C H E M I A I I N Z Y N I E R I A E K O L O G I C Z N A

T. 10,Nr9 2003

Jacek A N T O N K I E W I C Z *

E F F E C T OF DIVERSIFIED L E V E L S OF SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu AND Zn

ON T H E E L E M E N T CONCENTRATIONS IN COMMON F L A X {Linum usitatissimum L.)

W P L Y W Z R O Z N I C O W A N E G O Z A N I E C Z Y S Z C Z E N I A G L E B Y Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu I Zn NA Z A W A R T O S C P I E R W I A S T K O W

W L N I E W L O K N I S T Y M {Linum usitatissimum L . )

Summary: The work has presented results obtained in a strict pot experiment conducted to examine the chemical composition of common flax. The tested element concentrations in the common flax ranged as fol­lows: 0.15-0.82 mg Cr; 59.18-479.13 mg Fe and 58.23-547.41 mg Mn • kg"' d.m, and 1.55-3.56 g Mg; 0.52-1.38 g Na; 8.84-13.51 g K; 9.47-13.46 g Ca and 2.36-5.47 g P • kg"' d.m. The highest value of Cr, Fe and Mn translocation index, expressed as the element concentration ratio in the contaminated plant to the ele­ment content in the control plant, was noted for iron, whereas manganese and chromium were next in line. Under the influence of soil contamination with heavy metals a slight increase in Na, P, Ca and K contents and small decrease in Mg concentration was registered in the common flax. The above mentioned element concen­trations depended also on the indicator part of the tested plant. The biggest quantities of Mg, K, P and Ca were found in the common flax top parts and the most of Na in the roots. Among the studied macroelements the biggest amounts of Ca and K became accumulated, slightly less of P and Mg and the least of Na.

Key words: common flax, yield, content, ratio, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na, K, P

There are wide perspectives for common flax (fibre, seeds, oil and wax) utilisation in various branches of economy as a renewable raw material [1 ,2] . Numerous applications of common flax, among others in dietetics, chemical industry, pharmaceutics and envi­ronmental protection (phytoremediation of chemically polluted soils) raise hopes for the plant appropriate utilisation [3, 4] . Because common flax may be cultivated in soils con­taminated with heavy metals an attempt was made to assess concentrations of Cr, Fe,

• Mn, P, Mg, K , Na and Ca depending on the levels of soil contamination with heavy metals.

* Department of Agriculture Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Al. A. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kra­kow, tel. 0/.../12/662 43 50, tel./fax 0/.../12/662 43 41, e-mail: rrantonk@cyf-kr.edu.pl

834 Jacek Antonkiewicz

Materials and methods

The studies were carried out in 2001 as a pot experiment. The design comprised 5 treatments (each in four replications): the control (without heavy metal addition) and 4 treatments containing growing doses of heavy metals. The heavy metals were applied as water solutions of the following salts: 3CdS04 • 8H2O, CUSO4 • SHjO, NiS04 • 7H2O, Pb(N03)2 and ZnS04 • 7H2O. A mineral soil with granulometric compo­sition of clayey silt was used for the experiment. The highest levels of heavy metal pol­lution were as follows: 8 mg Cd; 120 mg Pb; 40 mg Ni; 80 mg Cu and 400 mg Zn • kg"' d.m. soil. The Cr, Fe and Mn concentrations assessed in 1 mol H C l • dm"^ solution were respectively: 0.91, 1223.33 and 186.67 mg • kg~'d.m. soil. The vegetation period for the common flax was 104 days. The amount of yield was determined after the plant harvest­ing. The samples were subsequently dry mineralised in a muffle stove at 450°C. Con­centrations of Cr, Fe, Mn and P were determined with I C P - E A S (inductively coupled plasma emission atomic spectrometry) method, and Mg, K , Na and Ca contents were as­sessed using A A S (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) method [5].

