...

' ~ 'l_.l

" "" ' -~ .. ' .~ . - . . . ' ~ -.· -::.-:.: : ' •• ..jt_..,. .. •.

• • • :--_">i r···· ..... -.; . ... _,._ l::':s;_ • 'J j _. •

C.P. (IT/P) Doc. 67. ' "

,,. Itetlio..n Fe..scisn seeks to mclco. the uouldering skeleton of liUssolini a

syn1)ol of its rebirth. EJqJcr·ience between the two wars h.'l.s shown tmt a liber::~l o. tti tude tovro..rds F <:cscism rco.ps c. poor rew:::-.:r-d.

'ife uust seck c.n effective n.nd preventive reL1edy. Fascist or.c;c.nisations L1us t continue to he outlawed, r..nd th2 .. t is why we o.re subJ;ri tting the present pro:posal. But vro vlish to r.12.ke it cleo.r toc.t t_his proposo.l is not in any way direotod 2..gc.ii."l[> t the new dcmocro. tic Itn.ly. Vie n.re convinced that when Ita ly ~s <:-.dopted the detlOcrc.tic way of life, sh~ will resist c.ny ter.1ptation or atteupts to insta l reactiono..ry or neo-Fc.scist nethods.

'He consider that to ple..ce an obli.c;ation on Itc.ly to enn.ct l m1s c.mcl regula tions for the liquidation of or.:;::..nisc:..tion:..; of' n. F~,scist cho..r c:..cter is essentic~l and crtnnot in <:-.ny 'il'2.y be t o.ken c..s discourteous or 2.s c c..sting a slur on the honour of the Itr.linn pCOJ.>lc.

The Polish proposo..l, which is moreover in keep ing vii th the other ·c rec~ties on- tlris point, insists on the prouulgD.tio:tl of D.ppror)riate Itc..licJ1. legisl2.tion to r)revent the establishlilcnt of org<:cnisD.tions intended to curtail the douocro.. tic liberties o:f the Ito..li~1. people or to direct hostile propt.[;anda <:-.gc..inst D..l1J of the United No.tions which r.ri.ght be interpreted 24s prorx1.gandn. in f c.vour of agressive vrn.r.

This part of the prorJosal defines precisely the undcr~'"tkins which Italy s hould hc·we to give before boing c..c1Ji ttod to the United Nc1.tions .

To sun up, by inserting this J..rticle in the Pe<1co Treaty with Ito..ly, to conforn with sir.ri.ln.r provisions in the Drc..ft Treaties with Rour.l<'-nia, Hungary, Bulcc.ria and .Finln.nd, wq o.re acting in the interest of the United N[Ltions and [;>;.lso in the interest . of ItD.ly itself'.

Such o.n u.'1.dertalcing by Italy vrould h·we tho double <1.dvant<1gc of bc.i.l1.[3 didactic m1d preventi vc. Thn. t is vrhy Yle <1re convinced tho. t this propos<1l vlill .r,1eet the <1pprow.l of all the · uenbers of this Coum.ission.

Pc:..lais du Luxcnbour~ Pnris

Septe~ber 23, 1946

!/

I I.

I -

P a:ais d u Luxembourg .::·:::::;:::::::::;::;:::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::·.::: ::::.::::::::::::::::::::::;:;:::::;:;:::::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::.::::::::;:;;;;:::::::::::::::::::·::::

/

C,P. ( IT/P) Doc , 68. Sopter.1b or 23 , 194-6.

'

Sir,

ll. I vo.noe Bonor,ri. , . Ho:c..J. of t ho I t o.lio.n Dcl e .c;o.t1on

to the Po.ris Conference.

I hD.ve the honour to o.clmovrl od.c;e receipt of' your letter of the

21 Septer.1ber 194-6, rolatinj to the cxo.uin.".tion of Articles 3 and 4 of the

Draft Treaty vrith I taly.

- In o.ccordn.nce . wi t h your ;vis hes, your letter 11vill be c01aL1unicated to

Dele.c;a.tiorureprosented i n t he Politicn.l ·o.na Territorial Coi:lraission for

Italy, o.nd vall b e published o.s o. docw~en~ of the Ca~:ri.ssion .

I an , etc.,

Chni rr.1nn of the Pol i tico.l ' & Ter rit orial

Cor;r,lis s i on f or I taly,

LEIF EGELAND.

' ' ) I

•

/

C.P. (IT/P) Doc. 68 Septer,1ber 21 , 1 946

Sir,

LJ:t..'T TER _J)DRESSED BY E. D!iJ~OE BONOl':II, i n the ;.r.me of the It~lio..n .Jel egc-.ti on, t o l'.fr. L2IF EGELLtJ.""'D , Chn.i rr,1c.n of the Pol :l.ticn.l c.nd Territori 2.l Co:·_·n i ss i on f or I t n.ly n.t the

P2.ris Oonfer e11ce .

At the end of the clie cuss i on on ~~ti.ch s 3 o..nd 4 of the Dr~_ft Tr e2.ty wit h Ito..ly, which closed yes t erdc.y 20 Septenber, the Ito.l icm Delec:;'ltion feels obliged to l)oi;.1t out t h::'. t i t w:::...s :-._dui t t e (L be j_" ore ihe Cour.1iss:Lo:c1 on only one occo..sion, o.nd on its own r e(1ues t, t ci eXJ?r ess the I -l;;::'.l ia11 Goverl1i;H..::.1t 1 s p oint of view on the 1)r obler,1 of t he Ito.lio.n Yue;oslEC"~T f:..~ontier: o. pro1):,_eu which is unquestion .. "..bly one of vi tr_l ~uportr:.nce for It2.l y --

After the I t c.lin.n :JJC ~'.t e;_:onts of 3 Sept eE1ber, vrhich vvere of necessity succinct o.nd of o. senerc.l cho..ro.cter, severo..l ccepresentr-.tives of the different ' delegations i:k'.'..de speeches , i n cerb.i n co.sc's seve r o.l tLtes i n succession, o..nd ., not only to put f orwQrd t he i r own poin·~ of v:.ov1 on . t he cluestion, !Jut n.lso to dispute unilc.t e rn.lly TilQny n.spects of t he o.ff i r.uo.t i ons of t he Ito..liQn Delegation. I n t his con;.1ect i on , t he It;:>.l ic,:c1 Delegati~n des :Lr es to point out tha t in such stn.t e;:ents , a r c:;uuents were c,dvancecl or.. which i t C!li1 only make the widest res ervations, c.nd stn.'GeDents 1;1o..dc a t the s c.n1e tirae vrhich, in its op inim1, o..re , t o s ay t he l eL'..s t, inex:1.ct t'. l'lO. part io.l, i f not absolutely dep rived of found.c.tion .

However, the CoLli~liss ion di d -not thLJ.lc i t op:;_)ort uno to offer an Itn.lian re1') r esent2.tive t he p ossi bil ity of relll y.:i,.ng co s t:.ch skter.1onts , or to put forwc.rd the It[.•.J,ian Governuer~t' s p oint of vi ew on c. l)c.r t nt least of the questions under d:i ~: cussion~ which gn.ve r i se t o t he l D.:cgest nuuber of' c ontrove rsies, or to CXJ:Jl i'.. i n the interrp:rcte::ti on, ·wffich shoul d b e give::1 to certa i n of the a r g ume;,1.ts which the UQlin,n De lez'a t :.cn s t:.brai t ted i ;.1 writi n.c; to the Conf~rence.

The Ito.li2.n Del e [:;c .. tion i s ob.lic:;ec1 -,~iDally to :) oi r..t out t he, t the CoLu:1iss ion did not feel it neces s c.r y t o ;cdce i nto considerat ion, or u t :::. e.:'.. s"j; to devote its n.ttention to, an i r.1j_) ortnil.t }Yl;'OposnJ. put forvc/D_r d. SOT.lC t ir.le aco by Italy ... In f act, ther e wr.s no echo wi t hin the Cor.u;1is s ion of t hc, t r e quest, constructive though it vm.s, to re curn to t he }')r inc il_) l es l a i d dovm by t he Lt lantic Charter, by ·entrustins to the dir~ct wi ll of the pe v~Jlcs concer n0d t he tc.sk of cletermin­inc:; the fino..l frontier-line bet ween Ito..l i 2Jls and :(u.go;,;:i,Qv,; , By adopting such n. r,1ethod , there would be o1J ~:u:'.nec1~ ."'n~ncs t others, t he evident nd.vn.nkge that the fran tier-line <leterDine<l i n t h.."'. t way would s o..tisfy the necessity of 1')rovidine; t ho.. t t he inh!l"oH:--.nt 8 of the b order country n.cce~J t it willingly and by COiilJ,1011 E'.. CC.Jrd .

.. c.P. (rr/P) Doc. 68 • 2.

The Italian Dele~ation feels it to be its duty consequently to lJut it on record once a~p.in t~t a decision neGlecting the rights and leuiti;:JBtc interests of the peoplaa concerned, vdll novcr bo acceptable n.s capable of cstn.~lishinG a ln.stins peace.

I shall be gr£>.teful if you will bril'l£ this letJccr to tho notice of the Delegations represented j,n the c.cr.mssion.

I ara, Sir, eto,

'signed. IVilNOE BONOl'fl.

'.

DE Palais du L uxembourg "

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C ~ H: ( IT /P ) Doc . 69 ~,1st .' S? ptomb oi' 19L~6

DI~WJ. ___ E_EJ\.CE_J RE.'l.TY WITH ITl~LY

(l~rti_~lo __ b_ot;;yooll, .t.rticlos lLb e.nd __ _15)

~oin~_praft b.x_j;ho Polish and Ukrainj.an De l egations

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I taly undort ~ko s not t o permit t h o oxistonco or activity on

I t alian t e r ri t or y of any Fascis t politica l, militar y or semi-

milit ary . orc;ani;Jnti~ms , a nd n.l so 3.l1.Y othe; r organ isat i on s diro ct o d

at de priving t ho people of the ir demo crat ic rights, or engaged in

propng anda hosti l e to any one of t ho United Nations.

It a l y undort alcos not t o empl oy in any of her g ove rnment

offices '.'lhl ch f u lfil public l egal f unctions , any persons wh o wor e

active ly engaged i n t ho worlc of t h o F a scist p arty.

Palais du Luxembourg Par is

21st Sept embe r, 1946

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C.P. (IT/P) Doc . 70 September 23, 1946

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STATEMENT BY SIGNOR D!Al.JHOE BONOMI, TO THE POLITIGJU.. ... il'ID TER.'tiTORIJ!.L COi'iJMISSION FOR IrALY, ON BEH.llLr."'~' OP 'rilli rrALI.A.N DELEGATION.

( Itnl in.n Te:cr i tories in Africa )

(text pro\~ded by the Itn.lin.n Delegation)

~~. Chnin~n, Gcntleucn,

Jl.l'ticle 17 of t he Dn:cft Pence Treaty is composQd of three parts:

First t the decis ion c oncer ning tho ul t irik"'..t e f a te of Ita lin.n terri torios in Africa is postponed f or one year,

Second: Italy s hould r enounce nov1 all her rights and inteNsts in Libya, Eritrea and Sor::1a.lio. .

Third: During t his yco.r of p ostponement t he bulk of Italy's .Afric11n territories ~~11 r eo uin under British military adoinistrution and a son.ll part under French milita~:-y adr.1i nis tra tion~

Referring to t ho speech 2-l r cQ.dy r:1n.de by the Ita lin.n Prine Minister, Signor De Ga.speri .• t o the Plcr.t.'lry Lssci:lbl y , I owe it to you j;o s tate at once our opinion t ho. t, if y ou propos e t o dcln.y n. s olution until this problcc has been further pondered i n the l i ght also of n.ll the political, econar.uc and historical da t a that Itn.ly cn.n suppl y, t he p ostponccont should tuke place purely und sllaply, ~ithout the sec ond n.nd third conditions I n~ntioned.

This is n. feeJ.ing shared by all the Ita l ian people, who would be deeply hurt should these concli t ions be o.doptod .

Far th~s r eas on I 8ivc o. br ief s urvey of the outstnnding points of our work in Africn. < HY r cr,mrks vr.i..ll shovr why v7c should not be asked to gi vo up our work just when i -t :..s beginning to r eap i t s h..'lrvest.

C.P. (IT/P) Doc. 70. 2.

-. The ~ortance for Ital y of the problco of I talian territories in Africa

: has been stressed in various docuracnts presented t o the Conference by the Italian Gcve!"!lL1ent. Today, befor e s tarting what I have to say, I vdsh to refer· once more to thes e documents and draw your a ttent ion to the f act t~~t the probleo you n.re about to exarJi no - apparently c oncentrated in the brief f ormula of Art. 17 - and the decisions you arc ab out to t alco vvill have a fun.dar.1ental bearing on the peace wi t h Italy "

Another essential thinG should be sta ted at once: l~~ely that Italian territories in .Af)·ica concer n us par t icu1nrly under i;wo r.m.in aspects: the problem of the I t alians settled thor o and t he prob lelil of social and politi cal progress of the native p opulations . We s ucceeded, after long years of toil, in transforming Libya , Eritrea and Sor.1alia ... t erritories which Italy ac quired decades before Fascisu - ,to the point v1here t hey were able 'to absorb part of Italy's eoigrants, a development , needless to say, which di d not f ail also to ra.ise the living standard of t he na t i vee o

You_are now natural ly ini"luenced by Fascisn' s political responsibilities during the second world war . But v~1atever t hese resp onsibilities are, is it fair to allovv then t o aff ect your decisions r egarding the question of Italian territories in Africa ? Is i t f air, nru~ely, t o ma.ke our f a rr.1ers and lab curers pay for the deeds of Fascisu ? At the cost of heavy s acrifices they had built themelves a s econd hor.1e i n those l a:r..ds, Oc.n a peace , vvhich still f a rther exaspera tes Italy's .already desperate economic s i t uation by depriving her workers of this modes t outlet and of t he p ossibi lity of enploYQent which they created for thewselves >vi t h such difficu~ ty~ be considered constructive? The problem of Ita lio.n terri t o::-ies i n Africa i s alJove n.ll a problem of labour and ernplo~~ent, nariely a problen of econo~ic and socia l justice.

I an sure t hat n.l l the Sto::ces :;.~opl~esonted her e can testify, out of their own experience, t o the lli1.deniable value of t he work of I tn.lians ·throughout the world. We all know Yiha t our o1:1igrant s ca..11. and have a cconplished . Nor do . thes African territories p oss ess r:ri.nerals and other nat ural resources. .They cannot be develop e~J.,;, n.0r co.n prospori ty b e brought to the natives through nore ca_pitn.listic inve t;;, -Gments.. 'rhey are eninently n.gricultural lands and can only be made fruitf'ul throue;h tl~e l abour of f armers. .tUl who have had contact with these I t aliarJ. t er ri to:t'ies ~ i.."'lcluding the annies that fought there during the war, have seen and n.ppreci a t ed the r esults ~f our toil which turned three of the least f a voured r egions in Africa i nto well equipped and progressive countries. This appreciat i on of our work i s p roved by the consent shown in the Council of Foreign Ministers to the Franco-Russian proposal to grant' Italy the United Nutions trusteeship of: . H.bya, Erit r ea ane. Sor:n lia. On b ehalf· of the Italian people I once more expr ess our g7ati tude to tl~se Countries which, in advancing or vot i ng f or this proposal, have shown their understanding of Italyts a ccornplis hQcnts .

There is also a s ubsegue1:::t a spect of t his quest i on to which I wish to call your attention, for it vrill pr ove of cons:i.de:r"hle :i.r:~ortance in the future .. When you spealc .of deciding t he f u t ur e of t hese t errit ories according to the \Vishes of the. population - and I tal y i s p leased t o s ee the applica tion of this

\

C.P." (~/P) Doc• 70.

principle at least in Africa - you certainly cannot fail to consider the wishes of over 200 thousand Italians in Libya, Eritrea and Somalia - whother they are living there at present, or are still refugees or ll1tcrnees elsewhere. Not only are they an L~eparable part of the population of these territories, but they were the part most activo in creating the local economic structure. They represent, in fact, an essential factor for any future naterial or intellectual progress of the native papule~. tions. The voice of the so It..·1lie~.ns cannot be ignored if a just decision is to be reached.

We feel we, speak in the interest of the nc.tives of our African territories in busing our appeal also on Italy's .. trad.itioml spirit of understanding n.nd cooperution with the countries of the Near Enste I would like to recall that deuocratic Itnly looks tov~.rds those Arab countries in the Near East with deep friendship and adr.uration for their progress and holds the re~estublismJent of cordial relations with then to be of outstanding ir.lportance.

What we ask, of course, is to be granted in ca:I_plinnce with the form ¢ air.lS of the Sun lirancisco Charter, the trusteeship over territories which are linked to Italy by decades of Italian history and Italian enterprise. We look· towards these territories as o. field where an intense econar.lic and political cooperation between Italiuns and Africans, living together and fo~ng a single unit, will lead to the outstanding developoents in the political sphere. Thus, for instance, a Libya in which Italians, Arabs, Jews and Berbers could cooperate within the frane of a COQplete political and a&ninistrative autonaqy, toWard the country's prosperity would beccr~e the living proof of Italy1s true feeling tovmrds the peoples of the Near Eo.st.

Conseg_uently, when Itnly n.sks to be granted the trusteeship of her African territories ncg_uired before Fascisn, it nust be clearly understood tl:w.t she is not c.sking for the return of colonies, but for the honour and responsibility of assisting the population of these re;:;ions towards self-sovernz:lent and carJPlete independence.

I

Convinced of the justice of our thesis, we therefore trustfully await your decision, now or whenever it r.w.y be taken, confident that Italy will be granted the trusteeship of these territories.

But here I must add saae ret1E'.rks concerning the present forr.mla of Article 17 of the Draft Trea ty - the text· now before the Ccr-~ussion. According to it, the question of I~linn ter~itories in Africa is to be postponed for one yerxr. You already know our two raain objectior!_S to this. If you decide to postpone the Lw.tter, this1 in our opinion, can only be "rebus sic stantibus", the.t is by c.n extension for another year of the present status, namely internationally recognised Italian sovereignty With militar,y occupation by Gren.t Britain n.nd, for a snaller portion: by France. To c.slc us, before any definite decision has been reached, to waive our sovereignty and 11dll our rights in those territories" is, we feel, not only unfair to the Italian people, but n.bove all senseless and unpr actical.

c.P .. (lT/P) Doc. 70.

All thc.t I hn.v~ so.id. so fo.r c9I1oerning Italio.n work in Af:rica is a ) proof in i tsel.f of t~e injustice that woUld be c01:n.i tted if, before e.ven

discussing the fo.te of these temtories which owe everything to our efforts, we shoUld be naked to ren~\mce what is ours by right. '

Italy's prer.m.ture waiving of her sovereignty w<?uld change the whole juridical sto.tus of the present milito.ry o.fuainistro.tion in these territories, since the status would no longer be based on Ito.ly's eXisting' right. Also, do you think it Would be practical or o.dviso.ble 1 to creo. to a lapse Of tiL'le of at leq.s t one ye~r between lto.ly • s renuncio. tion and the fino.l decision, thl,lS creating o.n uncertain juridico.l, n.nd consequently political, si t'll.<.'ltion in regions of the Near Eo.st where the political si tuo. tion is o.lreo.dy so extre1:1ely dell~te? .b.nd once you abolish Itc.lian sovereignty; you will ho.ve , what is . juridically knovm as a void in these territories. Since this void would only b ',.; filled "de facto" by the rJilitary n.dninistration of the occupying Power, do you realise vmat negative forces of all kinds would thus be set loose ago.inst the best interests of these territories and of world pec..ce? In tines such as we are living in, a nere and noked rieht such as that of sovereignty is not a v,cry strang bond, allow me ·to hope, hmvever, that it still counts for sa.ae- · thing in the society of States.

One j,lore specific o.rguraent reuains. ..l t the present uo;~1ent there are still over one hundred thousand ItD.lians (not counting refugees in Ito.ly and pex-sons in,erned i;n the British Colonies) in Libya, Eritrea and Scr.1alia. · Can Italy, I ask you, ivai ve fr<D novr onward her sovercit:;nty over these territories n.nd l9avc these one hunlred thousand Italin.ns in a most uncertain situ2.tion without 'any · vnlid juridicc..l protection? This is not c. question of hollow prestige thc..t Italy asks you to ponder; rather it is ~ essential one. We Dust beg you not to plo.cc Itc.ly 1 s wai vin.; of her sovereignty as a preliuinary condition to this year of postpone;-.1ent. If you decide to· vote in favour of postponei;1ent, it l:lUS t be Derely D. postponer;1ent of your decision and should not include a rentmeiation which, besides causing further uncertainty and new ocuplications to yourselves, would be deeply resented by the Itali2.n people .

Lt.stly, if you vote in fn.vour of postponement, you will also be voting for an extension of- the present n.dt1inistr E'.tion in these territories. At a r.1or:1ent wru:in such a decision is about to be t ::tken, there is one reserve.tion tha t the Italian Goverru~1ent uust raake. Libya , Eritrea ::'.lJd SO[;lalic. are under British uili tn.ry adr,Unistration. Accordil1[; to internationr· .. l law, n~rme.l regul2.tions in occupie?­territories provide for the r:riintenance of the local adninistration under the r.lilitary control of the occupying Sto.te. In Libya, Eritrec.. o.nd Sor.mli a,' in.stead, the whole local Italiru1 a~i1ustration has been replaced by the British milit~ry ~fullinistration. If this fora of Governnent is to go on for another year, it ~eems only f:1ir tlit~t it shpl,tid be rendered r.10:r;-e co1;1pa tible •vi th internation&l rules. I say this because, whatever our juridical position :~:o.y be, we are entitled to ask for fc..ir dec.l for our civilian adr.unistration. During this year of postpo11er::ent,, those territories, a.t least where there are no specific terl_"i­torial probler.JS and where the interests of Italian i i,JJ.'d.grants are greatest,

I

shou~d be returned t o Italian adL1inistration with, of course, all such railitary control a s the occUpyhl.g Power' sees fit to apply. Vlhat we ask - a:r:d we feel tru::.t this request is not excessive ... is to be c..llowed to cooperatej as f ar as it is p os s i ble and practicciblet in the adLlinistration of these "cerritor:l.:es until a definite decision is taken.

Mr " Chai n-:1e.n, Gent l emen of t he Conn:1ission,

I do not thing tho.. t any of you will deny Italy 1 s thoudand. year old trac1i t io:r1s of f riendly p ol itical, econorJic and cul turn.J. relations with the peoples of t he i ast ru1d of Africc..o These relations are such that it is ir:rpossible to i gnore t her.1 in vvriting n. history of the Near Eo.st without :r.1entioning tn.e pn.rt :pl<:::cyed "by I t aly, by Italian scholarship and Italian labour.

Beca~;.se cf this f riendship and tradi ~ions, we ask that, in recosrn:i.tion of' her wo:..-:i(erc i :;:ightr·, I taJy be allowed t 'o go on assisting the developr.1ent o:t t~1cse r egi ons t o t hs full'3st extent, in the interest of their inhabitants a s D.l so cf hurnn.n pr ogr Gss and civjlisation.

Palaie ctu LUXG}~1~) Otlrg PaJ:'is"

Sept milier 23 ~ 1 946.

