Dr. Sooraj D.pdf

“PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL

EVALUATION OF ‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ W.S.R. TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY”

By

Dr. Sooraj D B.A.M.S.

Dissertation submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI

DOCTOR OF MEDICINE

IN

RASASHASTRA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. B.B.JOSHI M.D. (Ayu) Ph.D. Professor & Head

Department of Rasashastra

Dept. of Post Graduate Studies,

Co-Guide

Dr. A.R.KULKARNI M.Pharm, Ph.D.

Dept of Pharmacology,

S.E.T.’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA

HASS’S AYURVEDA MAHAVIDYALAYA, HUBLI,

2014

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN

RASASHASTRA

AYURVEDA MAHAVIDYALAYA, HUBLI

CERTIFICATE BY THE HOD

This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “ PHARMACEUTICO-

ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF

‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS

ANTI - DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY ” is a bonafide research work done by

Dr. SOORAJ D under the guidance of Dr.B.B.Joshi prof & Head, Department

of Post Graduate studies in Rasashastra, and co- guidance of Dr.A.R. Kulkarni,

prof & Head, Department of Pharmacology, SET’s College of

Pharmacy,Dharwad, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Ayurveda Vachaspati, Doctor of Medicine (Ayurveda).

Date:

Place: Hubli

Dr. B.B.Joshi M.D. (AYU) Ph.D.

Professor and Head

Dept. of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra

Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN

RASASHASTRA

AYURVEDA MAHAVIDYALAYA, HUBLI

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICO-

ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF


ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY”is a bonafide research work done by

Dr. SOORAJ D in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Ayurveda Vachaspati, Doctor of Medicine (Ayurveda).

Date:

Place: Hubli

Dr. B.B.Joshi M.D. (AYU) Ph.D.

Professor and Head

Dept. of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra

Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli

DEPARTMENT OF P G STUDIES IN PHARMACOLOGY

S.E.T’S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY DHARWAD

Certificate

This is to certify that this dissertation entitled PHARMACEUTICO-

ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION ON


ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY is a bonafide research work done by

Dr.Sooraj D in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) IN

RASASHASTRA.

Date:

Place:Dharward

Co-Guide Dr.A.R.KULKARNI M.Pharm., Ph.D

PROF. & H.O.D

DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY

S.E.T COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

DHARWAD.

DEPARTMENT OF P G STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA

AYURVEDA MAHAVIDYALAYA HUBLI

CERTIFICATE BY THE PRINCIPAL

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled PHARMACEUTICO-



ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY is a bonafied research work done by DR.

Sooraj D. under the guidance of Dr.B.B.JOSHI MD,Ph.D. (Ayu), Head of

the department and Professor, Department of Post-Graduate studies in

Rasashastra., Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli.

Date:

Place: Hubli

Principal

Dr. P.G.SUBBANA GOWDA M.D. (Ayu)

Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli, Karnataka

DEPARTMENT OF PG STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA

AYURVEDA MAHAVIDYALAYA HUBLI

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “PHARMACEUTICO-



ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY is a bonafide research work done by me

under the guidance of Dr.B.B.Joshi prof & Head, Department of Post

Graduate studies in Rasashastra, and co- guidance of Dr.A.R. Kulkarni, prof

& Head, Department of Pharmacology, SET’s College of Pharmacy,Dharwad.

Date:

Place: Hubli

Dr. Sooraj D. P.G. Scholar

Department of Post-Graduate Studies in Rasashastra

Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya,

Hubli, Karnataka

COPYRIGHT

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I, DR.SOORAJ D., hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University

of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and

disseminate this dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for

academic / research purpose.

Date:

Place: Hubli

Dr. Sooraj D

P.G. Scholar

Department of Post-Graduate Studies in Rasashastra.

Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya,

Hubli, Karnataka

© Rajiv Gandhi University of health sciences, Karnataka

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | i

PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF

‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ W.S.R. TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is essentially the spiritual aspirations & obedience to the law of spirit, which

outlines everything. First of all I bow down to this holiest and only consciousness of life,

Lord Dhanvantari, whose blessings made me to learn and work in the field of Ayurveda. I

beg his grace in my efforts and attempts to comfort the health seeking humanity.

I am very much indebted to my mother Smt.G.Vijayalekshmi father

Sri.K.Dharmarajan, and my brother Sri.Sarath D. My potential has been always

appreciated to its best by them in their unique disciplined way.

I express my deep sense of indebtedness to my guide Dr.B.B.Joshi, M.D,PhD

professor & HEAD., Dept. of P G studies in Rasashastra for his valuable guidelines, concern

and genuine interest in the study and bring the work to this level of quality. His words of

inspirations support and enthusiasm will always be green in my mind

With great reverence I wish to express my deepest thanks and appreciation to my

esteemed co-guide Dr.A.R.Kulkarni M.Pharm., Ph.D Prof. & HEAD Dept. of

Pharmacology, S.E.T College of Pharmacy Dharwad. His unceasing effort of guidance and

excellent direction has been a guiding light for me.

It’s my opportunity to express my gratitude towards our honourable principal

Dr.P.G.Subbangouda M.D.(Ayu) and Ex- Principal Dr.S.J.Deshpandae M.D.(Ayu) for his

support throughout my study.

It is very difficult to find a vocabulary to appraise my sincere and hearty Gratitude to

my beloved and respected teachers Dr.K.M.Jaggal M.D.(Ayu), Dr.Anita Joshi M.D.(Ayu),

Dr.P.AgnihotriBhat M.D.(Ayu) and and for their valuable suggestions and timely guidance

benefited me in completing this thesis work.

I am most grateful to Dr.J.R.Joshi M.D (Ayu), Professor and Head. Dept. of P.G

Studies in Moulika Siddhanta, Dr.S.K.Bannigol M.D.(Ayu), Professor and Head,

department of post graduate studies in Shalya tantra and Dr.A.I.Sanakal M.D.(Ayu),

Professor and Head, department of post graduate studies in Panchakarma,

Dr.A.S.Prashanth M.D(Ayu),PhD, Professor, Department of Post-Graduate studies in

Panchakarma, Dr.M.A.Hullur M.D.(Ayu), Professor and Head., Dept. of PG Studies in

kayachikitsa,they had been always ready to guide and assist me whenever asked for &

needed.

My deep indebted thanks and profound regards to my reverend teacher

Dr. Sathyanarayan Bhat M.D, (Ayu), Principal, MIAMS, Manipal for his sole hearted

suggestions, motivation and unconditional support with effective advices which helped me to

conclude this task of dissertation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | ii



I wish to express my respect & thanks to my senior friends (Drs) Hari G Nair

Sreejith R.,Parithosh, Nidhi Verma and Tarangini,Arunprasad,Kiran Nadh,Kiran

Madhu,Athri S.S.,Shihabudeen Gurukal,Krishnakumar, for their valuble support and

guidance

I feel great pleasure in expressing my deep and profound sense of gratitude to my

senior Dr.Gauthaman M M.D, (Ayu), Assistant professor, Dept.of Rasashastra,

Parassinikadavu Ayurveda Medical College, Parassinikadavu Kannur Kerala for his valuble

support and guidance.

I want to thank all my esteemed colleagues from my department, (Drs) Dinesh

Kumar Verma, Sorab Gaind, Ganesh Namboothiri P.K., Chaitra.L.V and from other

Departments (Drs) Arun Mohan, Ranjith R Warrier, Jeevan K Jose,Divya,Hemanth

Pawdae. For similar favors they had rendered throughout my research study, which are

worth to be enumerated forever.

I am thankful to my juniors friends (Drs) Remya, Jayalakshmi,Girish.,Anoop

,Binoy,Sanjay,Vishnu,Aniket,Somasekar Huddar,Alex Baby,Neelesh,Anoop, for their

support and helping hand throughout my work.

I also want to thank all my U.G. friends Sonu,Salim,Ashwin,kithu,Vishitha who

supported me throughout my study for the helps they rendered.

It is my pleasure to thank Mr.Rajashekar.B.Alagawadi, Librarian, PG Library and

Mr.Prashant, Librarian of UG Library.

I am thankful to Mr.Prabhakar,Mr.Venkidesh and to all College and Hospital

staff, Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli

I’m also remembering all my Gurus who were guiding me in the right path always.

The accomplishment of this task is incomplete without a hearty thanks to each & every

person; known or unknown, directly or indirectly involved in my dissertation work. I am

greatly indebted to all of them for their invaluable contribution in completing this

dissertation work.

I express my deep sense of indebtedness to those rats who sacrifised their valuable

lives to completing this dissertation work.

Place:

Date:

Dr.Sooraj.D.

ABBREVIATIONS | iii


‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ W. S. R. TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

ABBREVIATIONS

1. AshtangaHridaya AH

2. AshtangaSangraha AS

3. Ayurveda prakash AP

4. Ananda Kanda AK

5. BhaishajyaRatnavali BR

6. Bavaprakash BP

7. Brihat Rasa Raja Sundar BRRS

8. CharakSamhita CS

9. Control drug Cont

10. DravyaGunaVigyana DGV

11. Nrusimha pottali rasa sample I NPR I

12. Nrusimha pottali rasa sample II NPR II

13. Nrusimha pottali rasa sample III NPR III

14. Rasa Chandamshu RC

15. Rasa Chintamani RCI

16. Rasa JalaNidhi RJN

17. Rasa Kamadenu RK

18. Rasamritam RA

19. Rasa RatnaSamuchaya RRS

20. Rasa Sara Sangraha Ra.S.Sa.

21. Rasa Tarangini RT

22. Rasa Yoga Sagara RYS

23. Rasendra Sara Sangraha RSS

24. Standard drug Std

25. SushruthaSamhita SS

26. SharangdharaSamhita Sha. S

27. Test drug Tst

28. Yoga ratnakara YR

ABSTRACT | iv



ABSTRACT

Background: Nrusimha Pottali Rasa is a product mention in the contest of

Jvarathisara chikitsa by acharyMoolshankar Dwedi in Brihat Rasarajasundara

Objectives: To do a comprehensive literary study on Nrusimha Pottali Rasa

To do a comprehensive Pharmaceutical study on Nrusimha Pottali Rasa

To do the physico-chemical analysis of Nrusimha Pottali Rasa

Experimental evaluation of anti diarrheal activity of Nrusimha Pottali Rasa

Methods:

Basic raw material will be collected from Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana,

Pharmacy Ayurvada Mahavidyalaya, Hubli and Nrusimha Pottali Rasa will be

formulated in Three batches and name NPR 1, NPR 2,NPR 3 in Pharmacy Dept. of

Post Graduate studies in Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Ayurvada

Mahavidyalaya, Hubli, Prepared Nrusimha Pottali Rasa (NPR)was subjected to

various analytical tests and experimental study conducted by Castor oil induced

diarrhoea.

Results:

A total of 129 gms of NPR was produced from 528 gms of raw meterial

LOD (Loss on Drying) NPR 1 -0.5%,NPR 2 -0.6%, NPR 3 -0.5%, Water soluble extractive

NPR 1 -7%, NPR 2 -8 %, NPR 3 -7%,Alcohol soluble extractive - NPR 1 - 16.0625%, NPR

2 - 15.67 %, NPR 3 - 15.22%, Total ash - NPR 1 - 1.9%, NPR 2 - 1.8% , NPR 3 - 1.9% ,

Sulphated ash -NPR 1 -9.6 %w/w, NPR 2 -10.2 %w/w, NPR 3- 8.3 %w/w

Loperamide showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 343.33 of 0-8 hours observation when

compared to Nrusimha potali rasa and Normal saline, result is statistically significant by

ANOVA test, it indicates that Loperamide and Nrusimha potali rasa is effective than Normal

saline.

Nrusimha potali rasa showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 1618.33 of 8-24 hour

observation compared to Loperamide and Normal saline, result is statistically not significant

by ANOVA test, it indicates that Loperamide, Nrusimha potali rasa and Normal saline are

equally effective.

Interpretation and conclusion: Nrusimhapottalirasa can be prepared easily. Its availability

and price makes it an ideal medicine. Its composition and properties makes it a potent

antidiarrhoeal effect

Key words: Nrusimhapottalirasa, Gajaputa, Antidiarrheal,

CONTENTS | v



CONTENTS

S.No. Contents Page No.

Acknowledgment i-ii

Abbreviations iii

Abstract iv

List of Tables and illustrations v-x

I. Introduction 01

II. Objectives 02

III. Review of Literature

Review on Pottali kalpa 03 – 23

Review of Nrusimha Pottali rasa 26 - 23

Review of Parada 24 - 39

Review of Gandhaka 40 - 48

Review of Varatika 49 – 58

Review of associate drugs 59 - 65

Disease Review Athisara 66 – 77

Pharmaceutical review 78 - 83

IV. Methodology

Pharmaceutical 84 – 102

Analytical 103 - 109

Experimental 110 – 112

V. Observations and Results 113 - 129

VI. Discussion 130 - 139

VII. Conclusion 140

VIII. Summary 141 - 142

IX. List of References 143 - 153

X. Annexure

LIST OF TABLES | vi



LIST OF TABLES

Table no: Contents Page no

1) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Nityanath 07

2) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Gopal krishna bhatt 07

3) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Yashodhara 08

4) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Vagbhata 08

5) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Dundukanatha 09

6) Pottali kalpas according to Anandadeva suri 09

7) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Shargadhara 10

8) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Bavamishra 11

9) Pottali kalpas according to Rasakoumudi 11

10) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Chudamani 11

11) Pottali kalpas according to Yoga rathnakara 12

12) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Govinda dasa 13

13) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Trimalla bhatt 13

14) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Godabola 14

15) Pottali kalpas according to rasayana Sangraha 15

16) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Shri krishna ram bhatta 16

17) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Shyama sundara 16

18) Pottali kalpas according to Moolshankar dwedi 17

19) Pottali kalpas according to Acharya V.D Hariprapanna sharma 17

20) Vernacular names of Parada 24

21) Synonyms of Parada 24

22) Bheda of Parada based on uthbava bhedena 26

23) Bheda of Parada based on desha, varna, jati and karma 26

24) Doshas of Parada according to different Acharyas 28

25) Paradha astadesha samskaras and its merits 31

26) Physical properties of Mercury 33

27) Compounds of Mercury 36

28) Mercurous compounds 37

29) Vernacular name of Gandhaka 40

30) Sulphates of Gandhaka 41

31) Sulphides of Gandhaka 41

32) Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses 42

33) Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Gandhaka 43

34) Basic information of Sulphur 47

35) Physical properties of Sulphur 47

36) Sulphates of Gandhaka 47

37) Vernacular names of Varatika 49

38) Synonyms of Varatika according to various classics 49

39) Inclution of Varatika in different vargas 50

40) Classification of Varatika according to various classics 51

41) Different method of Varatika shodhana 52

42) Pharmacological properties of Varatika 53

43) Varatika marna according to different Acharyas 53

LIST OF TABLES | vii



44) Guna karma of Varatika 54

45) Karma of Varatika 54

46) Vernacular names of Saindhava lavana 59

47) Guna karma of Saindhava lavana 60

48) Properties of Saindhava lavana 60

49) Vernacular names of lashuna 61

50) Properties of lashuna 62

51) Properties of Goksheera 63

52) Properties of Go ghrita 64

53) Composition of Ghee is 64

54) Chemical composition of kulattha seed 65

55) Nidana of atisara according to different classics 67

56) Prabheda of Atisara according to different classics 68

57) Samprapti ghataka of Athisara 70

58) Dimensions of Gajaputa 82

59) Practical no 1 sodhana of Parada 86

60) Practical no 2 sodhana of Gandhaka 87

61) Practical no 3 preparation of kulatha kwatha 89

62) Temperature pattern during kwathana of Kulatha kwatha 90

63) Properties of kulatha kwatha 91

64) Practical no 4 sodhana of Kapardika 91

65) Temperature pattern during kapardha swedana 93

66) Properties of kulatha kwatha during the procedure 93

67) Practical no 5 preparation of kajjali 93

68) Physical examinations of kajjali 94

69) Practical no 6 kaparda purana 95

70) The details of NPR sample 1 97

71) Temperature chart for NPR 1 98

72) The Result of NPR sample I after 1st,2

nd and 3

rd puta 98




nd and 3

rd puta 100




nd and 3

rd puta 101

79) Results of preparation of NPR 102

80) Nrusimha potali rasa on Various Ayurvedic Parameters 113

81) Showing NPR on various analytical parameters 114

82) XRD peak list for NPR 1 116



85) SEM-EDAX:Elemental composition in Mass % - NPR Sample

1

118

86) SEM-EDAX:Elemental composition in Mass % - NPR Sample

2

118

87) SEM-EDAX:Elemental composition in Mass % - NPR Sample 119

LIST OF TABLES | viii



3

88) Average values of the elements from 3 samples of NPR 119

89) Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group I and Group II

(n= 6) of 0-8hrs observation

120

90) Comparative antidiarrhoeal activity and statistical analysis of

Group I and Group II (n= 6) of 0-8 hrs observation

121

91) Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group I and Group II

(n= 6) of 8-24 hrs observation.

121

92) comparative antidiarrhoeal activity and statistical analysis of


122

93) Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group I and Group III

(n= 6) of 0-8 hrs observation

123

94) Showing the comparative antidiarrhoeal activity and statistical

analysis of Group I and Group III (n= 6) of 0-8 hrs observation

123

95) Descriptive of Weight of the stool in mg of Group I and Group

III (n= 6) of 8-24 hrs observation

124


Group I and Group III (n= 6) of 8-24 hrs observation

125

97) Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group II and Group III


125


Group II and Group III (n= 6) of 0-8 hrs observation

126

99) Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group II and Group III


127


Group II and Group III (n= 6) of 8-24 hrs observation

127

101) Comparison of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII & GIII of

0-8 hrs observation

128

102) ANOVA of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII &GII of 0-8

hrs observation

128

103) Comparison of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII & GIII of

8-24 hrs observation

128

104) ANOVA of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII &GII of 8-

24hrs observation

129

LIST OF CHARTS | ix

PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘NRUSIMHA

POTTALI RASA’ W.S.R. TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart no Contents Page No

1. Classification of Rasaoushadhis 06

2. Pottali Classification based on method of preparation 18

3. Pottali Classification based on appearance 18

4. Pottali Classification based on ingredients 19

5. Pottali Classification based on agni samskara 19

6. Doshas of Parada 27

7. Sudha dravya vargikarana 51

8. Samprapti of Athisara 69

9. Schematic presentation of The pharmaceutical study 84

LIST OF GRAPHS | x



LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph No. Graph Page

1. Temperature Chart For NPR 1 98



4. X-Ray Diffraction for NPR 1 115



7. Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GII of 0 -8

hrs observation

120

8. Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GII of 8-

24hrs observation

122

9. Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GIII of 0-8

hrs observation.

123

10. Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GIII of 8-24

hrs observation.

124

11. Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GII and GIII of 0-8

hrs observation

126

12. Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GII and GIII of 8-

24 hrs observation.

127

INTRODUCTION | 1



INTRODUCTION

Rasashastra is one of the potential branches of Ayurveda which provides unparalleled

remedies with their minute dose and quick action1 as well as high acceptability

hence the drug

of choice in present times. Rasaushadhies are administered in various dosage forms viz.,

Khalviya Rasayanas, Parpati Rasayanas, Pottali Rasayanas and Kupipakwa Rasayanas2.

Among these Pottalikalpas are claimed to be highly potent and quick in action by various

traditional practitioners.

During the development of civilization and the way of human life has come across

various problems and sought solutions for the same. In the modern era, with the life moving

at extra fast pace, causes extremely difficult for the people to stick on to the healthy food

habits. Hence, population is very much prone to get diseases of GIT, such as vomiting,

Gastritis, Diarrhoea etc. Among these, the incidences of diarrhoea are equivalent to the global

incidence in India; more than 1 billion peoples suffer one or more episodes of acute diarrhoea

each year,3 and is the cause of increased attendance in the OPDs. To cope up with the fast

moving life, public is seeking fast relief with medication administered. Though the modern

system approaches is systemic and has fast cure of symptoms but at the same time causes

untowards symptoms , which sometime flare up with various health issues. Potentially for this

reason, the world is seeking remedies from Ayurvedic science

When we go through the different Rasashastra classics, we can get a number of

Pottalikalpas mentioned for various ailments. In “Bruhat RasaRajaSundar” we find the

reference of “Nrusimha Pottali Rasa”and one of the indication is Athisara4. On observing all

the research works we find no research work on “Nrusimha Pottali Rasa” . Hence present

study is being selected to prove its efficacy scientifically.

In today’s era of research, the validations of ancient concepts are of the same

importance as of finding a new drug. Keeping this concept of research in mind, the following

study has been designed, to have a comprehensive understanding of Nrusimha Pottali Rasa,

with the title “PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL

EVALUATION ON ‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

IT’S ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY.”

OBJECTIVES | 2



OBJECTIVES

Comprehensive literary study on Nrusimha Pottali Rasa has done

Comprehensive Pharmaceutical study on Nrusimha Pottali Rasa has done

Physico-chemical analysis of Nrusimha Pottali Rasa has done

Experimental evaluation of anti diarrhoeal activity of Nrusimha Pottali Rasa has done

REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 3



REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The literary review plays very important role. It indicates the proper guidelines and

provides the evidence of positive results of the research work. It also gives the clue of

probable indication of final outcome of researches.

The present work is mainly on Nrusimha Pottali Rasa. All the available classical

literature compiled and reviewed in the beginning; helps in further research works. On

keeping Birdseye on all the texts, we get different approach towards Nrusimha Pottali Rasa.

On observing all the available material we can study this under the following headings

Review on Pottali kalpa

Drug review

Diseases review

Pharmaceutical review

Analytical review

REVIEW ON POTTALI KALPA

History of Pottali:

There are no references regarding Pottali kalpanas in vedic literature. The term “Pottali”

was used in different Ayurvedic literature. Pottali word is found in Acharya Charaka used

this term in the contexts of swedana karma by various herbal drugs within a piece of cloth.

I. Yava, Kulattha, Masha and Pulaka are tied in a cloth Pottali is formed, and this

Pottali is applied for fomentation in Sushka Arshas.

II. Vacha, Kusta, Ksoumaka, Hingu, Sarshapa, Atasi, Lasuna,Kana etc., Rakshghna

drugs made into Pottali and hanged to the northern door passage of neonatal ward

(sootikaagaara) as disinfectant. The same drugs are advised to be tied in the neck of

the newborn baby and mother.

III. The same above mentioned drugs are kept in “Prasevika” (bladder leather) and tied

to hang in the corner of the home. Here the Pottali is made with the leather instead of

cloth.

All these references infer Pottali is a structure that keeps resemblance with a

pouch having some herbal or other drugs in it which does not indicate any separate

pharmaceutical processing. But from the point of Rasa shastra, Pottali kalpana should be

considered as separate kalpana of herbo-mineral drugs evolved in order to keep multiple

components like Bhasma, Dhatu, Ratna etc., into a compactly processed state.

The first and foremost mention regarding Pottali kalpana is found in classics 12th Century Ad




The text Rasa prakasha sudhakara of 13th century A.D. has first mentioned the

preparation of Pottali kalpa by Sh.Gandaka drava paka in the context of Vajra Pottali. The

author of Yogaratnakara of 18th century A.D. has mentioned Sh.Gandaka drava paka in an

iron vessel.

Etymology:

The word “Pottali” has been derived from the various roots grammatically suffixed by

different pratyayas in different gender form to mean a wide range of things, a careful

lexicographical literary screening following some descriptions reveals the meaning of

Pottali.

The word Pottali is derived as:- Puta Pota Pottali Pottalika Puta

5 - “ Puta sansleshane tudaadi; puta sansarge; putayatitidaadi……”.

sa.kal.dr

The word puta grammatically a masculine gender means “slesha” being suffixed by

ghna” pratyaya finally. Puta word is made with the meaning of (sanslesha) adhesion or to give

support. Puta word used in the same of sansleshana and sansarga, categorised under“tudaadi;

gana” to mean the same object as described above. Pota

6: Pota – “pu; puta sanslesha + aadhaare Ghana; sanslesha: iti potagala……”

sa.kal.dr A word grammatically a masculine gender derived from root puta. This means

adhesions or to minimize, being suffixed Ghana pratyaya, means adhere or to give support.

Pottalika7 Potalika –“ sansleshana leeyate iti……sanslishta vastradi……”

sa.kal.dr It is the feminine gender word version of pota suffixed by word which means to be,

to exist, in that form further added by Kan and Tap pratyaya, subsequently earning the

concised form of puta

Pottali8: Pottali – “potena sansleshena leeyate iti… puttalika – vastra baddha dravyam…… “

sa.kal.dr

Word “Pottali” is derived by the same way as Pottalika from the original root puta of

prasodaradi gana meaning the same like Pottalika.

Another derivation states that the word puta applied to minimize, to concise or to

make compact It is formed from the root La with “I” prtyaya meaning to take or to receive.

Thus the word Pottali formed.




Further the English equivalents of the word Pottali has been enumerated as the

foundation of a house, putting together, uniting, mixing, a female servant or a slave large

alligator, aspecies of reed, a bundle or a pocket.

Hence most of the said derivations contain the meaning of Pottali as To concise, To

compact a substance, To minimize a substance, Making into bundle, pocket of the substances

or to put different substances into a bundle or pocket which means similar in case of

Pottali kalpana.

“Vistaritasya vastuno alpibhavanam

Pottam pottala iti grihannati iti pottali “

Pa .vjn.

“Pottali can be defined as to collect scattered materials, into a compact and

comprehensive size. Otherwise technique or processing which gives compactness to the

scattered materials.”

Aim of Pottali kalpana :

All the inventions in each and every field of science are the solutions for the previous

problems. Similarly certain points may be taken into consideration for the origin and

development of the Pottali kalpana.

They can be categorized as

I. Convenience.

II. Enhancement of Properties.

I. Convenience:

During ancient period there was severe problem of transportation. Physicians were not

readily available as per the needs of the patients. Physicians attending the patients have to

carry all the medicines and accessory instruments with them. Sometimes these medicines on

the way were destroyed due to breakage of containers and hence there was a risk of

contamination of rsaoushadhis. So to prevent such inconvenience Pottali kalpana was

introduced, where the physician to keep the Pottali handy with him and is able to administer

it when and where ever require immediately.




II. Enhancement of Properties:

There was no related explanation regarding this particular property from any of the

Rasashastra classical texts. But in Rasashastra texts sulphur has been mentioned as the

antidote for the toxic effects produced by mercury and useful for fixation of Sh.Parada i.e, to

undergo moorchana. So in most of the moorchita Sh.Parada kalpanas viz., Khalveeya,

Parpati, Kupipakva and Pottali kalpana, Sh.Gandaka is added to Sh.Parada or treated with

some specific procedures. It was thought that mercuri if treated with molten sulphur may

become therapeutically efficacious. This hypothesis might have given the idea for

formulating Pottali kalpana (Pottali vignaanam).

Physicians were in need of medicines which act as least dosage able to obtain quick result.

In a nut shell the Pottali kalpana was invented with a vision convenience in transportation,

administration, dose fixation, and preservation and enhancement properties

Chart no.1 Classification of Rasaoushadhis

RASAOUSHADIS

MRITHA PARADA MOORCHITHA PARADA

KHALVEEYA RASAYANA

PARPATI RASAYANA

KUPIPAKWA RASAYANA

POTTALI RASAYANA

BANDHA PARADA




POTTLI KALPA IN DIFFERENT CLASICS

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Nityanath

Nithyanath finds the first mention of Pottali kalpana in Rasa Ratnakara in 12th A.D.

The author has mentioned two Pottali kalpanas.

Table No. 1: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Nityanath9

No Pottali Name Ingredients Pharmaceutical

process

Theraputical

use

1 Ratnagarbha

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh,Loha

bh,Swarna bh.,Roupya bh.,

Sh.Gandaka,.,Thamra

bh.,Muktha bh., Sanka bh

Swarnamaksika bh.,

Puta paka Kshya,

Astamahagada,

Jvara,

2 Sankha Garbha

Pottali

Shanka bh.,Sh. nabi,

Sh.Parada bh.,

Sh.Gandaka

Puta paka Rajayekshma,

Vathapitha

roga

Thereafter Rasendra Sara Sangraha(Gopal Krishna Bhatt,13thA.D.)has mentioned five

Pottali kalpanas in his text. Apart from Ratnagarbha Pottali four new Pottalis has been

mentioned in this text.

