ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SAFETY Sangeeta Raut Sudip Kumar Sen

Published by SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA)

Jodhpur –

5 A, New Pali Road P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur - 342 001 INDIA

© 2017, Authors All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the author. Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that neither the editors (or authors) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publisher, for rectifying it in future editions, if published. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-93-86102-40-9 eISBN: 978-93-87869-61-5 Visit the Scientific Publishers (India) website at http://www.scientificpub.com Printed in India

Dedicated to

Our Parents, who encouraged us.

Our Teachers, who enabled us.

Our Students, who believed us.

Contents

Preface

1. Introduction 1

2. Ecology 5

2.1. Ecological concepts 5

2.2. Ecosystem 10

2.3. Ecosystem structure 12

2.4. Ecosystem process 14

2.5 Environmental gradients 30

2.6. Indian environmental laws 32

Review questions 34

3. Chemistry in Environmental Engineering 37

3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Aquatic chemistry 37

3.3 Microbial chemistry 58

3.4 Atmospheric chemistry 61

3.5 Soil chemistry 66

3.6 Noise pollution 71

Review questions 83

4 Water Treatment 84

4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Water quality standards 84 4.3 Water treatment processes 88 4.4 Pre-treatment of water 90

vi Environmental Engineering and Safety

4.5 Conventional process 91 4.6 Disinfection 104 4.7 Advanced water treatment processes 111 Review questions 123

5 Waste Water Treatment 127

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 BOD of waste water 131

5.3 Waste water treatment process 141

5.4 Pre – treatment of waste water 143

5.5 Primary treatment of waste water 148

5.6 Secondary treatment of waste water 151

5.7 Activated sludge system 159

5.8 Anaerobic digestion 164

5.9 Reactor configurations 168

5.10 Methane production 171

5.11 Trickling filters 173

Review questions 175

6 Air Pollution 178

6.1 Introduction 178

6.2 Air pollutant classification 180

6.3 Acid deposition 182

6.4 Global climate change – green house gases 185

6.5 Ozone depletion 189

6.6 Wind 190

6.7 Air pollution meteorology 192

6.8 Atmospheric dispersion 197

6.9 Industrial air emission control 200

6.10 Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) 211

6.11 NOX removal 212

6.12 Fugitive emissions 213

Review questions

214

Contents vii

7 Solid Waste Management 217

7.1 Introduction 217

7.2 Source, classification & composition of MSW 218

7.3 Separation, storage & transportation of MSW 221

7.4 MSW management 228

7.5 MSW management rules in India 235

Review questions 239

8 Hazardous Waste Management 243

8.1 Introduction 243

8.2 Characteristics of hazardous waste 244

8.3 Transportation of hazardous waste 247

8.4 Treatment, Storage and Disposal 250

8.5 E.I.A 254

8.6 Environmental auditing (EA) 262

Review questions 264

9 Occupational Safety and Health 265

9.1 Introduction 265

9.2 Occupational safety and health acts 267

9.3 Accidents 269

9.4 Chemical and heat burns 272

Review questions 275

10 Hazard Control Measures 277

10.1 Human error and hazard analysis 277

10.2 Hazard control measures in integrated steel industry 283

10.3 Petroleum refinery 286

10.4 L.P.G. bottling 292

10.5 Pharmaceutical industry 294

Review questions 297

11 Product Safety 298

11.1 Introduction 298 11.2 Product safety management system (PSMS) 301

viii Environmental Engineering and Safety

11.3 Fire 303

11.4 Electrical safety 307

Review questions 310

12 Safety Handling and Storage of Hazardous Materials 311

12.1 Introduction 311

12.2 Corrosive substances 318

12.3 Gas cylinders 320

12.4 Hydrocarbons 323

12.5 Personal protective equipments (PPE) 325

12.6 Responsibilities for equipments 328

Review questions 329

Glossary 330

Syllabus

HSSM3303 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & SAFETY (3-0-0)

Objective: This course introduces the students to the environmental consequences of industries, developmental actions, etc., and the methods of minimizing their impact through technology and legal systems.

Module – I

Ecological Concepts: Biotic components, Ecosystem processes: Energy, Food chain, Water cycle, Oxygen cycle, Nitrogen cycle etc., Environmental gradients, Tolerance levels of environment factor, EU, US and Indian environmental law. Chemistry in environmental engineering: Atmospheric chemistry, Soil chemistry. Noise pollution: Noise standards, measurement and control. Water treatment: Water quality standards and parameters, Ground water, Water treatment processes, Pre-treatment of water, Conventional process, Advanced water treatment process

Module – II

Waste Water Treatment: DO and BOD of waste water treatment process, pretreatment, Primary and Secondary treatment of waste water, Activated sludge treatment: Anaerobic digestion, Reactor configurations and methane production

Air Pollution: Air pollution and pollutants, criteria pollutants, Acid deposition, Global climate change: Greenhouse gases, Non-criteria pollutants, Air pollution meteorology, Atmospheric dispersion. Industrial air emission control, Flue gas desulphurization, NOx removal, Fugitive emissions.

