CROP IMPROVEMENT AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY

HILLARY MOSES OMONDI OTIENOREG. NO. A56/70473/2013

M.SC. AGRONOMY

TERM PAPER: BREEDING ORNAMENTALS

CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION

• IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENTALS IN EASTERN AFRICA

• BREEDING OBJECTIVES FOR ORNAMENTALS

• CASE STUDY: CARNATION

• Origin and cytogenetics

• Reproductive systems• Reproductive systems

• Breeding Objectives

• Breeding Methods

• WORK DONE IN EASTERN AFRICA, MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSONS LEARNT

• CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK

• REFERENCES

ROSES PRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

• Ornamental plants- grown for decorativepurposes in gardens and landscape designprojects, as houseplant, for cut flowers andspecimen display.

• Floriculture- (branch of horticulture) is thescienceand practice of growing, harvesting,scienceand practice of growing, harvesting,storing, designing and marketing of flowers.

• The practice has gain value globally becauseof the value of lowers in enhancing lifequality; cultural values; celebrations.

• Thus breeding for novelty and vase life.

IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENTALS IN EASTERN AFRICA

Socio-Economical and Environmental benefits.

• Export- foreign exchange which consequentlyimproves the country’s GDP;

• Employment; direct and indirect;

• Income,hencepovertyde-escalation;• Income,hencepovertyde-escalation;

• Aesthetic and recreational value(ClevelandPolice, 2007);

• Air and water purification (Liu et al., 2007);

• Medicinal value, Aloe vera, neemetc;

• Therapeutic effect (Goodwin et al., 2007).

BREEDING OBJECTIVES FOR ORNAMENTALS

Can be grouped into:

• Initial breeding objectives: curiosity; specialbeauty; novelty and uniqueness.

• Modern breeding objectives:

�Improving tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses;plant proportion; flower quality (size, pattern,colour range and hue); uniformity and stability;shipping quality; shelf life; cropping period andgeneral yield in all important traits as demandedby the market (Horn, 2002).

CARNATIONS (Dianthus caryophyllus)ORIGIN AND CYTOGENETICS• Natives to the Near East, Mediterranean area,

with the origin ranging fromsouth Russia toAlpine Greece and the Auvergne mountains ofFrance.

• Hasover300species(Jurgensetal., 2003).• Hasover300species(Jurgensetal., 2003).

• Generally diploid (2n=30) with some tetraploid(2n=60). Triploid types are mostly commercialtype(Brooks, 1960).

• Plants are highly heterozygous at many differentloci throughout the genome.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM• Reproduce sexually(cross pollination) or

asexually(vegetative).

• The species are self-sterile because the stigmais not receptive to pollen until one week ormore after anthers have shed them.

• The flower is bisexual with low pollen• The flower is bisexual with low pollenproduction.

• The seeds are contained within tubular capsulewith a single compartment.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

• Breeding and improvement of carnations isfocused on:

1) qualitatively better production in terms offlower size, petal number, colour, architectureand fragrance;

2) Biotic andabioticstresstolerance;2) Biotic andabioticstresstolerance;3) Vase life;4) More rapid flowering and better yield

distribution;5) Varieties to increase diversity and sustainable

market demand;

BREEDING METHODS FOR CARNATIONS• Retrogression breeding (backcrossing)-used to

improve on resistance to bacterial wilt betweenD.caryophyllus and D. capitatus(Onozaki et al.,1998).

• Mutation breeding, through ion-beamand x-rayirradiation, to create new colour mutants asirradiation, to create new colour mutants asreviewed by Okamura et al., (2012).

• Interspecific hybridization for resistancebacterial wilt vase life between carnation andD.capitatus ssp. andrzejowskianus to introduce itsresistance into carnation cultivars (as reviewed byOnozaki, 2008).

BREEDING METHODS CONT,…

• Molecular biotechnology breeding through gene transfer,

wounding by bombardment yields highly efficient

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation

(Dianthus caryophyllus L.) (Zuker et al., 1999); and

production of blue, mauve and violet carnations throughproduction of blue, mauve and violet carnations through

genetic modification as reviewed by Agricultural

Biotechnology Council of Australia.

• Somatic hybridization; plant materials-protoplasm

isolation-protoplasm inactivation and fusion-protoplasm

culture-analysisof fusionproduct.

Illustration of Cross breeding method

WORK DONE IN EASTERN AFRICA, MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSONS LEARNT

• Key player; Kenya and Ethiopia.