Table No. 2: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Gopal Krishna Bhatt10


process

Theraputical

use

1. Ratnagarbha

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh, Sanka bh

Swarna bh.,Roupya bh,

Sh.Gandaka,Loha bh.,

Thamra bh.,Muktha bh.,

Swarnamaksika bh.,

Puta paka Kasa,Swasa,

Athisara,

Ksheya

2. Lokeswar

Pottali

Rasa sindura,Swarna bh.,

Sh.Gandaka

Puta paka Angakarsya,

Agnimandya

kasa,kshya

3. Hemagarbha

Pottali

Rasa sindura,Swarna bh.,

Thamra bh., Sh.Gandaka

Puta paka Rajayeksma

4. Grahani

Kaparda

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Sh.Gandaka,

Kaparda, Loha bh.,

Thamra bh.,Tankana bh.

Puta paka Vathika

Grahani

5. Hamsa Pottali Sh.Parada,Sh.Gandaka,kaparda,

Thrikatu, Visa,Tankana bh.

Puta paka Grahani




Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Yashodhara

Thereafter Rasaprakasasudakara(Acharya Yashodhara,13thA.D.)has mentioned five Pottali

kalpanas in his text. They are,

Table No.3: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Yashodhara11

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Vagbhata

The author of Rasarathna samuchaya Acharyas Vagbhata Has mentioned six Pottali during

14 th century AD

Table No. 4: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Vagbhata12


process

Theraputical use

1. Gandakadi

Pottali(1)

Sh.Gandaka,

Harathala bh.,

Swarnamaksika bh.,

Manasila bh,Snuhikshira

Puta paka Yakrith

plihodara

2. Gandakadi

Pottali(2)

Punarnava, Loha bh

Krisnajeerakam,

Pippali,Vacha,Tiphala,

Puta paka Vali Palitham

Deerka ayukaram

3. Hemagarbha

Pottali


Swarna bh.,Chithraka

bhavana



process

Theraputical use

1. Hemagarbha

Pottali (1)


Swarna bh.,Tankana bh.

Bhoodara

yantra

Kasa,Swasa,Athisara

Ksheya,Chardhi,

Slesmaroga,khsya,

Grahani

2. Hemagarbha

Pottali (2)


Swarna bh,Tankana bh,

Sanka bh,Varatika bh

Putapaka-Gaja Kasa,Swasa, vata

Athisara,Ksheya,

Mandagni

3. Lokanath

Pottali


Tankana bh.

Bhavana Sarvaroga

4. Mrignka

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Sh.Gandaka

or Tangana,Swarna bh.

Puta paka Ksheya and

Sarvaroga

5. Raja Mrignka

Pottali


Swarna bh.,Tankana bh.,

Varatika


Athisara,Ksheya




4. Mriganka

Pottali


Swarna bh.


5. Pottali Rasa Sh.Parada,Sh.Gandaka or

Tankana,Kaparda bh.,

Loha bh.

Puta paka ThridosaGrahani

6. Vaishwanara

Pottali


Tankana

Puta paka Mandagni

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Dundukanatha13

The author of Rasendra chintha mani Acharyas Dundukanatha Has mentioned Three

Pottali kalpas during 14 th century AD in his text which are more repetition of previous

texts.

Table No.5: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Dundukanatha

No Pottali Name

Ingredients Pharmaceutical

process

Therapeutically use

1. Hamsa Pottali

Rasa

Sh.Parada,Tankana,

Visa,Kaparda bh.,

Thrikatu,

Bhavana Grahani

2. Lokeshwra

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Sh.

Gandaka,Swarna bh.

Puta paka Pandu,kushta,Shodha,

Jvara,Unmada,

Dourbalya

3. Ratna garbha

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh.,

Swarna bh.,Roupya bh.,

Naga bh., Loha bh.,

Thamra bh.,Muktha,

Swarnamaksika bh.,

Sanka bh., Thutha

Puta paka Asta mahodara,

Kasa,Swasa, Atisara

Pottali kalpas according to Anandadeva suri

According to Acharya Anandadeva suri, Author of Rasachinthamani of 14 century

A.D. has mentioned. Six Pottali Kalpas in his text which is unique and original yogas

from the author

Table No.:6 Pottali kalpas according to Anandadeva suri14

No Pottali Name Ingredients Pharmaceutic

al process

Theraputical use

1. Lokesha

Pottali


shanka bh. or kaparda

Puta paka Grahani,Athisara,

Amaroga

2. Laghu Pottali Sh.Parada,Sh.Gandaka,

Kaparda bh.,Thrikatu

Puta paka Vatha vyadi,Athisara,

Premeha,Mandagni

3. Kanchana

Pottali


Swarna bh.or kaparda

Puta paka VathakahaJvara,kusta,

Mandagni,Athisara




4. Shankha

Pottali


Kaparda bh.,Shanka bh.

Puta paka Athisara,Mandagni,

Swasa,kasa,

Amlapitha,

Slesmapitha,Rakth

Athisara,Sangrahini

5. Hiranya

garbha Pottali


Swarna bh.

Puta paka Pandu,Premeha,Jvara,

Athisara,Shoola,

Ajeernaa,Haleemaka,

Kamala

6. Panchamrita

Pottali

Swarna bh.,Sh.Gandaka

Kaparda bh.,shanka bh.

or kanthaLoha bh.

Puta paka

+ Bhavana

Vathavyadi,Athisara,

Premeha,Shoola,

Dourbalya,,

The only speciality of the author is that he had mentioned first time the method of

preparation of Hiranya garbha Pottali in dola yantra byBalidravaka method. While the

previous authors are mentioned it by Puta paka samskara.

Pottali kalpas according to Shargadhara samhitha

According to Acharya Shargadhara, Author of Shargadhara samhitha of 15 century A.D.

has mentioned .Three Pottali Kalpas in his text

Table No. 7 Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Shargadhara15

No Pottali

Name

Ingredients Pharmaceutical

process

Theraputical use

1. Mriganka

Pottali

Muktapisti, Swarna bh

Sh.Parada,Tankana

or Sh.Gandaka

Putapaka Kapharoga,Grahani,

Swasa, kasa,Aruchi,

khesya,karshya

2. Hmagarba

Pottali(1)

Swarna bh.,Sh.Parada,

Tankana or vatsanaba

Kapardapoorana,

Putapaka

Swasa,kasa,khesya,

Athisara,karshya,

Grahani, kapha roga,

Vatha roga,

3. Hmagarba

Pottali(2)

Muktapisti,Swarnabh.,

Sh.Parada, Shanka bh.

Tankana Sh.Gandaka,

Kapardapoorana,

Putapaka

Swasa,kasa,khesya,

Vatha roga,kapha roga,

Grahani Athisara

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Bavamishra

The author of Bavaprekasa Acharyas Bavamishra Has mentioned one Pottali kalpa during

16 th century AD




Table No.8: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Bavamishra16


process

Theraputical use

1. Shankagarbha

Pottali


Sanka bh.,Kaparda bh.,

chitraka and

Adraka bavan

Kapardapoorana,

Putapaka

Jvarathisara,Swasa,

kasa,AmaVatha,

Mandagni,Grahani

Premeha,Dourbalya,

Kaphajaroga

Pottali kalpas according to Rasakoumudi

As per Rasakoumudi two Pottali during 16 th century AD

Table No.9 Pottali kalpas according to Rasakoumudi17


Process

Theraputical use

1. Rathna garba

Pottali


Swarna bh.,Roupya bh.,

Sh.Gandaka,Loha bh,

Thamra bh.,Muktha bh.

Putapaka Kasa,Swasa,

Athisara,Ksheya

2. Shankagarbha

Pottali


Sankabh,Kaparda

Putapaka Mandagni,Grahani

Premeha,Dourbaly,,k

aphajaroga

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya chudamani

Acharya Chudamani in his classic of 17 century A.D. has mentioned eight Pottali kalpas which

are again repeatations of earlier text.

Table No. 10 Pottali kalpas according to Acharya chudamani


process

Theraputical use

1. Hemagarbha

Pottali(1)

Rasasindura,Swarna bh.,

Thamra bh.,Sh.Gandaka


2. Hemagarbha

Pottali(2)


Swarna bh.,Tankana bh.

,Sanka bh.,Varatika bh.


vata Athisara,

Ksheya,Mandagni

3. Hiranyagarbha

Pottali


Swarna bh.

Puta paka Pandu,Premeha,

Kamala, Jvara,

Athisara,Shoola,

Ajeerna, Haleemaka

4. Lokanath

Pottali


Tankana bh.

Puta paka Sarvaroga

5. Lokanath

Pottali


or Tangana,Swarna bh

Puta paka Ksheya and

Sarvaroga

6. Mriganka

Pottali


Swarna bh.





Pottali kalpas according to yoga ratnakara(18th

century AD)

According to Author of yoga ratnakara has mentioned in his classic six Pottali kalpas of

which four varieties of Hema garbha Pottali are the fundamental and contribution of the

author. Besides this he developed the Pottali paka procedure by balidravaka in iron vessel.

Table No.11: Pottali kalpas according to yoga ratnakara18

No. Pottali Name Ingredients Pharmaceutical

process

Theraputical use

1. Ratna garbha

Pottali

Prevala bh.,Rajavartha,

Vaikrantha,Gomeda,

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh,

Roupya bh.,Naga bh.,Loha

bh,Abraka bh,Muktha bh.,

Swarnamaksika

Puta paka

(Gaja puta)

Kshaya

2. Lokeshwara

Pottali

Sh.Parada, Sh.Gandaka,

Swarna bh.,Tankana,

Puta paka

(varaha puta)

Kusta,kshaya,

pandu,shosha,

Jvara,Brama,

Unmada

3. Hema garbha

Pottali (1)

Sh.Parada, Swarna bh.,

Sh.Gandaka, Muktha bh.,

Sankabh. bh., Tankana bh.

Balidravaka Kasa,Swasa,kseya

Vatharoga,

Grahani,

Kapharoga,

Athisara

4. Hema garbha

Pottali (2)


Sh.Gandaka, Thamrabh.

Puta given in

Vitasti

pramana pit

Kasa,Swasa,

kseya, Athisara

Vatharoga,

Grahani,

Kapharoga,

5. Hema garbha

Pottali (3)

Sh.Parada, Swarnabh.,

Sh.Gandaka, Thamra bh.

Puta paka

(Gaja puta)

Sarva roga hara

with different

anupana

6. Hema garbha

Pottali (4)


Sh.Gandaka.

Valuka yantra Kasa Swasa

7. Ratnagarbha

Pottali


Swarna bh.,Sh.Gandaka,

Loha bh.,Thamra bh.,

Muktha bh.

Puta paka Astamahodara,

Kasa,Swasa, Atisara

8. Shankhagarbha

Pottali

Shankanabi,Sh.Parad,

Sh.Gandaka

Puta paka Rajayekshma,

Vathapitha roga




Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Govinda dasa(18th

century AD)

As per the author of Baisajya rathnavali mentioned five Pottali kalpas, which are compiled

from previous, works.

Table No.12: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Govinda dasa 19

No. Pottali Name Ingredients Pharmaceutical

process

Theraputical use

1. Ratna garbha

Pottali


Swarna bh., Roupya bh.

Sh.Gandaka,Loha bh.,

Thamra bh.,Muktha bh.,

Swarnamaksika bh,

Sanka bh.

Kaparda

poorana,

Gaja puta

Yeksma,maharogas

Kasa,Jwra,Swasa,

Athisara,

2. Lokeshwara

Pottali

Rasa sindura, Swarna bh.,

Sh.Gandaka

Kaparda

poorana,

Gaja puta

Ksheya,Shodha,

kusta,Pandu,Jwara,

Brama,madonmada

3. Hamsa garbha

Pottali


kaparda, Thrikatu,

Visa,Tankana

Bhavana Grahani

4. Hiranya garbha

Pottali


Muktha bh.,Swarna bh.,

Sanka bh.,vartika bh.

Bhavana Pandu,Premeha,

Jvara,Athisara

Shoola,Ajeerna,

Haleemaka,kamala

5. Hema garbha

Pottali


Thamra bh.Swarna bh.

Kaparda

poorana,

Gaja puta

Rajayeksma

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Trimalla bhatt20

As per the Acharya Trimalla bhatt author of Brihathyoga Rajatargini has mentioned two Pottali

kalpas, during (18th century AD)

Table No.13: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Trimalla bhatt


process

Theraputical use

1. Ratna garbha

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh.,Swarna bh,

Roupya bh. Sh.Gandaka,Loha

bh,Thamra bh.,Muktha bh, Naga

bh.Swarnamaksika bh,Sanka bh,

Abraka bh,Prevala bh, Rajavartha

bh., Vaikrantha bh,Gomeda bh

.Pusparaga

Putapaka Sarva roga ,

Kshya

2. Lokeshwara

Pottali

Sh.Parada, Swarna bh,

Sh.Gandaka

Sh.Kaparada

poorana

Karshya,

Agnimandya




Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Godabola21

As per the Acharya Godabola author of Nigantu rathnakara has mentioned two Pottali

kalpas, during (18th century AD)

Table No.14: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Godabola


process

Theraputical use

1. Mriganka

Pottali

Swarna bh, Sh.Parada,

Tankana,Muktha bh,

Sh.Gandaka

Putapaka Kapharoga,Grahani,

kasa,Swasa,Rajayeks

hma,Arochaka

2. Ratna garbha

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh,

Rajata bh.,Naga bh,

Loha bh, Abraka bh,

mukth bh, makshika bh,

Prevala bh, pugaraja ,

Rajavartha bh, sankha bh

Vikrantha bh,Gomeda bh,.

Putapaka Khsaya

3. Lokanath

Pottali


Sh.Parada.,Vathsanaba

Kaparda

poorana

Putapaka

Dourbalya,,karshya,

Shodha,amavatha.

KasaSwasa,gulma,

sula,Aruchi,Grahani

4. Shankha

garbha

Pottali(1)


sanga bh,Sh.Parada,

maricha bh, Tankanabh.

Kaparda

poorana

Putapaka

Kshaya

5. Shankhagarbh

a Pottali(2)


Kaparda bh., Shankabh.,

Kaparda

poorana

Putapaka

Athisara,Mandagni,k

asaSwasa,

,Amlapitha,

Slesmapitha,Rakthat

hisara,Sangrahini

6. Hema garbha

Pottali(1)

Sh.Parada bh., Swarnabh.,

Sh.Gandaka,chithraka

kwatha

Kaparda

poorana Gaja

puta

Rajayekshma

7. Hema garbha

Pottali (2)

Sh.Parada.,Sh.Gandaka

Tankana,vathsanabha

Kaparda

poorana Gaja

puta

Kasakshya,Swasa,

Grahani,

Aruchi,Agnimandya




Pottali kalpas according to Rasayana sangraha22

Rasayana sangraha the mentioned ten Pottali kalpas, during (19th century AD)

Table No.15: Pottali kalpas according to Rasayana sangraha


process

Theraputical use

1. Mriganka

Pottali

Swarna bh.,Sh.Parada,

Tankana,Muktha bh.,

Sh.Gandaka

Putapaka Kapharoga,

Grahani,kasa,

Swasa, Arochak

Rajayekshma,

2. Ratna garbha

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh.Rajata

bh.Naga bh, Lohabh,

Abraka bh.,mukth bh,

makshika bh, Prevala bh,

Pugaraja ,Rajavartha bh,

Vikrantha bh, Gomeda bh.,

Sankha bh.,

Putapaka Khsaya

3. Hamsa Pottali Sh.Parada,Sh.Gandaka,

kaparda,Thrikatu,Visa,

Tankana

Putapaka Grahani

4. Shankha garbha

Pottali

Shankanabi,Sh.Parada.,

Sh.Gandaka

Putapaka Rajayekshma,

Vathapitha roga

5. Hiranya garbha

Pottali


Swarna bh.

Putapaka Pandu, kamala

Premeha, Shoola,

Jvara,Athisara,

Ajeerna,

Haleemaka,

6. Maha Hema

garbha Pottali

Sh.Parada, Tankana,Visa,

Kaparda bh.,Thrikatu

Putapaka Grahani

7. Apoorva Hema

garbha Pottali


Swarna bh.or kaparda

Putapaka Vathakaha,

Jvara,kusta,

Mandagni,

Athisara

8. Shweta Hema

garbha Pottali


kaparda Lohabh,Thamra bh,

Tankana bh.

Putapaka Anga karsya,

Agnimandya,

kasa

9. Peeta Hema

garbha Pottali


kaparda,Thrikatu,Visa,

Tankana

Putapaka Grahani

10. Hema garbha

Rasayana

Pottali

Rasa sindura,Swarna bh.

,Thamra bh.,Sh.Gandaka

Putapaka Kasa,Swasa,

Athisara,Ksheya,

Chardhi, Grahani

Slesmaroga,khsya




Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Shri Krishna Ram Bhatta23

As per the author of classic 19 century A.D. has mentioned three Pottali kalpas

Table No.16: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Shri Krishna Ram Bhatta


process

Theraputical use

1. Hema garbha

Pottali


Thamra bh.,rajath bh.,

Swarna bh.,Muktha bh.,

Prevala bh.,Loha bh.,

Abraka bh.,

Balidravaka Anga karsya,

Agnimandya,

kasa

2. Netra Pottali Harithaki,spatika bh.,

Prevala bh.

Powdered and

tied into Pottali

Nethra roga

3. Reto Rodhana

Pottali

Jathi phala,

kasthuri,hingula,ela,

Swedana in

dugdha

Shigra pathana

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya shyama sundara24

As per the author of Rasayanasara Shyamasundara. has mentioned three Pottali kalpas.

during of 20 century A.D

Table No.17: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya shyama sundara


process

Theraputical use

Netra Pottali Darvi,shiva,Nagairika,

Mishri,Karpura,sphadika,

Powdered and

tied into Pottali

Nethra daha,

Nethra srava

,netra peeda,

Hema garbha

Pottali

Sadguna jaritha

Rasasindura Swarna

bh.,Thamrabh bh..,

Vanga bh.

Kaparda poorana,

Gaja puta

SarvaGrahani

Rrajayekshma,

Athisara,jwara,

kasa,

Swarna garbha

Pottali


Swarna bh.,vanga bh,

kaparda bh., shangabh.,

Muktha bh., Tankana

Balidravaka SarvaGrahani,

rajayekshma,

Athisara,jwara,

Kasa

Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Moolshankar Dwedi25

As per the Acharya Moolshankar Dwedi author of Brihath rasaraja sundara mentioned

threePottali kalpas, during (18th century AD)




Table No.18 Pottali kalpas according to Moolshankar Dwedi


process

Theraputical

use

1. Hema Pottali Sh.Parada,Sh.Gandaka,

Thamra bh.Swarna bh.

Putapaka Grahani

2. RatnaGarbha

Pottali

Sh.Parada,Vajra bh. Loha bh

Rajata bh.,Naga bh.Abraka

bh.,mukth bh., Prevala bh.,

makshika bh.,Pugaraja,

Rajavartha bh,Vikrantha bh,

Gomeda bh.

Putapaka Sarvarogakshya

3. Nrusimha Pottali

Rasa

Sh.Parada Sh.Gandaka.

Kapardika

Putapaka jwarathisara

Rasa Raja Shiromani contributed Vaikranta garbha Pottali and Mukta garbha Pottali.

In 20 century A.D. voluminous, compiled text like Bharata Bhaisajya Ratnakara,

Rasa Yoga Sagara, Rasatantra & Siddha Prayoga Sangraha have compiled many Pottali

yogas from previous texts. Shri Yadavji Trikamji author of Rasamritha has mentioned

many Pottali kalpas.

As per our Acharya in his classic26

has described many Pottali yogas quoting

from different eminent and experienced Vaidyas. He mentioned varieties of Hema garbha

Pottali and introduced 18 new Pottali kalpas in his text.

Table No.19: Pottali kalpas according to Acharya Vd Hariprapanna Sharma

No. Pottali Name Pharmaceutical process

1 Hiranya garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

2 Tara garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

3 Tamra garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

4 Loha garbha Pottali(1) Balidravaka method

5 Loha garbha Pottali(2) Balidravaka method

6 Malla garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

7 Tala garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

8 Shila garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

9 Visa garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

10 Rasa garbha Pottali(1) Balidravaka method




14 Tridhatu garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

15 Ratna garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

16 Abra garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

17 Makshika garbha Pottali Balidravaka method

18 Pravala garbha Pottali Balidravaka method




Total numbers of Pottali kalpas mentioned in different texts are around 70. But on

analyzing carefully them some are repetitions of previous ones. Different varieties of Pottali

kalpas found in the text with their uniqueness are about 40.

CLASSIFICATION OF POTTALI

Various Pottali kalpanas have been discussed and mentioned in several Rasashastra

classical texts with variation in their form, appearance, method of preparation, ingredients,

and therapeutic indications. These can be classified for the better understanding.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON METHOD OF PREPARATION

Chart no.2: Classification based on method of preparation

Chart no.3: Classification based on appearance

POTTALI

Bavana method Putapaka method Kapardapurana

method

Balidravaka method

POTTALI

CHOORNA FORM

eg ..Mriganga pottali

Gandakadi pottali

BASMA FORM

eg.Hemagarba pottali

Nrusimha pottali

PUGAKARA

eg.Hema garbha pottali

Rathnagarba pottali




Chart no.4: Classification based on ingredients

Chart no.5: Classification based on agni samskara

POTTALI

WITH PARADHA

eg: Rathna garba pottali

Hema garbha pottali

WITH OUT PARADHA

eg: Gandakadi pottali

POTTALI

WITH AGNI SAMSKARA

Eg.Hamsa pottali Rasa,

Gandhakadhi Pottali Rasa

WITHOUT AGNI SAMSKARA

Puta paka

Gaja puta

Eg. Vaishwanara pottali rasa

Lokanatha pottali

Bhudhara puta

Eg. Rasa pottali

Kukuda puta

Hema Garbha pottali

Yantra paka

Lavana Yantra

Kaparda pottali

Valuka Yantra

Shaila Garbha pottali

Dola Yantra

Hema Garbha pottali




Methodology

According to the definition of the Pottali, we found that the drug which is prepared

by giving compactness to the scattered materials or which binds many ingredients in

unique formula by a special method is termed as Pottali. Unlike Khalveeya, Parpati and

Kupi pakva Rasayana, Pottali kalpas are having three different pharmaceutical procedures.

On the basis of available literature regarding Pottali kalpana, it may be derived that during

the early Rasa Shasta period, Acharyas were using the metals, the minerals, ratnas etc., in

either purified or bhasma form. During medieval period a special methodology was derived

to keep the Herbal, Mineral, Ratna, constituents in a single formulation known as Pottali

kalpana. This was systematically achieved by three basic procedures viz.,

1. Bhavana Samskara

2. Puta Paka Samskara

3. Balidravaka method

I. Bhavana Samskara :

On reviewing the literature only three Pottalirasayanas are mentioned to prepare by

bavana method. They are Hamsa Pottli Rasa, Sh.Gandakadi Pottali Rasa (1), Sh.Gandakadi

Pottali Rasa (2).

PROCEDURE

In this procedure all the ingredients should be purified, properly incinerated (if

bhasmas are to be added) and in fine powder (vasthra galitha) are subjected to Bhavana in

khalva yantra along with some herbal media. Where ever there is no clear mentioning of

specific herbal media the swrasa of Kumari or divya jala shall be used. This Bhavana is to

be continued till the mass attains viscous and semisolid state. After repeating this

procedure for 3 to 5 times, by examining the Subhavitha lakshanas, then whole mixture is

to be collected, dried, powdered and preserved

II. Puta Paka Samskara :

Putapaka is a specialized technique in which minerals, metals, precious stones and

other substances are reduced to ashes by subjecting to appropriate quantum of fire

repeatedly so that the subjected matter loses its original shape, color, nature, luster etc., and

resembles the ash. From the literature of the Rasa Shastra Putapaka is meant for Marana of

Rasa, MahaRasa, Dhatu, Ratna etc., But in this present context all the ingredients of Pottali

viz., Sindhura, Dhatu, Bhasmas, Choorna etc., are subjecting to puta paka. In the course of

preparation of Pottali following points are taken into consideration especially for those

prepared by Puta paka.




i. Ingredients: In maximum number of Pottalis that are prepared by Puta paka consists of

Sindhooras, Dhatus in Shodhita from or in bhasma form, Bhasmas of Sudha varga and

Ratna Varga dravyas. Usually these are metalo mineral in nature.

ii. Bhavana: All the ingredients are properly triturated with suitable herbal media as told

by classical references until a uniform homogeneous mixture obtained and is allowed to

dry either in Powder form or Gutika form depending upon the Marana procedure.

iii. Marana: For the purpose of incineration, various putas are mentioned viz., Gaja puta,

Kukkuta puta, Bhudhara puta, Bhanda puta etc. apart from the general Putapaka procedures

some special techniques are adopted to the purpose of Putapaka of Pottali.

IV These prepared mixture in fine powder form filled in the kaparda and the ventral cleft is

Closed with the paste made of Tankana and Cow’s milk. This paste is again smeared

around kaparda and left for drying. These kapardas are subjected to Gaja puta and after

Swanga sheeta the burnt and bloomed kaparda are macerated to fine powder and preserved.

Eg: Ratna garbha Pottali

Lokanath Pottali

Hema garbha Pottali. (I&II)

B The mixture after Bhavana is filled into the Moosha prepared from the Shankha Bhasma

and sealed with Tankana Bhasma paste made with Cow’s milk and coated thickly all

around the Moosha and allowed for drying. This Moosha is to be subjected to Gajaputa by

keeping it in sharava samputa. After Swanga sheeta entired Pottali along with Moosha

macerated into fine powder

Shape of Pottali:

After triturating properly when fine paste is made Pottali is prepared. Regarding

the shape of the Pottali different opinions are encountered in Rasa shastra.text. Some texts

opine the shape “Shikhara-arambhika akara” means the base being wide with narrowly

pointed towards the top resembling the shape of the pyramid (Rasayana Sara) another text

mentions the shape as “Pugakara” the Pottali should look like Puga phala (fruit of Araca

catechu nut) in shape and size(va.chi.).Further a text mentions the shape as “karsya

manasca vartika” means Pottali should be in the shape of varti and approximately

weighing of one karsha (12grams)

Container:

The container in which Pottali is to be boiled in the molten sulphur media should

be of earthen one, and it should be smeared with ghee properly before to the Sh.Gandaka




Paka(Ra.Chi.) where as some other text mentioned Ayasapatra (Iron container) for the

same (Yoga.Ratnakara.).

Cloth:

Most of the authors opine to use the silk cloth to tie the Pottali for Sh.Gandaka

Paka (R.Y.S., R.S., and Y.R.).

Quantity of sulphur:

Some texts prescribe the quantity of Sh.Gandaka to be equal with the weight of

Pottali taken (Y.R.) where as others opine 2 to 6 times to the weight of the Pottali,

Sh.Gandaka should be taken (R.S.)

Preparing Pottali for Balidravaka

Silk cloth is taken and one layer of powdered Sh.Gandaka is spread over that then

potali is kept in center. (Some authors mention the quantity taken should be equal to the

weight of the Pottali taken). And this is wrapped tightly with the thread and iron shalaka is

placed for suspending (R.Y.S., R.S., Y.R.).

Agni pramana:

All the authors are mentioned the Pottali paka by indirect heat application and in

Mandagni.

Paka kala:

Different views are mentioned in Rasa shastra text regarding the duration of paka

of Pottali. They are Yamardha, Yamaka, Ghatika, Dwitayam, Ghatadwaya, Dwiyamam

which indicated the duration of paka from 1hr to 8hrs. but Yoga Ratnakara, Rasamrutam

mentions the paka kala up to the attainment of paka lakshana

Paka Lakshana:

Some signs have been mentioned in the Rasa shastra text for the determination of perfect

paka of Pottalis.They can be categorized under the following headings.

a. As per the color of the Sh.Gandaka: The paka of Pottali is considered perfect or

completed when the color of the sulphur becomes:-

Vyoma varna (sky color) by Lakshmi pathi shastri on Yoga Ratnakara P.P- 420

Yadhavji on Rasamrutha.

Neelashyama (Bluish black) by V.M.Dwivedi on B.R.S.

Siddha lakshna

a. Metallic sound produced by the Pottali when tapped against the container or any hard

substances.




b. Burning of cloth: During the processing when the cloth containing Pottali is burnt, that sign

is considered as one of the paka lakshanas of Pottali.

Paschat karma:

The Pottalis are taken out after attaining paka lakshanas and the silk cloth is

removed by cutting with it a sharp instrument. When the Pottali became cool it is polished

with a knife to remove the superficial coating of Sh.Gandaka adhered to it and kept in

suitable containers for therapeutic uses.

Mode of administration:

This Pottali should be rubbed over a rough surfaced stone for specific number of

rotations applying madhu or ghritha as a medium and whole paste is administered orally.

