate

behaviour in the accommodation facilities.

• The workforce should be sensitized to local social

and cultural practices and be educated on the

expected behaviour and conduct


Non-Discrimination Policy.

• Ensure that the grievance redress mechanisms are

adhered to.

• Have a social/environmental specialist in the

supervision consultant’s team with GBV specific

skills.

• Clearly define the GBV requirements and

expectations in the bid documents

• Have separate, safe and easily accessible facilities

for women and men working on the site and in the

residential accommodations.

• Display signs around the project that signal to

workers and the community that the project site is an

area where GBV is prohibited.

Contractor

Resident Engineer


Kshs 10,000 per site for the installation of safety signs around the construction

of 440


Project Phase



Construction Gender Equity and Sexual Harassment


Non-Discrimination Policy, in accordance with

national law where applicable.

• Strive for an equitable distribution of employment

opportunities between men and women. Mainstream

Gender Inclusivity in hiring of workers as required by

Gender Policy 2011 and 2/3 gender rule should be

enforced;

• Provision of gender disaggregated bathing, changing,

sanitation facilities

• Ensure the contractor follows the Grievance Redress

Mechanism

• Whenever harassments are recorded on site, the

contractor should ensure prompt and effective

remedial action

• The employees should be trained and sensitised on

appropriate behaviour on the construction site and

within the residences

Contractor


GAWASCO

Kshs 200,000.00 to cater for hiring male and female mobile toilets at the contractor’s camp.

Operation Impacts on aquifer water availability

• Policies should be set in place to regulate the drilling and abstraction of water in the area. There should be a limit to the number of additional boreholes that can be drilled and on the amount of water that can be abstracted from any one borehole.

• Licensing should be implemented and monitoring put in place to ensure that people are adhering to the rules set in place.

• GAWASCO personnel should be trained on their roles and responsibilities. The right personnel

GAWASCO At least 5 meetings to be held to train the people of Dadaab & Fafi on the use, misuse and wastage of water. Cost per meeting, Kshs 50,000.00

Kshs 5,000.00 per site for testing of water quality testing

of 440


Project Phase



should be equipped with the right equipment so as to ensure a quality supervision of project facilities.



• Ensure that the proposed boreholes are located a safe distance from existing boreholes.


Operation Impacts associated with pump room operation

▪ Solar energy should be the primary source of power with the generators being used as an emergency power source.

▪ All chemicals and lubricants should be stored in appropriate containers and equipment serviced by experienced personnel.

▪ Trees native to the area should be planted around the boreholes to help cut down on noise and air pollution

GAWASCO Costs included in impacts of soil


▪ Waste water drainage channel be constructed to lead water away from the water points and water kiosks.

▪ Boreholes, reticulation pipes, water kiosks and tanks should be maintained continuously

▪ Waste water management in the beneficiary areas should be enhanced so as to reduce risk of contamination of ground water.

GAWASCO Kshs 5,000.00 per water site for the construction of drains to prevent pooling of water

of 440


Project Phase



Operation GBV and Sexual exploitation and abuse.

▪ Implement provisions that ensure that gender-based violence at the community level is not triggered by the Project.

▪ Ensure adequate referral mechanisms are in place if a case of GBV at the community level is reported related to project operation.

▪ Develop and implement an SEA action plan with an Accountability and Response Framework as part of the ESMP.

▪ Management and Coordination: including integration of SEA in job descriptions, employments contracts, performance appraisal systems, etc.

Contractor


GAWASCO

GBV expert

Local CBO/NGO

Kshs 400,000

Operation Occupational safety and health risks associated with operation and maintenance activities

▪ Undertake safety hazard identification and prevention awareness among the O&M personnel

▪ Provision and enforce use of proper PPEs’ to be provided where necessary to reduce the risk of accident occurrence.

▪ The manufacturers manual has to be observed at all times in case of servicing the generators.

GAWASCO

No additional Costs

Operation Soil erosion at livestock watering areas

▪ Watering points for animals should be graveled/murram the access path

GAWASCO

Contractor

As included in the BoQ

The estimated cost for implementing the ESMP during construction is Kshs. 7,190,000 (Seven million, One hundred and ninety thousand Kenya Shillings).

of 440


7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN

The purpose of the Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for the proposed project is to initiate a mechanism for implementing mitigation measures for the potential negative environmental impacts and monitor the efficiency of these mitigation measures based on relevant environmental indicators. The Environmental and Social Mitigation and Management Plan has identified certain roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders for implementation, supervision and monitoring. The objectives of the ESMP therefore are:

❖ To ensure that the recommendations in the approved ESIA report are adhered to by the various institutions

❖ To ensure that the environmental and social mitigation and their enhancement actions are well understood and communicated to all involved stakeholders.

❖ To ensure that the proposed environmental and social remedial measures are implemented during the project execution stage

❖ To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental and social remedial measures ❖ To evaluate the effectiveness of various evaluation techniques and procedures ❖ To provide the Proponent and the relevant Lead Agencies with a framework to

confirm compliance with relevant laws and regulations.

Conversely, environmental monitoring provides feedback about the actual environmental impacts of the project. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment.

They are also used to ensure compliance with environmental standards, and to facilitate any needed project design or operational changes. A monitoring program, backed up by powers to ensure corrective action when the monitoring results show it necessary, is a proven way to ensure effective implementation of mitigation measures. By tracking the project’s actual impacts, monitoring reduces the environmental risks associated with the project, and allows for project modifications to be made where required.

Table 7-2 presents the indicators that will be used to monitor the implementation of the improvement project. The indicators are selected based on the project and major anticipated impacts.

of 440


Table 7- 2: Proposed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

Phase Environmental Component

Performance Indicators Monitoring Requirements

Frequency of monitoring

Responsibility Corrective Action

Construction & operation

Air quality • Level of dust generated.

• Provision of PPE.

• Respiratory infections

reported in the nearby

health facility.

• Physical inspection

• Interview residents

including workers

• Liaise with other

stakeholders

Weekly Environmental Supervisor

Implement recommendations

Construction & operation

Solid and Liquid Waste Generation

• Flow of wastewater on the

ground surface.

• Amount of solid waste on

site

• Status of housekeeping on

site


• Number of complaints

Monthly Environmental Supervisor

Contractor


Construction and operation

Site related Oil spills

• Presence of oil spillage due

to the construction activities.

• Presence of oil spills on the

construction site.

•




Contractor


Construction Impacts on Soil • Presence of oil spillage due

to the construction activities.

• Number of vehicles being

serviced outside the

designated areas

• Presence of erosion channels

as a result of project

activities

• Physical inspection Monthly Environmental Supervisor

Contractor



• Presence of solid and liquid

waste in water resources.


• Chemical inspections



of 440






• Evidence of oil spills in water

resources.

• Evidence of chemical

contaminants in water

sources


from locals

Contractor

GAWASCO

Construction and operation

Noise pollution • Machinery operating near

schools and hospitals

• Machinery operating at night



from locals


Contractor


Construction Flora and fauna • Amount of vegetation

removed

• Use of machinery where

human labour can suffice

• Documentation of

uprooted and cut

down trees

• Physical Inspection

Bi-Monthly Environmental Supervisor


Construction Public health and safety

• Prevalence rates of common

diseases.

• Provision of condoms,

contraceptives and mosquito

nets.

• Conduction of campaign

meetings on transmission of

diseases like HIV/AIDS and

other STDs.

• Availability of adequate solid

waste bins.

• System of safe disposal of

both solid and liquid waste

in place.

• Availability of first aid

facilities.

• Contractor

• Resident Engineer

• GAWASCO


Investigate non-compliance and make recommendations


of 440






• Outpatient attendance

registers.

• Compliance with the Health

and Safety Act.

Construction HIV & AIDS & STIs

• Number campaign meetings

on transmission of diseases

like HIV/AIDS and other

STDs.

• Number of condom

dispensers within the site.