• Major work done is on:

1) Introduction of new cultivars,2) Selection,3) Improvement in vase life, and other quality3) Improvement in vase life, and other quality

aspects through GAP, and4) Exploitation of the biodiversity within the

native ornamental crop sp

Case studies,….

�Tigoni(Kenya) for propagation techniquesand introduction of new cultivars(carnation,chrysanthemum, roses, gypsophilla, gladiolusand Gebera varieties) fromHolland, Israel,Hawaii and West German as reviewed byKARI (1991) andKARI (1991) and

�Improvement techniques on vase life, diseasesand pest control. Pyrethrumbreeding is alsocarried out in Kenya using varietal and clonalbreeding method with much success (asreviewed by D. Mwamba, 1996).

Case study cont,….

• Development of indigenous flowers forcommercialization. Examplesmobydick, Orchidand Cyperus papyrus L in Kenya(Bolo et al.,,2006);

• Breeding of newflowers that could be “brandedKenyan.”

• In the universities(review by Bolo et al., 2006);• In vitro culture on lilies-Project (JKUAT),• Propagation media and techniques for ornamental

crops and domestication of indigenous crops forornamentals(Moi University).

• Ethiopia- Abyssinian (Ethiopian banana) plant

CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK• Continuous quest for newcultivars has been

fueling need for crop improvement.• Genetic variability is currently offered through

sophisticated and effective advancedtechnologies(biotechnology and geneticengineering).

• Eastern Africa has contributed through productionbut not improvement(breeding).

• Further work• Develop plants which produce flowers with

different colours and shapes since the marketdemand changes everyday.

CONT,…

• Develop flowers that have longer vase life toincrease shipping quality and utilization capacity.

• Develop ornamental plants (flowers) which arehardy and can be produced outdoor to reduce costof production.

• Developa study to deviseeffective protocolsto• Developa study to deviseeffective protocolstoget genetic transformation on recalcitrant speciesremain the greater task in order to exploit thehuge potential of genetic engineering for thewhole range of ornamental species.

• Develop plants which can protect themselve.

REFERENCESCleveland Police. 2007. Plants: A Natural Line of Defence. Retrieved oct. 23, 2013 from:

http://www.cleveland.police.uk/crime_prevention/home_garden/plants.htm.

Liu, Y. J. et al. 2007. Which Ornamental Plant Species Effectively Remove Benzene From Indoor Air? Atmospheric Environment 41 (3): 650-654.

Onozaki, T., Ikeda, H., Yamaguchi, T., and Himeno, M. (1998). introduction of Bacterial Wilt (pseudomonas caryophylli) resistaance in Dianthus wild species to carnation. In "ISHS Acta Horticulturae III: New Floricultural Crops", Considine, J. eds, ActaHorticulturae, Perth, Western Australia. pp. 127-132.Horticulturae, Perth, Western Australia. pp. 127-132.

Maurice Bolo, Nancy M. Muthoka, Racheal, Washisino,Virginia Mwai,DanielKisongwo.2006. research priorities for kenya’s cut-flower industry: farmers’ perspectives.technopolicy brief 14.

Horn W .2002. Breeding methods and breeding research. In: Vainstein A (ed) Breeding for ornamentals: Classical and molecular approaches. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 47–84. http://www.bch.biodic.go.jp/download/enlmo/130_9_1_2008enRi.pdf. Accessed on 16 October, 2013.

REF…cont,…Masachika Okamura*, Naoyuki Umemoto, Noboru Onishi. 2012. Breeding

glittering carnations by an efficient mutagenesis system.In: Plant Biotechnology 29,209–214 (2012). DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.12.0104.

D Mwaamba.1996. Review of Kenyan Agricultural Research, Ornamental, Drug, Fibreand Pesticide Crops. KARI. Vol.27.ISB 0904567621.

Jurgens, A., Witt, T., Gottsberger, G. 2003. Pollen grain numbers, ovule numbers andpollen-ovule ratios in Caryophylloideae; correlation with breeding system,pollen-ovule ratios in Caryophylloideae; correlation with breeding system,pollination, life form, style number and sexual system. Sexual plant reproduction 14:279-289.

Jerry Haynes. 2012. History of Roses, Part one A. Available from the website:http://www.ars.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/History-of-Roses-Species-Part-A.pdf. Accessed on 7th October, 2013.

• Gudin S .2000. Rose: genetics and breeding. Plant Breed Rev 17:59–189.