1 DE PARRS P;..iletis du L uxen-1bourg

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c.J?. (IT/P) Doc.71 septer,lber 2.3, 1946

POLITIC1.L ..:.ND TERRITORL.L COi.iliiiSSION FOR ITii.LY

STi~TID.lJENT . i.li>.~ .!~T THE 29 ~h 1,J!:ETING BY i1:.R .WINIEWICZ ON .BEHiJJ!i. OF THE -PO.uiSH DELEGt.TtON

1. We of' the Polish De1ega tion sha~e sincerely the opJ.m.on of the U.S. Delegation aria oth0rs as f a r as this concerns the "iJOtive s and the spirit of the American and j~ustrial,ian propesalsc. ,_ But we have ii:OS t serious doubts as to the rie,hteousness , to include th~ sUggested clause here, in this treaty and in connection with frohtie:r read.)U!3tltcnt.

2. The L.lai.n doubt arisE;;s out of the f act tha. t the suggested clause openly discriwi.na tes those on whom it is supposed to be imposed. The speech of the Delegate of Prance did not dispell ol.ir doubts-. On what kind of States are we ir.1posing these rc.gula tions? On our comrades in arr,1S - France, Greece I Yugoslavia, who are acquiring territories frmn an emqn :fascist State where the rights of the popula tion were openly not only not protected but defied. Have '\re no confidence in the1~1? Ar e they not r:tei.:lbers of the United Nations, have they not signed their adherence to the United Na tions Charter, adherence '\vhich affects tht:: whole territory of their States, including any possible territorial changes •

.3. We read in the PreaL1ble of the Charter the soler,m vi'Ords:

11 •• to reaffirm faith in fUhda:nenta.l hUJ,lEtn rights 1 in the dignity and worth of the hlllilan person1 in the equal rights of men and women and of na tiona large a nd small ••• " "l'.~.cc:l>rdingly 1 our respective Govc:rru;tents, thro'ugh representatives· asseL.lbled in the City of San Francisco, .-rho have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due forE!1 have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations"

and therefore took the obligation to adhere to the principles ther(;in. The problem is underlined in .Article 1 (.3), l1.rtic:l.e 13 (1b), J..rticle 62 (2). Do we need a doUble g~antee for some of the Un~ted Nations?

Now, including the suggested clause once ~ore here, easily can hurt the feelings of the concerned powers. We the speech of the Delegate of Yugoslavia . Wn ·listentJd to b.nd this is how it ·will be unders. tood by his _coqpatriots.

in this treaty we heard a >ihile ago his bitter vvords. Let us not un:lerra te

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C.P. (IT/P) Doc. 71

psychological factors.

4. I repeat it one~ ;.:.X>rE: and I · ant it to be recorded in our :.:;d.nutes as a declaration of the Polis!f\DE.lcf,ation. Y!e do it in order to avoid any

'~d.sunderstandings.

The Polish Dclel1a ti.on is v~ry ..:.lUCh in agree:;~.ent >li. th the spirit of th6 u.s. a:.;tend...1ent. We feel however the. t this is not the proper place for the insertion of these provisions. ';i.'hey 5 r.ould not be in the prezent trea ty. . Fot only for reasons just uentioncd. The l ast rea son is the saae as that invoked by the Belgian, U.S., U.K. and other Delegations v:rhen the .t~ustru.lian proposal for the creation of a Tribunal for Hu.Jan Rie-,hts ·.vas d.iscussed i n the Legal COdtaission of the Conference. The i dea vva.s rejected as there is a special body the U.N. Co.:£.~d.ssion for Hu:.1an Ri f,.hts v1hich is and will d6al \iri th

these :l,ssues.

5. . We therefore feel that to be cousequent ·.1e cannot support the proposed a.ct.endlll.ents. " 1 · ' ; · • · ·' ,

Pal a i _s du Luxenibour g , Pi .. RIS .

Septe,.iber 23, 1946

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F-=>a!ais du Luxei"'h b ourg ... ........... ··· ·;:::::::::::::::: ·.:::::::::::. ::::::.··.:::::::::::::::· .. .. . .. ........... , .. .

C.P .( :::T/P) Doc.72 September 2), 191;.6,

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POL::TI C.AI, AND TER1{;;TORIAL CC~:il'.'i:i:SSION

FOR :::TALY

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Speech mo.dc ~1y the Rcpr osontativc for France concerning ::talian colonies.

The r:lettlement of the f<.:,to of the Itc.:.lian Colon:Les. i ~~ 1)r o"'o<.1bl:r the question upon which tho g r eate st nu.Inbcr of differ.:mt point::> of vicvr 7lCre expre:Jsod. durin..g tho discussions of the Counc·il of' _·finiDt ors of l~o:tdgn Aff~:>j_rs , and this nUlilbor seems to be even groatcr in the prc~>cnt Confer ence , :Lf one· is to jud;3o 'uy the amendments which hav(; been submi ttcd and whi ch we arc rtovr callc(1_ upon tu e:~amine.

:::f we except the main~.c:nance of tlie former situati on, t:1c.t is: :;: talian sovereignty over Liby£1 , Eritrea. w"ld Somaliland, ovcry possible sclution has been considered, proposed and dis cussed , ivhcthcr it be t hat of placing these territ ori es under a Trusteeship to be c ntn..J s t cd to It 11l y , or e ntrust;Lng this Trusteeship to tho Allied Povvers 1 crco.ting an internat iona l ''.i' rust8ee>hi p directly administered by the United ND.i:; i ons, avvarcii ng i nnnodiatcly or a t a l at e r elate independence to ono or several of thos e: t e rri toric<>, tS.r finnlly to uni t c the whole or part of the colonies to neighbouring terri to ric::;. IIo'.'.revcr, .::.11 these solutions, · arc nqt mutucJ.lly exclusi vc. Dependi ng on the l lroposclr> pnt forward they apply to certe.in of these colon.i.es, or to a ll of them .

Tho diversity cmd contrc.~s"u of t he :p r orJosod solutions is explained by the diversity cmd oppcsi tim1 of interests, o.nd principles tb ~ct had to be t aken into consideration.

::n tho fi r st pJace the r e arc the interest.:; of the territories themselves, D.ll rather scantily ·dovelopod, both from -tho point of view of civilisation .:md from tho economic point of viov7. :t ic_; 11. question of findin:::: ;:;. r ogi we which would be the bes t suited to promote deve l opment ,

There o..rc a lso the inte r e s t s of oth:; r. c ountric:.o . :.:rc have heard the point of view of the Ethiopian Government which dc::nanc1s the incorporation of Eri trea to Ethi opia . · This is a very import3 . .nt question. Other chm1gcs of lcssc:c cQns ccluence. are demanded by oth::.~ r countries. Egypt has claiElS to make on tho terri tory of ' Libya. You know· that Frnnco al so desires some frontier rectificati(mo .

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~ C.P. (Il'/2) Doc . 72. 2 •

Many other countries 'rill be [:,uiclocl ~)y i clc c-.s of o. LlOre r::;oncro.l chccr acter r:.. r i s i n g f r on tho f r>.ct t h.". t ce rtc.in It:::~.lian colonies ar e si tw.-.. t ocl on one of the principal i.lc:.ri·c:L.:u lines of the Ymr l d .

,~11 this OJqJl c..ins the di :i:'ficul t i es with which the Council of PoreiQ1 Mi ni stc;;rs have ho..d to co-ye 2.i1d ·which hn.vo led thei:l to propose to the Conference o.. s ol ution not on the m"':Jstn.nco 1Jut on procedure .

If t hi s s olut ion i s accep t ed, ·cho four E:i.nistors of Forei [:.,n .. ffn.irs will l:"u'.vo to t0..lce i;.1to c oi1si cle!'ation the r e r,sons I ho.vc L1entionccl 2.i1d s uch others o.s wil l be s ub:.ii ttecl to t her.1, since i t is Ui1derstood thc-.t they will C.:Jl'JS '\ll t the .:.; ove:;_~;. : :Je~Tcs con.c or;,1ed i n the s o 'Gtlei:i.cnt of these questions.

I v:if.:lh t o r.dcl thr~t fror.:. t he p oin·c of -.ricw of t ho F rench Doleu:.tio~"J. thoro is one 2.S1)ect which co..:tmot b e left out of consiclor c. tion, th:.. t is the pos i ·Gio;,1 of I to..Jy herself. In t he tcrl~itorics considered the:co e:.d:Jts £'.11 I·klir.n p opula tion, the L:por-'Gn.~1cc of which is not net;li[:,i'ble, whether it 'be t k :.t wb.ich is still t .o be found there or ·ch.c t which, o.s o.. r esult of tho w2.r wt~G o~Jli,:;cd to l eave . :;:-caly also o..ccouplished in t hese terr i tm·ies ai.1 econo;"iic eff or t which is w'lllenie.1Jle.

VJc , i}1 Pr 2..nco, 2.re bettor :Jln.cecl than c~nyonc to know tho..t It2..ly ho..s not a l w::..ys JJr.cle .:;oocl UGO of her colonies . She di d not alwcws ·Gree.t t he local :popul ntion c.s she should have. ;:.b ove 2..11, she transfon~1ed t hose territories i nto 1::..1it2.ry lx:.ses for the purp ose of ~\ -Gt o..cldne; neigh~ourinc; countries.

We unC:ors ·cand l)Crf ect ly the r ['.ncour which hr~s resulted therefrom o.nd we j,;hink th.". t ,, J.l i.1ecesS<'..ry preca utim1S should '.Je t L'.ken to pr event s uch abuses c.ncl c"!.<:1.1'Ji3C:>:'S froLl recurring . But if those concli tions ':er e fulfill ed it seems thc.t a n:Jw cha:c1ce shoulrl 'bo given to IJw.ly in a f:;_~eaty which in some r espects is lk."...'cl, Such gu.'lr antcos vdll ·be secured if tho United Rntions Ors <'.nisa tion can interv-ene i n -LhG o.pplicc.~. tion of ·(;he 1'rusteeshil') systo:,1 ,

The ?reach Dcle.c:;c. tion hc.s ther efore pr aposcd to t he Council of l'.ti.nis t ers f o r Foreir;...--~ 1\.ffc..i r s to p l c.cc the fm·r:1er Ito..lir.n color>..ics 'LU11ler I'rustccship t'.l1d ent rust t h i s r rus ·c.ocship t o Itn.ly herse lf.

1'h5.s p ro-l_) oso.l w;~s not r.10r e ['.Ccep t o).Jle to all tha n D.ny other propos ::~l, o.nd i n the end , we pr opose t ho.. t t ho Coi.1fe rcnce p ostpone t ho fin:".l s et t leucmt i n t rustin:.:; the Cow.1cil to fincl c. s olu·cion, [tfter tclcii.1(; into c~ccount the arJ.vice of a lJ. the inter es t ed pc.r t ies .

In C..11J cc..s e we believe - o..nd in ·chis we coT.le lxwk, t o c-..n op J..i1J.on which h.:-.s a lre&dy beo~1 ex:-c,ressod by c.. eerta in dcl0.c;o.tion - th.". t tho control of c,ll or of a part of the territories considercc1 should 'be vested in tho United :ND.tions O:cgo..nisn. tion. "f)1or it . i s nocess ::.ry th.t:~t t he settlcoent which is to be finally adop t ed cnouro t he lul.n::onious :pol:i,.ticr-.1 .::'..S well o..s ocononi c developnclTG of tho so terr i tor:i,.cs ancl. of t heir p opulr. tion .

Pe.l o.is du Luxcubourg~

Pc..ris .

CONFlERIENCE DE Pafais du L.uxembourg

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CP (IT/P) Doc. 73 ..

.AJ\IENDr:lENT PROPOSED BY THE DELEGATION OF BRAZIL

TO ARTICLE 17

OF THE DRAFT PEACE TREATY WITH ITALY ·

i'..rticle 17 ,

Tho finnl dispos:::.l of ItQly 1 s territoricl posses ­~3ions in .f .. frica, I1:"lmely Libya, Eri treo_ o.nd Itc.,lic:n Somo.lil:md, slk~ll ,be dcterr~ined jointly by the Govcrnoent of the U.S.S.R . , U.S.A., U.K. o.nd Frunce, ~ccording to the principles lcid down in the S2.n Fr2.ncis co Ch2.rter o..nd t c:,king into r:ccount Ito.li("'-n interests in sc,id t erritories, within ohe ye:::.r of the COl:J.ing into force of the present Tl"'cc.ty,

•. Pen :'ting their fined disposo.,l, the said possessions

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shc.,ll continue under their present provi~iono.,l r:,dministrnt:i,on .

However, r.'. f a ir shu.rc of this i.',dr:tinistra tion sh.-:11 be entrusted to Itnlio.n officiGls~ under control of the mili­tary occupe.tion C';uthori ties, according to internation.:.".l l c:vv .•

-. Snid provisionc,l c.dr.linis trc:,tion sh2.ll continue to

apply the lnws in force in these territories c.t the moment of their occupction.

Palais du Luxembourg P8.ris 2 3::d September-, 1946

CONFERENCE DE Pc-llais . du Luxembourg

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C.~ . (IT/P) Dec 7~ Sopte1:1ber 23 1 1946

.· POLITICAL AND TK~RI~ORIAL COMMISSION FOR I T.:.LY

S't a teracnt by the Honorabl e BROOKE CLAXTON, Delegate for Canada, o'n Article 17 of the

Draft trEJ n:ty.

I would like to i ndica te .briefly the a t t itude of the Canadian Del egation to the question of t ho Italian colonie n in Africa I Libya} Eri troa and Ita lian Soualiland a

The disposition of tho&o colonies proposed by tho Council of . Foreign Ministers in Art i cle 17 of tho draft treaty is ii,ha-t these possessions arc to continuo under their .prosont administration and their final disposal is ·to be doterninod by the Governments of the U.s .S .R., U.K. , U.s .A . and France, within one year of the coming in f orce of the treaty. This provision was supplemented by tho draf t declaration which has just boon circulated whi ch indicates that the Four Powers will dispose

· of the matter 11 in the light of t l1d wi shes and tho welfare of the inhabitants and tho intqr est of peace and s ecurity, taking into cons i dora tion tho views of dther in teres ted goverm1ents 11 •

Failing such disposition the Four Power.s undertake to dispose of the colohies in accordance wi th a r oco l;rrJcnda tion of the ge ­neral a~ s embly of ~he Uni t ed Nati ons. In eit he r event it is that the wishes of the inhabitan t s will be given considera t ion.,

Whila t h i,s disposit i on is probably f ar f rom ideal, it seems to us tc be tho best solu t ion on which wo can hope to have agreement at this t i me.. Accordingly,. unles s our pr o sent attitude is changed by argu~onts .advanced in t ho course of this debate,

we propose to vote for the proposal containe d in t he draft trea ty,. as this has been ampl i f ied in tho dr af t declar ation of t he Four Powers which has been put bof oro us.

To this general attitude ther e is ono qua lification however. .And tha t i s with r egar·d to Eri trea>i

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; C . P • ( IT/P) Doc.. 74 Septer,lber 23, 1946

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The canadian Delegation, l ike o th er members of tho Confer ence, hoard tho · appeal ma de yesterday by -t he repr e s entatives cf Ethiopia before illi.ia Conmission. That appeal was ma de in It10de­r a tc t erms but . it wa s supporte d by f a cts whi ch s poke for thcJ11?" solves with an eloquence far greater t han tha t of words. Our Eth iopian colleagues r.:u de a powerful case for t ho i mnedia to t±lans- -fer · of Eri troa~ to Ethiopia . That ca s e was based on c thnic, his tori­cal, ocononic o.nd stro.togic grounds. We cannot f orgo t tha t Ethiopia~ wo.s one of t ho f irst nations to suffer the full force of o.ggress.ion in co·nsequence of the fa-ilure of the s ystem of collec­tive action which had'boon established pre cisely . to prevent such an occurenco, and that, cons equently, Eth iopia should bo one of the first to r eceive redress:.

While perhaps it .might bo desir abl e a t this stage no t to bring tho mat t er to a vote , the canadian De l e gat i on warmly supports tho clair.lS tho Ethiopian Delegation ha s put f orward, Irres pe ctive, ho;; over, of any voto , we oxpross t ho hope which, I ' belie ve , is shared by tho majority of nations represented here; that the Four powers will transfer Eritrea to Ethi~pia and thus r edress ar old wrong and unite in one na tion tho peopl e of a proud and ancient race. I fol t it desirable. t ha t . I should s peak in ·this way ·as r epresenting one of tho n10ro fortuna to count ries which h Cls been sa ved so largely fro m the r a vage s of war and a ckno·wl edge t he sufferings and the clair.w of a f ar off people; we r e co gnize tha t a s there must be ono peace for·all so t here should be one just ice for a ll, for mon 2£ every r a ce, color and creed in every part of tho world.,

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DE f='alais du .Luxembourg

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C. P ." (IT/P) Doc. 75 ·23rd September 1946

POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL COIYIMISSION FOR ITALY

STATEJ.VJENT BY COLONEL W .R. HODGSON, DELEGATE FOR AUSTRALIA, OU ARTICLE 17 OF THE DRAFT PEACE TREATY WITH ITALY.

The Australian Government and delegation at this PeacJ Conference have always maintained strongly the view that those count::-ies which have made active and susta ined contribution in the European spher e cf war were entitled t o participate in the peace-makingt . not participate as ·consultants merely, but a s real partners who have proved their worth in the struggle against cur enemies, and as such entitled to equal rights in the p9ace-making process.

2. ~vice in this generation our troops have crossed the w~rld f or the defence of freedom in Europe. We did not wait to be atta cked, but voluntarily entered the struggle and fought from first to last. At the moment we have in mind the effort of our soldiers in 'North Africa and the Mediterranean right up to the decisive battle of El Alamein. This was the time when Brita in, except f er the Dominions and India wa s fi ghting alone. It was Brita in and the Dominions who achieved the first victories, and were ma i nly r e sponsible for the def ea t of t he enemy in N~rth Africa and the :..iberation cf the territories we are now discussing. With this in mind we find the proposa l conta ined in Arti c. le 17 along with the accompanying joint declaration cpen tc ob jection.

3. The question of the future disposal and administration of the Ita lian colonies should in our view be determined net by the Council of Four, a s contempla ted in the Article, but by a larger body which includes representatives of those countries which liberated these territories and earned a vital interest in them. While appreciating and acce pting the ma jor r ole of the Council. of Foreign Ministers in the peace treaty work up to the time of and during this Oonference we·-ca nnot apprecia t e t he right

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2 C~P.(IT/P) Doc. 75

of those -s-tates to arrogo. te to t h on s olvos this doc is ions r e go.rd ing poo. co troo. ty nc. t t ·.Jrs . . Wo propos e d solu tion is a lso un~ound on pr o.c t1co.l in tho licht of o.ctuo.l oxpo r1onco.

right of futuro be lieve tho gr ounds and

5. Look at tho wor d i ng o ~ th~ Do; ~o. rc. -~~ io n~... I~ is an agro onont to o. greo on a cor- to.1n du t or J..un o. t1on ~n tl'nn a yoar. But who. t ar e tho prospects of this ? So f o.r a s we can ascertain not ono of tho dispute d o.rticlo s in o..ny of thos e tre a ties h o. s yet boon a ccep t ed, D. lthou gh sor;lo o:f thor.l have boon in dispute for o. year, a nd how likely is it tha t tho Council cf Four will a gr e e -within another your on this, a nost contentious issuo f In off oct tho vo to a pplies horo and any ono of tho Four can effe ctively blo ck c.ny d ecis ion being r oach ed.

6. This apparently wa.n appr e cia t e d by tho Council of Four, for a .ftcr statincs in p:o.ro.gro.ph 1 of tho Do.clar.:•.tion that they agreed to agroo, t b.oy go on in pa.r a gr a ph 3 to lay down a procedure in tho event o f t heir not agreeing . What is this pro codure 1 It is tho. t t h o m2. tter of dispona l sha ll be r of orrod to tho Genoro.l .1\.ss o1:1bly of tho Unite d Na t ions f or a r oco r:rnonda tion. Now it has be en gene r a lly conc e ded the.t t he LJD.ldnc; of t h o pea ce treaties is not o. ma ttor f or tho United No.tions, and tho Sccro~o.ry-Gonoral has r;l[~do public st0. tc.~I;1Dnts t o t h is effect.

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- 7• , _ -·~his .is certa inly ct qu~; stion, if evor thoro was one, for tho troc.. ty ... nialting s t a t o s, an d not f or tho . United Na tiohs ~ Thoro is this considora. t ion o.l$o. Thoro a r c now 54 LlOlilbors of the United Na tioris, a n d by tho tiuo tho quos t ion colilO up for a r ocol!lr.londo.tion, and most dologo.tos h oro so eT!l to as s u.1:10 thqt _ .. it will.J we wi~l be :rof~errinc; · it to a body which- will incluq,o · ~ · noutro.J.. and ox-enemy sto.to s and a r.n j ority of non-bollig6ronts. - -~ . . : .

8. Thoro is thi·s vita l considor a tion a lso. De loge. tos will roca1l .tha t during d iscussion on t h o pr oposal :tho. t tho So <juri ty Q.ouncil should' guo.t~an too tho inte g:ri'ty • and ; i ndciwndonco of tho Froe Territory of Tries t o , t ho A,ustra1ian clologation· · submitted the _vicw that tho Council h a d n o povror or o.utliority wl:J.atovor . to ' r;ivo such a gua r antee, and tha t rio th1ng tha t · this. .. Conferonco cou l ddo co,uld v est it vrith additional author~_ty• Tho- so.~ao argu r.10nt a ppl:i:o s to this ques tion, as · t h is -donfor e nco h B;s rio 1~owe·r yo lay ,e x tra functions on t h e; un i t e d na tions... , Tho · Aus:trt;llian deJ,o ga t ion s oos no mor e r-e o. sori t o :.. r of e r thi$ '--~-, disputed matter to tho United Nations than o.ny o t h or disputed :no. tter in any of thos ~ trea tios. If tho r eas ons· for :_tho · ro.fo~~nco of this ques:tion :to tho Uni t Q_d ·No. t i ons we.r o s ound,.:_· · why is nqt _tho._ sar.w p~ocoduro to · be ·or1I;loyod in-.o.ll..oth?'r · ... ;. dispute a issues ? In · o t hor wor ds . why :Ls this on e of !all , . ;:- " specially singled out ? Obviously dosp i t o par agl'a phs ono

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c("£. ( IT/P) J)oc~. 75

of their declaration the Council of Foreign Ministers have no hope or faith in their being able to arrive at a decision

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and they have taken an ea sy way out of passing the responsibility to a~other body.

9. The declaration is also obscure in regard to the phrase "taking into consideration the views of other interested Governments". J)oes this mean those countries who actually did the fighting ih North Africa, or those r.ep:r·.esented at this Conference, or invited to this Conference, or any state which can claim an interest on any groQnd whatever ? How are our views to be taken into considera tion ? Surely those states who ~oak part in the liberation have a right to take part in the actual decision, and not merely a right such as has been· given here to ex-enemy states, just to present our case in vvriting.

