E845 - World Bank Documents

E845VOL.5

The Republic of ZambiaMinistry of Works and Supply

ROADS DEPARTMENT

Techno-Economic Studies & Detailed Engineering Designsof Design Package 1 for

Lusaka - Chirundu Border (T2)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

September 2003

WSP International Management Consulting j WsPin association withKiran & Musonda Associates Ltd NI

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Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ................................. VIIEXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................

VIII1. INTRODUCTION.

11.1. PROJECT BACKGROUND .1.2. THE PROCESS OF ROAD REHABILITATION.

11.2.1. Preparatory Works. 11.2.2. Tendering Process. 11.2.3. Organizing Implementation of a Project. 21.2.4. Approval and Awarding of Contracts. 21.2.5. Supervision of Physical Work. 21.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA .......................................................... 21.4. SCOPE OF THE EIA .......................................................... 21.5. STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 31.6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT TEAM ..................................... ..................... 4

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ......................................... 52.1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 52.1.1. National Conservation Strategy ............................................................................ 52.2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 5 2.2.1. Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, Chapter 204 ................................. 52.2.2. EIA Legislative Requirements ............................................................................ 52.3. ROAD SECTOR POLICY AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK .......................................... . 62.4. OTHER ACTS REVIEWED RELEVANT TO THE ROAD REHABILITATION PROJECT .................. . 72.4.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 201. 72.4.2. Town and Country Planning Act, Chapter 283. 72.4.3. Forest Act, Chapter 199.

72.4.4. Water Act, Chapter 198. 82.4.5. National Heritage Conservation Commission Act. 82.4.6. The Land Act of 1995. 92.4.7. The Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970. 92.4.8. Mines and Minerals Act, Chapter 32. 92.4.9. Roads and Traffic Control Act, Chapter 464 .10

2.4.10. Local Government Act, Chapter 281 .102.4.11. Public Health Act, Chapter 295 .102.4.12. Factories Act, Chapter 441 .102.4.13. Petroleum Act, Chapter 439 .112.4.14. Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436 .11

2.5. INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONVENTIONS ................................................. 1..............1.... 13. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........ 12

3.1. PROJECT LOCATION ........... 123.2. PROJECT ACTIVITIES ..... 123.2.1. Phases in Road Rehabilitation .......... 123.2.2. Sources of Road Rehabilitation Materials .......... 143.3. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES

.......... 153.3.1. No-Action Alternative .......... 153.3.2. Reconstruction Alternative .......... 163.3.3. Rehabilitation Alternative .......... 16

4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ROAD SITE & ITS SURROUNDINGS ........ 174.1. TOPOGRAPHY ..........

174.2. SOILS AND GEOLOGY .......... 174.3. CLIMATE .......... 174.4. HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE

.......... 174.5. W A TER Q U A L ITY ...................................................................................................... 18I

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4 .6 . A IR Q U A L ITY ............................................................. ...... ... .... ..... ......... 1 84.7. W ETLAND AND D AM BOS ............................................................................... 1 85. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................ 20

5.1. FLORA AND FAUNA ................................................................................... 205.1.1. Classification of Vegetation ......................................................................... 205.1.2. Flora and Fauna along Lusaka-Chirundu Road .......................................................... 226. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .......................................................... 23

6.1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE .............................................................. . ............... 236.1.1I. Lusaka ......................................................................................... 236.1.2. Chilanga ........................................................................................ 236.1.3. Kafue .......................................................................................... 236 .1.4 . C h iru n du ......................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 246.2. ECONOMIC PROFILE ALONG LUSAKA-CHIRUNDU ROAD ............................ 246.3. L A N D -U SE .........................................................

...... 246.4. SETTLEM EN TS .................................................... ........ 24

7. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................. 267.1. CULTURAL R E SO U R C ES..................................................... 267.1.1. Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Sites ................................. 26

8. PUBLIC MEETINGS/ CONSULTATIONS .................................... 28.1. APPROACH AND M ETHODOLOGY .............................................. 288.2. KEY PRESENTATIONS, QUESTIONS AND CONCERNS FROM THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIVE

M EETIN G S .. .... .... ...... ........... ... .......... .... .... ..... ...... .... 2 88.3. COM MUNITY CONCERNS ......................................... ........... 289. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................ 31

9.1. IMPACTS ON LAND AND SOIL ................................................. 319.1.1. C onstruction Phase ......................................... ............ 3 19.1.2. Operational Pha e............a.......................................... 3 19.2. IM PACTS ON V EGETATION ...................................... ............. 3 19.2.1. C onstruction Phase ......................................... ............ 3 19.2.2. Operational Pha e....................................................... 329.3. IMPACTS ON WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE H A BITATS................................. 329.3.1. Construction Phase ...................................................... 39.3.2. O perational Phase .......................................... ............ 329.4. IMPACTS ON W ATER QUALITY ................................................ 329.4.1. Construction Phase ...................................................... 39.4.2. O perational Phase .......................................... ............ 339.5. IMPACTS ON A IR QUALITY ................................................... 339.5.1. Construction Phase ...................................................... 39.5.2. O perational Phase .......................................... ............ 339.6. IM PACTS OF N O ISE ......................................................... 349.6.1. Construction Phase ...................................................... 39.6.2. O perational Phase .......................................... ............ 349.7. IMPACTS ON LANDSCAPE AND AESTHETICS ...................................... 349.7.1. C onstruction Phase ...................................................... 39.7.2. O perational Phase .......................................... ............ 349.8. IMPACTS ON LAND-USE AND SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT ......................... 349.8.1. Construction Phase ...................................................... 39.8.2. O perational Phase .......................................... ............ 359.9. IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC E NVIO M NT...................................... 359.9.1. C onstruction Phase ......................................................

39.9.2. O perational Phase .......................................... ............ 359.10. IMPACTS ON CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES .................................... 369.10.1. Construction Phase .................................................... 39.10.2. O perational Phase .................................................... 369.11. ..............IMPACTS ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ............................................ 36


9.11.1. Construction Phase .............................................. 369.11.2. Operational Phase ..............................................

369.12. IMPACTS OF QUARRIES AND BORROW PITS .................................... 369.12.1. Construction Phase .............................................. 369.12.2. Operational Phase .............................................. 379.13. IMPACTS OF ROAD TRAFFIC .................................... 379.13.1. Construction Phase .............................................. 379.13.2. Operational Phase .............................................. 379.14. IMPACTS OF WORK ACCIDENTS .............................................. 379.14.1. Construction Phase .............................................. 379.14.2. Operational Phase .............................................. 389.15. IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION CAMPS .............................................. 389.15.1. Construction Phase .............................................. 389.15.2. Operational Phase .............................................. 3810. EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ............................... .......... 39

10.1. NATURE OF IMPACT .................................................... 3910.2. DIRECT IMPACT .................................................... 3910.3. INDIRECT IMPACT .................................................... 3910.4. SPATIAL EXTENT .................................................... 3910.5. DURATION .................................................... 3910.6. INTENSITY .................................................... 4010.7. PROBABILITY .................................................... 4110.8. DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE .................................................... 41

11. MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................... 4911.1. PROPOSED MEASURES TO ADDRESS CONCERNS FROM THE COMMUNITIES ALONG THE

LUSAKA-CHIRUNDU ROAD .............................................. 5611.1.1. Road Site & its Surroundings .5611.1.2. Quarries & Borrow Pits .5611.1.3. Siting of Construction Camps .5611.1.4. Abstraction of Water from Local Sources .5611.1.5. Drainage Design/Culverts .5611.1.6. Road Accidents & Black-Spots .5611.1.7. Project Benefits to the Local Community .5611.1.8. Detour, By-pass, Lay-bys and Access Roads .5611.1.9. District/Community Role in the Project 57

12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (EMP). 5812.1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 5812.1.1. Surface Water Management 5912.1.2. Erosion Control and Sediment Retention .59

12.1.3. Vegetation and Flora .5912.1.4. Fauna .5912.1.5. Construction Waste .6012.1.6. Noise .6012.1.7. Management of Air Quality .6012.1.8. Rehabilitation .6012.1.9. Community Consultation and Interaction .6012.1.10. Workforce Awareness .6012.1.11. Quarries and Borrow Pits Rehabilitation Plan .6112.1.12. Road Traffic .61

12.2. IMPACT MITIGATION PLAN ........................................ 6212.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ....................................... 9412.4. MONITORING ACTIVITIES AND INDICATORS ....................................... 9612.5. REPORTING PROCEDURE ....................................... 10813. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... 109

13.1. CONCLUSIONS ....................................... 10913.2. RECOMMENDATIONS .109

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 7.1: Chirundu National Fossil Petrified Forest Monument .................................................. 26Figure 7.2: Location of Chirundu Road and the National Forest Petrified Monument ................. 27

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Hydrology along Lusaka-Chirundu Road Corridor .................................................. 18Table 5.1: Broad Classification of the vegetation types ...................................... ............ 20Table 6.1: Settlements along Lusaka-Chirundu Road Corridor .................................................. 25Table 8.1: Community Concerns .................................................. 29Table 10.1: Table of Evaluated Impacts: .................................................. 43

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Annotated List of Endangered Species ........................................ 110Appendix 2: List of People Met/ Consulted ........................................ 113Appendix 3: Kafue Community - List of Participants in the Public Consultation Meeting.114Appendix 4: Chirundu Community - List of Participants in the Public Consultation Meeting

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ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

EMU Environmental Management Unit Roads Department

EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act

m2 Square Meter

m3 Cubic Meter

NCS National Conservation Strategy

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

NHCC National Heritage Conservation Commission

ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority

ZESCO Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The Government of the Republic of Zambia has awarded the contract for the techno-economic studies for detailed engineering design of the Lusaka-Chirundu roadrehabilitation project. This contract has been awarded to WSP InternationalManagement Consulting International in association with Kiran and MusondaAssociates who has also subcontracted Kaizen Consulting International to undertakeEnvironmental Impact Assessment. Under the Zambia's environmental laws roadrehabilitation projects of this nature must be subject to a full Environmental ImpactAssessment. This document therefore presents the findings of a study to identify bothnegative and positive environmental impacts together with recommendations tomitigate the identified negative impacts.

Expected Road Rehabilitation Works

The proposed project will involve complete rehabilitation and or pothole repairs plusa slurry seal, or single surface dressing of the road. In some sections the project mayinvolve upgrading/rehabilitation or widening of the road and adding new drainagestructures. Generally, the existing alignments are followed but could includeimprovements to the vertical and horizontal alignments of isolated sections, whichwill enhance the safety of road users. Earthworks will thus essentially be limited tothe shoulders and drainage repairs. Since there will be no new alignment the potentialimpacts are therefore reduced, but can still rise during both the rehabilitation andoperational phases of the road.

Project Background

The Lusaka-Chirundu Road is approximately 135 kilometres and was originallyconstructed in 1951 as a semi-rigid pavement with a lime/cement treated base. Itunderwent major improvement and rehabilitation in the early 80s. Due to limitedmaintenance some sections of the road are now in an advanced degree of deteriorationthus the need by the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) to initiate thisproject for the rehabilitation of the Road.

The Roads Department is the executing agency for the implementation of this project.The main objective of the rehabilitation of the Lusaka - Chirundu road is to secureaccess between Zambia and Zimbabwe and within Southern African DevelopmentCo-operation (SADC) countries, thereby making a significant contribution to realisingand developing Zambia's economic potential. This objective fits within Zambia'soverall poverty alleviation objective, as efficient, sustainable road infrastructure is anessential element for economic development.

Methodology and Baseline Information

Baseline data was collected through field appraisal, discussion with relevant agenciesand institutions in the concerned districts and consultation with local communities andindividuals of the project area. The proposed design of the various components of the

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Project was studied and discussed with the members of the Project team. The resultswere compiled and analysed to enable the preparation of the report.

Potential Impacts and Mitigating Measures

The rehabilitated and upgraded road will follow the existing road alignment fromLusaka to Chirundu. Rehabilitation is likely to cause an increase in traffic, especiallyheavy vehicles. The major negative environmental impacts have been indentified as:

Biophysical Impacts:

* Increased air poplution from vehicle emissions (Hydrocarboms, carborn dioxide,carbon monoxide) due to increased trafic.

* Disfigurement to the Chirundu Fossil Forest Monument* Increased noise polution both during construction and operation phases* Irrevesible environmental destruction from construction activities such as

deforestation, borrow pit digging and camping site for construction workers* Disfigurement to the landscape from construction wastes and burrow pits* River siltation from eroded soil and silt from disturbance* Oil and gasoline spills from construction equipment and activities* Littering domestic refuse and sewarage waste from construction camps* Increased surface runoff due to disturbance of the sub-soil structure* Increased particulate matter (diesel) and dust.

Socio-economic Impacts:

* Increased access to cheaper goods from other countries* Faster movements along the road* General improvement in local livelihoods due to synergistic impacts of positive

effects of the project* Increase in revenue to local authorities and institutions from communications, land

rates, licences and personal levy* Changed human settlement patterns due to increased population who may be

attracted to the area* Creation of employement opportunities during the construction phase* Increased trade opportunities in the community due to increased population* Faster movements of people and goods on the road

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Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

An Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan covering the design, tendering,construction and operational phases have been elaborated. The plan compriseselements to be incorporated in the detailed design of the project and also in the TenderDocuments. The responsibilities of the EMU, the Contractor and of the various publicauthorities are clearly defined.

Environmental monitoring and enforcement are stated along with the output fromsuch monitoring activities. Monitoring responsibilities are specified for theauthorities, the EMU and the Contractor.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The findings from the study indicate that the socio-economic benefits of the improvedroad to the communities in the project area of influence outweigh the "no-development" scenario. The project is therefore being recommended forimplementation provided that the recommended mitigating measures with theimplementation of the Impact Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan areundertaken.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

The Government of the Republic of Zambia has initiated the techno-economicstudies for detailed engineering designs of design package 1 for therehabilitation and Maintenance of the Lusaka-Chirundu Road under the RoadSector Investment Program (ROADSIP) II. The main objective of the programis to improve the national infrastructure through improved maintenance andmanagement in order to speed up socio-economic development at all levels inthe country. The Lusaka-Chirundu Road is approximately 135 kilometres andwas originally constructed in 1951 as a semi-rigid pavement with alime/cement treated base. It underwent major improvement and rehabilitationin the early 80s. Due to limited maintenance some sections of the road are nowin an advanced degree of deterioration thus the need by the Government of theRepublic of Zambia (GRZ) to initiate this project for the rehabilitation of theRoad.

The Roads Department is the executing agency for the implementation of thisproject. The main objective of the rehabilitation of the Lusaka - Chirundu roadis to secure access between Zambia and Zimbabwe and within SouthernAfrican Development Co-operation (SADC) countries, thereby making asignificant contribution to realising and developing Zambia's economicpotential. This objective fits within Zambia's overall poverty alleviationobjective, as efficient, sustainable road infrastructure is an essential elementfor economic development.

1.2. The Process of Road RehabilitationThe process leading to road rehabilitation is organised under five main areas,namely; preparatory works, tendering process, organizing projectimplementation, approval and awarding of contracts and supervision ofphysical works.

1.2.1. Preparatory Works

These include selection of roads, field assessment (road interventions, surveys,collection of data, etc), preparing improvements plans (preparing of technicalspecification, local maps and standard cross sections for works to be carriedout and calculations of quantities) and preparation of tender documents.

1.2.2. Tendering Process

This process involves invitation to tender, making tender documents availableto pre-qualified or registered contractors, organizing pre-tender site visits,issuing tender notices, receipt and opening of tenders, tender evaluation,contract negotiations and awarding of tenders.


1.2.3. Organizing Implementation of a Project

This process involves giving notices to contractor to commence work, liaisingand reporting to the employer/ client and liaising with contractors workprogramme and mobilisation of staff, workers and equipment.

1.2.4. Approval and Awarding of Contracts

This process entails obtaining performance bond, insurance of work andworkers, giving notice to contractor to take possession of site, obtainingcontractors work programme and mobilisation of staff, workers andequipment.

1.2.5. Supervision of Physical Work

This involves day to day monitoring of physical progress of the workers,application of conditions of contract, enforcement of specifications, measuringof works with contractors' representatives, quality control in form of materialstesting at laboratory and on site, certification of work done, preparation ofinterim payment certificates, control of material and equipment on site, issuingof site instructions and variation orders and settlement of disputes (arbitration,conciliation, etc).

1.3. Objectives of the EIAThe main objective of the project are to examine impacts on ecological unitsand ecological processes of the area including impacts on physical, biological,socio-economic and cultural environment and to provide mitigation measuresfor identified impacts.

1.4. Scope of the EIATo determine the environmental implications of the road rehabilitation, an EIAmust be undertaken according to the Environmental Protection and Pollution(Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations of 1997.

The Ministry of Works and Supply through Roads Department has identifiedLusaka-Chirundu Road for Techno-economic studies and detailed engineeringdesigns of design Package 1, which also encompasses an environmentalimpact assessment. The EIA will assess the impacts from road rehabilitationand evaluate the alternative. The existing road has been included as a "zero-alternative", in case rehabilitation on the existing road does not take place.

The EIA will determine whether Lusaka-Chirundu road will have significantadverse or beneficial impacts on the environment during the rehabilitation andoperational life phases, and it will also recommend measures for mitigation ofnegative environmental effects through the preparation of an environmentalmanagement and monitoring plan.

The scope of the study is outlined in the Scoping Report and Terms ofreference (July 2003) as reviewed, commented and approved by theEnvironmental Council of Zambia. The output from the EIA is this

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Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) comprising of an EnvironmentalManagement and Monitoring Plan (EMP).

1.5. Study Approach and Methodology

The EIA process took place from June 2003 to August 2003, and involved thefollowing steps:

* Review of the existing environmental information and legislation

This included review of the Environmental Protection and Pollution ControlAct and its subsidiary legislation and other relevant Acts and internationalconventions.

* Initial environmental survey along the proposed road corridor

This task involved collecting data along the project areas and identifying areasrequiring detailed investigations, which include sensitive areas.

* Scoping

Including consultative meetings and discussions with relevant governmentinstitutions at national, provincial and district level, local communities,Headmen, representatives from NGO's and community based organisationsand residents from communities along the road. Letters stating the objectivesof the project and requesting local participation and consultation in the processwere also distributed. Responses from the consultations and discussionsprovided the relevant background information and helped identify majorenvironmental concerns of the communities along the road for the EIAprocess.

* Identification of the magnitude and significance of the principalimpacts

Impacts will be evaluated in terms of magnitude and significance. There arethree groupings of impacts on the environment which will be evaluated for theduration of the project namely;

* Physical environment* Biological environment* Socio-economic environment* Cultural environment

These impacts may be positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse) and will beclassified as low, moderate or high to the extent their effects will be describedquantitatively in terms of environmental costs and benefits. Effects may bedirect or indirect, short term, intermediate or long term.

The impacts will be assessed during the following stages of the project:

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* Pre-Construction (Design) Phase* Construction Phase* Operational Phase

It will be important that the likely impacts are defined and evaluated at anearly stage of the planning process. This was done through scoping thespecific impacts and their implications which are pertinent to the road projectso that alternatives can then be investigated and changes can be incorporatedat the design stage. Other measures will also be identified which can be takeninto account during design and construction phases that would enhance theenvironmental quality of the road.

* Identification of appropriate mitigation measures and/or designchanges to eliminate or reduce the identified impacts

The mitigation measures will be considered to reduce the effect of thedevelopment on the surrounding environment. Wherever possiblerecommendations will be made to mitigate against impacts on the physical,biological and socio-economic environment.

* Formulation of an environmental management and monitoring plan

The report will include a plan for monitoring and implementation of mitigationmeasures during construction and operation. Mitigation plans should beincluded in the tender document to form part of the overall constructioncontract.

1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment Team

The Environmental Impact Assessment is co-ordinated by:

J. CHISHIBA - Environmental Management Specialist & EIA Co-ordinatorL. MATE - Socio-economistA MUTALE - HydrologistJ. MULOMBA - Natural Resources Specialist

The EIA team works in close collaboration with the Project Team consistingof:

K. PATEL Chartered Civil Engineer/ Alternate Project Director(Zambia)

D. JUDD Highway Engineer/ Team LeaderD. B. GREEN Traffic EngineerA. J. SWART Pavement/ Materials Engineer

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2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Environmental Policy Framework

2.1.1. National Conservation Strategy

The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) is the forerunner to environmentallegislation in Zambia. The NCS was adopted by the Government of Zambia in1985 and led to the enactment of the Environmental Protection and PollutionControl Act in 1990 and provided for the establishment EnvironmentalCouncil of Zambia (ECZ) which became operational in 1991. The NCSprovided guidance for the sustainable development of Zambia through the useand conservation of natural resources within a centrally planned and controlledeconomy. However in 1992, the National Environmental Action Plan processwas established to update the NCS, to meet the demands of an economyundergoing liberalisation and to update technical information.