Nrusimha Pottali Rasa27

Nrusimha Pottali Rasa is a product mention in the contest of Jvarathisara chikitsa

by Acharya Moolshankar Dwedi in Brihat Rasarajasundara. And there is no other

refference available for Nrusimha pottali rasa

INGRADIENTS

1) Shudda Sh.Parada

2) Shudda Sh.Gandaka

3) Shoditha kapardika

METHOD OF PRIPARATION

Shuddha Sh.Parada and Shuddha Sh.Gandaka are taken in equal

quantities then grind well without adding any liquid till it becomes a homogenous mixture

and it look like kajjala(collyrium,a blacck soft substance which is applied over the eyelids) is

called kajjali.this kajjali is filled in to shodida kapardika.These kajjali filled kapardika is

keep in a sarava sampuda then sabjected to gajaputa tii attain the bh.lakshana

DOSE

Two karsha pramana(250 mg)

ANUPANA

Along with Gritha,Madhu in different quantity

USED IN

Jwarathisara




PARADA

In ancient literature on Rasa Shastra, Rasa (mercury) has been described to be of

Divine origin and claimed to be related to Lord “Shiva or Hara”. We come across much

quotation providing the importance of Parada in Rasa texts.

“Jaramaranasankatadibhyaha param dadatiti”Paradaha, dhatuvisheshaha.28

Initially it was used for alchemical purposes mainly the ancient Indian alchemists

recognized its miraculous properties of transforming inferior to superior metals which is

known as Lohavada. Parada was attained this capability after undergoing a series of

Samskaras. In due course it was thought, as it is converting the base metals into noble

metal so it can be used for removing disease from the patients and makes their lives easy.

This is known as Dehavada.

Table No.20: Showing Vernacular Names of parada29

Synonyms:

Table No.21: Showing Synonyms of Parada30

Dehavadatmaka Amritham,jaitra,dehada,mrityunasana, rasayana,

rasayanasreshta, paradah

Dhatuvadatmaka Maharasa, Rasottama, Suta , divyarasa , rasaraja

, rasadhatu, rasaloha , mishraka ,rasendra

Vishishta gunathmaka Ananda , amara , kalikanthaka , sukshma ,

soubhagya

Darsana rupathmaka Jeeva , jaiva , divya , achinthya

Sanskrit - Parada

Hindi - Parada

Gujarati - Paro

Marathi - Para

Latin - Hydrargyrum

English - Mercury, Quick silver

Malayalam - Rasam

Tamil - Rasam

Kannada: - Paadarasa




Swarupathmaka Galad Raupyanibhama, Mahateja, suvarna ,

chamara

Gathyatmaka Khechara , chala , chapala

Devathmaka Trinetra , trilochana , deva , shivabeejam , shiva

viryam , harateja , rudraja , lokesha

Prapti Sthana (Occurrence of Parada):

In Native form (muktavasta): It’s seen rarely in the form of single globules or small

pools as disseminated in globules embedded in the rock. It also occurs in small quantities

as amalgam and halogen compound. The various synonyms are due to its original form

e.g.: sahaja parada, swayambhu parada, galadaroupyanibham

In combined form (mishravasta / ores of mercury): In some places it’s found along

with other substances like sulphur, chlorine, gold, silver etc. Some e.g.: are cinnabar

(HgS), calomel (Hg2Cl2) ,Living stonite(2Sb2S3HgS) ,Liver ore of Hg , brick ore of Hg,

steel ore of Hg etc.

History: Preparation of Gold out of mercury has first mentioned 300 BC31

.Its external

application has been mentioned in brihatrayi.32

Shuddha Parada Lakshana

Shudha parada will internally have a blue shinning and externally will be bright and

shinning like the afternoon sun.

Ashuddha Parada Lakshana

It will be dhumra varna or pandura varna, such parda which is mixed with other

colour should not be used for rasakarma.




Types of Parada :

Table No.22: Bheda of Parada Based on udhbava bhedena33

Bheda Varna Mala karma

Rasa Rakta Which is free

from all types

of blemishus

Rasayana

Rasendra Shyava Free from

blemishus

Rasayana

Soota Ishat Peeta With blemishus Dehasiddhi,lohasidhdhi

Parada Shweta With blemishus Sarvarogahara

Mishraka Mayura

Chandrika

Varna

With blemishus Sarvasiddhidayaka.

Table No.23: Bheda of Parada Based on Desha, Varna, Jati and Karma34

Desha Varna Jati Karma

Poorva Sweta Brahmana Chikitsaartha

Dakshina Krishna Kshatriya Suvarna nirmana

Paschima Peeta Vaishya Dehavedha

Uttara Rakta Shudra Rajata nirmana

Doshas of Parada:35

Parada (Mercury) procured from its original sources or from the market may

contain various types of admixtures. Sometimes the Parada is found associated with some

metallic elements in nature while it is deliberately adulterated for commercial purposes by

the profiteers. This fact was known to our acharyas and hence they have described

impurities of Parada. Parada in its shuddha form cures all diseases but ashuddha parada

produces various disorders. The various doshas mentioned are as follows.

Mainly Parada Dosha is classified into 3 main headings.

1. Naisargika doshas (Natural impurities).

2. Yougika doshas (Physical impurities).

3. Aoupadhika doshas (Chemical impurities in the form of coating).




1. Naisargika Doshas :36

There are some unwanted properties which are natural in origin

2. Yougika doshas37

The impurities mixed by the traders from the commercial point of view to increase

the weight of Parada by adding some Arilohas. This Dosha produces Jadya, Adhmana and

Kusta.Ex: Naga, Vanga etc

3. Kanchuka Doshas 38

Literally Kanchuka means thin layer. Kanchuka doshas are the impurities of

mercury which are seen as thin layer covering it. This is due to tarnishing of

mercury.There is some difference of opinion amongst ancient scholars regarding their

name and source but all of them considered as seven in number

Chart no.6: Showing Doshas of Parada

Parada doshas

Naisargika dosha

Visha

Vahni

Mala

Yaugika dosha

Naga

Vanga

Aupadika dosha

Bhumija Parpati

Girija Patini

Varija Bhedi

Nagajau Dravi

,Malakari

Vangajau Andhakari ,Dhvankshi

Saptha

kanchuka

doshas


PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ W. S. R. TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

Table No.24:Showing Doshas Of Parada According To different Acharyas

DOSA R.R.S

R.H.T.

R.N.V R.P.S

R.C

R.M A.K A.P R.K R.T

Visha Marana Savisha Mrityu Mrityu Mrityu Mrityu Karma mrityu

Vahni Santhapa Kushta Mada Daha - daha Thapa Thapa

Mala moorcha Udara roga Moorcha Moorch moorcha ruja Moorcha jadya

Mada - - Sphota - - - unmatha -

Darpa - - Shiro

bhrama

- - - Anga

sphota

-

Gaurava - - - Sula - - - -

Chapala - - - asthiratha - viryanasa - Beejanasa

Bhudosha - - - - - - Tejo nasa -

Naga Jadyatha , - - - jadyatha Jadatha , - vrana



doshadyam galaganda

Vanga Adhmana ,

doshadyam

- - - putigandha kushta - kushta

Giri jadyatha - - - - sphota - sphota

Parthiva kushta - - - kushta - - -

Jaliya Vata sankata - - - Dosha

vardaka

- - -

Agneya - - - - daha - - -

Vayavya - - - - sula - - -

Nabhasa - - - - badirya - - -

Gajacharma - - - - gajatwak - - -

Pundarika - - - - Dadru - - -



Visarpa - - - - visarpa - - -

Haridra - - - - pandu - - -

Rakta Charma - - - - Aksi patala - - -

-

Naranga - - - - Audumbara -

Rakta vinduka - - - - Masurika -

Asahya agni - - - - Moha moha moha

Manduka - - - - Charmakeela - - -




Shodhana of Parada

To get rid of the above doshas certain purificatory methods are adopted. There are two types

of shodhana:-

Samanya shodhana – Vyadhiharanartham

Visista shodhana – Rasayanartham

Samanya shodhana of parada:

Shodhana is intended to get rid of impurities of Parada. As the Parada is obtained from the

earths crust naturally it adsorbs some unwanted soil particles &chemical over it. So it is

essential to carry out some Purifactory procedures before making use of Parada.

Different Methods Adopted for Samanya Shodhana of Parada:

♦ Parada is triturated with Nagavalli swarasa, Ardraka swarasa, Ksharatraya for 3 days and

washed with water. This Parada will be shining like Mukta and devoid of Sapta doshas39

♦ Parada is triturated with Lasuna and Saindhava Lavana on a tapta Khalva yantra for one

month40

♦ The Parada which is extracted by Urdhwa Patana Vidhi from Hingula is devoid of Sapta

Kanchuka Dosha is subjected to Shodhana. Parada’s 1/16th part of Haridra churna and Nimbu

swarasa-Q.S is taken in a porcelain dish and triturated for 2 days. After drying, it is filtered

through four folded cloth and Parada is procured41

Drugs mentioned for Samanya Shodhana of Parada42

Parada Shodhana has to be carried out for 3 to 7 days, in any of the following drugs to get rid

of Parada doshas. Sudha(Lime powder), Lashuna, Saindhava, Gritakumari swarasa, Chitraka

kwatha, Rakta Sarshapa, Bhrahati kwatha, Triphala kwatha, Nagavalli swarasa,Ardraka

swarasa, Yavakshara, Tankana, Sarjikshara, Haridra, Ishtika churna etc.

Vishesha Shodhana43,44

Specific Shodhana to Parada removes the Visha, Vahni, Mala, Naga, Vanga, Chapalya, Giri,

and Asahyagni etc. Doshas.This procedure was intended for strengthening and potentiation of

Parada and is achieved by Astadasha Samskaras.

Table No.25:Showing paradhaAstadasha Samskaras and its merits

Asta samskaras Merits

Svedana samskara Malashidilya karakam

Mardana samskara Bahir malanasanam

Murcchana samskara Nastapistathwakarakam




Utthapana samskara Murchavyapathi nasana

Patana samskara Vangahi smbarka

kanjukanasaka

Rodhana (or Bodhana)

Samskara

Mukakaaraka

Niyamna samskara Chapalathwanivarthi

Dipana samskara Grasartham

Table No.26:Showing Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Parada45

Rasa Shadrasa

Guna Snigdha, Sara and Guru

Veerya Ushna

Vipaka Madhura

Karma

Yogavahi, Rasayana, Vrishya, Balya, Vayastambhana,

Pustikarak, Deepana,Agnivardhaka, Deha and Loha

siddhikara, Ropana, Krimighna and Tridos Vyadhi

Prabhava Vata roga, Vali, Palithya, Jara roga, Sarva Akshi roga,

Krimi, Kusta, Sarva roga

.

MERCURY

Discovery

Mercury was reported by Theophrastus in 300BC.

Mercury46

Mercury is the only common metal which is liquid at room temperature. Mercury

is sometimes called quicksilver. It is a heavy, silvery-white liquid metal. It is divisible into

spherical globules, mobile, without having any odor / taste, cold to touch, slowly volatizing at

ordinary temperature. Low melting and boiling point is due to large atomic size. It is a rather

poor conductor of heat if compared with other metals but it is a fair conductor of electricity. It

is a soft metal, three times heavier than water. It alloys easily with many metals, such as gold,

silver, and tin. These alloys are called amalgams. . Hg slowly oxidizes.

2Hg + O2 Heat 2 HgO.




The most important mercury salts are mercuric chloride HgCl2 (corrosive sublimate - a

violent poison), mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2 (calomel, still used in medicine occasionally),

mercury fulminate (Hg (ONC) 2, a detonator used in explosives) and mercuric sulphide (HgS,

vermillion, a high-grade paint pigment).

Applications46

Mercury metal has many uses. Because of its high density it is used in barometers

and manometers. It is extensively used in thermometers, due to its highrate of thermal

expansion that is fairly constant over a wide temperature range. Its ease in amalgamating with

gold is used in the recovery of gold from its ores.

Mercury compounds have many uses. Calomel (mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2) is

used as a standard in electrochemical measurements and in medicine as a purgative. Mercuric

chloride (corrosive sublimate, HgCl2) is used as an insecticide, in rat poison, and as a

disinfectant. Mercuric oxide is used in skin ointments. Mercuric sulphate is used as a catalyst

in organic chemistry. Vermilion, a red pigment, is mercuric sulphide; another crystalline form

of the sulphide (also used as a pigment) is black. Mercury fulminate, Hg (CNO) 2, is used as a

detonator

Table No.26: Showing Physical properties of mercury46

Atomic No. 80

At. Wt. 200.59 g·mol−1

Symbol ‘Hg’

Sp. Gr. 13.595 at 250C

B.P. 356.730 C

Freezing point (-38.90C)

Melting point 38.83

Heat of fusion 2.29 kJ·mol−1

Heat of vaporization 59.11 kJ·mol−1

Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 27.983 J·mol−1·K−1

Atom binding capacity 2

Appreciable hardness 12.59




Element category Transition metals

Group, period, block 12, 6, d

Oxidation states 4, 2 (mercuric), 1 (mercurous)

Latin Name Hydrargyrum

Colour Shining Silver white

Crystal structure Rhombohedral

Phase Liquid

Occurrence and distribution:

Small quantities of mercury occur in native form but chiefly it occurs as sulphide

(cinnabar). It is found chiefly in Spain and Italy. It is also found as calomel (Hg2Cl2),

Metacinnabar (HgS), Tiemannite (HgS), Montroydite (HgO) and also as amalgams of Gold

and Tellurium in small quantities

Absorption, distribution and excretion47

Most of the soluble salts of mercury are absorbed slowly from the intact mucus

membrane of the alimentary tract and produce their systemic effects. The insoluble mercuric

salts however are very sparingly absorbed. Mercurous chloride and mercurous iodide are

known to be absorbed as mercury can be detected in the urine after their administration. It has

been found that after administration of 0.6 gm of calomel and 20 mg of mercurous iodide

daily, 5mg and 4mg of mercury respectively are excreted in the urine. In case of sulphides,

however, a great deal of doubt exists as to whether they are absorbed at all the sulphide ion is

very inert and it is clear that unless and until the salt is dissociated in to its constituent ions,

mercury will not be able to exert its influence on the body tissues. Sulphide of mercury is not

used in any of the pharmacopoeias of western countries as it is considered to be devoid of

therapeutic activity. This idea gains additional support from the fact that the various mercurial

salts after absorption are excreted into the caecum and colon as sulphides and in this form,

mercury is found in the feaces. Exertion of mercury immediately after absorption is mainly

through the kidney and colon and to a lesser extent via bile and saliva. Small amounts are also

excreted in volatile elemental form through both lungs and skin. Most of Hg is excreted

within 6 days after administration but traces may be detected for months, even years urinary

excretion is slow at first but accelerates later. Fecal excretion is 8%, which is due to mucosal

sloughing mainly as methyl mercury, but bacterial floras convert about 50% to inorganic

mercury.




Toleration:

Age, sex and idiosyncrasy greatly modify the action of mercurial compounds, children

as rule bear mercury better than adults and males better than females.

Therapeutic uses47

Used as antiseptics, preservatives, parasiticides, fungicides, diuretics inorganic salts.

Externally as antiseptics, mercury salts are used.Its solution is used for disinfecting surgical

and obstetric practice. Blue ointment and calomel ointment are used to reduce itching in

prurigo, pruritis, psoriasis, lichen pityriasis of scalp and eczema. As a stimulant and promoter

of absorption liniment and various ointments such as oleate, red precipitate, scoltts and red

iodide are used for promoting the absorption of inflammatory products as in chronic joint

disease and periostitis. Mercury is used in certain eye diseases like conjunctivitis, blepharitis

and keratitis.

Chemical properties

Mercury is moderately active. It does not react with oxygen in the air

very readily. When heated, mercury reacts with oxygen in air to form mercury oxide which

then can be decomposed by further heating to higher temperatures. It reacts with some acids

when they are hot. It has no action with dilute or con: HCL. It dissolves in hot con: H2SO4 to

form mercuric sulphate. It also dissolves in concentrated HNO3, to form mercurous nitrate

whereas it forms mercuric nitrate with hot HNO3. Similar to silver, mercury reacts with

atmospheric hydrogen sulfide. Mercury even reacts with solid sulphur flakes, which are used

in to absorb mercury vapors. In these compounds, mercury displays two oxidation states: +1

and +2. The +1 state oxidation involves the dimeric cat ion, Hg2. Solutions of Hg2 are in

equilibrium with Hg2+

and metallic mercury:

Hg2+

+ Hg Hg2

This equilibrium causes solutions of Hg2 to have a small amount of Hg2+

present.

Consuming the Hg2+

by another reaction, such as complex action with strong reagents or

precipitation of an insoluble salt, will cause all the Hg2 to fully disproportionate to Hg2+

and

elemental mercury30

. Higher oxidation states of mercury were confirmed in September 2007,

with the synthesis of mercury (IV) fluoride (HgF4) using matrix isolation techniques.

Laboratory tests have found that an electrical discharge causes the noble gases to combine

with mercury vapor. These compounds are held together with van der Waals forces and result

in Hg.Ne, Hg.Ar, Hg.Kr, and Hg.Xe.




Mercury exists in three forms: elemental mercury, inorganic mercury compounds

(primarily mercuric chloride), and organic mercury compounds (primarily methyl mercury).

Mercury has no action on alkalies. It easily reacts with organic matters to produce complex

compound. Organic mercury compounds are also important. Methyl mercury is a dangerous

compound that is widely found as a pollutant in water bodies and streams. It can form

amalgam with gold, zinc and many metals. As iron is an exception to this rule, iron flasks

have been traditionally used to trade mercury. Other metals that do not form amalgams with

mercury include tantalum, tungsten and platinum.

ORES

The important ore of mercury is ‘cinnabar’ or ‘meta cinnabar’ in which, it is in

sulphide form. The other important ore is calomel, in which it’s in chloride form. The

important ores ‘Stonite and ‘Worsenite’ contain antimony and Sulphur.

Compounds of mercury:

Mercury generally forms three types of compounds i.e. mercuric compound , mercurous

compound and amalgam.

Table No.27:Showing Compounds of mercury:

Mercuric Sulphide Hg S

Mercuric sulphate HgSO4

Mercuric chloride(corrosive sublimate) HgC12

Mercuric fluoride HgF2

Mercuric bromide HgBr2

Mercuric iodide HgI2

Mercuric oxide HgO

Mercuric nitrate (mercury dinitrate) Hg(NO3)2

Mercuric nitride Hg3N2

Mercuric carbonate HgCO3

Mercuric peroxide HgO2

Mercuric fulminate Hg(CNO)2

Mercuric cyanide Hg(CN)2

Mercuric arsenate HgHAsO4

Mercuric benzoate C14H 10HgO4

Mercuric selenide HgSe




II Mercurous compounds

Table No.28: Showing Mercurous compounds

Mercurous Chloride (calomel) HgCl

Mercurous Fluoride Hg F

Mercurous Bromide Hg Br

Mercurous Nitrate Hg NO3H2O

Mercurous oxide Hg2O

Mercurous carbonate Hg 2CO3

Mercurous chromate Hg2CrO4

Mercurous iodide Hg2I2

III Amalgams

Amalgam with gold , silver ,copper ,tin , zinc ,lead etc.

Mercurous chloride - Mercury(I) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula

Hg2Cl2. Also known as calomel (a mineral form, rarely found in nature), this dense white or

yellowish-white, odorless solid is the principal example of a mercury(I) compound, which is

very slightly soluble in water .It is a component of reference electrodes in electrochemistry. It

was once used medicinally as a purgative, cathartic, liver stimulant, and to eliminate parasitic

worms, but is rarely so used today because it is readily decomposed into metallic mercury and

the very poisonous mercuric chloride on exposure to sunlight or if heated in the presence of

moisture.

Mercuric chloride - Mercury (II) chloride (formerly corrosive sublimate), is the chemical

compound with the formula HgCl2. This white crystalline solid is a laboratory reagent. It was

formerly used more widely; however it is one of the most toxic forms of mercury because it is

more soluble than most other forms in water. Raw egg white may be given as an antidote,

since mercuric chloride reacts with egg albumin to form a nearly insoluble precipitate;

medical treatment should be sought immediately. Mercuric chloride is sometimes used in

dilute solution as an antiseptic for inanimate objects and as a fungicide. It is also used in

preparing other mercury compounds; it reacts with mercury metal to form mercurous

chloride. Mercuric chloride is prepared by reacting mercury with chlorine gas or by subliming

a mixture of mercuric sulfate and sodium chloride (common salt).

Mercury oxide - Under atmospheric pressure mercury oxide has two crystalline forms: one

is called montroydite (orthorhombic, 2/m 2/m 2/m, Pnma) and another one cinnabar structure




(hexagonal, hP6, P3221); both are characteristic by Hg-O chains. At pressures above 10 GPa

any of those structures convert to a tetragonal form.

Mercurous oxide - Mercury (I) Oxide. Hg2(O)

A black amorphous powder. It is formed as a black precipitate while adding sodium

hydroxide to the solution of a mercury (I) salt in cold Hg2(NO3)2 +2NaOH ->

Hg2O+2NaNO3+H2O

Mercury (III) Oxide (Mercuric oxide, HgO):-

It exists in two forms, yellow and red.

A yellow solid is obtained by adding a solution of caustic soda to the solution of mercuric

chloride.

HgCI2 + 2NaOH→ HgO + 2NaCI + H2O

On heating mercury to its boiling point in air or oxygen(350 c) or by carefully heating

mercuric nitrate forms a red mass

2Hg(NO3)2 → 2HgO + 4NO2 + O2

The difference in colour is due to the difference in sizes of the two forms, both forms

have the same structure consisting of near linear O-Hg-O units linked in zigzag chains with an

O-Hg-O angle of 108. It is insoluble in water and dissolves in hot concentrated hydrochloric

acid. It is poisonous and is used for making yellow ointment for sore eyes. It is also used as

pigment in paints.

Mercuric sulphide

Mercury sulfide or mercury (II) sulfide is a chemical compound composed of the chemical

elements mercury and sulfur. It is represented by the chemical formula HgS. It is virtually

insoluble in water.

Types:-

HgS is dimorphic with two crystal forms:

Red cinnabar (α-HgS, hexagonal), is the form in which mercury is most commonly found in

nature.

Black, metacinnabar (β-HgS) is less common in nature and adopts the Zinc Blende crystal

structure.

Crystals of red, α-HgS are optically active. This is caused by the Hg-S helices in the structure




Uses

α-HgS is used as a red pigment when it is known as vermilion.

Vermilion is known to darken and this has been ascribed to conversion from red α-

HgS to black β-HgS.

Investigations at Pompeii where red walls when originally excavated have darkened have

been ascribed to the formation of Hg-Cl compounds (e.g., corderoite, calomel, and

terlinguaite) and calcium sulfate, gypsum, rather than β-HgS, which was not detected.

Isotopes

There are seven stable isotopes of mercury with Hg202 being the most abundant.

The longest lived radio isotopes are Hg194 with a half life of 444 yrs, and Hg203 with a half

life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining radio isotopes have half lives that are less than a

day.

OCCURRENCE

Mercury is an extremely rare element in the Earth's crust, having an average crustal

abundance by mass of only 0.08 parts per million. However, because it does not blend

geochemically with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury

ores can be extraordinarily concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary

rock. It is found either as a native metal (rare) or in cinnabar, corderoite, livingstonite and

other minerals, with cinnabar (HgS) being the most common ore. Mercury ores usually occur

in very young orogenic belts where rock of high density are forced to the crust of the Earth,

often in hot springs or other volcanic regions

REVIEW OF LITERAURE 40



GANDHAKA

Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa. It is an essential agent for the various processes of

Parada Samskaras such as Marana, Jarana, and Bandhana etc. Mercurial preparations without

Gandhaka are considered to be more toxic.

Vernacular name

Table No.29: Showing Vernacular name of Gandhaka48

Hindi Gandhaka

Bengali Gandhaka, Gandhaka

Marathi, Gujarati Gandhaku

Parsi Godrid.

English Sulphur.

Kannada Gandhaka.

Synonyms49

Various Synonyms of Gandhaka reveals its Physical, Chemical, therapeutic as well as its

Mythological Origin as:

Atigandha : With Pungent Smell.

Balivasa : Originated from fat of king Bali

Daityendra : King Bali

Gandhamadana : Characteristic Sharp odor.

Gandhaka : That which produces smell.

Gandha Pashana : stony with distinct odor

Gouri Pushpa : Originated from Parvathi rajas

Kitaghna : Anti microbial / Bactericidal

Kruragandha : That which is having intolerable smell.

Leleetaka : Originated from fat of Leleehan.

Navaneeta : Smooth and soft like Butter.

Pamari : Pama nasaka.(Khudra kusta)

Puti Gandha : That which is having Putrid smell.




Shulbari : Tamra marana

Sugandha : Having attractive Smell.

Sougandhika : That produces attractive smell.

Shara bhumija : Originated from Shara Bhumi (Jangala)

Availability50

Sulphur is available in its elemental form; especially near the volcanic mountains. There

are “wells” of Sulphur in Sicily and United states. It is obtained almost pure; by hot and high

pressure of water. It is also available in Spain, Japan, Russia, Chile, Finland, Italy etc.

Sulphur is available in compound form also as a sulphate and sulphide.

1. Some of the sulphates are.

Table No.30:Showing sulphates of Gandhaka

Gypsum Calcium sulphate (CaSO42H2O)

Ferrous sulphate FeSO47H2O

Copper sulphate CuSO4 5H2O

.

2. Sulphides are

Table No.31:Showing sulphides of Gandhaka

Iron pyrites FeS2

Copper pyrites or Chalcopyrites Cu2FeS3

Realgar Arsenic bisulphide As2S2

Orpiment Arsenic trisulphide As2S3

Cinnabar Mercuric sulphide HgS.

Apart from this, there are some organic substances especially some plants which contaix

Sulphur. They are Radish, Onion, Garlic, Ananus, Mango, Banana etc

Mythological origin51

1) It is the product obtained while churning ksheera Sagara along with Amrita.

2) Gandhaka is considered to be Raja of Parvati.




When Goddess Parvati was amusing herself at Sweta dweepa she menstruated. She

took bath in Ksheera Sagara and washed her clothes which were soiled with menstrual fluid.

By this odorous Gandhaka is said to be evolved52

History53

Sulphur is known to Indians long back, even since long time.In Brahatrayi, Sulphur is

said to be used in several diseases as a therapeutic agent. Later, after 7th century A.D Sulphur

was used extensively both in Dehavidya (In maintaining the health and eradicating the

diseases) and Loha vedha (converting lower metals in toGold and Silver). Gandhaka was

supposed to be one of the most important substances, which was used along with Parada to

form the basic material for scores of herbomineral combinations. It has very important place

in Rasa Shastra

Grahya Lakshana of Gandhaka

The colour of genuine Gandhaka should resemble that of shukapiccha samachaya( the

tail of parrot)(greenish yellow). Navanitha samaprabha(consistency like that of butter) Msrna

(Smooth), Katina (Hard), Snigdha (Unctuous). It should be having the luster of Kapikacchu

beeja (soft to touch). For Rasayanartha and Loha Vadartha, it should be translucent like the

fruits of Amalaki (Amalasara Gandhaka).

Varieties of Gandhaka according to different classics54, 55,56,57,58,59,60,61.

Shukapicchanibha (Pita)

Shukla (Shweta)

Shuka Chunchanibha, Shukatunda (Rakta)

Krishna (Black)

Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses62

Table No.32:Showing Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses

Sl.

No.

Types Quality Uses

1. Shukachunchanibham(Ra

kta, Shukatunda)

Sreshta Dhatuvada

2. Shukapicchanibham

(Peeta, Amalasara)

Madhyama Rasayana Karma

3. Shukla Adhama Lepana,LohaMarana

4. Krishna Adhama Jara,Mrutyu Nashana




Characters63

: It is of four kinds: -

1) Yellow variety or vitreous or precipitated Sulphur or Amalasara Gandhaka, occurs in

semitransparent crystals resembling the translucent ripe fruits of Amalaki. This is employed

for internal use in combination of mercury.

2) The white variety known as roll Sulphur is found in sticks about two inches in width and 3-

5 inches long; the taste is bitter and astringent and the smell is nauseous. It is very brittle; it is

somewhat sticky to touch. It being inferior to the yellow variety is preferred for external

application.

3) The red variety is called Rati Hirakasi or Lal Gandhaka; it occurs in small, flat or irregular

crystalline pieces of shining orange red, purple or brick red colour. The taste is acrid and

bitter. It burns with a faint blue flame and emits the smell of Sulphur.

4) The black variety i.e., sublimated Sulphur (Gandhaka naphula) is purified form of Sulphur

and is prepared by washing Gandhaka in milk. It is first dissolved in an iron ladle smeared

with butter and gradually poured in to a basin of milk. When cooled and solidified it is fit for

use. It is light yellow powder of a bitter astringent taste and of a peculiar smell. Dose is 12-24

grains with milk or other vehicle.