10. These are the reasons for the Australian attitude . We think it more just and more democratic for the QUestion of disposal to be determined by the United States, France, United Kingdom, and U.S.S.R., along with three other states elected by this Conference. If they cannot determine the question within a year, then it is to be referred, not to the United Nations, but back: to a meeting of the Allied and Associated Powers of this Conference which could be arranged without difficulty during a meeting· of the Assembly of the United Nations. We believe it more fitting and more appropriate that the states who made the material contribution to the winning of the European war should have the responsibility for making the final recommendation for the disposal of these colonies.

11. This pri~ciple should apply not only to this particular question, but to all unresolved disputes. The states have been convened here for the very purpose of

· treaty-making. Either now or at a later time it should be their responsibility and we cannot see why this question of the Italian colonies is not to be settled by them.

L UXEIYIBOURG PALA.CE PAJIS. 23rd Septe~ber 1946.

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DE Paleis d u Luxembourg

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Cf) ( I 'r / P ) J?oc .76 24th Soptonbor 19!.!.6

1'0LI'l'IC.:\J.; il.HD T~HlUTOHI~ l.L C O~J:.aSSION F OR D.'.\ LY -.--··-·--~-------- ----- -·-------------..... --------- .. --·------·· ... ...... --... --.. ____ _

_ Sj) O_o_cl.~.J~]:_ tl~:?_})2)-E r~O:,:b_c:_ _,_:f_o}' __ 8_<?:!_~]1 ____ ;~fr_i_c_:'1._

9.1~ _n;_r~t_i_c_l_o ___ l~I. __ o_f_ .:~;~:?.. .P!"_C.,(~- }~~~:2-o. T:r;_o_o._t_y_ .. ..Y.V.~~c-~.)~t-~1 y .

Mr. ChairJ.lfln o.nci. Fo l lov; Do l ucatus ,

Thor o i s an o.non d.l!lon t to o.rt :i.c l o 17 of t h o Dr a ft 1-oaco Troa ty with Italy , which sto.nd s i n tho no.mo of tho South ~frican Doloca­tion wh :Lch you will find i.n Gon . Doc. I .S. I . Tho principal objoct­ivo of that O.Gondmont i s t o onstl..rC firs tly , th::.t whon d e ciding

. on tho f utur e of tho Colonic s the Go vernli1.0nts of tho U . l • , tho U.S • .:"i., t ho U . S.S .R . a n d ? r anc o sh oulc1 take into cons:1.doro.tion tho 'Yiahos of' tho inhaT, i t ants of thos o c.r oas , anC. secondly , that t h oy should con r:mlt c s.;_)O c iall·~r tho s o Governl'ilcnt s whi ch contr i bute d with substantio. l forces in ·~u l i~ arat ion of tho Ital ian Colon i e s in Afric a .

Tho r 0o.son for the :first objective is s olf- ovidcnt , i t is in conf ormi t y wi th tho ,\.t lantic Charte r o.nd. has a lready ;)oEm o:;cplain­ed by SlX:akc r 8 befor o TilO wi t h suffic i ent c l a:Dity .

As ro c~ards tho s e cond o~:1 j oc t ivo , I rlUs t cr.1phasizo t hat tho Counc il of For o i~_,r1 Minis t ors 1 pr op osa l , conta i nu d in a r ticlo 17 roquiros this Confo ronc o t o o.gro o to a Elost unusut.'. l pr o c odur o . Wo arc aslw d to aGr c o tho.t s uch a vi t2.l pro~Jlom a.,s tho di s posal of the Ital ian Colonie s should bo r c forr0d to tho Covornmon t s o f U . K., U . S .A ., U. S . S .R . and Pr ance for joint d i s pos o. l ~ s t h o s e Govorn~onts ooo fit . I t i s only n o. tu~,al thor of o:c·c tho. t, i)C.foro c,gr oo i n:_, to such a procedure , wo should carcfull~r consider wheth e r by d.o i n;_, so we aro not pr e jud ic ing our own v i to. l interests .

I n oocl hardl y T'OTtiinc~ tho Corau i 3 sia n tha t s liko Aus tra l ia , Now ZGaland, India and othe rs r.rho f ous;h c in tho Ital i a n Coloniu s , South Africo. di d not on t or "i:;ho WO.l" l ic;htl ~T . : .. 11 soc tions of our pe opl e h a ve had to make h'' emonelous sacr ifices at home in tho same way our o ther a ll i e s d id . Thous a nds of our fJOld ior s , o. irx;1c n .::md our vmmon t oo h UVO r ecur-nod fr0 1:1 tho ba ttlofL:; l ds b r oken , Cl"li)p l od o.nc:. ll1a ir;1C d f or lifo . Couotorios of r:mn~r mor e t h ou sands of Sout h .i~fr i cans who h a v e sho d t ho :l.J: l i v e s for 'Nh-:rc thoy b-:; lio vo d to bo a just c o.u s e dot t ho p l o.in s , tho wo.sto l c,nc.ls of tho do s or t o.n d tho h i Gh l a n d s. of t or ­r itor i os fro r1 tho bor C:~ En' s of Ken ya t o ~ho i! :J.opc s-"'of the ,;\ l ps.2vvh or o they f e ll as t hey ho lpod to push back · ~,hu vl dO 0 .1 tho B10. SCl S v an d

I ' '

2 .

. Nazi ar:oie s. Our :people will never understand it if we were to w~ive our right to consultation concerning the, fate of these areas where nur men fought and di ed .

south .'i.fri ca has a vit a l · intere st in what happens in the ~':1edit e r::..~anean basin, as we J-1 as vvP,at happens anywhere else in Africa. One gl ance at the Lia-p will confirm this clearly enough . On these grounds a lone South nfrica has a right tn be heard in connection with the futu r e of the Italian 8olonies. But that r i s;ht lias been doubly consecrated b y the dead and Yvounded of our a rmi es which took such a substantial :part in the liberation of the Italian Colonies. South Africa did not ·ask what she was goinc; to get out of the wa:J_' when she ent0red it 1 nor does she nm:v ask for any part 01' t hL: Italian Empire. 'i{e have asked f or no re parations and we nurse n0 hatreds, but what we de ask for i s recognition of our right to be Ct'nsulted about a matter that ao cl ose ly affects our vital interests. -;vhat _South Africa claims for herself she readily concedes tc all those othe r cm.::..n"ti'j_es that hc.v8 butt l ed i n the Italian Colonies , and we asJc the Commiss ion t o admit. their right to consultation i n equal t erms .

Yesterday the draft decls.ration of the J:!iour Powers on the It alia n Colonies was circulated to men be rs of the Ooilllllission. The second paragraph of this declaration reads as f<"'llows:-

11The final disposal of the territories C)ncerned and t 11e ap-~Hopri ate adjustment of . their boundaries shall be made by the ]1 our Powers L1. the light of the wishes and we lf ar e of t he inhabitants and the interests of peace and security, t al-dng :!_nto c onsideration the views of other interested -Gove:rnrlGnt s" A

I confess that t hj_s paragraph soens to cover the essential ob j E- ..;ti ve s that vve re contained in the South African amendment, The phrase "int eTest ed Governments" is admittedly vague and will require to be int er pr eted by the Gcvernrnent s of the :B1our Powers therr1selve s.

. It is therefo-re cur wish that r epresentatives 0f the iour Powers volunt ee r an interpretation of the meaning 0f the phrase "int e r est ed Gover:nments", with a specific indication as to whethe r our assumpti-'n is correct that this phrase 'will include consultation with ·thoGe Governments which contributed with substantial forces in the lib er ation of the Italian possessions ,

,•

3.

. If such an interpretation is offered I would ask, Mr .• Chairman, that that statement as well as my own remarks be included in the minutes of this meeting, for purposes of record .•

' If such an interpretation is not volunteered at this

stage, I am directed to state that the Government of the Uni.on of South Africa de sire to go on record as considering themselves to be one of those "int erested Governments" and that they will expect to be c9nsulted, before any decision r egarding disposal of the Italian Colonies is taken.

Upon further reflection, in the light of the arguments brought forward by speakers before me, the South African delegation can agree that in all the circumstances reference of the Colonial issue to the United Nations Assembly will be the best possible solution, in the event of the Four Powe rs failing tG r each agreement~

For this reason, and because the Draft Four Power Declaration seems to provide the safeguards which our amendment proposed to secure, the South African delegation have come to the conclusion that they can now support the draft of Article 17, as framed by the Council of ~oreign Ministers, and for that rea·son, I have been authorised to ·. withdraw the South African amendment.

PALAIS DU LUXEMBOURG, PARIS.

24th September 1946.

DE Palais d,u Luxembourg

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- O. P. ( IT/P) Doq_!_]]

September 24, 1946

P9LITIC.AL .t\.ND TERRITORI . .-~L COi·.'lLiiSSION FOR IThLY

Sir~

Let t.er addressed by M. Ivanoe BON01'.1I to iv.i. Leif ENGELi1.ND, Chairman of the Political and 1'erri torial Commission for

Italy

Paris, September 23rd, 1946

After considering the articles relating to nationality (and human rights) in the ceded territories and those rela ting to the Colonies~ the Political Commj.ssion. is to b'9gin its study of Articles 21-26 (.Albania) and of Articles 27-31 (Ethiopia).

0\ving to the import ance of the problems doal t \V i th in t4ese Articles of' the Draft Peace Treaty~ the Italian Delegat ion has the honour to recmest that an Italian rauresentative be . admitted to lay Italy's vievvs on the subject~ before the Commission.

'r have the honour to be, etc.

Palais du Luxembourg Paris

September 24~ 1946

I

(signed) Ivanoe BONOMI

Palais du Luxembourg :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::: :· :·:::::.: : . · :: :: : :: : :: :.: . : : ;· :. ::;· : ·: ::;:;::·:::: ::.~::::: ::::::::: : · :: ::. ·· .. ::: ·::::::::;::::::::::::::::::·::::;:: : ::::::::: ::::: ::::::: : :::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::: : :::::::::;:: ~:::::::::: : ::;::::: :: ::::::::

C.P.(IT/P) Doc. 78 24tti september 1946

SPEECH :OELIVEHED B.l_. SIR Sill.I1J3L RUHGANADHAN, FIRST DELEGATE FOR I NDIA J... ON THE I ';rALLi\.N 0 OLONIES, IN THE TE:'RITORIAL AIID- POLITICAL OOi:ThiiSSIONFOR ITALY

The question of t he Italian Colonies is one of very grea t interest to my country. The future of many hundreds of thousands of people is to be decided. These people have beGn subjected to a system of rule which we consider to be inherently bad, a:p.d v1hich we ho pe will be extinguished frcm the world at the earliest possible moment. What is decided in r el a tioJ1. to these colonies will have n.. profound effect on the future of all depen­dent pe oples, and will be one of the first tents in practice of the r eality of the principles which have been written into the United Nations Chart er .

We consider it essentia l, first, tha t the decisicm should r eflect the re~l wishes of the inhabitants, and secondly tha t it should be designed to enable them, with the least possible delay, to gain independence and to en-sure themselve s security and prcsperi ty. We have been~ 'oncerned, like our New Zea l and coll eagues , tha t none o:f

..

the proposals so f ar put forward ha s suggested tha t the inhabitants of the territories concerned mi ght themselves have views whi~ should be considered. There is a tendenny, I notice, to look on the peo.ple of these territories as chattels who can be made subjects of political "dea ls11 •

The very words that scme of the de l egations have used in ·respect of these pe ople are sisnificant. The drnft Treaty speaks of the 11 disposal" of the colonies. The delega te from Brazil sa id tha t the territories in question should be treatedns

res

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i< £

C. P. ( 1'1'/P) Do c c-O (u 2 .

. null i us. '.l'he very tone of -:~~19 sp e .:; cl.:c .s rr1acle b y the re"pr'EiSE)ntatives of Jtal;:- C':Lld ~j~ CJ. z. i l sllo\';s up the e vils of the c o l onlal sys~em . lho; ~~cak oi ch1lr economic achie vem0n' . : in :raising L1.e s tanclt?~r(s o:L' tJ::.o backward peoples and c iviliz ing ~hGm •

• \s rc.:; •.o.ros ;::~tal 2.an civ~_lj_~~i~}c:-. n; 1 ··. o had onl y to listen ~~ o -;- _: ;~ :=ch:i.opian d.ol o~jato ·:o k1.ow wha t t he resul t s of t hat c i~~ i~zation have boon to tho Ethiop ians .

'i " • • •o ' .. 1 d l ' l Phra s e s such as · cconom.t.c c.c.Lv'll:;:;c;T;n-c o:r. uacJ:0Nar p oop cs ' h ave t oo long w1.d too ofto~ ~con u 8od as excus e s f or oxpl o i to. t io11, •::0 soc no L_:_ orcr1 t r :i.:)Jt 1.~1. thG i t c.<.lian p e oples to cxp:~o:'.t -~ _:c )crdl' crYt..:.l'::'l,I io2 J.:L:ldc:r cov e r of e conor,lic dcvolo•;rncnt: ci.c~ tlJ .. :. :Co.ct ::':tr~. t J. f.'cni ·Jl-::ans a nds of I t 2.l:U.ms .L. . . .

cho.s o t o ::c-:~t=c i~l tl ... o .\~:o8.b";' c c ·;_LrGl ';T Lo::."' their ovm ec onomic a d vanta:.,c dr,_r~il::_: t'.1c 1a ':-'t ::t't: C1 1_-~ /) yc:=:.:_'S :::an givo It c:. ly no claim t o a. ..; sc:c t; :{' i()lt::: o.f f: ovc:rciij,:1:.:;y c:e cv ~.: u of adrriini s t r ati .Jn ovr:_r tho ,·,.:,·:J.~)J I l~ ,j'(;e }.['l_jQ ,

. I-':, ::;l:J.ou~ .. d. !~ot tbc:..~o fol"G ~, ·,:,:..,;;r iw; t :::,is Conferenc e if "'e o~-- o""' _,_ '• , ·._ ., '" '7; -i J' -. -., ._., .,., "' .. - ()"- " -. ~-l - -, , , . • ., - • ·r o' r1d \'' ·o a l l vt · Dv •=(~~ 1.-, ,',>-,.X .-.•. C. , ·~_ . C'-l • J.-~ '-J::' . ._o._ .. ~ ' .. ' . v ·, , , .:_ :J L·,. t....l • , · .. "- e1nc o.:~J.1...L~l : .... q .L. --t ., ~ . , " . f-"'1 • 1 · Kll.OW; OI ·~;nG 11<J,;OrCL OJ. vllC _,_ -.::-_ _;_li1J: . (' _n ·,;_(() ·_U.., .tU I'iCan C O ODlC S •

I t i s not one of ,-.,:--:_ic;h :ctcl_.l _;· can ': :::, ;:;:.'our.:l . It would ;)o to t ally co ~1t.rm"' y -~o t.cn·:::,,,:, :. ;:.·_, __ . ~ ~_, ·,~- j1_1s tico t hat wo , whoso for c es h~1YC ;-~u·~.·. "·, t::: :: . :·;~~- · · --~ ·y ·>- :_ .~·coC:. to l i b e r a t e tbc s o /l.f r icfm 'C c::r r.;_ tori<? 8 :L':.."nr. : -~ r; :':C. ~: :::u :i.0 , sh oul d consent n ov; _, at t.~~:i.:~ ::;c .,>::;:· e:n-:c , -~. :~- - .,,i,~:r-~.out consultation with t he j_nl~_a:)~~t:;r~t::; ui' --}~: r.r:.,-_,:· ·-r:_::: •j,, to reintroduce Italian con·crJ 1_ :~.n~J tn,:)~,~ i:· ; _ :·· ~" - t',.,r:: . Such a dc c:Lsion would be · int c r~':'c:'c. -~::: --1 ::. ~:~. :;;.:;r ·""' l .. .. ':/ ·-'~ ·:c ~.ng a su:r r•on clor of all thD. t the Jnd ia::_ .\rJ.!(j ;:~ r)1J. _;l:r:- __ ·,,: "';·':.· ::; I ' rol voly in North .. ~f'r ica . It wou=_c5. 5 I i c c:;_ ~: c:-~ 1"-lrJ~ ~C 1 . ·_:,ar' to t h o r.; trongc st pcs sib l o O:c· ositiol-:: a:;:-,l~:t;z t .'Ju .\:~· ·::.. :_,-tc3_ c·:>YJ.c r pe op l e s o.f tho colonies , and ''iCc~}_J. p -.; ~r. " :t:ru:o·-;_·(;l_.· Jcopu: ..:..~ . 8c) tho pe a ce of .:..fr ica and t he I.:e :::~ J. ·t:;c,:cec;r:cur:. i.:c.--.. si:"l,, ) · .;·r "'-- .soc~'-ac ion also of Ital ian of fie ic..l 8 -,-;i_ tb . ·chc; adl'J:~_rr]. s tro.-~_;__,:J;::• :YJL•:::.:_n~: tho dec i s ion would b e illt c :cr , .,, ·-s .ic;a t h ;lc =.c ... 1._; '!'::.~ . ..:. to ::·ctu:::."'n P..s r::.~ t s ter, ::Cn our opin ion , no s uch proposal co..:1 fc::- a :ucrr c -:. :.:; '),_ - o ··:.:;c:.1p~at ed .

fir ~ t f cGls c E..de d

1i''> 1--,.-,T;,., + -i• c-, (''",-, '•O t!'> ~<+ c<~T · >>~~-·--- , , .. OJ. ·o , ~-,.Ll.-,-lcp l" a t' .V U .. ... u . J ._, -'-~·-.-~ ~> ' r._~, . ' " .. ) • .1 ).. ' ~· -}"' ~· -~ ,· 1!'! . . J ·- .'.:~ U .1. J. .,j.... 1 (,.. , .(10 ViCtl"·r1 Of Tt·~·lj n •] '") · ~· . Y, ('··1 .-,·~c · ·~ r;; l --. -.-- .... ,~j l~~' n ~~ Q0 8 l 00'"t l' On

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tbat t •,,., ··" -' -.1--~: , , .- -~ ~'n '"' r· -~ ~C8''" ·{~;-~" - ~ , -') -· ~·,ould b " l. . - --·' ,LJ L .. ..\.. " , ),L 0\ • .1.-' •• \,_ O, ' ~'••· / · ' ·'• -~ ' -- ~ . -. "'-- - V

+o Tj't 1·;~, 0-. .· ":-. .~ .. , .-. ,,1 ·r c; o:rr:,- ') ..... . r .....,.: _ ~r •l"'' ti' - -~ t f u n ·----- .c!lc· . . LL .L~. __ ,_ " ,~.r. \J.- .. 0 •.1,,: ____ , s .~1e supp o1 o Y1 ""l\T DO"' C.,.,f'ul n - ... .-.11 -~G-'l'G "' . ' '~r' ,, ('• ' I n: ,-.- ( 'l .,., r.1-l-l"l-p- .0"' 1 .<::! ono Ji(... .l - v l " '• .1. · - C.:L.J...;_:S.; .. L ~ · · · u,. .1.- -~'-' · ~ G~- .. :1 .. . .. .:l,_.L }.' J..u -- -

VVhich YJUS ·C b 0 C 0:..·~ ~1 ic18J..' Cl::. ~~~OS t -~ 110~~ - ()''J.t .... il~ ·y· ~ ·,"/ Cile pu thorit ios ch')E!cr, by -t:J:.i 1: Cont'c1:::o.!Ge ·c .) r'~oe:L dc t ho di f f i cult question of the :t:taliar. :;o_l_onio s , I-IY .. ovcr, we fo o l t hat in this c a s e, · tl'O'Il.\',h -:~ ~-FJ h5_ ::;~·.c-:-'~.c,, ~~ .u~, ·:-':;l~:."lic ::."'oCi. s ons for th:::. course pr·:J:00,'5r.d <'rc pOVIG!'':_ -)_ ~~-, ~-1::: -,,.i<c·_;;:; c f t ho inhhbitc.nt s should f irs::; to ~'"':::.., •: tqi·" r -], ~-: 2.~- ;:, · ·- u ":;:~1;-, +; our Eth i opian

~------------

( IT/P-) Doc. 78

fp1ends will appreciate our ~otive s in suggesting this, particularly as they are . confident tha t the inhabitants of Britreu will willingly joi n thorn .

Vve whole-heartedly su;_:Jport the proposal of the delegation of China : f dr we f eel that thera can be no doubt at all that the inhabitant s of Libya , like all human beings, will wish to obtain their independenc e at -the earliest possible moment. We can conce ive of no other decision in respect of ~ Libya which could be supported by any country which pr·ofesse s as its policy the advancement of the peoples of tho world. Tne Ch~ne se proposal does not modify the procedur::: laid down in the draf.t declaration; but merely

3-

asks tho Conference to r ecommend to the Council of :?oreign r.U.nisters a specific s olution in r elation to Libya. We strongly urgo that the Conference shou~d mako this reconunond­ation. , whi~h will be a sign that the nations gathered here are prepared to t ake a new and enlightened attitude in regard to colonial problems, and to proceed to the abolition of the colonial system at the earliost possible time. Egypt has made certain claims to portions of Libya. The recommendation wbich we hope will be made to the Council of J:;'oreign Ministers for tho independence of Libya, should not exclude a careful consideration by tho Council of these claims.

rrhe Foreign l\~i:liste r s I pr oposal s fa ll into t wo par ts fi rs":; , t ha t the council of Foreign Mini sters should try and se t t l e t he qu e s tion, aft8r ascertaini ng the wi she s of the peopl e s.n d consulting tho intorcs t ed .Gover nments; and secondl y , t h a t if the Council of For e i gn I'Hi rii ste rs disagr ee , the que st:.on should bo r eferre d for fi na l de1qision t o t he As s embl y of t ·n.o United Nations.

We feel that -~h :; mo s t reasonabl e propos a l ye t made for a s a ttlement of ths question is that put f orward by New zeal and, that the :.ecj sian shoul d bG inade now by the As sembly of the United :·~ ations . We recognize , howe ver , t ha t in the pr esent pol:tical situation it is u~avoid~ble t hat tho Counci l of For eign I:~ini sters- shoul d tnke a pr edominant pl a ce i n theee discussions , and we a r e ther ef ore prepar ed to ac cept t his pr ocec.ure . We do , h owever, · t hink

· it ri gh t tha t tt~.ose coun-::ri os whi ch had sub s tantial f orce s in Africa and contribute~ largely t o the liberation of tho ItaJ.ian colonies should ta ve a r eal T)<:::.rt in making tho decisions. India had a su."::J stant:..al share in the fighting throughout these campa i gns 1 and at ono .J:;ime had a s many as 200,000 troops in tho fiel t in North and Northeas t Africa. We would prefer that tho co~ntries , including India , which are in this category, shoul (~ partlc.ipa t e on an equal f ooting with the Cotmcil of Forei gn ~Unis'vcrs in these discussions, and we would appeal to the C:uncil to conside r this during their final s e ssions after tho closs of t his Conferenc e . We do not, howovor, propose to move an anendment to this

C. P . {IT/ P ) Doc .72

o:.:'fcct , provided it iD unclc:f•s t oocl that· IncJ.ia is to b0 c onsult0d and tha t her views are to b e g i ven r ea l Y6 i ght · i n tb~ dc liLerations of the Council.

~e 0ish to ur;e both t hat t~o form cif consultation vfit.h th~J int er ested gQvornm.onts . shoul d b e as full as possible , and tb.2.t the cm:u:lissio11s Vihich aro so t un by tho Counci l in or der to . as c e r ta i n tho YTis hcs of tho inlla·r; ite.nts should perfor m 'their 'Hork vrith such thoroughness and impnrtic,lity as vtill l eav e no doubt that those 1fli3!1cs hJJ.VG b oo·n cort•cctly ascertained .