2.2. Environmental Legislative Framework

2.2.1. Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act,Chapter 204

The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA), Cap 204,Part IV to VII sets the role of ECZ in setting environmental quality standardsfor waste, water, air pesticides and toxic substances, noise, ionising radiationand natural resources conservation. In 1997 an amendment to the EPPCAestablished the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, StatutoryInstrument No. 28 of 1997 for conducting and review of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of certain projects such as this one on road rehabilitation.

The Environmental Council of Zambia is a Statutory body mandated toenforce the provisions of the EPPCA for the protection of the environmentthrough provisions on natural resource management and pollution control asprovided for under the Act.

2.2.2. EIA Legislative Requirements

This Environmental Impact Statement was prepared in accordance with thelegal framework on Environmental Management enshrined in theEnvironmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, Cap 204 of the Laws ofZambia and its subsidiary legislation, the Environmental Impact AssessmentRegulations S.I. No. 28 of 1997.

Specifically, Section 3(1) of the EIA Regulations states that, "a developer shallnot implement a project for which a project brief or environmental impactstatement is required under these Regulations, unless the project brief or theenvironmental impact statement has been concluded in accordance with these

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regulations and the Environmental Council of Zambia has issued a decisionletter."

The contents of an Environmental Impact Statement shall be prepared toinclude the following elements:

* A description of the project;* A description of the site;* A description of the raw material inputs, technology, processes,

products and by-products;* A description of the site surrounding environment;* A description of the environmental effects;* A description of the socio-economic impacts;* Impact management Plan

EIA Le2islative Requirement for Road Rehabilitation

The proposed project is outlined under the Environmental Impact AssessmentRegulations S.I. No. 28 of 1997, Second Schedule (Regulations (7)(2)) Section2(a) under the heading Transportation: The Regulation states that All majorroads outside urban areas, the construction of new roads and majorimprovements over 10 km in length or over I km in length if the road passesthrough a National Park or Game Management Area shall require anEnvironmental Impact Assessment. The Lusaka-Chirundu road is a major roadoutside the urban areas and require major improvements over 10 km in length.Therefore the EIA process was conducted in line with the provisions of theseEIA Regulations.

2.3. Road Sector Policy and Management FrameworkThe current policy on road management in Zambia is enshrined in interalia,the Roads and Road Traffic Act, Cap 766 of 1969, the Local Government ActNo.22 of 1991 and the National Parks and Wildlife Services Act of 1991.

The Ministry of Communications and Transport (MCT) is in charge of policyon road transport. The National Roads Board was established in 19964 byMCT and is mandated to manage a Road Fund. The Department of Roads,Local Authorities, Zambia Wildlife Authority and Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Fisheries are designated Highway authorities. Institutions with directresponsibilities for road management are presented below:

* The Department of Roads in the Ministry of Works and Supply isresponsible for management of inter-territorial main roads (T-roads),territorial main roads (M-Roads) and District Roads with prefix D (D-roads).

* The Local Authorities under the auspices of the Ministry of LocalGovernment and Housing are in charge of management of district roadswith prefix RD (RD-roads), rural roads (R-roads) and Branch roads B-roads).

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* Zambia Wildlife Authority under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism,Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for management ofroads situated within the boundaries of National Parks and Tourist areas asper section 41 and 42 of the National Parks and Wildlife Act of 1991, aswell as management of certain Branch roads (B-roads) and Estate roads(E-roads).

* The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries takes care of a limitednetwork of roads leading to mainly agricultural camps, Farmers TrainingInstitutes.

* The Ministry of Finance and National Planning is responsible for amongother things budgeting and planning.

2.4. Other Acts Reviewed Relevant to the Road RehabilitationProject

The Acts below have also been reviewed in order to ensure that the projectcomplies with other relevant existing laws that have a bearing onenvironmental management.

2.4.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 201

The National Parks and Wildlife Act provides for the establishment, controland management of National Parks and Game Management Areas. Under thisAct is a schedule of Protected animal species.

The Lusaka-Chirundu road does not pass through the national park. Thereforethe impacts of rehabilitation works on wildlife are considered insignificant.

2.4.2. Town and Country Planning Act, Chapter 283

The Town and Country Planning Act, came into force in 1962 and providesfor the control, use and change of land use zones and reservations for variouspurposes, eg. siting of work sites. It also provides for the compensation ofthose affected by planning decisions and regulated development subdivisions.

The road rehabilitation project will be undertaken in accordance with theapproved land use plans as provided for under the Town and CountryPlanning Act.

2.4.3. Forest Act, Chapter 199

The Forest Act, passed in 1974, provides for the establishment andmanagement of National and Local forests, conservation and protection offorest and trees, and licensing and sale of forest products. The Act prohibitsthe felling, collecting or injuring of forest products in protected forest areas orforest reserves, unless a license has been obtained to do so. It also prohibits

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excavation, construction, and operation of machinery within the forest reservesor protected areas.

Forest. rserves currently cover approximately 10% of the country and areintended for the conservation and development of forest resources, as well asproviding protection to watersheds.

The Act also provides for the protection of 6 tree species nationally whether ina protected area or outside it. These are as follows:

Entandrophragma caudatum Mountain MahoganyKhaya nyasica Red MahoganyPterocarpus angolensis African TeakAfzelia quanzensis Pod MahoganyFaurea saligna BeechwoodBaikiaea plurijuga Teak

During biological/ecological investigations protected tree species have beenfound along the road corridor. During road rehabilitation, these species willbe addressed in accordance with the measures outlined in the managementplan in this report.

2.4.4. Water Act, Chapter 198

The Water Act provides for the control, ownership and use of public andprivate water excluding that of Zambezi, Luapula and Luangwa Rivers whichborder with other countries. Public water use is controlled by the Water Boardthrough the allocation of water rights which are granted followinginvestigation, advertisement and, where necessary, permission from the chief.

The Act also establishes the pollution of public water as an offence, althoughthe Water Pollution Control Regulations are established by the EPPCA.

The project will comply with the provisions of the Act by ensuring that stormwater disposal structures intended to control runoffs from the road into theaquatic environment (both surface and groundwater) are part of the overalldetailed designs for road rehabilitation.

2.4.5. National Heritage Conservation Commission Act

The National Heritage and Conservation Act established the National HeritageConservation Commission (NHCC), which is responsible for the conservationof ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and objects of aesthetic,historical, prehistoric, archaeological or scientific interest by preservation,restoration, rehabilitation, reconstruction, adaptive use and good management.The Commission also provides regulations for archaeological excavation andexport of re*cs.

If a development is unable to proceed without affecting an item of heritage,permission must be sought from the NHCC as outlined in Sections 35 and 36of the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act.

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During the road surveys and detailed EIA investigations items of heritagehave been found in some areas and will be addressed in accordance with themitigation measures provided in the management plan in this report.

2.4.6. The Land Act of 1995

The Land Act of 1995 was enacted to quarantee peoples' right to land whileenhancing development. The Act recognises the holding of land undercustomary tenure and the Chief's role has been legally recognised, such thatland cannot be converted or alienated without approval of the chief.

The developer worked closely with the local community and has obtainedconsent from Chiefs, Headmen, Area Councillors and local authorities ofKafue and Chirundu Communities during the EIA process and will continue todo so during final road rehabilitation works.

2.4.7. The Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970

Land acquisition is governed by the Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970. TheAct sets out regulations for compulsory acquisition of land and property andcompensation for such acquisition. The president (his designated andauthorized person) may acquire any property in the interest of the Republic.Notice shall be given in person not less than two months in advance and shallbe gazetted. Compensation for acquired property, losses and damages shall bepaid as may be agreed or, finally determined by the National Assembly in caseagreement on compensation is not reached within six weeks after publicationin the Gazette. Any disputes except for disputes related to the amount ofcompensation may be instituted for court proceedings. The Act also opens forcompensation to be granted by allocation of new land to the property owner.

The Act instituted a Compensation Advisory Board to advise the Minister ofLands in assessment of compensation payable under the Act. The functions ofthe Board have been delegated to various committees. Various forms to beused in proceedings of property acquisition are prescribed in the statutoryInstrument No. 60 of 1970.

The developer will confine the rehabilitation works within the road reservearea i.e. 30m from the centre of the road to either side of the road to minimiseimpacts in the immediate environment.

2.4.8. Mines and Minerals Act, Chapter 32

The Mines and Minerals Act Cap 32 of 1976 regulates activities relating tomines and minerals operations including quanrying and provides forregulations for environrnental protection during prospecting and miningactivities and rehabilitation of the areas mined. Further, the Ministry ofTransport and Communications, Environmental guidelines Section 7.6 (2)states that:

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"Contractors shall obtain licenses from the Ministry of Mines to operateborrow areas" and 7.10 (6) states that "Contractors shall obtain mininglicenses for quarrying".

In this project quarrying for gravel material will be carried out andrehabilitation of the quarries created in the process will be carried out basedon the mitigation measures and the rehabilitation plans outlined in thisdocument and in the subsequent Environmental Project Brief.

2.4.9. Roads and Traffic Control Act, Chapter 464

The Roads and Traffic Control Act, provides for the control of traffic, and forthe regulation of storm water disposal structures.

In this road rehabilitation project, requirements for storm water disposalstructures along the access road as providedfor under this Act are part of theoverall designs for road rehabilitation.

2.4.10.Local Government Act, Chapter 281

The Local Government Act allows the Council to implement environmentalprotection and natural resources management functions which includeprevention of pollution of water supplies and undertaking of miningoperations.

For instance, the Act would support the location and restorations of borrow pitsites, subject to approval by the relevant Government Departments and LocalCommunities in the areas in which they are located.

Location and siting of camps and borrow pits will be undertaken withconsultations and consent from the local community and approval fromrelevant Government Departments. In the case of opening a new borrow pitthis will require approvalfrom the Environmental Council of Zambia by wayof undertaking an Environmental Project Brief.

2.4.11.Public Health Act, Chapter 295

The Public Health Act empowers a Council to prevent diseases and pollutiondangerous to human health and to any water supply for domestic use.

The project will ensure that measures to prevent diseases and pollutiondangerous to human health and to any water supply are taken into accountthrough the provision of a road drainage control system.

2.4.12.Factories Act, Chapter 441

The Factories Act provides a framework for the setting of regulations toensure the safety, health and welfare of persons employed on constructionwork sites and in factories. The Act is applicable during road rehabilitation.

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The project will ensure that the safety, health and welfare measures andfacilities of workers during road rehabilitation will be in accordance with theprovisions of the Factories Act.

2.4.13.Petroleum Act, Chapter 439

The areas of the Petroleum Act of relevance to this project are regulations forthe conveyance and storage of petroleum, inflammable oil and liquids e. g.paraffin.

Where petroleum products shall be transported to or stored on site this shallbe done in compliance with the provisions of the Petroleum Act.

2.4.14.Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436

This Act allows for the establishment of procedures for the transportation,handling and storage of fuels to minimize negative environmental impacts.

Where fuels shall be transported to, handled or stored on site this shall bedone in compliance with the provisions of the Energy Regulation Act.

2.5. International and Regional Conventions

Zambia is a signatory to a number of international and regional conventions,the ones which are related to the environment are listed below:-

* Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as aWaterfowl Habitat

* Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage

* Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Floraand Fauna

* United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

* Convention on Biological Diversity United Nations Convention to CombatDesertification

Of the above only the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural andNatural Heritage has some relevance for the project since the Chirundu FossilForest Site, which is affected by the road rehabilitation, is an item of NaturalHeritage. The site will be addressed by the project as proposed in thisEnvironmental Management Plan.


3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. Project LocationThe extent of the road section is from the Cairo Road/Independence Avenueintersection (Kafue Roundabout) at the outskirts of Lusaka Central BusinessDistrict through to the border post at Chirundu. The total length of the Lusaka-Chirundu road is 135km. The road section from Lusaka up to a distance ofapproximately 51.0km past Kafue town is designated as the Ti trunk road andculminates in a T-junction at this point with a right hand turnoff toLivingstone. The Lusaka-Chirundu road is a tarred, running through theCentral and Southern parts of Zambia which ensures access to Chirunduborder with Zimbabwe. The road passes through stretches of forest reserve andarchaeological site of importance. The road is an inter-territorial road and istherefore classified as type T-road and falls under the responsibility of theDepartment of Roads in the Ministry of Works and Supply.

3.2. Project Activities

The proposed project will involve complete rehabilitation and or potholerepairs plus a slurry seal, or single surface dressing of the road. In somesections the project may involve upgrading/rehabilitation or widening of theroad and adding new drainage structures. Generally, the existing alignmentsare followed but could include improvements to the vertical and horizontalalignments of isolated sections, which will enhance the safety of road users.Since there will be no new alignment the potential impacts are thereforereduced, but will still arise during both the rehabilitation and operationalphases of the road.

3.2.1. Phases in Road Rehabilitation

The road rehabilitation works are divided into phases namely; pre-construction(design) phase, construction phase and operational phase. Differentenvironmental impacts may be generated during the different phases. Theactivities involved in each phase are elaborated in the sections below.

Pre-Construction (Design) Phase

This phase involves carrying out a survey of the proposed road. Survey in thiscase refers to land investigations, drilling, measurements and pre-worksexamination of the site. To facilitate the conceptual design an environmentalimpact assessment was undertaken and the key concerns from the study werealso taken into account in the design phase. The output from this phase is anenvironmentally friendly engineering design for road rehabilitation which hasto be implemented in the construction phase.

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Construction Phase

The actual rehabilitation of the road will take place in the construction phase.The estimated roadwork will cover the following activities:

* Road Rehabilitation

As the conditions of the road vary, the road would have to undergo differentdegree of work, which will have different levels of impact on the environment.

The Project Team has carried out a number of surveys and analysis(l) todetermine the condition of the road to assess what it would require to improvethe existing road to an acceptable safety, speed and environmental standard.According to these surveys the estimated work required to bring the road to anacceptable standard would include some interventions.

3 Reconstruction of the shoulders

The general condition of the shoulders of the road is very poor. Most of theshoulders have completely disappeared or are covered with vegetation. Oftenthe vegetation consists of tall grasses, obstructing drivers' sight and thusincreasing the risk of accident.

The shoulders will be completely reconstructed and rehabilitated to its originalwidth of 1.8. In certain areas, an increase in width may be envisaged to caterfor the large number of non-motorised users of the road, such as pedestriansand cyclists.

* Cleaning and clearing of ditches, culverts and drains

Ditches have been constructed all along the side of the road. Most of theseditches are silted up and overgrown by vegetation, and they will need to becleared and reshaped during the rehabilitation process. This will also includethe mitre drains.

The Project Team has observed several culverts on the road (to be elaboratedin the hydrological and drainage survey).

* Installation of new road furniture and the rehabilitation of existing

Presently the road has very little road furniture in the forms of road signs,demarcations and lining, safety barriers, kilometre posts, culvert beacons,traffic lights. The Project will introduce all the above mentioned furniture.

3 These surveys include: topographical survey, hydrological and drainage survey, structural condition survey, road conditionsurvey, soils and material analysis and a traffic survey

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* Reconstruction of existing lay-by

The Project Team has observed some lay-bys along the road. The lay-bys varyfrom simple dirt areas of 2-3 m next to the road to wide circle shaped lay-bysseparated from the road by the ditch. Some of the lay-bys have concretebenches and tables on the Lusaka-Chirundu road around the Muchingaescarpment hills.

Given the type and frequency of traffic more lay-by will be considerednecessary. The lay-bys will be paved and separated from the road.

* Road Safety Measures

At present there are no traffic safety measures or speed reducing devices alongthe road. The Project will install these at black spots and at strategic areasaround settlements, villages and towns.

Operational Phase

This is the post-construction phase when all the road rehabilitation works havebeen completed and the road has been commissioned for use.

3.2.2. Sources of Road Rehabilitation Materials

Quarries and Borrow PitsA number of quarries and borrow pits, which could be used for stone andgravel extraction, are found along the road. The exact borrow pits to be usedhave not yet been identified though the projects approach is to establishborrow areas at an average frequency of 5kms along each road. Howeverpreference will be made concerning areas that have been partially exploitedand if possible, pits on state land or in less densely populated areas will beexploited. No places for disposal of spoil and construction waste have yet beenidentified.

Rock Ag2regateDuring site reconnaissance one active commercial quarry was encounterednamely:

* Kafue Quarry located approximately 32km south of Lusaka;

The quarry appear to be in strategic location and is equipped to provide thenecessary rock aggregate for surfacing, asphalt and concrete works. The Kafuequarry is ideally situated to supply the first 80kms from Lusaka to Chirundu.In the course of further materials investigation's to supply the section of theroad towards Chirundu, preference should be given to potential quarries thathave been exploited in the past.

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3.3. Analysis of Alternative ApproachesThe Lusaka-Chirundu road connects Lusaka to the Southern Province and toZambia's neighbouring countries in Southern Africa. The main reasons forselecting the Lusaka-Chirundu road for rehabilitation include:* The corridor links the Southern Province to Lusaka;

* The southern part of Zambia has agricultural and tourism developmentpotential, which would lead to an improved living standard; and

* Upgrading of the main road accompanied by parallel development offeeder roads in the surrounding areas will add strongly to the possibility ofrealising this potential.

Taking the effect of road project on the environment other alternatives weretaken into consideration. The purpose was to assess the effects of thesealternatives on the environment against expected benefits. The alternativesconsidered are:

* No-action alternatives3 Reconstruction alternative* Rehabilitation alternatives

3.3.1. No-Action Alternative

This alternative assumes that there will be no improvement or changes in thepresent state of the road. This would imply that the road, which is presentlypaved but in a state of deterioration in the form of cracking, potholes andbleeding and edge breaking, would be left unimproved. In certain places theroad is in such a bad condition that diversion roads have been created adjacentto the road.

With this alternative the main reason for improving the Lusaka-Chirundu road,which is to link the Southern Province to Lusaka and to develop theagricultural and tourism potential of the southern part of Zambia, would not beachieved. This would mean that the economic and social development of theSouthern Province would not take place, as all development opportunities,such as easy movement of agricultural produce, creation of new jobs, easymovement of passenger, reduced vehicle-operating costs, etc. would not berealised.

The poor conditions of the road in form of potholes, cracks and a rough roadprofile make the road very uncomfortable to ride on and very accident proneas drivers easily lose control in trying to avoid potholes. With the presentadvanced state of deterioration due to inadequate maintenance, the conditionsof the road are likely to deteriorate further if the road remains unrehabilitated.

A No-action alternative is not recommended as the choice to be adopted.

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3.3.2. Reconstruction Alternative

This alternative implies the complete reconstruction of the entire road. Itwould not include any realignment as no other preferred stretch has beenidentified as a better way to the Southern Province and the Southern Africancountries.This alternative would require extensive roadwork both to rip up existing roadand put in place the new road. According to technical surveys carried out bythe project Team, some sections of the road would require rework on the base,while parts of the road are in such good conditions that they require onlylimited work to bring the road to an acceptable state.This solution would not only be time consuming and very costly, but wouldalso have an important negative impacts on the environment. The benefitswould never overweigh the cost, both economic and environmental.

A reconstruction alternative is not recommended as the choice to be adopted.

3.3.3. Rehabilitation Alternative

This alternative implies improving the existing road to an acceptable safety,speed and environmental standard.

As the existing road alignment is already a paved road and a strategic road, thepresent alignment is the logical choice for rehabilitation and no other preferredroads (paved or gravel) were identified as a better way to Southern Provinceand the rest of Southern African countries.

The conditions of the road vary over the entire length, and certain stretchesneed considerable work than others. According to the field surveys andtechnical analysis carried out by the Project Team the road will requireresurfacing, either as a complete pavement reconstruction or merely apavement overlay, to meet an acceptable riding standard. On some sections ofthe road, the base and sub base have been so severely damaged that it willrequire a complete rework.

This solution would be costly, but far less than the reconstruction alternativeand the environmental implications far lesser. There will be certain negativeimpacts in the environment during the rehabilitation phase, however the socio-economic benefits to especially the Southern Province and the country at largewould be considerable as access will be improved.

The advantages associated with the rehabilitation alternative far outweigh thedisadvantages social, economic and environmental. Even though initial costswould be high, the accrued economic and cultural benefits far outweigh theother alternatives.

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4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ROAD SITE & ITSSURROUNDINGS

4.1. TopographyThe general topography is flat from Lusaka to deeply dissected terrain as youapproach Chirundu.

4.2. Soils and GeologyThe topology is generally flat from Lusaka to Mapepe but the landscapeassumes a deeply dissected terrain with rocks of Basement series on the scarpas you approach Simuchenda. Rocks of Katanga series and Karroo sedimentsare prominent in the valley and rocks of the basement complex-gneiss, schistand limestone extend over most of the stretch.