Results and discussion

The amount of common flax yield significantly depended on the levels of soil con­tamination with heavy metals and ranged between 87.02 and 10.30 g • pot"' (tab. 1). A decrease in yield in relation to the control depended on the treatment and ranged be­tween 15% and 88%. The tested plant yield tolerance index expressed as the ratio of yield amount at the contaminated object to the control, ranged between 0.97-0.12 (tab. 1). In their studies Grzebisz et al. [3] also found a decrease in biomass yield with increased soil heavy metal concentrations.

Table 1

Heavy metal doses in soil and common flax yields (g d.m. • pot )

Object Metal doses [mg • kg ' d.m. soil] Yield Tolerance index

I Control 87.02 — 11 Cd l ,Pb 15,Ni5,Cu 10, Zn 50 84.13 0.97 III Cd 2, Pb 30, Ni 10, Cu 20, Zn 100 74.38 0.85 IV Cd 4, Pb 60, Ni 20, Cu 40, Zn 200 63.43 0.73 V Cd 8, Pb 120, Ni 40, Cu 80, Zn 400 10.30 0.12

LSD p = 0.05 4.55 .—

The microelement content in the common flax ranged between 0.15 and 0.82 mg Cr; 59.18^79.13 mg Fe and 58.23-547.21 mg Mn • kg"' d.m. The value of translocation index expressed as the ratio of Cr, Fe and Mn concentrations in contaminated plant to these element concentrations in the flax grown in control soil ranged respectively: 0.94-3.92; 0.92-8.10 and 0.99-7.60. The highest value of translocation index, irrespec­tive of the object, was noted for iron, manganese was the next, whereas the lowest value was found for chromium. The element distribution obviously points to a specific role of

Effect of Diversified Levels of Soil Contamination.. 835

common flax root system, which far more inhibited Cr translocation to the top parts than Fe and Mn movement. The optimal content of Cr, Fe and Mn in fodder for animal feeding is: 20, 40 and 50 mg • kg"' d.m., respectively [6]. According to the criteria only chromium concentrations in the common flax did not exceed the critical content.

Because of the diversified mobility of elements in environment a high differentiation in their uptake by plants is observed and some authors [3, 7, 8] assess the degree of ele­ment translocation from soil into plants. In the above mentioned positions of the litera­ture the element mobility is known as bioaccumulation index ( B C ) or index of translo­cation, which is the quotient of the element content in plant and soil. The common flax ability to bioaccumulation of the studied elements depending on the object looks as fol­lows:

- tops: ^ Fe = 0.05-0.39; Cr = 0.22-0.90; Mn - 0.31-2.02; - roots: ^ Fe = 0.09-0.38; Cr = 0.16-0.57; Mn = 0.39-2.93. The value of bioaccumulation index ( B C ) shows that Mn was relatively easily taken

up by plants. On the other hand the values of the above mentioned ratio for iron and chromium were relatively low.

The content of the studied macroelements in the common flax ranged between 1.55-3.56 g Mg; 0.52-1.38 g Na; 8.84-13.51 g K ; 9.47-13.46 g Ca and 2.36-5.47 g P • kg"' d.m. (fig. 1). Under the influence of soil contamination with heavy metals a slight increase in Na, P, Ca and K content was registered and slight decline in the com­mon flax Mg concentrations. The content of the above mentioned elements depended also on the tested plant indicator part. The biggest amounts of Mg, K , P and Ca were found in the common flax top parts and Na in roots. From among the tested macroele­ments, the greatest quantities of Ca and K were accumulated, slightly lesser amounts of P and Mg and the least of Na.

The optimal macrolement content in fodder plants should be on the following levels: 2.0 g Mg; 7.0 g Ca; 1.5-2.5 g Na; 17.0-20.0 g K and 3.0 g P • kg"' d.m. [9]. In the pre­sented investigations it was found that Mg, C and P content in the common flax top parts were on a level higher than requested, whereas K and Na concentrations were on the level lower than requested (fig. 1).