Vlo soc little s.dv[mtec:so in th8 proposal o:L' Au;:; tr o. lia to as so ciate ·irl th th8 Council t hree other s t ates 8 l oct erl by the nemuers of this Colli' eronco . There are more tho.n t hree c;ovonm1ents b es i des thc; ': it, Four i nte r es ted in t hG ~uG stion ~ und it is most uncortEin that tho e l ec tion of tho extra throe would produc<? c:~ body -.rhich vrould corrun2d1c1 c;roa.t er con fidence or i:'ihich 'fro would. a ll considc1~ to 'b o se.tis:fac tory in _composition .

'Ji o must hopo th2.t it -;;ill be poc;siL l o to El c tt l e tho . ;iliolG question a t thi:: s t age of t ho dis cus s ions ; for 'J!O aro fully avraro of the importance of s ottling thes e vi tdl CllF; stions 'P.'i th tho good'·Jill of oll thos CJ po·'ic r s · . .-rhich are r oprc:sentod. in tll.o , Council of Forcic;n I< ini s tors . They hav e , ho-.:·ov r) r., a / t or many lon;; discussior:.s , fo.i l o d up to the pr coont to arrive a t 8. com:mo:n point of vlo~a on tho ·~i_ucstion , Dnd : r:o must onvisc:go tho possibility tho.t thoy ·;:i ll still not ~mccood in mutually c.· .. dju.stin; t heir op i n ions on it . I .:: s uch i s tho cas e , 7ro aro emph a tically of tho opinion thcct tho ri;::;ht body to V!hich _tor of c r the question i s , a s l a id dovm in tho dr a ft , tho Ass c:r.1bly of the; Unit e d i~ s.tions . rrho ,A ssembly i s tho body sot up to d.co. l 'ili t h ' questions of this kind . Und. or tho t orms of tho Charter of the Uni ted. r2. tions· it i s bound to r o;_:;:c~.rd 2.s of par ::m ount imnort;:;.nco ._ tho viishos of tho iYLhabi tants of the t errl t orios 2.nd. , though it is in it s infancy , it must e x orc is e tho r osnonsi bilitics s ith a view t o which it has b oon created . .. .

l

Sur·; ,e:: tions have b oon ma.do that s over .o i gnty over tho colonies. should b e r ot o. ined by It a ly , ond ori the othe r hcmd ths.t it ~h~ld b e vested i,r.mn diat o l·y i n tho Unit ed No.ti oa; . I n eed hardJ.y se.y th~1. t v;o a r o ntrong ly oppN;cd to tho ret ention of sovereignty b~- I t o.).y . In our vi evJ , s ov e r eignty is , in tho ultimo. t o c..nsJ. ys:~ s , i nh e r ent in tho '

C.P./IT/P) Doc.70 5

people of a country cm.d 11hon It a lian s ovoroignty disappears, tho pc oplc of the so t erri tori c D Yilll recover their inherent sovereignty 1 wl1ich they Vlill retain, even s,ho1.¢.ld tho · tor :r> i tory be admini s t c rod by an or2;an of tho United Nations. ~o ther efore ·hold that sovorcisnty should now rovort to tho people of those t crritori cc , to VIhom o.nl~r it rightly bolonzs, 3.l1.d th2.t they should rcb:~:in it permanently 1 except those who, in acoordm co "lith their fre e ly expressed ,;,ish, a r c propc.r'cd to bocor1c part of a neighbour in& state.

·li. O do not rog2..r·d tho procedure in the Troo.ty and tho draft dCJcla.ration s.s ideally suitable; but v1o £~ro prepared to accept it o.s being a method v;hich v1o aro not likely to bo ab l e . to impr·ovc on s. t this Confer ence . We v!ish, hovmver, to c oupl o vtith it tho r ocommondation proposed by China th2.t Libya should gain its independence at the earliest possible m.omont. We mus t o. sn in omphasizo tho c ontrel point of our o.rgUr.ilOnt: that the dec ision must b e in a ccord3.llco viith tho vrishos of tho peopl e , and tho. t thos o people , who formerly inhabit ed cl0pondcnt colonial terri torios, r.mst attain their indopondonco ..

U,~.LAJ3 DU LUX~Iv~BOURG .l:'.:~Riu 2l-1-th Sept ember 191.1.6.

;

Pa!ais du

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CP (iT/P) Doc~ 79 Sopt oinbo l.., 2L1., 1946 "

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AmoLdntont; p-ropt)SOd t o A·r -c " 68 (cr o (G~:~n~) Doc~ l,Jol5) , ".;;y t ho :Jv:LqF,atiotl of GJ:oocc o.nd transf'o1,rod to Art. 11~ on t b.o pror osal of' tho :cc.o:rwmic Coru:r!.is sio:l f'c> r Italy.

---·----------,.----- ---~·--------------·· ·--··------------------

Add t il.o follo~rLnG pai a gro.p}; :: as O.YJ. ·8.nnox to Al ... ticlo 68 :

1 ,. n rtal~" shall ro sto~co all IogaJ.. ::." ignto and .i ~1to.rosts of tho Grook Orthe da:: Establish,:non tr.: (commu ni. t ic LJ. ondowmGnts 0 1., churcho s) i n Italy, :l.E t h G mo.nnor l a id dowL in Article 68 of t ho ~rrc aty ~ li

2~ 11 Any Ruch e s t ablishments oxistinc:; at tho timo of tho sj_gnaturo of' t ho prosont Treaty, o:!.~ othor similar osto.blisb:mcncs su'osoquontly cons t itute d, shall enjoy full spirituul liberty and fro odom of worship o..nc: s L.a lJ bo onti t1od to own~ a dmin:: sto:r or dispose of pr·opor t y to ft'!.r·chor their ends . As rogarcls thoir Ol"'gn.nisa.tion. and functi oning , "bhoy s 1~lall b o govornod by, thoir nets of c onstitution, statutes or l ' ''gr·c,-, nt--.L" ons 11 . \.~ - ._._L- .I • ~

3 ~ l i Sho1 ld tho abovo-montionod ostablisbmo'r:. ts have co o.sod t o fr:nction . t;bo Grool: Gov.::;rruncnt shall bo rosDonsiblo f or tho a dminist­ratiofi o0 this propo~ty, a s w611 as f or tho-p~o8 crvation of o.rchiv o s · a rid ar·ticlos ovv:J.cd by them_. including articlos of hi s to+"'ic, arti s tic, ':"oligiou s or arcllao l ogical i:!l.toros t ~ :t

Palai.s du Luxombcurg1

Pa ris¢

:.:optombor ':>), lr- ), (,J - C-'TS / - . · •

-CON-f1E~RENC-E. .. ., "' ~ .

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C.P. ( IT/P) Doc. 80 September 241 1946

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POLITIC...L ".lifD TER..•UTORIAL CO~.~\".J:SSim-! F10R ITi..LY

New Text Proposed by tne Greek Del egation to Repla ce its .b.men<L.u:mt (I , J ,4) to the .i..rticle 11,

To add to the second par agr a ph of .li.rt:lclc 17 the following ·words:

"'J'hi s A<k d.nistration shall a ssure t o t he nationals of' the

;.llied and Associated Pcmcrs the free exercise of f i sher y

rights (including sponge-fishi ng ) in the t erritorial

>m t ers of the Italian possessions i n North i.f'rica ".

Palais d\1 Luxembourg , Pi.RIS,

Sept~~ber 24, 19~6 .

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•

,/ CONFERIE:NCE JOE JP>ARfS Palais du Luxembourg

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C.P.(IT/P) Doc.81

September 25~ 1946

;EOLI;riCAL Al\fD 'rERRil,ORIAL COlVL! ISSI01i.,_Jf0R_ITALY

Lett e r from Monsieur d i Soragna, Secretary General of the Italian Del egation, to lJionsi cui· Fouq_ues Dupar1c, Se cretary General of t he Paris Conference.

Paris 7 September 23 9 1946

The Secretary General. '

I have the honour to inform you that the First Sub­Commission of the Italian Constituent Assembly approved on September 12 the draft of the first tw o Articles of the new Constitution, drawn up as follows:

n1. -The present Constitution 9 with the object of en­suring the independence 9 lib erty and dignity of the individual and o:f fostering at the same t:lme indispensable s ocial, economic and spiritual solidarity 9 recognis e o and guarantee s the sacred and inalienable rights of ai.an both in his capacity as an individual and in the socia1 groups to w-h ich he is assimilated fOl"' his organic a nd p rogressive improvement.

2. - All huraan b e ings, regardleGs of the ir a.tti tude:; sex 9

race , nationality; class; and p8litico.l or r eligious op i n ion, are equal in t he eyes of the law and entitled to the same social treatment.

t It is therefor e the task o:f ooci e ty and the Government to remove t ho s e obstacles of a :n economic or social character \Vhich 9

by curtailing in actual fact the lib erty and equality of' men , ,prevent the individual's comple t e physical, economic 9 cultural and spiritual developi:'lent and l1 is access to the full s t andard of htJ.i-,lan dignity.

In pursuance of the abov e dec isions the- -obse Pvance of human Pights and t he fundamental freedoms are r e cognised and confirli1ed by a text which is intBnded to b e come the fundamental constituti-onal l aw of the Italli.~n Republic.

' , ' ' '

C. P.(IT/ P) Doc.81 2.

I should be o!Jl i ged if' you would kindly inform the Delegations to the Conference of the contents of t~is letter, in reference t o th r:; Italian lviewor D.ndum on Article 14 of the Draft Peace Trea ty with Italy (Doc. N.28 (G)).

; \

Pal a is du Luxm.1bourg, Paris.

September 15 7 1946

I am, Sir,

etc.

(Signed) A. di ooragna.

Secretar y Ge ner al of the Italian Delega tion.

' ' ~

\ \'

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••• DE.

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C.P.(IT/P) Doc .82

September 2Li., 1946

POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL -·--c·ot,ii'.'i Y ss IONF Olt IT.A.L y--------------·-----

:Qy l!i~ J e £!2,i-Q!:~QQ ha![_Qf_,ih~)}r.i tis~~ Dt?..l~~~ a :!!1.2~

Yesterday the South African Delegate put a specif:Lc g_uestior;. to the· Council of Foreign Ministers concerning the interpre tation of Article 2 of t he draft Declaration of the Four Powers,

This question. vvas con::;iclered. by the Council of For e ign .Ministers yester·da.y , and I am happy to be able t o inform the South African Delegate and the Commiss:Lon tha t the Council~ for their par t, understand the ex isting phr ase au moaning that those Allied countries who fought in Africa during the l as t war• will, among others 9 be fully consul t ed. on t he quest.ion of the disposal of the Italian Colonies before any f inal decis :Lon is taken by the Council itself .

How exactly this consultation will t ake p l ace must be l eft , for the Council itself to determine, ·but. I can assure members of the Commission that no obstacle wha t ever will be plaeed in. t he way of a full expositi-on of the views of those Gover:nments to vvh:Lch I have r eferred.

Sir, my Del egation naturally supports the draft • Article 17 proposed by t he Council of Fore ign Ministers~ toge ther with the draft Declara tion by the Four Go.vernmen.tsy which, as I under­stand. i~, it is now proposed should be added as an annex to the Treaty.

As you know, the ch ief reason why the Counc il of Fore ign Ministers agreed on the pr esent Article 17 was because t here was no agreerl1ent among them on any g iven c;olut:Lon of the problem of the I t a liari Coloni es.

It was a.lso felt that there might be r eal advantage in putting off any f inal. decisi on for a year during 'Nhich there might be time for r efl ection, a nd for consultat ion with th~ inhabitants of the districts concerned as well as wi th other inter es t ed G'overnments .

,.

C.P.(rr/P) Doc.82 2 • . It is no secret? of ' cour·se ~ that if my Government had had

complete liberty of action they would have preferred a speedy solutio~! of at any rate part of the problem presented by the Colonies.

Thus ~ they are impressed by the justice of the claim of Ethiopia to the greater par·t of Eritrea; they are sympathetic towards some frontier rectifications in the West in favour of Egypt; the~· believe that special account should be taken of. the fact that a considerable number of ~·balian settlers are st;ill living in Tripolitania; and~ finally they are very mindful of the desire for self-government expressed by the Arab comr;mnities in Libya as a whole.

All these objectives seem to be :favoured by one or more of ' the members of this C0111mission. His Majesty* s Government will press such views during the discussions with their colleagues on the Council of Foreign Ministers; but any solution prop osed by that bod~r will have to be unanimous, and we c a:n ... 1ot say here a nd nov;r that unanimity will be achieved.

If it is n~t achieved, ·His Majesty's Governmen·t are con­vinced that the best solution· would be to obtain, if possible, a decision from the community of nations~ that is to say from the General Assembly.

I

·rhey have no doubt that, if the problem should be sub-Initted to that body~ any solution which is rec~runended · by a two-thirds majority is likely to be one which is .just and equitable 9 and they~ for their part, are entirely willing to abide by the Assembly's decision.

· There is only one point which they must ask their colleagues on the Council of Foreign Ministers - or, if necessary, members of the General Assenfuly - not to ignore~ and that is ·the pledge which they gave t.o the Senussi, to the

. ~ffect that this com.muni ty should n ever again come under · Italian rule. -

. As members of the Coinrnission are aware~ the Senussi were of great assistance to the Allied war effort in North Africa; they .would not, after their exper.iences under Italian rule, ever willingly su!)lili t to any form of Italian domination even if this were expressed in the form of a ~andate; and 1ny Government would in no circumstances be prepar·ed to agree that they ·should be i',orced againsJc their will to be placed under any form of Italian tutelage,

In ·~ihis connection I ,note that the representative of Italy sugges·!ied, that the present a dministration of the territories concerned should be cond.ucted "in accordance with

C.P.(If/?) Doc.82 3.

intel, ncttionz.tl rules :r ; being so conducted a t

and he appeared to hint that it the present time.

wa s not

My Delegatj.on 'Noul d lil:e t o - a ssure the Commission that the militax·y Governrnent of the occUlJ ied terrj. ·~ories has administered and is a.diilinister inL -~hem in accor·dance with t he intex•national rul ~s as laid down in t ho Hague Coilvention.

Thus~ the existing for~J of Govern· u:mt has 11ec n maintained and t he former laws have been preserved~ except in so far as mil i t ar;;- :1eed:3 ha ve made t his ii11poss~ ble.

Moreover~ contrary to wha t was sugges ted b y the Italian represent~tive~ Italian offic i als have been reta ined in ad.rninist:c·a·c:L ve positions; though ·cheir numi)ers are ·of course considerably l ess than they were befcire Italy's entrance into ·chc . war in V·iew o:C the remova.i.. of 9asci s tG, the _de;:11ands of military securi·(~y 9 and. the appointment of sui table local Ll.habitants to p os:L-~ion3 in the administra tion.

Gentlemen, a nu.m·ber of amendments have bem1 moved. to Article 17 and severa l of these have already been supported by powerful argu;1wnt s . ~Ve are c onvinced 9 however 9 after . having g iven iilature though·c to thi s diffi cult problem~ that the r i ght solu·cion t s that which the Council of Ii'oreign Ministers has p i•opo s ed . ·

It gives tLi1e ~or passions to cool and for serious investigations ·co be conducted . It provide s 9 it is true 9 for the renunciation b~r Italy of her rights and titles to these possessions 9 thel,eby y as it were , clearing the de cks f or any solution whicL may seem b e st in the light of all the eircwn­s ·ca nces.

But at the same time it d oes not mean that Italy will neceSG8.rily ~)e excluded from all sa~r in every s e ction of her old do::linionG .

And, f inal ly~ if a s we hope , Ita l y is actaitted to the United Kation s -i)efore this ·c. i me nex-c year 9 she will hersel f be able ·co vote Oll. the is sue if the question should ultir.1a tely b e · r eferred to the General Asse~ili ly.

All t:1ese I'eason& seer11 to us to a r gue po ::verfully in favour of the sol u tion proposed by the Four Powers~ and my Del egation . ior its part . sincerely trusts tha t it will be approved by a l arge ·r11a j Ol"i -~y of the menfbers of til.e present Conference.

;

C. P.(IT/P) Doc. 82 Lj .•

I should only adci , in C()n clusion; t ha t it i s p er hapr:; only natura l t ha t t l1e Government c. of t he Unj_ted Kingdom ~ I ncli a 1

Au stra. l i a , Few Zeal a nd a nd. Sou·~h .:\.frica should in all modesty maint:;lin that they should hav e a spe~ial s ay in the die>po s a l of t he Italian Colon i e s .

Othe r·s i·nay f orge t, but we remembcr 1 th.J. t fro~;[ June '1 940 to ,Ju.ne 1941 r:e not only resi s ·iiecL, alone~ the l ong :plot ·~ed atto.. c:.;: of t l1c .Axis on t he Sue 2; Ca nal, but i:).lso rolled up the strong Ital ian f orces i n :C thiopia and ·rc:)a i :r'ed ·che g r e a t .rrong of 193 .5 .

Others itla~v forg e t , but we woul d r e ca l l hovv- $ s ubsequently , f ired ~Y the thought that f irst Russia , t hen ~Jeri ca were enrolled l~1 t ~1e ca u se of f r eedoE1 an d. democracy~- we r epelled the r epeated. a.sr:;c.u..1l <~ s of the Afrika Korps and ~ toge ther vv i th the h e r oo:::; of Bir I-Ia~~:c im 1 inflicted, a t :;n Alanwin~ the f irst r eal d.isa r:; t er 0~1 the .Axis 'Pihich wa s closc::ly followed b y 8tal:Lng:ead ~ ·b;v the .Ii.nglo- .Al!lerican l and ing s on the beaches of b orocco ana A..Lr:; l er.:.: 1 and b y the final col lap se . of I tal .v, in · whi c h Canc:,_da ·i; oo p1c.:tyed a large a nd sign i ficant part.

Si r , i n 7iew of a l l t his, the d eser t s of Libya ~ Eritrea a nd Somal t a ho.ve s o:118th:;.ng 1nore ·chan a. p olitical s i g n i f ic0.nce t o Br itis h Coiill!JOnweal t h f i g h t ing men ; .s.n ci indeed to 3 ri ·cish Cormnonwe.-:Llth coun·i~r i cs .

·I'hcy r E:p:."esent a great effort and a noble ide o.l lihich 9

i n thic blea~ post- war per iod , we should s eek 9 if we c a n 9 to r•e captt1.re .

. The sett lement which we desire is not only one which will b e NO:r.·th;y- of :'chose vvh o loc t the il" lives in the Af rican \iilder...: ness~ o u t a l co, <: .. nd above all~ one whi ch wi l l preven:c, fi a a lly a nd f or c\ er~ ai1Y repe t ition of t he event q w~1ich resul ·cecl in that sac~ifi6e havjng t o be ~ade. ·

Palais du Lux e·l tib ourg ;. Paris.

Sep t ember ?.5, 19L~6

COEifERENCE DE Pal;91s du' Luxen-\bourg

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C.P~ (IT/P) Doc.83

25 Soptcrilior ,l94G

· POLITIC.\1 AND TERft:-:TORL\1 COh1l'!li ~) S ION :':''OR I'L'..LY .... _ .............. _________ . _____ ___. __ Spooch mud1 by tho ~olocato of tho Soviet Ukrainien R.opubll.c, H ,1,.;.: . 3~\R.:\NOVSI::::. , on 2~i Soptonb;;;r•, 1946

Mr. Cho.irno,n., Follow Dolo .:;nto s,

Tho Draft P02,CO rrroatics v,rith Roww.nia , Hungary , :C.Ul3:ario. a~d Finland contain an articlo already accoptod by tho rospoc ­tivc conr.1issions , by which thoso states undortnko to disc> olv;; o~3anisation8 of fascist chnructor (politica l, ni.l itary or :rn.llita.rizod) , wh i ch conduct propo.0:.1.ndu. hostilo tc1 ony o:i" tho U:1.i ted Nn tions n.nd not to allow in fut1.1.1'c the cx.L.J tcnco or acti.vity of organis2.tions c:..:i.ning to deprive tho people of their doJ11.ocratic rl.ghts . Is it nocossury to ~Jrovo that such an art ­icle , \vhich .is ono of tho ~·.1oc..no of pr·ovontin:~ the :..,ohirth of i'cscicr;·i, rn.u::Jt p rinci pally bs insortod in tnc 1l'r~o.ty vvi th It a ly ?

It should be: noted Yli th as to':lisbr.wnt the t it is in tho J?r~'ft Po~c? 'T.1I'ooty wt~h Italy th8.t fortb~'i&.;ht ., clear and dofii."l­lte provlslOYW o.ro lo.ckin~:, provi:>iono capnblc of creatine; a barrier precludinG thG po[:sibility of a rebirth unclor any shapo or f orm of fa.scisu and tho fascist party 'in Italy .

Tho absence of such stipulations in tho Draft Poa co Treaty is one of tho roason:J wby tho Soviet Ukraininn Dolc;;.;a tioYJ. proposes the inse r tion of D. ;:mpplo:r.wnt~:t.r:v ~rticl o in tho Drai't PcD.co Treaty with Itcly, reading as follows :

11 Italy undortD.lceG not to al l ow tho ox is tcnc o nnd nc ti vi ty in ItaliD.n territory of fascist organisations , of po l itical , nili tnl''Y or parn - 2.",lili tc.ry orco.nina t iontl tho aim o:i:"'' which is to deprl vo tho pe;oplc of ·clloir den10cra tic rlc;htr.: or to conduct propr.,gancJ.~•. ho::::t ilo to ony of tho United Nations 11 •

Italy undertakes not to allow fornwr D.ctivo nembors of tho fascist po.rty to to.ko sorv ic·J in c;overrmcntal ort;nniso. t ions or orgnnisations of a public charo.ctor .

I I . I

C. P.( IT/P ) Doc . 2.

Th o conte nts of the a rt ic l e wo propos e is . in COl!lpl o tc h a1'r.1onv with the doc is :i_ons of the: Confer enc e of t ho CriHoo.. of t h e Throe .:\.lliod l'Jations, co n c c r n i n .; t ho n o.c e s oity ot o:;ct irpo.. t­inc.; t h o l as t t r nco s of naz ism a nd f nsc i sn.

Tho fa c t that , of l nto , a renewal of fa ocist ac tiv i t y h as i.)oon oiJsorvcd in Ito.l ~r in [;l' O\v.i n~: Pl'opor tions , c onvinco :J u s r. l l t he Dora of t l·K nu c os :Li. t ~/ of i nsor ti;1_::, the now o..r t iclo wo proposo_d in tho Po a c e Tr eatj-- w:i.t]:-1 I tc:ly

1\. s l on e.; n s t ho donocr.at:t c r 6::;irJo h as not ye t t al :e; n f i:rn roo t in I t al y , r eac tionary clonc n t s 1 dir ectl y ~r indi r e c t l y b ound up with fo. s c isn , reuni to nnd lead.~ tho n tt o. clc a .::; aiDs t tho clonocrnt i c f r ont in fo..v our of t h o r ebirth of fas c isB. What eve r b o t :w now nt..'J.-:10 ).t bc nrs , its f a 3c i 3t cho.ractor c or:1e3 to tho f oro .