• Number of ARVs provided to

vulnerable persons

• Inspection of

HIV/AIDS prevention

services within the

site.

• Number of condoms,

ARVs provided.

Monthly Contractor

Environmental Supervisor



• Record of accidents and

damages done

• Review of records

• Interviews with staff

and local community.



Construction Crime management

• Number of reported crimes




and local community




• Record of employees

including IDs

• Records of all people visiting

the contractor’s residential

area

• Relevant plans and policies

to the project should be

checked on a regular basis to

ensure compliance.



and local community



of 440






Construction Immigration of workers

• Complaints regarding

employee behaviour



and local community



Construction Gender Equity and Sexual Harassment

SEA

• Number of female employees

• Number of male and female

toilets

• Complaints from female

employees

• Review of company

staff records.

• Records on

harassment

• Physical Inspection



Construction

COVID-19-


• Spread of COVID-19 amongst

workers

• Monitoring

compliance with

covid-19 relevant

requirements

Weekly GAWASCO & Supervising Eng. & Contractor(s)

Availability of SOP(s), Training material, PPE, sanitising facilities etc.;

Construction and Operation

Spread of COVID-19 amongst community members during consultations processes

• Spread of COVID-19 amongst

Community members

• Monitoring

compliance with

covid-19 relevant

requirements

•

Weekly GAWASCO & Supervising Eng. & Contractor(s)

Communications expert

Availability of SOP(s), Training material, PPE, sanitising facilities etc.;

Operation Aquifer water availability

• Yields from project

boreholes and other

boreholes in the area

• Quality of water from other

boreholes

• Review of licenses

offered to borehole

operators

• Records on the quality

of water from project

Monthly GAWASCO Implement recommendations

of 440






boreholes and other

boreholes


• Water collected at water

points and from broken

pipes

• Availability of appropriate

PPEs at site.

• Physical Inspection Monthly GAWASCO Implement recommendations

Operation Health and safety

• Standard operating

procedures and guidelines in

place

• Staff induction and training

records

• Provision of usage of

appropriate PPES

• Incident/accident statistics

• Review of procedures

• Records of

procurement, and

issuance of PPEs

• Review of

accident/incident

records

• Statutory safety audit

reports

Quarterly GAWASCO Implement recommendations and improvement orders as applicable

Operation Soil erosion at livestock watering points

• Soil conditions at/near

watering points

• Physical inspection Quarterly GAWASCO Implement recommendations and improvement orders as applicable

of 440


7.6 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS - ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EACH ACTOR

WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

7.6.1 Institutional Structure of the Water Sector

The National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development and the Water Act 2016, presently guides water resources management. The overall goal of the national water development policy is to facilitate the provision of water in sufficient quantity and quality and within a reasonable distance to meet all competing uses in a sustainable, rational and economical way. This policy separates policy formulation, regulation and services provision and defines clear roles for sector actors within a decentralized institutional framework and includes private sector participation and increased community development.

Under the policy, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources is responsible for policy development, sector co-ordination, monitoring and supervision to ensure effective water and sewerage services in the country, sustainability of Water resources and development of water resources for irrigation, commercial, industrial, power generation and other uses. The Ministry of Water and Sanitation executes its mandate through the following sector institutions:

7.6.2 Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB)

The regulatory Board is responsible for the regulation of the water and sewerage services in partnership with the people of Kenya. The mandate of the regulator covers the following key areas:

i) Regulating the provision of water and sewerage services including licensing, quality assurance, and issuance of guidelines for tariffs, prices and disputes resolution

ii) Overseeing the implementation of policies and strategies relating to provision of water services licensing of Water Services Boards and approving their appointed Water Services Providers

iii) Monitoring the performance of the Water Services Boards and Water Services Providers

iv) Establish the procedure of customer complaints

v) Inform the public on the sector performance

vi) Gives advice to the Minister in charge of water affairs

7.6.3 Water Resources Authority (WRA)

The authority is responsible for sustainable management of the Nations Water Resources:

i) Implementation of policies and strategies relating to management of Water resources

ii) Develop principles, guidelines and procedures for the allocation of water

of 440


iii) Development of Catchments level management strategies including appointment of catchments area advisory committees

iv) Regulate and protect water resources quality from adverse impacts

v) Classify, monitor and allocate water resources including permitting of ground water developments

7.6.4 Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF)

This body assists in the financing of the provision of water services to areas of Kenya, which are without adequate water services. This shall include providing financing support to improved water services towards;

i) Capital investment to community water schemes in underserved areas

ii) Capacity building activities and initiative among communities

iii) Water services activities outlined in the Water Services Strategic Plan as prioritized by the Government

iv) Awareness creation and information dissemination regarding community management of water services

v) Active community participation in the management of water services

7.6.5 Water Services Boards (WSBs)

The WSBs are responsible for the efficient and economical provision of water and sewerage services in their areas of jurisdiction. NWWDA is among the seven catchment Boards established under the Act mandated to;

i) Develop the facilities, prepare business plans and performance targets

ii) Planning for efficient and economical provision of Water and sewerage services within their areas of jurisdiction;

iii) Appointing and contracting Water Service Provider

iv) Asset holding of Central Government facilities

7.6.6 Water Services Providers

Water Service Providers are the utilities or water companies. They are state owned but have been commercialized to improve performance and run like business within a context of efficiency, operational and financial autonomy, accountability and strategic, but minor investment. In these respect Garissa Water and Sewerage Company Limited (GAWASCO) is the Water Service Provider for the project area.

On the project GAWASCO will need to ensure that the following duties have been fulfilled.

Make suitable arrangements for managing a project so that health, safety and welfare are secured.

GAWASCO will assemble the Project Team and ensure that the functions and responsibilities of the Project Team are clear.

GAWASCO will maintain and review the Management Arrangements to ensure they remain relevant throughout the life of the project.

of 440


GAWASCO will provide Pre-Construction Information. Pre-construction information is information already in the Client’s possession (such as an existing health and safety file, survey data, structural drawings, etc.) or which is reasonable to obtain. This must be provided as soon as practicable to each Designer (including the Principal Designer) and Contractor (including the Principal Contractor) who is bidding for work on the project or has already been appointed.

A Health and Safety File is only required for projects involving more than one contractor. The Client must ensure that the Principal Designer prepares a Health and Safety File for their project. Its purpose is to ensure that, at the end of the project, the Client has the information that anyone carrying out subsequent construction work on the water supply will require to be able to plan and carry out the work safely and without risks to health.

Where a construction project must be notified, GAWASCO must submit a notice in writing to the relevant enforcing authority GAWASCO may, for practical reasons, agree that one of the other duty-holders for the project complete this notification. Where this is the case, GAWASCO should confirm this in writing with the relevant duty holder.

However, in regard to the operation and maintenance of the project, GAWASCO need to be uplifted in terms of institutional capacity. GAWASCO has gaps in stakeholder management, performance management, technical competencies, performance management, and monitoring and evaluation of projects.

To manage the gaps and ensure effective project management, the national and county governments can aid in the facilitation of GAWASCO staff to attend some workshops and trainings to ensure that they are equipped with the needed information regarding project management. Also employing of additional qualified staff will aid in project management.

Figure 7- 1: Institutional set -up under water act 2016

of 440


7.6.7 Contractor

The contractor has the major responsibility for safety and health during the construction phase on the projects. He will prepare the Construction Environmental Management Plan and Health and Safety plan. He has the duties to plan, manage, monitor and coordinate the construction phase taking into account the general principals of prevention to ensure:

▪ Safety & Health-the project is carried out without risks to health or safety.

▪ Coordination of the implementation of the relevant legal requirements to ensure that the employers etc. apply the general principals of prevention in a consistent manner and follow the Construction Phase Plan.

▪ Contractor training etc. – Ensure the necessary information, instruction, and training is received and appropriate supervision to comply.

▪ Cooperation with others – cooperate with any other person at the site or an adjoining site to enable others to perform their duties etc.

▪ Site rules – draw up.