Table No.33; Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Gandhaka

Rasa Madhura64

, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya65

Guna Ushna, Sara Snigdha

Virya Ushna

Vipaka Katu

Karma Deepana, Pachana, Vishahara, Jantughna64

,

Dosha Prabhava KaphaVatahara, Pittavardhaka.

Vyadhi Prabhava Kandu, Visarpa, Krimi, Kustha, Kshaya, Pleeha, Rasayana65

Gandhaka dosha

1. Shilachurna (Physical impurities like Clay, sand etc)

2. Visha Dosha (Chemical impurities like Arsenic, lead etc).

It is therefore to be purified carefully. Impure Sulphur gives rise to Kushta, Tapa, Bhrama,

Pitta Roga and destroys Roopa, Veerya Bala, Sukha66




When taken orally, Sulphur is converted in the small intestine in to alkali sulphides, which

there by irritant action, produce a mild laxative effect. Hence it is imperative that the

Gandhaka should be subjected to proper Shodhana, prescribed in the texts67

.The toxic effects

of unpurified Gandhaka are emphasized, especially when it is consumed without dietary68

regimen

GANDHAKA SHODHANA

There are number of different procedures for Gandhaka Shodana. Few are as follows.

1) Ghee is taken in an iron vessel and heated. Equal quantity of powdered Gandhaka is added

to it. When it melts, it is poured in to the milk. Then this Gandhaka is taken out and used in

all kinds of diseases69

, and then the same which contains Gandhaka and milk is subjected to

Swedana for one Ghati. Gandhaka is taken out from the milk and washed thoroughly in hot

water to remove the fatty substances70

It is very simplified process, and is advised to pour

melted Gandhaka in the milk through cloth.

2) A vessel containing adequate amount of milk (So that all the Gandhaka can be immersed in

it) is taken and white thin cloth is covered on its mouth and tied. In an iron ladle or a vessel

equal amount of ghee is added to it and heated on mild fire. When Ghee melts, powdered

Gandhaka is added. When Gandhaka melts, it is poured in a vessel containing milk through

cloth71

3) Sarshapa, Tila or Kusmanda taila is taken in a vessel and heated. Then equal to tail

Gandhaka powder is added and heated on mild fire. When Gandhaka melts it is poured in a

vessel containing milk. After self cooling, Gandhaka is removed and washed with hot water72.

4) Four Pala Gandhaka powder is kept in Damaru yantra. Then it is heated on moderate fire

for 4 Prahara. After self cooling, yantra is opened, Gandhaka collected in the upper pot is

separated and stored73

5) A vessel containing milk and small quantity of ghee is taken. The mouth of the vessel is

covered with a cloth and tied. The powdered Gandhaka is then spread over this cloth and

covered with an earthen Sharava; and sealed air tight. This vessel, then kept inside a pit (up to

neck) in the earth. Cow dung cakes are spread over the Sharava and ignited. Gandhaka

liquefies and collects in the vessel containing milk. This purified Gandhaka is used for

various preparations74

here in all procedures, in place of Godugdha, Bringaraja swarasa can

also be taken




Effects of Shodhana on Gandhaka75

1. Physical impurities like grains of stone, sand, mud etc remains on the cloth

2. Toxins of chemical impurities which are fat soluble will be neutralized by Gheeand milk.

Dose of Gandhaka76

2 nishka (6gms) R.R.S

1 nishka (3gms) / 1 pala (48gms) A.P

1- 8 ratti (125mg-1gm) R.T

Some examples for anupana

simhaparni Kashaya – kshaya

kantakari Kashaya – kasa , shwasa

pakwa kadali phala – skin diseases

chitraka churna – dourbalya

tila churna – gudamaya

Pathya Apathya:

Pathya77

- Jangala Prani mamsa rasa and Aja mamsa.

Apathya77

- salts, sour things, leaves of vegetables, pulses, intercourse with woman and

traveling.Kshara, Amla, oil, fermented liquids, fried and roasted food stuff and pulses of all

kinds78

Removal of the evil consequences of taking impure sulphur79

.

This can be done by taking 1 liter of milk with 100 gram of ghee for 2 week.

Gandhaka yogas80

Kajjali Rasa Sindoora Rasa Parpati

Loha Parpati Samira Pannaga Rasa Grahani Kapata Rasa.

Gandhaka Vati Mahajvarankusha Rasa. Makardwaja




GANDHAKA MODERN VIEW SULPHUR

Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is

denoted with the symbol “S”. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native

form, is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element and as sulfide

and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life and is found in two amino acids,

cysteine and methionine

History81

:

The ancients probably, due to its frequent occurrence in Free State know Sulphur.

Aryans, Greeks, Romans and Indians used it for fumigation and as medicine.The Bible refers

to be as “Brimstone” meaning “Burvaing Stone” Antony lavoiser placed it among the

elements in 1777, which was regarded as “principle of fire”. It is estimated as the Ninth most

abundant element in the universe.

Occurance

Sulphur occurs both in Free State and in combined forms. In Free State it is

available near to volcanos of Italy, Japan, and Newzeland. In combine form it is available in

Russia, Spain, Japan, Newzeland and in India it is available in Simhapura district of Bihar,

Assam and Rajasthan.

Ores of sulphur

Sulphides

a) Copperpyrite(Cu2SFe2)

b) Iron pyrite (Fe2S3)

c) Galena (PbS)

d) Stybnite (Sb2S3) \

e) Cinnabar (HgS)

f) Orpiment (As2S3)

g) Realgar (As2S2)

h) Zinc blende (ZnS)

i) Hydrogensulphide(H2)

Apart from these sulphur occurs in goats milk,vegitables like mustard,

cauliflower,garlic ,onion etc. sulphur is commonly extracted from sulphide ores. Here the ores

are roasted in specialised furnaces. The air is blown into the furnaces from lower end, a part of

sulphur gets converted into sulphur dioxide and the remaining portion gets liquefied and

separated. Liquid sulphur is made to pass through special meshes or filters and then through

longitudinal tubes where solidified roll sulphur is obtained which can be used for external

application. This can be purified by the process of sublimation. Here the vapours of sulphur are

passed into specialised brick chambers where they get precipitated into pure sulphur.




Basic information of Sulphur

Table No.34: Showing Basic information of Sulphur

Name,Symbol, number Sulfur,S, 16

Element category Nonmetals

Group , period ,block 16 ,3 ,p

Appearance Lemon yellow crystals

Standard atomic weight 32.065(5)g·mol−1

Physical properties:-

Table No.35: Showing Physical properties of Sulphur

Phase solid

Density (near r.t) (alpha) 2.07 g·cm−3

(beta) 1.96 g·cm-3

(gamma) 1.92 g·cm−3

Liquid density at m.p. 1.819 g·cm−3

Melting point 388.36 K (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F)

Boiling point 717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F)

Atomic properties: -

Table No.36: Showing sulphates of Gandhaka

Therapeutic use82

:

• Sulphur has bitter astringent taste with a peculiar strong smell.

• When taken orally, Sulphur is converted in the small intestine into alkali sulphides, which

there by irritant action; produce a mild laxative effect in 10-12hour.

• It stimulates secreting organs like skin, bronchial mucus membrane.

• In larger doses it acts as purgative.

• Externally it is used in the treatment of various parasitic skin diseases such as Scabies,

Ringworm and pediculosis.

Crystal structure Orthorhombic

Oxidation states 6, 4, 2, 1 [1], -2

(Strongly acidic oxide)




Biological importance of sulphur83

:

• Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average adult human body

contains around 170 Gm of Sulphur.

• Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for fat digestion and

absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails healthy.

• Deficiency of Sulphur is linked to the skin disorder eczema and also imperfect development

of hairs and nails.

Sulphur containing foods are Radishes, Carrots, Cabbage, Milk Products (Cheese),

and seafood and meat protein, organic substance as eggs, proteins, garlic, mustard, onion, hair

and wool. It is an essential non-metal and is a minor constituent

Amorphous sulphur

Amorphous sulphur is the insoluble white amorphous solid that remains when flowers of

sulphur are extracted with carbon disulphide

Quickly coold sulphur vapour forms a compound. Filtered and treated with carbon disulhide

the product formed and left on the filter is sulphur and is a white substance. At room

temperature it will go back to being rhombic this is because of the sulphur atoms and it also

consisting of long chains

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 49


‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’W. S. R. TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

Varatika

Varatika is a marine product which finds its place in auspicious rituals, decoration of deities,

medicine and even in trade as currency. The comprehensive use of Varatika was known in

India since ages.

Table No. 37: Vernacular Names of Varatika

Sanskrit Varatika Telugu Gavalu Bengali Beya

Hindi Koudi Arabi Sadaf Gujrati Codi

Marathi Kawadi Parasi Mohara,kajak Latin Cyprea

Kannada Koudi English Marine shell German Montea

Table No.38: Synonyms of Varatika According to various classics84, 85, 86, 87,88,89,90.

S.No. Synonyms Amarkosha Ra TA RRS Ayu

Pr

Bha

Pra

Ma

Ni

Raj

Ni

1 Varata - + + - + - -

2 Varati - + - + - - -

3 Varatika + + + + + + +

4 Kaparda - + - - + + +

5 Kapardi - + - + + - +

6 Balakridanaka - + - - - - +

7 Chara - + - - - - +

8 Charachara - + + - - + +

9 Kshullata - - - - - + -

10 Beejakosha + - - - - - -

11 kapardaka - - - - + - +




Uttpatti (origin) of Varatika91

:

According to Atharvaveda-origin of Varatika is from Vata, Jyotimandala and

Hiranya. Textual reference regarding the origin of Varatika is not found. As Varatika is a

marine source it can be assessed that the origin of Varatika is from “Krimi” present in

samudra (Gastropoda).

Mythological review

In Hindu tradition there is a goddess named after Varatika, “Cowry maata”. Being a deity of

Varanasi, pilgrims believe that cowry should be offered to her after completing pilgrimage of

Kashi. Yallama Devi of Belgaum is being decorated with Varatika.

Kapardi Vinayaka Vrata: The observer of this vow gives in alms cowrie and a handful of

rice grain to beggars to please Lord Ganesh. It should be observed on Shravan Shukla

Chaturthi.

Grahya varatika92

1. Deerghavrinta – The varatika must have long and elliptical posterior surface.

2. Swarna Varna – The Varatika should have a golden yellow colour

3. Granthila – The varatika must have nodules on posterior surface.

4. Bhara – Based on weight -

Uttama Varatika – 1 ½ nishka bhara

Madhyama Varatika – 1 Nishka bhara

Adhama Vartika – 3/4 Nishka bhara

Classification of “Varatika” Varatika is generally classified in Sudha-varga. However

certain Acharyas have classified it in different Vargas93, 94, 95, 96,97,98,99,100.

Table No. 39: Inclution of Varatika in different vargas

Reference Varga

1) R.R.S., Ra.Chu & R.P.S Sadharana-rasa

2) Rasarnava Shuklavarga(shweta varga)

3) Rasamritha Sudha varga

4) Rasa Tarangini Shankhadivarga

5) R.S.S & A.P. Uparasa varga




Chart no.7: Showing sudha dravya vargikarana101, 102,103.

Sudha-varga

Audbhida Sudha Jangam Sudha Parthiva Sudha

(Vamsalochana) (Godanti, Dugdha pashan)

Varija Sudha Bhumichari Sudha

Ratna Asthi Kosha Garbhakosha Kavacha Danta Shringa

Types of varatika

Most of the rasa classics explained three types of Varatika

Peeta (yellow) – considered as best

Shweta (white) – Considered as better

Dhoosara (Ash) – considered as low quality

According to rasa ratna sammuchaya

1. Varatika

2. Varata

Table No.40: Classification of Varatika according to various classics

S.No

.

Text Kosha

stha

Varga

Shukl

a

Varga

Sadharan

a Rasa

Uparas

a

Shankhad

i varga

Animal

Kingdom

1 Sushruta

samhita104

+ - - - - -

2 R.R.S105

.

- - + - - -

Mukta,

Praval

a

Samudra

phena

Shankha

Shukti Varatika

Kukkuan

da twak

Kacchapa

Pristha

Hastidanta Mriga

Shringa




3 Ayurveda

Prakash106

- - - + - -

4 RaSa

Sangraha107

- - - + - -

5 Ananda kanda108

- - - + - -

6 Rasatarangini109

- - - - + -

7 Rasarnava110

- + - - - -

8 Rasaratnakar111

- + - - - -

9 Ra Pr Su112

- - + - - -

10 Rasendra

Chudamani113

- - + - - -

11 IMM114

- - - - - +

Table No. 41: Showing different method of Varatika shodhana115, 116,117,118

.

Reference Method Liquids Time (in prahar)

AP Swedana by Dolayantra Kanji etc Amladravya 3hrs (1 prahar)

RT

Swedana by

Dolayantra and

ushnodak prakshalana

1)Kanji

2)Kulath kwath

3) Bijapuraka swarasa

5)Nimbukamla + jala

3hrs (1 yama)

3hrs (1 yama)

3hrs (1 prahar)

3hrs( 1 yama)

R.R.S Swedana by Dolayantra Kanji etc Amladravya 3hrs (1 prahar)

R.J.N Swedana by Dolayantra Kanji 3hrs (1 prahar)

The procedure mentioned by all acharyas is same. Only rasa tarangini advocates washing

with ushna jala.




Table No.42: Pharmacological properties of varatika119.120, 121,122,123,124,125.

S.No Properties Ra Ta Ay Pr RRS Ra Sa

Sa

An KA BRS Bha

Pra

1 Katu - - - + + + +

2 Tikta - - + + + - +

3 Ushna + - - + + + +

4 Sheeta - + + - + - -

5 Guru - - - - + - -

6 Deepana + + + + + + +

7 Vrishya + - + + + + +

8 Netrya + + + - + + -

9 Atisaraghna + - - + + + +

10 Kaphahara + + - + + + +

11 Kshayahara - + - - + + +

12 Pittashamaka - + - - - - -

Methods of Varatika Marana:

For Varatika marana: Several procedures are mentioned in various granthas of Ayurveda and

can be classified as follows

Table No. 43: Varatika maarna according to different aacharyas126, 127,128.

Ref Media/Process Heat/Temp No. of Puta

R T Indirect application

of heat ( material

placed in sharava)

Gajaputa 2

R R S Indirect application

of heat ( material

placed in sharava)

Teekshna agni 1

R J N Direct application of

heat

Teekshna agni -




Table No.44: Guna Karma of Varatika Bhasm129, 130,131,132,133,134,135.

Guna

Karma R N

RT AK BPN AP RKD RJN

Rasa Katu

Tikta Katu Katu Tikta - Katu Kashaya Katu

Guna - - - Laghu - Laghu -

Vipaka - - - - - - -

Virya Ushna Ushna Sheeta Sheeta Sheeta Anushna Ushna

Table No.45: Karma of Varatika Bhasma136, 137,138,139,140,141,142.

Karma R N RT AK BP RJN RKD RS RRS

Kaphaghna - - + + - + - _

Pachana - - - + - - + _

Deepana - + - - + - + _

Grahi - + - + - - - _

Gulma + - + - - - - +

Karnastrava + + + - - - + +

Agnimandhyahara - + - - - + + +

Shoola,Parinamashoola + + - - + - + +

Kshaya + + + - + - + _

Grahanirogahara - + - - + - + +

Amlapittaghna - - + - - - - _

Sphota - + - - - - + +

Vrushya - + - - + - + +

Arsha - - - - - - + _

Vatakaphapaha + - + - + - + _

Vidda - - - - + - - _

Rasendrajarana - - - - + - - _




Vrana + - + - - - - _

Raktapittahara - + - - + + - +

Netrya - + - + + - + _

Rakta rogahara - - - + + - - _

Dose of Varatika bhasma143

:

Varatika bhasma – 2 Ratti (250 mg)

Anupana of Varatika :

1) Jala 2) Madhu

Important Yogas of Varatika :

Agnikumar rasa

Sangrahanikapata rasa

Kapardaka rasa

Rajamruganka rasa

Suryatmaka rasa

Yogeshwara rasa

CALCIUM CARBONATE145, 146,147

Calcium carbonate is the chief component of the shells of marine animals. The Varatika is

one such shell of animal Cyprea montea. Hence, it is essential to know about this chief

constituent material.

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common

substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of

marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active

ingredient in agricultural lime, and is usually the principal cause of hard water. It is

commonly used medicinally as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive

consumption can be hazardous.

Calcium carbonate (27% Ca ): is freely water soluble but highly irritating – tissue necrosis

occurs if it is injected i.m. or extravasation takes place during i.v. injection. Orally also it

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashells

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashells

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_ball

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearls

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_lime

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antacid




irritates.74

It has been used as antacid – reacts with HCl to form chloride which may be

absorbed from the intestines.

The greatest drawback of CaCO3, as an antacid is that Ca+ ions diffuse into the gastric mucosa

– increase HCl production directly by parietal cells as well as by releasing gastrin. Acid

rebound is marked. Calcium carbonate is constipating in most individuals, but in some it

causes loose motions.

Chemistry142

Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates. Notably:

it reacts with strong acids, releasing carbon dioxide:

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

it releases carbon dioxide on heating, called a thermal decomposition reaction, (to above

840 °C in the case of CaCO3), to form calcium oxide, commonly called quicklime,

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Occurence

Geological sources -

Calcite, aragonite and vaterite are pure calcium carbonate minerals. Other

industrially important source minerals which are predominantly calcium carbonate

include limestone, chalk, marble and travertine.

Calcite

Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate CaCO3.It

has a defining Mohs hardness of 3, a specific gravity of 2.71, and its luster is vitreous in

crystallized varieties. Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow,

green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with

impurities.

Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show phosphorescence or fluorescence.

A transparent variety called Iceland spar is used for optical purposes.

High-grade optical calcite was used in World War II for gun sights, specifically in bomb

sights and anti-aircraft weaponry. Also, experiments have been conducted to use calcite for

a cloak of invisibility.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_decomposition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicklime

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_minerals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_hardness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_spar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility




Biological sources -

Eggshells, Snail Shells and most Seashells are predominantly calcium

carbonate and can be used as industrial sources of that chemical. Oyster shells have enjoyed

recent recognition as a source of dietary calcium, but are also a practical industrial

source. While not practical as an industrial source, dark green vegetables such as Broccoli and

Kale contain dietary significant amounts of calcium carbonate.

Uses

Calcium carbonate is widely used medicinally as an inexpensive dietary

calcium supplement or gastric antacid. It may be used as a phosphate binder for the treatment

of hyperphosphatemia (primarily in patients with chronic renal failure). It is also used in the

pharmaceutical industry as an inert filler for tablets and other pharmaceuticals.

Calcium carbonate is known among IBS sufferers to help reduce diarrhea. Some individuals

report being symptom-free since starting supplementation. The process in which calcium

carbonate reduces diarrhea is by binding water in the bowel, which creates a stool that is

firmer and better formed. Calcium carbonate supplements are often combined with

magnesium in various proportions. This should be taken into account as magnesium is known

to cause diarrhea.

Calcium carbonate is used in the production of toothpaste and has seen resurgence as a food

preservative and color retainer, when used in or with products such as organic apples or food.

Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium diets, can cause the milk-

alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be fatal. In 1915, Bertram Sippy

introduced the "Sippy regimen" of hourly ingestion of milk and cream, and the gradual

addition of eggs and cooked cereal, for 10 days, combined with alkaline powders, which

provided symptomatic relief for peptic ulcer disease. Over the next several decades, the Sippy

regimen resulted in renal failure, alkalosis, and hypercalcemia, mostly in men with peptic

ulcer disease. These adverse effects were reversed when the regimen stopped, but it was fatal

in some patients with protracted vomiting. Milk alkali syndrome declined in men after

effective treatments for peptic ulcer disease arose. During the past 15 years, it has been

reported in women taking calcium supplements above the recommended range of 1.2 to 1.5 g

daily, for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and is exacerbated by dehydration.

Calcium has been added to over-the-counter products, which contributes to inadvertent

excessive intake. Excessive calcium intake can lead to hypercalcemia, complications of which

include vomiting, abdominal pain and altered mental status.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antacid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_renal_failure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excipients#Fillers_and_diluents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_Bowel_Syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk-alkali_syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk-alkali_syndrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcemia




Pharmacology and therapeutics

Calcium is present in all tissue; oral administration of calcium salts has an astringent effect in

theintestine. It has some protective action on liver and its administration prevents damage to

the liver caused by carbon tetrachloride.

CALCIUM146

Calcium is the fifth abundant element in the body and the major fraction in the bony structure.

Calcium is an important constituent of animal and human body, which constitutes about 2%

of body weight. Large proportion of calcium comprises phosphate and carbonate, which is

part of the body skeleton, owes and whose most essential property is rigidity. It is also present

in considerable amount in all soft tissues and the blood. And the milk will not curdle , nor the

blood will coagulate , in the absence of calcium. Hence it is essential to most forms of living

matter and for the activity of certain ferments.

Absorption:

Major portion of absorption takes place in the proximal segment of small bowel. In man 1/3rd

ingested calcium is absorbed.

Factors augmenting calcium absorption,

A) vit.D especially D3 or cholecalciferol

B) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

C) On high protein diet calcium absorption will be more.

D) Improper fat metabolism affects calcium absorption.

E) Food containing phytic acid and oxalates inhibit calcium absorption

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Calcium is present in all tissues. Nervous system, the heart and other tissues of the

body, which are sensitive to disturbances in the amount of calcium in the blood. Oral

administration of calcium salts has an astringent effect in the intestine, which is probably due

to the formation of an insoluble compound with the surface proteins, similar to tannic acid,

producing constipation. It has some protective action on the liver and its administration

prevents damage to the liver caused by carbon tetrachloride. Along with phosphorus it forms

teeth and bones; Ca activates conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and helps in

coagulation. It is necessary for normal cardiac function and muscle contraction.

.




REVIEW OF ASSOCIATE DRUGS

All the procedures of Rasa Shastra include the usage of one or other plant source. Sudha

Choorna, Saindava lavana, Lashuna,Goksheera, Goghrita, Kulattha Kwatha are used in the

preparation of Nrusimhapottali rasa, Hence reviewed.

Sudha choorna / Lime powder145

In the present study, Sudha Choorna is used for the purification of Parada and is

explained in the following contexts

Synonyms: Choorna, Choornaka, Sudha, Sauda vilepana, Shila kshara

Properties of choornodaka: Krimihara, Atisaraharam, Antidote for Gandhaka drava.

Shoola hara, good for amla pitta and grahani rogas.

SAINDHAVA LAVANA146

Saindava lavana is the best among all other lavana. It is obtained from the

mine of Punjab near Sindhu River. In the present study, Saindava lavana is used for the

purification of Parada Hence reviewed

Vernacular Names:

Table No.46: Vernacular Names of Saindhava lavana

English Rock salt

Kannada Sinduppu

Gujarathi Saindhava lavana

Hindi Sendha Namak

Latin Sodii Chloridum

Malayalam Intu Uppu

Tamil Indu Uppu

Sanskrit Saindhava




Synonyms

saindava , sindu lavana , sindutha , sindu deshajam , sindupalam , sindubhavam ,

saindavam , sindumandajam , sheetashivam , nadeya , shilatmakam , shiva , sitha shiva,

vashira etc

Utpatti Sthaana:

It has been mentioned in RT that it is originated from the mountains of Panjab which

are situated on purva direction of Sindhu River

Guna Karma:

Table No.47: Guna Karma of Saindhava lavana

Occurrence:

In vast beds of sedimentary evaporate minerals that results from thee drying up of

enclosed lakes, playar and seas. During the past rock salt got deposited enormously because

of the evaporation of sea water in very large amount. The main deposits are found in Ohio,

Kansar, New mexico, Nova, Scotia, Sackatchewan.

Character:

Found in small white crystalline grains/transparent cubes. Its brownish white

externally and white internally. It has pure saline taste and burns with yellow flame.

Table No.48: Properties of Saindhava lavana

Colour Clear or white

Crystal habit

.

Predominantly cubes and in Massive Sedimentary beds

but also granular , fibrous, and compact

Crystal System Isometric

Rasa : Lavana

Guna : Snighda, Sukshma, Laghu

Virya : Sheeta

Vipaka : Madhura

Karma :

Deepana, Avidahi, Hridya, Netrya,

Vibandhahara, Pachana, Ruchya, Vrishya,

Tridoshahara, Vrinadoshahara




Cleavage Perfect in three dimensions Mohs scale:

Hardness 2 to 2.5

Lusture Virious

Refractive Index 1.544

Specific Gravity 2.1

Solubility In water.

LASUNA147

In the present study, Lasuna is used for the purification of Parada Hence reviewed

Botanical name – Allium sativum

Family - Alliaceae

Synonyms

Lashuna, rasona, ugragandha, yavaneshta,

mlechchhakanda, rasonaka

Vernacular names

Table No.49: Vernacular Names of Lahasuna

English Garlic, poor mans treacle

Hindi Lahasun

Beng Lashun

Guj Lasan

Kan Belluli

Mal Veluthaulli

Punj Lasan

Tam Vellaipundu

Tel Velluli , tellapaya

Assam Maharu

Mar Lasun




Description

A scapigerous herb with underground bulb, bulbs 2-4 cm in dia with many

fleshy, creamy, ovoid bulblets or cloves having peculiar alliaceous pungent odour , bulbs

covered by outer white thin scales. Leves 20-40 cm long, flat, linear hollow. Leaf sheaths

half as long as blades, sheathing the lower half of stem. Scapes 60 cm long, slender,

smooth, shinning.flowers small, white in rounded terminal umbels , enclosed in

membranous spathaceous bracts.

Chemical constituents

Tryptophan

Pectic acid

D-galactan

Fructose

Glucose,

Sativin ,

Adenosine etc.

Pharmacological activities

Antibacterial , anticarcenogenic , anti tubercular ,hypoglycaemic , hypolipidaemic ,

antihypertensive , antioxidant, anticoagulant etc

Table No.50: Properties of Lahasun

Rasa Katu , madhura , tikta ,kashaya , lavana

Guna Snigdha , tikshna , picchila , guru , sara

Virya Ushna

Vipaka Katu

Doshaghnata Vata kapha shamaka

Rogaghnata Sandhivata, gridhrasi, apasmara ,shula , gulma

, krimi, hridroga ,dadru , pakshaghata , shosha

,swarabheda etc

Karma raktotkleshaka, shothahara, vedanasthapana,

medhya, deepana, pachana , rasayana,

amapachana etc

Dose : paste -3-6 gm, oil 1-2 drops




Formulations:

Rasonavati,

Lasunadi vati,

Rasonapinda,

Lasunadi ghrita,

Vacha lasunadi taila

GOKSHEERA148

Table No.51: Properties of goksheera

The composition of milk are water , fat ,carbohydrate ,protein, ash etc.The mineral

and vitamin constituents of milk are calcium , potassium ,phosphorus,zinc, iodine , biotin

,pantothenic acid,magnesium , selenium , thiamine , vit A, B12 ,D ,K,riboflavin. It contains

copper, iron, sodium and manganeese in smaller amounts

GO GHRITA149

The milk of cows is considered to possess the essence or sap of all plants and Ghee

is the essence of milk. In the present study ghrita is used to do Gandaka Shodhana

Historical glimps: Since from the vedic period itself Ghritas are having a very special

place in dietary regime and religious custom.

Paryayas :

Ajya Abhidhara Taijasam

Sarpi Houmya Amrit

Havi, Ayu Navaneeta

Rasa Madhura

Vipaka Madhura

Guna Snigdha, Guru

Karma Sheetala, Stanya krit,

Vatapitha asrak nasana, Kledakara




Latin name – Butyrum depuratu

Table No.52: Properties of Go Ghrita

Rasa Madhura

Guna Snigdha, Sheeta, Guru, Mrudu,

Sukshma,Soumya,Anabhisyandi (Su),

Alpabhisyandi (Bhava).

Veerya Sheeta

Vipaka Madhura

Karma Rasavardhaka, Ojovardhaka, Swaravarna Prasadana,

Buddhi Vardhaka, Unmada, Shosha, Apasmara,

Udavarta, Sula, Jeernajwara hara

Doshaghnata Vatapittashamaka, Kaphakara

Table No.53: composition of ghee

The colour of ghee is yellow to white depending upon the carotene content. It contains

approximately 8% lower saturated fatty acids which make it easily digestible. Ghee also

contain vitamin A, D, E and K, linoleic acid

Chemical Composition of Cow’s Ghee:

Ghrita is abundant in saturated fatty acids. It contains approximately 8%

saturated fatty acids which make it easily digestible. The digestibility co-efficient or the

rate of adsorption is 96% which is better than any other animal or vegetable fat. It contains

triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, phospholipids, contains beta carotene 600 IU

and Vitamin E which are known anti oxidants.