To.ldn~; ndvanto.~; o of tho wealm.os s of tho c;ovor nmont , t h e f a sc i sts o:.-1o r c;o fron tho und or r.~r ound -..lh Ol"O th0y wor e obl i c.;o d to hide durin -~ tho f i Pst ~Je r i od n.f t or t he downfel l bf tho f o. scL3t r6;:; i n o .

Cal l inc._: i t r.:JOl:C 8. n o o :-_f ascist orgo.n i s ntion , tho 11 :8'r o1-:t .o de l l 1uomo quo.lunquo il wo.s r oor.::;;anin od i nto cl. poli t i c a l p,'JX' t ·~r t..'.t its con.::;ro s ~:~ of Fobruc.ry of this ;xo cu:-> . 'rho Tin os of l Ju n o , 19Lr-6: called t his n 11 r o0 i r th of tho fa s cis t i(~to (l_ i 1 •

This r eb i rth uns oponl~r shown by the r osul t o of t~lC clu c tiom! f or t h G cons t :L t u t ional as so-n1':_ y of 2 June of thi s JO-t'"!' . Dln'-L'1~-t!w ele ct ion s ov or n n i l l i on vo te s viero Given to t ho p nl~ty of' ii UorJo quo.lunqnc tt .

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c nJlin':.~ for t ho sr.1Jo to.c;o of' t h0 noo.cnJi .. ~o E:: i t ndopt 8 , oponlJ 8.d v o c C1 ; - lr l" . ' l.·"o."' c l. ,.,..1 mho l' -_., 0 11 ·.'' -:' 'l' c ·i ,. nt l·y· n -· ·rc r o ... ... ," su 'V'>r , ..... 0 ·" _,_,__, -<.. c .vl . i l_; "-0 w ... ~ • . t _ _, l. l ... u ....... ..l .. . - "-' - _ ~J\.1\ .J J_ · l '-.1<--- .. J. '-· •~ .1. U .L.L ...J

''' OVOY'rm10nt C "'J.rlO +· D·,, -~ n S ·'- o<> t · 0 t l:10 U~1,-1 o ·~b ~ I'l '~ t C· l'''" O i'' -; ,-, +: -·L C 0 ' , .1. .L . / u J; L .. l.1 •-~ U J:- • .. .t J. -'-~ ·- .. ..t. .. . - . U v -

activi t y of f a sc i sts.

~:he pros3 contc.ins n o:eo a n d nora· freque n t n ows a1Jout t h o nuuorous case s of poli tic n l .b o.nd J. tism n n cl murdor D, 2.. ct ncli:o u pon ~ovorru~cnt a~d sta t e offi cials . Fas cistc uro otorin~ a r rw nn d croc.tins undt; rc:;r ound nrr10 c~ forces pro pc.rin:.:; to at to.c~~: t h ::; c:;ov c r nn;Jnt . In n orthern I taly, i'or oxo.1~1ple 1 armed br i :,;L: doc of f ascis t polit i c a l nrid mil i t a r y or~anis2 tions have b oon in n a tion for a conside r abl e tiEc terrorisin~ tho popul o.tion and n.t tacldn~ . democrati c p:u~t ie s o.nd -:~he ir l oade r s . ·

;..

' . ' C.P. (IT/P) Doc. 83

It is evident thu t under those cond..i tions, tho now o.x•t).cl<\ of tho Por.c o Tror1.ty proponod b:;- the ul-crnininn ;:tnd Polish Doles·-. utions will help tho dococratic cloncnts in Itoly to extirpate fas,cist clomonts .::md 'iTil l fo.cil :~ ·c2.to for tho Government tho to.3lt o:::' tho fino.l liquidc:tior1 of thv consequences of f::cscisT,l in tho oconony 1 tho social and politico.~ s1:ructurc of Itnl:.r.

The Ukrninian Dologf': tion :torrJ.r, lly ::mbl?i.i ts i'o the considol"nt :•.on oi' t he Comr::iDsiorl n now article vrhicb r::~1ould .bo insortod in tho Poaco Tronty with Ita ly bet~on artielos ll!-and 15 of tho draft undor cons idoJ'o.tion . ·

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0. P. (ITjP)Doc •. d4

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s·poech of N::, VALESIV\IlN, U.S.S . R. Dclec;o.te at tho noot:l.n,c; of 2.;:; So:pton.bor, 1946 .

Mr. · Cha:Lrnan, ,

By _ o..n n:et i c.L o oi' bl""'o Draft · Pe nce Treo.t ios with Hour.w.niu. , -Bulgaria; Hungo.I'Y ::cn.d F'inlnnd·, t l_loco ~ nuntric s undortnko not to permit within thoir torritor i oo Fn~cist or3unlsations, a l so othe r or~o..ni3 a tio:ns ·;.Ihi cb. l~avo r.s t~'"lo.ir nim.donial to .tho· people of their domocratic ·ri(}hts or which cenduct . propc..ganda, hostile to any of tho United i~o.tio'J.s,

HOJ:> c .., f01~ instn.nco :Ls :chc. text of this artic,IQ .of tho Draft · Poo.co Tr·o.a·ty with Finland, uno.ninous l y o.doptod already on tho Politico.l and rrorritorial Cmm:1is sion for Finl and . .

. - 11 Finland.) whi ch in o:cco~danco with tho , Arrlis:tic-c Agr'c •31:wnt~; has taken nuasurco for dissolvin.;z oll o:r~aniso.tions of o. Po.sc ist type on Finni5h tol~ri tory; who thor :Poli t :';_ cal, military or para­nillitary:1 as wol.l as othc:r org£L."tlisations conducting pr·opn.ganda hostile to t ho Soviet Unio. or, to ,any of tho other Unito_d Nations , undertakes ;-:1ot to porr:ti t i :n f'•Jt'J.re tho oxistonce and activi tics of organisa.tion.~1 of t::1a t na turo , l·'hich havo as thoir aim denial· to tho people of \ holr dOI'lOC,r·itiQ l'i.;;hts !l . '

. It is only in tho Dro.ft Po aco Trofity with I t~l~thnt a similar: nrti.clo does not exist· ax;id tl::.l s i :n splto of t ho f~1ct thc.t oven in. the .-co.ndJ.tions· of t1: . .'J Arr:J.i s.th;o) i n article. 30, deo.li.r.g

,,, vri th tho dids olut ion of Fc~s c::.s t organ:i.sn tions, it wo.s lnJl'"'i t ton that : the Ito.: ian Govcrnn.ont 'N:L::..l agroo to all further instruct­ions· which. tho Uni -ted, Nations no..y give -in r -ospoct to tho licp1dn­tion of Fas cist I nsti tut·cs, porsonno}_, control o:t;· Fascist funds

·-and tho c'xt-irpa t:Lon of iduology and Fascist :methods. o.f · educ ation" .

Tho questi on arises ~ - i s a corrGspondins art i c lo on tho Ponce ..Treat y vdth I-cnly loss :nocossnry tho.n in tlKJ Pea co .. Troa.tio.s with Roun1an i n _. Hungm'J oP ?.inlc.nd ?

. C,P. (IT/P)Doc.84 2. /

. Itnlio.n Par.cism h.:~ s plr.ycd c 'ior7iT active ~· : .:::' t 1.n st<:n~ting und conductin::_~ tho · second world wo.r, Tho r1.:;1;10r-;y· o :::· ~!lo.nkind CC:.l"l~lot forset tho cruoltios of It.nlj.nn Fascism on Ethiopia, .Albc~nia, Grcoco 1 Yu[;;oslav:l.~ and on tho ~~o:rr:i. t:)ry of. th.:; Soviet Union.

:·;ut ·r.Jorhr.'tps Ito.ly has · now ondod with Fascism, has totnlly extirpated p.ll Fnscist orc;anisrtti.ons? Pcrb.aps thoro o.ro no loE~_; er or:.::.:miso.tion.s in Itn.ly purrmin·_; t?::tc.: !:lin. o·f clonyin.:.; to the pooplc.. tho1r dcnocrntic r:.t.~;l:Ybs? Pol•ho.:t)S L:: .. Italy, thoro ax'o no lonc:·Jr ~my traoo le:rt of the propn~>;.mda hootilc to tl1o United N<..l. tions?

I

.:Uo.s, far :from it, In rcnJ,).ty, thia ctrticlc is not lens, but llOl'O necoc.3n.r~ in the PE:Jnco ':Prco.t~;r ':'lith Ito.J.~r tl1o.n in those with the c.:;~-~·or'r'!.Dn sntolli tes. Events in Itnl-:T r"ro oft.Jn a rcrdndor th..Yc Pn3cim::l in· .J:m~ fron boinr·; do<1d. jlia.:::c:\.st att2:cks on dcmocrntic orgn:J.is.:;,.1~ion:J r.\l'O ~;ll · to frcc:,uo:at in c c) 11'G (: uporn1"~· Itnly nnd co

f . t' ' , i t th ' ·. 1 ' . ~ -~ ' . " as nr O.!J ~u ... CfWl.n;... :J 01~10s . n o c ,)v : . . cun::;s o:>~ ':.l.onocrc~ .:lc or~r.n3_s .... ationn~ P.n.sei.nb::, ln It;o.ly 1 uttc.ch: ovon the s tc.\to rn.dio stutionG; lot; us rocolloct that oven tho Ror:J.c radio sto.tion was not lo:J.c; o..::;o scd.zcd for n short tine by l~'nsci.sts. In Itul~, :::.'asoh:.ts organise the oseape·s from i:.:o.ols of . vmr crininal:J 3 the woi•st on01:1i.;;s of tho Ito.llnn pcoplo,

Up to this r.toncnt Ji'nscist nowspnpors 2-J:·o bo1n:_; illoG::tl].y publish0d 0..nd some Fnscist or pro-fo.sciot pape r's :tppoo.r tmdol:., various· disguise. 'rhus, for•. inst2nco, i17- Rone, n vic oldy pap~r , 11 Uor.1o Quo..lunquo 11 ho.s bo;;u.n. ·co o.p :~·ca.r ::llnco Docoro.hoJ.' 1':)1!-":-• :Chl.I:J pe.por is o'di tod by Gi.2ru'lini, villo \·:·o.s o.n activo noDbor of the Fc.~cist .P::tj."'t y ~;;:d who :ln tho p:o: ss, c.;lorifiod th::: :::r'll.scint Ro;.::;ir::.o. In 19hO, he wc.s pc::'sonall·J compliJ:.10ntcd by Mus solini with thn.nl::s ;for one of his articles. In answer to this, Cim nj_ni ~ublis:bod a · series o.f pt:indutor-y· articles dodico.tocl to l'!IUfl i.Wl:1.n.i, in which ho ~0!.1parcd. I:ius solini ·::o ca-esnr c.nd He. pole Oil. vn.lo. t is tho l:ino ndoptocl nov; · by ·~:- icrmini in his pc,por'! Fr01:1 tho i'il~st do.~· ·a o:l' its ~ pearo.ncc, thio pnpol:' o.doptod tho line of Cl':iticisin.-· tho oxist­ini.-:; dcJilocrntic pnrt].o~ in Itaiy, dl'lapi:·i ~~ :ttse;l:C' into tho cloo.l;: of tho I)dOlJlos 'do :Condor. -?·itumin:l. cro~tc ~ tlK: orc:ani::mtion 11 F1•onto dol Uono 0.'1.?-::xh:.n,quo 11 which is SUPl")or ·::.o<i ~)~· · ·-cLc cou1,.try' s Fcncist nnd sofli-Fnscist 0lc·-cnts. ·

I~ Au3ust ofthh1 yoa'l", G:'L23lJJ.ird v.rroto tl1at "the 0rcc.t idoa · of th;') Uono ·~ualr!.nquo m:ovGrJr)ll'C is nn export al'ticlo. In ril.1 Em.'opo and OS1)ecio.lly in '!i';r2ncc, ln Sv.1itzorland nnd in tln,·;nan­imous Sp<1in wo hr.vo Lon~~ of th:msa1.1dz :)f conv:L~Icod a.nd onthusin.s­tic f:riond,s 11 •

· Othor Itc,Li.. r.~ •~. fr 3cists· and not only :Ctnlio.:c1 :fascists, drc3s in the; colm .. u•n of nntion::tlisr:: ilnd in this diseuiso attc!·•.pt

' U .P.(IT/P)Doc. 8L~ ) .

to c;rl'ro l •. fo:tlowo::ro . :~. t ·c.] .. in ~l t r :.\ · y 1nnlrc hy1:.'o GI" i t :i. e: ~tll y pnc .u."ic ~ : p .:.: c c>.r-: ; wit!:1 wh5.c.l1. t, ;l<;y COV(}!' Uuu" i' :: ;1 c i : ~ t. c>:·:r :: .

~~ho RC"rv L ; :~ 1)o lc .-~::~ ·::; c: , l~l"' . \..,-r1hins1:y nlro :::tdy i •!.; 1 . .!. ~ :j_ ;:: ; .. ·l iD t l-.t_·1 .~ C0'1'11'l'L' "'!r•J.' (: ' •l t1J.~ 1·· 0'1l ··r r . -" -. ,:t o." ·" "',r<:< " . ,) i ·.l1r' Ct ,-·., c,. . ., .. ,,. , .. . .., .. (J j- · 1_:·'1G . l . u.~ . '" • -'.'. .~. '·· Jl J. J '~• ..L , J " ... ... , . ~'- . . I .. ...... u .. .~ ... - J o... .. -. ,Y . .

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~:ho i :.-t;:;ort i on iP. i~ 1 ; ., P-.; ·· .. ec. ·.~l· · ; :t ~;·.} '. - i_·~ -h Jt :•ly of' t."i.rti c los by \:ll:t.ch I t o.l ;:· u:rLctCj"i; r; ; ':oc J' Clt 1;; · aJ'L \·.~;..- t~ · t .. : c. iDtcr:o.:; ,_md :J.d; i.vit.;,· ~vit~~1in It .·.l:La n 'L c rpi ·~.: o:c::;· c .c· f ·u;e:ist , p :)lL t :Le ::,l, L ili'L tr;,·· :.,ncl r. ::tra · l'l i'! 'J h> l"v orr•ro r1·1 s··lt ·1 (: '.L"~ "' • . , ~. · , .,,.; ] ""' r , :, · '·rl"'•· ··l ·:·: ·, ... ,·r• o·J·· ··· ~·ni ' '" :- :1.'~ ·11<-' · ~··•~ J . .. t/ . ,_., .J.. ~· • •· w • . .. ) , 1. ~• ._ , ' -. C~\'-) \ .J. L.. . e,) • . v • • ' · ~ .. 1 ,.\.-..a..U'-'l l,'l. 0

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a :r1d ::; c"J cu:,:· 1. ·cy o :: u c, t ion :..; •

-. CONFERENCE DE Peleis du Lu~embourg

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C.P. (IT/P)Doc.85

POLITIQ!&_A.ND XERRITO!}IAL COMMISSION FO# ITALY

Statament by the Representative for Greece concerning A~ticlc 38 of the Draft P~ace Treaty.

It is Well known that, ·us soon us she ente~ed the wur ih June 1940, Fnsci~t Itnly committed acts cf hostility . towards Greece , though protesting goodwill towards tbe latter which w:::.s then neutral. On 12 July l940, three Italian bombers dropped iombs on the auxiliary ship "Orion" of the Greek Navy which was in the Gulf of KissaD.10S in Crete, and on tho destroyer 11Hydr2. 11 • Notwithstanding the protests of the Greek Government, these nets of aggression were re»ewed on 30~ 1940, when an It~lian aeroplane coming from the Dodecanese flew ove~ the Gulf of Corinth and bombarded the Greek dGstroyers "King George" and "Queen Olga" and "!i'No submarines. in the port of Lepanto. Similarly a coastguard wns ~J.ttacked on 2 August 1940, i)y e.n Italian aeroplane b e ~ween the islands of Egina and Salamis, and the steamer "Frinton.,., was subjected to a like attack by two Italian aeroplanes in Creten waters on 15 August 1940. But none of these acts of aggrsssion, wh~ch were made known to the world l ater when the Greek White Book was publishe<!, equalled the ect of pir8.cy conni ttbd at daybreak on 15 Auepust 1940 against the cruiser "Helli". The circumstances in which thl.s crine we.s perpetrated make it even r:10re odious. This warship had been sent to the . island of Tines to represent the Greek Government at the great religious fe ast of the Assumption of the Virgin, and it was to the joyous sound of bells that, tr~acherous1y a~d while peace still r ei&ncd between It~ly and Greece, nn Italian submarine torpe~ the ~reek cruiser.

Acte such ns these which contravene the most el~mentary principloo on which relations be~1een states are based deserv~ exemplery punish­ment. This is the object of the amendment which the Greek delegation has the hono~r of submitting and which reads as follows:

, · "a. bis) Persons aceused of hav.ing conm:t:i.tted, ordered or abetted, in violation of internationB1 law, acts of war against the Greek mercantile marine or Greek naval forc es in the pe~iod between lst September 1939 and 28th October 1940. 11

Palais du Luxembourg, Paris·. September 2 5, ::J.. 946.

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CONFERE~1CE DE Palais du Luxembourg

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CP (IT/P ) Doc. 86 Scpto~ber 25, 1946"

POI,: TICAL lJ'ID TERRITOR:J.,:L COHi':4SS:;:ON FOR _,_TiJJY

Speech Delivered to the Cor:.1r:1i s sion by tho Albo.nian Repr esente_tivo

J'tr. Chainmn,

FelloY1' Do l egD_tes ,

Tho ~Ubc._nian Delegation v cnt"Lrres to subnit to-dn.y certain observations on Article s 21 - 26 cf -'chc Drnft Pcn_ce Treaty rvi th Italy.

The C oun6il of Foreign :dinisters , \'!hen dr ['..y'fing up these par,ticular clausen, desired to r ecognise and f ormally s anction the contrJ,.bution of Albania to tho comuon victory over Fas c ist =taly, a s well .as tho rights and interests of Albania in t his Tr ec.t y Yvhich ere of gr eat imp ortDnce since they are directly connected with t ho political ::md econor:.1ic independence of our aountry.

The AlbDnion Delee;ation considers t hnt, in or der to assure f or _Llbroria a free and prosperous future a~d in the interes ts of peace an~ scc"L~ity in general, it is abso ~. utcly necessary t hat, under t he torus of this Peace Treaty, Alb<.mi& should be protected once and for all from any now It[,_lian aggression o.nd from <my i mp erialistic covct~usness on the pa rt of Italy.

In f act, Gentle:;, em, t ho his tory of our rcla_tions vvi th :taly is . a_ very sad · one .

l:.lbania_ ha s alvr:~LYS b e.en exposed t o ~-ggrossions comin,e; oi t her f rom t ho West or froE1 tho East.

L small countr-y , numberi ng sca r cely 1, 200 , 000 inhabitants on a t erritory of just over 28 , 000 sq. lm1S ., situa_t od on the shores of the Adriatic, opposi tc Italy, l ess t hem 70 milos f r an t ho ::t r_Llian coast, Ll b cnir:c hc_s alvrays been an easy prey f or ~'-n c_vid n.nd r c.;x.cious ::t ~-cly. And :Jo t he Albc.nian puople , the ol rlos t in the Ballwn peninsula , have boon car:lpolled to fight to safeguard i t s i ndependence a ,:;;;..i nst the Romn_n aggr essions in antiquity, agains t t he D,ggression :;> of t he Venct lccn Republic in the Mi ddle Age {3 · and against Italian aggressions in 17!.odcrn time s.

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C . F. c~·L/?) 'Joe , 8.J

:a is proud to have wc,ged fierce · :r2J's at .:.11 -'c irues ag[.ins t t he invo..ders of a ll periods of hist ory o.1'1d of all ro.ces ·,·;h i ch desired to subjugo..t c i t. :::: t is proud t o lis.v c preserved :i.t s liberty , its l ove of ind_epondonce , its l c..n.guc:.ge and i t s oustou s i n sp i t c of o..ne. o.gr,inst z,ll f or e i gn ihvo.sions.

The , ,·~.Tbani2.n peopl e h<.t o ae;gr cssi on .· :t l oves poo.ce , liberty and sincer e f riendshi p wi t h other pool)l os .

2.

'l'hc f ear s of /.lbani2. 'Hi th r ego.nJ. to : ·t c..l y 2.re justif i ed . : n orocr t o understcn cl then , i·~ is essent i o.l t o r eo..l ise t hc::.t :tc::.lic.n policy to•,-:rarcLs l..lbo.nia fror.1 . tho bee;i nnine; of this century ho.s boon c:'. policy of i;·.1perie.l­i s tic eX:p<:msion, a i u ing at colonisil1[; our c ount r y and t r c.nsfor r:1i ng it into o. trcJ.ning groun d for f utm1 c aggl.~e ssions in tho De!.lk2..ns .

: t a l y s ought to e.ttai n it s ond.s f i rst of c~l oy c1ipl ona t i c ;,1ethoc1s .

: n 1915 , tho Secre t Trea t y of London [~uar< .. rrl;oed t o :::te.ly a mo..nclo.te over i: .. lbr•nia i f she enter ed t he vre.r on the side of tho l .. ll i es , but this cri;;1ino.l be.r.?-;<•.inil13 <:;t the expense of e. sm'.ll noutre.l country vras vdthout success .

::::n 1919 , t ho Tittoni-Venizolos Lgr ce111ent vvas si.s-;ned, under t he terr.1s of Y-'hich t hes e tvvo sponsor s divided up Ll ba.nia u ,1ongs t t henselves vdtl1out r ogs.rd fo r Hhat the .Ubc.nion p eople u i s ht t hi nk . This ro·.gr ccr;:ent i:vr-..s a rdscr able f ailure t hcmks t o the victor y of t l1e Ll banicm peopl e over t he :tali <:ms a t Va~onQ in 1920 .

Fi nally, s tren,sthened by the unjus t f'..!.'1d f.bsu.rd dec ision of the Conference of /.r:1bass o..clors in 1921 which r ccot;nis ccl : t c.ly' s :privileged. posi t i on as r cgnrc1s 211 ; .l bt:.nie. '.A1.ich wc.s f r ee , independent c.ncl P. l'1i0r.1bc r of t ho League of Nations, :::t<,l y l:lought to :i.npose on our· country c. whole s eries of convent i ons , ugr ::;c;J.ents c.nC!. t reatie s vrh:Lch i n fact assured it art o.l most COElplet o h olcL on Al b l".nio.n econoDy .:: ~nc, pr epnxed f or the politicnl pcnet rc.tion i nt o LlbLni[~ .

::: t a l y t; ought oqur,lly t o c ct <·.in i t s ends by f orce of .<m ns .

l ,et uc onl y rce <:·~l t o yot'. , r~cntleDcn, -Ghat , ::.n tl1e SJ>Ccce of 25 yeG.rs , J;.l banio. •;tc.s on t;-;o oc cc,sior,.3 a vi ctiLi. of :tc.l i<:>.n az.s;r cssion cnci on t·l'ro occasi ons h<.~d co L .ber2.t e :.tsclf ::·.t the c ost of ver y serious sacr i f ice s •

• Those are not 0Cci dent Ll event s. This p olicy cannot, moreover, be

bla;,Joc1 on Fascist :::: t D.l y only . :::: t was the oc. t i oncJ. policy of ::::t o.l y D.nd 'V're have s trong r cE'.sons fo r beli eving t l1at t hi s nD.tiom~ policy of imperia listic and c olonia l expansion i s appr ovocl even 1)y t he :tc..ly of today . Tho various sta t ementr; Gf b e : t aJ.i?.n. Dclcge.t ion in t his very 8o;,1iri.ssion or in the l'Zili t ary nnd Ecc~lor,ri.c Conu11issions be E:iX wi tness to it.