Schist is variable and weathers to soils which carry both munga and miombowoodland. The small areas of basalt give rise to shallow heavy soils carryingmopane scrub.

4.3. ClimateThe climate in the project area is typically subtropical with warm and wetseason from November to April and cool and dry season from September toNovember. The average rainfall is 300mm in December.

4.4. Hydrology and DrainageThe road cuts across the Lower Kafue River Basin and terminates into theZambezi River Basin. The catchment size of the Kafue River is estimated torange between 25,000km2 to 200,000km2 , while that of the Zambezi is larger,with the lower part of the catchment lying outside Zambia.

The road crosses over the Kafue River, at the Kafue Road Bridge (55km fromLusaka) and ends at the crossing point of the Zambezi river (135km fromLusaka). In addition to the main crossing at Kafue, there are 14 bridges andseveral culverts along the route. Culverts serve as drainage points for runoffwater from the hills that line the route, many of which are in a good state.

Apart from the Kafue and Zambezi rivers, the remainder of the rivers andstreams are not perennial with peak flows concentrated in the wet season.Most of the settlements along the route have access to wells and boreholes fortheir water supply. However for the settlements located close to the Kafue andZambezi rivers, domestic water is sourced from the two water bodies. Thetable below gives a breakdown of the rivers, streams and wetlands along theroute.

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Table 4.1: Hydrology along Lusaka-Chirundu Road Corridor

Distance from Lusaka Description Name(ki)15km Dambo Munda Wanga Stream16km Dambo Mapepe55km River Kafie River58km Stream (dry) Nansenga74km Stream (dry) Gesha

77.5km Stream (dry) Moobe83km Stream (dry) Mapoto86km Stream (dry) Wamba98km Stream Musaya101km Stream (dry) Mweela

I1I17.6km Stream (dry) Katwezele121.2km Stream (dry) Unknown129km Stream (dry) Munenga

136.3km Stream (dry) UnknownSource: Consultants surveys

4.5. Water QualityThe main water body on this road is the Kafue River. This river is the majortransporter of industrial liquid waste and is also the source for drinking water.However, river silts, debris, erosion, industrial effluents negatively impact onthe river water quality. These issues as well as spillage from petrol, chemicaland storage sites will need to be mitigated during rehabilitation andoperational phases of the road.

4.6. Air qualityThe air quality in the project varies considerably due to different economicactivities taking place. As one move from Lusaka through Chilanga one tendsto cross areas of heavy industrial activities which are all contributing to airpollution. Jus on the outskirts of Lusaka going to Chirundu is a heavy trafficwhich contribute to air pollution in form of exhaust fumes. In Chilanga is theChilanga Cement Company which also contribute to dust emissions. AfterChilanga going towards Kafue Town is a Quarry site which also emitssubstantial amounts of dust. In Kafue town the air tends to get pollutedprincipally from Nitrogen Chemicals of Zambia. Other industries in Kafuetown are Bata Tannery and Kafue Textiles.

After Kafue town going towards Chirundu it can be concluded that the airquality tends to be generally of good quality. However, the advent of a newroad may result in increased gaseous emissions which may affect air quality.Dust during rehabilitation works may pose air quality problems and this willneed to be mitigated.

4.7. Wetland and DambosThe road passes through approximately 14 dambos or riverbed whereembankments/ culverts have been constructed. Most of these areas are dry inthe dry season and flooded during rainy season. These areas are importantfrom socio-economic point of view (as fertile agricultural lands) and from anatural point of view it is important to maintain these areas to ensure the

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natural flow of water. At approximately 55km the road crosses one of themajor rivers in Zambia, the Kafue River. This river is the source for drinkingwater and power generation at Kafue Power Gorge, and also industries such asNitrogen Chemicals and Kafue Textiles draw their process water from thissame river.

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5. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

5.1. Flora and Fauna

5.1.1. Classification of Vegetation

The classification of vegetation along the road transect is in accordance withthat of Edmund's classification of Vegetation types for Zambia, 1976. This isin line with the Chakanga De Barker classification of their WoodlandResources Management of 1984.

The broad classification of the vegetation types adopted is as follows:Table 5.1: Broad Classification of the vegetation types

Forests Woodlands Grasslands Bush Groups Trees OutsideForests

Baikiaea Miombo For the purpose ofthis study anParinari Mopane additional

Montane Munga vegetation classItigi Kalahari adopted was TressRiparian . Outside Forests

Dry Deciduous WoodlandThis is a Dalbergia-Combretum shrub-scrambler thicket dominated byDalbergia spp and Combretum spp. The common associated scrambler taxainclude Acacia ataxacantha (Mugowa konoto T), Capparis tomentosa(Chimwese T) and Grewaflavescens.

There are also spots of emergents of this woodland that include Adansoniadigitata (Mubuyu, T), Berchemia discolor (Mwii T), Boscia angustifolia(Muyusa T).

Riparian WoodlandThis consists of a narrow band of forest along the rivers and streams. The taxaBridelia micrantha (Musangu sangu T), Ficus capensis (Mukuyu, T),Mimusops zeyheri(Mukulanjoni T) Syzygium guineense (Katope, T) form theouter riparin fringe along most streams that traverse the Lusaka Chirundutransect.

The commoner shrubs and smaller trees include Acalypha ornata, Azaznagarkeana(Munego, T), Bauhinia tomentosa (Mupondopondo T) andMarkhamia obtusifolia (Mupetakwale, T).

Miombo WoodlandThis woodland is dominated by Braschystegia-Julbernardia species. It coversmost of the hills along the transect. There is frequently a catenal sequencefound; miombo at the crests of the ridges and down the slopes. This isgradually replaced by the mopane and at the bottom of the slope is found anarrow belt of thicket fringing seasonal water courses.

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Braschystegialongifolia and Julbernardia globiflora are the usual dominants.The commoner canopy associates are Braschystegia spiciformis, Burkeaafricana, Parinari curatelifolia and Monotes africana.

The commoner shrubs and small trees include Bauhiniapetersiana,Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Psuedolachynostilismaprouneifolia. On the lowest scarp slopes and on many of the ridges andkojes in the valley miombo occurs in admixture with munga woodland.Braschystegia boehmii and Combretum spp are dominant associated withMarkhamia acuminata in the upper and characteristic hilly species such as thepaper barked Bridelia mollis, Commiphora spp, Sterculia quinqueloba.

MunLa WoodlandThis woodland characterised by Acacias, Combretums and Terminalias occurson some of the deepest and most fertile soils along the transect. The associatedspecies include Acacia tortilis, A. sieberana, Adansonia digitata, Sclerocaryacaffra (Marula) and Tamarindus indica.

Mopane WoodlandThe canopy of this woodland is almost exclusively dominated by the principaltaxa of Colophosermum mopane. However, occasionally, Adansonia digitata,Afzelia quanzensis were seen in the canopy cover. The woodland commonlycarry a considerable undergrowth of such shrubs and small trees asCombretum spp and Dalbergia melanoxylon.

TerminariaThese occur on the more level to gently sloping sandstone slopes withunderstorey species typical of miombo woodland but dominated by suchspecies as Diospros mesipiliformis and Sclelocarya caffra. Low termitemounds occur here and there in scrub mopane and munga woodlands. Thedominants are from the surrounding woodland.

Grassland* Dambo grasslandThe vegetation is a moderately dense mat of grasses, sedges and herbs. Thecushion-like perennial grasses occur in bunches with Loudetia simplex as thecharacteristic taxon associated with Aristida, Leersia hexandra (Rice relative)and Eragrotis spp.

* Riverine grasslandThis occur as a narrow belt of Hyparrhenia grasses, principally, H. cymbaria,H. filipendula and H. rufa associated with Bracharia and Setaria grasses.Panicum spp and Acrocerns macrum are common in wetter parts.

Tress Outside ForestsThese may be referred to as trees and tree environments on land not defined asforest or other wooded land. They include trees planted along roadsides andbackyards.

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The road is flanked by a relatively good spectacle of planted exotic tree andshrub species notably Eucalyptus ssp, Bouganivillea, Tricalia emetica, Vitextrifoliate, Gmelina aborea, Toona cilliata, Senna siamea, Callistermoniviminallis, Mangifera indica, Vitex trifoliata. The Munga woodland thenflanks the road up to Kafue.

5.1.2. Flora and Fauna along Lusaka-Chirundu Road

VegetationThe vegetation types along the Lusaka-Chirundu road are strongly tied to thenature of topography, lithology and soil characteristics on which they occur.The rainfall regimes and underground water discharged from surroundingareas do modify the structure of the vegetation and its floristic composition.Large areas along this road are covered by stunted woodland and secondarythicket formations. The vegetation found within the study area are describedbelow.

Basically there were five distinct woodland types observed along the Lusaka-Chirundu transect namely Mopane, Munga, Riparian and dry deciduouswoodlands.

FaunaThere are a number of rare and endangered animals as the road approaches thehills of Chirundu with a sizeable population of most monkeys. Further ontowards Chirundu border with Zimbabwe antelope species, as well as elephant(Loxodanta africana), Baboon (Papio cynocephalus) are being observed.Although these animals are mostly found on the side of Zimbabwe Game Park,they have also been observed in the Chirundu area.

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6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

6.1. Demographic Profile

6.1.1. Lusaka

Lusaka District has a population of about 1.1 million and an annual growthrate of 3.8%. The population is made of persons coming from all the differentparts of Zambia and some foreign nationals. The main tribal groupings in therural areas of Lusaka are Soli, Lenje, Illa and Tonga. However, different tribesfrom different parts of the country have settled in the project area.

Lusaka also has got a number of religions and out of the total popiulation of1,057,212 people 239,740 are Catholic, 643,552 are Protestants, 13318 areMuslims, 2,485 are Hindus, 101,632 comprise small religions and 56,485 donot belong to any religion.

Lusaka has a total population of 684,943 people who are 15 years and aboveout of which 325,475 are economically active. In particular about 179,990people work for a pay, out of which 161,248 people are non seasonal, while14,890 are seasonal workers and 3,852 are on leave. A total number of 57,733are unpaid workers out of which 54,962 are non seasonal and 2,771 areseasonal. It has a number of 74,540 unemployed while 359, 468 areeconomically inactive.

6.1.2. Chilanga

According to the 2000 census of population and housing, Chilanga has apopulation of about 42,066 people of which 21,799 are male and 20,267 arefemales, in terms of percentage 51.82 percentage are male and 48.18 arefemales.

6.1.3. Kafue

The population of Kafue town has increased from 117,357 in 1990 of which59,668 were male and 57,686 were females to 162,262 in 2000 of which83,421 are male and 78,841 are females according to Census of 2000. Thisgives an annual population growth rate of 3.3 percent of which 3.4 percent aremale and 3.2 percent are female.

The people in Kafue town belong to different number of religions, out of142,744 people of 15 years and over, 28,033 are Protestants, 748 are Muslims56 are Hindus, 3,446 belong to other small religions and 6,058 do not belongto any religions.

Presently the economic activities in Kafue District have gone down due to lowproduction activities at Nitrogen Chemicals of Zambia and Kafue Textiles ofZambia. As a result out of 27,097 people who are 15 years and above, only10,357 are economically active and this represents 38.2 percent while 5,495

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are paid workers and 2,087 are unpaid workers and 2,311 are unemployed.Also 16,740 are economically inactive and 3,467 are not available for work.

6.1.4. Chirundu

According to the 2000 census of population and housing Chirundu has apopulation of 9,576 out of which 4,704 are males and 4871 are females and interms of percentage 49.13 percentage are males and 50.87 are females.

6.2. Economic Profile along Lusaka-Chirundu RoadThe people that have settled along the Lusaka-Chirundu road are involved in avaried number of economical activities to sustain their livelihood. As youtravel down the road from Lusaka, notable activities include quarring, blockmaking, welding, tyre mending and selling of farm produce. Others areworkers in industries found along this route such as TAP and ChilangaCement Factories in Chilanga and Nitrogen Chemicals of Zambia, KafueTextiles Factories in Kafue. Those that have settled near the two big riversalong this route namely Kafue and Zambezi rivers are also involved in fishingactivities. As you approach Siavonga Turn off the major economical activitieshere is timber trading in indigenous tree species. The stretch from Kafue Riverto Chilundu, can only support such agricultural activities as cattle and goatraring. At the Chirundu boarder itself notable activities include trading (sellingof essentials to travellers especially truckers) and hospitality industry.

6.3. Land-useThe land-use along the Lusaka-Chirundu road is charaterised by industrial,agricultural activity and forest areas. Though woodland is still the predominanttype of vegetation on the road, however the Lusaka-Chirundu road is coveredby stunted woodland and secondary thicket formations. Some of these forestsare now degraded, particularly in the vicinity of the road. Farming and animalhusbandry have significantly altered the visual impression of the originalvegetation and the land-use along the road is now mainly crop farming mixedwith forests.

6.4. SettlementsThe Lusaka-Chirundu road goes through areas of varying agriculturalpotential, ranging from flat regions, characteristic of the southern parts ofLusaka and parts of Kafue. The Lusaka-Chirundu road passes through fourdistricts, these are Lusaka, Kafue, Mazabuka and Siavonga.

It is between the towns of Lusaka and Kafue that economic activity isconcentrated, which is mainly agriculture, mining, processing, trading andfishing. Agricultural production is at commercial, medium and small-scalelevels, while major industries are at Chilanga and Kafue. The section of theroad with the above conditions makes up approximately half of the totaldistance covered by the route.

The latter section of the road goes through a region of hills and intersectingvalleys, cutting across parts of the Zambezi Escarpment. This section of theroad has little economic activity, comprising mainly rural settlements in

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Mazabuka and Siavonga Districts. The table below gives a breakdown of thesettlements along the road.

Table 6.1: Settlements along Lusaka-Chirundu Road CorridorDistance from Side of the road Settlement Name Comments

LusakaOkm-i km Both Industrial Industrail

lkm South-East Misisi Compound Peri-Urban Settlementlkm West New Chibolya Peri-Urban Settlement2km West John Laing Peri-Urban Settlement7km Both Makeni Small Holdings1 lkm East Lilayi Small Holdings14km East Freedom Peri-Urban Settlement21km East Mapepe Settlement26km East Chipongwe West Settlement29km Both Shimabala Settlement

40.5km East Shikoswe Peri-Urban Settlement41km Both Kafue District Capital55km South Kasaka Settlement57km North Kafue Bridge Settlement59km Both Tum Pike Settlement62km Both Simuchende Settlement62km North Nanduba School/Settlement72km Both Chileleka Settlement75km Both Roads Dept Settlement77km North Chileleka School/Settlement82km Both Siamikobo Settlement84km North Kabulongo Settlement

84.8km North Siamikobo School/Settlement95.1km North Nalube Settlement100.5km South Samboko Settlement113km Both Kabanana Settlement

117.6km Both Hashaka/Kabanana Settlement125km South Siavonga Tumoff Settlement126km North Chirundu Fossil Settlement

Forest Monument131km North Munenga Settlement

137.1km North Oasis Pleasure Resort Small Holding141.2km Both Chirundu Settlement

Source: Consultants surveys

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7. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

7.1. Cultural Resources

7.1.1. Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Sites

Within the Lusaka-Chirundu road corridor lies an item of heritage, the fossilforest site. The site is known as Chirundu National Petrified Forest Monumentand is found in the area of Chief Sikongo in Siavonga District. It is locatedsouth of the Lusaka-Chirundu Road, 21 km from Chirundu border at thecorner of the access road to Lake Kariba. It lies at approximately latitude 16degrees 2 minutes South, longitude 28 degrees 40 minutes East. Mopanewoodland is the main vegetation type on site and in the immediate surroundingareas.

Figure 7.1: Chirundu National Fossil Petrified Forest Monument

*-?\i E L(or1 et 11-un--tI~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I-

The site together with those outside the declared site enjoy equal protectionstatus under the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, Cap 173 ofthe Laws of Zambia and should be protected under any circumstances duringroad rehabilitation works. The National Heritage Conservation Commission isthe custodian of Zambia's unique heritage, which include fossils.

The Chirundu Fossil Forest is a place in Zambia where conifer-like trees weregrowing about 150 million years ago during the time the Karroo system wasbeing formed.

I -

3 ~ ~~~sau -26-h aioa eiae osrain omsinAc,Cp13o


Figure 7.2: Location of Chirundu Road and the National Forest Petrified Monument

I~~~~~~~~~~For-%il Ftore%t %lonuniunm loc;aittl %%ithin lht: ro;d rewrlze are;a

I ~~~~The wood was slowly preserved by silica replacement of the cellulose and thetrunks remain as fossils. Although the site lies within the Lusaka-Chirunduroad reserve area, the site was declared a national monument to protect theI ~ ~~~unique geological features (fossilized), which are found there, and to presentthem as samples of the type of fossils that are found in the Chirundu area.

I ~~~~Disturbance in this area should be reduced to the absolute minimum. Thismeans construction of diversion roads, location of campsites, crusher andasphalt plants and extraction of materials should as far as possible be avoided.

-~~~~~~~~~~~2

I~~. 1111I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~ ~ , .e I~ ~ ~ ~Tewo a lwypeevdb iiarpaeeto h ells n hI~ ~ ~ ~tuk eana osl.Atoghtest iswti h uaaCiudI~ ~ ~ ~ra eev ra h iewsdelrdantoa ouett rtc h

* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 27 -

Environmentai Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

8. PUBLIC MEETINGS/ CONSULTATIONS

8.1. Approach and MethodologyThe method adopted for community consultations was open discussions withthe relevant local institutions at provincial and district level, Headmen,representatives from NGO's and community based organisations and residentsfrom communities living along the road.

Letters stating the objectives of the project and requesting local participationand consultation in the process were also distributed.

Responses from the consultations and interviews provided the relevantbackground information and helped identify major environmental concerns ofthe communities along the road for preparation of this environmental impactstatement.

8.2. Key Presentations, Questions and Concerns from theCommunity Consultative Meetings

During public consultative meetings with the local communities, theenvironmental team gave presentations on the project and also received thequestions/concerns from the community on issues that should be consideredand investigated in the detailed EIA. The key questions/ concerns arecontained in the Scoping Report (July 2003) reviewed, commented andapproved by the Environmental Council of Zambia.

These discussions were centred on:

* The road and its surroundings (land-use, natural resources, water, etc.)* The most important features (market places, gathering sites, schools,

clinics, quarries, borrow pits, access and feeder roads, etc.)* Sensitive areas (protected areas, graveyards, historical sites, etc.)I Where should construction materials be taken from/or not taken from?* Employment opportunities* Road accidents and where are the black spots?* Benefits (increased trade and transport) and inconveniences (illegal timber

trade, poaching, increased traffic)* Positive or negative experiences with other contractors

8.3. Community ConcernsThe key community concerns from the public consultative meetings aresummarised below and proposed mitigation measures are elaborated in thechapters on mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

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Envi .tal Infatem)he Lmhiru-Ad

Table 8.1: Community Concerns

MAJOR COMMUNITIES ALONG LUSAKA-CHIRUNDU ROADCommunity Concerns

Kafue Community Chirundu CommunityConcern as to whether the much-talked about road will be

Road site & its surroundings Concern as to what will happen to communities living along separate from the existing one.road reserve area. Concern as to what will happen to settlements along the

project area.Concern of illegal sand mining activities. Lack of consultation between contractor and local community

Quarries & borrow pits Abandoned borrow pits pose hazards to the nearby on the sites for excavation of lateritecommunity.

Siting of construction campsAbstraction of water from local Concern that over exploitation of local water sources for roadsources. rehabilitation works might lead to water shortage to the local

community.Investigate the role of the Labour Department in the Concern that employment opportunity for local people should

Employment opportunities recruitment of local people. not be restricted to unskilled labour but also skilled labour.Increased incidences of sensitization programme on

HIV/AIDS, other diseases and HIV/AIDS on project workers.pregnancies.Sensitive Areas Concern that Chirundu Fossil Forest Monument may be

destroyed.Investigate the flooding at Kaseba/Nangongwe area, which

Drainage design/Culverts occur during heavy rainfall.Investigate the black spot areas known as Four Nyau, Kapili

Road accidents & black-spots Ngozi, Red Paint and Chibaketi on the Chirundu road.Investigate the black spot area at Kabanana 16km fromChirundu.Concern that lack of adequate lay-bys on the existingChirundu road lead to driver exhaustion and accidents.

- 29 -

MEnvir"Iental Imtateme the Lua ahirun uad

Table of Community Concerns (Cont'd)MAJOR COMMUNITIES ALONG LUSAKA-CHIRUNDU ROAD

Community ConcernsKafue Community Chirundu Community

Road accidents & black-spots Investigate the possibilities of making tunnels through the(Cont'd) hills to achieve a straight and level road in black spot places.

Project benefits to the local Concern that the project benefits to the local people are notcommunity. known.