▪ Welfare – ensure compliance throughout the construction phase.

▪ Liaison with PD – for the duration of the project and in particular regarding any information which is needed to prepare the Health & Safety [H&S] or may affect the planning and management of the pre-construction phase.

▪ H&S – is appropriately updated, reviewed and revised from time to time.

▪ Provide Site Inductions

▪ Prevent unauthorized access to the site.

▪ Workforce cooperation – arrangement which will enable the PC and workers to cooperate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure health & safety at work and checking effectiveness.

▪ Workforce consultation – consult workers in good time on matters connected with the project which may affect their health, safety or welfare.

▪ Workforce communication – ensure workers can inspect and take copies of certain information.

▪ Display the project notification on the site.

▪ Undertake timely reporting of any accident or incident on site in line with the OSHA and NEMA requirements and further to GAWASCO and the World Bank. The C-ESMP shall provide for incident classification criteria and an incident escalation hierarchy.

▪ Maintain records of all incidents on site which shall be available for inspection through the project implementation phase. Investigation shall be conducted, and a corrective action plan developed for every reportable incident to prevent recurrence.

of 440


7.6.8 Supervising Engineer

The supervising engineer will assist GAWASCO and the County Government of Garissa in the direct oversight of the water supply project. He/she will assist GAWASCO and the County government of Garissa in determining the equipment required and justification through conducting feasibility studies. He will also ensure the safety of workers and general enforcement of ESMP on site. Other functions that the supervising engineer will perform include:

▪ The SE will have to read produced technical documents in conjunction with other relevant structural, mechanical, electrical and special systems drawings and all relevant sections of the specifications;

▪ He/she will facilitate the approval of site setting and ensure exaction are done according to the specified and required standard; monitor progress of civil works activities on day-to-day basis to ensure that the contractor complies with approved specifications, Bill of Quantities (BoQs) and work plan;

▪ Ensures that quantities and quality are accurate and conducts day to day site inspections of the construction to ensure that execution of the work is done according to the specifications and BoQs of Standard Bidding Documents;

▪ Supervises the contractor and advises/proposes for correction in case of any defects/variation/additional/deletion of items identified as well as updates the Operational Manager on the work progress on weekly/monthly basis including setbacks. He/she has to ensure that any matter that requires attention is reported to the Operational Manager for action and correction; and,

▪ Prepares monthly progress report and ensures completion of tasks on time and provides recommendation and clearance for payment for the works done after due verification of bills. Plus provides designs and BoQs for any additional works identified during implementation of specific civil works contracts, seeking approval from the Operational Manager for any changes.

▪ Liaise with contractor for timely reporting of any accident or incident on site in line with the OSHA and NEMA requirements and further to GAWASCO and the World Bank.

7.6.9 County officer (Water, Energy and Natural Resources)

County officers will have the role in administration and management. They shall be responsible for the coordination, management and supervision of the general administrative functions in the county. They will ensure the facilitation and coordination of citizen participation in the development of policies and plans and delivery of services regarding the water supply project and also in the provision and maintenance of the water supply project. The county officers will also ensure that the project empowers the community.

of 440


7.6.10 Local Administration

The local administration will aid in ensuring that laws and regulations are adhered to the latter and also that the project goes on smoothly without external interference.

7.6.11 Environmental Supervisor

Environmental supervisor will advise GAWASCO, County government and the contractor on how to minimize the environmental and social impacts of the project on the environment and humans and, in some cases, oversee the delivery of impact reduction strategies. HE/SHE will typically develop and then measure the success of the schemes for waste management, recycling, pollution reduction and pollution prevention.

Depending on the role, responsibilities could include:

▪ implementing environmental and social policies and practices

▪ devising strategies to meet targets and to encourage best practice

▪ devising the best tools and systems to monitor performance and to implement strategies

▪ ensuring compliance with environmental legislation

▪ assessing, analysing and collating environmental performance data and reporting information to internal staff, clients and regulatory bodies

▪ confirming that materials, ingredients and so on are ethically or environmentally sourced

▪ managing environmental strategy budgets

▪ liaising with internal staff including senior managers and directors

▪ Acting as a champion or cheerleader for environmental issues as per the project.

▪ providing environmental and social training to staff at all levels

▪ writing plans and reports

▪ keeping up to date with relevant changes in environmental legislation and initiatives including international legislation where applicable

▪ producing educational or information resources for internal staff, clients or the general public

▪ liaising with regulatory bodies such as the Environment Agency (NEMA)

7.6.12 County Government of Garissa

The Principal role of the county government of Garissa is providing better services to all county residents by providing safe, clean and reliable drinking water. With that, the county government of Garissa is a major stakeholder to the Dadaab host community water supply. As thus, they play a pivotal role in ensuring the success of the project. The county governments will ensure that the locals have been full

of 440


sensitized about the project and also aid ensuring that the project has been realized.

7.6.13 Ministry of Water and Sanitation & Irrigation

The project falls under the ministry of water and sanitation and thus it is a major stakeholder. The ministry of water and sanitation will be responsible for the overall implementation of the project. The ministry of water and sanitation is involved in

a. Accelerating the implementation of water sector reforms

b. Improving the sustainable management of water resources

c. Improving the provision of water and sewerage services

d. Improving utilization of land through irrigation and land reclamation

e. Strengthening institutions in the Ministry and the water sector

f. Mobilizing resources and promoting efficiency in their utilization

g. Improving the management and access to water resources information

7.6.14 Water Resource Authority

Water Resource Authority (WRA) is responsible for water catchment management areas and thus will play a significant role in ensuring that the project realizes its full potential. WRA, will manage the Garissa Water catchment area and ensure that good management practices are carried within the catchment area through the issuance of abstraction licenses.

WRA is also responsible for permitting new boreholes development and monitoring existing ones, which is key in monitoring and managing the aquifer sustainability.

7.6.15 Local community

The local people are part of the project stakeholders. They play a part of ensuring that the project is realized to meet their expectations while ensuring that environmental and social issues are addressed accordingly. The involvement of the local community in the project implementation ensures that the project runs smoothly and does not meet any resistance from any part of local population.

of 440


8 Grievance Redress Mechanisms

8.1 INTRODUCTION

The proposed project will slightly infringe on community’s’ right to property (the local community is granting permit to use land for the community water project and therefore passing the rights for water development project on a specific parcel of land to another entity), Gender Based Violence and readjustment to new life conditions is bound to elicit grievances from the PAPs or from other interested parties. It is therefore imperative to have a workable grievance redress mechanism to take care of any such disputes arising from the readjustment so that they do not have an adverse effect on the project.

This chapter outlines a mechanism for settling the anticipated disputes.

8.2 POSSIBLE SOURCES OF GRIEVANCES

Some of the issues that may elicit disputes in the land usage agreement process include:

• Failure to understand the essence of the project and the need for the proposed Community Resolution and voluntary land donation.

• Failure of the project proponent to comply or honour promises made by him during the public participation meetings with the affected communities at the project sites.

• Failure of the contractor in following the ESMP provided in this report.

• Harmful gender norms.

8.3 COMMITTEES INVOLVED IN THE GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS AND THE MANAGEMENT

PROCESS

Sub-County Resettlement and Compensation Committee (SCRCC)

The SCRCC will be in charge of administration of the grievance procedure at the project level.

The SCRCC will be established at the Sub-County level, which involves land acquisition and impact on assets. The SCRCC will be made up of:

• Representative of NLC, as the chair of SCRCC to grant legitimacy to the acquisition and resettlement process and ensure that legal procedures as outlined in Community land act 2016and World Bank policies are adhered to.

• Representatives of NWWDA and GAWASCO as the acquiring institution interested in the ‘settled’ land and benefiting from the acquisition and resettlement process.

• The County administration representative, which will provide the much-needed community mobilization, and political support to the project and to the process of land acquisition

• Sub-County Land Survey Officer to help with survey works and demarcation of the lands to be acquired.

of 440


• The Sub-County Gender and Social Development Officer that will be responsible for livelihood restoration programs if need be.