Moisture 14.4%

Fat 32.4%

Protein 36.0%

Lactose 12.0%

Ash 5.2%




Medicinal Properties of Ghee:

1. Heals the wounds in the mucus lining of the stomach and balances the acid

level in the stomach.

2. Protects body from degenerative diseases as it has antioxidants.

3. Improves immunity.

4. Improves mind power like better decision making, memory power, better

learning capacity.

5. Softens the skin and maintains the beauty of the face.

KULATTHA KWATHA

Place of use: Samanya Shodhana of varatika

Preparation: The decoction is prepared by seeds of Kulattha. Added with 16 times water

and boiled till reduction to 1/8th part.

KULATTHA:

Latin name : Dolichos biflorus

Family : Leguminosae

English name : Horse gram

Properties:

Rasa : Kashaya

Vipaka : Katu

Virya : Ushna

Guna : Laghu

Special property : Ashmari-Bhedana

Table.54: Chemical composition of Kulattha seed

Content Percent Content Percent

Carbohydrate 57.3 Phosphorus 0.39

Protein 22.0 Iron 7.60

Fat 00.5 Nicotinic acid 1.50

Mineral 03.1 Fibre 3.10




DISEASE REVIEW – ATISARA (DIARRHOEA)

The bowel frequency of the normal population ranges from three bowel movements per day

to one bowel action every third day, and a normal stool consistency ranges from porridge-like

to hard and pellet. Diarrhea is a problem worldwide but a major public health problem in

developing countries on account of the high mortality rate in under-five children and the

heavy economic burden on the health services of these countries. In India acute diarrhoeal

disease was the foremost killer in children till the eight five-year plan. According to a study

from the US, one million cases would need hospitalisation and there would be around 6000

deaths of nearly 250 million yearly episodes of acute infectious diarrhoea. Most diarrhoeal

illnesses are self-limiting and nearly half of these last only one day. Generally mortality is

seen in infants, the elderly or in imunocompromised individuals

Historical Review of Atisara

1. Vedic Period : In Vedas no literature is available regarding Atisara

2. Samhita period

Charaka Samhita150

: Charaka has mentioned Atisara in 19th chapter of Chikitsa

Sthana.

Susruta Samhita151

: In 40th chapter of Uttaratantra, Susruta note the disease Atisara.

Astanga Sangraha152

: In the 8th chapter of Nidana sthana , Astanga Sangrahakaras

described Atisara roga.

Astanga Hridaya153

: In the 8th chapter of Nidana sthana, Astanga Hrdayakaras

described Atisara roga.

Kasyapa Samhita154

: Kasyapa has given reference of Atisara in the rogas of

dustaprajata. In garbhini stree chapter the causes of Atisara have been described.

Bhela Samhita155

: The disease Atisara is mentioned in the 10th chapter of Chikitsa

sthana.

3. Medieval Period

Madhava Nidana156

: in the 3rd

chapter of Madhava Nidana, Atisara is described. It is of

6 kinds similar to that of Susrutha.

Sarangadhara Samhitha157

: He has described Atisara in the 7th chapter of Pradhama

Khanda.

Bhavaprakasha158

: Bhavamishra has also described Atisara as similar to Madhavakara.

Yogaratnakara159

: He has also narrated the disease Atisara as similar to that of

Madhavakara.




PARYAYA160

1. Vireka

2. Udaramaya

NIDANA161, 162,163,164,165,166,167.

Aharaja

Atiguru, atisnigdha, ruksha, atiushna, atidrava, atisthoola(sthoola guna ahara), atisheetala,

viruddhahara, adhyashana, ajeerna, vishamashana, sneha, mithyaahara.

Viharaja

Dustambupana, Atimadhyapaana, satmya rutu vparyaya, jalabhiranam, vegadharana, krimi

dosha.

Manasika(Aganduja Atisara)Bhaya, Shoka

Table No 55: Showing Nidana of Atisara according to different classics

Nidana Su.S AH AS MNi BP YR BR

Aharaja

Atiguru + - - + + + +

Atisnigdha + - - + + + +

Atiruksha + + + + + + +

Atiushna + - - + + + +

Drava + - - + + + +

Atishoola + - - + + + +

Atishitala + - - + + + +

Atimatra anna - + + - - - -

Viruddhahara + - - + + + +

Adhyashana + - - + + + +

Bhuktasya ajirna + - - + + - -

Vishamashana

Tilapista - + + - - - -

Krushapraani

maamsa sevana

- + + - - - -




PRABHEDA

Table No 56: showing prabheda of Atisara according to different classics

TYPES Ch.S168

Su.S169

A.H170

M.Ni171

Sh.S172

B.P173

G.N174

Y.R175

B.R176

Vataja + + + + + + + + +

Pittaja + + + + + + + + +

Kaphaja + + + + + + + + +

Sannipat

aja

+ + + + + + + + +

Bhayaja + - + - + - - - -

Shokaja + - + - + + + + +

Ama

Doshaja

- + - + + + + + +

Raktatis

ara

- + - + - - - - -

Aparipakva

bhojana

- - - - - + +

Atyambupana - + + - - + +

Madyapana + + + - + + +

Viharaja

Snehadikkarma

mithyayukta

+ + + - + + +

Visha + - - - + + +

Satmya ritu

viparyaya

+ - - - + + +

Ati jala krida - - - - + + +

Vegadharana + + + - + + +

Krimidoshaja + + + - + + +

Manasika

Bhaya + - - + + + +

Shoka + - - + + + +




In brief, according to authors of Ashtanga hridaya,Ashtanga Sangraha and Gada

nigraha, Atisara is of 2 kinds viz,Sama & Nirama. In Sama Atisara the pureesha is guru and

so sinks in jala, has durgandha, accompanied with atopa, vishtambha,arati and

praseka.Nirama has opposite features of sama .Pureesha containing more of Kapha also

sinks though it is pakwa

Charaka classifies mainly 2types

1)Nija- includes vataja, pittaja,kahaja,sannipataja atisara.

2)Agantuja (Manasika)-Includes Bhayaja, shokaja atisara.

Charakacharya considers Bhayaja atisara instead of ama doshaja and mentions the

amavastha and pakwavastha of atisara.

Samprati177

The nidana destroys the agni resulting in disturbance and vitiation of Ap dhatu (rasa-

rakta-mutra-Sweda-meda-Kapha-pitta dravagunataha) which become mixed wwith

pureesha, which is driven downwards by Samana and apana with force. It expels mostly

water mixed stools( loose stools), frequently. This condition is known as Atisara.

Chart no.8: Showing Samprapti of Athisara

Nidana sevana

Produces Agnimandya

Amadosha uthpathi

Antra kshoba

Vatha prekopa

Pakvasayagatha dosha

Purisha vaha udakavaha srotho dusti

Mala athi prevarthi

ATISARA




Table No 57: Samprapti Ghataka of Athisara

Dosha Samanavata,Apana, Pachaka pitta,Kledaka

Kapha.

Dushya Rasa,Sweda,Shonitadi

Agni Jatharagni,Dhatwagni

Ama Jataragnimandya anya ama,Dhathwagni

mandya anya ama.

Srotas Annavaha, pureeshavaha, udakavaha.

Udbhavastana Amashaya and akwashaya

Sanchara and vyakta

stana

Mahastrotas And koshta

Srotodushti rakara Atipravrutti

Rogamarga Abhyantara

Pratyatmaka Laxana Atidravamala pravrutti

Poorvaroopa178, 179,180,181

Toda in the hridaya,nabhi,paayu,kukshi

Gatravasaada

Anila Sannirodha

Vitsangha (according A.H and A.S- Malagraha)

Admana

Avipaka

Roopa182, 183,184

Vataja Atisara

It produces Aruna varna,Phenila,ruksha,Alpa alpa,Amayukta,Sashabda, Sashasruk.

Charak explains laxanas of Ama Stage and pakva stage of vatika atusara separately.

Vataja Amatisara laxanas185

-Pureesha presents vijjala ama, vipluta avasaadi,Ruksha,

dravata,sashoola, ama mamsa ganda samana,sashabha or with vibbhaddata of mutra, vata

and pureesha, vata tiryak charana in koshta.




Pitta atisara-

It is characterized by pureesha wwith peeta varna,nila, lohita varna associated with

trishna,murcha,daaha and gudapaaka.Ashtanga hrudaya and Sangrahakara includes,

ureesha with asita, haridra and rakta varna, durgandata.Charaka mentioned haridra,

harita,nila.Krishna varna pureesha,associated with trishna,sweda,murcha, shoola,daaha and

guda santapa and paka186

.Gadanigrahakara mentioned harita and lohita varna pureesha.

Kaphaja atisara.

Exhibits mala with pandu varna Sandra,sasleshma visradanda,sheeta,hrustaromanca

(horripilation) etc.According to Charak ,snigdha,Shweta,icchila,tantu, amayukta,

guru,durgandha,sasleshma,sashoola,alpaalpa,guruta in guda,vankshana, basti pradesha187

.

Tridoshaja atisara

Presents with mala appearing like varahasneha or mamsambu and all other signs of

doshaja atisara and it is said to be difficult to cure, because of the involvement of

tridoshas.

Shokatisara

Shoka due to loss of money,soreness of demise of kith and kin, produces loss of

appetite.The secretion of netra,nasa,gala etc discharge into koshta and impair the jatargni

leading to irritation of mahastrotas and vitiation of rakta (after dosha dushya

sammurchana).This develops stool similar to gunja phala color with or without blood,with

or without durgandha and excreted with shoola and difficult to cure. Charakacharya

mentioned signs and symptoms of bhayaja and shokaja atisara similar to those of Vatika

atisara188

.

Amatisara-

The indigested food when associated with readily occurring morbid product of amajirna,

brings about doshadushya samurchana in koshta which is excreted being mixed with mala

of nana varna and discharged with shoola.

Jvarathisara

Pithajvare pitha bhavothisara tada atisaroyathi va jvaraha syath

Doshasya doosysya samaana bavath jvarathisaarah kaditho bishagbihi

Ch.chi 19/46

Quite frequently in pitha jvara owing to excessive activity of pitha the athisara may

pursue or in pitha athisara, on account of pith varddaka diets and drink the pitha gets

hyperactivated and jvara and athisara occur in association. In both the cases there is

similarly of dhatau and dosha and hence the onset of jvarathisara.




Upadrava189

Shotha

Murcha

Udarashoola,

Pravahika

Gudabhramsha

Sadhyasadhyata190

If the color of mala is pakwa jambu or yakrt khandavat (reddish brown), Krishna nila

aruna ,tanu,the consistency resembles ghrita, taila,vasa , majja,Veshavara,paya,dadhi, mamsa

dhavanatoya sannibham,mechaka, snigdha, karbura.Ghana smells like matulunga,Kunapa

bahu and if associated with murcha,trishna,daha,tama shwas,hikka,parshwaasti shoola,moha,

pakwavali guda,pralapa is considered as asadhya.Tridoshaa, shokaja, bhayaja atisara are also

difficult to treat If Atisara has not reached the state of incurability, it should be managed with

the measures according to the dominance of dosha and by examining hetu,upashaya and

specific dosha

CHIKITSA191, 192,193

Acharya Susruta, Bhava prakasha, Bhaishaja ratnavali all have stated that Since the

treatment of atisara is not apart from the treatment of ama and pakva,hence in all kinds of

atisara signs and symptoms of ama and pakva should be determined first.

If atisara has not reached the stage of incurability, it should be managed with the measures

according to dominance of dosha and by examining hetu, upashaya and specific dosha194

.

Acharya Charaka has separately explained the chikitsa of Amavasta and Pakwavasta,

clearly mentioned the drugs in each condition.

Amatisara chikitsa-

I) Upekshana:

As the first step of treatment of amatisara, upekshana should be done because-Initially the

sangrahana or stambhana should not be done because the stambhana in this condition leads

the doshas to cause many distresses like dandaka, alasaka, admana,grahani, arshas, shotha,

pandu, pleeha, kusta, gulma, udara, jwara, etc caused by amadosha.That is why initially

upekshana has to be done for malas being eliminatedthemselves. The bahudoshas along with

prabhoot ama can cause various hazards if theyare let to stay inside the body. So these

pravrudda doshas should be neglected till their level comes down in the body. If they are

being expelled with difficulty, then theirelimination should be supported by giving

Hareetaki.This Hareetaki prayoga helps not only for the elimination of the doshas but

evenbrings the laghavata and agnideepana in the body195




II) Deepana-Pacana196

In case of madyama pramana dosha, deepana-pacana karmas has to be carried out.

III) Langhana197

When there is alpadosha, then langhana would be beneficial. Either upavasa or

langhana with alpa ahara is advisible. Especially in Amatisara, Amavatatisara,Shleshmatisara

and Pittatisara, the langhana is advised by the author.

After complete Agnideepana and Amapachana, the Amatisara attains Pakwavastha. Then it

has to be treated in lines of pakwatisara. The expulsion of the malas should be stopped by

stambhana karma.

Pakwatisara chikitsa:

Stambhana/ Sangrahana:

Acharya Sushruta says,

The stambana should be carried out using the dravyas like kappita, shalmali, vata,karpasa,

dadima, yutika & nyagrodadi gana dravyas with madhu and sharkara198

Acharya Charaka

advised following drugs for sangrahana and deepana shalaparni,prushnaparni, brahati,

kantakari. Bala, swadwantra, bilva, patha, nagara, daanyaka, shati, palasha, hapusa, vacha,

jiraka, pippali, pippalimula, yavani, chitraka, vrukshamla,dadima, hingu199

Snehana

If the person become emaciated by the langhanadi procedures then in niramavasta,

having shoola the ghritapana along with ksheera will be beneficial. To alleviate the prakupita

vata in atisara, vataghna dravya siddha taila is advisible. The ghrita prepared out of sangrahi

dravyas is helpful in rakta pravrutti. Sthanika sneha to the guda pradesha proves effective in

case of gudadourbalya and atisara of chronic course.

SHODANA IN ATISARA:

I) VAMANA

Though vamana karma is apathya for an atisara rogi in certain conditions it is

advisible. In case of amatisara with shoola, admana, in atidrava and ati pureesha sarana,

vamana karma by pippali saindava jala is carried out initially then langhana is

advised.After vamana during samsarjana, laghu bhojana, khadayusha, yavagu have to be

given.

II) VIRECHANA

Sushruta says, when a person is suffering from vibhanda, shoola and alpalpa mala

raktatisara with bahudosha and deeptagni then virechana by abhaya pippali kalka or

abhaya shunti kalka or vidanga, triphala, pippali kashaya should be administered.




III) BASTI

When atipravritti of vata occurs the patient possesses bala in pitta. So in such condition to

save his bala, basti is the treatment of choice.

a) NIRUHA BASTI

In case of pakwavastha, bahudosha, vibhanda, shoola and mutrakrichra, the niruha

basti has to be administered prepared out of ksheera, madhu, ghrita, with madhuka,

utapala.This brings down daha, jwara and also above said symptoms.

b) ANUVASANA BASTI –

In atisara, with shoola, bahusruta dosha, gudabhramsha, pravahana, mutraghata, katigraha etc,

symptoms the anuvasana basti has to be given after niruha by ghrita or taila prepared out of

madhura amla dravyas, or dashamoola or bilwa, shati, shatavaha, vacha,Chitraka etc. drugs.

Doshanusara chikitsa in Atisara200,a,b,c,

:

Vatatisara-

In atisara, ama is priorly seen so even in vataja atisara, in amavasta, langhana is best. In

shoola, anaha, praseka conditions initially vamana then deepana pachana are advisible. If

vibhanda is present laghu virechana, in pichasrava, shoola, khada, in guda bhramasha

dashamoola siddha anuvasana basti is beneficial.

Pittatisara-

Langhana pachana, avoiding teekshna ushna ahara, in bahu dosha sramsana, then sangrahana

by deepaneeya pachaneeya, sangrahi dravyas are advisible, mamsarasa, ajaksheera, godugda,

shatapushapadi anuvasana & picchabasti are very effective.

Kaphatisara-

Langhana pachana, kaphagna dravya prayoga sangraha, picchabasti followed

byanuvasana are helpful.

Sannipataja atisara-

There is a difference of opinion in treating sannipataja atisara.Charaka says, vata

should be treated first, then pitta and kapha. Otherwise the ati balavana dosha should be

treated first.On the contrary Sushruta opines that in sannipataja or dwidoshaja atisara and at

the first place pitta has to be treated vata has taken care of in other disorders.This opinion of

Sushruta seems to be more suitable because Atisara in amapradoshja vyadhi resulted due to

agnimandya.

Raktatisara201

Sangrahana should be done using nyagrodadi gana dravyas. Picchabasti,ghritapana,

mamsarasa, shatavari, indrayava, priyangu, chandana are best used. Chaga and ksheera with

madhu, sharkara should used for pana, bhojana, guda prakshala etc.




Shoka and bhaya atisara202

In agantuja atisara vata gets vitiated quickly by bhaya & shoka, hence they are treated with

vataharakriya, harshana & ashwasana.

Yogas

Nrusimha pottali rasa

Jathiphala rasa

Chintha mani rasa

Rasa parpati

Panjamrtha parpadi

DIARRHOEA

The bowel frequency of the normal population ranges from three bowel movements per day

to one bowel action every third day, and a normal stool consistency ranges from porridge-

like to hard and pellet203

. Diarrhoea is a problem worldwide but a major public health

problem in developing countries on account of the high mortality rate in under-five children

and the heavy economic burden on the health services of these countries. In India acute

diarrhoeal disease was the foremost killer in children till the eight five-year plan. According

to a study from the US, one million cases would need hospitalisation and there would be

around 6000 deaths of nearly 250 million yearly episodes of acute infectious diarrhoea.

Most diarrhoeal illnesses are self-limiting and neary half of these last only one day.

Generally mortality is seen in infants, the elderly or in immune compromised individuals204

Definition205

:

Diarrhoea is defined as increase of volume, frequency or fluidity of stool.Normal

stool frequency shows considerable variability in different parts of world, and ranges

between three times per day to three times per week. Western data suggest that a stool

weight in excess of 200 gm/day can generally be considered as diarrhoea,whereas Indian

data define the upper limit as 300 gm/day largely due to the increased roughage in

vegetarian diets. Patients interpretation of stool weight can be erroneous and is liable to be

overestimated by patients with functional disorders. It could be acute or chronic. Acute

diarrhoea (<4 weeks) is usually due to infections and is often self-limited. It may be

associated with fever, pain in abdomen or dehydration. Chronic diarrhoea (>4 weeks) may

be associated with malabsorption and weight loss.

Acute diarrhoea206

This is extremely common and usually due to faecal-oral transmission ofbacteria, their

toxins, viruses or parasites. Infective diarrhoea is usually short-livedand patients who

present with a history of diarrhoea lasting more than 10 days rarely have an infective




Causes of acute diarrhoea207

• Infections

Viruses (adenovirus, astrovirus, calicivirus (e.g. rotavirus, Norwalk agent), herpes simplex

virus. Bacteria (e.g. Campylobacter spp., E coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella spp.)

Parasites (e.g. E.histolytica, giardia)

•Food poisoning/toxins

Bacillus cereus

Salmonella spp.

Staphylo spp.

Vibro spp.

• Drugs

Antibiotics (e.g. amoxicillin)

Antihypertensives (e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors)

Antineoplastic drugs

Digoxin

Antidepressants (e.g. Fluoxetine, lithium)

CNS drugs (e.g. L-dopa, valproic acid)

Cholesterol lowering drugs

GI drugs (e.g. magnesium containing antacids, prostaglandin analogues,

H2- antagonists, sulphasalazine, prokinetic drugs)

Others: Theophylline, diuretics, oral hypoglycaemic drugs, thyroxine,colchicines

Management208

• The mainstay in management of acute diarrhoeal disease is replenishment of fluid and

electrolytes, which in mild to moderate cases can be managed with ORS.

• Intravenous therapy is restricted to patients with severe dehydration andspecial

situations like extremes of age or concomitant pregnancy.

• Investigations aimed at determining aetiology of acute diarrhoeal disease arenot

recommended unless there is an epidemic with public health implications.The

rationale behind this recommendation is that most episodes of acute non-bloody

diarrhoeal diseases are self-limiting and rarely warrant specific therapy.

• Determination of electrolytes and renal function parameters should be done inall

patients with severe dehydration to determine the need and adequacy oftreatment and

prevention/ monitoring of prerenal azotaemia and electrolyteabnormalities.

• Stool microscopy for RBCs and leucocytes is the initial test to be done inpatients with

high fever and blood in stools followed by stool culture.




Causes of chronic diarrhoea209

• Dietary factors

Excess ingestion of fructose, sorbitol, caffeine

•Infection

Giardia lamblia

E. histolytica

Campylobacter enteritidis

Various organisms in immune-compromised(e.g.AIDS)

•Drugs

Antacids (magnesium trisilicate)

Antihypertensive (methyldopa, propranolol)

Theophylline

Frusemide

Methotraxate

Antibiotics (Amoxycillin, lincomycin)

Digoxin

Iron preparations

NSAIDs

Treatment210

Most patients with chronic diarrhoea warrant specific therapy rather than anti-Motility

drugs or empirical antibiotic therapy.

Specific antibiotics are indicated in tropical sprue (tetracycline or quinolones HIV-related

superinfection, bacterial overgrowth syndrome (quinolones/ tetracycline), common

variable immunodeficiency or Whipple’s disease.

Anti-tubercular therapy is recommended in intestinal tuberculosis




PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW

Our ancient scholars, who pioneered the use of metals and minerals for the treatment

purpose, were also aware of their toxicity in general. None of the scholars has advised the use

of drugs in the crude form internally. In crude form these drugs will not absorbed by the

system.

All the Rasa Shastra dravya is subjected to one or other procedures grouped under

samskaras, which means “samskaro hi guna antaraadhanam uchyate”. These procedures

have impact on crude material resulting in physical and chemical changes.

Generally two level approach is adopted by our ancestors to remove impurities,

detoxify and convert them into more assimilable state mainly shodhana and marana To carry

out these procedures special instruments are required specifically designed to achieve the best

medicine. So, the instruments used in the present study are reviewed below.

KHALVA YANTRA:

Khalva literally means “a mill or stone for grinding drugs”211

In the present study,

Khalva yantra is used in pounding the raw drugs, for the Bhavana of Varatika Bhasmas after

one puta, before subjecting them into further puta.212

Definition:

That which is round shaped, hard and which is made by good quality, that stone

vessel is called as Khalva Yantra213

.

Khalvas are of different shapes and sizes, depending upon the utilization. On the basis

of shape, it is of 2 types viz., round and oblong. Khalvas are made up of 4 materials viz.

Mrunmaya, Loha, Pashana and Ayaskanta, among which Ayaskanta is considered as best for

Rasakarmas. That which is made up of iron & kept over fire is called tapta Khalva Yantra.

Now a days the mortar is commonly prepared from the stone. The stone which is

black or bluish in colour, heavy, hard and lustrous214

is ideal for khalva prepration and this is

used for kharaleeya oushadis.

DOLA YANTRA:

Definition:

It is a type of yantra used for the purpose of Swedana, where the pottali (bundle)

containing drug is suspended in a vessel containing liquid like a Dola, hence the name

Dolayantra. .The Material which has to be subjected for Swedana is wrapped in a piece of

cloth, forming the pottali and this pottali should be hanged through a string from a stick or rod




kept over across the pot in such a way that no part of the cloth should touch either the sides

or the bottom of the container. Then the pot should be filled up with the liquid prescribed for

the purpose till it reaches up to half of the level of the pottali. Thus the lower half of the

pottali remains immersed in the liquid. This is called Dolayantra215

.

SHODHANA216

Shodhana is a process of purification and detoxification by which physical and

chemical blemishes and toxic materials are eliminated and substances are subjected for

further processings.

Sodhana which literally means purification and converting drug fit for further

procedure, and Sodhana is procedure necessary for every drug before taking it for adding any

compound or subjecting it for further processes like Bhasmikarana (incineration) etc. purified

drug in the lines of modern science is different from that of Ayurveda as the former is

absolutely the main drug and later may contain other particles also.

Definition:

The process, which eliminates the blemishes, is called Shodhana. Different

procedure like mardana,dhalana swedana, with priscribed drugs for removel of

Unwanted materials or impurities

Rasadravyas such as Ratna,dhatu rasoparas are subjected to trituration etc with

required medicine for removal of unwanted materials or impurities is

known as shodhana.

Types of Shodhana:

1. Samanya Shodhana

2. Vishesha shodhana

Samanya shodhana: The common method used to purify a group of drugs is known as

Samanya shodhana. This process eliminates general impurities of metals and minerals and

converts them into powder which is essential for further process. Ex: Samanya shodhana of

dhatus by repeated quenching in various liquid media.

Vishesha shodhana: It is done specifically for a particular drug with the view of purifying

it with the help of particular or specific shodhana material as well as procedure

Various methods of shodhana are mentioned in Rasa classics. Viz Swedana, Bhavana,

Nirvapa, Dhalana, Bharjana, samyoga, vibhaga etc217




Different types of yantras are mentioned in the Rasa classics for the different shodhana

procedures. Viz Dolayantra, Khalva Yantra, Urdhwapatana yantra, Sharava, Darvi etc.

Objectives of Shodhana:

Elimination of physical impurities.

Change in consistency of crude drug either softening or making it brittle.

Reduction of particle size.

Make substance suitable for further processing.

Increasing the potency of the drugs.

SWEDANA

Definition: (boiling under liquid bath): The material is boiled in prescribed liquid

media through Dolayantra method e.g. Godanti Sodhana in Dronapuspi Swarasa.

Applied aspect: According to media used for Swedana, acidic, alkaline, volatile impurities

get eliminated. During the process of heating, there can be a chemical transformation which

changes the consistency of raw materials.

Process of shodhana is adopted to remove physical and chemical impurities and to reduce

kshariyata.

BHAVANA:

In the present study, Bhavana method is adopted in the preparation of varatika

bhasma before subjecting it to further maarana though putas.Literally, the word ‘Bhavana’

denotes saturating any powder with fluid “Steeping”, “infusion”, “and Feathering”, “

Promoting218”.

Bhavana is defined as the process by which drugs which has to undergo

Bhavana is powdered and triturated with suitable liquids like Kashaya, Swarasa etc., till it

gets dried up219

.The quantity of Drava dravya should be sufficient to immerse the powder to

be triturated completely220

MARANA:

Derivation: Marana – Root ‘MRN’ Himsayam, to kill 221

According to “Shabdakalpadrum”

it means - Marayate, Nashyate, and Bhasmikriyate. i.e. Killing,Ruining and converting into

ashes. The process of Marana burns the Rasa dravya to irreversible form called Bhasma, in

which Shodhita Rasa dravya treated with Marana gana dravyas so that Maritadravyas attains

Pharmaco –Therapeutically active new form.




Advantages of Marana process:

1) Hard substances are converted into powder form.

2) Use of reducing agents for final product to be assimilable form.

3) Elimination of unwanted substances with high temperatures.

4) Uses as catalyst agents for therapeutic value.

5) Conversion of qualities of nirindriya dravya to sendriya dravyas.

6) Achievement of qualities like laghuta etc., to final product & achieving

rasibhava (Absorbable) form.

7) For easy consumption and assimilation.

SAMPUTA:

Definition:Sharava Samputa is prepared prior to a puta in which the pellets/ chakrikas are

placed inside the sharava and covered with another one. The joint of two sharavas are sealed

with 7 consecutive layers of Gopichandana smeared cloth, after drying, subjecting it to

puta222

.

PUTA

Processed materials are triturated with juices or decoctions of prescribed plants; then

the solid paste is made into ovel shaped cakes. Our ancient sages have found out a appropriate

way to supply the quantum of heat required from all the directions.Specific dimensionsare

mentioned for various putas, which accommodates specified amount of vanopalas based on

which the temperature is dependent. Viz.,Mahaputa, Gajaputa, Varaha puta, Kukkuta puta,

Lawaka puta, Kapota puta; this gradation gives specific quantum of heat to the substances so

that they become finer ( micro form)

Effect of Puta on Drug223

:

i. Drugs change its physical properties such as taste, color and consistency.

ii. Chemical changes, conversion into acceptable and assimilate in human system.

iii. enhances required virtues in the substance in the specific action on human system

iv. Specific heat is required for the incineration of a particular drug which can be

achieved by specifically recommended puta.

v. Repetition of the whole procedures is also mentioned in the classics which determine

therapeutic validity of the drug.




As gajaputa is implemented in the present study the details are discussed here under –

Gajaputa: It is the most commonly used in the preparation of different Bhasmas. This is the

second biggest among putas.