Detour, by-pass, Lay-bys andaccess roads

Concern that the roles of the District Council & the Concern that the duration for road rehabilitation project andDistrict/Community role in the community at project implementation level are not known. the cost of rehabilitation are not known.project

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9. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Rehabilitation of the Lusaka-Chirundu road will adversely affect theenvironment and the communities in the immediate surroundings of theconstruction site. Many of these impacts will arise not only at the constructionsite but also at quarries, borrow pits and materials storage areas serving theproject. In addition, adverse environmental and socio-cultural impacts willoccur during construction as a result of air and soil pollution from asphaltplants, dust, noise from construction equipment and blasting; fuel and oilspills, trash and garbage; and the presence of non-resident labour forces.

9.1. Impacts on Land and Soil

9.1.1. Construction Phase

In this phase dust raised from gravel access roads by haulage trucks whiletransporting laterite, stone aggregate, cement, lime, petroleum products andother chemicals may change the soil structure. This impact is consideredinsignificant.

Soil contamination will be caused by leakages from the asphalt plantoperations, poor handling of petroleum products such as oil and fuel spillageduring dispensing as well as improper disposal of used oils, hydraulic fluids,toxic and empty oil containers.

Within the construction phase some activities involving site installation, stockpiles preparation, quarrying, construction of detours, access roads, plant parksites and drainage excavation will cause soil destabilisation. Soil compactionby plant machinery and vehicles movement will lead to reduced groundwateryields.

9.1.2. Operational Phase

Abandoned excess laterite and stone aggregate littered around stock pile areasafter construction is completed change the soil structure in the surroundingareas. Similarly devegetated areas resulting from post excavation and gradingworks including drainage channels enhance soil erosion on discharge areas.

9.2. Impacts on Vegetation


The vegetation to be affected most is that which is confined to the road reserveand where gravel pits will be established. Plant taxa most likely to be affectedare those found in the five vegetation types outlined Section 5.1 above.

The ecological value of the inundated forests and woodlands to the riverineecosystem cannot be ignored in that such vegetation stands contain severalniches for diversity of animal species. Should the design of the roadrehabilitation confine the extent of land clearing to the limits of the road

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reserve, then this will not affect vegetation in the outlying areas. However,trees within the road reserve should be preserved for ecological and aestheticreasons

Dust raised from gravel access roads by haulage trucks during thetransportation of laterite, stone aggregate, cement, lime, petroleum productsand other chemicals including emissions from plant machinery and vehicleshamper normal growth of roadside vegetation. Similarly Poor disposal of toxicwaste and petroleum products hampers normal growth of vegetation.

Loss of vegetation in this phase is caused by activities related to clearing ofsites for installation of works, clearing of the quarry site, preparation of stockpile area, construction of detours, access roads and park sites and the demandfor fuelwood by labour force.


Laterite dust and littered stone aggregate from the excess construction materialleft after road works will hinder normal vegetation growth around thestockpile areas.

Lusaka-Chirundu road is famous for timber trading. Therefore over the life ofthe road, an indirect impact could be an increase in illegal felling and sale oftrees for timber, fuel wood and charcoal along this road caused by improvedaccessibility.

9.3. Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats


The impacts on wildlife along the Lusaka-Chirundu road are consideredinsignificant since the road does not pass through a National Park.


Impacts on wildlife are considered insignificant, as the road does not passthrough a National Park.

9.4. Impacts on Water Quality


During construction phase, the bridges, side drains, mitre drains and culvertswill require cleaning, de-silting, reshaping and repair. Some of the drains andculverts might be prone to soil erosion, which will result in siltation of nearbywatercourses. Also impacts on water quality may be caused by contaminatedrun-off of petroleum product spillages, leakages from storage areas and heavyvehicles, improper disposal of used oils and from hydraulic fluids which entersthe nearby surface water sources. Similarly, easily eroded destabilised soilsmay be washed into surface water sources and cause siltation andsedimentation which will reduce the water quality. Activities that will give rise

-32 -


to this impact include construction of detours, access roads, drainage channels,excavation and grading works.

During construction phase water will be needed for various purposes such asfor watering down the dust. Abstraction of water in large quantities from localsources may lead to water shortage to the local community. This impact isconsidered significant.

In some section of the road, labour force will put up temporary camps and willrequire sanitation facility such as pit latrines. Construction of sub-standard pitlatrines for campsite labour force will contaminate groundwater due toseepage to the groundwater.


Excess construction material left after construction works may be washed intothe water sources and lead to sedimentation of water sources and lowering ofthe water quality. Erosion of bare areas resulting from excavation and gradingworks and construction of drainage channels may increase runoff which willlead to sedimentation and increased turbidity in surface water as well asreduced groundwater infiltration.

Further hazardous materials spilled from haulage vehicles and washed intowater sources will result in water pollution.

9.5. Impacts on Air Quality


During construction phase large amounts of soil will be excavated andtransported. The machinery used for excavation will generate dust, which canbe dispersed by the wind affecting a zone of up to 1 00m around theexcavation.

Emissions to the air in form of exhaust fumes and dust from vehicles andmachines including operations from the asphalt plant may cause nuisance tothe closest surroundings. Dust raised from gravel access roads by haulagetrucks during transportation of materials will also pollute the air of theimmediate local environment.


Impact on air quality in the operational phase is likely to come from increasedvehicular traffic flows which proportionately discharge emissions to the air.Also loose soils on cleared areas may be blown off during strong winds andraise dust particulate matter, which may affect the quality of the air.

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9.6. Impacts of Noise


During construction phase heavy machinery will be used for the excavation ofsoil. The machines are noisy and will cause a certain degree of nuisance to thesurrounding environment.

The noise levels of machines and vehicles vary widely and depend on the typeof noise generated and level of activity. A front end loader has for instance apower level of lOOdB(A) while a truck will have a power level of 85 dB(A). Inthe worst case a combined power level of 115 dB(A) will be in place duringconstruction which will result in the 50 dB(A) contour being located at amaximum 250m from the construction site. However since the equipment willnever work at exactly the same location the 50 dB(A) contour will be confinedto the construction site and within the road reserve area.

Some common impacts of noise nuisance include annoyance, sleepdisturbance and interference with communication. Acceptable levels of noiseare regarded to be 40 dB(A) during the night and 50 dB(A) during the day.Since construction will take place during the day only the 50 dB(A) level is ofimportance.


During operational phase the source of noise is expected to come fromincreased traffic and heavy vehicles using the rehabilitated road.

9.7. Impacts on Landscape and Aesthetics


Generation of dust during quarrying, equipment movement including landclearing for stockpiles as well as reshaping during detour, access roads andpark site construction distorts the natural landscape and may degrade areas ofscenic beauty. Further extensive excavations and dumping of stripped top soilsin scenic area spoils the beauty of the areas.


Abandoned structures, which are left near areas of scenic after constructionworks, excess construction materials of laterite, stone aggregate and concreteslabs left in areas of scenic beauty reduces the quality scenery.

9.8. Impacts on Land-use and Surrounding Environment


The land-use along the road is characterised by residential, industrial,agricultural activity and forests areas. Since there are no plans to widen orupgrade the road, major impacts are not anticipated to the surrounding

-34 -


environment. The only source of impact expected is generation of dust byvehicles using detours and access roads. However, this activity will beconfined to the road reserve areas and therefore the impact can be minimisedthrough a programme, which ensures dust control such as regular wateringdown the dust roads.


Increased traffic will entail a proportionate increase in exhaust fumes and willhave an impact to the immediate surrounding environment.

9.9. Impacts on Socio-economic Environment


During this phase skilled and unskilled labour will be required. Project areasare characterised by high level of unemployment and low level of skills andemployment opportunities will therefore increase the positive benefits for thelocal people who are in dire need of income for sustenance. Furthermore,indirect opportunities for employment will arise from the provision of servicesto the construction teams, such as sale of food and beverages. In this sense theconstruction of road may have a positive impact on the employment situationin the nearby communities. This impact is considered to be positive.


Socio-economic benefits provided by road rehabilitation project will includeall-weather road reliability, reduced transportation costs, increased access tomarkets for local produce and products, better access to health care and othersocial services.

The National/ Regional EconomyRoad transport is the dominant form of transport in land locked Zambia. Itaccounts for the majority of passenger and freight transport (excludingpedestrian transport) and provides the only access to many communities.

From a national standpoint maintaining and improving this road is importantin terms of communication between Zambia and its neighbours in SouthernAfrica.

From a regional perspective the road is one of the most important route-connecting Central and Southern Provinces and a gateway to the CopperbeltProvince.

Thus, an improved road will have a significant positive impact on theeconomic activities in the region.

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9.10. Impacts on Cultural and Historic Sites

9.10.1.Construction Phase

Within the Lusaka-Chirundu road lies the Chirundu National Fossil ForestMonument. The site is protected under the National Heritage ConservationCommission Act. The monument is located within the road reserve area. Theimpacts likely to affect the site are due to dust generation from haulage trucksand vehicles using detour and access roads. The dust will settle on the site andis likely to disfigure its outlook. Other activities that may also lead to thisimpact include location of stockpile. In addition construction of detours,access roads and campsites can destroy the site and may lead to loss of culturalheritage.

9.10.2.Operational Phase

No additional negative impacts on cultural values are foreseen duringoperational phase.

9.11. Impacts on Human Settlements


Since there are no plans to widen or upgrade the road, there will be nodemolition, relocation or resettlement. Moreover construction work will beconfined to the road reserve area. The potential impact is consideredinsignificant.


No direct correlation was determined between migration and improved road.No additional negative impacts on human settlements are foreseen duringoperational phase.

9.12. Impacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits


During construction phase, a number of quarries and borrow pits along theroute will be opened up. Potential impacts include vegetation clearance andlandscape scars resulting from the absence of re-vegetation programmes andpoor excavation techniques. Extraction of construction materials from quarriesand borrow pits could generate excessive noise caused by blasting, movementof machinery and labourers and thus impact on the nearby communities. Alsoincreased air pollution due to diesel fumes and dust generation resulting fromthe presence of construction machinery and site clearing activities.

Quarries and borrow pits impact on the visual and aesthetic view. Theexcavated areas become prone to soil erosion during rain season and cancontaminate nearby surface water.

-36 -



Quarries and borrow pits left abandoned after construction works could be apotential hazard to ecology and nearby communities. Transmission ofdiseases, such as malaria and their vector can occur in stagnant water collectedin abandoned borrow pits. Malaria that is transmitted by the anophelesmosquito and diarrhoea are both water-related diseases. Thus the potentialimpact from poor extraction techniques and lack of re-vegetation programmesis considered significant. Further if the quarries and borrow pits are sitednearby communities the pits could become habitats for dangerous creaturessuch as snakes, which can easily attack unsuspecting children playing in theseabandoned quarries and borrow pits.

9.13. Impacts of Road Traffic


Construction traffic could negatively impact on undisturbed areas adjacent tothe proposed route. The construction process could impede momentum of theexisting traffic flow and may lead to the use of use improvised detours byother motorists, which may compromise with safety of pedestrians if notproperly planned.


The traffic intensity on the road is likely to increase once the rehabilitation iscomplete and the road become operational. The additional flow may cause anincreased number of accidents on the road. This additional flow could be as aresult of people going for holiday to Siavonga pleasure resort or trafficconnecting to neighbouring countries in Southern Africa. This increase intraffic may cause an increase in the number of accidents. The types ofaccidents include those involving vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians.

However, improved sight lines and replacement of road furniture will reducesome accidents. Overall, the potential impact of an increase in accidents isconsidered significant and negative.

9.14. Impacts of Work Accidents


During the construction phase heavy machinery will be employed. Heavymachines make a lot of noise, cause carbon dioxide emissions and generatedust and may cause accidents among operators if not handled properly. This islikely to have negative impact on health of the workers. To limit the risk ofaccidents, safety procedures will be put in place and enforced by the foremanto ensure that vehicles and machinery only drive in designated places byauthorised personnel.

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As the road rehabilitation project would have completed there will be noworkers on site and there will be no more impact from this phase.

9.15. Impacts of Construction Camps


Construction of camps will require clearance of vegetation and this will resultin loss of vegetation along the route. In addition waste will be produced at thecamps including sewage and petroleum product waste. The potential impactsare significant and negative.

During construction phase, the construction teams will interact with the nearbycommunities and can cause social upheaval and transmit diseases (STDs,H1V/AIDS) to the communities living along the route. However since the roadhas been in existence for a number of years, it is likely that the community hasbeen exposed to most social change. The impact is therefore consideredmoderate and negative.


At the end of the rehabilitation project, construction camps will either bedemolished or handed over to the nearby communities and therefore thepotential impact in this phase is considered insignificant.

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10. EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Any road project affects the environment and community through which itpasses. The objective of this section is to predict and to assess these potentialimpacts of road rehabilitation to modem standard highway and to recommendmitigating measures to be incorporated into the project design.

The assessment of the issues has been conducted according to a synthesis ofcriteria required by the integrated environmental management proceduredefined as follows:

10.1. Nature of ImpactThis is an appraisal of the type of effect the proposed activity would have onthe affected environmental component. Its description should include what isbeing affected and in what way.

10.2. Direct ImpactAn impact that appears immediately as a result of an activity of the project.For example, the loss of forest habitat is a direct impact of logging.

10.3. Indirect ImpactAn impact that is related to the project but that arises from an activity of theproject at a secondary level. For example, building a new road may causeindirect impacts on the local economy of a village by increasing accessibilityto other markets.

10.4. Spatial ExtentThe physical and spatial size of the impact. It is a description of whether theimpact would occur on a scale described as follows:

* Site, the impact could affect the whole or measurable portion of the site.Whether it is limited to the immediate area of the proposed project;

* Local, the impact could affect the extended area adjacent to the siteperhaps a neighbourhood or small town. Whether it would affect environsup to 15km outside the immediate environment;

* Regional, that impact could affect the area including the outlying areas ofthe city, the transport routes and the adjoining towns.

* National, the impact could be as far reaching international boundaries.

10.5. DurationThe lifetime of the impact; this is measured in the context of the life-time ofthe proposed development.

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* Short term, the impact will either disappear with mitigation or will bemitigated through natural process in a span shorter than the constructionphase.

* Medium term, the impact will last for the period of the constructionphase, thereafter it will be entirely negated.

3 Long term, the impact will continue or last for the entire operational ofthe development, but will be mitigated by direct human action or bynatural processes thereafter.

* Permanent, the only class of impact which will be non-transitory.Mitigation either by man or natural process will not occur in such a way orin such a time span that the impact can be considered transient.

10.6. IntensityA description of whether or not the intensity (magnitude) of the impact wouldbe high, medium, low or negligible (no impact). An attempt will be made toquantify the impacts on components of the affected environment will bedescribed as follows: Is the impact destructive, or benign? Does it destroy theimpacted environment, alter its functioning, or slightly alter it? These are ratedas follows:

* Low, where the impact will not have significant influence on theenvironment, and this will not be required to be significantlyaccommodated in the project design or implementation; the impact altersthe affected environment in such a way that natural processes of functionsare not affected in any significant way.

* Moderate, where it could have an adverse influence on the environmentwhich would require modification of the project design or alternativeimplementation schedules; The affected environment is altered, however,function and process continue, albeit in a modified way.

* High, where it could have significant influence on the environment butcannot be mitigated or be accommodated by the project environment byintroducing alternative mitigation measures such as realignment at aparticular stretch or adoption of different design measures. Function orprocess of the environment is disturbed to the extent where it temporarilyor permanently ceases.

This will be a relative evaluation within the context of all the activities andthe other impacts within the framework of the project. Note that someimpacts have a high intensity and a short duration with no permanent audioeffects.

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10.7. ProbabilityThis describes the likelihood of the impacts actually occurring. The impactmay occur for any length of time during the life cycle of the activity, and notat any given time. The classes are rated as follows:

* Unlikely, the probability of the impact occurring is very low, due to eitherthe circumstances, design or experience.

* Possible, the impact could possibly happen, and mitigation planningshould be undertaken.

* Probable, it is most likely that the impact will occur at some or other stageof the development. Plans must be drawn up before the undertaking of theactivity.

* Definite, the impact will take place regardless of any prevention plans, andonly mitigatory actions or contingency plans can be relied on to containthe effect.

10.8. Determination of SignificanceSignificance is determined through a synthesis of impact characteristics orcombination of effects. Significance is an indication of the importance of theimpact in terms of physical extent, intensity and time scale, and thereforeindicates the level of mitigation required.

The classes are rated as follows:

* Negligible, the impact is not substantial and does not require anymitigatory action.

* Low, the impact is of little importance, but may require limited mitigation.

* Moderate, the impact is of importance and therefore considered to havemitigation. Mitigation is required to reduce the negative impacts toacceptable levels or positive impacts maximised.

* High, the impact is of great importance. Failure to mitigate, with theobjective of reducing the impact to acceptable levels, could render theentire development option or entire project proposal unacceptable.Mitigation is therefore essential. Positive impacts should be enhanced as apriority.

From the baseline information assembled in the previous chapter coupled withthe information gained during the consultation stage, the expectedenvironmental impacts can be categorised into positive and negative impacts.

In addition, it is important to consider the duration of the impact and at whatphase of the project it occurs, i.e. impacts during the rehabilitation phase orimpacts over the life of the road (operational phase) and whether the impacts

-41 -


are direct (i.e. removal of vegetation) or indirect (increased deforestation as aresult of the improved road).

The direct impacts would be experienced mainly during the rehabilitationprocess, and include effects on the physical environment, health and safety ofthe residents along the road and the construction workers during therehabilitation phase.

The indirect impacts are primarily socio-economic and extend beyond theproject implementation. The indirect impacts include changes in economicactivities and long-term changes, such as increased land degradation due toincreased settlement and development along the road.

Unlike the direct impacts, which occur in the immediate environment, theindirect impacts would be felt in the adjacent regions.

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m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m - mEnvironmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

Table 10.1: Table of Evaluated Impacts:

Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability DeterminationImpact Extent of Significance

Impacts on Soil

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aChange in soil texture due to accumulation of Direct Site Medium Low Unlikely Negligibleforeign dust particles falling from haulage trucks. termSoil contamination due to improper storage of Mediummaterials, fuels and poor waste oil disposal Direct Site term Moderate Probable Moderate

Construction methods.Exposed soil is prone to erosion by water or wind. Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderate

termStripping and stockpiling of topsoil could lead to Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderateerosion and degradation of soil quality. termSoil compaction could result following Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderateconstruction activities. termSoil erosion near culverts and drainage channels Indirect Local Long tern Moderate Possible Moderate

Operational where water velocity could increase.Soil contamination by waste and spillages of road Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderateusers and un-maintained vehicles.

Impacts on Vegetation

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aConstruction Retardation of vegetation growth due to Medium

contamination from dust particles and gas Direct Local term Low Unlikely Moderateemissions.Loss of vegetation due to site clearing which will Mediumlead to loss of habitat and displacement of fauna Direct Local term Moderate Probable Highspecies, especially avifauna.

- 43 -

Envirmental Im-atatem" - the Lsa-Chirun.ad

Table of Evaluated Impacts:Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination

Impact Extent of SignificanceImpacts on Vegetation (Cont'd)

Operational Increased access as a result of the road Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Moderateimprovement could lead to increased deforestationon the road.

.

Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife HabitatDesign None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Construction Disturbance to birds and animals and loss of Direct Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderatehabitat.

Operational Wildlife loss due to accidental killings caused by Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderatespeeding as a result of improved road.Disruption to wildlife routes due to quarries andborrow pits left in wildlife areas without Direct Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderaterehabilitation.Noise disturbance to wildlife due to increased Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderatetraffic.

Impacts on Water Quality

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aConstruction Siltation of water courses due to soil erosion of Indirect Local Long term Moderate Probable Moderate

nearby drains and culverts.Water shortage to the local community due to over Direct Local Medium High Possible Highexploitation by the project activities. termGround water contamination due to construction Indirect Site Long term Moderate Probable Moderateof sub-standard campsite pit latrines for workers.

Operational Sedimentation and increased turbidity in surfacewater caused by erosion of bare areas and runoffs Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderateresulting from excavation and grading works anddrainage channels left after construction works.

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- m - m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m mEnvironmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

Table of Evaluated Impacts:Phase [ P Impact | Typeof |ISpatial Duration Intensity Probability DeterminationPhase____ l _ Impact T Extent Dulalio of Significance

Impacts on Air Quality

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aAir pollution caused by diesel fumes and dustfrom excavators, bull dozers, graders and as well Direct Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

Construction as site clearing will affect human, vegetation andalso disturb habitats for birds and insects.Unpleasant odours due to un-maintained toilets Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderateand poor waste management.

Operational Excessive diesel fumes due to un-maintained Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderateequipment.