• The Sub-County Lands Registrar Office will help with validation and verification of the documentation provided by the affected community.

• Two community representatives from Location Resettlement Committee – act as voice for the community.

• NGOs and CBOs locally active in relevant fields to ensure effectiveness, fairness, just compensation, and transparent process in the whole acquisition process.

Locational Resettlement and Compensation Committees (LRCCs)

These committees will be based in each administrative location. It will be established by SCRCC through community consultative meetings chaired by a representative of implementing agency (GAWASCO) and the County Government of Garissa. S/he will be assisted by the locational chief, who is the government local representative at the location. The LRCC will act as the voice of the community and will work under guidance and coordination of SCRCC in handling land usage agreement’ grievances. The LRCC will be meeting in the local chief’s office and will be made up of:

• The locational Chief, who is the Government administrative representative at the locational unit and who deals with community disputes will represent the Government in LRCC

• Assistant Chiefs, who support the locational Chief and Government in managing local community disputes in village units will form membership of the team.

• Female PAP, elected by women community members, will represent women and children related issues as regards land usage.

• Youth representative, elected by youths, will represent youth related concerns in the LRCCs

• Vulnerable people’s representative, will deal and represent vulnerable persons issues in the LRCC.

• Business representative, will represent business people concerns in LRCC

• CBO representatives

8.3.1 The Grievance Management Process

The overall process of grievance management will be as follows: -

i. During the initial stages of the valuation process, the affected persons will be given copies of grievance procedures as a guide on how to handle the grievances. This will include who to contact (a phone number, address and location, time) as well as type of grievances they can refer to this committee. These procedures will be made available at the Chief’s office where they can be distributed to the community.

ii. The process of grievance redress will start with registration of the grievances to be addressed for reference at the locational level through

of 440


LRCC. In all instances, records will be kept to enable progress updates of the cases.

iii. Traditional local mechanisms will be used and will include local community leaders and the affected persons trying to find a solution with the concerned parties.

iv. In cases where a solution cannot be found at the locational or LRCC level reference will be made to the SCRCC.

v. These will ensure transparency, fairness, consensus building across cases, eliminate nuisance claims and satisfy legitimate claimants at low cost.

vi. The response time will depend on the issue to be addressed but all measures will be put in place to ensure efficiency,

vii. Once the grievance is addressed and agreement reached, the compensation will be paid to the community.

8.3.2 Grievance Redress Procedure

The Grievance redress will be the functions of the LRCC and SCRCC committees. All the grievances will be channeled to the Locational Resettlement and Compensation Committee. A grievance log will be established by SCRCC and copies of the records kept by both LRCC and SCRCC to be used for monitoring of complaints.

The grievance redress mechanisms are designed with the objective of solving disputes at the earliest possible time which will be in the interest of all parties concerned and therefore implicitly discourages referring such matters to the law courts for resolution which would otherwise take a considerably longer time. If LRCC cannot adequately address the grievance, then reference will be made to SCRCC who shall strive to address the grievances raised.

If a complaint pattern emerges, the implementing agencies which are GAWASCO, County government of Garissa and NWWDA, SCRCC, and LRCC will discuss possible remedial measures. The above institutions will be required to give advice concerning the need for revisions of procedures. Once they agree on necessary and appropriate changes, then a written description of the changed process will be made. NWWDA, GAWASCO, the county government of Garissa, SCRCCs, LRCCs and the local leaders will be responsible for communicating any changes to future potential PAPs when the consultation process with them begins.

The procedure for managing grievances under will be as follows:

1) The affected person/Community will file his/ her/their grievance, relating to any issue associated with the Voluntary land donation or compensation, in writing to the LRCC, through a complaints box placed at the local chief’s office or physically to a member of the LRCC. The grievance note should be signed and dated by the aggrieved person/community. A selected member of the Committee will act as the Project Liaison Officer (PLO) who will be the direct liaison with PAPs.

2) The PLO will be working in collaboration with the other LRCCs and SCRCC, and will be a member an independent NGO in the locality to ensure transparency and fairness in the process grievance address. Where the affected person is unable to write, the PLO will write the note on the

of 440


aggrieved person’s behalf. Any informal grievances will also be documented by the Project Liaison officer. The note should be embossed with aggrieved person’s signature or thumbprint. A sample grievance form is provided in table 8-1 below. A copy of this completed form should be submitted by the Project Liaison Officer to SCRCC.

Table 8- 1: Table Showing a Sample Grievance Form

RAP Reference No.

Contact Information

Please mark how you wish to be

contacted (mail, telephone, e-

mail)

Address:

Telephone: -

Email: -

Preferred Language for

Communication (Please

mark how you wish to be

contacted)

English

Somali

National Identity Number

Description of Incident or Grievance: What happened? Where did it happen? Who did

it happen to? What is the result of the problem?

Date of Incident/ Grievance

One-time incident/ grievance (date----------------)

Happened more than once (How many times--------)

Ongoing (Currently experiencing problem………….)

What would you like see happen to resolve the problem?

Signature: ………………………… Date: ……………………………….

Please return this form to: RAP COMMITTEE

of 440


3) The Project Liaison Officer and the LRCC will consult to determine the validity of claims. If valid, the Committee will notify the complainant that s/he will be assisted and a response will be given in the due time.

4) The LRCC will meet and respond within 14 days during which time any meetings and discussions to be held with the aggrieved person/community will be conducted. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, a second or even a third valuation will be undertaken, at the approval of SCRCC until it is accepted by both parties. These should be undertaken by separate independent valuers than the person who carried out the initial valuation. The more valuations that are required to achieve an agreement by both parties, the longer the process will take. In this case, the aggrieved person/community must be notified by the Project Liaison Officer that his/her complaint is being considered.

5) If the complainant’s claim is rejected by the Committees, the Project Liaison Officer will assist the aggrieved person to take the matter to the SCRCC. The SCRCC will look at the complaint raised by the PAPs/community and provide direction, explanation and a response. Sometimes, it will necessitate the aggrieved person/community to present them or him or herself to SCRCC to explain them/him/herself. All efforts will be made to try and reach some consensus with the complainant.

6) If the aggrieved person/community does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome by SCRCC within the agreed time, s/he/them may lodge his/her/their grievance to the Sub-County Land Office, also mandated to help resolve such matters). If requested, or deemed necessary by the project Committee, the Project Liaison Officer will assist the aggrieved person/community in this matter.

7) Where the matters cannot be resolved through local routes, the grievance will be referred to courts. The SCRCC will provide assistance at all stages to the aggrieved person/community to facilitate resolution of their complaint and ensure that the matter is addressed in the optimal way possible.

After the process, a grievance resolution form will be filled in order to document the resolution made. A sample of the form is provided below:

of 440


Table 8- 2: Sample of a Grievance Resolution Form

Sample Grievance and Resolution Form

Name (Filer of Complaint): __________________________________

ID Number: __________________________________ (PAPs ID

number)

Contact Information: __________________________________ (Village; mobile

phone)

Nature of Grievance or Complaint:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

______

Date Individuals Contacted Summary of Discussion

____________ __________________ ___________________________

Signature_______________________ Date: ____________

Signed (Filer of Complaint): ______________________________________

Name of Person Filing Complaint :__________________________( if different from

Filer)

Position or Relationship to Filer: __________________________________

Review/Resolution

Date of Conciliation Session: ______________________________________

Was Filer Present? : Yes No

Was field verification of complaint conducted? Yes No

Findings of field investigation:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

______

Summary of Conciliation Session

Discussion: _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

______

Issues _______________-

______________________________________________________

Was agreement reached on the issues? Yes No

If agreement was reached, detail the agreement below:

If agreement was not reached, specify the points of disagreement below:

___________________________________________________________________________

___

Signed (Conciliator):______________________ Signed (Filer):

___________________

Signed: _________________________ Date: ________________________

of 440


The Project Liaison officer will ensure that each complaint has an individual reference number, and is appropriately tracked and recorded actions are completed. This will be done via a grievance log which will also contain a record of the person responsible for an individual complaint, and records dates for the following events:

• Date the complaint was reported;

• Date the grievance log was uploaded onto the project database;

• Date information on proposed corrective action sent to complainant (if appropriate);

• The date the complaint was closed out; and

• Date response was sent to complainant.