Synonyms of Gajaputa: Dhruda puta, Kunjara puta

Table No. 58: Dimensions of Gajaputa224, 225

R R S Raja Hasta Pramaana 30 x 30 x 30

R T Nrupakara Hasta 30 x 30 x 30

Rasa Prakash Sudhakara Hasta 1 ½ x 1 ½ x 1 ½

( 1000 vanopalas)

Rasarnava Gaja Pramana 1 x 1 x 1

AFI 90 cm x 90 cm x 90 cm

In the present study, the measurement of Gaja puta pit was adopted as per the “Rasa Ratna

Samuchchaya” i.e. One Raj hasta pramana (30 Angulas = 58.5 cms).

Fuel: There is no specific indication about the number of Vanopalas to be used in Gaja puta

in any of the authentic texts of Rasashastra. But only one reference is found in “Rasa

Prakasha Sudhakara” that 1000 Vanopalas are to be used in Gaja Puta.

BHASMA:

The word ‘Bhasma is formed from the words ‘bha’ which means shine or luster. The

suffix ‘Sma’ indicates prior existence. Thus ‘bhasma’ means ‘Shining in the past’ or “one

which has lost the luster”.

Parameters for assessment of Bhasma:

Vari taratvam: When the Bhasma is placed over water, it floats, the micro fine

particles does not infiltrate the surface tension of water.

Rekha purnatva: When the Bhasma is rubbed between index finger and thumb,

particles of Bhasma enters into the skin furrows, signifies fineness226.

Bhasma Varna: Specific color is mentioned for specific bhasma. For e.g. loha

bhasma is black, shankha bhasma is off white.




Gata Rasatvam: The properly processed Bhasma attains tasteless or decrease in

taste of basic material. The presence of taste in Bhasma indicates the imperfectness

of Bhasma. This may be due to less heat and the presence of inorganic substances.

Slakshnatvam and Mrudutva: The hard materials convert to soft and smooth ash form

on subjecting to marana process. These qualities can be felt by touch with fingertips.

Apunarbhava: The drug once subjected to this process will not regain its original form.

Nishchandratwa: Loss of all the shiny particles.

METHODOLOGY PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

84



METHODOLOGY

The study related to manufacture of medicinal drug is called pharmaceutical study.

Methodology is a crucial step in any research work to obtain accurate and significant data;

hence this is carefully designed in the following headings -

Pharmaceutical study.

Analytical study.

Experimental study

PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

Chart no.9: Schematic presentation of the pharmaceutical study

Raw materials selected according to classical standards

Shodhana of Raw materials

Preparation of kajjali

Filling of Kajjali in kapardaka

Placed the kapardika in different saravas and did sandhibandhana

Subjected to Gajaputa separately

Nrusimha pottali Rasa was collected and

preserved after attaining paka lakshanas

(The whole procedure is repeated for Three batches and name Batch A,

Batch B, Batch C,)


85



The pharmaceutical study encompasses following points.

Identification, Procurement of genuine basic raw material & associated drugs for

Shodhana.

Proper method of processing like Samanya Shodhana,Marana etc.

To establish standard operative procedure of Nrusimha pottali rasa

Main procedure to obtain Superior quality of the product.

Materials and Methods:

Materials:

i. Collection of Major raw drugs.

ii. Collection of Associated Raw drugs

iii. Main Equipments and associated equipments

i. Collection of Raw materials - Raw drugs which were having similar Grahya lakshanas

as mentioned in the Rasa classics like

Grahya Parada Internally having a bluish tinge and externally will be bright and shinning

like the afternoon sunrays. Parada having these qualities was collected

Grahya Gandhaka should resemble that of shukapiccha samachaya( the feather of

parrot,greenish yellow). Navanitha samaprabha(consistency like that of butter) Msrna

(Smooth), Katina (Hard), Snigdha (Unctuous). it should be translucent like the fruits of

Amalaki (Amalasara Gandhaka). Gandhaka having these qualities was collected

Grahya Varatika

should resemble

Peethaba Varna – The Varatika should have a yellowish colour

Granthika – The varatika must have nodules on posterior surface

Deerghavrinta – The varatika must have long and elliptical posterior surface.

Bhara – Based on weight -

Uttama Varatika – 1 ½ nishka(6gms)

Madhyama Varatika – 1 Nishka(4gms)

Adhama Vartika – 3/4 Nishka(3gms)


86



Practical no 1

SAMANYA SODHANA OF PARADA

Table No.59:(a) Sodhana Of Parada in Sudha choorna

Purpose Samanya shodhana of Parada

Reference Rasa Tarangini 5/27-29

Type of procedure Mardana

Date of initiation 01-06 -13

Date of completion 13-06 -13

Equipments Khalwa Yantra , Steel Vessels ,

Spatula , Clothes, Knife, Mesh,

Weighing machine , Glass bottle

Ingredients

Parada 250 gm

Sudha choorna 250 gm

Procedure :

Parada was placed in khalvayanthra and little by little sudha choorna a was added and

mardana was done.

Daily 6 hrs of mardana was done and was continued for 12 days ie.Total 72hrs of

mardana was done

The mixture was then washed with hot water and filtered through double layered cloth

till only parada was separated

Observations :

After 6hrs of trituration the white colour of sudha choorna started changing to grey

colour. The grade of grey colour was increasing as trituration was continued. After 72

hrs light black colour of sudha was observed.

After completion of 2hrs of trituration, parada started disintegrating into small globules

and started mixing up with sudha choorna. When 72hrs of trituration was completed,

parada was almost mixed with sudha choorna and only little free mercury was seen.

Very less parada was obtained when the mixture was filtered through double layered

cloth and so it was washed with hot water several times till the sudha choorna got

completely dissolved. Every time the supernatant water decanted. Parada which was

settled at the bottom of vessel was then filtered by using double layered cloth and

collected.


87



No of days taken for mardana with sudha choorna to complete 72hrs = 12 days

For washing and filtering = 1 day

Result

Quantity of parada before mardana in sudha choorna – 250g m

Quantity of Parada obtained after sodhana- 207 gm

Loss – 43gm

Precautions :

Mardana was carried out with utmost care to prevent the spillage of Parada out of

Khalwa

Adequate care was taken while washing with hot water.

Gloves and mask were used throughout the process

Table No.60: (b) Sodhana Of Parada in Lasuna and saindava lavana

Purpose Samanya shodhana of Parada

Reference Rasa Tarangini 5/27-29


Date of initiation 14-06 -13

Date of completion 18-06 -13

Equipments Khalwa Yantra , Steel Vessels ,

Spatula , Clothes, Knife, Mesh,

Weighing machine , Glass bottle

Ingredients

Sudhachoorna shoditha

Parada

207 gm

Nisthusha Lasuna 207 gm

Saindava lavana 104 gm

Hot water QS


88



Procedure :

Parada was placed in khalvayanthra and little by little Fine paste of Lashuna kalka and

Saindava lavana was added and mardana was done.

Daily 6 hrs of mardana is done and was continued for 4 days ie. 24hrs of mardana was

done

The mixture was then washed with hot water and filtered through double layered cloth

till only parada was separated

Observations :

When parada was grinded with lasuna, the mobility of parada was found to be reduced,

but it was soon regained when saindava lavana was added.

Ugragandha of lasuna was observed intially and lasunakalka was sticky next morning

which was diluted with hotwater to facilitate mardana

The colour of kalka changed from white to grey greyishblack black during the

process of triturating. Parada got disintegrated into small globules and completely got

mixed with the paste

After 24 hrs of triturating it was washed with hot water for 6 times. While washing, the

parada globules started mixing with each other and regained its original state. Lasuna

paste got easily diluted in water.

No of days taken for mardana with saindava lavana and lasuna to complete 24hrs =

4days

For washing and filtering = 1 day

Precautions :

Mardana was carried out with utmost care to prevent the spillage of Parada out of

Khalwa yantra

Adequate care was taken while washing the mixture with hot water

Gloves and mask were used throughout the process


89



Result

Quantity of parada before sodhana – 207gm

Quantity of Parada obtained after sodhana in lasuna and saindava - 195 gm

Loss – 12gm

Practical no 2 GANDHAKA SODHANA

Table No.61: Gandhaka Sodhana

Purpose shodhana of Gandhaka

Reference Ayurveda Prakasha2/21-24

Type of procedure Dhalana

Date of initiation 19.06.13

Date of completion 19.06.13

Duration 9 hours

Equipments gas stove, steel vessels,

thermometer, darvi,

kora cloth, measuring jar

Ingredients

Gandhaka 500gm

Ghee 1500gm

Milk 1.5 litres

Procedure:

500 gm of Gandhaka was made into powder form in khalwa yanthra. Melt powdered

Gandhaka in a steel pan with 500 gms of ghee. After complete melting of gandhaka it is

filtered through cloth into stainless steel vessel containing 500 ml of milk. Milk was then

discarded and gandhaka was washed thoroughly in hot water. The same procedure was

repeated for two more times. Each time fresh milk and ghee were taken in equal quantity that

of Gandhaka.

Precautions:

Throughout the process mild heat was maintained.

Stirring with steel ladle was done continuously.

After complete melting of gandhaka it was filtered through cloth into stainless steel

vessel containing milk with utmost care

Washing was done till all the snehamsha was removed and moped with cloth

Each time fresh ghee and milk were taken as mentioned in the text.


90



Result

Quantity of gandhaka before purification – 500g

Quantity of gandhaka obtained after purification- 485g

Loss – 15g

Observations :

At around 110◦C Gandhaka started melting

After first process, Gandhaka took more time to melt.Complete melting was

observed at around 112- 114◦C.

Some physical impurities like stoney particals, kasta were observed on the

cloth once molten Gandhaka was poured through it.

Milk became hot after Dhalana.

Gandhaka got solidified

When washed with hot water ,ghee was found floating on the surface

Colour of Gandhaka was whitish yellowish

Ugragandha of gandhaka was totally reduced

Practical no 3

PREPARATION OF KULATHA KWATHA

Table No.62 Preparation Of Kulatha Kwatha

Purpose shodhana of Kapardika

Reference Rasa Tarangini



Duration 08 hours

Equipments Gas stove, stainless steel vessel, Ladle,

Clean cloth, Measuring jar.

Ingredients Kulatha(Seeds of Horse gram) -5 kg

Water 80 litres


91



Procedure :

kulatha seeds were washed properly and dried well. Water 16 times was taken in a

stainless steel vessel and kulatha seeds were soaked for 1 hour to it. Then It was boiled on

mandagni till it was reduced to 1/8th. then the kwatha was filtered after swanga sheetha and

this kwatha was used for swedana of kapardika.

Precautions :

Kulatha seeds were washed properly boiled in stainless steel vessel.

Mouth of the vessel was kept open during kwatha preparation.

During boiling, the content was mixed well with a steel ladle

Mandagni was maintained throughout the preparation.

Observations :

After 3 hours smell of kulatha was observed

After 08 hours kulatha was found to be very soft in consistency.

Initially colour was light brown, and then changed to dark brown

Table.63: Properties of kulatha kwatha

Quantity

obtained

Colour

Taste

Smell

pH

10 litres

Brown

Astringent

Characteristic

of kulattha

4.98

Practical no 4 KAPRDIKA SODHANA

Table No.64 Kaprdika sodhana

Purpose Samanya shodhana of Kapardika

Reference Rasa Tarangini 12/88

Type of procedure Swedana



Duration 3 hours

Equipments Dola yantra,gas stove,stainless steel vessels

darvi, measuring jar,clean cloth, thread.

Ingredients

Kapardika 300 gm ( Average weight of each kapardika = 3gm)

Kulatha kwatha Total quantity used was 10 litres


92



Procedure

300gm of kaprdika fullfilling all grahya lakshnas were selected and kept over a

clean cloth

With the help of the thread the pottali was prepared so that the kapardika filled

pottali was neither too tight nor too loose.

Pottali was tied to a steel rod and dipped in Dolayantra without touching its bottom.

Kulatha kwatha added to Dolayantra so that ¾ of the pottali was immersed

The whole yantra was kept over gasstove and mandagni was maintained

As an when the kwatha evaporated kulatha kwatha was added to maintain the

level.

After 3 hrs of boiling pottali was taken out from the dolayantra and thread was

removed and the kapardika were collected and washed with hot water and

allowed to dry.

Precautions

Fresh kulatha kwatha was added frequently.

Pottali dipped into kashaya in such a way that it should not touch the bottom

Moderate heat was maintained throughout the procedure.

Observations :

After 3 hours the consistency and colour of kulatha kwatha was changed to dark

brown

3 samples of kulatha kwatha was collected from initial, middle and final stages of

kwathana procedure and compared their, colour, consistency, specific gravity and

pH.

Result

No of kapardika - 100

Quantity of kaparda before sodhana – 300gm

Weight obtained after sodhana – 298 gm

Total loss – 2 g

Cause of weight loss

Physical impurities like stonyparticles, sand etc got separated.


93



Table No.65:Temperature Pattern During kapardha Swedana

Initial room temperature: 30.1 ° C

TIME

(Min)

Quantity of

kwatha was

added

TEMPERATURE

(° C)

00 30.1

30 1700ml 100.2

60 1800ml 106.5

90 1800ml 103.2

120 1800ml 106.3

180 1700ml 102.1

Table. 66: Properties Of Kulatha Kwatha During The Procedure

Practical no 5 PREPARATION OF KAJJALI

Table No.67: Preparation Of Kajjali

Sample Colour Consistency Specific

gravity

pH

At 0 min Brown Watery 0.99 g/ml 4.98

After 120 mins Coffee brown Slightly viscous o.99 g/ml 5.01

After 180 mins Reddishbrown Viscous 1.01 g/ml 5.62

Purpose Preparation of kajjali

Reference R.R.S.8/4




Duration 72 hours

Equipments Khalwayantra, spoon, brush.

Ingredients

Shuddha parada 180 gm

Shuddha gandhaka 180 gm


94



Procedure

Shodhita Parada and Shodhita Gandhaka were taken in khalwayantra and was slowly

triturated

Daily 6 hrs of mardana is done and was continued for 12 days ie. 72hrs of mardana was

done

Trituration was continued till the powder became jet black in colour and very fine like

kajal(collyrium) and it fulfilled all the criteria of Kajjali

Observations:

Gradually the silvery colour of Parada and whitish yellow colour of Gandhaka

disappeared and a black powder was formed

After 2 hours of mardana, the colour of Gandhaka started transforming into greyish

black

After 6 hours of mardana, Parada particles almost disappeared and the mixture

turned into dark black colour. But, when rubbed between the fingers, small particles

of Parada were seen.

After 72 hours of mardana, there were no free Parada particles observed when

rubbed between the fingers. Kajjali attained Niscandratva quality

Thus prepared Kajjali was fulfilling the test of nishchandrika and Rekha purnatva

too.

Result:

Kajjali obtained: 350 g

Loss- 10g

Table 68: Physical examinations of kajjali

Tests Appearance of Kajjali

Consistency Amorphous

Colour Black

Smell No specific smell

Touch Smooth

Apperance Lusterless


95



Practical no 6 PREPARATION OF NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA

6(a) KAPARDA PURANA

Table 69:Kaparda Purana

Purpose To fill Kajjali

Reference Brihathrasaraja sundara in

jwarathisaradikara

Duration 6 hours

Equipments Plastic Sheet, Spoon,Needle

Ingredients

Kajjali 350 g

Kapardika 280 g

Procedure:

Shoditha kapardika was held in left hand and little by little kajjali was filled into the

garba of kapardha with steel spatula.

With the needle the kajjali was uniformly distributed and throughly pressed to

ensure that kapardika garbha was completly filled with kajjali and did not spill out

even after reverting it.

Similerly all kapardikas was filled with maximum quantity of kajjali.

Precautions

Enough quantity of Kajjali was used.

A spatula was used to fill kajjali into kapardika

Result

Total number of kapardika filled was – 100

Each kapardika was filled with –approx 3.4 gms of kajjali

Total weight of kapardika after Kajjali is filled – 630 gm


96



Practical no 6(b) samputikarana

Earthen sarava having dimension of 10 inch dimeter and 6 mm thikness in

the middle and 4 mm at the edge were taken in each puta

Kajjali puritha kapardas were divided into three seperate samputikarana.

33 kapardikas could be accommodated in each sharava.

Then it was closed with another inverted sharava.

The junction of the two sharavas was sealed by gopichandana smeared cloth

and dried. later five such gopichandana plaster coatings were given to provide

proper sealing.

Then the sharava samputa was kept under the sun for drying.

After gopichandana plaster got dried up totally, the sharava samputa was

subjected to Gaja puta .

The dimensions of gajaputa pit 2.5 feet Length,breadth and depth.

The pit for gaja puta was initially cleaned thoroughly

¾ of the pit was filled with 350 numbers of cow dung cakes and the sharava

samputa was kept on it.

Then the remaining portion of the pit was filled with 150 numbers of cow dung

cakes.

Camphor was used to ignite fire over the upalas to facilitate burning process.

Duration of 12 hours was required for complete burning of upalas.

When the burning was over, the contents were allowed to cool completely on

their own.

It took 24 hours for self – cooling(swangasheeta)

After complete cooling the sharava was taken out.

The gopichandana plaster was removed carefully preventing contamination of

the kapardika kept inside

The kapardikas were collected and grinded well then observed for bhasma

lakshana


97



As it did not attained bhasma sidhi laksanas hence chakrikas was prepared and

subjected for subsequent puta.

Chakrika were prepared using distilled water and whole procedure of Gajaputa

was repeated

Average diameter of upala is 12.87 cm , thickness of 1.8 cm and an average

weight of 112.8g were observed

SAMPLE 1 DETAILS:

Table No.70: Showing The Details Of Nrusimhapottali rasa Sample 1

Purpose Prepare first sample of Nrusimhapottali

rasa

Reference Brihath rasaraja sundara in

jwaratisaradhikara

Type of procedure Gaja Puta



Ingredients Kajjalipurita kapardika

Equipments Gajaputa , sealed sharava with

kapardika,pyrometer, upalas,

champour, match box

Number of puta given 3

Number of kapardika in sarava 33

Weight of kajjalipurita

kapardika

208g

Type of puta Gaja puta

Number of upalas used in each

puta

500


98



Table. 71: Temperature chart for Nrusimhapottali rasa sample I in each puta

Puta I Puta II Puta III

Time Temp in 0C

Time Temp

in 0C

Time Temp

in 0C

Room temp 0 min 28 0 min 28 0 min 28

Peak temp 120 min 940 180

min

924 128

min

960

Temp

Swangasheetha

600 min 30 630

min

31 600

min

30

Graph .1: Temperature Chart For Nrusimhapottali Rasa 1

Table No.72: The Result of Nrusimha pottali rasa sample I after 1st,2

nd and 3

rd

puta

Weight of Nrusimha

Pottali Rasa


Weight before

Marana

208gms 160gms 119gms

Weight after Marana 160gms 119gms 83gms

Weight loss 48gms 41gms 36gms

Result: Nrusimha pottali rasa sample I obtained after 3rd

puta – 83gms

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E I

N °

C

Temperature Chart For Nrusimhapottali rasa sample I

Puta -3

puta - I

Puta -2


99



SAMPLE 2 DETAILS:

Table No.73: Showing The Details Of Nrusimha pottali rasa Sample 2

Purpose To prepare second sample of Nrusimha

potali rasa

Reference Bhrath rasa rajasundara in

jwaratisaradhikara




Number of puta given 3

Ingredients Kajjali purita kapardhika

Equipments Gaja puta, sealed sarava with

kapardika,pyrometer, upalas, champhor,

match box

Number of kajjali purita kapardhika in

sarava

34

Weight of Kapardika before procedure 214g


Number of upalas used in each puta 500

Table. 74: Temperature chart for Nrusimha pottali rasa Sample 2 in each puta


Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp


Peak temp 140 min 930 120 min 924 130 min 960

Temp

Swangasheetha

600 min 30 630 min 31 610 min 32


100



Graph .2: Temperature Chart For Nrusimha Pottali Rasa 2

Table No.75: Showing The Result of Nrusimha pottali ras II after 1st,2

nd and 3

rd

puta

Weight of NRUSIMHA

POTTALI RASA


Weight before Marana 214gms 154gms 116gms



Result:

Nrusimha Pottali Rasa Obtained After 3rd

puta – 90gms

SAMPLE 3 DETAILS:

Table No.76: Showing The Details Of Nrusimha pottali rasa Sample 3

Purpose To prepare third sample of Nrusimha potali

rasa

Reference BrihathRasaraja Sundara in jwarathisaradikara




Duration 11 hours (to reach room temperature)

Ingredient Kajjali purita kapardika

Equipments Gaja puta pit, sealed sarava with Kapardika,

pyrometer, upalas, camphor, match box.

Number of kapardika in sarava 33

Weight of kapardika before procedure 208g


Number of upalas used in each puta 500

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1000

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E I

N °

C

Temperature Chart For Nrusimha pottali 2

Puta -3

puta - I

Puta -2


101



Table. 77: Temperature chart for Nrusimha pottali rasa 3 in each puta


Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp


Peak temp 128 min 940 130

min

924 140

min

960

Temp

Swangasheetha

660 min 34 630

min

31 600

min

32

Graph .3: Temperature Chart For Nrusimha Pottali Rasa 3

Table No.78: Showing The Result Of Nrusimha Pottali Rasa I After 1st,2

nd And

3rd

Puta

Weight of Nrusimha

Pottali Rasa


Weight before

Marana

208gms 153gms 123gms



Nrusimha Pottali Rasa Obtained After 3rd

puta – 98gms

Precautions

kapardas were arranged in not more than one layers to ensure the equal distribution of

heat.

After arranging the drugs in the sharava, it was handled carefully to avoid

dearrangment of kapardka.

After sealing, the sharava samputa was kept under sunlight for proper drying.

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1000

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E I

N °

C

Temperature Chart For Nrusimha Pottali Rasa 3

Puta -3

puta - I

Puta -2


102



After puta, the Sharava was allowed to cool down properly on its own for 24 hours.

Care was taken to avoid contamination of the drugs while removing the gopichandana

plaster.

The weight of the kaparda before and after the puta with other observation was noted

as below

Table 79 Results Of Preperation Of Nrusimha Pottali Rasa

Sample no

Quantity of Nrusimha pottali

rasa

Colour

Consistency

Before puta After puta

Sample 1 208gm 83gm light rose with

dark tinge

Soft

Sample 2 214gm 90gm light rose with

dark tinge

Soft

Sample 3 208gm

98gm light rose with

dark tinge

Soft

METHODOLOGY ANALYTICAL STUDY

103

| PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF


ANALYTICAL STUDY

A drug is a very important aspect of the treatment process. Its safety and efficacy is what

should be ensured at prime level. Before evaluating a drug on animals, it should be studied

through various analysis, like physical, chemical, instrumental, micro and macro analysis.

This ensures quality and safety of the drug.

1) Ogranoleptic characters

Color: light rose with dark tinge

Taste: Tasteless

Odor: Odorless

Touch: Micro Fine Powder

Appearance: Amorphous

2) PHYSICO CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Loss on drying and Extractive values

i)Loss on drying (LOD)

This test was conducted to evaluate the moisture content of the nrusimha potali rasa.

Materials required: Weighing balance, Petri dishes, Hot air Oven and Drug powder.

Procedure:

A Petri dish was cleaned in distilled water and dried in oven at 105°C for 2 hours.500

mg of NPR was taken in pre-weighed Petri dish. It was kept in the oven for drying at 105°C

for 5 hrs. After cooling the weight was recorded. It was again subjected to drying for an hour

and then weight was noted. This procedure was repeated till two consequent weights which

are same were obtained. The weight loss i.e. loss on drying was calculated and expressed as

%w/w.

RESULT

Parameters Values

NPR 1 NPR 2 NPR 3 LOD (Loss on Drying) 0.5% w/w 0.6% w/w 0.5% w/w

a) Water soluble extractive

An accurately weighed 5-gram NPR was macerated with 100 ml of chloroform water

in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaken frequently during 6 hours and allowed to stand for 18

hours. Afterwards it was filtered rapidly, taking precaution against loss of solvent, and 25 ml

of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottom shallow dish. It was then first

dried over a water bath and then at 110°C in a hot air oven to constant weight, which was

recorded. From the weight of the residue the percentage of water soluble extractive was

calculated with reference to an air dried sample.


104



b)Alcohol soluble extractive

An accurately weighed 5-gram NPR was macerated with 100 ml of alcohol of the specified

strength (95%) in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaken frequently during the first 6 hours and

then allowed to stand for 18 hours. Taking precaution against the loss of solvent, it was

filtered and 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottom shallow dish

and dried at 110°C to constant weight, which was recorded. From the weight of the residue

the percentage of alcohol soluble extractive was calculated with reference to an air dried

sample.

RESULT

S. No. Parameters Values

NPR 1 NPR 2 NPR 3

i. Water soluble extractive 7% 8 % 7%

ii. Alcohol soluble extractive 16.0625% 15.67 % 15.22%

Ii) Ash Value

a)Total ash value

This test was conducted to evaluate the ash content of the sample drug.

Procedure

Accurately weighed 1gm of NPR was taken in clean, preheated and weighed silica

crucibles. The crucible was ignited in an electric Bunsen burner till the fumes appear

indicating charring of the drug. Heating was continued till no further fumes emerged from the

silica crucible. Then the crucible was kept ignited in electric Bunsen burner where the

temperature was allowed to increase up to 600◦C, until white coloured ash was obtained. The

crucible was cooled in desiccators and weighed. Again it was kept in electric Bunsen burner

for half an hour, cooled in dessicator and weighed. The procedure was repeated till there was

no difference in the weight of ash.

b) Acid Insoluble ash

The acid insoluble ash test was conducted to assess the percentage of inorganic

content of the sample, which is insoluble in dilute acid.

Procedure: The NPR was taken in 25 ml of dilute HCl in a conical flask and boiled for 5

minutes and cooled. The insoluble matter was collected by filtering through ash less filter

paper. Hot water was poured drop by drop over the filter paper so that all insoluble matter

falls into the crucible. It is then ignited at 6000C till constant weight was obtained. Subtract

the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the crucible. The weight obtained is acid

insoluble ash and if we subtract this value from the ash value it will give acid soluble ash.

Acid insoluble ash value (W1) = (Wt of crucible+ Wt of the insoluble matter) – Wt of

crucible


105



c) Water soluble ash

The water soluble ash test was conducted to assess the percentage of inorganic content of the

sample, which is soluble in water.

Procedure: The ash of the test drug was taken in 25 ml of distilled water in a conical flask

and boiled for 5 minutes and cooled. The insoluble matter was collected by filtering through

ash less filter paper. Hot water was poured drop by drop over the filter paper so that all

insoluble matter falls to the crucible. It’s then ignited at 600◦C till constant weight was

obtained. Subtract the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the crucible. The

weight obtained is water insoluble ash and if we subtract this value from the ash value it will

give water soluble ash.

Water insoluble ash value (W1) = (Wt of crucible+ Wt of the insoluble matter) – Wt of

crucible

d)Sulphated ash

Procedure:

Heated silica crucible to red for 10 mins. Allowed to cool in a dessicator and weighed. Put

accurately weighed 1 to 2 gram of the NPR into the crucible. Ignited gently at first untill the

substance was thoroughly charred. Cooled and then moistened the residue with 1 ml of conc.

Sulphuric acid. Heated gently until white fumes no longer evolved. Ignited at 800 ◦C until all

black particles have disappeared. Allowed the crucible to cool ,added a few drops of sulphuric

acid and heat. Ignited as before , allowed to cool and weighed. Repeated the process until two

successive weighing do not differ by more than 0.5 mg.


NPR 1 NPR 2 NPR 3

i. Total ash 1.9% 1.8% 1.9%

ii Sulphated ash 9.6 %w/w 10.2 %w/w 8.3 %w/w

iii Acid insoluble ash 2.1%w/w 1.8% w/w 2.2%w/w

iii) pH value

1 gm of Nrusimha pottali rasa was dissolved in three different test tubes separately

in 10ml of distilled water and was mixed thoroughly to get uniform solution. pH was then

recorded using Digital pH meter(Systronics)

RESULT

pH values of samples

NPR 1 NPR 2 NPR 3

10.34 10.43 10.41


106



iv) Qualitative analysis

a) Qualitative analysis of calcium:

Flame test: The NPR was mixed with conc. HCl and the mixture was strongly heated in a

bunsen flame at the end of a Nichrome wire loop. The flame observed is brick red colour

shows the presence of calcium.

Result- positive for Calcium

b) Qualitative analysis of sulphur:

Procedure:

Extracted a suitable quantity of the sample with carbon disulphide.Filtered the carbon

disulphide solution and evaporated off the solvent. To the residue added 10ml of

10%alcoholic potash and boil until the sulphur had dissolved. Diluted with water,oxidised

by adding hydrogen peroxide solution in excess and heated on a water bath for half an hour.