The plant quality is also affected by the mutual proportions among nutrients [10, 11]. According to Falkowski et al. [9] the optimal ion relations in fodder look as follows: K : Mg = 6 : 1; K : (Ca + Mg) = 1.6-2.2 : 1; Ca : P = 2 : 1. According to Szoszkiewicz and Znamirowski [12] the Fe : Mn ratio should exceed one and the K : Na ratio should equal to 10 : 1 [13]. Heavy metals added to the soil caused a widening of Ca : P and K : Na ra­tios in the common flax top parts above the optimal level. As the effect of growing heavy metal doses K : Mg ratio did not reach the optimal value (fig. 2). Ratios of K : (Ca + Mg) in the common flax yields from individual treatments ranged between 0.72 and 0.90 : 1. Their values did not fall within the optimal range (1.6-2.2 : 1). Moreover, individual objects did not significantly diversify the values of the studied ratio. The ef­fect of diversified levels of soil contamination with heavy metals upon the Ca : P ratio was slight. This ratio value in the common flax top parts approximated the optimal value (2.0 : 1). Under the influence of increasing heavy metal soil pollution the value of K : Na in the flax yield decreased systematically. Fe : Mn ratio in the top parts of the

836 Jacek Antonkiewicz

Allowable standard 2.0 g Mg • kg-1 d.m. Allowable standard 1.5-2.5 g Na • kg"'' d.m.

Object

Allowable standard 17-20 g K • kg-^ d.m.

r'1 li Hi I ! Hi li

m \ Ill IV V

Object

Allowable standard 7.0 g Ca • kg-^ d.m.

E •6

T

ra z

E •d

T

a CD

III IV Object

Allowable standard 3 g P • kg-^ d.m.

IV V Object

1 Tops 111 Roots

Object

Fig. 1. Content of Mg, Na, K, P and Ca in flax

Effect of Diversified Levels of Soil Contamination... 837

Fig. 2. Ratio value between the elements in flax

838 Jacek Antonkiewicz

common flax ranged between 0.75 and 1.67: 1 and met the standards stated by Falkowski [9].

Conclusions

1. Increasing level of heavy metal soil contamination caused a decrease in the common flax yield.

2. Cr, Mg, Ca and P contents in the flax grown in soil contaminated with heavy metals corresponded to their pennissible concentrations in good quality fodder.

3. Under the influence of soil contamination with heavy metals the values of K : Na, Fe : Mn and Ca:P ratios were over the optimal ones.

References

[1] Hojden B.: Wiad. Zielar., 1994, 9, 7-8. [2] Kurchanski M.: Uprawa Inu wloknistego. PWRiL, Warszawa 1982, 156 p. [3] Grzebisz W., Potarzycki J. and Ciesla L.: Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roi., 1998, 460, 697-708. [4] Alexander M., Hatzinger P.B., Kelsey J.W., Kottler B.D. and Nam K.: Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 1997,

829, 1-5. [5] Ostrowska A., Gawliiiski S. and Szczubialka Z.: Metody analizy i oceny wlasciwosci gleb i roslin. Kata-

log. Wyd. lOS, Warszawa 1991, 334 p. [6] Pres J. and Kinal S.: Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 1996, 434, 1043-1061. [7] Gorlach E.: Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 1993, 409, 13-20. [8] Galler J.: Der Forderungsdienst, Beratungsservice, 1992, 9, 61-69. [9] Falkowski M., Kukulka I . and Kozlowski S.: Wlasciwosci chemiczne roslin l^kowych. Wyd. AR, Po-

znan 2000, 132 p. [10] Krzywy J. and Krzywy E.: Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 2001, 480, 253-258. [11] Wisniowska-Kielian B.: Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 2001, 480, 345-356. [12] Szoszkiewicz J. and Znamirowski M.; Zawartosc mikroelemenldw w runi idylkow zielonych Wielkopol-

ski. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 1989, 325, 181-185. [13] Bobrecka-Jamro D. and Szpunar-Krok E.: Fragm. Agron., 2002, XIX(2/74), 52-58.

W P L Y W Z R O Z N I C O W A N E G O Z A N I E C Z Y S Z C Z E N I A G L E B Y Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu I Zn NA Z A W A R T O S C P I E R W I A S T K O W W L N I E W L O K N I S T Y M {Linum usitatissimum L.)