• Nature and type of grievances being raised The entire grievance redress procedure can be summarized as depicted in the figure 8-1 below.

Figure 8- 1: Dispute Resolution Procedure

A PAP files grievance with the

PLO

LRCC determines the issue and

communicates decision within

14 days No further action Grievance

resolved

Grievance forwarded to the

SCRCC and communicates

within 7 days

Unresolved grievances referred to

the Environment and Land Court

Grievance

resolved

No further Action

of 440


The figure above, shows the performance indicators as part of the monitoring plan. Some of these indicators will be as a result of grievances raised by stakeholders. This section identifies the procedures in which stakeholders can present their grievances for redress. Different grievances require different timeframes for their handling as their nature necessitates their handling by different agencies. However due to their sensitive nature, the stakeholders agreed that three weeks will be enough to address any grievance that arises as a result of the works.

The Consultant proposes that the Supervising Engineer’s office be in charge of collecting and forwarding the grievances to the relevant authority of redress.

The filing of grievances for accurate record keeping is important. If the complainant is not able to express his/her complaint in writing, he/she can be assisted by a local leader (Area Chief) to file the complaint at the complaints desk in the project office. To ease follow-up, each complaint will be registered and assigned a unique reference number. The office will then evaluate the application and determine what implementing agency will resolve the issue. The table 8-3 below shows a sample of a complaint form:

Table 8- 3: Table Showing a Sample Grievance Form

Grievance Form

Ref. No.

Complainant’s Name Date

Description of Grievance

Proposed Redress Measure

Issue Resolved (Y/N)

of 440


9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In summary, it can be said that the project has net positive impact – mainly on the health of the beneficiaries through the supply of adequate quantities of clean water. The negative impacts are minimal and are concentrated in the construction phase which is temporary.

The negative impacts identified in this ESIA during all the phases of the project including waste generation, air pollution, noise pollution, occupational health and safety impacts, community health and safety impacts, traffic, immigration of workers, GBV, SEA and gender impacts and COVID 19 pandemic will be limited to the specific project locations and can be mitigated through the measures proposed in the ESMP as well as the preparation and implementation of safeguard policies. Other plans to aid the safe project implementation can be included as the project continues.

Potential impacts resulting from the operation of the project are associated with excessive abstraction of water. These can be rectified through appropriate licensing of boreholes and borehole operators and supervision of the water levels in the aquifer.

The project will not trigger resettlement. The boreholes will be situated within community land. Through a thoroughly documented process, communities have granted their consent for the county’s usage of their lands for the project. There are no structures in the proposed project areas and the land is not in use. A report on community resolution and CONSENT FORM FOR LAND USAGE PERMIT for the project has already been prepared.

Any local community issues that may arise will be address through the implementation of a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). This will have three levels, each populated with local administrative officials from the project area and professionals involved with the project. Level one involves local committee while level 2 involves county committee. Level three of grievance redress mechanism involves a project committee.

of 440


10 REFERENCES

Community land Act 2016

International Finance Corporation and World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines

Republic of Kenya, Environmental Impact Assessment/Audit Regulations 2003, (Legal Notice No.101) Government Printer, Nairobi

Republic of Kenya, Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, Cap 387), Government Printer, Nairobi

Republic of Kenya, Public Health Act, Cap 242, Government Printer, Nairobi.

Republic of Kenya, Water Act (2002), Government Printer, Nairobi

The Constitution of Kenya 2010

The Land Act, No. 6 of 2012

World Bank Operational Policies

of 440


APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

of 440


of 440


APPENDIX B: “CHANCE FIND” PROCEDURES

Chance find procedures are an integral part of the project ESMMP and civil works contracts. The following is proposed in this regard:

If the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall:

• Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; • Delineate the discovered site or area; • Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of

removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until the responsible local authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture take over;

• Notify the supervisor, Project Environmental Officer and Project Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less);

Responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture would then be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archaeologists of the National Museums of Kenya. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, namely the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. Decisions on how to handle the find shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding irremovable remains of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by relevant local authorities.

Construction work may resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture concerning safeguard of the heritage.

of 440


APPENDIX C: PUBLIC CONSULTATION SUMMARY

1.1.1 Minutes of the Stakeholders meeting held with the Council of Elders on the

15th of Dec 2018

Present

• Kevin Morang’a - Zamconsult Consulting Engineers (Consultant)

• Nyamweya Maxwell - Zamconsult Consulting Engineers (Consultant)

• Mohamed Dakene - GAWASCO

• Hussein Mohamed Duale – Assistant to MCA

• Abdi Abdullahi Ahmed – Elder

• Hussein Awl Abdi – Elder

• Run Abdi Farah – Chairlady

• Dagane Sheikh Abdullahi – Chairman Council of Elders

• Abdi Mohamed Ausadi – Elder

• Mohamed Abdullahi Ali – Elder

• Hassan Sheikh Abdi – Elder

• Omar Abdullahi Hirey – Elder

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 6:00 pm with the introduction of parties’ present. Opening remarks were made by the Assistant to the MCA, Hussein Mohamed Duale.

With Hussein Duale translating, the ESIA (Environmental & Social Impact Assessment) expert explained the scope of the project, introducing the proposed sanitary measures, the water supply measures, their locations and how they would be implemented. He then went on to explain the importance of conducting an ESIA, as well as the necessity for the voluntary donation of the land or compensation that would be required for the project components. He further informed the participants that the ESIA team would identify impacts that are likely to occur during project implementation phase and come up with appropriate ways of mitigating the impacts.

Minute 1: Location of Project Components

Dagane Sheikh pointed out that some of the sites mentioned were not within Dadaab, He requested that the consultant clarify which components were in Dadaab and which outside Dadaab.

Discussion

The Consultant informed the participants that the sites for boreholes within Dadaab were:

• Welhar

• Bullanyanya

• Weldoni

• Madaghisi

• Labisigale

• Bulla Kher

of 440


• Bogyar And those in Fafi Sub-county were

• Alinjugur

• Hagadera

• Yumbis

• Welmarer

• Mathamarub

• Biyamathobe

• Fafi

• Harbole With regard to sanitation, sites within Dadaab were:

• Dadaab Secondary School

• Dadaab Hospital

• Labisigale Primary School

• Bogyar Primary School

• Hagarabul Health Centre

• Saretho Health Centre

• Dadaab Market

• Dadaab Girls Secondary

• Dadaab Primary School And those in Fafi were

• Alinjugur

• Hagadera Borehole 5 Market

• Welmarer Primary School

• Yumbis Health Centre

• Fafi Health Centre

• Hagadera Borehole 5 Primary School

• Alinjugur Primary School

The water office will be located near Dadaab town to facilitate management of the water being sourced in Dadaab.

The Sludge Management Facility would be located on a piece of land whose location would be advised by the elder. The MCA had indicated that the site that had been provided initially was too close to the town and another site would have to be provided.

Minute 2: Acceptance of the project

Dagane Sheikh expressed his appreciation for the project being brought to Dadaab, the components, as stated, were very necessary for the people of Dadaab. That being said, he requested that there be constructed more toilet facilities. There are many poor people in Dadaab that would benefit from the construction of the toilet, so he requested that the toilets be constructed in other places besides the few that the consultant had mentioned.

of 440


Minute 2: Water Office

Making reference to the water office that was to be constructed in Dadaab town, Abdi Mohammed requested that all the Boreholes in Dadaab town be connected to the Water office. One big water storage tank would then be used to manage the water coming from the boreholes. All the pipes from the boreholes would be connected and all lead to this one water storage tank.