That is ·why , GentleElen, i t i s right to c onsi c:Ler : .t o.li<,n policy i n t he continuity of its dove l opnent and to cone to de cisions which ~-rill n.llow· this Peace Trea ty effect i vely t~ put a stop to t h e cc.L!pc,ign of bri gc..ndc:GC and.

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C.P. (IT/P) Doc. 86 3.

colonial doL"d.na tion which has b ee:n I t a l i an policy up to t l1e pr esent cLay •

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The Llbani an Del egation r ecognises the l audabl e sentij~;ents which inspired t he Council of l:ore:i;gn iJ.nis t er s i n the o~~ani n.>~ up of .i,r t i cle s 21-26 . I t s uh:D. t ted. i n due H LLe c,er thin w11end:ue nts vr.i. t h t he s ol e a i 1;1 of :· ~.ak ing theu l!lbr e co;;1pl e t e , 'I'h'lis j Artib1e 21 obli~:;es I t a l y t o r ecognise a nd r esr.::e ct the soveri egnty .c..nd i nC:.ependerloe of the :, ~lbtiniart State . '.l'ha t :i: s j ust, bu-t it rakes no r.1ention bf t erri t c;r i a l ihtugt a. ty • : .. oy,- ·i,·ii. thout t er r i tor~al integrity there is no independence or sovereig11ty f'<Dri a . 8til t t: • ~terri t briall. ihtegri ty i s the fir s t es sential of a n inclepen d.ent s tate ; . Our !!w i k;nd.~~m1t _ a:ill.1S D.t inaking, the worili,.ng of ;,.rticle 21 cover t erri t oriu.l inte~?;ri ty :!cs YiCll sb tha t there i e no po s sibility of it being incorrectly inter·prc t cd . 'j~hc t erri tory of' the pre s ent-day ":,_lba ni_an bt a t e is Hlbanian a nd by thi s Treaty I cal y , -:rhich has ah v-ays co·ve t ed it, •. mst r ecognise it :f'or:.J.a.lly a nd r espect it scrupulously ,

By .r~.rticle 22 it i s r ecoe,nised tha t t he Island of 8aseno is a rnrt of I

the terri t ory of J..lba nia , 'tic do no t conzi<ler it necesurry to n.:cguc a bout tha. t, because t his fr Ec sh c oni"'ir,:;ui t i on o f a ri&ht alrea !';J existing is just and i s ·,-.relco:u•c-d by us ';d. t h gr a ti tu0e , becaus e t he I s l and of ::Saseno is ._lbanian t erri t or y and i s an indispensn.bl0 pos ition LOr the security of i.lbania , Italy kep t it by f orce of ar us a s a per ..-,J.a.nent threa t to J~,lb ~.mia , contrary to various intEn~na t ional l e1:',a l doCLlllients and t hanks t o t he toler::mt a t t itude of the o t her Great Puwer s •

.h.l'ticle 23 i s concerned 1vi th t he property , rights, int0res :ts und advan tages a c quired L1 .Al b<;mi a and vvhich I tal y reno'\ll'lc es in f'c.vour of Albania , The .nlba.nia n Del e[!,a t ion, in subr.cd. t ting its a.mei1dlaent on this .h.rticl e , consider ed tha t i t 'ivas :t::nki % the &tmse a nd scope of it d )re definite .

~ie do not think it necesse.ry to explain her e hov7 Italy 1 by a yrhole s erie s of' subterfuges , by diplo •• Ja. tic pr e ssure or by tlu·c;a t s soll,Ght to t;ain a n ever incre~ocsi rl[, hold on the e conm~w of the courttry .

~ It s ecured for itself t he exploitation of oil J.eposi t s , bi tu.:1en, iron­ore, chro:ue , copper, f i shing , agricul t ure , e tc,, by ueans of vas t concessions which v,rer t; all di sas t r ous f or i:..lbani&1 f or its e cono:Gif and for its independence , whilst I tal y dr evr gr ea t pr ofits frma the~ .. .

The i~ll>anian people, by appropria t e · decisions of i t s l egi s l a. tive powers, ha s al r eady a nnulled all the::;e concess i ons. But it '.'IOul d b e just if t his Tr ea t y made a siudlar provision ,

,i i th t hi s a im in view, we proposed thc. t the_ word _conce s sions should b e insert e d in thi s .h.rti cl e be t ween the vvords righ t s and inter es ts. 'l'ha t i s not neces sar y i f 'ljb.e Cow;.d ssion intends to give to t he word .riJ;ht.!:!_, a n interpre t a tion covering t he word conce ssion.

The par astata l L1s titutions, trea t ed in ·a1e s lli_te 3.iten<)j ,Km.t , c~_,iprise all the It8.1ian co.,l'Ja nie s and concer ns w!.1ich h::~ cl (!x tende cl over ""lb.'-'m:ta. a whole ne 'biroTk of e c;no;uic exploitation and e s pi ono.;;e even befor e 1939 •

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c .P , ( ::::·r/P) Doc • 86

These institutions o.ncl concerns were Qll 1.mclor the di redt. contr ol of the ::tulic..n Sto.te , they were powerful ihstnrr,1ents of the ::tc..lie:.n Sto .. te in its ccononic c.ncl politicnl penctrtttion into Llbr• .. ni2, , -bhoy . actively 2..id.ed tho n.ggression of Fo..scist ::tuly ns well o..s the Nazi­Germ·ffil wur .

The lEUnt phr c .. se of the sart.c .~.-.rticle yms 2111ended ucroly in order to conplete it by indicating the leg2.l instrui·Jents on which were f ounded the specie~ interests of ::t 2.ly i n l~lbz.nic, .

Albc.nia be i ng a c c1..mtry int erested in other e cononic clau.sos of this draft Peace Treat y , th0 Llbo..niun Delegd; i on proposed t o insert a sec ond pe.r'n.grD.ph in . .< .xticle 23, in order to e.voiCJ. a ll cnbi~~ui ty l and to raake it possible for Llbe.nicc, in vi rtue of this •r r eaty, to c;,w~~cise c..ll ;Lts rig~1ts tend a ll its cl2..i us i n r cgetr d to ::taly or its nc..ti d:tw.ls .

\Y c consider , that for o.ll these reasons , it i s right t o adopt om~ m.1cn<1·Jcnt .

Lfter Lrticlc 24, we propos ed. to insert 2 other .i' •. rticlcs m.ll:lborcd 24a e..nd 2.4b. 'I'ho ro2.sons for thic 2..ro as follows:

Ls ror;crds L.rticle 24a~ before 1:'39 ::to..l y l1o..d lo2..ncd JJ.oncy to Albania. Loss them 2..ny other n<:1.tion, F<::cscist :::t2 .. l y wo..s not ::..n reP.lity in o.. position to export c<:rpi t 2cl except for t:1c pm1Jose of i riEJ.cdio..te ir:rperie .. l­istic expnnsion. :::n point of f act , :::taly imposed these loe.ns on .:.lbc.nic. in order t_o carry out vvor~~s for i ts oYm profit.

'rhe ten1s of the debts conte..in condi'cions which are too l1(•.rC:: .. for Albn.ni8 .. :

This ;:acncy vro.s to be useci. fer ','\'OT}:s of a n~ili tary clKcractcr or of such a kind as to facilitz,-Ge the econoEdc exploitation of tho country i n favour of Italy.

Tho works wer e to be co..rri ed out by ::tc..lio.n concerns . The interest rate of these debts, which was extremely high , yvas to 111a.k•) it :iJ'lpossi0lo for Albanin. t o be able to r cpr.y e..nd in consequence to compel her to r:;rant over increc,s i ng concoss.ions t o :;::to..ly .

Tho best po .. rt of our revenue - the r eceipts from the Custous and f r orc1 t he State nonopol i cs - 1V1:1.s plcd,s;ed to r,1cet tl1e pc..yT.lonts rc quireu under the crippllng ten:.1s of these l oans .

Indeed, the l o2.11s servecl only to enslc..ve .:.lbc .. nia. They i:aust 0e reg£n·dod as null e.nd void r .. nO.. be treated. in the s w.1e way c..s a ll other :::tal ie..n e..ssets, rights and intere st s in Llbania . They would then be c·overed ~?Y Lrticle 23, but ought to be m~rossly mentioned to comply vvi th Lrticle 70, paragrn.ph 2 .

Lrtiolo 2L:-b de<:t.ls with the r estit"L:tion by :;:to..ly of t ho g olcl reserve of t he forner Nat1ono..l 3ank of Allx'..nia .

C.P. (:1'/P ) Doc . 86

.;'.f'ter Albo.nia vro..s recognis ed ns an independent st·o.te and o..c1!li tted to the Lco.gue of No.tions, the I.eo..g11e in 1921 sent to J~lbanic. an econor.ua o.nd financio.l expert , Professor Llbert C2..L-.1es of Lu.xetlboure; .

On the latter ' s . recoT.11i.lOndo.t i on, the National Banl~ of .t~lb::nia wz.s set up in 1925 in o.ccordanc e vlith r.n o.greer.lE:mt between t'he ll.lbanian Governr,1ent Dnd an :to.lic:n financie.l .c;rov:p :;,~eprcsentec"!. by one ~·:~c.iro

Llberti~ then :::t2..1ic.n repr ese:nt.s.tive &t the I:ef'.[!;UO of Nations .

The ori.c;i~al cD.pit2.l of the Ban.'l( Yvas LlixecJ., ch i efl y ."~l'b c:.nicm o.nd Italian .

The ~anlc h id. t he exclusive ' right ·(;o issue L.lbanio..:.."l paper r.1cmey which it put j.nto circulat:~on :in exchan.c;e for the gold ancl silver coins, .?.t that tiE1C the only iaoney c1..1.rrent in "'"lbcnia. Uno.er the terms of the agrcc::;ent , the paper nancy was redeeEmbl e in gold . or stable foreign currency .

Albc.'.ni.r.! ;:; :l:'inc,ncie.l position in 1921 was, according to Professor CD..l::1cs , cxc:cllen~ . Lt t}J.at time, b etween 50 o.nd 100 million gold francs in gold coinage o.nd. 10 u i l lion golo. f r ancs 1 ·worth of silver· coin:"-{!;O were in circulation" "·.loreover, Albe.ni2.n Ci'iligra.nts in the Uni.ted States and elsewhere 'roni-:ted to .Llb <'.J."lia about 6 ii.lillion U.S. dolla rs .every yeo.r.

The No.:'::;ic:Ja l :JarJ.c of Ll bania built up its gold r eserve by collecting the golC!. in ciTc\..'..l::,·f;icn in Llbe.nic.... :Uocunentary proof of this is provided. in· t ho ~:0st:.U:16ny of D. :.:r<:LLJ:S , the fo:rYJer :tn.lic:~n dire ctor -of the Bank .

Ls c:.. r e3ult of -~~e politica l :pressure and mo.noeuvrcs of the Ita lia n Goverru;c~Yc: cont::.'o~l. of the Ban.'~ quickl y lJasscd to Italy.

Tho Bant~ c:.lt::->.o;..l.gh fD.VO' .. P:-cd by the :provisions of the agreeli.lCnt, no l on.e;cr rcspcctccl t :l.E:!1.

The Bank ccmtJ.:-oJ.lccl. t ho entire Llb:::~nian money ra2..rlcct anC:. 1il8.Dipuln.tcd it as it :;_Jlt:\l:..:~~Li.. At Jl.hc outbr eak of the economic crisis in 1931, the Bank lef·c :::.it cl.: pr.:,~)er Doney in circuh.tion in J:..lbc:.nif'.. in order to worsen the si t uati.0n. J-.:C i:;e:c the Itr.'.li<:'..Yl. occupD.tion of l~lbanie., t he })o,nk made excessively g::-eo.t increo.ses in the 8..:-:lount of lJaper raoncy in circulo.tiori , to assist t~.., .. ~ <:l:c:Tc:J of · oc:cup;:..tion, thereby causing serious infla:i:;ion of Albanian cu:.::.~c:r.cy,

Tho })<:lril.;: v,r_i_ tbdrcvr froEl the Llb.'.ni:::..n marlcet s:x:cie c.nd foreis n · currency t -J the vo.h.1.e cf e.ppl~c>:d.r:w.tely 300. u~llion gold f rc:-ncs.

Its poE.cy of gr o...'Tting crcdi ts favourine :t.:-..lia n nat ion2.ls ancl enter­prises vras d i so.st:::-ou:J for our country ancl tightened :tD-ly' s eoo~oai.o grip on l:..lb3.nib..

The J38P2<: bo:Jer:1c o. Fc.scist poli·tica l a gency, to the detrin ent of Albanian secur:l:t;y a.nd indepcnf.l.ence.

.).P . (:1'/P) Doc. 86 6.

rBoth befbre c..nd after 1939, t ho Bank -,_vc,s in fc.ct used t,s an instrunent in the Fascist penetro.tiotl and occupation of L.lbnnia . There­fore, il:unedic;:;tely D.f'tm~ dur liberation, the f <.:1rmer National Banlc of Albo..nia vv-as tiatiom.lis~d by n decree of the illlti-Fascist Liber ation Council, late r r atif i ed by t he Constituent Lsse111lJl y ;

But the Ban1t 1 s gold r eserve , nccumule.ted in J. .. lbanin. o.no. r eo.uired a s cover fo r thb paper money circulo.t cd and l eft i n circulation in P~bania , was depositqd in : t ;.ly a nd thence retloved to Gcrr.1any . ~~vcn in the Reichsbarik' s receipt, t he gold is de scribed a s "LlbD..nio.n".

This gold r eserve ; a111o\mting t o $_ little more th<m one c.nd a ha lf i;ullion gqld dollars, is Llbi:·.nia 1 s lb.zo.l due.

:ta l y rutist r estore t o t he Ll bahlLan Government either the r es erve itself or a ~tuanti t y of c;old equal ·eo it in weight an:l st r:.nel"'\.....""Cl,

J, few' d'~s a ,J;o, ch e I tal:ho.n Deiegc,cion circula ted D.. ;:1eli\C>rand.u :1 on the Bank of .t1bania (Doc~ 51 (E) ). According to this docvne:nt, the Bn.nk 1 s stock is held by Itc·.lians •

We may sn.j that if :;:t i:tlicm no.tidl'i.D.ls holC:. sl1o..r e s in the fon11er Nati onal Bank bf l~ lbo.nia , they may raalciG <:c clail11 against t he ;,l b anian Government vvhich .has est&,blished t he Albanian Sto.te BCU'Jk, tl'ie latter having taken over all as E!l ots of t he f6h,1er Natioru::..l Bo.nl.c.

We cons:Hier these Slin.I'e s as ~ ' :te.iian property in Llbacia" o.nd n.s such liable to confisdo.tion o:b" 1iquido..tion by the .:.lbo.nian Government i n c.ccordance 1'f.ith llXticle G9 , par agr aph 1 of t he pr esent Dr aft Peace Trea t y .

Such , Gen~lemen ~ are .Our r easons War p r oposin,s Lrticle ~b.

We regard l~rti9le 25 n.s absolutely fair, ln1t as f'.ll th~ ttgreeil!Onts and arrangei;lertts made between Ita l y and Albccnio.. , even before 1939, are detr:Luenta l to Alb<iliie;, we have sug3;es t ed a ·s econ0. para 2;r aph which would allow _.;_,lban:La also to- tc.k0 advantage of the provisions of ; .. rticlc 37. This s eeRs a fe~r and justifin.ble p ropos f'.l, c onsidering t he position of our country : ·

:L wish t 6 say a f ew words more on the ln.st Article , 26a, ·which we proposed vdth b. view to securing t he recognition of AlbLnio. a s an Associated Powe:r- in the execut ion of t he Treat y .

For the saE!e ree,son, we proposed an aE1G nd.aent to Lrticle 77 ·which would have the s ame effect. The Comrnission must d.ec icle t h :j_s point.

The Albanian Delega tion believes tha t tho r,le,Ju.bers of the CoiTIJi1ission vvill understrnd the iaport2.ncc of this mat t er for Albani2. . They ;rill consider our proposa l a fc.ir one r,nd vvi.ll adop t it.

Indeed, J~lbania is int ere sted not only in P art :;:::;:, Section V of the Draft P eace Treaty but in a host of othe r arti c les , political, raili t ary and economic .-

•

C.}' . ( ~:·.L'/1? ) Doc . 86 7.

Llbcmi o. 1 s i nt er est in t he pr e sent Pea.ce Tr eaty is >vit hout dou:bt :·.mch greater thon t hQt of 1~any of the United Nations rep1~sented ~t the Conference and certc..inly x:mch greater t hc.n · t ho.t of nny of the other Unit ed Na Cions entitled, under !~ rtic lc 77 1 sinpl y by indi c D.tine; their a.:;r eer.1ont 1

t o sign the 'l.' r eat y ccncJ. t o be c onsider ed ipso f acto a s Associated Povvcrs.

Gcnt l e111en, t he L.l bo.ni2.1l p e opl e YfOn t hat right in bitte r struggl e e.gainst I''ascis.u a t t he side of the i-J.iie s; you s ee how u;r cat arc the rights on d. Clue s of .. ~ .. lbmria. under the pre s ent Draft Peace Treaty.

Llbe.nian r e sisto.ncc to ~talian penetra tion before 19.39 vras bitter - . witness t he risinss in 19.32, 19.35 ~d 19.37.

The .... lbanian pe op le fought gc.ll~:mtly against the F'ascist invaders. They had fai th in the Lllied caus e and were certain that vic t ory, like the sacrifices of vrar, vwuld be shared by all a like , that all would share in i.1aking a cor,1r.1on peace , t o c ondcr.m o.ggression wi th out mercy, to extirpat e Fa ::;cisi:J. and to build , in ha rmony and vvithin the framework of collective security , D. bett er life fo r the suf f ering peoples.

J us t as we D.lvrr..ys fo~ht the eneuy unflinchi nzl y during the war, so today the /..l bc..nian pe ople, by its untir in::-; 1 peacef ul toil, is daily inqreasing its influence for peace and democracy in the Ballcc:.ns.

The Albanian p eople _ asks t hat its rights b e r ecognised and respected. and the J~lbo.nian De l egation i s confident tha t the decisions of this Commission vrill do justice to our country and b e ·worthy of the Paris Conference .

Palais du Luxembourg , Paris .

September 25, 1946.

' >

I ,·~

'Palals du Lllxembour{J. ' '

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C.P~ (IT/P) Doc. 87

So) tcmbei• 25, ·1946

POLITICAL· AND ' TERRITORIAL COMMISSION FOR !TALY

REMARKS 0? SENATOR TOM CONNALY BillFORE Tr:::;:G POLITICAL AND -TERRITORIAL CO:fJviiSSIOlT FOR I':Cl iLY OF T:s::G Pk RIS CONll'.dRE:i'TCE ON THE SUBJECT OF THE P~]1 TERRITORY OF' TRIESTE AND T~

· STATUTE FOE ITS GOV.::GRNi:1i[illNT

(Meeting of So:ptembor 16, 1946)

The ci t.y of Tr•icste and its contiguou3 t orri tory p:J:tcsent the most troub+csome problem before this con:fcrence. .Its proper sol,ution and a wise sta tute for its government and administration go to the very heart of the peace settlements ~ This conference is chaPgod wi t h the r esponsibili ty of maldng such a settlement and o:f:' adopting such a wise statute.

Tho Oo~ncil of Foreign Mini s ters agreed upon the establish­mer:t of the ~o-c~lled 11French Linc 11 which mark s tho proposed boundary between Italy and Yugo'slavia , ·between Italy and the t ree t.0r l?"itory of' Trieste .and t he proposed boundary between the f'ree terri tory of 'rrieste and Yup·onlavi ;-.-. Tho :f'ree terri tory

-> of Tl•iestc was to be carved out of thi~ terri tory to tho west of the "French Lin(; 11 • The Council of Foreign Ministers :t:u.rthor agreed that ·the integrity and independence· of th0 free t erritory shall be aseurod by tho Securi t y c ouncil o:r the United Na tions and that the permanent s tatuto of t he government of the f ree t e1.. ... ri tory sha ll b e submi ttod to t ho Securit y Counci l f or l ts ar :?roval an.d its report to the General Assembly of tho United Nations.

Among other recommenda tions of t ho council ·of Foreign Ministers , it was suggest e d th2.t t ho Governor shall b e .appoi:q.ted

' by the Security Council, an d t hat l egisla tive and executive ·. authority sha11 b e e s t ablis hed on democ:eatic line s u,nde r universal suf'frage and tha t citizens s hall be :protecte d· :v1ith respect to hum.an rig b.ts and fundamental freedoms.

Tho United States Dcl ego.tion has submitted a proposed draft o f t he sta tuto f or· t he government of tho f ree tol"ri tor y of 'l.' r ieste whi ch v"IO commend ~co ·cho study a nd consideration of

s ~ C. P.(IT/P) Doc.87

the Conliaission, The Uni ted States a t taches great importance to the relabionship of the f~ee t erritory of frieste wi th the Security C ou~1cil of the U;,1ited J:Tatic:ns , I t i s proposed t hat ·che const i cu ti_on of the free ·cex'ritory, •rr:1i ch is to b e drafted by the ·Acoemoly of the fr_ee territory 9 shall be submi tted t o the Se curi t y Council for i ts. ap)I'oval. 'rhis consti tu ci on must establish and define the structure of. the govern:nent and must contair guarant ees to the citizens . We also regard . as vi t al th:J.t adequa·~e guar·an ~ees rn.u;Jt lJe prov ldeO. for the absolu·ce independence and integrity of tile f ree te2.~r i ·cory - not a l one fr om I·culy o.nd Yugoslav ia but fr oiD: other p owers . Its inter­nationa.l character must be ma i11taii:ed a ncJ ~) rot .3 cted . I t mus t be st:eon.g e ;,1ough ·c o se ,~ u::.." e t h e ::> ~ghts and. fr· Ged.or.ls of i t s inlla1)i tants .

We hold that the Gover11or of ~he free t e r ri t ory, who i s ·co oe app oii~·ce d. -;_)~T the SeC'ILU'ity Co<.:Lncil ; s hould. iJe 2"egarded as tho a gen c u.J._ che ·Ju\:Ulcll and shoul.cl.. be e:otrust ed wi t h t he pmver and. mean~~ t o mee ·c cl:.e l~ espo:1.s iiJ ~.li c.:.. e s plac ed upon the Secur:i. t;y- Coun:.;il. The Governor must p ossess suffj_cient power to preserve pulJl:Lc orde:e and to · insure t he o!Jservance of t he sta t u t e for the control of the fre e t erritory.