Acidify with hydrochloric acid, filtered and to the filtrate added barium chloride solution.

White precipitate of BaSo4 shows the presence of sulphur

Result- positive for Sulphur

c) Qualitative analysis of mercury

Procedure:

2gm of NPR was dissolved in distilled 10ml of water and filtered. To 5ml of filtrate 1ml of

HCl is added. Formation of white precipitate showed the presence of Mercury.

Result- positive for Mercury

3) Particle size analysis

a) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

• The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that images the

sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern.

• The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing signals that

contain information about the sample's surface topography, composition and other

properties such as electrical conductivity.

Scanning process and image formation

• In a typical SEM, an electron beam is thermionically emitted from an electron gun fitted

with a tungsten filament cathode.

• Tungsten is normally used in thermionic electron guns because it has the highest melting

point and lowest vapour pressure of all metals, thereby allowing it to be heated for electron

emission, and because of its low cost.


107



• The electron beam, which typically has an energy ranging from a few hundred eV to 40

keV, is focused by one or two condenser lenses to a spot about 0.4 nm to 5 nm in diameter

• The beam passes through pairs of scanning coils or pairs of deflector plates in the electron

column, typically in the final lens, which deflect the beam in the x and y axes so that it scans

in a raster fashion over a rectangular area of the sample surface

• When the primary electron beam interacts with the sample, the electrons lose energy by

repeated random scattering and absorption within a teardrop-shaped volume of the specimen

known as the interaction volume, which extends from less than 100 nm to around 5 μm into

the surface

• The size of the interaction volume depends on the electron's landing energy, the atomic

number of the specimen and the specimen's density

• The energy exchange between the electron beam and the sample results in the reflection of

high-energy electrons by elastic scattering, emission of secondary electrons by inelastic

scattering and the emission of electromagnetic radiation, each of which can be detected by

specialized detectors.

• The beam current absorbed by the specimen can also be detected and used to create images

of the distribution of specimen current.

• Electronic amplifiers of various types are used to amplify the signals which are displayed

as variations in brightness on a cathode ray tube.

• The raster scanning of the CRT display is synchronised with that of the beam on the

specimen in the microscope, and the resulting image is therefore a distribution map of the

intensity of the signal being emitted from the scanned area of the specimen.

• The image may be captured by photography from a high resolution cathode ray tube, but in

modern machines is digitally captured and displayed on a computer monitor and saved to a

computer's hard disc.

• In the present study SEM is used for finding out the particle size of Nrusimha pottali rasa

The surface morphology of Nrusimha pottali rasa was qualitatively assessed using a

cold field emission scanning electron microscope (JSM-6380, JEOL, Japan). The sample

was mounted on a brass stub and sputter coated with platinum and introduced into the

specimen chamber. Imaging was carried out at an acceleration voltage of 20 keV. Total nine

images were captured randomnly at different areas from the sample surface. The images

obtained are represented as Fig: 22, Fig: 23, Fig: 24, Fig: 25, Fig: 26, Fig :27, Fig :28, Fig :29, Fig

:30.

Result – Following elements in different proportions are observed

N,Na,Mg,P,S,K,Ca,Fe,Cu,Zn,Hg


108



4) QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ELEMENTS (INSTRUMENTAL

METHODS)

i) XRD (X-RAY DIFFRACTION)

This test was carried out for the crystalline phase identification of the compounds present in

the sample.

Principle:

When a beam of x-radiation is incident upon a substance, the electrons constituting the atoms

of the substances become as small oscillators. These oscillate at the same frequency as that of

incident x-radiation. These scattered waves come from electrons which are arranged in a

regular manner in a crystal lattice and then travel in certain directions. If these waves undergo

constructive interference they are said to be diffracted by the crystal plane. Every crystalline

substance scatters the x-rays in its own unique diffraction pattern producing a finger print of

its atomic and molecular structure.

Crystalline phase identification of Nrusimha pottali rasa samples with X-ray

diffraction (XRD)

To determine the different crystalline phases present in the samples XRD studies was done.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer

with Cu - Kα as target with 40 KV voltages and 30 MA current. The X-ray diffraction of the

sample was matched against the standard reference spectra library of software for phase

identification.

Mean crystallite size of the samples was calculated from XRD graph using the Debye–

Scherrer formula,

Dhkl = (k X λ) / (βD X cos θB),

Where Dhkl mean effective size of crystal; k = 0.9 (constant); k, X-ray wavelength; βD, full

width half maxima (FWHM) of peak, θB, Bragg scattering angle. The mean crystallite size

was calculated after averaging the crystal size value from seven most intense reflection peaks

of the XRD graph.

The crystallinity of NPR was analyzed using an X-Ray diffractometer, IISc, Bangalore by

irradiating with Cu – K α radiation (at 1.54060A0 ). The analysis was performed from

10.0788 to 89.8788(02Th) with a step size of 0.0840(02Th). Goniometer with the radius 240

mm having a minimum step size of 0.001(02Th) was used. The results obtained are depicted

in the form of Graph 5, Graph 6, Graph7and peak lists are given in tables Table 81, Table

82, Table 83.


109



ii) EDAX/EDS

• Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (abbreviated EDS, EDX, or EDAX) is an analysis

tool used to determine the elemental composition of a sample

• EDAX works by analyzing the spectrum of emitted X-rays from a sample as a beam of high

energy electrons is incident upon its surface.

• By comparing the emitted X-ray photon energies to expected values from us elements one

may determine which elements are present in a particular sample, and in what ratios.

• Its characterization capabilities are due in large part to the fundamental principle that each

element has a unique atomic structure allowing x-rays that are characteristic of an element's

atomic structure to be identified uniquely from each other.

• To stimulate the emission of characteristic X-rays from a specimen, a high energy beam of

charged particles such as electrons or protons (as in PIXE), or a beam of X-rays, is focused

into the sample being studied.

• At rest, an atom within the sample contains ground state (or unexcited) electrons in discrete

energy levels or electron shells bound to the nucleus.

• The incident beam may excite an electron in an inner shell, ejecting it from the shell while

creating an electron hole where the electron was.

• An electron from an outer, higher-energy shell then fills the hole, and the difference in

energy between the higher-energy shell and the lower energy shell may be released in the

form of an X-ray.

• The number and energy of the X-rays emitted from a specimen can be measured by an

energy dispersive spectrometer.

• As the energy of the X-rays is characteristic of the difference in energy between the two

shells, and of the atomic structure of the element from which they were emitted, this allows

the elemental composition of the specimen to be measured.

Quantitative elemental composition was carried out by EDAX (based on ZAF quantitative

standardless) at an acceleration voltage of 20 keV using the instrument 6380(LA) at PHA

mode T4. Mass and atomic percentage of elements distributed on focused area (of SEM) are

depicted in the Table 84, Table 85, Table 86, Table 87

.

METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

110


‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ W. S. R. TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY |

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Castor oil induced anti diarrhoeal activity of Nrusimha potali rasa was carried out and

compared with standared drug Loperamide in wistar albino rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials:

1. Nrusimhapottalirasa (Test drug)

2. Loperamide (Standard drug)

3. Propylene glycol(Vehicle)

4. Normal saline 0.9% (Control)

5. Adult wistar albino rats of either sex

6. Castor oil (to induce Diarrhoea)

Equipments and Glass wares: 1. Glass beakers

2. 18 G Needles

3. Disposable syringes

4. Stop watch

5. Hand gloves

6. Glass rod

7. Non- wetting paper sheets

8. Digital weighing machine

Method:

i) Healthy adult wistar albino rats of either sex weighing 210 – 230 gms were

used for experimental study.

ii) Animals were procured from Venkatesh Enterprises, Bangalore and housed at

SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad.

iii) The animals were maintained under laboratory conditions with controlled

environment of temperature 12:12 hours light : darkness cycle was

maintained

iv) The animals were fed with balanced pellet diet as provided by Venkatesh

Enterprises, Bangalore.

v) 6 animals were taken in each group for experiment and 3 animals per cage

was maintained


111



Selection of animals: Wister strain albino rats

1) 18 Wister strain albino rats of either sex

2) 6 Animals in each group

Inclusive criteria:

1) Adult healthy albino rats

2) Albino rats weighing 210-230 gms

Exclusive criteria:

1) Unhealthy Albino rats

2) Pregnant and diseased rats

3) Rats which are under trial of other experiments

4) Weight range below 210gms and above 230gms.

Experimental study Protocol:

Anti-diarrhoeal study:(On castor oil induced diarrhoea in Albino rats). Sample size: 18 albino rats were taken for the experimental study, distributed 6 in each group. Three

groups were taken for anti-diarrhoeal study.

Study group:

Group I : Administered with Normal saline (Control)

Group II : Treated with Nrusimhapottalirasa (Test drug)

Group III : Treated with Loperamide (Standard drug)

Study duration: 1day

Dosage and mode of drug administration:

Animal dose = Human dose x 0.018.

1) Normal saline (1ml/210gm rat).

2) Propylene glycol (0.5ml/210gm rat).

3) Nrusimhapottalirasa (4.7mg/210gm rat)

4) Loperamide (0.15mg/210gm rat)


112



Mode of administration of trial drug:

The trial drug was given in the form of a suspension in Propylene glycol. 28.2mg of

Nrusimhapottali rasa was added to 3 ml of Propylene glycol and mixed well. Each

0.5 ml contains 4.7 mg of the trial drug.

Mode of administration of standard drug:

The standard drug was given in the form of a suspension in Propylene glycol. 0.9mg

of Loperamide was added to 3 ml of Propylene glycol and mixed well. Each 0.5 ml

contains 0.15 mg of the standard drug.

Experimental Procedure: Adult healthy albino rats weighing 210- 230 grams were used after over night food

deprivation. For the experiment, the rats were housed in individual cages. The potential

antidiarrhoic agents were administered orally by gavage in various doses. Controls

receive the solvent only. One hour after dosage, 1ml of castor oil is administered orally.

Stools were collected on non–wetting paper sheets of uniform weight up to 24hour

after administration of the castor oil. Every 15 min during the first 8hour, urine was

drained off by gravity, and the net stool weight, termed early diarrhoeal excretion,

was recorded. The diarrhoea - free period is defined as the time in minutes between

castor oil administration and the occurrence of the first diarrhoeal output. The acute

diarrhoeal phase is the time between the first and last diarrhoeal output of the 8-hour

observation period. Stools occurring between 8 and 24 after castor oil administration are

called late diarrhoeal excretion.

Statistical analysis – The data collected were statistically analyzed by using unpaired

‘T’ test and ANOVA Variance tests with the consultation of biostat

Result –

In Castor oil induced diarrhoea Mean stool weight of albino rats of three groops viz.

Normal saline (Control), Nrusimha potali rasa (Test) and Loperamide when compared, found

that Nrusimha potali rasa (GII) and Loperamide is effective than Normal saline (GIII) during

the 0- 8 hrs and Nrusimha potali rasa (GII) and Loperamide (GIII) are equally effective

during early diarrhoeal period. In Late diarrhoeal period (8- 24 hrs) all three drugs shows

equal in effect in mean stool weight. Thus we can conclude that nrusimha pottali rasa is

effective in anti diarrhoeal action.

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS | 113



OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Observation is the life line of any research. And a researcher through observation discusses

and draws the conclusion. The observation made in three level study conducted on

Nrusimhapottalirasa, pharmaceutical, analytical and experimental is presented in this section

Selection of Varatika

grhayalakshanas

1 ½ Nishkabhara +++

Peeta +++

Granthila +++

Deerghavrinta +++

Sorting of Varatika

The 600 gms of Varatika procured from Department of Post Graduate studies in Rasashastra,

HASS’S Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Hubli.when sorted out for grahyaVaratika, out 600 gms

of, 200 gms was selected. After discarding smaller, broken, color other than yellowish.

ANALYTICAL STUDY RESULTS

Ogranoleptic characters

Table No. 80:Nrusimha potali rasa on Various Ayurvedic Parameters

S.No. Parameters NPR I NPR II NPR III

1 Varna light rose with

dark tinge

light rose with

dark tinge

light rose with

dark tinge

2 Rasa No taste No taste No taste

3 Sparsha Soft Smooth Soft Smooth Soft Smooth

4 Gandha Odorless Odorless Odorless

5 RekhaPurnatwa Positive Positive Positive

6 varitaratwa Positive Positive Positive




Table No. 81: Showing NPR on various analytical parameters


NPR 1 NPR 2 NPR 3

i. LOD (Loss on Drying) 0.5% 0.6% 0.5%

ii. Water soluble

extractive

7% 8 % 7%

iii. Alcohol soluble

extractive

16.0625% 15.67 % 15.22%

iv. Total ash 1.9% 1.8% 1.9%

v. Sulphated ash 9.6 %w/w 10.2 %w/w 8.3 %w/w

vi. Acid insoluble ash 2.1%w/w 1.8% w/w 2.2%w/w

Vii. pH 10.34 10.43 10.41

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CALCIUM

Qualitative tests for calcium Positive

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SULPHUR

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MERCURY

Qualitative tests for Mercury Positive

Formation of white precipitate Presence of sulphur




INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS:-

X-Ray Diffraction:-X-RD graphs obtained are attached as Graph 5, Graph 6, Graph7,.

Graph 5 X-Ray Diffraction for NPR 1






XRD PEAK LIST

Table 82 Peak List for NPR 1




EDAX OF NPR

Table 85 SEM-EDAX: Elemental composition in Mass % - NPR Sample 1

Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average

N 22.99 29.13 24.17 30.91 28.43 32.56 28.03

Na 0.26 0.47 0.37 0.07 0.20 0.70 0.35

Mg - - 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.29 0.11

P 0.11 0.10 0.20 0.12 0.23 0.12 0.15

S 28.26 22.26 28.17 26.02 25.71 26.17 26.10

K 0.23 0.24 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.21

Ca 43.09 39.25 42.84 39.00 40.94 37.50 40.45

Fe 0.25 - - 0.10 0.25 - 0.1

Cu 1.07 3.27 0.94 0.48 0.71 0.63 1.18

Zn 0.72 2.90 0.53 0.54 0.74 0.64 1.01

Hg 3.01 2.38 2.61 2.50 2.56 1.41 2.41

Table 86: SEM-EDAX: Elemental composition in Mass % - NPR Sample 2


N 33.03 32.39 34.02 28.99 27.56 28.49 30.75

Na 0.42 0.46 0.61 0.48 0.33 0.13 0.41

Mg 0.08 0.04 0 - - 0.11 0.04

P - - 0 - 0.02 0.03 0.01

S 22.06 25.37 24.10 25.34 25.02 25.67 24.59

K 0.35 0.22 0.13 0.30 0.16 0.12 0.21

Ca 40.57 38.12 38.42 41.90 42.38 42.01 40.57

Fe 0.15 0.02 0.12 - 0.02 - 0.05

Cu 1.12 1.35 0.53 0.43 1.16 0.68 0.88

Zn 0.94 1.19 0.55 0.30 0.84 0.74 0.76

Hg 1.28 0.83 1.51 2.28 2.51 2.03 1.74




Table 87 SEM-EDAX: Elemental composition in Mass % - NPR Sample 3


N 21.92 30.36 32.37 36.46 16.57 38.00 29.28

Na 0.20 0.50 0.59 0.41 0.23 0.04 0.33

Mg 0.04 0.03 - 0.06 - 0.10 0.04

P - 0.12 0.12 - 0.22 - 0.08

S 24.32 24.10 16.02 19.28 26.58 22.23 22.09

K 0.32 0.14 0.30 0.18 0.50 0.11 0.26

Ca 48.60 40.11 47.14 40.70 49.58 35.37 43.58

Fe 0.09 - 0.18 0.04 - 0.18 0.08

Cu 1.60 1.13 1.05 0.62 2.36 0.75 1.25

Zn 1.81 1.07 0.93 0.63 0.98 0.36 0.96

Hg 1.10 2.46 1.30 1.62 2.99 2.85 2.05

Table 88 Average values of the elements from 3 samples of NPR

Element Mass % of NPR

N 29.35

Na 0.36

Mg 0.06

P 0.08

S 24.26

K 0.23

Ca 41.53

Fe 0.08

Cu 1.10

Zn 0.91

Hg 2.07

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 120



OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

As per method described, all the procedures were carried out. Observations and results

were recorded for comparison are mentioned below

1) Early diarrhoeal excretion (0-8 hour observation)

2) Late diarrhoeal excretion (8-24hour observation)

Table No 89: Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group I(cnt) and Group II(NPR)

(n= 6) of 0-8hrs observation.

Group I Group II

5030 4720

5070 5150

5910 0

5080 0

0 0

5280 0

.

Four albino rats were normal with 0 mg stool weight in group II(NPR) and only one albino rat

having 0 mg stool weight and all other five rats having stool weight above 5000 mg in group

I. Hence on comparing average stool weight of two groups, NPR is found to be more potent

drug.

Graph No 08 Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GII of 0 -8

hrs observation

Table No 88 and Graph No 08 Shows weight of the stool in mg of individual albino rats of

Control group (GI) and Test group (GII).

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sto

ol w

t. in

mg

Albuno rats

Group I

Group II




Table No 90: Showing the comparative antidiarrhoeal activity and statistical analysis of


Group N MEAN Std

Deviation

T value ‘P’ Value

GI 6 4395 2178.13962

2.19927

0.036229**

Gll 6 1645 2552.048

** P<0.05 Significant

Table 89 shows that the Mean stool weight of albino rats in Normal saline (Control) GI is

4395 and SD is 2178.18962, Nrusimha potali rasa (Test) GII is 1645 and SD is 2552.048.

P<0.05, result is statistically significant by unpaired‘t’ test, which indicates that Nrusimha

potali rasa (GII) is effective than Normal saline.

Table No 91: Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group I and Group II (n=6) of 8-

24 hrs observation.

Group I Group II

2370 1300

3890 900

3990 3260

2030 2260

1740 900

1740 1090

Stool weight of albino rats of two groups when compared,it was found that stool mass all the

rats of group II were less than group I. It indicates that NPR has shown significant anti

diarrhoeal activity than control group after 8-24 hrs




Graph No 09 Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GII of 8-

24hrs observation

Table No 90 and Graph No 09 shows weight of the stool in mg of individual albino

rats of Control group (GI) and Test group (GII).


Group I and Group II (n= 6) of 8-24 hrs observation.

Group N MEAN Std

Deviation


1.916225609786

GI 6 2626.67 1036.55 0.046217**

Gll 6 1618.33 950.71


Table No 91 shows that the Mean stool weight of albino rats in Normal saline

(Control) GI is 2686.67 and SD is 1036.55, Nrusimha potali rasa (Test) GII is 1618.33

and SD is 950.71. P<0.05, result is statistically significant by unpaired‘t’ test, it

indicates that Nrusimha potali rasa (GII) is effective than Normal saline (GI).

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sto

ol w

t. in

mg

Albuno rats

Group I

Group II




Table No 93: Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group I(cnt) and Group III(std)

(n= 6) of 0-8 hrsobservation.

Group I Group IlI

5030 0

5070 650

5910 0

5080 0

0 1060

5280 350

Three albino rats were normal with 0 mg stool weight and other three albino rat having stool

weight less than 1000mg in group III(std) . In group I (cont) one rat having 0 mg stool weight

and all other five rats having stool weight above 5000 mg. Hence on comparing average stool

weight of two groups, standard lopramed is found to be more potent drug.

Graph No 10 Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GIII of 0-8 hrs

observation.

Table No12 and Graph No 03 Shows weight of the stool in mg of individual albino rats of

Control (GI) and Standard (GIII).



Group N MEAN Std

Deviation


4.89303380

GI 6 4395 2178.19 0.0033**

GIII 6 343.33 438.48


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sto

ol w

t. in

mg

Albuno rats

Group I

Group II




Table No 93 Shows that the Mean stool weight of albino rats in Normal saline (Control) GI is

4395 and SD is 2178.19, Loperamide (Standard) GIII is 343.33 and SD is 438.48. P<0.05,

result is statistically significant by unpaired‘t’ test, it indicates that Loperamide (GIII) is

effective than Normal saline (GI).

Table No 95: Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group I(cnt) and Group III(std)


Group I Group III

2370 2598

3890 770

3990 500

2030 3715

1740 3290

1740 2598

Stool weight of albino rats of two groups when compared, it was found that average stool

mass all the rats of group III were less than group I. It indicates that lopramed has shown

better anti diarrhoeal activity than control group after 8-24 hrs.

Graph 11 Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GI and GIII of 8-24 hrs

observation.

Table No 94 and Graph No 04 shows weight of the stool in mg of individual albino rats of

Control (GI) and Standard (GIII).

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sto

ol w

t. in

mg

Albuno rats

Group I

Group II






Table No 95 Shows that the Mean stool weight of albino rats in Normal saline (Control) GI is

2686.67 and SD is 1036.55, Loperamide (Standard) GIII is 2159.67 and SD is 1309.97.

P>0.05, result is statistically not significant by unpaired‘t’ test; it indicates that Normal saline

(GI) and Loperamide (GIII) are equally effective.

Table No 97: Descriptive of Weight of the stool in mg of Group II(tst) and Group

III(std) (n= 6) of 0-8 hrs observation

Group II Group IlI

4720 0

5150 650

0 0

0 0

0 1060

0 350

Four albino rats were normal with 0 mg stool weight in group II(NPR) and only three albino

rat having 0 mg stool weight in group III(std). Average stool weight of two rats of group II

were more when compared to average stool weight of three rats of group III(std).

Group N MEAN Std

Deviation


0.74809088052

GI 6 2686.67 1036.55 0.229*

GIII 6 2159.67 1309.97





Graph No 12: Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GII and GIII of 0-8 hrs

observation

Table No 96 and Graph No 05 Shows weight of stool in mg of individual albino rats of Test

(GII) and Standard (GIII).

Table No 98: Showing the comparative antidiarrhoeal activity and statistical

analysis of Group II and Group III (n= 6) of 0-8 hrs observation.

Group N MEAN Std

Deviation


GII 6 1645 2552.048 1.3488374758 0.136*

GIII 6 343.33 438.48


Table No 97 Shows that the Mean stool weight of albino rats Nrusimha potali rasa(Test) GII

is 1645 and SD is 2552.048, Loperamide (Standard) GIII is 343.33 and SD is 438.48. P>0.05,

result is statistically not significant by unpaired‘t’ test; it indicates that Nrusimha potali rasa

(GII) and Loperamide (GIII) are equally effective.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sto

ol w

t. in

mg

Albuno rats

#REF!

Group II




Table No 99: Descriptive Weight of the stool in mg of Group II(tes) and Group III(std)


Stool weight of albino rats of two groups when compared, it was found that stool mass of all

the rats of group II(NPR) were less than group III (std). It indicates that NPR has shown

significant anti diarrhoeal activity than standard drug after 8-24 hrs

Graph 13 Comparative study of weight of stool in mg of GII and GIII of 8-24 hrs

observation.

Table No 98 and Graph No 06 Shows weight of stool in mg of individual albino rats of Test

(GII) and Standard (GIII)

Table No 100: Showing the comparative antidiarrhoeal activity and statistical analysis

of Group II and Group III (n= 6) of 8-24 hrs observation.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sto

ol w

t. in

mg

Albuno rats

Group II

Group III

Group II Group III

1300 2085

900 770

3260 500

2260 3715

900 3290

1090 2598

Group N MEAN Std

Deviation


0.89740958836

GI 6 1618.33 950.71 0.216*

GIII 6 2159.67 1309.97

*P>0.05 Not Significant




Table No 99 Shows that the Mean stool weight of albino rats in Nrusimha potali rasa (Test)

GII is 1618.33 and SD is 950.71, Loperamide (Standard) GIII is 2159.67 and SD is 1309.97.

P>0.05, result is statisticallynot significant by unpaired‘t’ test, it indicates that Nrusimha

potali rasa (GII) and Loperamide (GIII) are equally effective.

Table No 101: Comparison of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII & GIII of 0-8 hrs

observation

Groups N Mean Variance

GI 6 4395 4744510

GII 6 1645 6512950

GIII 6 343.33 192266.7

Table No 100 Shows Mean stool weight of albino rats in Normal saline (Control) GI is 4395

and Variance is 4744510, Nrusimha potali rasa (Test) GII is 1645 and Variance is 6512950,

Loperamide (standard) GIII is 343.33 and Variance is 192266.7

Table No 102: ANOVA of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII &GIII of 0-8 hrs

observation

Sum of

Squares

df Mean Square F P’ Value

Between

Groups

51345678 2 25672839 6.726669 0.008216472**

Within

groups

57248633 15 3816576

Total 108594311 17

**P<0.05 Significant

Table No 101 Shows sum of squares of between groups of Normal saline (GI), Nrusimha

potali rasa (GII) and Loperamide (GIII) is 51345678, df is 2, Mean square is 25672839 and

sum of Squares of within groups is 57248633, df is 15, Mean square is 3816576. ‘F’ Value is

6.726669, P<0.05, result is statistically significant by ANOVA test, it indicates that

Loperamide and Nrusimha potali rasa is effective than Normal saline.

Table No 103: Comparison of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII & GIII of 8-24 hrs

observation

Groups N Mean Variance

GI 6 2686.67 1074427

GII 6 1618.33 903856.7

GIII 6 2159.67 1716019




Table No 102 Shows Mean stool weight of albino rats in Normal saline (Control) GI is

2686.67 and Variance is 1074427, Nrusimha potali rasa (Test) GII is 1618.33 and Variance is

903856.7, Loperamide (standard) GIII is 2159.67 and Variance is 1716019

Table No 104: ANOVA of Weight of the stool in mg of GI, GII &GIII of 8-24hrs

observation

Sum of

Squares

df Mean Square F P’ Value

Between

Groups

3424214 2 1712107 1.390336 0.279301458*

Within

groups

18471510 15 1231434

Total 21895724 17

*P>0.05 Not significant

Table No 103 Shows sum of squares of between groups of Normal saline (GI), Nrusimha

potali rasa (GII) and Loperamide (GIII) is3424214, df is 2, Mean square is 1712107 and sum

of Squares of within groups is 18471510, df is 15, Mean square is 1231434. ‘F’ Value is

1.390336, P>0.05, result is statistically not significant by ANOVA test; it indicates that

Normal saline, Nrusimha potali rasa and Loperamide are equally effective.

DISCUSSION 130



DISCUSSION

Review Of Literature

Discussion on Disease Review

JWARA :-

Jwara has been described as “Rogaraja” amongst all the diseases. It is considered as a biggest

threat to the mankind, that’s why all the important classics like Samhitas etc. have explained

it in detail. This leaves an impression of this disease in significant position in Indian

medicinal texts from indigenous system of medicines.But,present science is accepting fever as

a symptom associated with various other disorders rather than a separate disease.

In modern terms, Jwara may be compared with Pyrexia. Lesions of hypothalamus may

cause fever by interfering with the functioning of either the thermo sensory center, or the

hypothalamic areas which regulate heat loss and heat production.

ATHISARA

Athisara is a problem worldwide but a major public health problem. In the review of

literature details of Historical review of athisara,paryaya,nidana according to different

acharya,prabheda of athisara according to different achayas, samprapthi of

athisara,samprapthi ghataka of athisara, poorvaroopa, roopa,upadrava sadyasadyata and

chikithsa are described

Discussion on Drug Review

PARADHA

In ancient literature on Rasa Shastra, Rasa (mercury) has been described to be of

Divine origin and claimed to be related to Lord “Shiva. In the review of literature details of

paradha including vernacular name,synonyms,prapthi sthana historical review, parada

ghrahya lakshana, bheda according to udhbava bhedena, beda according to desha, varna,

jathi and karma ,doshas of paradha, shodhana of paradha according to different

acharyas,pharmacological and therapeutical properties of paradha are described.also

explaind about mercury its physical property, occurrence and distribution ,chemical

properties,theraputical properties are described

GANDHAKA

Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa. It is an essential agent for the various processes

of Parada Samskaras such as Marana, Jarana, and Bandhana etc in present study Gandhaka

used for to prepare kajjali. In the review of literature details of paradha including vernacular

name,synonyms,prapthi sthana historical review, parada ghrahya lakshana, bheda according

todifferent acharyas,shodhana of Gandaka according to different acharyas,pharmacological

and therapeutical properties of Gandaka are described.also explaind about the sulphur

DISCUSSION 131



physical property, occurrence and distribution ,chemical properties, theraputical properties

and biological importance of sulphur are described

VARATIKA

In the review of literature details of varatika including synonyms, historical review,

varatika ghrahya lakshana, shodhana and marana are described. Contextually a known cowry

shell was also given. On the present study cowries of India has selected. The young cowery

has an elongated shell with a distinct conical spire and a long wide mouth aperture bounded

by an outer lip. As the animal becomes adult the mantle lay on each side expands and grow

over the shell, the edges of two lobes meeting along a line. In this position the inner surface

of mantle secrets a thick layer of highly polished enamel of different colours over the shell.