Minute 3: Solar for powering borehole pumps

Hassan Sheikh expressed his gratitude that the project would be implemented in Dadaab. He then went on to point out that the fuel was a big problem in most borehole sites. Given, however, that Dadaab received a lot of sun shine, it would be prudent to install solar to power the borehole pumps. This would enable the pumping of large quantities of water, given which, even crop farming would be possible.

Minute 3: Solid Waste

Run Farah expressed concern that there had been similar projects in the past. Requests had been made for cleaning campaigns that were meant to ameliorate about the litter that is scattered all over Dadaab town but there had been no follow up. She requested that this project also include a component to cater for solid waste in Dadaab Town. There was a dumping site already in place but many people that collected the rubbish did not actually take the garbage to the dumping site. She therefore requested that there be designated a dumping site nearer town and that there also be provided a means of transportation to the dumping site.

She also requested that the number of toilets to be constructed be increased so as to caster for the poor people in Dadaab. This would help reduce the incidents of disease outbreak that occurs during the rainy season. She also requested that there be constructed a borehole within Dadaab town so as to increase water availability.

With regards to the site for the sludge management, she indicated that there was a site that had been set aside to be used for the same. There are no buildings on the site and as thus, the site can be used for sewage treatment. Arrangements would be made for the consultant to visit the site.

She was in agreement with Hassan Sheikh on the installation of solar for the borehole pumps. This would go a long way to reduce the amount of money being spent on water.

A.O.B

The acting chief thanked the elders for coming for the meeting at the late hour as well as for presenting their views and requests in an orderly manner.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 6.45 pm

of 440


1.1.2 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Fafi Health Centre 14th of

Dec 2018 at 2:00pm

Present



• Mohamed Dakane - GAWASCO

• Abdullahi Hamud Abdi

• Mohamud Bare Kasim

• Degow Mohamed Ali

• Ebla Mahat Sahid

• Khara Salat Muhamed

• Abdi Mohamed Bare

• Muhamed Mohamed

• Ibrahim Abdi

• Abdullahi Mohamed Omar

• Abdi Mohamed Omar

• Khatra Ahamed Mohamed

Introduction

The meeting begun at 2:00 pm with opening remarks and translation being given Dakane Mohamed. The ESIA (Environmental & Social Impact Assessment) expert explained the project, informing the participants that a VIP latrine would be constructed in the Health Centre. The consultant also indicated that the Mathamarub borehole will be equipped to aid with water supply. The consultant elaborated the process of voluntarily donation land or land compensation for the water supply project. He also explained the importance of conducting and ESIA and explained that any arising impacts would be mitigated in appropriate ways.

Minute 1: Marginalization

Community member in attendance complained of having been neglected by the government and by NGO’s. There have been no development projects in the area for a long time and existing facilities have gone long without repairs. Sections of the hospital are missing a roof and bats have taken to nesting there. Regarding the land, they have no problem in voluntarily providing it for the project so long as the project benefits them.

Minute 2: Toilet facilities

The Dispensary is located adjacent to Fafi primary school. Community members indicated that the school lacks toilet facilities of its own and while in session, students use the toilets in the dispensary. The latrine was therefore a very necessary addition to the present insufficient facilities.

Minute 3: Employment opportunities

Attending locals were eager to take on the project as contractors or labourers. Abdullahi Hamud insisted that there was no need to bring in outside contractors when the local community could handle the construction easily.

of 440


A.O.B

Dakane Mohamed thanked residents for showing up despite the short notice given to them, he commended them for raising their views in an organized and orderly manner.

Adjournment

The meeting ended at 2.45 pm

1.1.3 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Alinjugur Borehole site on

the 13th of Dec 2018

Present



• Mohamed Dakane - GAWASCO

• Hassan Mohamed – Borehole Operator

• Abdi Haji Farah

• Husein Allaw Dimbil

• Abdi Mohamed Jimale

• Isa Noon Lyaab

• Muhamed Harun Baraki

• Abdullahi Hyedi Sahal

• Ibrahim Ketsang Alan

• Hussein Abdullahi Dakene

• Muhamed Hussein Allan

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 11:00am with an introduction from GAWASCO representative Dakane Mohamed.

With Dakane translating, the ESIA expert went on to explain the project, specifically the construction of a girl friendly VIP latrine in the nearby primary school and the improvement of water supply. He explained the necessity of doing the ESIA and explained that any arising impacts would be mitigated appropriately.

Minute 1: Community appreciation

Hassan Mohamed expressed his gratitude for the project being brought to the area. They were in need of the project since yields from the boreholes had been falling and a rehabilitation was long overdue. The ablution block would also serve to reduce pollution around the borehole site. Alinjugur centre was growing and the people travelling long distances to fetch water would need the toilet facilities.

Minute 2: Borehole yields

Husein Allaw and Hassan Mohamed emphasised the issue of falling yields from the borehole. The number of people being served by the borehole was growing since it wasn’t just the immediate community that was coming to the borehole to get water. People from neighbouring communities were also coming to the borehole and the falling yields meant that there was simply not enough water for everyone.

of 440


Minute 3: Tank Capacity

Hassan Mohamed raised the issue of the tank installed at the borehole site as being insufficient. He requested a bigger tank be installed at the site so as to enable longer pumping times and storage of larger quantities of water. This would make for a more efficient operation as it would not require turning the pump on and off all the time.

Minute 4: Solar

Hassan Mohamed also requested that a solar plant be installed at the borehole site. The cost of diesel used in running pump was high and made the management of the borehole expensive. A solar plant would eliminate the need for diesel and can even reduce the price the locals are paying for water.

Minute 4: Trough

Community member in attendance raised the issue of broken troughs being fed from the boreholes. Leaks meant a lot of water was lost to the ground while trying to water livestock. The ground around the leaking troughs was flooded and muddy. They requested that new troughs be constructed where the old disused one are.

A.O.B

Dakane Mohamed thanked residents for showing up despite the short notice given to them, he commended them for raising their views in an organized and orderly manner.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 12.00 pm

1.1.4 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Welmarer Borehole on the

13th of Dec 2018

Present



• Dakane Mohamed - GAWASCO

• Abdullahi Harun Burake – Borehole operator

• Abdi Dagane Olow

• Mohamed Jelle

• Ali Dimbil Alan

• Abdullahi Dubow Aden

• Nageye Mohamed Nunow

• Ali Ahmed Gure

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 10:00 am with an introduction of the parties by Dakene Mohamed. Translating for the ESIA expert, he went on to explain the project, including the construction of an ablution block and VIP latrine in Welmarer Primary School and the improvement of water supply in the area, the consultant indicated that for the water supply, land is needed. He went ahead to explain the option the community had regarding land donation or compensation. In addition, he explained the importance of carrying out

of 440


the ESIA indicating that the impacts that may arise due to the project would be mitigated as would be described in the report that the ESIA expert would write.

Minute 1: Insufficiency of boreholes

Abdullahi Harun raised the issue of water insufficiency in the area. There are three boreholes in the area but only one has enough water to supply the people. The area will therefore greatly benefit from the project.

Minute 2: Generator problems and solar plant

Abdullahi Harun informed the consultant that the generator powering the pump regularly breaks down, racking up high maintenance and repair costs. The cost of diesel for running the generator is also high, making the cost of providing the water high. A solar plant for the pump would eliminate most of the problems associated with the generator and would reduce the cost of running the boreholes. A stand-by generator would also be useful to make up for periods of low sunshine.

Minute 3: Fence for borehole site

Of the three borehole sites in Welmarer, only one is fenced. Harun requested that a fence for the other sites be included in the project.

Minute 4: Tank

The one tank in the site is leaking meaning that water has to be pumped when enough people show up to fetch it. The result is long queues and strain on the pumping system since it has to be turned on and off repeatedly throughout the day. Harun therefore requested that a tank be included in the project.