Impacts on Noise

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aConstruction Noise and vibration caused by construction Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

machinery, equipment and drilling.Operational Noise from increased traffic. Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Low

Impacts on Landscape and Aesthetics

Visual impact of the road rehabilitation could beDesign substantial if designs do not consider the slope of n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

the surrounding environment.Construction Disfigurement of the natural landscape and Direct Site Moderate Moderate Definite Moderate

aesthetic view due to construction works.Abandoned construction structures, excess

Operational construction materials of laterite, stone aggregate Direct Site Moderate Low Probable Moderateand concrete slabs left in areas of scenic beautyreduces the quality of scenery.

- 45 -


Table of Evaluated Impacts:Phase | Impact | Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination

l I Impact Extent of SignificanceImpacts on Land-use and surrounding environment

Design The proposed road might influence migration andsettlement patterns if labour requirements are not n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aplanned in advance.Construction of temporary detours will disturb theenvironment within the immediate and Direct Local Short term Moderate Possible Moderate

Construction surrounding environment.If labour is not recruited from local areas peoplewho reside far may start to settle near the road Indirect Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderateproject..

Operational Exhaust fumes to the surrounding environment Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Lowdue to increased traffic.

Impacts on Socio-economic Environment

DesignTemporary marriages, casual sex relationships and

Construction more chances of transmission of sexually diseases Indirect Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderatedue to interaction of project workers with localcommunities.

Operational Increased road accidents due to increased traffic Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderateand speeding on black spots areas.

Impacts of Cultural and Historic Sites

Design Poorly developed road design could impact n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/anegatively on heritage sites.Dust may disfigure the appearance of the site Indirect Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

Construction Construction of detour next to the site may lead toloss of the heritage site. The Chirundu Fossil Direct Site Long term Moderate Probable ModerateForest Monument is within the road reserve area.

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

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Env_ntal I taten_the LiChirui ad m m m m m -

Table of Evaluated Impacts:Phase Impact Typeof Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination

Impact Extent of SigniflcanceImpacts on Human Settlements

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aConstruction No negative impacts on human settlements areforeseen since construction works will be confined n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/ato the road reserve.

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aImpacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits

Design Quarries and borrow pit location may negatively Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderateimpact on important ecological units. termrConstruction Excessive noise from blasting, machinery may Direct Local Medium Moderate Definite Moderatedisturb nearby conununities. termOperational Un-rehabilitated borrow pits could pose potential Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderatehazard to ecological units and residents.

Impacts of Road Traffic

Failure to use established routes might result inDesign surveyors' vehicles negatively impacting on the Direct Local Short term Low Possible Moderateenvironment.

Construction Construction traffic could impact on undisturbed Indirect Local Medium Moderate Probable Moderateareas adjacent to the proposed route. termExcessive dust from construction could disturb Direct Site Short term Low Probable Moderatenearby communities.

Operational Increased accidents due to increased traffic flow. Indirect Site Long tern Moderate Possible LowImpacts of Work Accidents

Design Advanced planning of safety requirements T n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aConstruction Lack of safety and health regulations could impact Direct Site Medium High Low Moderatenegatively on construction wor . l lOperational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

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EnviTonmental I ttatem7 the Lusaka-ChiruRad

Table of Evaluated Impacts:Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination

Impact Extent of SignificanceImpacts of Construction CampsDesign Advanced planning of construction camp siting. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Loss of vegetation at construction site. Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable LowWaste generation. Indirect Site Short term Low Probable Moderate

Construction Interaction of construction workers with thenearby communities may lead to transmission of Indirect Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderatesexually transmitted diseases.

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

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11. MITIGATION MEASURES

This section proposes mitigation measures for identified potential impacts asdiscussed in earlier chapters. Mitigation measures are actions that are intendedto avoid, alleviate or reduce environmental impacts on the environment.Mitigation measures form a basis on which an Environmental ManagementPlan has been formulated. The mitigation measures are set forth to maximisepositive impacts and minimise negative impacts as a result of the proposeddevelopment.

Table of Mitigation MeasuresPhase Impact Mitigation Measure

Impacts on Land and Soil

* Petroleum products dispensingSoil contamination due to points shall have drip pans;improper storage ofImaterials, fuels and poor Storage of potential pollutants suchwaste oil disposal as fuel, oil and chemicals should bemethods. done on sealed surfaces to prevent

soil contamination;* Collection and recycling of used oil

& lubricants;Petroleum storage tanks shall havebund walls around and shall be

Construction high enough to contain anyPhase spillage.

Limitation of earth moving to dryperiods;Protection of susceptible soil

Exposed soil is prone to surface with mulch;erosion by water or wind. . Protection of drainage channels by

stone pitching;. Installation of sedimentation basins

or planting of erodible surfaces assoon ass possible.

Stripping and stockpiling * Exposed soil should be avoided byof topsoil could lead to selective soil stripping;erosion and degradation of . Areas requiring less clearing shallSOIl quality. be preferred for stock piles.

Clearing shall be limited to the siteapproved by the local authorities.

Soil compaction could * Only heavy equipment withresult following pneumatic tyres shall be used onconstruction activities. access roads.

* Soil erosion should be preventedOperational Soil erosion near culverts especially near culverts by

Phase and drainage channels construction of correctly designedwhere water velocity could culverts;increase. . Regular maintenance of culverts &

drainage channels;* ECZ Regulation of waste disposal;

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Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu RoadI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Table of Mitigation Measures

Phase I Impact Mitigation MeasureImpacts on Soil (Cont'd)

Soil contamination by waste . Law enforcement to ensure thatOperational Phase and spillages of road users and only road cars that are

un-maintained vehicles. maintained are on the road.Impacts on Vegetation

Retardation of vegetation * Dust control by application ofgrowth due to contamination water;from dust particles and gas * Haulage trucks shall not

Construction Phase emissions. exceed the speed limit of 60kmper hour.

Loss of vegetation due to site * Less vegetated areas shall beclearing which will lead to loss preferred;of habitat and displacement of * Careful site planning;fauna species, especially * Implementation of the EIA-avifauna. EMP mitigation measures.I Increased access as a result of . Provision of forest

Operational Phase the road improvement could conservation awarenesslead to increased deforestation programme to communitieson the road. along the rehabilitated road;

Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife HabitatDisturbance to birds and small * Rehabilitation should be

Construction Phase animals and loss of habitat. confined to the road reservearea;

* Noisy activities to bescheduled to occur withinprescribed normal workinghours.

* The road shall have adequateWildlife loss due to accidental road furniture signs for

Operational Phase killings caused by speeding waming road users of wildlifetraffic as a result of improved presence;road. Monkeys were observedplaying on the road during theroad surveys.Noise disturbance to wildlife * Control of noisy activities ondue to increased vehicular. site (local by-laws);

* ECZ Regulation of Noise;Impacts on Water Quality

* Sides of the drainage shall beplanted with grass or stone

Construction Phase Siltation of water courses due pitched;to soil erosion of nearby drains * Drainage systems shall haveand culverts. scour checks;

* Drainage systems shalldischarge into settlementbasins;

* Silt traps shall be put alongdrainage systems;

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Table of Mitigation MeasuresPhase I Impact Mitigation Measure

Impacts on Water Quality (Cont'd)

Water shortage to the local . Exploitation of water sourcesConstruction Phase community due to over for rehabilitation works shall

(Cont'd) exploitation for rehabilitation be done with approval by theworks. local authority and with

consent from the localcommunity.

Ground water contamination * Proper siting of pit latrinesdue to construction of sub- away from water logged areas;standard campsite pit latrines * Good hygienic standards andfor workers. proper maintenance of pit

latrines.Sedimentation and increased * Excavated soils shall used forturbidity in surface water other road works such as

Operational Phase caused by erosion of bare areas shoulder building;and runoffs resulting from * Sides of drainage channelsexcavation and grading works shall be planted with grass orand drainage channels left after stone pitched;construction works. . Drainage systems shall scour

checks.Impacts on Air Quality

Air pollution caused by * Regular maintenance ofexhaust fumes and dust from construction vehicles and

Construction Phase excavators, bull dozers, graders equipment in order to reduceas well as site clearing will emission of exhaust fumes;affect human, vegetation and * Periodically water down onalso disturb habitats for birds temporary roads;and insects.Unpleasant odours due to un- * Cleaning and regularmaintained toilets and poor maintenance of toilets to avoidwaste management. unpleasant odours.

* Waste should be carefullymanaged to prevent unpleasantodours.

Excessive diesel fumes due to * Law enforcement to ensure thatOperational Phase un-maintained equipment. only road worth cars that are

maintained are on the road.Impacts on Noise|

Impacts on Noise Noise and vibration caused by * Working hours limited to dayConstruction Phase construction machinery, light only;

equipment and drilling. * Enforcement of the FactoriesAct by the FactoriesInspectorate under the Ministryof Labour.

* ECZ Regulation on noise;Operational Phase Noise from increased traffic. * Control of noise activities on

site (by local by-laws).

51-



Impacts on Landscape and Aesthetics

Visual impact of the road . Development of the roadDesign Phase rehabilitation works could be designs must be compatible

substantial if designs are not with the slope angles of thecompatible with the slope surrounding environment.angles of the surroundingenvironment.Disfigurement of the natural . Development designs which

Construction Phase landscape and aesthetic view are compatible with the finaldue to construction works. slope angles of the surrounding

environment.Abandoned construction * Abandoned structure in areas

Operational Phase structures, excess construction of scenic beauty shall bematerials of laterite, stone converted into visitor facility.aggregate and concrete slabsleft in areas of scenic beautyreduces the quality of scenery.

Impacts on Land-use and Surrounding Environment

* Local people with theThe proposed road might necessary skills shall be

Design Phase influence migration and employed for the road works;settlement pattems if labour * Resettlement of communitiesrequirements are not planned in in new areas shall be done inadvance. consultation with host or

existing community.Construction of temporary * Detours, access roads anddetours will disturb the equipment park site locationenvironment within the shall be done in consultation

Construction Phase immediate and surrounding with local people and take intoenvironment. account the existing land use in

settled areas.* Local people with the

If labour is not recruited from necessary skills shall belocal areas people who reside employed in the road project;far may start to settle near the * Resettlement of communitiesroad project.. in new areas shall be done in

consultation with host orexisting community.

* ECZ Regulation on airOperational Phase Exhaust fumes to the pollution;

surrounding environment due * Adherence to engineto increased traffic. maintenance schedules and

standards to reduce airpollution.

Impacts on Socio-economic EnvironmentTemporary marriages, casual * There shall be provision of

Construction Phase sex relationships and more education both to the localchances of transmission of community on STDs andsexually diseases due to HIV/AIDS using aids such asinteraction of project workers video shows, pamphlets, talks,with local communities. etc.

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Impacts on Socio-economic Environment (Cont'd)

Increased road accidents due to * Provision of adequate warningOperational Phase increased vehicular traffic and road signs in black spot areas

over speeding in black spots and speed retarders atareas. pedestrian crossing site.

Impacts of Cultural and Historic Sites_I_ _ * Detours, access roads and

equipment park sites shall notMitigation Measures Poorly developed road design be constructed through

for impacts at the could impact negatively on Chirundu Fossil ForestDesign Phase heritage sites. Monument and other heritage

sites. The provisions of theNational HeritageConservation Commissionshall apply.

* Detours, access roads andequipment park sites shall not

Dust may disfigure the be constructed throughConstruction Phase appearance of the site Chirundu Fossil Forest

Monument and other heritagesites. The provisions of theNational HeritageConservation Commissionshall apply.

* Detours, access roads andConstruction of detour next to equipment park sites shall notthe site may lead to loss of be constructed throughhabitat. The Chirundu Fossil Chirundu Fossil ForestForest Monument is within the Monument and other heritageroad reserve area. sites. The provisions of the

National HeritageConservation Commissionshall apply.

Impacts on Human Settlements

Although no negative impacts * Rehabilitation shall beConstruction Phase on human settlements are confined to the road reserve

foreseen since construction area;works will be confined to the * Detour, access roads androad reserve however, equipment park site locationconstruction of detours, access outside road reserve areas shallroads and park sites in settled be done in consultation withareas leads to land use conflicts local people and take intowith communities. account existing land use in

settled areas.Improved road enhances * There shall be no conversion of

Operational Phase accessibility, mobility and communal land into state landeconomic activities for the along the improved roads.conmmunities along the roads.

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Table of Mitigation MeasuresPhase T Impact Mitigation Measure

Impacts on Human Settlements (Cont'd)

Improved roads lead to * There shall be no conversion ofOperational Phase increased human settlements, communal land into state land

(Cont'd) changed settlement patterns, along the improved roads.increased cultivation andcommercial activities along theroads;Improved roads lead to * There shall be no conversion ofincreased land values and land communal land into state landresource tenure along the along the improved roads.roads,Improved roads increase risks * Speed limits of 40km per hourof road traffic accidents to shall be observed in settledcommunities along the road; areas.

* Improved roads in settled areasshall have appropriate andadequate pedestrian crossingfacilities.

Improved roads with high * Trees shall be planted alongtraffic volume lead to increased the roads in settled areas tohealth risks to communities minimize noise and hazardousalong the roads from vehicle emissions.emissions.Noise from high traffic * Trees shall be planted alongvolumes using the improved the road in settled areas toroads disturbs communities minimize noise and hazardousalong the road. emissions.

* Noise barriers shall be erectedin settled areas where trafficnoise may exceed 90 decibel.

Impacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits

* Quarrying shall not be doneDesign Phase Quarries and borrow pit near surface water sources.

location may negatively impact * There shall be no quarryingon important ecological units. near Chirundu Fossil Forest

Monument.Excessive noise from blasting, . Quarrying shall not be done

Construction Phase machinery may disturb nearby nearby communities.communities. * Quarrying shall be done in

conformity to the Mine andMinerals Act, No. 31 of 1995.

Un-rehabilitated borrow pits * Quarrying shall not be doneOperational Phase could pose potential hazard to near water sources and human

ecological units and residents. settlements.Impacts of Road TrafficImpacts of Road Traffic Failure to use established * Surveyors should not venture

routes might result in too far away from the proposedDesign Phase surveyors' vehicles negatively route in order to avoid impacts

impacting on the environment. on the surroundingenvironment.

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Impacts of Road Traffic (Cont'd)

* Established routes should beConstruction traffic could used where possible in order to

Construction Phase impact on undisturbed areas reduce impacting onadjacent to the proposed route. undisturbed areas.

* Construction vehicles mustonly use pre-determined accessroads that should bedetermined in the design phase.

* Allowance should be made foralternative routes for existingroad users during construction.

Excessive dust from * Control of dust throughconstruction could disturb watering of dust roads.nearby communities.Increased accidents due to * Provision of adequate warning

Operational Phase increased traffic flow. road signs in black spot areasand speed retarders atpedestrian crossing site.

Impacts of Work Accidents

Advanced planning of safety * Development of safetyDesign Phase requirements procedures and operational

manual.Lack of enforcement of safety * Enforcement of Public health

Construction Phase and health regulations could and safety regulations.impact negatively onconstruction workers.

Impacts of Construction CampsAdvanced planning of * Selection of camp siting must

Design Phase construction camp siting. be done in consultation withthe local authority and localpeople.

Loss of vegetation at * Clearing for camp siting mustconstruction site. be limited to the actual site to

Construction Phase avoid vegetation loss on alarger scale.

Waste generation at campsite. * Waste disposal to be done atdesignated sites approved bythe local authority.

Interaction of construction * There shall be provision ofworkers with the nearby education both to the localcommunities may lead to community on STDs andtransmission of sexually HIV/AIDS using aids such astransmitted diseases. video shows, pamphlets, talks,

etc.* Local people with the

necessary skills shall beemployed in the road project;

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11.1. Proposed Measures to Address Concerns from theCommunities along the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

11.1.1.Road Site & its Surroundings

Detours, access roads and equipment park site location shall be done inconsultation with local people and shall take into account the existing land usein the settled areas.

11.1.2.Quarries & Borrow Pits

Quarries and borrow pits shall not be done near the communities. However,road construction waste may be reused for rehabilitation of the borrow pits.

11.1.3.Siting of Construction Camps

Selection of camp siting shall be done in consultation with the local authorityand local community. This will help to deal with social upheavals such astemporary marriages, casual sex relationships and more chances oftransmission of sexually diseases due interaction. There shall be sensitizationto both construction workers and the local community on STDs andHIV/AIDS using aids such as video shows, pamphlets. Further waste disposalfrom camp site shall be done at sites designated by the Local Authority andECZ.

11.1.4.Abstraction of Water from Local Sources

Exploitation of water sources for rehabilitation works shall be done withapproval by the local authority and consent from the local community. Thiswill avoid conflicts and also to get support from the local community.

11.1.5.Drainage Design/Culverts

Drainage systems shall discharge into settlement basins where water maycollect which could then be available to the local community for livestock use.

11.1.6.Road Accidents & Black-Spots

Provision of adequate warning road signs in black spot areas and speedretarders at pedestrian crossing areas.

11.1.7.Project Benefits to the Local Community

The Contractor shall ensure that the local people with the necessary skills areemployed in the road project.

11.1.8.Detour, By-pass, Lay-bys and Access Roads

Detours, access roads and equipment park site location shall be done inconsultation with local people and shall take into account the existing land usein the settled areas.

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11.1.9.District/Community Role in the Project

The District/local community shall participate in the project through theirdistrict environmental steering committee during the project implementationphase. The EMU shall ensure that the district environmental committeebecomes part of the monitoring team during the implementation of themitigation measures by the Contractor in those areas under the jurisdiction ofthe local authority. A report on the contractor's performance prepared by theEMU shall also be made available to the district environmental steeringcommittee in their respective local authorities. The major communities alongthe road which should be considered as part of the team are Lusaka, Chilanga,Kafue and Chirundu. This will ensure that the community's concerns are notoverlooked.

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12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORINGPLAN (EMP)

12.1. Environmental Management PlanThe EIA Regulations state that the developer must provide an EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP). An EMP is a document where all the measures thatare required for environmental protection, which will include the mitigationmeasures and the monitoring plan, will be found for easy reference. The aimof an environmental management plan is to avoid, minimise, or ameliorateeffects or impacts resulting from project implementation and where possible,enhance beneficial effects.

In reality, the environmental management plan seeks to limit the interaction ofdisturbed with undisturbed lands and through the various process of roadrehabilitation, restore the disturbed land to a pre-determined form of land-useor to a productivity level similar to that occurring prior to disturbance.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the management of theidentified environmental impacts associated with this project consists of twomain components:

1. Implementing the Impact Mitigation Plan

2. Monitoring the implementation of the EMP

The impact mitigation plan for road rehabilitation project is presented in thischapter under Table 12.2 and address the negative impacts generated by therehabilitation works. The key components of the proposed impact mitigationplan are:

* Land and Soil* Vegetation* Wildlife and Wildlife habitats* Water Quality* Air Quality* Noise* Landscape and Aesthetics* Land-use and Surrounding Environment* Socio-economic issues* Cultural and Historic Sites* Human Settlements* Quarries and Borrow Pits* Work Accidents* Construction Camps* Road Traffic

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12.1.1. Surface Water Management

Surface water is an important component of both ecological and human use ofthe land. The aim of the surface water management programme is to ensurethat where practical, flows into and through the project site and the nearbystreams are maintained and that water quality to these systems is maintained.

12.1.2.Erosion Control and Sediment Retention

The highly flocculated nature of the soils in the project areas indicates thatthey are prone to erosion in a disturbed state. According, and whereappropriate, all surface runoff from areas of disturbance and areas withelevated runoff coefficient will be directed by correctly designed drainagesystem, to sediment traps with sufficient volume and retention time tomaximise settlement of suspended sediment prior to release.

The drains will be designed according to the characteristics of peak flows forthe pre-determined design storm, and the requirement to discharge flowswithout causing erosion.

12.1.3.Vegetation and Flora

A number of management initiatives will be implemented to reduce potentialimpacts and disturbance to flora and vegetation. These include:

* Raising awareness in the workforce about conservation issues and legalobligations of construction workers by structuring the environmentalawareness programme to include issues relating specifically to project site.

* Designing the project layout to reduce the area of clearing required.* Clearly marking and restricting access to areas of high conservation value.* Providing adequate drainage control systems along the road and access

tracks constructed as part of the project.* Establishing an efficient dust suppression plan in all areas where the

generation of dust has been identified as an environmental managementissue.

* Retaining topsoil, and vegetation wherever possible during clearing for useduring restoration; and

* Progressively rehabilitating disturbed areas as they become available andare no longer required for project operations.

12.1.4.Fauna

Experience indicates that fauna adapt readily to the general effects of projectoperations. However; it is most likely that the more mobile species will tend tomove away from the areas of greatest activity during rehabilitation but willreturn during the operation of the road. Potential impacts on fauna will bereduced by:-

* Restricting disturbance and clearing of habitats to the minimum requiredfor safe and efficient operations.