Solid waste, Hazardous waste management, Solid waste management, Source classification and composition of MSW: Separation, storage and transportation, Reuse and recycling, Waste minimization techniques. Hazardous waste management, Hazardous waste and their generation, Transportation and treatment: Incinerators, Inorganic waste treatment, E.I.A., Environmental auditing

x Environmental Engineering and Safety

Module – III

Occupational safety and health acts, Safety procedures, Type of accidents, Chemical and heat burns, Prevention of accidents involving hazardous substances, Human error and hazard analysis. Hazard control measures in integrated steel industry, Petroleum refinery, L.P.G. bottling, Pharmaceutical industry. Fire prevention – detection, extinguishing fire, electrical safety, product safety. Safety management- safety handling and storage of hazardous materials, Corrosive substances, Gas cylinders, Hydro carbons and wastes. Personal protective equipments.

REFERENCE

Text Books

1. Environmental Engineering, Irwin/ McGraw Hill International Edition, 1997, G. Kiely. 2. Environmental Engineering by Prof B.K. Mohapatra, Seven Seas Publication, Cuttack. 3. Industrial Safety Management, L. M. Deshmukh, Tata McGraw Hill Publication. 4. Environmental Engineering by Arcadio P. Sincero & Gergoria A. Sincero PHI Publication. 5. Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, M. L. Davis and S. J. Masen, McGraw Hill

International Edition, 2004. 6. Environmental Science, Curringham & Saigo, TMH. 7. Man and Environment by Dash & Mishra. 8. An Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science by Gilbert M. Masters & Wendell P. Ela -

PHI Publication. 9. Industrial Safety Management and Technology, Colling. D A – Prentice Hall, New Delhi.

Preface

Human activities are affecting the environment, with numerous direct and indirect effects on ecosystems. The climate and atmospheric composition of earth are changing rapidly. Humans have directly modified half of the ice-free terrestrial surface and use 40% of terrestrial production. Our actions are causing the sixth major extinction event in the history of life on earth and radically modify the interactions among forests, fields, streams and oceans. This book is written to provide a conceptual basis for understanding ecosystem processes and their sensitivity to environmental and biotic changes. We believe that an understanding of ecosystem dynamics must underlie on our analysis of both the consequences and the mitigation of human – induced changes.

The present state-of-art is intended to introduce the science of ecological concept and ecosystem to advanced undergraduate students, beginning graduate students and practicing scientists from a wide array of disciplines. We define ecosystem to include aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. We also included the description of water and waste-water treatment to provide a broader context for understanding water pollution. We provide access to some of the rapidly expanding literature in many disciplines that contribute to ecosystem understanding. This book incorporates materials that accounts for soil pollution and noise pollution as well as the chemistry of our atmosphere.

The first section of this book provides the understanding of ecosystem ecology. We introduce the science of ecosystem ecology and place it in the context of other components of the earth system – the atmosphere affects ecosystem processes and contributes to the global variation in terrestrial ecosystem structure and processes. We also consider the mechanisms by which ecosystems function and focus on the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients. Along with this we then consider the important role of organisms in ecosystem processes through tropic interactions (feeding relationships) and environmental gradients.

In the second section of the book we consider air pollution, solid and hazardous waste management. Shortage of appropriate textbooks that could meet the need for training professionals on the nature and the magnitude of ambient and indoor air pollutions and their effects have been one of the outstanding problems in the existing higher learning institutions in India. Therefore, a well-developed teaching material to produce the required qualified professionals, who are considered to shoulder the responsibility of preventing and controlling of air pollutions by creating awareness and entertaining some interventional measures among the communities, is obvious. The present topic on air pollution is therefore, prepared to be used as a teaching material to train mainly environmental health and other students of health category in

xii Environmental Engineering and Safety

India. It also focuses on sources, types and composition of solid wastes; functional elements of solid waste management program; community-based solid waste management. It is written for an integrated solid waste management system to minimize or if possible to eliminate public and environmental health problems so as to prevent diseases and promote health and well being of the community. Its scope is such that it will find application for diploma and degree students.

The third section of the book addresses the safety measures. It contains twelve chapters in which the major current environmental problems with their suggested solutions are discussed. Each chapter is presented in simple language and is provided with introduction, exercises, and suggested reading as appropriate. Text books, journals, internet sources and other lecture manuscript are used to develop this book. We have also incorporated the useful ideas of different instructors of the course to standardize it to its present status, which the authors hope to further improve the draft through the consultations, pretest and revisions. It is also hoped that this book will be of particular use not only for students of health category in colleges and universities, but to those graduates working in health care service institutions and environmental protection agencies.

We finish by considering the integrated effects of these processes at the global scale and their consequences for sustainable use by human societies.

Authors

Acknowledgements

We will be failing in our duty if we do not pay our thanks to those who have helped and encouraged us in writing this book. The authors are highly thankful to Dr. R.R Dash and Dr. R.I. Ganguly for their continuous motivation and encouragement from inception to completion of this manuscript. We express our sincere thanks to our student Er. Bhaswatimayee Sahu whose contribution in drawing the figures is reflected throughout this present state-of-art. We gratefully acknowledge Er. Nipon Sarmah for giving valuable exercises in all the chapters. Our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Tanay Sharma, Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur for facilitating the manuscript preparation process in all dimensions goes.

We would like to express our thanks to the Management of Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology for providing useful guidelines, technical and moral support during the development of this manuscript. Our parents deserve special thanks for their immense love, encouragement and multiple supports and the burden they shared during this manuscript preparation. Finally, we thank all the individuals who have in some ways contributed to this manuscript, either in conversations with us or through reviewing the draft.

Authors