Minute 5; Land Donation/Compensation

The community indicated that for them, the projects are of great importance to them. They have suffered for a long time without water. Land in their community is plenty and they would donate the land freely and voluntarily.

A.O.B

Dakane Mohamed thanked residents for showing up despite the short notice given to them; he commended them for raising their views in an organized and orderly manner.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 11.00 am

of 440


1.1.5 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Yumbis Borehole on the 14th

of Dec 2018

Present



• Dakane Mohamed – GAWASCO

• Mohamed Suri Abdi – Borehole Operator

• Ragayaden Maalim

• Ebla Abdullahi Rono

• Habiya Bashir Nuriye

• Amina Mohamed Shuriye

• Hawa Ronow Rabah

• Abdullahi Isse Dahir

• Ahmed Nur Bare

• Diriye Nur

• Khatra Ahmed Mohamed

• Abdi Mohamed Omar

• Abdullahi Mohamed Omar

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 2:00 pm with an introduction of the parties by Dakene Mohamed. With Dakene translating, the ESIA expert elaborated on the project, informing the community members of the components to be implemented in the area. These included rehabilitation on the existing water supply and a VIP latrine in the local health centre.

Minute 1: Insufficiency of boreholes

There are three boreholes in the area. Of these two have collapsed and can no longer produce any water. This means that upwards of 650 families living in the area have only one source of water. A water pan had been constructed in the area but lack of maintenance saw it choked by Prosopis Juliflora. The project would therefore be a great benefit to the people of Yumbis. Mohamed Suri requested that the other two boreholes be rehabilitated so as to ease the pressure posed by the large population on the one functioning borehole.

Minute 2: Tanks

Mohamed Suri commented on the existing tanks saying that the tank that had been installed on the site was insufficient for the population it served. Other tanks had been installed but piping was yet to be done. These, however, were plastic Wat and plastic tanks do not do well exposed to the strong sunshine of Dadaab. They crack easily and tend to leak a lot more than steel tanks. He requested that a larger elevated steel tank be installed to supplement the existing tank.

Minute 3: Fuel for generator

of 440


The fuel used for the generator powering the expensive and since the pump has to run for many hours a day, the generator consumes a lot of fuel. The consequence is a high cost of water. Mohamed Suri recommended that a solar power plant be installed to help reduce the cost of water.

Minute 4: Health Centre

Community members pointed out that the health centre had no water, it had no medicine and any patients treated there had to go to Dadaab to get any prescribed medicine. There was only one doctor at the health centre.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 2.45 pm.

1.1.6 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Weldon Borehole on the

12th of Dec 2018

Present




• Dahir Abdi Gudhe

• Jumale Birow Abdi

• Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed

• Gurare Birow Abdi

• Madhifa Sankus Hubedh

• Yussuf Moahmed Hussein

• Nuriye Adan Issack

• Ali Mohamed Shediya

• Nunay Adan Ali

• Shukri Mohamed Hussein

• Kuso Dgho Meigag

• Ambiya Aden Salat

• Habiba Ibrahim Muhamed

• Falhatho Mohamed Ali

• Adan Abdullahi

• Nimo Gurare Birow

Introduction


With Dakane translating, the ESIA expert went on to explain the project, the importance of constructing the ESIA as well as the mitigation of issues that may arise as a result of the implementation of the project.

of 440


Minute 1: Cost of management

Dahir Abdi commented on the high cost of management. To keep the cost of water for locals low the price is fixed at 5kshs for a 20l jerrican. This means that there is a limited amount of money that can be raised from the sale of water, and what little is raised is not enough to cover the cost of managing the borehole. Costs incurred include the purchase and repair of the pump.

The cost of running the borehole can be reduced by the installation of a solar plant which will reduce the money spent on fuelling the generator. Dahir Abdi requested that the solar power plant

Minute 2: Water kiosks

Locals in attendance requested that water kiosks be constructed in and around Weldon to facilitate easier access to water by the locals. This would require that piping be done from the borehole to the various water kiosks.

Minute 3: Rehabilitation of troughs

Locals in attendance also commented on the state of the water troughs adjacent to the borehole. There was only one that was being used out of the three that have been constructed in the area. The other two are cracked and leak, and the remaining one trough is insufficient for all the animals that come here for water. The consequence is a build-up of animals during times when the borehole is in operation. They requested that new troughs be constructed to cater for the large population of livestock in the area.

Minute 4: Water tanks

The borehole has one plastic tank. Dahir Abdi complained that this one tank was too small to cater to the needs of all the people relying on the borehole for water and requested that a larger tank be provided to supplement the existing one.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 12.30 pm.

1.1.7 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Mathagesi Borehole on the

12th of Dec 2018

Present




• Burey Hassan Ibrahim

• Sahara Abdi Nur

• Habib Hasan Muhamed

• Siatho Sahal Omar

• Muhamed Abdi Kassim

• Dirie Omar Dagane

• Kamila Aden

of 440


• Waraqo Muhamed Abdi

• Fatuma Omar Sheikh

• Siyat Muhamed Duale

• Amina Mohamed Abrahim

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 11:00am with an introduction from GAWASCO representative Dakane Mohamed. With Dakane translating, the ESIA expert informed the attending locals of the project and its details. He also explained the rational for doing the ESIA and explained that any issues arising as a result of implementation of the project would be mitigated appropriately.

Minute 1: Generator

The generator powering the pump is broken and is not reliable. Consequently, water cannot be pumped as often as is needed. Locals in attendance requested that a replacement for the generator be included in the project.

Minute 2: Water Kiosks

The locals complained that the tap had been placed far from the borehole. Water as being piped outside Mathagesi to the troughs where the livestock is watered. The locals requested that they have water kiosks constructed near the village so that they can have a water collection point that is easy to get to.

Minute 3: Borehole management

The locals expressed dissatisfaction on the management of the borehole. They wanted more time during the day to fetch water and wanted a more reliable source of water with a more reliable pump and generator. They said that part of the problem was that revenue collection was poor and that there was a lot of wastage. A better means of collection of revenue and a more effective management be in place after the project is implemented.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 11:45am.

1.1.8 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Labisigale Borehole on the

11th of Dec 2018

Present




• Noor Abdullahi Abdille – Borehole operator

• Nimlo Siyat

• Adan Abdullahi

• Fatuma Abdullahi

• Wali Farah Jeli

• Asli Omar Abdullahi

of 440


Introduction



Minute 1: Borehole

Noor Abdille commented on the state of the borehole, saying that it had been constructed in 1994. Yields had been falling since then and the water produced by the borehole now did not meet the needs of the community. A rehabilitation was necessary in order to prevent water shortages.

Minute 2: Generator

Noor also commented on the generator and the pump, saying that the generator did not get the routine maintenance it required. The one generator in the site could not be used all day. It required a supplementary generator to keep the water flowing, especially on days when the main generator was being repaired. The cost of fuel required to keep the generator running were also very high. A solar plant would be necessary to help keep costs of running the borehole manageable.

Minute 3: Tank and pipes

The borehole operator also commented on the state of the tanks on the site. The pipes leading to the tanks are leaking and a lot of water gets wasted through these leaks. The existing tank lacks an access for cleaning and repair and he requested that repairs for the tank and the pipes be included in the project.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 1:30pm.

1.1.9 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Welhar Borehole on the 11th

of Dec 2018

Present




• Hassan Maalim Budulu – Borehole Operator

• Farhiya Hussein

• Ubah Ibrahim

• Hussein Sahal

• Mahat Hassan

• Ahmed Dahir Hassan

• Warsame Kassim

• Sahara Abdi

of 440


• Mohamed Muhumed Hussein

• Hiriya Warsame

• Abdi Bile Daar

Introduction



Minute 1: Borehole

The borehole operator complained about the state of the borehole, saying that the pipes sunk into the ground have rusted impacting the output of the well. A rehabilitation will be required to keep the borehole producing water.