S t r e s z c z e n i e

Przed Inem (wlokno, nasiona, olej, woski) otwieraj^si? nowe, bardzo rozlegle perspektywy jego wykorzy-stania w roznych dziedzinach gospodarki jako surowca odnawialnego. Rozliczne zastosowanie Inu m.in. w dietetyce, przemysle chemicznym, farmacji i ochronie srodowiska (fitoremediacja gleb zanieczyszczonych chemicznie) pozwalaJEi miec nadziej?, ze roslina ta zostanie odpowiednio wykorzystana. Ze wzgl?du na moz-liwosc uprawiania Inu wloknistego na terenach zanieczyszczonych metalami ci?zkimi podj to prob? oceny za-wartosci Cr, Fe, Mn, P, Mg, K, Na i Ca w Inie wloknistym w zaleznosci od stopnia zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ci?zkimi.

Badania przeprowadzono w 2001 r. w warunkach doswiadczenia wazonowego. Schemat doswiadczenia obejmowal 5 obiektow (kazdy w 4 powtorzeniach): obiekt kontrolny (bez dodatku metali ci?zkich) i 4 obiekty zawieraj^ce wzrastaj^ce dawki metali ci?zkich. Metale ci^zkie zastosowano w formie wodnych roztworow soli: 3CdS04 • SHjO, CUSO4 • 5H2O, N I S O a • 7H2O, Pb(N03)2 i ZnS04 • 7H2O. Do doswiadczenia wykorzy-stano gleb§ mineraln^ 0 skladzie granulometrycznym pyhi ilastego. Najwyzszy poziom zanieczyszczenia gle­by metalami ci?zkimi wynosil: 8 mg Cd; 120 mg Pb; 40 mg Ni; 80 mg Cu i 400 mg Zn • kg"' s.m. gleby. Okres wegetacji Inu wloknistego wynosit 104 dni. Po zebraniu roslin okreslono ilosc plonu. Nast?pnie probki

Effect of Diversified Levels of Soil Contamination. 839

roslin poddano mineralizacji na sucho w piecu muflowym w temp. 450°C. Zawartosc Cr, Fe, Mn i P oznaczo-no metod ^ ICP-EAS (emisyjna spektrometria atomowa z indukcyjnie wzbudzonq^ plazmq), a Mg, K, Na i Ca metodq ASA (atomowa spektometria absorpcyjna).

Ilosc plon Inu wloknistego istotnie zalezala od poziomu zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ci^zkimi. Zmniejszenie plonu w odniesieniu do obiektu kontrolnego w zaleznosci od obiektu bylo w zakresie od 15 do 88%. Indeks tolerancji plonu testowanej rosliny miescit si? w granicach: 0,97-0,12.

Zawartosc badanych pierwiastkow w Inie wloknistym miescila si? w granicach: 0,15-0,82 mg Cr; 59,18^79,13 mg Fe i 58,23-547,41 mg Mn • kg"' s.m. oraz 1,55-3,56 g Mg; 0,52-1,38 g Na; 8,84-13,51 g K; 9,47-13,46 g Ca i 2,36-5,47 g P • kg"' s.m. Najwi?ksz^ wartosci^ indeksu translokacji wyrazonego stosun-kiem zawartosci pierwiastka w roslinie skazonej do zawartosci pierwiastka w roslinie kontrolnej, charakte-ryzowalo si? zelazo, nast?pnie mangan i chrom. Pod wplywem zanieczyszczenia gleby metalami ci?zkimi zarejestrowano nieznaczny wzrost zawartosci Na, P, Ca i K oraz niewielki spadek Mg w Inie wloknistym. Za­wartosc wyzej wymienionych pierwiastkow zalezala takze od cz?sci wskaznikowej testowanej rosliny. Naj-wi?ksze ilosci Mg, K, P i Ca zarejestrowano w cz?sciach nadziemnych, a Na w korzeniach Inu wloknistego. Sposrod badanych makroelementow w najwi?kszych ilosciach gromadzony byl Ca i K, nieco mniej P i Mg, a najmniej Na.

Slowa kluczowe: len wloknisty, plon, zawartosc, stosunki, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na, K, P