* Where appropriate installing fauna access zones along access corridors.59-


* Progressively rehabilitating disturbed areas to re-establish habitats;* Declaring a 50m 'no-go' buffer zone around the nearby Stream to prevent

disturbance.* Avoiding road shadow effects generally throughout the rehabilitation

project by providing appropriately designed roadside drainage systems.

12.1.5.Construction Waste

Construction waste will be generated as a result of road rehabilitation. Allconstruction waste that has been generated will be recycled or placed indesignated disposal sites and covered with soil.

12.1.6.Noise

Noise management will be limited to standard sound retarding devices on alloperational vehicles as recommended by the manufacturer. Noise generatedfrom operations at the project site is not expected to impact on localcommunities due to the distances between the operations area and areas ofhabitation. However, the Environmental Management unit from RoadsDepartment will investigate any noise complaints received.

12.1.7.Management of Air Quality

Throughout road rehabilitation standard water trucks will use water tosuppress dust. The water trucks will continually apply water to potential dustgeneration areas such as the main detours and access roads.

12.1 .8.Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation will be ongoing and progressively throughout the life of theproject. Evidence to date indicates that the revegetation of disturbed areas willbe both natural and rapid. As the first principle of rehabilitation is long -termstability, practices that address this issue will be implemented as part of long-term approaches.

12.1.9.Community Consultation and Interaction

The EMU will ensure that the road project will be very much a part of thelocal community. The EMU will establish a Community ConsultationProgramme as a means of providing a forum for dialogue between the localand the project. The framework for this plan will be set up during theconstruction phase so that the aims and objectives of EMU are clearlyunderstood by the community.

12.1.10. Workforce Awareness

Work force awareness and culture is an important component in minimisingenvironmental and cultural impacts resulting from project operations.Construction personnel will be made aware of the EMU's EnvironmentalPolicy.

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An environmental awareness induction plan will be implemented to ensurethat all construction workers are aware of their environmental responsibilities.

12.1.11. Quarries and Borrow Pits Rehabilitation Plan

The EMU will ensure that the Contractor is committed to developing andimplementing rehabilitation plan for all aspects of road rehabilitation works toensure that borrow pits meet clearly defined objectives aimed at minimisinglong-term environmental impacts.

12.1.12. Road Traffic

There shall be provision of adequate alternative routes for road users to avoidtraffic congestion during the rehabilitation works.

61I-

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-6

EnviUPtal Ir tatempthe LC2hiruPRad

12.2. Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soil

* Petroleum * To trap any fuel or * Petroleum * Tendering * Contractor * ConcreteSoil contamination products oil spillage from products process * EMU Roads loading baydue to improper dispensing points getting to the soil. dispensing points * Construction Deptstorage of materials, shall have drip shall be inspected Phase * Approx US$fuels and poor waste pans; and approved by 200/m3oil disposal methods. EMU Officers

from Roads Deptbeforecommissioning.

* Storage of * To avoid direct * Sites for storage * Tendering * EMU Roads . Tanks to bepotential contact of soil of fuel, oil and Process Dept placed onpollutants such as with oil, fuel and chemicals shall be * Construction * Contractor concrete hardfuel, oil and chemicals in case inspected and Phase standing.chemicals should of accident. approved by EMUbe done on sealed Officers from Concrete @surfaces to Roads Dept before US$200/m3prevent soil commissioning.contamination;

* Collection and * To reduce on the * Containers for * Construction * Contractor * Metal drumsrecycling of used amounts of oil collection of used Phase * EMU Roads for collectionoil & lubricants; waste generation oil shall be made Dept and storage.and its disposal on available on site. * One drum @soil. US$20

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Envivotal Invtatem the LA hiru oad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact T Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I_______________ Ifor its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soil

* Petroleum storage * To contain any * Petroleum storage * Construction * Contractor * ReinforcedSoil contamination tanks shall have petroleum spillage tanks shall be Phase * EMU Roads concrete walldue to improper bund walls around from spreading in inspected and Dept and slab at thestorage of materials, them and shall be case of an approved by EMU bottom.fuels and poor waste high enough to accident. Officers fromoil disposal methods. contain any Roads Dept before US$55/m 2

spillage. conmmissioning.* Limitation of * To avoid erosion * Period of * Tendering * Contractor * US$6.50/m3

earth moving to of soil by fast construction shall Process * EMU Roads of graveldry periods; flowing rainwater. be specified in the * Construction DeptExposed soil is prone Tender Document Phase

to erosion by water or * Protection of * To control the * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor * US$2/M2 forwind. susceptible soil current of the fast measures for this Process . EMU Roads plantingsurface with grass; flowing rainwater. impact shall be in * Construction Dept turf/grass

the overall Tender PhaseDocument.

* Protection of * To avoid direct * Stone pitching and . Tendering * Contractor * US$2/m2 fordrainage channels contact of fast grass planting in Process * EMU Roads plantingby planting grass flowing surface drainage systems * Construction Dept turf/grassor stone pitching; water with shall be part of the Phase

susceptible soils. overall Tender * US$50/i 2 forDocument as stone pitchingmeans ofmitigating soilerosion.

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m Env ital 1Wi_taterA the LW-Chirud oad m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact ] Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI | for its implementation Implementation | ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soil

* Installation of * To remove soil * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor * Excavate inExposed soil is prone sedimentation particles from the measures for Process * EMU Roads commnon soilsto erosion by water or basins or planting current of the fast impacts on soils * Construction Dept @ US$3/m 3wind. of erodible flowing water. shall be part of the Phase * Excavate insurfaces as soon overall Tender rock @

as possible. Document. US$50/m3Stripping and * Exposed soil * To prevent highly * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractorstockpiling of topsoil should be avoided prone soils from measures this Process * Roads Dept * US$2/m 3could lead to erosion by selective soil getting exposed to impact is part of * Constructionand degradation of soil stripping; erosion. the Tender Phasequality. Document.

* Areas requiring * To limit on the * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractorless clearing shall size of area prone measures for this Process * Roads Dept * US$1.50/rn3be preferred for to erosion. impact is part of * Constructionstock piles. the Tender PhaseClearing shall be Document.limited to the siteapproved by thelocal authorities.

Soil compaction could * Only heavy * To limit the size * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor * For rollingresult following equipment with of area prone to measures for Process . Road activities useconstruction activities. pneumatic tyres compaction. impacts on soils * Construction Engineers at the rate ofshall be used on compaction shall Phase Roads Dept US$30/hraccess roads. be part of theoverall TenderDocument.

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Environmental Imttateme "to the Lu-Chirun,ad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soil

* Soil erosion * To control soil * Programme for * Operational * Roads Dept * ConcreteSoil erosion near should be erosion and check regular road Phase headwalls,culverts and drainage prevented for culverts and drainage aprons, wing-channels where water especially near drainage channels maintenance shall wallsvelocity could culverts by requiring be developed and US$200/m3

increase. construction of attention. made available.correctly designedculverts;

* Regular * To prevent * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor * Linearmaintenance of clogging of the measures for Process * Roads Dept maintenanceculverts & culverts & the impacts on soil * Construction of the culvertsdrainage channels; drainage system erosion shall be Phase @ US$50/m

by debris carried part of the overallwith water flow. Tender Document.

Soil contamination by * Soil * To control waste * Enforcement of * Operational * Road users * ECZwaste and spillages of contamination by disposal methods ECZ Regulations Phase * ECZ monitoringroad users and un- waste and worth & ensure on waste . Road Traffic activitiesmaintained vehicles. spillages of road cars that are management & Commission

users and un- maintained use the Road Traffic * Road Safetymaintained cars. road. Regulations. Council

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- m m - m m m m m m m m m m m - m m m Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on VegetationRetardation of Dust control by * To suppress dust * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Watervegetation growth due application of water; generation measures for this Phase * EMU Roads bowsers toto contamination from impact is part of Dept water graveldust particles and gas the overall Tender roads (emissions. Document. U$50/hr

Haulage trucks shall * To reduce the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * N/Anot exceed the speed amount of dust measures for Phase * EMU Roadslimit of 60km per generation. impacts on Depthour. vegetation shall bepart of the overallTender Document.

Loss of vegetation due * Less vegetated * To reduce the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$1.50/m2to site clearing which areas shall be extent of the area measures for this Phase * EMU Roads to clear lesswill lead to loss of preferred; without impact is part of Dept vegetated areahabitat and vegetation. the overall Tenderdisplacement of fauna Documentspecies, especiallyavifauna.Increased access as a Provision of forest * To sensitize the * Forest * Construction * Forestry Dept * US$15,000result of the road conservation communities conservation Phase * EMU Roadsimprovement could awareness programme about the programme is * Operational Deptlead to increased to communities along importance of budgeted for and Phasedeforestation on the the rehabilitated road; forests. its implementationroad. schedule is

prepared.

- 66 -

- Env 'ntal ItPtaten the LWChiru" ad


Impacts on WillifandWldfor its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Wildlife and Wildlife HabitatDisturbance to birds * Rehabilitation * To reduce on the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haulage ofand small animals and should be extent of the area measures provided Phase * EMU Roads suitableloss of habitat. confined to the to be impacted for impacts of Dept gravel from

road reserve area; upon. noise shall be part outside gameof the overall areaTender Document US$0.35/m3.k

m* Noisy activities to * To reduce sleep * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haulage of

be scheduled to disturbance to measures provided Phase * EMU Roads suitableoccur within birds and small for impacts of Dept gravel fromprescribed normal animals. noise shall be part . Local outside gameworking hours. of the overall Authority area

Tender Document US$0.35/m3 .km

Wildlife loss due to . The road shall * To wam motorists * Mitigation * Operational . ZAWA * Road signs @accidental killings have adequate of the presence of measures provided Phase . Roads Dept US$100/eachcaused by speeding road furniture wildlife in certain for impacts on * Local on averagetraffic as a result of signs for warning sections of the Wildlife shall be Authorityimproved road. road users of road so that part of the overall

wildlife presence; motorists drive Tender Documentwith caution.

- 67 -

-EEnviv tal Ir tatem" the L Chirulad


Impacts__on_Wildlife an d Wildlife Habitatfor its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Wildlife and Wildlife HabitatWildlife loss due to * There shall be * To control over- * Provision of speed * Operational * Police Traffic * Speed humpsaccidental killings adherence to speeding through retarders in the Phase Patrol Unit @ US$500/caused by speeding speed limits in provision of road designs and * ZAWA eachtraffic as a result of wildlife areas. warning signs & theirimproved road. Monkeys were mounting of speed implementation as

observed around control traps. part of the overallthe Muchinga Tender Documentescarpment on theway to Chirundu

* Control of noisy * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * Local . N/A workingNoise disturbance to activities on site control noise local by-laws. Phase Authority only duringwildlife due to (through local by- generation. * ZAWA the dayincreased vehicular laws);traffic passing throughthe wildlife areas.

* ECZ Regulation . To monitor and . Enforcement of . Operational * Local * N/Aon Noise control noise ECZ Regulations Phase AuthorityAbatement; generation. on noise * ZAWA

* The road shall * To wam motorists * Provision of speed * Construction * Zambia Policehave adequate of the presence of retarders in the Phase * ZAWA * Approxroad furniture wildlife in certain road designs and * Operational US$100/signsigns for warning sections of the their Phaseroad users of road so that implementation aswildlife presence. motorists drive part of the overall

with caution. Tender Document

- 68 -

Environmental Impact Statement for the Lska ChirnuR"oad

Impacts Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Water Quality

* Sides of the * To filter of the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Grassing @Siltation of water drainage shall be sediment particles measures provided Phase * EMU Roads US$3/mrcourses due to soil planted with grass in the fast flowing for impacts on * Operational Depterosion of nearby or stone pitched; rain water with Water Quality Phase * Stone pitchingdrains and culverts. grass and also to shall be part of the @ US$50/m2

avoid erosion of overall Tendersoil surfaces by Documentstone pitching.

* Drainage systems * To reduce the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Using stoneshall have scour current of measures provided Phase * EMU Roads masonry atchecks; rainwater flow. for impacts on * Operational Dept US$12 each

Water Quality Phaseshall be part of theoverall TenderDocument

* Drainage systems * To create a water * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$3.50/m3

shall discharge reservoir which measures provided Phase * EMU Roads lininginto settlement can be used by for impacts on * Operational Dept material orbasins; livestock or Water Quality Phase US$50/rn3 in

wildlife. shall be part of the rockoverall TenderDocument

- 69 -

1- -~ ~ ~ - m ~ EEnvi tal Ir tatem!w the L! hiru ad

Impact mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Water Quality (Cont'd)

* Silt traps shall be * To protect surface * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$10/m toSiltation of water put along drainage water pollution measures provided Phase * EMU Roads be specifiedcourses due to soil systems; through filtering for impacts on * Operational Depterosion of nearby finest particles in Water Quality Phasedrains and culverts. water current. shall be part of the

overall TenderDocument

* Spoon drains shall * To control . Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$15 eachhave scour checks. excessive flow measures provided Phase * EMU Roads

and risks of for impacts on * Operational Depterosion. Water Quality Phase

shall be part of theoverall TenderDocument

Water shortage to the . Exploitation of * To avoid conflicts * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Nominallocal community due water sources for and to receive measures provided Phase * EMU Roads exploitationto over exploitation for rehabilitation support from the for impacts on Dept when worksrehabilitation works. works shall be local community. Water Quality are not

done with shall be part of the reconstructionapproval by the overall Tenderlocal authority and Documentconsent from thelocal community.

- 70 -

Envii tal IrI tatemO the L!P hirul_ad - m m m -

Impacts Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Water Quality (Cont'd)

Ground water * Proper siting of pit * To filter pollutants * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * VIP latrine @contamination due to latrines away from which may from measures provided Phase * EMU Roads US$600 eachconstruction of sub- water logged getting to the for impacts on Deptstandard campsite pit areas; ground water. Water Qualitylatrines for workers. shall be part of the


* Good hygienic * To promote * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Cleaningstandards and cleanliness and measures provided Phase * EMU Roads activitiesproper avoid epidemics for impacts on Dept US$150/maintenance of pit in construction Water Quality monthlatrines. camps. shall be part of the


Sedimentation and * Excavated soils * To make use of . Mitigation * Construction * Contractor . Forincreased turbidity in shall be used for available soils and measures provided Phase * EMU Roads susceptiblesurface water caused other road works reduce on creating for impacts on Dept soil U$6.50by erosion of bare such as shoulder more bare areas Water Quality * For top soilareas and runoffs building; which are prone to shall be part of the spreading andresulting from soil erosion. overall Tender compactingexcavation and Document @ US$2/M2grading works anddrainage channels leftafter constructionworks.

- 71 -

in Environmental lmptatem" the Lua-Chirun-ad


I | | for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Water Quality (Cont'd)

* Sides of drainage * To filter of the * Mitigation * Construction . Contractor . For loose soil/(Cont'd from above) channels shall be sediment particles measures provided Phase * EMU Roads susceptible

planted with grass in the fast flowing for impacts on * Operational Dept soil, grassingSedimentation and or stone pitched; rain water with Water Quality Phase @ US3/m2increased turbidity in grass and also to shall be part of the * For firm soilsurface water caused avoid erosion of overall Tender US$3/m3

by erosion of bare soil surfaces by Documentareas and runoffs stone pitching.resulting from * Drainage systems * To reduce the * Mitigation * Construction . Contractor * US$12 eachexcavation and shall have scour current of measures provided Phase * EMU Roads stone masonrygrading works and checks. rainwater flow. for impacts on * Operational Deptdrainage channels left Water Quality Phaseafter construction shall be part of theworks. overall Tender

DocumentImpacts on Air Quality

Air pollution caused * Regular * To check for * Log book on * Construction * Contractor * US$30,000/by exhaust fumes and maintenance of defects and vehicle & Phase * EMU Roads month fordust from excavators, construction servicing of the equipment Dept medium tobull dozers, graders as vehicles and vehicles and maintenance shall old equipmentwell as site clearing equipment in equipment so that be kept on site forwill affect human, order to reduce they are in good inspection andvegetation and also emission of operation shall be part of thedisturb habitats for exhaust fumes; condition. overall Tenderbirds and insects. Document

- 72 -

Env!!ntal I Staterl the LM-Chiru"oad


I I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Air Quality (Cont'd)

* Periodically water * To suppress dust. * Log book on dust * Construction * Contractor * US$50/ hr(Cont'd from above) down on control showing Phase * EMU Roads

temporary roads; watering times DeptAir pollution caused shall be kept onby exhaust fumes and site for inspectiondust from excavators, and shall be partbull dozers, graders as of the overallwell as site clearing Tender Documentwill affect human,vegetation and alsodisturb habitats forbirds and insects.Unpleasant odours due * Cleaning and * To maintain * Public Health * Construction * Contractor . US$150!to poorly maintained regular promote a healthy standards as Phase * EMU Roads monthtoilets and poor waste maintenance of environment at provided under Deptmanagement. toilets to avoid campsites and the Public Health * Local

unpleasant odours. prevent the spread Act Cap 295 shall Authorityof diseases. be enforced shall

be part of theoverall TenderDocument

- 73 -

Envi'uital 1m tatemn the L-Chirun Wad


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Air Quality (Cont'd)

Unpleasant odours due * Waste should be * To maintain * Public Health * Construction * Contractor * US$100/to poorly maintained carefully managed promote a healthy standards as Phase * EMU Roads monthtoilets and poor waste to prevent environment at provided under Deptmanagement. unpleasant odours. campsites and the Public Health * Local

prevent the spread Act Cap 295 and Authorityof diseases. ECZ Regulations

on WasteManagement shallbe enforced shallbe part of theoverall TenderDocument

Excessive diesel * Enforcement of * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Construction * ECZ * Police Trafficfumes due to un- the Roads and control unfit cars Roads and Road Phase * EMU Roads Patrol Unitmaintained equipment. Road Traffic Act, from using the Traffic Act, Cap Dept

Cap 464 and ECZ road. 464 and EPPCA, * Road TrafficEPPCA Cap 204 Cap 204 on Noise Commissionon Air Pollution Abatement. * Operational * ECZso that only road Phase * Road Trafficworth cars that are Commissionmaintained are onthe road.

- 74 -

" m m m - m m m - m - m m m m Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

Tmpacts Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I I | for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Noise

Noise and vibration * Working hours * To avoid sleep * Enforcement of * Construction * Contractor * Cost N/A ascaused by construction limited to day disturbance at EPPCA, Cap 204 Phase * EMU Roads programme ismachinery, equipment light only; night. on Noise Dept based on 9-and drilling. Abatement. * ECZ day working

* Local hours.Authority

Noise and vibration * Enforcement of * To promote * Enforcement of * Construction * Contractor * US$3,000/yrcaused by construction the Factories Act, occupational the Factories Act, Phase * EMU Roadsmachinery, equipment Cap 441. health and safe Cap 441. Deptand drilling. working * Ministry of

conditions among Labourthe constructionworkers.

* ECZ Regulation * To monitor and * Enforcement of . Operational * ECZ * Police TrafficNoise from increased on Noise control noise EPPC Act, Cap Phase * Local Patrol Unittraffic. Abatement; generation. 204 on Noise Authority

Abatement.* Control of noise * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * ECZ * Police Traffic

generating control noise EPPC Act, Cap Phase * Local Patrol Unitactivities (by local generation. 204 on Noise Authorityby-laws). Abatement.

- 75 -

Envi!W.ntal Im tatem. the LC2hirunad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigationl l for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Landscape and Aesthetics

Visual impact of the * Development of * To maintain areas * Road design shall * Design Phase * Design * Cut to fill/road rehabilitation road designs must of scenic beauty. be * Construction Engineers spoil 3works could be be environmentally Phase Roads Dept US$3.50/m3substantial if designs environmentally safe enough and * EMU Roadsare not compatible safe enough and compatible with Deptwith the slope angles compatible with the surroundingof the surrounding the surrounding environment.environment. environment.Disfigurement of the * Development of * To maintain areas * Road designs shall * Design Phase * Design * Cut to fill/natural landscape and road designs must of scenic beauty. be * Construction Engineers spoil @aesthetic view due to be environmentally Phase Roads Dept US$3.50/m3construction works. environmentally and compatible . EMU Roads

and compatible with the natural Deptwith the natural landscape of thelandscape and the surroundingsurrounding environment.environment.

Abandoned * Abandoned * To avoid * Disposal of . Design Phase * EMU Roads * Constructionconstruction structures in areas vandalism and structures to be * Construction Dept waste can bestructures, excess of scenic beauty ruining the determined at the Phase reused toconstruction materials shall be converted structures, which Tendering Process refill borrowof laterite, stone into visitor may become an pits as part ofaggregate and concrete facility. eye sore and theslabs left in areas of distort the scenic rehabilitationscenic beauty reduces beauty of the programmethe quality of scenery. surrounding on borrowenvironment.

pits.