Minute 2: Solar

The cost of pumping water is high since a lot of fuel is consumed by the generator. The borehole being situated far from major town centres like Dadaab, getting the fuel to the site can also be problematic. Hassan Maalim requested that a solar power plant be installed to help reduce the cost of water in the area.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 11:30am

1.1.10 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Bulla Kheir Borehole on the

12th of Dec 2018

Present




• Tagal Omar Jabane – Borehole Operator

• Abshira Yussuf Sheikh

• Abdi Noor Hussein

• Halima Jamaa Abass

• Habiba Takhal Abdi

• Tagal Omar Jabane

• Asli Ali Khar

• Yussuf Muse Welo

• Bashir Abdullahi Ali

• Bishar Yussuf Muse

• Fatumah Omar Dagane

• Fatuma Imani

of 440


Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 9:30am with an introduction from GAWASCO representative Dakane Mohamed. With Dakane translating, the ESIA expert informed the attending locals of the project and its details. He also explained the rational for doing the ESIA and explained that any issues arising as a result of implementation of the project would be mitigated appropriately.


Tagal Omar expressed his gratitude for the project being brought to the area. They were in need of the project since yields from the boreholes had been falling. With the growing population of Bulla Kheir, a rehabilitation would be necessary if the borehole was to continue serving the community.

Minute 2: Generator

The generator powering the pump is broken and is not reliable. Consequently, water cannot be pumped as often as is needed. Locals in attendance requested that a replacement for the generator be included in the project.

Minute 3: Solar

Tagal Omar also requested that a solar plant be installed at the borehole site. The cost of diesel used in running pump was high and made the management of the borehole expensive. A solar plant would eliminate the need for diesel and can even reduce the price the locals are paying for water.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 10:15am

1.1.11 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Bulla Nyanya Borehole on

the 11th of Dec 2018

Present




• Fardosa Hassan Ahmed

• Deka Sirat Mohamed

• Sadiya Ali Muhumed

• Dubey Nur

• Suhal Hussein

• Omar Aden

• Mohamed Kassim

• Diriye Omar

of 440


Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 2:30pm with an introduction from GAWASCO representative Dakane Mohamed. With Dakane translating, the ESIA expert informed the attending locals of the project and its details. He also explained the rational for doing the ESIA and explained that any issues arising as a result of implementation of the project would be mitigated appropriately.


Community members expressed their gratitude for the project being brought to the area. They were in need of the project since yields from the boreholes had been falling. With the growing population of Bulla nyanya, a rehabilitation would be necessary if the borehole was to continue serving the community.

Minute 2: Fuel for generator

The fuel used for the generator powering the expensive and since the pump has to run for many hours a day, the generator consumes a lot of fuel. The consequence is a high cost of water. Community members requested that a solar power plant be installed to help reduce the cost of water.

Minute 3: Rehabilitation of troughs

Locals in attendance also commented on the state of the water troughs adjacent to the borehole. The troughs are cracked and leak water leading to a lot of wastage. They requested that new troughs be constructed to cater for the large population of livestock in the area.

Adjournment


1.1.12 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Bogyar Borehole on the 16th

of Dec 2018

Present




• Halima Hassan Bashir

• Yussuf Guhad Osman

• Shaiya Aden

• Giwi Abdi Adan

• Felis Mahat Kedie

• Zeinab Rashid Abikar

• Adow Abdi Rare

• Mohamed Abdi Matan

• Abdi Kassim Adan

• Rashid Dakane Burale

of 440


• Hindia Khalif Abdi

• Nahati Hajil Hungula

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 11:30am with an introduction from GAWASCO representative Dakane Mohamed. With Dakane translating, the ESIA expert informed the attending locals of the project and its details including the rehabilitation of the borehole and the construction of an ablution block in Bogyar Primary School. He also explained the rational for doing the ESIA and explained that any issues arising as a result of implementation of the project would be mitigated appropriately.


The community expressed their gratitude for the project being brought to their village. The existing borehole has been of great benefit to the community and community members were keen on possible improvements to the existing borehole.

Minute 2: Fence

Community members in attendance requested that the fence currently sitting around the borehole be improved

Minute 3: Water kiosks

An increase of the population of Bogyar had led to the growth of the village. This has resulted in long queues at the water point, with people travelling long distances to get water. To remedy this, the locals suggested that water kiosks be constructed in the surrounding area, and that a larger tank be installed at the borehole site to cater for the large community.

Minute 4: Solar

A high cost of fuel means that the generator powering the pump did not run as long as would be necessary to pump water for all the people that come to fetch it. The result was long queues at the water point since the pump is only run during certain hours of the day. To remedy this, and also reduce the cost of water, community member requested that a solar plant be included in the project. This would reduce the fuel burden and hence significantly reduce the cost of running the borehole.

Adjournment


1.1.13 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Harbole Borehole on the

18th of Dec 2018

Present



• Osman Aden – GAWASCO

• Hallane Hussein – Borehole Operator

• Ismail Hussein Ali

• Abdullahi Ali Bare

of 440


• Abdi Abdullahi Issac

• Doho Yussuf

• Mohamed Haret

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 9:30pm with an introduction from GAWASCO representative Osman Aden. With Aden translating, the ESIA expert informed the attending locals of the project and its details. He also explained the rational for doing the ESIA and explained that any issues arising as a result of implementation of the project would be mitigated appropriately.


Community members in attendance were gratefulness for the project being brought to their area. The population of Harbole has been increasing, and the existing borehole has not kept up with demand. Its yields have been dropping and it is in dire need of a rehabilitation. Community members were ready to donate land for a new borehole were it to be required.

Minute 2: Tank

The concrete tank that had been constructed by an NGO was no longer being used to store water since it was cracked and leaking, and the plastic tanks currently in use were insufficient to store water for the community that relied on them. Community members requested that a steel tank be constructed along with the other works to be done.

Minute 3: Invasion of “Mathenge”

Community members called attention to a water pan that had been constructed in the area. It had been invaded and had been completely choked by Prosopis Juliflora rendering it inaccessible and unusable. A request was made that eradication of the invasive plant also be included in the works.

Adjournment

There being no other business, the meeting ended at 10:30am.

of 440


1.1.14 Minutes of the public consultation meeting held at Fafahjin Borehole on the

15th of Dec 2018

Present




• Mohamed Osman – Borehole Operator

• Aden Hassan Koriyow

• Abdiwali Noor

• Mohamed Abdi Oyow

• Owl Omar Aden

Introduction

The meeting kicked off at 1:30pm with an introduction from GAWASCO representative Dakane Mohamed. With Dakane translating, the ESIA expert informed the attending locals of the project and its details. He also explained the rational for doing the ESIA and explained that any issues arising as a result of implementation of the project would be mitigated appropriately.

Minute 1: Cost of management

Mohamed Osman commented on the high cost of management. To keep the cost of water for locals low the price is fixed at 5kshs for a 20l jerrican. This means that there is a limited amount of money that can be raised from the sale of water, and what little is raised is not enough to cover the cost of managing the borehole. Costs incurred include the purchase and repair of the pump. The cost of running the borehole can be reduced by the installation of a solar plant which will reduce the money spent on fuelling the generator. Osman requested that the solar power plant be installed to supplement the existing generator.

Minute 2: Tanks

Osman requested that the existing tank be supplemented with a larger steel tank. The existing tank is insufficient for the community and being a plastic tank, he did not expect it to last as long as a concrete or steel tank would.

Adjournment


of 440


APPENDIX D: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ATTENDANCE LISTS

of 440


of 440


APPENDIX E: COMMUNITY LAND RESOLUTION & CONSENT FOR LAND USAGE PERMIT

REPORT

Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Weldoni Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Bogyar Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Bulla Nyanya

Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Mathamarub

Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Labisigale

Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Biyamathobe

Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Welhar Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Fafahjin Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Yumbis Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Bulla Kheir

Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Hagadera

borehole 5 Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Mathagesi

Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Alinjugur Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Welmarer

Borehole

of 440


of 440


Community land resolution and consent for land usage permit for Harbole Borehole

of 440


Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report

Documents

Transcript of Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Project Report