The ii.us·t:.rz..lian Delega·cion has exprt:ssed doubt as to the autho:t.-. ity of t he Security Co-....nc L'_ Jco perform the duties i mpos ed upon it by chese p roposals , Ar·~:~cle 2 h, Chapter V? of the Char·ter of the United l\fa t ion s provide u that the Securi t y Coun c i l has :1J)ridni'Y r e sp onsibil:Lt~r for the maincen.nnce of inte:cnati onal peace aml s ecui' ity . li ':Chi s is. a 'or occl, ::srunt of author i t y a nd carrie s v1i -;~h i :: t he pr' e s e:c·ving o!' inte:('na tiona l pea ce and security wherever on the e a rth ei t her lnay be threa~ened . This is om:-Qle authority f or the e~erc i oe of ·c.he powers conferred.

"-'-'ne -u--11' ~- e,:! · .. a-'· .. o 0 :"r '"--1 0 " " i "' e~IV ·' ~. :-> r:rr~ e"' e C J_ l. On Or. an ., J. V ~.....-. _. ..JC L ._,o :_J v~ .Jv,.-u .,.. _ .l i..J l ..A.. o \... ...L. L' . J_

Ass~~)ly f or the f ree t crr i t~~J ~Y a p opular vote , b y universal secret ballot without any di s c~ imi~at ton. ~he 3t&tute should also provide me t ods ani means fo~ ~~e protecti on of c ivil rightr:; cdl.I freed oms of ·che inhab::. '~ai.~.t8 of ·c he ·cerr·itor;:r aiJ.d for a proj er def ~nit~on ~e specting ~he na~ionality of t he i1').habit2nts . 'J:lher·e a1-. e c;lso economic ques·L;j_ons 1Nhi ch deser·Ye careful treatme~~. It ~s proposed that Tr ieste sha ll be a f r ee po~t~ b ut that ~ill be treated in a special s·tatute . The Uni ted s·cates a lBO proposes tha G t he j_ n ;:;e rlrn g overnment shall be reg1J~ c::ted by 9. p:;:• ovi sio~:.al [3-~atute,

Tho United States prop osal is that the C9uncil of the g overnment shall be c1ec t'::.'d by the Assembly of the f r e e ·ter~:r·it ory and shall b e r 0; spons i-DJ.e to it, It 1aust be elected tmder· thorough2.y d emocratic p racti ces and pl~ocesse s ,

C.P.(IT/P) Doc.87

Mr. Molotov has proposed that the free territory of Trieste and -:~ugosl avia should be eiil-braceq. within a cus·coms union. It is the view of the Ar11erican ·Del egation that the reguJ_,ation of custorlls is a matter for long-term development . Since the "Qnitecl Ka tions must bear the deficit in the expenses of ·che free ·cerritory it vvill no d9ul1t have an interest in the customs ar;rc.u1.gements with a ~~ os sible v i ew of obtaining a source of revenue instead of i mposing heavy local _property taxes. It is our view that this matter should be worked out at a later· elate ·by the free terri tory and. the UY_li ted l'~ations .

- .

Mr . Molotov expresses a view that under the draf ·c of the United. s ·cateo it mi ght be p ossrule_ for foreign governments to estaqli sh a military base at 1l'rieste . Our pr'opos:J.l is that t he free terri tory shall be n eutral and demil i t.arized . It is provided, "No mil i ta1~y , f1aval or air forces, instal lations or equil)ment shall i)e maintained, built? or .aanufa c ·cured in the free territor•y. 11

"No military, naval oP air forces of any sta te shall enter the t erritory, territorial w~ters or a i r space of the ff'ee t erritory. 11

These provi sions will become ef;fecti ve up.on the date on whi ch the permanent stc::. tute ·becomes ef -fective and the f;r:-ee state is created.

Undex· these provisions no ar;ned. forces excep t those- of the Security council, if its authority should b e invoked by any incident requiring intervention, would be permit·t;ed in the territory. fhere could be no military or naval bases established.

The pror)osed t ext of the treaty a r·cicles advanc ed by the United Sto.tes 1,1ay be found :Ln D-'CUl:lent CP( I ·r/P) 16. ,

The t.erri·~ory of 'Iirieste must not Peitlain as a danger spot . It must not become a center of irrita tion and intrigu e which may distur·b t he peac e of the -worl d . I·c must be absolutely independent. Its integrity o.nd dignity must b e secured. We are not here to serve t he interests of Yugoslavia or the interests of Italy. Yug oslavia and Italy are bo·ch suoordinate to the peace of the area and to the peace of th~ world. The free t erritory raust not be a satellite of Yu goslavia or Italy. Yugoslavia and Italy mus·iJ accept the settlement tha·c may be reached in good faith . vii th cJ. genuine tntent and desire that t he set -clement may be' a. success . There must be no mental reservations. There must t)C no s e cret evasions of mind . If' t hej fail to so accept it they will fail i~ their duty to the world . Such a course will nat adv~nce their own welfar e . The peace of the wor'l d is more L·:1portant than a few mil es of teri>i tory . . 11he peace of the wor·ld is mo:re important than inf lated national pride. '

C . P~ (IT/P ) Doc. 87 4. Sinc e the Se cur ity Council o:f the Unit ed Nati ons is to be

g i ven t he respon s ib i li Jcy to a ssure the i n t egr i ty a nd _inciependence o:f the :free t erritory~ it must b e end owed w'ith and exercise through the Governor the author ity o.nd means to perf orm t his dut y . The :free t e r r itory o:f f rie s t e must not b e mer ely a ;'papei' state . 11 It mu s t be a real sta t e with i t s own iden·iiity? wi th i ·iis own charac ter and wi t h i ·ii s own indep endence a nd d i gnity. 'I'he United States Delegation has als.o submi tted a memorandum in c G:c1ne c ·cion ·,vi ·ch it s d:L"a:f t o:f a p r op osed sta t ute to which it invi li e s at t ent:i. o:~,

The U:ni·ced State s De l ega tion deems it vita l and of . :I;:)el'a·ci ·"c illl~J ortance t ha t a str ong a nd wise sta tute· s t1al~ be E'. d ~JlYte~ . 'Ehic Confe r enc e i s i l1 -search of p e a ce. We are seeking -~ he highways tha t l ead t o peac e . Europe must cl o i ·cs pap·i:i :for ~ e~ce. T~ o wor l d war s have star t ed in Eurog e. They have _;_::."J..co l 7ecl the r e st of t he wor ld. The c hall enge to peac e is hel"e.

~ : ! c:; rr:u:-; t not create ano t her Danzig . 'l'he :free t err itory o:f ': :t" i cs ·!3c ;:;,us-c i n fa c·L; be f ree - _free fr om Yug os l avia a nd free fr cr,1 J:·c::-.l ~r . · I :.:; n;_~ ;:~ t be f ree f r om intr i gue and c onSj! iracy . Its j :: _.:1.3pendcnce mus ·c b e secure. I t s titl e to ex i s t ence must be i ·[;s o·~rn, It s 8.ut:1or i ty and p ower mus ·c J.I•ise from i ·i:i s own s t r·e l:e; th . r -:; l'j_u s -c. -De a n e n "c ity within itself.

Ic~ -c-, ;i'r i este 'be a sy;ilbol of peace a nd security .

FalRis. du Luxe~oourg~ 2:'a r i c.

DE Palais du L\,Jxembourg

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. C • P • ( IT /P ) Do c • 8 8

POLITICAL AHD T:SRRI TOlUAL COi:ii•HSS I ON FOR I TALY

PJJIEifDLmNT PROPOSED :SY THE DELEGA'l'ION OF AUSTRALIA

(Revision of C. P . (GEN ) 1 B 17)

XI X. Insei' t t h e f o lJ. m: i ng ncr,r article in Part XII

"1. A Conference of the Allied and As s ocia ted Pouers f or the purpo~ of r evi eY: ing t ho Tr eaty or any part t her eof may be h e ld by agreement of trro t h ird s of t he Allied and Associ ated Powers.

2 . Any amendments of the Tr eat y r~commendod by a majority vote of t wo-th irds of tho Confer enc e shall t ake effect rvhen r ati f i ed in a ccor d o.n c e with t heir r e s p e ctive constitutional p rocesses by t wo-th ird s of t ho Al lie d and Associ at ed Powers including the U. S,.A., France 9 t ho U .X. and the U. S.S.R.

3. If such a Confe r ence h a s not been held before the expiration of five years from t h e coming into force of the p r e sent Tr e aty, a c on f erence shal l b e ho l d a t the desire of a ma jority of' the Allied and As socia t ed Povrors."

Palai s du Luxembourg, Pari s

September 26 , 1946 .

/

/ I

DE ~alars du Luxembourg

C.P. (IT/P) Doc. 89' Scptcnbcr 26, 1946

PbLITIOJf !Jill TE,RR:::T OR:::AL , COIVL.:i:::$~:cN F.o~ :;:'rJ.f:_,'f_

st~]emS~nt uadc by the,, ,p,cl qgat ion of /.ustro..lio. ..

on Treat y Revisi on

The Australian Dcl cgo.tion originally proposed a now a:i:h.i.cle ~ Part x:;:: pr~viding f or tho principle of treat y r evision boi»e ~~ttcn into tho Treo..t y , a long ',7ith ccrtn.in t1achincr,y' noasuros . Thip procedural n.spect was bound up with the proposed Treaty Exocutivo Co\mcil vvhich has been rejected by 'the Confcr.cnce. Consequently, -tl;ti.s portion of the proposed nei-r article is now invo~id. Tho 1Lustralian Delegati on novr. submits a revised B. l7. You will r ecall t hat vrc r eserved the right to' do this on Lugust 20th .

·2 . The Australian D8l cgatio'n feel s that 'one · of .the seriou.s ouissions fron tho dro..ft tron.ties ·.is t he absence of .::my p rovision f 'or tho. revision of the t:t;eatics, with the exception of J.rticlc 3~ which provides for revis~6n qf tho nili t ary clauses ' in certain circUi~lsto.nccs . This is a very v n.gue o.nd indofini to i.rticl c . and. certain dclegc:ltiobs in , tho l·iiilitnry Conmission favoured o. definite provision for the revision · of the iJ.ili t a ry clauses ·within a specified tine . There' arc nat tors in . the Peace Tron.ty with Ito.ly on which _ revision ' a t sane tir.1.c tJ.c..y be desirable. ·or even necessary. •

0 I

3. Probably no delcgo.ti'on believes t}w.t it v-Jill be possible to avoid making rust ol5:es in those peace tredies ' n.nd n.t l east tvo delcgn.t1ons have openly cx;p.res.sod tltc vim-: t ho.t nist~kcs ere bound t o b e n cc<lc o..nd

injustices creat ed.

• ~~~ · This treat y , along with all othe r trcutie s of t his Peace -C9nfcrencc, can neither be amend()d nor revised unless the consent o! e~l the signat ori es is forthc oraing, Even thou,gh t here DDJ' be a general recoo-nition for the need for r evision , it is :Ln p r c..cticc di f ficult t o brine that r e cognition to tho point of a defin±tc r esolve t o call a op,nforcncc.

. I

C.P. (:::T/F) Doc. 89 2.

5 ~ 'rhc trco.ticr; ncgo tin.tcd nt Ver sailles in 1919 ho.d o.. spccio..l rclo.tion to thl.J Ccvcnont CJf t he Lc<:cs uc of No..t ions, vrhich in Article 19 provided f or the pco.cco.ble r evision of treo..tic::;, Iio..ny provisions of the 'l'roo..ty of 1919 wore ncccptod in the belief t h::-..t if t hey -proved unjust or

. l.m·;rorko.bl c i n p':ra.ctioc they vroulcJ. be revicyrocl 1mdcr the procedure . onviso.gcd i n l;.rticlo 19 . ·

6. The att cl:lpt, however, to provide rovisi on mo.chinery by menns of I rticle 19 proved coBple t e l y ino.doquo.tc in pr n.oticc . Not one serious a.ttcr.1pt ·;ms· nc.clo to rcvine the sottll.Jmmts r.1ndc ['.ft c r the First \-forld .'hlf. Ha.d t her e been nny o..dequn.tc nw.chinory for pco.ccful revision the history of the la.st :::lix ycc,rs n i ght hnvc b een very d i fferent.

7. Dol c?,;o.t cs ,;ill rcci:',:J_l thd one of th0 burnin.s questions of :the period bot·,7ecn the 'b.7o worl d -.;ro.i~s ':rc.;:, the i nsist cp.cc on t he urgent revision of whf't \/Ore t c n10d tm,jus t treaties , o.nd inc1ccc1 , thor o is still stron.s publ i c opini on to the effect tho.t one of the . direct oe.uscs of tho recent Ym.r 'ifD..S .t ho f o.ilurc to pr ovide f or J.t;git:iJ.mtc trc ,~.ty r evision.

8. So1:1o dc l o.e;o.t cs 110.70 cxprcsccd the vic·w that ~·~rticlc l4 of the Che.rtcr of the United ND..tions p r o':i ck::; noc css.::;.r :y Dc:.chincry for revision, but the l o.n.suilgc of t hrct ~·.rticlc is (;vcn norc vn.,iuc th ~·.n the L.rticlc of tho Lco.guc Covencmt. :::t provides thnt 11 t hc Gcnor<lll~ssci.lbly r.1ay roc OE1iJ.cnd l:llio.:mros for the pc['.ocful o.djustnent of .?.ny situe.tion r ogG.rd­l ess of · ori.e;i n , ',;hich it d.ccils like l y· t o :U~tpnir the ~encrD..l "ro l fD.ro or friendly rclo.tions ['.nong. nc:.t i ons , includi:nr; si tuo.ti ons resulting fron n violC'.t i on of tho provisions of t he pr e sent IJhart er setting forth the purposes rmd principle s of tho United Nation::;11 • 'J:'his .'.'...rticlc :U,. could only bo . invCJl~ed t o i nitiC'..t u nnond.mcnt s t o t hose treatie s if the very si tuc~tion o..roGc . vihich our propo::;cd orderly o..nd sr.;ni-aut o:r;1o.tio procedure of r evi o-vr ·.-roulcl 8.Void.

I 9 . · Dolegntions Yd.ll r _eco.ll thr.t the ori.crinr·.l dro.ft Chl.'.rtcr of the Uni tocl Nrc.tions i ncJ.udcd· no provision for f.'J>1ondHcnt, . but f'.t t he Confercnc,e of So.n Francisco t~1c nc.j ority of :.::tntc.s felt thn.t it v."c.s c::-. scnti~)..l to hi'.VO f,n orderly nc;thocl of i'J~lcnc1Dcnt writte n int o the Ch<lrter' .::;.nd our propos.::-.1 h:' oi mil::rr t u the princ iple lo.id clovm in tho Ch.:crtcr. :::ndccd, it is r e cognised c..s o.. funcln.ucnt"-1 princi;~lc of intcrn<'.tion::.l l o..w todny,

. th"-t r:srecncnts o:' nhn.tevcr kind sl10ulcJ. conto.in o.dcqu"-tc p1:.ovi s i on for D.ilCnd.nont D..nd revision.

10 . I,c t US recnll so:r;10 . of . the intcrnn. t i on.".l e.ction which has been to.kon in r czo.rd to this question of Pet>.ce Troo..ty r evision:

( o.) Lt' Gencvc. in 1929 t he Chinese Delc.e;.::.tion r.skcd for t ho crc .:'.tion of o. spocircl cor.v:1isdon cho.rgcd i o CX['..rninc no·cns 'of m:--Jcin;:r, :crtiolu 19 effective.

(b) • Specinl sessions of the :::ntorno..tionr.l Studies Conference n.t Paris

C.P . ( :T/P) Doc. 89 •

in 1934 cxauined t he- prob l cn of' orderly chc..ne;o ns r.;.. cor .-:llcc.ry d ' the: . p r oblon of' c ollective security.

(c) I n the s ame ycc~r the L. N. U. ;;.t London p:::.s s ed ' · r esol ution 'iihich dc clnr cci t h o.t . .. r t iclc ~~:::..,'( o.:ust be n c:.do cf'f' c:c t i ve , i f the nl tcr nntive :.1ethod of '7t.\.r ·vvL~s t o b e excluded .

3 •

(d ) .In hi s speech a t Chicago on 5t h Oct ober 1937 Presi dent Roosevelt stressed t he nccessi ty for pe.~ccful chc.ngo . This speech v1ns foll ,ovved by n c o;Jr:mnicE\t i on b y the : :.r.1cr ic.:cn t;ccrc~ t nry of f:>t c.t'e , l'!Lr . Cordell Hull, t o all stat es r.1cnbers of the Len,suo of' n~ottcr in· '.Yhi ch he CJ-..'})resscd c oncern n.t t he vrorsenin:s i nt ernr..t i onc.l s i ttw.tion. tic . Cardell }i:ull cont inued: ·

11 Uphol cli ng tl1c 1 pr i nci ple of ~he scmcti t y of t r eaties no believe i n t he :,10di fico..t i on uf the pr ovi s i ons of t~c tre .:-ttics Yr.hc n neec. t her e f er r.-.rises by ord.erl y proce s s cnrri cd ont i n t he spi r i t of' uut ur:l hel pfulness D.nd 1:1.ccoi:n·,1oclc.tion . 11

11. l l..illost ·wi thout except i on the ot her state s racmbcr:s cf t ho League r eplied endorsin~ his sdnt i ncnts . P r 1:1.c:ti cc,lly ev ery u er.1ber of t hi s conr.ri.ssi on endorsed the se sentin cnts nt the tiJ;1e l'.nd iJ:1plied t hat t he sane r:d.stnko shoul d neve r b e L:J.<tdo o...:~C'.in c.s r cgc.r C:.s t rc['.t i cs affecting the pCQCC cmd s c curi ty of t he wor l d . Here nc havr.) ::m opportunit y of• i rnpl e:r:1cnting the gcncro.l v i c·.-rs .•vhi cli his -tory n.nd experie nce hnve pr oved t o b e corre c t , 2.:nd • of i ncorpo.rr.t i ng i n the t r ea t y o. pr ovision i'or r evis i on.

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12 . I t h1"..s b ee n C'.rgucd that c.s r egar ds pcnco tre nt i c s v1e desire . certai nty, f'.n<l as a coroll c.ry of . certai nty the pr or.wtion of' s t E'.ble pol iti ce.l condi tions . Furt her, i t is nr~ucd tho.t i f each s tate b elieve's t hC:t there is ~;. pc s{Ji bility of revi s i on i t wi ll not wholeheart edly accept t he Trcc,t:r but vd .. ll ir.JI.1cdidcl y 1vork f or revi nion . ·_;v·e believe t hes e e.rgur.1e n t s un::. ound . I f' J.rticl es C'.nd provisions of treaties d o i n fnct crerct c injustice s o.t t he outset , t her e will only be cr cn.t ed n r unning Gor e etnd 8. f'ccl inc; of c1c spcrdi on a t the i nability ove r to rectify or r or.-16cly t he injustices . State s Yrould be o.pt t o · t clco t he 'l nw into t heir o·rm hands ns they d i cl ['_ft cr the trcnti0s_ of Vcr so.illc s unles s there be n r cL!.sonnblc prospec t of obtcinin~ inte r na tiona l o.c t ion_ f or reconsi dero.t i on.

13. Lll vrri ttnn consti i;ut i om; c ontni n provi sion for r cvJ..s J.. on ['..,.'1d o.nencl­ncnt . This trcnt y is_ e quivo.l ent t o o. constit ut i on tend i t should b e s o writ t en thn.t it :::;hou l d make provisi on t o 1ncct clml1tt:Si ng needs 1:1;nd circun­s t c.nces in a true spi rit of i ntcrno.t i onn.l justice and undcr s t,m<li ng .

P a l ais du Luxecb ourc; , P aris .

Sqp t cnber 26 , 1946.

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111 •'

CONFERE.NCE DE PARKS ~ ·):Salais · ~u Luxembourg

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C .P. (IT/P) Doc. 90

Mr. President,

POLITICJ\.L AND TERRITORIAL COl;frHSSION FOR IT.H.LY

Australian Amendment 1B (13) (Court of Human Rights)

ST.b.TE:ivJENT BY DELEGi:..'l'E OF L USTRiJ..L'~

The Australian proposal for a European Court of Human Rights has already been discussed in the Commission on Finland and in the Legal and · Drafting Comnussion. Discussion in the Legal Comnission was , however, limited in two respects, · First, the reference to the Legal Commission was from the Finland Political Commission o.nly, vii th the result tha. t the proposal was discussed in relation -to the terri tory and inhabitants of Finland in regard to which the general Australian proposal had adhli ttedly a restricted validity. Second, in the Legal Colm.'lission the Australian proposal could necessarily nbt be discussed from the political point of view although it is essentially a political matter. In the case of Italy 1 however, the Australian proposal has full relevance and application and the present occasion ~~11, I hope, be an opportunity for discussion of the proposal from every aspect.

The suggestion for the establislunent of . a European Court of Human Rights derives fundamentally from the Charter of the U:i1i ted Nations and from the proceedings of the United Nations Charter. Of the matters vvi th which ·the Charter _deals none is more prominently featured than that of hw..Ja.n rights and

_ fundamental freedoms. It is the s$ject of the second r.aragraph of the Preamble which reaffirms faith in fundamental human r'ights and in the dignity and worth of the human person. This enphasis is matntained throughout the Charter. ·

In speaking ·to ru-nendments to Article 13 of thi~ treaty, I have affirmed the relevance of Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter. Those Articles are of

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special. importance here. Under Article 55 the United Nations are under an obligation to proroote universal res:r;ect for, and observance of 1 human rights and fUn.damental freedoms for all', and by i~.rticle 56 all memb~rs pledge themselves to

. take joint and separate action in co-opera tion with the organisation for the achievement of the purposes sei forth in .Article 55. It follows from these provisions that the members of the pni t~d Nations have jointly and severally pledged themselves to take action t o promote universal respect for, and observance of, human right's and ftmdamental freedoms, ahd this action is to be taken_in co-operation vrl.th the organisation.

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C.P. (IT/P) Doc . 90 2.