- 76 -

En'.ntal IWtaterr the -MChiroad m - m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigationfor its implementation Implementation Responsible

Impacts on Land-use and surrounding environment

* Local people with * To avoid * Recruitment of * Design Phase * Contractor * AboutThe proposed road the necessary unplanned local people for * Construction * Community US$3000 permight influence skills shall be settlements which unskilled labour Phase Representative unity ofmigration and employed for the may lead to land- shall be the * Local structuresettlement pattems if road works; use change and priority and as Authority relocatedlabour requirements social upheavals. part of the overallare not planned in Tender Document.advance. * Resettlement of * To avoid conflicts * The project does * Design Phase * Contractor * US$3000/

communities in of land not foresee any * Construction . Community unit ofnew areas shall be resettlement of Phase Representative resettlementdone in communities as * Localconsultation with rehabilitation Authorityhost or existing works will be * Roads Deptcommunity. confined to the

road reserve,however shouldthere be anyresettlement thenit shall be done inaccordance withthe Department ofRoadsResettlementFramework

- 77 -



I I | for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Land-use and surrounding environment (Cont'd)

* Detours, access * To avoid conflicts * Mitigation * Design Phase * Contractor * To constructConstruction of roads and between the measures for * Construction * Community detours @temporary detours will equipment park Contractor and the impacts on land- Phase Representative US$76/mdisturb the site location shall local community use shall be part * Localenvironment within be done in and also to of the overall Authoritythe immediate and consultation with monitor land-use Tender Document * Roads Deptsurrounding local people and change.environment. shall take into

account theexisting land usein settled areas.

* Local people with . To avoid * Recruitment of * Design Phase * Contractor * Lump SumIf labour is not the necessary unplanned local people for * Construction * Community US$2,500/recruited from local skills shall be settlements which unskilled labour Phase Representative monthareas people who employed in the may lead to land- shall be the * Localreside far may start to road project; use change and priority and as Authonrtysettle near the road social upheavals. part of the overallproject.. Tender Document.

- 78 -

m EnvOntal I* taterW the L -Chiru.oad m -


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Land-use and surrounding environment (Cont'd)

* Resettlement of * To avoid conflicts * The project does * Design Phase * Contractor * US$3,000/communities in of land not foresee any * Construction * Community unit ofnew areas shall be resettlement of Phase Representative Resettlementdone in communities as * Localconsultation with rehabilitation Authorityhost or existing works will be * Roads Deptcommunity. confined to the

road reserve,however shouldthere be anyresettlement thenit shall be done inaccordance withthe Department ofRoadsResettlementFramework

* ECZ Regulation * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * ECZ * ECZEmission of exhaust on Air Pollution; control emission EPPC Act, Cap Phase * Local Monitoringfumes to the of exhaust fumes 204 on Air Authority Costssurrounding to the surrounding Pollution.environment due to environment.increased traffic.

- 79 -

Envi tal Irntatemf the L!Chiru ad


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Land-use and surrounding environment (Cont'd)

* Adherence to * To check for * Development of * Construction * Contractor * US$15,000/(Cont'd from above) engine defects and repair engine Phase * EMU Roads monthmaintenance any maintenance Dept

Emission of exhaust schedules and malfunctioning schedules and * ECZfumes to the standards to engine. making themsurrounding reduce air available forenvironment due to pollution. inspection on site.increased traffic.Impacts on Socio-economic Environment

Temporary marriages, * There shall be * To sensitize the * Mitigation . Construction * Contractor * Lump Sumcasual sex provision of construction measures for Phase * EMU Roads US$20,000relationships and more education both to workers and local impacts of STDs . Operational Dept for wholechances of the local communities and HIV/AIDS Phase * Community projecttransmission of community on about the dangers shall be part of the Basedsexually diseases due STDs and of STDs and overall Tender Organisationsto interaction of HIV/AIDS using HIV/AIDS and to Document. * Localproject workers with aids such as video protect Authoritylocal communities. shows, pamphlets, themselves.

talks, etc.

- 80 -

m m m m m m m m m m m m m - m m m m m Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

mpact Mitigation PlanImpact | Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Socio-economic Environment (Cont'd)Increased road * Provision of * To prevent fatal * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$100 peraccidents due to adequate waming accidents. measures for Phase * Roads Dept road signincreased vehicular road signs in black impacts on socio- * Operational * Localtraffic and over spot areas and economic shall be Phase Authorityspeeding in black speed retarders part of the overallspots areas. and/ or Tender Document.

mechanisms atpedestriancrossing sites.

Impacts on Cultural and Historic sites

. Detours, access * To ensure the road . Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * To beroads and is designed in measures for Phase * Roads Dept deternined by

Poorly developed road equipment park manner which impacts on * National the contractordesign could impact sites shall not be take into account Cultural and Heritagenegatively on heritage constructed the provisions of Historic sites shall Conservationsites. through Chirundu the National be part of the Commission

Fossil Forest Heritage Act. overall TenderMonument and Document.other heritagesites. Theprovisions of theNational HeritageConservationCommission shallapply.

-81 -

m m m m m m m m m m m - m m m m m m m Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road


I ____________________II for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Cultural and Historic sites (Cont'd)

. Detours, access * To ensure that * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Blow off theDust may disfigure the roads and dust caused by measures for Phase * Roads Dept dust atappearance of the site. equipment park moving vehicles impacts on * National US$100/hrThe Chirundu Fossil sites shall not be does not settle site Cultural and Heritage hire ofForest Monument is constructed near thereby Historic sites shall Conservation compressor orwithin the road reserve Chirundu Fossil disfiguring it. be part of the Commission regularlyarea. Forest Monument. overall Tender water the

Provisions of the Document. gravel road orNational Heritage constructionConservation of temporaryCommission shall enclosureapply. around to

protect themonumentfrom dust.

- 82 -

Environmental Impact Statement"torthe LusalRhiru ad


for its Implementation Responsibleimplementation


Although no * Rehabilitation * To ensure * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonnegative impacts on shall be problems measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowanceshuman settlements confined to the associated with impacts on * Local Authority US$100/ monthare foreseen since road reserve resettlement are Human * Communityconstruction works area. circumvented Settlements sites Representativeswill be confined to during shall be part ofthe road reserve construction the overallhowever, phase. Tenderconstruction of Document.detours, access roadsand park sites insettled areas leads toland use conflictswith communities.

- 83 -

Environmental Imrpacttatement rthe L a-Chirun u ad




Although no . Detour, access * To avoid land- * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonnegative impacts on roads and use conflicts measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowanceshuman settlements equipment park with the local impacts on * Local Authority US$100/ monthare foreseen since site location communities. Human * Communityconstruction works outside road Settlements sites Representativeswill be confined to reserve areas shall be part ofthe road reserve shall be done in the overallhowever, consultation Tenderconstruction of with local Document.detours, access roads people and willand park sites in take intosettled areas leads to account existingland use conflicts land use inwith communities. settled areas.Improved road . There shall be * To avoid land * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonenhances no conversion of ownership measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancesaccessibility, communal land disputes with the impacts on * Local Authority US$100/ monthmobility and into state land local Human * Communityeconomic activities along the communities. Settlements sites Representativesfor the communities improved road. shall be part ofalong the road. the overall

TenderDocument.

- 84 -





Improved roads lead * There shall be * To avoid land * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonto increased human no conversion of ownership measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancessettlements, changed communal land disputes with the impacts on * Local Authority US$100 /monthsettlement pattems, into state land local Human * Communityincreased cultivation along the communities. Settlements sites Representativesand commercial improved road. shall be part ofactivities along the the overallroad; Tender

Document.Improved roads lead * There shall be * To avoid land * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * Liaisonto increased land no conversion of ownership measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancesvalues and land communal land disputes with the impacts on * Local Authority US$100/ monthresource tenure into state land local Human * Zambia Policealong the road, along the communities. Settlements sites . Road Safety

improved road. shall be part of Councilthe overallTenderDocument.

Improved road * Speed limits of * To save lives of * Mitigation * Operational . Contractor * Speed humps (increase risks of 40km per hour pedestrians and measures for Phase . Roads Dept US$500 eachroad traffic accidents shall be domesticated this impact is * Local Authorityto communities observed in animals. part of the . Zambia Policealong the road settled areas. overall Tender . Road Safety

Document. Council

- 85 -

EnviWtal 1n tatempthe LC2hiru ad


for its Implementation Responsibleimplementation I


* Improved road * To save lives of * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * Paintedin settled areas pedestrians and measures for Phase * Roads Dept pedestrianshall have domesticated impacts on * Local Authority crossing plusappropriate and animals. Human * Zambia Police correspondingadequate Settlements sites * Road Safety road signs @pedestrian shall be part of Council US$150 eachcrossing the overallfacilities. Tender

Document.Improved road with * Trees shall be * To filter off * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$20/per treehigh traffic volume planted along hazardous measures for Phase * Roads Dept plantedlead to increased the road in emissions also impacts on * Local Authorityhealth risks to settled areas to act a barriers to Humancommunities along minimize traffic that may Settlements sitesthe road from hazardous career of the shall be part ofvehicle emissions. emissions. road. the overall

TenderDocument.

Noise from high * Noise barriers * To avoid * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$20/M2 oftraffic volumes using shall be erected impairment of measures for Phase . Roads Dept wall built to barthe improved road in settled areas hearing organs. this impact is * Local Authority the noise fromdisturbs where traffic part of the the settlementscommunities along noise may overall Tenderthe road. exceed 90 Document.

decibel.

- 86 -

m m m m m - m m m m m m m m m Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road


for its Implementation ResponsibleI implementation

Impacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits

* Quarrying shall * To avoid water * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haul of suitableQuarries and borrow not be done near pollution and measures for Phase * Roads Dept gravelpits location may surface water leading to impacts of * Local Authority US$0.35/m3 . kmnegatively impact on sources. deprivation of Quamres and * Localimportant ecological water to the Borrow Pits Communityunits. local shall be part of

community. the overallTenderDocument.

Quarries and borrow * There shall be * To preserve the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haul of suitablepits location may no quarrying Fossil measures for Phase * Roads Dept gravelnegatively impact on near Chirundu Monument. this impact is * Local Authority US$0.35/m3 . kmimportant ecological Fossil Forest part of the * Nationalunits. Monument. overall Tender Heritage and

Document. Conservation

CommissionExcessive noise * Quarrying shall * To avoid the risk * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haul of suitablefrom blasting and not be done near associated with measures for Phase * Roads Dept gravel @machinery may communities. flying pebbles this impact is * Local Authority US$0.35/m3 . kmdisturb nearby from blasting part of the * Mine Safetycommunities. operations and overall Tender Department of

minimise Document. Ministry ofdisturbance from Mines.noise.

- 87 -

Envilv tal 1I tatem" the L Chirumpad m m ~ m m m m |


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Quarries and Borrow PitsExcessive noise from * Quarrying shall be . To ensure * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * License feesblasting and done in compliance with measures for Phase * Roads Dept aboutmachinery may disturb conformity to the the Law on impacts of * Local US$1,000 pernearby communities. Mine and quarrying. Quarries and Authority quarry

Minerals Act, No. Borrow Pits shall * Mine Safety31 of 1995. be part of the Department of

overall Tender Ministry ofDocument. Mines.

Abandoned borrow * Borrow Pits shall . To avoid * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * Haul ofpits could pose not be done near harbouring disease measures for Phase . Roads Dept suitablepotential hazard to water sources and causing organisms impacts of Borrow * Local gravel @ecological units and human and other Pits shall be part Authority US$0.35/m3 .residents. settlements. dangerous animals of the overall . Mine Safety kmthat may find Tender Document. Department ofthese as suitable Ministry ofhabitats. Mines.

Impacts of Road Traffic

Failure to use * Surveyors should * To avoid off-site * Mitigation * Design Phase * Contractor * US$20,000 toestablished routes not venture too far impacts associated Measures for * Construction . EMU of the survey andmight result in away from the with surveying. impacts of Phase Roads Dept stakesurveyors' vehicles proposed route in Surveying shall be * Localnegatively impacting order to avoid part of the overall Authorityon the environment. impacts on the Tender Document.

surroundingenvironment.

- 88 -

m Enviroental Imptatemrn or the LuWhirun oad


I_for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Road Traffic (Cont'd)

* Established routes * To maintain the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * To useConstruction traffic should be used existing Measures for Phase * EMU of the existingcould impact on where possible in environment in impacts of Roads Dept detours,undisturbed areas order to reduce the adjacent areas. construction * Local maintenanceadjacent to the impacting on traffic shall be Authority ( US$5/mproposed route. undisturbed areas. part of the overall

Tender Document.* Construction * To avoid un- * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Maintenance

vehicles must only necessary Measures for Phase * EMU of the of existing/use pre- disturbance of impacts of Roads Dept predetermineddetermined access traffic flow and construction * Local roads @roads that should cause danger to traffic shall be Authority US$55/mbe determined in other road users. part of the overallthe design phase. Tender Document.

. Allowance should * To avoid un- * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * New detoursbe made for necessary Measures for Phase * EMU of the @ US$76/maltemative routes disturbance of impacts of Roads Deptfor the existing traffic flow and construction * Localroad users during cause danger to traffic shall be Authorityconstruction other road users. part of the overallwhere possible. Tender Document.

- 89 -

Environmental Imn tatemeornthe LuahirunS oad


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Road Traffic (Cont'd)

Excessive dust from * Control of dust * To avoid * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Water bowser

construction could through watering respiratory and Measures for Phase * EMU of the US$50/hr

disturb nearby of dust roads. visibility problems impacts of Roads Deptcommunities. and the gathering construction * Local

of dust on other traffic shall be Authorityprotected areas part of the overalland property. Tender Document.

Increased accidents * Provision of * To save lives and * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$100/ road

due to increased traffic adequate warning injury that could Measures for Phase * EMU of the sign

flow. road signs in black arise as result of impacts of traffic Roads Dept

spot areas and these. shall be part of the * Localspeed retarders at overall Tender Authoritypedestrian Document.crossing sites.

Impacts of Work Accidents

Advanced planning of * Development of * To ensure that * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$800/safety requirements safety procedures people Measures for Phase * EMU of the month

and operational undertaking these impacts of work Roads Deptmanual. tasks know accidents shall be * Local

exactly what is to part of the overall Authoritybe done. Tender Document.

- 90 -

Enviv ntal i tatem the LpChirumad


I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Work Accidents (Cont'd)

Lack of enforcement * Enforcement of * To safe guard the . Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$3,000/of safety and health Public health and health and safety Measures for Phase * EMU of the monthregulations could safety regulations. of workers. impacts of work Roads Deptimpact negatively on accidents shall be * Localconstruction workers. part of the overall Authority

Tender Document.Impacts of Construction Camps

Advanced planning of * Selection of camp * To ensure camp * Mitigation . Design Phase * Contractor * US$1,000 forconstruction camp siting must be siting is Measures for * Construction * EMU of the siting andsiting. done in considered at the impacts of Phase Roads Dept planning

consultation with design phase and construction * Localthe local authority communities are camps shall be Authorityand local consulted well in part of the overall * Localcommunity. advance. Tender Document. Community

Loss of vegetation at * Clearing for camp * To conserve * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Site clearanceconstruction site. siting must be vegetation around Measures for Phase * EMU of the (

limited to the the camp site and impacts of Roads Dept US$0.99/m2

actual site to avoid protect the site construction * Localvegetation loss on from extensive camps shall be Authoritya larger scale. loss of vegetation part of the overall * Local

Tender Document. Community

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EnvilWtal IA"tatemothe LA hiruwlad


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Construction Camps (Cont'd)Waste generation at * Waste disposal to * To control waste * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Disposal ofcampsite. be done at disposal practices Measures for Phase * EMU of the waste (

designated sites and avoid illegal impacts of Roads Dept US$0.10/ton.approved by the dumping. construction * Local kmlocal authority. camps shall be Authority

part of the overall * ECZTender Document.

Interaction of * There shall be * To prevent the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$15,000construction workers provision of transmission of Measures for Phase * EMU of the Lump Sumwith the nearby education both to sexually impacts of Roads Deptcommunities may lead the local transmitted construction * Localto transmission of community on diseases between camps shall be Authoritysexually transmitted STDs and the local part of the overall . CBO ondiseases. HIV/AIDS using community and Tender Document. Health

aids such as video constructionshows, pamphlets, workers.talks, etc.

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Environmental Impact Statement for the LI Rchirun oad


I ~ for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Construction Camps(Cont'd)

Interaction of * Local people with * To ensure the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$2,500 perconstruction workers the necessary local community Measures for Phase * EMU of the monthwith the nearby skills shall be benefit from the impacts of Roads Deptcommunities may lead employed in the project and also to construction * Localto transmission of road project. avoid immigration camps shall be Authoritysexually transmitted which may result part of the overall * Labourdiseases. in land disputes Tender Document. Department of

and social Ministry ofupheavals. Labour

* Communityrepresentative

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12.3. Environmental Monitoring PlanIdentification of potential environmental impacts associated with therehabilitation of the road indicates a need to design and implement a specificenvironmental monitoring plan. The monitoring needs of the project willaddress the negative impacts expected to be generated during theimplementation of the project at rehabilitation and operational phases. The keycomponents of the proposed environmental monitoring plan are:

* Land and SoilImplementation of the monitoring programme to assess soil erosion indisturbed areas.

* Vegetation and RegrowthA monitoring programme will be implemented to assess the rate of vegetationregrowth in disturbed areas and the success of rehabilitation efforts. Specificrehabilitation plan will be designed and implemented, as areas becomeavailable.

While it is appropriate to indicate that progressive rehabilitation will bepractised, this aspect of environmental management is not always possible assome areas only become available at the end of the road rehabilitation phase.

It is anticipated that vegetation assessment will be visual.

* Wildlife and Wildlife habitats

* Water Quality MonitoringThe surface water-monitoring programme will focus on surface water qualityof the nearest stream, which might receive the run-offs from the disturbedareas due to road works.

The surface water monitoring will designate monitoring points defined to belocated immediately below the drainage to the nearby stream.

* Air Quality MonitoringAir pollution monitoring during road rehabilitation involves the monitoring ofdust emissions and vehicle exhaust fumes. Dust monitoring will involvecontinual visual assessment by Site Engineer.

* Noise

* Landscape and Aesthetics

* Land-use and Surrounding environment

* Socio-economic issues

* Cultural and Historic Sites

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* Human Settlements

* Quarries and Borrow Pits

* Work Accidents

* Construction Camps

As the rehabilitation phase progress, the monitoring plan will be reviewed andadjusted in accordance with project environmental management requirementselaborated in the sections below.

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12.4. Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be | Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored Monitoring lLand and Soil

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Clean storage sites * Inspection Report is * Contractor's Sitemake inspections of out the Construction free from any oil or available at EMU- Engineer

Land and Soil sites for storage of Phase fuel spillage Roads Dept * EMU Roads Dept

materials, oil and maintained throughfuels and ensure out Constructionthey have sealed Phase.surfaces.

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through . Waste oil is being * Inspection Report is * Contractor's Siteinspect the waste out the Construction disposed of in available at EMU Engineerdisposal sites. Phase designated sites and Roads Dept * EMU Roads Dept

in the proper way.* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Containers for * Used oil from * Contractor

ensure used oil is out the Construction collection of used serviced plant * EMU-Roads Deptbeing collected for Phase oil are available on machinery has beenrecycling. site. collected in

containers.* Site Engineer to * Before * Bund wall design . Bund walls around * Contractor

inspect storage tanks commissioning of and construction fuel storage tanks * EMU-Roads Deptand ensure they fuel storage tanks. plan has been have beenhave bund walls developed and is constructed.around them high available.enough to containany spillage.

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Environmental Imp tatem. I the LFW-Chirun oad

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored MonitoringLand and Soil (Cont'd)

* The Site Engineer to * Daily through out * Absence of * Complaints from the * ContractorLand and Soil make inspections the Construction caterpillar trampling local community on * EMU Roads Dept

(Cont'd) and ensure that Phase. in croplands. invasion ofheavy construction croplands byequipment is constructionconfined to equipment are non-operational areas existent.only and avoidscroplands.

* The Site Engineer to * Daily through out * Absence of rills, * Absence of erosion * Contractorundertake inspection the Construction gullies features. * EMU Roads Deptof earthworks and Phase.ensure that slopesare graded tospecifications.

* Once earthworks are . Each time * Presence of re- * Restoration * Contractorcompleted, the Site earthworks are vegetation in erosion programme for re- . EMU Roads DeptEngineer should completed through prone areas. vegetation ofmonitor the out Construction exposed soils isrestoration measures Phase available and isto be implemented being implemented.such as re-vegetation

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Environmental Impact Statement foT the Lusaka-Chirun ",.d


Monitored MonitoringVegetation

* Site Engineer to * Each time clearance * The area of * Vegetation * ContractorVegetation ensure that of vegetation is vegetation cleared is clearance is clearly * EMU Roads Dept

excessive clearance being done through minimal marked and isof vegetation is out Construction confined to theavoided and should Phase designs.be confined to theproject site.

Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

* The Site Engineer to * Periodical * Absence of animal * Inspection report * ContractorWildlife and Wildlife carry out inspections inspections through damage to project * EMU Roads Dept

Habitat and report evidence out Construction site. * ZAWAof wildlife intrusion Phaseonto the project siteand to check thatwildlife accesscorridors aremaintained.

Water Quality

* Site Engineer to * Periodical through * Clean water supply * Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Dept

Water Quality that interceptors are Phase. out the Constructionput in place and Phase.working well.

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m m - m - - m mm m- - m Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road


Monitored MonitoringWater Quality (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Periodical through * Clean water supply * Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Dept

Water Quality that areas where Phase. out the Construction(Cont'd) hazardous liquids Phase.

are stored arebunded.

* Site Engineer to * Periodical through * Clean water supply * Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Deptthat water from Phase. out the Constructionconcrete batching Phase.plants is treated.

* Site Engineer to * Periodical through * Clean water supply . Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Deptthat silt traps are put Phase. out the Constructionalong drainage Phase.systems;

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Clean water supply . Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Deptthat spoon drains Phase. out the Constructionhave scour checks. Phase.

* Site Engineer to * Before construction * Construction is done * Pit latrine siting and * Contractorinspect and satisfy of pit latrines. according to design construction report * EMU Roads Deptthat siting of pit specifications.latrines is doneaway from waterlogged areas;

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m - m m m - - m - m m m m m - m - m Environmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorElement to be Method of Monitoring Frequencyof Indicator Means of Verification AuthorityResponsible

Monitored [ MonitoringWater Quality (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * In the event of a * Operational * Presence of * Contractorinspect and satisfy pollution incident procedures are being Operational Manual * EMU Roads Dept

Water Quality that written detail of during Construction followed. on site.(Cont'd) the procedures to be Phase.

followed in the ventof pollution incidentis given to the SiteEngineer By theContractor.

Air Quality

* Site Engineer to * Regularly through * Deposition of dust * Dust deposition on * Contractorobserve the level of out the Construction on surfaces such as the immediate * EMU Roads Deptdust generated Phase. grasses, shrubs, trees surroundings isduring Construction. and rooftops should controlled.

Air Quality Watering down decrease withshould be done if watering.dust levels areunacceptable.

* Site Engineer to * Regularly through * Exhaust fume * Maintenance * Contractorcheck and ensure out the Construction emissions are logbook is available * EMU Roads Deptthat construction Phase. controlled. on site.vehicles andequipment aremaintained in orderto reduce emissionof exhaust fumes;

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m - m m m m m m - m m m mEnvironmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be | Method of Monitoring Frequency of | Indicator Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored MonitoringAir Quality (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Regularly through * Unpleasant odours * Clean toilet * Contractorinspect and ensure out the Construction are controlled. environment and * EMU Roads Dept

Air Quality that toilets are Phase. free from unpleasantcleaned and odours..maintained to avoidunpleasant odours.

* Site Engineer to * Regularly through * Controlled waste * Waste is dumped in * Contractorinspect and ensure out the Construction disposal method. designated places. * EMU Roads Deptwaste is carefully Phase.managed disposedof in designatedplaces to preventunpleasant odours.

Noise

* Sit Engineer to * Regularly through * Noise levels at the * Number of * Contractormonitor noise and out the Construction nearest sensitive complaints of noise . EMU Roads Dept

Noise vibrations on an ad- Phase. receiver are disturbance ishoc basis in order to minimised. controlled.establish noiselevels at the projectsite and the nearestsensitive receptorsand should notexceed 90-decibels.

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Envil tal Intatem!pthe Lo7hirul_ad


Monitored lI MonitoringNoise (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Daily through out * Sleep disturbance is * Number of * ContractorNoise check and ensure the Construction minimised. complaints of sleep * EMU Roads Dept

Cont'd) that working hours Phase. disturbance isare limited to day minimised.light only;

Landscape and Aesthetics

* Site Engineer to * Daily through out * Landscape * Final landscape and * ContractorLandscape and make visual the Construction alterations are aesthetic view is * EMU Roads Dept

Aesthetics inspection of earth Phase. reduced to a compatible with theworks to ensure that minimum. surroundingexcessive environment.excavation otherthan those agreedupon is not carriedout, particularly atborrow pit sites,temporary andapproach roads andaround thecontractor's camp.

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Envil!ntal Im"tatemel.the L hirunuad


Monitored I MonitoringLand-use and surrounding environment

* Contractor shall * Planning for labour * Potential * Construction * ContractorLand-use and ensure that local requirements during construction workers are * EMU Roads DeptSurrounding people with the the Pre-Construction workers from the recruited from theEnvironment necessary skills are Phase. local community are local community

employed to work identified.on the road projectto avoid migrationand settlement nearthe road byconstructionworkers who aretaken from far areas.

* The Site Engineer to * Planning for * Designs for detours, * Designs for detours, * Contractormonitor and ensure detours, access access roads and access roads and * EMU Roads Deptthat detours, access roads and equipment equipment park site equipment park siteroads and equipment park site location location have taken location are beingpark site location is shall be done during into account the implementeddone takes into the Pre-Construction existing land use in according toaccount the existing Phase. settled areas. specifications.land use in settledareas.

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- -m -- - -- m - m mEnvironmental Impact Statement for the Lusaka-Chirundu Road


Monitored I MonitoringSocio-economic Environment

* Contractor shall . Planning for * Programme for * Target group for * Contractor

conduct and ensure education both to education both to receiving education * EMU Roads Dept

that education both the construction the construction on STDs and * Local Community

Socio-economic to the construction workers and local workers and local HIV/AIDS is * CBO

Situation workers and local community on STDs community on STDs identified and the

community on STDs and HlV/AIDS shall and HlV/AIDS is programme is beingand HIV/AlDS be done during the developed during implemented duringusing aids such as Pre-Construction the Pre-Construction the Constructionvideo shows, Phase. Phase. Phase.pamphlets, talks isdisseminated.

* Site Engineer to . Planning for * Black spot areas are * Waming road signs * Contractorcheck and ensure erection of waming identified for and speed retarders * EMU Roads Dept

that adequate road signs in black erection of waming in black spot areas . Local Authority

waming road signs spot areas and speed road signs and speed and pedestrian are * Road Safety Councilin black spot areas retarders at retarders and are constructed.and speed retarders pedestrian crossing included in theat pedestrian site shall be done in overall road designscrossing site are the Pre-Constructionerected. Phase.

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Environmental im,!tatemern the Lu-"hirunoad I E I


Monitored MonitoringCultural and Historic Sites

* Site Engineer to * Planning for * A Road design, * Detours, access * Contractormonitor and ensure construction of which takes into roads and equipment * EMU Roads Dept

Cultural and Historic that detours, access detours, access account protection park sites are * NHCCSites roads and equipment roads and equipment of the Chirundu constructed outside

park sites are not park sites shall be Fossil Forest the Chirundu Fossilconstructed through done in the Pre- Monument, is Forest MonumentChirundu Fossil Construction Phase. developed. during theForest Monument Construction Phase.and other heritagesites.

Human Settlements

. Site Engineer to * Planning for * Exploitation of * Water to local * Contractorinspect and satisfy exploitation of water water resources community is * EMU Roads Dept

Human Settlements that exploitation of resources from the from the local available. * Local Authoritywater sources for local community community for road * Local communityrehabilitation works shall be done during rehabilitation worksis done with the Pre-Construction is controlled.approval from the Phase inlocal authority and consultation with thewith consent from Local authority andthe local local community.community.

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EnviPmtal In tatemmthe L"hirurMad

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be | Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored l MonitoringHuman Settlements (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Planning for * Black spot areas are * Warning road signs * Contractorcheck and ensure erection of warning identified for and speed retarders * EMU Roads Dept

Human Settlements that adequate road signs in black erection of warning in black spot areas * Local Authority(Cont'd) warning road signs spot areas and speed road signs and speed and pedestrian are * Road Safety Council

in black spot areas retarders at retarders and are constructed.and speed retarders pedestrian crossing included in theat pedestrian site shall be done in overall road designscrossing site are the Pre-Constructionerected in human Phase.settlement areas.

Quarries and Borrow Pits

* Site Engineer to * Planning for . A road design, * Quarries and borrow . Contractormonitor and ensure exploitation of which takes into areas are located * EMU Roads Dept

Quarries and Borrow that quarries and construction account protection outside the water * Ministry of MinesPits borrow areas are not materials from of the water resources catchment

located near surface quarries and borrow resources. areas during thewater sources. areas shall be done Construction Phase.

in the Pre-Construction Phase.

* Site Engineer to * Planning for * A road design, * Quarries and borrow * Contractormonitor and ensure exploitation of which takes into areas are located far * EMU Roads Deptthat quarries and construction account away from the . Ministry of Minesborrow areas are not materials from conservation Chirundu Fossil * NHCClocated near quarries and borrow measures of the Forest MonumentChirundu Fossil areas shall be done Chirundu Fossil during theForest Monument. in the Pre- Forest Monument. Construction Phase.

Construction Phase.

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Envontal I"taten. the LJChiruoad

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be I Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority ResponsibleMonitored lj Monitoring

Quarries and Borrow Pits

* Site Engineer to * Planning for * A road design, * Quarries and borrow * Contractormonitor and ensure exploitation of which takes into areas are located far * EMU Roads DeptQuarries and Borrow that quarries and construction account protection away from the local * Ministry of MinesPits borrow areas are not materials from of the local community during . Local Authority(Cont'd) located nearby quarries and borrow community. the Constructioncommunities. areas shall be done Phase.

in the Pre-Construction Phase.

Work Accidents

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Operational Manual * Operational Manual * Contractormonitor and ensure out the Construction on Safety, Health on Safety, Health * EMU Road DeptWork Accidents that the procedures Phase. and Environment for and Environment for * Local Authorityon Safety, Health construction constructionand Environment for workers is workers is beingconstruction developed and implemented duringworkers are being available on site. the Constructionfollowed during the Phase.Construction Phase.

Construction Camps

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Designated waste * Waste is being * Contractormonitor and ensure out the Construction disposal site is dumped in * EMU Road DeptConstruction Camps that waste disposal Phase. identified and designated sites. * Local Authorityis done in available. * ECZdesignated approvedby the localauthority and ECZ.

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12.5. REPORTING PROCEDURE

The WMU will prepare a bi-annual Environmental Report that will form theframework for assessment of environmental performance. The report will contain theresults of the environmental monitoring and the need for plan adjustment.

A bi-annual Environmental Report comprising of the results of the monitoring will beprepared and made available to the Local Authorities' Environmental SteeringCommittee in project areas under their jurisdiction and Environmental Council ofZambia.

During the construction phase, the Environmental Management Unit from RoadsDepartment will ensure that the contractor implement the mitigation measuresrecommended in the EIS. Further, the EMU will ensure that construction workers aresensitized with regard to environmental problems and their obligation. In addition theEMU will liaise with respective government agencies such as Environmental Councilof Zambia on environmental issues, which may arise during the road rehabilitationphase.

I, £-(\C- .CA * I- sAt7.

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13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

13.1. ConclusionsThe findings from the Environmental Impact Assessment show that althoughthe proposed road rehabilitation project is expected to have a number ofnegative impacts on the environment, most of these are anticipated to occurduring the rehabilitation and construction phases and are mitigated in theoverall road design. Generally, the proposed route is planned to followexisting alignments thus the potential impacts are therefore reduced.

However there are sensitive areas along the road, which if not properlyengineered could have negative impacts. The section of the road crossing theKafue River could have long-term effects on the water quality, also theChirundu Fossil Forest Monument site could be lost, while areas ofsettlements may experience long-term socio-economic effects that may alsoimpact on the success of the road and its benefits to the project community.

13.2. RecommendationsThe study has proposed an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan(EMP) to addres the management of the identified environmental issuesassociated with the project .The plan consists of implementing the listedcomponents stated below as follows:

1. Implementing the Impact Mitigation Plan2. Monitoring the implementation of the EMP

The mitigation of the negative impacts on biophysical environment will bepart of the road design. The negative social impacts will require some level ofintervention as outlined below:

* Improvement and expansion of social facilities and services* Collaboration with local stakeholders to counter social upheavals* Sex education campaigns to fight HIV/AIDS threats* Provision of alternative social services, facilities and jobs for local people

affected by the project.

The mitigation measures will require constant information flow andconsultation with the stakeholders to ensure the least adverse social-economicimpact from the project. The project area of influence outweigh the "no-development" scenario. The project is therefore being recommended forimplementation assuming the incorporation of the recommended mitigatingmeasures and implementation of the Impact Mitigation Plan.

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Appendix 1: Annotated List of Endangered Species

Trees that are deemed to be endangered in this country are usually used assources of timber, building material, edible fruits, seed oils, firewood,charcoal, traditional medicine, production of honey, making of baskets andmats and harvesting of edible caterpillars. The threat to the survival of utilisedtree species is manifested in the mood in which resources are collected- oftenaffected by the destructive felling of trees without regard to potential futureharvests. A few taxa are of unknown use, but have been included because oftheir vulnerability to extinction by unknown anthropogenic factors, such asfires of highly specialised habitats and some endemic. The following taxabacked up by notes on use, distribution, ecology and nature of threat to thespecies survival.

Afzelia quanzesis Welw. (Leguminosae)

A tree used as a resource of timber and charcoal. It is widespread in thecountry with occasional occurrences in Miombo and Kalahari woodlands. Thefelling of trees reduces its chance of survival in the long run.

Baikiaea Plurijuga Harms (Leguminosae)

This is the principal source of timber in Mulobezi area. A tree restricted to thelow rainfall areas of Kalahari sands in Sesheke and Livingstone districts. Bothover exploitation for timber and later seasonal fires pause a threat to thespecies survival in this area.

Berchemia bakerana Burt & Hutch (Leguminosae)

This tree is a source of edible fruits. It occurs in relative hotter low rainfallriparian woodlands along the Luangwa and Zambezi river channels. Thecurrent trend of cultivation on river banks tends to destroy riparian forestswhich are the natural habitats if this taxon.

Brachystegia bakerana Burt & Hutch (Leguminosae)

A small tree of limited use as source of firewood and building material. Aspecies confined to the Kalahari Sands in Western Province. Late fires, whichdisrupt the phonological, cycle of most Brachystegia species renders thisspecies vulnerable to irreversible destruct and eventual extinction.

Brachystegia boehmii Taub. (Leguminosae)

A medium sized tree used as a source of building material (poles and fibres)and charcoal. It is widespread in Miombo woodlands, but prefers shallow soilsof lithosols type. Both charcoal burning and late fires tend to destroy treepopulations. The principal threat being charcoal burning in pre-urban areas.Brachystegia longifolia Benth. (Leguminosae)

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A tree up to 30 m high which is used as building material, charcoal makingand the production of honey. Bark cylinders are ringed out for making bee-hives in the North-Western Province where honey production is increasinglygetting commercialised. Besides bees collect nectar from several species ofBrachystegia to produce a dark-brown honey called Brachystegia honey.Effects of over-exploitation and the late fires spell danger to the species.

Brachystegia puberula Burtt Davy and Hutch (Leguminosae)

A small tree of known use. It occurs along striations of Kalahari Sands inMwinilunga and Solwezi district stretching into Angola. The destruction ofthis species by effects of late fires renders it liable to the narrowing itsgeographical range in the region.

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth (Leguminosae)

A medium sized tree which is the target for charcoal making in the pre-urbanareas. Young tree are used as poles for building. It constitutes a dominanttaxon in all Miombo woodlands but occurs as an element in Kalahariwoodlands. Charcoal making, late fires and clearing for agriculture lands isgradually reducing its ecological range.

Cassia abbreviata Olive. (Leguminosae)

This is a small tree extensively used in traditional medicines in Zambia withproven antibiotic principle. It is widely distributed in open Miombo andmopane woodlands. The use of its back as a source of medicine may lead tounintentional ringing of the trunk with eventual destruction of the trees closeto village settlements.

Cyathea dregei Kunze (Cyantheaceae)

A tree fern of ornamental value in their habitats and cultivated sites inbotanical gardens. Widespread in the high rainfall region occurring alongstream banks and moist edges of forest relicts on the plateau and montaneforest of the Nyika. The principal threat is late fires, which touch on relativelydrier reaches of the forest edge and stream banks towards the end of the dryseason.

Diospyros hoyleana F. White (Ebenaceae)

An evergreen small tree of yet unknown utility. A species of restricted rangerecorded on a sandy Island along the Zambezi in Mwinilunga's high rainfallarea. Only careful management of the habitat will ensure its survival.Entandorophragma candatum Sprague (Meliaceae)

A large tree used as source of fine timber. Mostly occurs on Kalahari Sands inassociation with Baikiaea Plurijuga where it is referred to as a Royal treeamong the Lozi people. It has also been recorded along the middle Luangwa

3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -111


and lower Zambezi valleys. Effects of fine and land clearing are prone toreduce the population size.

Entandrophragam delevoyi De Wild. (Meliaceae)

This is a large semi-evergreen tree used as source of timber. A speciesrestricted to the high rainfall areas of Copperbelt, Northern and North-Westernprovinces, with its southern limit recorded in Mumbwa district. It is associatedwith forest dominants such as Parinari excelsa and Syzgium guineense ssp.afromontanum. Strong fires that have reduced the once extensive evergreenforests to mere relicts at present easily destroy it.

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Appendix 2: List of People Met/ Consulted

Date Name Position Organisation/ Place

17.06.03 M. Muliya Environmental Officer EMU Roads Department, Lusaka17.06.03 N. Chipepo Environmental Officer EMU Roads Department, Lusaka18.06.03 A. Kalenga Conservation Assistant N.H.C. Conmiission, Chirundu25.06.03 M. M. Chilulumo Council Secretary Kafue District Council25.06.03 S. Malambo Acting Director of Works Kafue District Council02.07.03 F. K.M. Shalwindi Director Conservation Services N.H.C. Commission, Livingstone02.07.03 L. Daka Ranger Operations ZAWA Livingstone02.07.03 E. Ntinda Provincial Roads Engineer Roads Dept., Livingstone09.07.03 G. C. Gwantula Area Councilor Kadunga Village, Chirundu09.07.03 L. Silwamba Traffic Officer Zambia Police, Chirundu08.09.03 Y. Tembo Project Engineer Phoenix Contractors

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Appendix 3: Kafue Community - List of Participants in the Public ConsultationMeeting

NAME POSITION ORGANASATIONLawrence Kaunda District Building Officer EDU/KafueMulemba G.chibalanga Chairman KEDA/KafueWescot M. mwanza District Comm Dev. MCDSS

OfficerVictor Zimba District Planner K.D.C.Stanley Malamba AG/DOW K.D.CEnock Mwinga CouncilorJohnson Zulu Vice chairman Chawama RDCDexter Phiri Secretary Chawama RDCZoole Nawa District Marketing Co-op MACO

OfficerC. Kazemba A.I.O ZISDavid Kalaluka Industrial PostM.M. Chilulumo Council Secretary K. D CFriday Lupunga Roads Foreman K.D.CEsnart Munkombwe Councilor K.D.C.

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Appendix 4: Chirundu Community - List of Participants in the PublicConsultation Meeting

NAME POSITION ORGANASATIONEnock Kadongo Vice Headman Kandunga VillageEdward Hamayola Vice Headman Chonga VillagePaul KawayawayaMilos Mulungu Business Man Mulungu StoreSilvester Mukudya Vice Headman Mondanga VillageWelingtone Farao Headman Farao VillageMathtews Kamhora Headman Kamhora VillageSimon Hamonga Zemba ZembaLameck Hashaka Headman Hashaka Village

Lespine silwamba Traffic Officer ChirunduIsack Zimba Deputy Officer In-Charge ChirunduJere Malcolm Cop-Representative ChirunduPhilipo Mando Vice Headman ChilunduGibson Hanulish Commuter Member Kandunga VillagePeter Kandushi Headman Kandunga Village

Choonga David Headman Choonga VillageSimon Mangaba Headman MangabaDenis D .Vlahakis Vice chairman Mangaba Village

Julius Nalubamba Siavonga District MMD KandungaG.Gwantula Kandunga Village Kandunga

RepresentativeVincent Hamalambo Revenue Collector ZRAKenneth Hachilinda Council Representative CouncilMabloss Kokonsenin Pembele U/H PembeleMario Kawayawaya U/G Secretary KandungaCananka Kapululila Headman Kapululila

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E845 - World Bank Documents

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Transcript of E845 - World Bank Documents