The last whirling of the shell grows somewhat excessively and rolls round the other whirls.

This growth and enamel deposit over the spire by the mantle give the actual spiral nature of

the shell. Side by side this transformation , the outer part of the shell which was originally

thin and sharp gets curled inwards formed a thicken and toothed shape. The inner layer also

thickens and its edges assume a furrowed appearance. As a result of thickening of two lips

the mouth aperture of the shell previously widens becomes considerably narrow. Thus the

adult cowry shell is formed into highly polished oval shell (granthika prishthe) with all trace

of young spire masked by the deposit of enamel and within long narrow aperture on the

ventral side.

NRUSIMHAPOTTALI RASA

Nrusimhapottali rasa is a product mentioned in the context of jwara athisara chikitsa

in Brihathrasarajasundara. Ingredients of Nrusimhapottali rasa mentioned in

Brihathrasarajasundara analysed, wich contain shuddha parada, shuddha Gandhaka, and

shuddha varatika .similar ingredients were seen in vaiswanara pottali with slight change in

method of prepration. Most of pottali preparations are basically prepared as Gandhakapaka,

Nrusimhapottali rasa is an exceptional one where it is prepared by puta paka method.

Pharmaceutical Study

Key part of the present work is the pharmaceutical study where the product

Nrusimhapottali rasa was prepared following textual guidelines with in-house developed

SOPs. It is well known fact that safety and efficacy of a pharmaceutical product greatly

depends upon the quality. The quality established only when the product is prepared as per

GMP and guidelines with strict quality control in every step give importance to the quality

validation of entire processes and equipment used. Here as the product is manufactured

DISCUSSION 132



scientifically at first time to develop SOPs and to fix the standards, three batches of samples

were prepared at the similar conditions. Special care was taken throughout the procedure,

starting from the collection of the raw materials till puta paka of Nrusimhapottali rasa

The study started with collection raw materials. The core ingredient varatika was

selected with an average weight of three gram, as per the textual reference of grahya

lakshanas. 3 Batches of sample was randomly selected and checked for features like peeta

varna, prishta granthi, deergha vruntakara,.After confirming all the features the sample was

selected for preparation. Mercury and sulphur were also selected after confirming the

genuenity.

Pharmaceutical process started with samanya shodhana of parada by the reference

from Rasatarangini. Process used was mardana or trituration. Initial step was triturating

parada with sudha choorna(lime powder). Calcium has the capability to absorb mercury on

trituration. Mercury forms amalgam with calcium, thereby it can be separated other impurities

that are present in paradha and as calcium is water soluble. Mercury can be separated from

calcium either by the process of washing (as done in traditional shodana method).

To obtain more pure form of paradha, sudha chura bhavitha paradha was subjected to

another samanya shodana with process mardana in nisthusa lasuna and saindavalavana. In this

step garlic played an important role. Allyl disulphide present in garlic reacts with mercury

producing blackish colour in the product. It is well established scientific fact that garlic

prevents tissue damage that may be caused by mercury or organic mercury preparations. In

the process of grinding mercury with lasuna a reaction occurs between alliicin organosulphur

present in garlic and mercury. This is a redox process where there is a reaction undergoing

oxidation and the other undergoing reduction. The electron changes in oxidant and reductant

forms the basis of ionic electron method for balancing ionic equations. The sulphur and

mercury forming the best covalent bond within garlic and as a result the triturated product

turns black. Garlic is a known antidote for heavy metal poisoning. The chemicals like

sulphoxide, thiosulphinate, methyl cystine, L- calavalyne, ajoene etc are important phyto

constituents of organic nature helping inorganic mercury to convert into a safe absorbable

pharmaco therapeutically effective molecule.

In the present study total loss of 55gm was observed in parada shodhana, of which 43gm was

occurred during mardana with sudha choorna weight loss can occur due to Spilling of

mixture during trituration,Some fine particles of parada remained adherent to Khalva which

were difficult to collect, Some quantity of parada was lost while washing. 12gm after the

processing with nisthusa lasuna and saindhava. weight loss occured due to Spilling of

mixture during trituration. , Some fine particles of Parada remained adherent to Khalva which

were difficult to collect.Some quantity of parada was lost while washing

DISCUSSION 133



The next practical carried out was Gandhaka shodana. Gandhaka shodhana was carried out

as per the reference of Ayurveda prakasha, following the process of dhalana in Godugdha.

Gogritha used as a medium for melting and the dalana was continoued for 3 times It also

observed that sulphur was melted slowly as the temperature increased and complete melting

occurred at 112⁰C- 114⁰C. The time taken for melting in subsequent practical was slightly

more, which may be due to presence of moisture, milk and also partial transformation of

sulphur. Fresh milk was used here which contains fat ,carbohydrate ,protein, calcium ,

potassium ,phosphorus, zinc, iodine , biotin , pantothenic acid, magnesium , selenium ,

thiamine , vit A, B12 ,D ,K, riboflavin, copper, iron ,sodium, manganese etc. Here proteins

and fats are in uncoagulated form. It was considered that molten sulphur when remains in

milk its purification may occur by removal of fat soluble impurities and Gandaka was totally

devoid of ugra gandha . In the present study total loss of 55gm was observed in Gandaka

shodhana it can occur due to Physical impurities like stone etc ,Some particles of Gandhaka

got adhered to cloth and vessel. While washing with hot water small particles of Gandhaka

escaped along with water.

The protein in it converts organic sulphur which may also help to increase

bioavailability. Partial solubility of sulphur in milk changes the colour to yellowish. However

after shodhana odour of Gandhaka became more agreeable..

Decoction is an aqueous extract containing the properties of substances that have

been processed in it. The purpose of preparation of kulatha kwatha was to extract the water

soluble constituents of it by the process of boiling. Soaking of kulatha seeds (Dolichos

biflorus) resulted in the softening of the drug due to diffusion of liquid into the raw material

by the process of osmosis. Due to the presence of hydroxy group, the raw materials swell

which may results in the increased diffusion pressure inside the cells, thereby ultimately

bursting the cell wall. Continuous heating and agitation during the preparation of decoction

enhances the extraction process by weakening the bonds and thereby separating the

hydrophobic substances from hydrophilic substances. The water diffuses into the raw

material, dissolves the water soluble constituents and discharge to the liquid media due to the

collapse of cell wall. This transfer water soluble principle into the solvent,.

Temperature is an important factor, because there are changes that can decompose

some of thermo liable active constituents. So that during the preparation of decoction the

temperature was not allowed to rise beyond 85 °C. Stirring was done during the process of

preparation of kwatha to get the uniform concentration kwatha throughout the solvent and

also to protect the drug from burning. It took about 08 hours of heating to prepare the

DISCUSSION 134



decoction. Obtained decoction was having pH 4.98,. It had a brown colour and astringent

taste supporting the presence of kashaya varga.

Kapardika shodhana was carried out by a process of swedana by dola yantra using

kulatha kwatha as medium as per the reference of Rasatarangini. A temperature between 100-

110 °C was maintained throughout the process. As the heating continue, kulatha kwatha

turned more viscous with gradual increase in specific gravity. Color of decoction was

changed to coffee brown and then to reddish brown. pH was also gradually elevated but still

remained acidic at the end of process ( at 5.62). pharmacological action like deepana pachana

and krimigna property of kulatha will helpful to increase the agni and can cure diarrhoea

easly.

Purified Parada and Gandhaka were taken in equal quantities (180gm each) in a Khalva

yantra and Mardhana(grinding) was done until it becomes very fine black powder, like

collyrium and the dazzling particles of Mercury completely disappeared. Approximately

350gm of Kajjali was obtained.10 gm loss occured because spilling of mixture during

levigation. , Some fine particles of Kajjali remained adherent to Khalva which were difficult

to collect. , Some quantity of Kajjali was lost during performing the confirmatory test of the

product.

Next phase of pharmaceutical study was preparation of Nrusimhapottali rasa. It was carried

out in the following steps.

1) Filling of kajjali in shudha kapardika

2) Samputeekarana and puta.

Filling of kajjali in shudha kapardika

In this step kajjali is filled in shodhita kapardika with the help of spoon.totaly100

number of kapardika is filled. Each Kapardika was filled in an average of 3.4 grms

of kajjali. After filling of kajjali the total weight of kapardika was 630gm. By

tapping in the floor helps to occupy more kajjali into it

Samputikarana

While preparing sarava samputa, care was taken to spread kapardika as uniformly as

possible. kapardika were spread in not more than one layers to ensure uniform heating and

uniform exposure of surface particles for required thermal reactions. Upalas were used with

uniform size, shape and weight. When checked an average diameter of 12.87 cm, thickness of

1.8 cm and an average weight of 112.8gm were observed. Earthen sarava having dimension of

DISCUSSION 135



10 inch diameter and 6 mm thickness in the middle and 4 mm at the edge were taken in each

puta sharava is sealed with gopichandana.500 upalas were used for each puta.

In sample NPR I after 120 min peak temp of Ist puta became 9400C and 600 min

were took for swanga sheetha. By that time temperature was recorded and it was about 30 0C.

After first puta the weight of the product become 160 gm. And 48 gm loss was occurred

. In sample NPR I: After 180 min peak temp of IInd

puta became 9240C and 630 min

were taken for swanga sheetha. By that time temprature was recorded and it was about 31 0C.

After second puta the weight of the product become 119 gm. And 41 gm loss was occured

In sample NPR I: After 128 min peak temp of IIInd


were took for swanga sheetha. by that time temprature was recorded and it was about 30 0C.

After third puta the weight of the product become 83 gm. And 36 gm loss was occured

In sample NPR II: After 140 min peak temp of Ist puta became 9300C and 600 min


After first puta the weight of the product become 154 gm. And 60 gm loss was occured

In sample NPR II: After 120 min peak temp of IInd


were took for swanga sheetha. by that time temperature was recorded and it was about 31 0C.

After second puta the weight of the product become 116 gm. And 38 gm loss was occured

In sample NPR II: After 130 min peak temp of IIInd puta became 9600C and 610

min were taken for swanga sheetha. by that time temprature was recorded and it was about 32

0C. After third puta the weight of the product become 90 gm. And 26 gm loss was occured

In sample NPR III: After 128 min peak temp of Ind



After first puta the weight of the product become 153 gm. And 55 gm loss was occured

In sample NPR III: After 130 min peak temp of IInd

puta became 9240C and 630

min were took for swanga sheetha. by that time temperature was recorded and it was about 31

0C. After second puta the weight of the product become 123 gm. And 30 gm loss was

occurred

In sample NPR III : After 140 min peak temp of IIInd

puta became 9600C and 600

min were took for swanga sheetha. by that time temprature was recorded and it was about 32

0C. After second puta the weight of the product become 98 gm. And 25 gm loss was occurred

DISCUSSION 136



Analytical study

Three samples of Nrusimhapottali rasa were analysed following organoleptic,

physicochemical, and instrumental parameters to obtain standard drug values.

When the product was subjected for organoleptic examinations it appeared light rose

with dark tinge in colour. It was very smooth and odour was nonspecific. Organoleptic

methods even though appeared to be simple are very informative and highly relevant and

exhibits scientific information.

Colour appears to be because of the major element calcium present in the product.

Trace elements and minor compounds especially the small quantity of kajjali present in the

product might have resulted in the development of light rose colour of the product. Major

element present in the product is calcium carbonate .Smoothness is a tactile sensation which

establishes the particle fineness of the product which is developed due to the action of

trituration and puta.

Moisture content of the sample was estimated by testing the loss on drying at 105 0C.

All the three samples showed a small amount of moisture (ranging from 0.5- 0.6 %w/w). This

moisture observed to be absorbed from the environment of the container. Nrusimhapottalirasa

was sparingly soluble in water with an extractive value between 7-8%w/w and it was soluble

considerably in alcohol with an extractive value between 15.22 - 16.0625% w/w. When the

product was subjected to the ash value, a small amount of total ash ranging from 1.8 to. 1.9

%w/w was observed. Acid insoluble ash was also in small quantities, i.e. 2.1%w/w, 1.8%w/w,

2.2%w/w respectively for the samples 1, 2, 3. Ash value denotes the amount of inorganic

substances present in product. The results have indicated that the inorganic material was

comparatively less in product. Sulphated ash value denotes the amount of inorganic

substances present in product. The results have indicated that the inorganic material was

comparatively less in product when the EDAX report was studied the high percentage of , ie

28.03 to 30.75 mass % was nitrogen. There was substantial amount of sulphur and small

amounts of mercury which are thermally unstable were also observed. Hence, the ash value

shows only thermally stable elements like Fe, Cu, Zn etc, which was found to be less.

pH of the sample was calculated by using pH meter (Systronic made).The samples were

highly alkaline pH , ie 10.34, 10.43, 10.41 respectively for the samples 1,2,3 . This alkaline

pH is attributed to the Ca compound, especially calcium carbonate present in maximum

quantity of the product.

DISCUSSION 137



Qualitative chemical tests were carried out for the products, which showed the presence of

calcium and sulphur. And also sensitive enough to show the presence of mercury that was in

trace quantity.

SEM

. SEM study was carried out by using a cold field emission scanning electron

microscope (JSM-6380 JEOL JAPAN) with an intention to quantitatively assess the

surface morphology of the sample of NPR I,NPR II,NPRIII. Total 9 images were

captured from 3 samples at different areas of surface. Surface topography captured

by scanning electron microscope, are depicted as image shown in analytical study.

SEM analysis shows the morphology just like a cotton balls. The particle size ranges

from in NPR I 109.1nm.to 168.1nm, NPR II 106.3nm to 152.6nm, NPR III 103.4nm

to 182.8nm as the particle size was in Nano meter, so absorption of the drug will be

more with quick action. Almost all the particle shape was circular

XRD

XRD study of powdered sample of Nrusimha pottali rasa was carried out by irradiating with

Cu K-alpha radiation at 1.54060 A⁰. Obtained XRD graphs and values (Graph 5, Graph 6,

Graph7and peak lists are given in tables Table 81, Table 82, Table 83. were carefully

evaluated.

The diffraction pattern indicates calcite as major crystalline phase present in Nrusimha pottali

rasa. Peaks at d spacing 3.11520 A⁰ (2Theta= 28.632) , d spacing 2.38361A⁰ (2Theta=

37.71), d spacing 1.95922A⁰ (2Theta= 46.303), d spacing 1.86757A⁰ (2Theta= 48.719)

confirm the presence of calcite as the major crystalline phase in sample 1.

Peaks at d spacing 3.09583A⁰ (2Theta= 28.815), d spacing 2.37546A⁰ (2Theta= 37.843), d

spacing 1.95271A⁰ (2Theta= 46.467), d spacing 1.86186A⁰ (2Theta= 48.878) confirm the

presence of calcite as the major crystalline phase in sample 2.

Peaks at d spacing 3.11181A⁰ (2Theta= 28.664), d spacing 2.38440A⁰ (2Theta= 37.70), d

spacing 1.95980A⁰ (2Theta= 46.29), d spacing 1.86826A⁰ (2Theta= 48.70) confirm the

presence of calcite as the major crystalline phase in sample 3.

EDAX

Three elements were observed in major concentration in all the samples tested. They are Ca,

N, and S. Nitrogen was observed at highest concentration with a mass % of 28.03, 30.75 and

DISCUSSION 138



29.28 respectively in samples 1,2,3 making an average of 29.28 %. Major element with higher

concentration was Ca in all the samples with values 40.45, 40.57, 43.58 respectively in

samples 1,2,3 making an average of 41.53 %. Third element with considerable concentration

was sulphur with mass % of 26.1, 24.59, and 22.09 making an average of 24.26%. Calcium is

naturally present in highest concentration as the basic cryatalline phase of varatika is calcium

cabbonate.Ca is comes from kulatha which is used for shodana purposes of varatika. Earlier

studies has shown that nitrogen exist in small quantities in raw cowry shells Next major

element observed is sulphur in a substantial concentration is due to the combination of kajjali

(HgS) as an ingredient in the product. In addition to this three elements a number of trace

elements like Na, Mg, K, Fe, Cu and Zn were observed in all the three samples.. Kulatha

seeds (Dolichos biflorus) contains about 3.2 % minerals like Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn . Even when

boiled kulatha retains mineral contents as indicated in the study where soup of kulatha

contains minerals like Ca,P and Fe Eventhough these elements are present in trace quantity

there are known to have substantial therapeutic implications as they are the part of body

physiology. Hg was also observed in small quantities in all the three samples, which is

sourced from kajjali used as an ingredient in the process.

Experimental study

The wistar albino rats are regarded as the suitable animal model for the evaluation of

antidiarrhoeal activity. Therefore Adult albino rats of either sex were selected as the animal

model.

Discussion on results:

Nrusimha potali rasa showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 1645 mg, SD is 2552.048 of

0-8 hours observation and 1618.33 mg and SD is 950.71 of 8-24 hours observation. Result is

statistically significant by‘t’ test, it indicates that Nrusimha potali rasa is effective than

control group.

• standard drug showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 343.33 mg and SD is 438.48 of 0-8

hours observation result is statistically significant by ‘t’ test, it indicates that standard drug is

effective than control group .

• standard drug showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 2159.67 and SD is 1309.97 of 8-24

hours observation when compared to control drug, result is statistically not significant by‘t’

test, it indicates that standard drug and control drug are equally effective.

• standard drug showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 343.33 and SD is 438.48 of 0-8

hours observation when compared to Nrusimha potali rasa and Nrusimha potali rasa showed

decrease is Mean stool weight by 1618.33 and SD is 950.71 of 8-24 hours observation when

DISCUSSION 139



compared to standard, result is statistically not significant by‘t’ test, it indicates that standard

drug and Nrusimha potali rasa are equally effective.

• standard drug showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 343.33 of 0-8 hours observation

when compared to Nrusimha potali rasa and control drug, result is statistically significant by

ANOVA test, it indicates that standard drug and Nrusimha potali rasa is effective than

control drug.

• Nrusimha potali rasa showed decrease in Mean stool weight by 1618.33 of 8-24 hour

Observation compared to standard drug and control drug, result is statistically not significant

by ANOVA test, it indicates that standard drug and Nrusaimha potali rasa are equally

effective.

Probable Mode of Action of Nrusimha potali Rasa

Ingredients of Nrusimha potali Rasa

Parada having sadrasa, snigdha guna, ushna veerya, actions like deepana, pachana

,agnivardaka, as well as yogavahi proprety. By this property Parada helps to relive ama,which

is the prime cause for Atisara.

Gandhaka having katurasa, snigdha, ushnaguna, ushna veerya,katuvipaka, karmas like

deepana,pachana,acts as rasayana,dosha prabhava like kapha vata hara and pitta vardhaka. By

this property Gandhaka helps in amapachana their by relives ama and control the ati drava

mala pravruthi ,which is the prime cause for Atisara.

Varatika having katu rasa,usna veerya,deepana action will help to increas agni there by

amapachana occuers and controls atisara. As atidrava mala pravrutti will be a one of the

symptom of Atisara, Varatika helps to check Atidrava mala pravrutti by its grahi property.

Same time grahi property of varatika is the cause for reabsorption of water and decrease

gastric motility.

Thus Nrusimha potali rasa is a pottent deepana, pachana,sangrahi and shoolahara dravya. It

also absorbs water and cheks the motility of gut. As Krimi is one of the causes for Atisara,

krimigna and janthu nasaka property of Parada and Gandaka will helps to eradicate the krimi.

Thus whole formula is modulated in alleviating the symptoms of Atisara.

Conclusion 140



CONCLUSION

Identification, Selection, collection and Shodhana of raw drugs viz. Paradha, Gandhaka,

Varatika was done as per the classics. ‘Nrusimha pottali rasa’ was prepared as explained

in “Bruhat RasaRajaSundar” well according to norms of pottali kalpana.

All the analytical parameters viz. Loss on drying and Extractive values (water and

alcohol) Ash value (Total ash, Acid Insoluble ash, Water soluble ash and Sulphate ash)

pH value Qualitative chemical tests for calcium, sulphur, mercury Scanning Electron

Microscopy(SEM),X-Ray Diffraction ,EDS. Physico chemical parameter of three samples

NPR found to be almost in normal limits.

Thus we can conclude that operative procedure of NPR is of standard one and the

quality of NPR is also standard

In Ayurvedic classics Athisara is explained both as a disease separatly and symptom in

different diseases.

Experimental study was carried out in order to evaluate efficacy of NPR in castor oil

induced diarrhoeal on wister strain albino rats which is the easiest and standard method

for induction of Diarrhoea in wister strain albino rats.

On observing the Experimental study data and its statistical analysis, it can be concluded

that NPR was found to be potent Herbomineral formulation for Anti diarrhoel activity.

Scope for study:-

The prepared Nrusimha pottali rasa should be subjected to more higher instrumental

analysis and to assess its Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic actions.

Experimental toxicological study reveals saftey of the drug.

Efficacy of the drug has to be carried out with more sample size in clinical trials.

SUMMARY 141


‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ W.S.R..TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

SUMMARY

The present study entitled “pharmaceutico-analytical study and experimental evaluation on

‘nrusimha pottali rasa’ with special reference to its anti-diarrhoeal activity” Comprises

Introduction

The introduction covers need of research, Prevalence and Incidence of Atisara roga,

Importance of Nrusimha potali rasa’ in treating Atisara roga, and plan of the study is

discussed in introduction.

Review of Literature

This aspect of literary review dealt with drug & disease review. References of

Nrusimha pottali rasa’, parada paryaya, vargikarana, grahya lakshanas, shodhana, marana,

rasapanchaka and modern aspects of mercury are discussed. About Gandaka,sulphur

varatika,are explained.

The disease review commence with the Nirukti, Hetu, Bheda, Poorvaroopa, Roopa and

Samprapti Upashaya, Sadyaasadyata, Chikitsa of Atisara explained.

Methodology

In Methodology, Pharmaceutical study includes identification and collection of raw drug,

shodhana of parada,Gandaka,Varatika, preparation of Kajali, preparation of Nrusimha

potali rasa by means of Gajaputa.S.O.P. was established by preparing three different

samples.

The analytical study dealt with Physico chemical analysis, Loss on drying and Extractive

values (water and alcohol) Ash value (Total ash, Acid Insoluble ash, Water soluble ash and

Sulphate ash) pH value Qualitative chemical tests for calcium, sulphur, mercury Scanning

Electron Microscopy(SEM),X-Ray Diffraction ,EDS.

In experimental study, selection of animals, mode of administration of drug, experimental

procedures and experimental parameters are mentioned.

Results

In this the data obtained from the animal experiment studys reveals good results in anti

diarrhoeal activity. Results are presented in systematic manner with tables and graphs.

SUMMARY 142


‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ W.S.R..TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

Discussion

This part includes with logical interpretation of results. An attempt was made to discuss

pharmaceutical studies, analytical studies and experimental studies of Nrusimha potali rasa

Conclusion

The whole study was concluded with data obtained from pharmacutical study, Analytical

study and experimental study. It was observed that the prepared Nrusimha pottali rasa was

of standard quality which proved effective in antidiarrhoeal activity.

List of References: 143



List of References:

1. Achrya Vagbhata , Rasa Ratna Samuchaya, Rasaprabha Hindi Commentary by Dr.

Indradev Tripathi , Edited by Dr. Kapil Deo Giri , edition 1998 ,Chaukambha Sanskrit

Bhavan , Varanasi , chapter 28, page 381, shloka no.1.

2. Acharya Sri Madhava , Ayurveda Prakasha , by Sri Gulrajshama Misra and Pandit

Shiva Sharma , Hindi commentary , 2008, chaukambha Bharath academy , Varanasi ,

chapter 1, page 80, sloka 137.

3. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine 16th edition part two section 6,chapter 35

page 224

4. Pandit Dattha Ram Chaubey, Brihat Rasarajasundara, 2000,3rd

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197. Ibid


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a ) Agnivesh, charak samhita, Part II, Chikista stana, Chap 19, Sloka 50, Chaukhambha


b) Agnivesh, charak samhita, Part II, Chikista stana, Chap 19, Sloka 102, Chaukhambha


c) Agnivesh, charak samhita, Part II, Chikista stana, Chap 19, Sloka 122, Chaukhambha

Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Sri Satya Narayana Sastri etc edi, Reprint 2004, P.NO-577





203. Davidson, Davidson’s principle and practice of medicine, chapter 22, M.J. Field et

al,20th edition, Churchill living stone, Elsevier, 2006, P.NO- 869.

204. Siddarth N. Shah, API text book of medicine, chap 10, M. Paul Anand edi, 8th edi, The

association of physicians of India, Mumbai, 2008, P.NO- 612.

205. Ibid

206. Davidson, Davidson’s principle and practice of medicine, chapter 22, M.J. Field et

al,20th edition, Churchill living stone, Elsevier, 2006, P.NO- 293.

207. Aspif. Golwalla and Sharukh A. Golawalla, Medicine for students, 21st edi, The

national book depot, Mumbai, 2005, P.No-26.





association of physicians of India, Mumbai, 2008, P.NO- 614.

209. Aspif. Golwalla and Sharukh A. Golawalla, Medicine for students, 21st edi, The

national book depot, Mumbai, 2005, P.No-27.


association of physicians of India, Mumbai, 2008, P.N0- 616

211. Shyamasundaraacharyavaidya, RasayansaraVol – I, 7th edition, Krishnadas academy,

Varanasi, 2005:328



Delhi, 2004: 60

213. Ibid, p 86

214. Shyamasundaraacharyavaidya, RasayansaraVol – I, 7th edition, Krishnadas academy,

Varanasi, 2005:39

215. Vagbhatacharya, Rasa RatnaSamuchchya edited by KavirajAmbikadattaShastri, 9th

edition, ChukhambaPrakashan, 1995:168

216. P.V.Sharma, DravyaGunaVigyanaVol I, ChaukhambaBharati Academy, Varanasi,

2005:342

217. P.V.Sharma, DravyaGunaVigyanaVol I, ChaukhambaBharati Academy, Varanasi,

2005:342

218. Sir Monier Williams, Sanskrit - English Dictionary, INPICA Publications, 1996:755.



Delhi, 2004: 21

220. ShriGovind das, BhaishajyaRatnavali, 2nd

edition, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series,

Varanasi, 1961: 42



Delhi, 2004: 296

222. Vagbhatacharya, Rasa RatnaSamuchchya edited by KavirajAmbikadattaShastri, 9th

edition, ChukhambaPrakashan, 1995:187

223. www.wikipedia.com 187

224. .PraanachaaryaShriSadananda Sharma, Rasa Tarangini, with shriHaridattashastri

commentary, edited by Pt. KashinathShastri, 11th

edition, MotilalBanarsidas,

New Delhi, 2004: 60

225. AacharyaVagbhata, Rasa RatnaSamucchaya with Ac.

D.A.Kulkarnihindicommentry, Meharchandlachamanadas publishers, New

Delhi, 1998: 66



http://www.wikipedia.com/

Annexures


POTTALI RASA’ WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY

ANNEXURES

FIG :01 FIG : 02 FIG : 03

GRHYA PARADA GRAHYA GANDHAKA GRAHYA VARATIKA

FIG :04 FIG :05 FIG :06

LASHUNA SUDHA CHOORNA KULATHA SEEDS

FIG :07 FIG :08 FIG : 09

GO KSHEERA GO GRUTHA SAINDAVA LAVANA

Annexures



FIG :10 FIG :11 FIG :12

WEIGHING MACHINE KHALWA YANTRA SHARAVA

FIG :13 FIG :14 FIG :15

PARADA

SHODANAIN

SUDHA CHOORNA

SHODANAIN

LASUNA AND

SAINDAVA

KULATHA

KWATHA

PREPRATION

FIG :16 FIG :17 FIG :18

POTTALI FOR

VARATIKA

SODANA

VARATIKA

SWEDANA

SHODITHA

VATIKA

Annexures



FIG :19 FIG :20 FIG :21

PREPARATION OF

KAJJALI

KAJJALI

KAJJALIPURITHA

KAPARDIAKA

FIG :22 FIG :23 FIG :24

SARAVA

SAMPUTA

NPR AFTER IST

PUTA

NPR AFTER IIND

PUTA

FIG :25 FIG :26 FIG :27

NPR I AFTER

IIIRD PUTA

NPRII AFTER

IIIRD PUTA

NPR III AFTER

IIIRD PUTA

Annexures


‘NRUSIMHA POTTALI RASA’ WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ANTI-DIARRHOEAL

ACTIVITY

FIG :28 FIG :29 FIG :30

HOT AIR OVEN PH METER ALBINO RATS

FIG :31 FIG :32 FIG :33

DRUG FEEDING

WITHGAVAGE

NEEDLE

SEM NPR I

SEM NPR II

FIG :34

SEM NPR SAMPLE III

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