These are. no t the only pl a ces i n t he Charter in which human. ri ghts and fundamental freedor.JS a r e pr ovided for . The General .hss e111bl y i s t o initia te studies and make r ec rnnmendations f or t he purpose of assi s ting in the realisation of hwYun ri ght s and f undainental f r eedoms . fo r all, The Econor:1ic and Social Council may 1118.ke r ecor;n,lenda tions for the purpose of prorooting respect for 1 and ob servance of 1 htU<nn ri ghts and f undlliilental fre edoms for all, It nuy s e t up a c or.-u.li ssion fot the pr or11otion of . human ri ghts, and it has in fadt done so . .h. bas ic objective of t he trustee shi p system is t o encourage respect for htUilail r i ghts a nd fundaLJe n tal free doras for all, The total r e su1 t of all these provisions i _s , as fa r a s the pr e sent proposal is concerned:-

( 1) t o make human ri ghts a nd f.undaGle ntal freedoras a m tter of international conc0rn; and

(2) to co;,1r.tit ma-ab er s of the Uni te d. Nations to a ction for the r ealisation of htUiJB.n ri ghts a nd funda111e ntal fr~edoms .-

Moreover, the Econor.lic and Social Council of the Unite d Na tiorls, following r eco;;u:.1e nda tions frou the Cm~rnss ion on HtU.1a:ri Ri ghts 1 recorded in· its report of JUly 1946 1 t he f o1l owing decision:-

"Peri.d.ing the adoptioh of a n Interna tional bill of ri ghts, the general prin9iple shall be a ccept ed ·tha t interna tional trea tie s inyolvin£ ba sic hunla.fl rights, includin5 t o the fullest extent pr acticabl e 'tre~ties of peace, ~11 .oonfom to the fu.nd.a.Den.tal sta ndards r el a tive to such r~ghts set forth J..n

I the Charter. "

This deci si on was brought to the at t ention of the governLLents of the 51 rcter.iber State s on. J uly 12, 1946, in a l e tter f r 01:1 the .Acting Secretary­General of the United Nat ions in which after citing pr ovisions of the Charter, 1.ncluding Article 56, he said:-

11 1 ar,1 confi dent · tha t a t a ny future timB whe n y our Governr.1ent ~Jay be negotia ting the conclusion of t r ea ties involving ba sic h uman rights with any other Goverm~e nt or GovernLle~ ts , t he principl e adopt e d by the Council.,, will be borne in r.und, 11

Thes e r ef er ences s how t hat the appropri~ te or gani sations and authoritie s of the Unite d Nations -are in no doubt as to whelre r esponsibility lie s for the i mpl enenta tion of hunlail ri ghts . It i s · on the member sta t e s themselves, a nd it r es t s on.Articl e 56 wher eby ~ember s ta t e s have pledged ~elves to t ake action in co-oper a tion with the organisation for achieving the observance of the se rights of freedou , ·'

T~e proposal t o establis h a Court of HtU:nn n i ghts is -therefore . recognition of the duty of the Unite d Nations t o give in this r espect effect i>,nd enforcenent t o general. a.IliL_-f ,ar...rea.chi ng .olil.iga.tians ~ under the '[Jllited. Na'W:lns~ c.haM;€I'.

c .P . (n :jP) Doc. 90 3.

~rhen> i s_ ~.l :.oo u hi storica l tx;~.ci(~~round t u th(:; :tJr opusal ix.J be found in t he b i :.n ;o:cy of the 1ii:inorj_ ty Treq. tie: s enter ed i nto afj;~:;;r t he; ;-,·a r of' 19lL~-ld . 'l'hv rights pr o'Vid0<1 f or i n these tr~Jatic s ·-;; T L- f a.irly clo;;; e l y dd'i nud. and i n 8.\ld.-L t i en the 'l'ree,.t i .Js con t a i n:::c1 a c t ual pr cJvi::;ion of' n:<.chi nor y i'or enforcu .Ln t

. o:L' ~~ uclc. r i tJlt s , ·_i.n0lu<li ug ' s .•\nutio n ::1.nd <mporvisi ort by t he };ca g.ue of Na t ions :md provisi on for jurisdic'tiou of UH:J' P l:jr .. ~:.nEmt Gour·t ,ui' I nk r ns. tional Justice i n Ji~-;putes bc t ;reen LL f; t r tc .. \CDb8r of th0 ·co uncil D.n 6. f'L !l'f 8W tc bounti by t he ' ' Linori ty ' 'rrcutiu::> _J.s t o q_ues tions of l aw or :fo.ct rJ.ris inL out of t he treaties .

'lii1i :.> - Lv.?Lc hiner ;r , hov;evor, c~:r0fully a s it "*' ;-J (l_r ;.t'i!Yl u:r:> pr oved in ;: enc;ro.l ix~of:f\;-c·tive t o . s ecurE; t m:: pr<Y~;er eni'orce-L,ent of' the ribhts in que s t ion ·;vhic b it

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v-rcts sow.:::h.t tu ~ .. n i n·bdn . Jo:·.\e of the roD. ;~; ns for t hi s v.rer e t ha.t cla i r:,s ba s ed on the trca t y pr·ovisi·JDG inste;.4 c1 of beirlf,: trcio.:tvd a r:.; i r:· r:;U8 S of i ndividur'Ll or ninori t y rii):hh> ·v.rer e dealt ' ;:i th r tl. th;:;;r· <lS politi eaL i s::;ues ec :~ ·be t wee n Gove:-rn;.lt;l.Td : .. nu. furtherr:.or~.., t h .c t ~,here w;::.s no h ;g,al righ t of c.:i nii l or <. ppt:::.u in. r eGpe d ; of , .. n inc1ivi d t.l41 ~s (U. s tillc t f r 01.1 Gov <;;r n..<' .nk.. ,• ·"l''cJOV<:.r, t hv ~:r~..,. ~ tiL:J l!rovi ciec1 n .. · co<.tpe t ent on .;;a niBt-,t i on t o supervise l.;hc co:.<9li[mCf.; ·b;r t he; t.;inority Sv1 t e:s ·,;i t h ·Ln .:.) ::. b.L i ET· t i on t o ! .. ;'?.k <.J the tre<:c t y pr ovisiun:.; IJ.lr t or' their f und<LKmtt;Al lc:;;,r .

()n<:> e s sentb l I'e::~ t ure of tht; l.us tn1l i <::.n pr opu0o.l , tL~:;rivecl fro ..• experi enu· oi' thcee e &.rli e:r- a t t eurt s , is t her efor(; tlmt tli.e '(T OP')St;d Court v10ul <l b ;;; a ccessible 'hot b t o ·any \Jf the Str~ t e::; :::. i~,<,rK.tory t o t his 'tr eat;,· ~;.nd 3.lso t o any p0r son or :;,r oup of pG sons r e::;i dent in I ti'Lly or :ln th~ t 8r r i tory ced\j cL by It<-ly

t(' other St,a tel:! .

'J.'he m t ur'3 a ncl constitu tion of th0 Cour t i s outli ned croa dly in t he t e::x:t of th'-' i. u~: tre .. lL:n '"' .1cricL.ten t. •rhe; Court so e ::_;;\;:,;.bl i sh .so .. -vvould llll ve t hr oe L:ai n sources of j uri r:.flicti on in r e spect of t he c o1;mt r y un(1er consi uerGtion

by t hi s (;vL:u-.ii~- sion :

(a ) 'l'he ·citizenst.d.p _provisi ons conta inc cl irr ,,'.r t icl e 13 , pu.rai!_:raphs r, '> and 3 of t he dr~<:.t' t trea t y a nd the ci t i zE;nshir~ clause s t o be incl u<led i n th(; ;:, t D.tute for· t he l''r ee 'l'e r r i tvr Y o:f' ·I'rias t e . · Under t hese cl a use s t h o C.:nurt woul d r e a:ul2.te ; in t he ul th:tat e r e s or t , a nd in r el a tion t o t he i nhnb i t ,,nts of cedt:d t erritorie s , t he ·autm.~'.. tic ncquis:Ction of nati.owlity , - th~ e:;xerci se o f' the rif!}lt of op tion, the deriva tive t).c qui ::;i tioft of nn.tionelity , r equired t r D.n sf'e r of opt<'.m t s ctn O, t he e cono;:J.ic r t'; [:,1iLsd;i ons of the tra n sf er •

.(b) SusK~rvision of Lr ticle 13 (4) of t r e 1 -l:c.:.li~n 'r re ';.t y , i.e . the u1 tic.:?- te j uri dical ·pro t ection of the hudan r i g:ht::; a nd f uncl:'\lllen m l f r u0dom:c. of nll ~inha."bi 'U.J.nts of terri'!:Dri~S cGd.ed ~(J o t her c cn.m't.rit) S under th i s tr...:a t y .

(c) Sup .:;rvisLnl of l"rticle 14 of the trc ,, t',! : i.C:J . the :protectic;n of' tbe hu;:.un ric_hts ~>.:nci. i'ret:iuvms nc;. t only of It·'Alio.n ci tiwus in I taly but aloo of' o thvr r0 tiol'll.lls under Itolia n jurL>diction •

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C.P . (IT/.l:') Doc. 90 4.

In the c [we of' t he terr itor ies ce ded under thi s t r eat y cla iias a.s to c i ti :;e nshi p or o ther hUl.Jan r i gh t s a nd f r e:cdoL1s mi ght be hl.a de in the f ir s t instance to o. bila ter a l mi xed couLri.. s s i on o.nd· settl e d' in t he majority of case s on u pur c:; l y aCL,.ini~: tra tive ba sis. b.ppeal fr01.1 suqh bodies , however, would 1:.e Hi th the propose d Europea n cour t and the int er pr etation by the court of :.my of' the r el ()va nt cla use s of the I tdian trea t y and a ll the court's deci sions vmuld bc: b i nding a s preced.ant s on the cour t s of the count rie s con cur ned .

In t hB view of t he .~::..ustrcl ian D0le[ .a t ion t her e are r eu.l p:;_-a ctical r~:.,quir;.:~nents arisins f r oli.l the Ita l ic:.n treo. t y which in themseives go f clr to j ustify the creation of t he pr oposed trib unal. I t i s i nevi tabl e thz. t the '-' ltizenshi p pr ovi si ons of the tre n t y ·will g ive ri se t o nUluer o us l e gal di sput es . 'T'h<:5re arc a ;..re <cdy agreed cla u ses i n t he t r ca t y regul "-- ting the c itizenshi p of }Je:rsons in transferr ed t er ritori e s a nd the nuniber of a menclii1ents which have b E:;en l odged c onc t:rning the sta tus of these peopl e i ndica te how duch impor tance i s att:~ched t o t he que s t i on of na tionality . A principl e of' tht: treaties r.nQ.e a f t e r the war of' 1914-18 was t hat every person should ha ve a definite na t i onal i ty a nd t he Einoritie s cla uses of tLe trer .... tie s pr e scribed equnl citi zenshi p r i [? h t s -vvithou t dis t i nc t ion. The se rights , hmvever, wer e very of t e n not a ccorded in pr actice , one .. k"lin r ea son being the ab sence of e..ny r.n ch inery f or s upervising the r el evant trea t y provi s i on s . 'rhere can be no doub t tha t the experi e nce in t hi s :r;e r i o d shows clearl y t ha t ques ti on s of

-.. na t iono.l i t y a nd ci ti zenship ca nno t b e .s.dequa tdy dealt with by na tional courts or St a t e a di;d.nistra tions in th6 ab sence of an i n terna t ional body with t te r equisite status a nd j urisdiction to empower supervi si on.

Pox· the pra c tical r e:1sons I have me nti oned , ~ .• r . Ires ident, a nd because of t he ui1cloub t cd obl i &.o. tions which lie on a ll of us by virtue of the united Nc,tions Charter , t he .i .. us t r a lia n DeltJga tion i s confi <lent tba t t his Commi ssi on will gi ve t."J the pr opo ::;al for a European Court of Human :Ri ghts t he close and c&r8f ul cons i rJE:r D. t i on Yvhic h it merits . 'l'ho pr oposal fonns a n entirely new purt o :t.' t he dra f t treat y ; it i s no t an a tteu:pt t o a lter or r eca s t a ny of' t he exi s ting par t s of t he docur,ient whi ch ha s coi:1e t o u s f 'ro u the Council of .i<'ore i 2n 1·:iini sters . I t r epresents the hope fua t her e and now a n outs t a nding opportuni t y will be t aken t o r.lDke so;ne tangi bl e a dva nce in the oause of jus ·ti c ..; a nd t he rights of U.-'ln in Europe .

Pal a i s du Luxe1ribourg 1

Pd:?.IS.

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C. P .(IT/P ) Doc . 91

. Statemm1t o:r the ? oliGh Dei ega·G:Lon on the .AJ.:1enclm~nt pr o~)osed t.o Ar' t . 38 of t he Dr• aft 'Treatf _·;r i th Tw.J.y

Sep t e ;Tiber 2 G, 1.91+6

ivir. C ha ). r·man ~ .

We ,a t -G h:L i3 1.1eace, Conference? hnve t wo· f un cti oms to perf om . -perhaps I oi1ouJ.Ci. sa.;' duties . Ono iu the 'Nitlding up the li q_uida­ti oh of t he cad her itage of the past. We. shoul d d i spose of the remnants of. eviJ. an(i utr·llce at the v er,; root of .those forces t hat proauced. War . The ot her is t o build a c onstructive peace. To a"t.t elD.pt t:1E: latter wi thout havlnc d<Jal t ··Hi th . thc; fj_r·s t is a s f utilc; as 'l::mLL:i.ing a i:wuse on a svnu:.~:p : We cannot build peace without eJ: i mi natin1t t rw s e t' ore:e u o..nd · ideas on which t he vval, a nd che cJ:•ime ::..: co;-,un i ttcd dur·E~s the war wer e bf.1sed .

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;J:lhO Pol.tsh Del egati Gn h<J s subr.:litted t c) this Cmru.,-;..ic; ~; ion two pi'Oiiusnls co11c e rnii.ng -~ h.e wirtd.ing up uf t h i ,c evil p aut. In do i nc; ::.:o vv e ehcJer:l.Voured to wale<=:: ou1· contrtbution t o v-.ihat we x·egetrd as (.; OJ\:L:·ucti ve peaoe tJ1aJ..:: i ns . ·

' One p roposal dealt 'Ni th tl'l8 b;.UL.Yling of fascist orf;anisa..-tions no~-v and in t he future . 'rhe o·che r· I have t i1e honour to Sl..lb1i1i t t o y ou now .

rrhe Poli sh Delegation \'(e l comes t he l):CO'If1 s i cms of Art. J8 of the treatJ 'Ni th Ital;://. · 'l'hey la;; down the 2J Pi:Llcip l es for the punishmenc of all t hose gu:il t y of ·,;ar c.:r irues, c r·ime s against peae:e and c:eir11es a;;u.inst hlli11ani t y ? crL -les w)iidi. v·vere conunitted in our !'r..idst b y perver t ed socia l arul legal ·systems~ crtmes comnli tted b y thou sands and thonss.nd.s of P'3Qpl e who r1ad be come corr·upt? clestructi v e and irnraoi•a l e l ements _in socie ty . The Polish Government feels it necessary to pay specia l a ttel1"Li on

. to the whole s ub jed; of \·r:ir· crimes .

We 'vwl come Art . 31) i n -the d r aft treat y . But having Btudied it we have come to the conclusion t hqt i t i u rovi s ians a r e not preci se enough an<l t.ha·t is whJ, _lvir . Chairma~~ 9 I beg .l eave fl~om y ou t 'o su1)lilit our amendment and expl ain bri efly t}).e reasons "Nhi ch prpmp ted us in pre ::.:enting i t ..

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C.P. (IT/P) Doc.91 2.

1. In section 1 we suggest that the word "all 11 be added ,~nd also ·that specific mention be Qade that apprehension and surrender for trial - refers to 11 the United Nations Governrnent concerned. 11 ·rhese . additions ·rve feel are necessary for the sake of clarity and in order to prevent any misunderstanding.

It is no-v\T the common. opinion of the judicial world that the term: State concerned-or Gove;rrirnent concerned-implies the State on ·whose territory the crime was cormni tted? against· whose interests or whose nationals the act was directed. ·rhis would also be the authentic interpretation of the term if adopted in the present treaty.

2. In sub-paragraph (a) of section (1) we suggest the addition of the vvords 11 irrespective of their nationality1'. This addition is in our- view necessary. It is true that the Con­vention of August 8th 1945 on which the Fiuremberg indictment is based and the dicta of authorities are unanimous on the subje ct that nonoof the three types of crimes 9 war crimes, crimes ag?inst peace and humanity are in no circumstances to be regarded as political offences. Yet, we find here and there claims to this effect invoking the right of asylun for · reasons of pure expediency. All these crimes are completely devoid of these elements which entitle the political offender to claim asylum, and their perpetrators are common crimi,nals. It is therefore ·. necessary to' make it quite clear that no such claim can be made. It is necessary to make it quite clear that the claim of political asyllli-tl cannot be used to protect common criininals. Nor should individual citizens of any state be allowed to shield themselves behind the principle of non extradition of a state's own nationals.

Again to avoid misunderstand.ing and conflicting interpre­ts. tion we invite this CmnYt1ission to agree to our 8li1endment.

3. And finally we suggest that a "Vvhole paragraph be brought in, by which Italy undertal;:es to bring to trial persons accused or rather responsible for crimes against hllinanity as enw11era ted therein.

MaJ I say a few words on tha't. 'rhe term criii1e against humanity very vaguely used in the past has become part and parcel of interna.tional law in the course of thi·s war and by its later adoption in international docllii1ents to which many of the Governments here represented are parties. 'rhe term covers those typical criii1es to which Nazism and Fascism resorted in their struggle against the democratic world. It is therefore only natural that we want these horrible and cruel deeds called b·y their names and firmly established in t his treaty . The whole formula is already a part of our international obligation - as it is verbatim in the text of the a greement of August 8th , 1945 and in the text of the nuremberg indictment. ·

C. P .. (IT/P) Doc . 91

~ro sever her· ~inks With tb.e i gnomious past of the Pa scist r·e·g ime 9 to \Hor·k her p asoage home snwothly 9 ,Italy shoul d enact ttwse p rincip l es artd tr?-nsla~e theii1 i _nto t he "langunge of her venal codes$ in •the same w~y as we have a gr eed t o it in those tvro int e: rua ti C;?nal d ocuments . hiay I o.dCl that Law Nd . 1 0 9 pas::;ed on December 2bth 19L~5 b y the Gc:r n1an Control Council? has enacted t hooe stipul aJqions . in Germany and tf).us it .has bec ome a part of

·domest ic~ municipal law. · · ·

Gpeo.ldng yesterday acainst the Polish p rop osa l f or the \ insertion of a spe6ial article c oncerning the· ban of fascist oi•ganisa tions ' - the U. K . 'del egat e avail ed himself of the argu-ment t ha t v~e cannot ask I taly t o be good . I t hink Nir . · Chairman that he r ealH'.c s the i rtiplications bf hi s stat ement, which goes t o unde :L•mi r).e internationnl agreements b y Whic h State s enter the obligatio! t o p rosecute c r i mes of ·var-j_ous t ypes and to enac t l cg i?lation in -t he intere st ot intcrnat~onal peace~ ·

WhJ ci i 6. we then cig n conv entions d:r'rected agains t ·the pro­paganda of aggr .es s i ve vvai·? Why d i d we sign cotivonti ons outl awing slavery and p irac,{? What is t hen t rw meaning of Art . 2G of the Geneva Convent ion of ·1906, ·art . 21 of the tenth Hagu8 Convent i on? We hol d t hat the cr i'. 8S enw-M;rated in our. amm'lcJn1.ent are no·~ · less . g :t,o.ve than p ira cy . ,

· I\Il, . Cnairrncm , · this is O'lir amendmcn·t. In its observations ~ presented on t~e draft trcaty 9 t o this cp~fer~nce . t he Italian . Govurnment al o. ims thnt the irtsertion ' of .provisiolis dopce rning c!'imes aga:Lns t peEJ.c e and tnnrlani·by irit o t,he t1~eaty . i s ilhardly ;justifio.blo 11 • It iD precisely here that ·ohe n'lisunder stariding ar· L:H:;o~ we. re;gard the ·.insertion of t hose two types of crimes · into t he Peac e Ti•eo.ty as ,most esse;ntial a ncl t he ir definition as o. gr co. t step forward -in the development of! Internati onal morality ~nQ crimin~l . l aw. The United Nations have agr eed t ha t tho s e. crimes cannot r_; o ··on VIi thout- be ing pun:i,shed. 9 and punished udeq_ua t el y.

· M0 . Uhai~aun 9 more than once at t h is Conferen~e P Mcr~crs of t he Pol i uj·t Delegation have risen in order t0 sta t e how much hope they put into tho deftlocratic f uture of Italy and Italian people . We sincerely trust t hat Italy wil l nev er fall back i n to tho y oke of a n unQeL ocra tic reg i me . We have . the mos·t fri endl y :t\;eling to~ards Italy . Bui we wtint Italy to r edeem h ersci f . Wha t ' s QOre, we want Italy to trj tho se gu i l t y of crimes agairist hwnani t y horciclf, i n Italian court s · ar~ prqve to the world t ha t _s he take s no lese grave view of crir.1c going urr_punisl1ed than we do. Is t his a sui'mc stLon one makes . t o a, foe or to a potential . friend and that suggt:! stion, Mr . ChaiPEmn , is w)1at our .t:lint:ndmcmt amounts t o . ·

Dut we foe~ · that thi ~ must b e done: we have had before us the ~thiop ian arid Yug oslav d ocmnents showing 'fascist brutalitie s c ornni tted on the t erritorics in their ful l horror . Can we leave those things unpuni~;hod or \·v i thout adequate p rovi::;ions for punishiilent?

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O.P. (IT/P) Doc. 91

· .f This is not collective responsibility_ - this is· punishment of the guilty, .Finally, Mr. Chairman, may I add that the United Nations wax• Crimes· commission, of which we and many countries represented round' this table, are membe:t."s, stated that the pro­visions contained in art, . 38 are not adequate an<i .requested that they be amended accordingly, It is claimed by United Nations Wa~ Crimes Commission that Italy should. comply fo~thwith with

. all request of u.N. governments concerned relating to the identi­fication, discovery, ·. apprehension,. arl:'est, and surrender of the ~used per>sons that Italy .. should lo.yaJ:y and conscienciously collaboPa.te in this task, and those obstructing it be punished. The Polish amendment does not oover all their desires, but we hope that Italy 'will assist .in the carrying-out of this ·very important task.

The Polish Del ega tiori trust's that its amendment 'Hill be accepted and thus due regard wiil be paid to the principle that crime does not pay 1 no1t only· in the .every day life of an individual, but also in inter-state relations.

Palais du Luxembourg1 Paris,

27 September 1946

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C • P • ( I ~/P) :0 o c.. 9 2

?OLI TICAL Ai!D T:&-qRI'.I:OJ:HAL , ... _______ .. ____ .... - ..... -~--·-··- ·"-"'

CO.;.z ~ISSION POB PLALY

S e·ptember 20, 1946

1. T.·: c Jjruvi ~: ic:ls of the r rcsent treaty sh?. ll not co:::~ for any r i _;htG or bcnefi ts on .) ny Gt~1 te named in the pre tuib l e of the vr esent treaty a s one of the Allied and Associ:; ted Powers or on its n<1 Lion:;. ls unless such state becmnes <:... yarty to the tre<:t.ty by .de p sit of i tEl i n strument of r "J. t i f ica tion. · · .

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PALAIS DU LUSE:/:.c101JIW , PATUS. . ~

September 27', 1946 ' · /

I I .

CONFERENCE --· DB ~., J?A)SI~ F'c..,ldls') dJ L:Ltx;eniboJrg-~··'

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C. P . ( I T/P) Doc. 93

27 Sept onb or 1946

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k r:lon dnen t t o 1\rticle 7 8 of tho _ .:Or nf t P e::.~ c e Tr:oeo.. ty 'Ni t h Ita l y '

pt op os ed by ~he De i ega t i oh of the · Fo ds r3ii~e Pe opl e ' s Republic of

Yugos l avia nt tho Po..r is Con£e r ence .

in th~ t h ird s entenc e of t he f i r s t pl~agraph ~ r e pl a c e t ho

\vords "nn d u.s.s.H." by t he wor dS" lfu. s.s.R._ n :r::1cl t hos u Al lied an d .

Ass ocis t -ed P owers , the t erri t orie s of whic h 2.d j oin Ito.l y , .::;.nd were

oc cup i e d by I t 2.l y ".

Pnl a i s du Luxel}b ourg. ~

Paris .•

27 Sept e1:1bcr 194- 6

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