Construction of reinforced concrete floor slab

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT, BUILDINGSURVEY AP119

Table of content

Content PageList of figure 3 –4List of table 4List of chart 4Abstract 5

Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Introduction of study1.2 Objective of study1.3 Scope of study

677

Chapter 2: Company Background 2.1 Background ofRYPSB 2.2 Company profile 2.3 Mission andvision of the company 2.4 Organizationchart of RYPSB 2.5 Project RYPSB 2.5.1 RushdanAvenue 2.5.2 Taman WanHajah Fatimah 2.5.3 Kok LanasPrime 2.5.4 Villa Alya 2.5.5 Villa Lily 2.5.6 Villa

89910

11121314141515

CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB


Teratai 2.5.7 BatangMerbau

Chapter 3: Literature Review 3.1 Concrete floorslab 3.2 Suspended floorslab 3.3 Types of designfor concrete floor slab 3.4 Reinforcementdesign for concrete. 3.5 Constructionmethod for reinforced Concrete floorslab 3.6 Advantages ofsuspended floor slab.

Chapter 4: Case study( RushdanAvenue)

16—1717

17 – 1819

19—20

20

Chapter 5: Construction of Floorslab 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Construction ofFloor slab 5.2.1Construction of formwork, it Is

23 – 26

28 – 32

32 – 34



installation board for the floor Slab. 5.2.2 Theinstallation the steel Reinforcement structure for the Beam. 5.2.3Installation of service pipe. 5.2.4 Installedthe Brc on the floor Board. 5.2.5 Placementand compacting Concrete work. 5.2.6 Finishthe surface of concrete.

35 – 36

37 – 39

40 – 4243

Chapter 6 : Comment andRecommendation

44

Summary 45

References 46

Appendices 47



List of figure

No . Figure Page2.0 Office of Rushdan Yusoff

Properties8

2.1 View of Rushdan Avenue 112.2 View Taman Wan Hajah Fatimah 122.3 View of Kok Lanas Prime 132.4 View of Villa Alya 142.5 View of villa lily 142.6 View Villa Teratai 152.7 View of Batang Merbau 154.0 Location plan of Rushdan

Avenue21

4.1 Rushdan Avenue 224.2 View of swimming pool at

Rushdan Avenue.23

5.0 Suspended floor slab 245.1 Section of corrugated floor

slab25

5.2 In situ concrete work 265.3 Plywood /board for formwork 285.4 Scaffolding and plywood 295.5 Frame formwork 295.6 Construction of formwork 305.7 Side support for the frame

board31

5.8 Space for the installationof the steel reinforcement

32



for the beam.5.9 The mark for the beam to be

installed32

5.10 The installation work of thebeam structure.

33

5.11 The installation of stirrups 335.12 Cross section of beam

structure.34

5.13 First floor beam layout 345.14 Service pipe on the column

section35

5.15 Service pipe for water flow 355.16 Installation of wiring

conduit36

5.17 Wiring conduit 365.18 Steel reinforcement 375.19 Placement of steel

reinforcement37

5.20 The spacer placement. 385.21 Second Layer of BRC 385.22 BRC binding work 395.23 Tidy the BRC 395.24 Concrete mixture lorry 405.25 Crane 415.26 Commanded workers for the

placement of concrete.41

5.27 Placement concrete work. 425.28 Compacting work using

vibrator machine.42

5.29 Align work the concrete. 435.30 Trowel finishing work. 43

List of tableCONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB


No. Table Page.2.0 Company Profile 94.0 Size floor area for

Rushdan Avenue.23

List of Flow chart

No. Chart Page2.0 Organization RYPSB 105.0 Construction of floor

slab9

Abstract

In a nutshell, this practical trainingreport is about the process and method that involvedfor the construction of the suspended concretereinforced floor slab. I have made this practicaltraining report based on my experience for 4 months on



the site. This practical training report have someparts, it is divided with the company background and mycase study background. Based on the my experience andobservation at the site ,the construction of thereinforced concrete floor slab very complicated to beconstruct. There have many methods that must to bedoing and to be process to construct a reinforcedconcrete floor slab. In this report there be containedthe summary of the construction of the reinforcedconcrete floor slab, that in this report there includethe material, equipment, components and machinery thatused for the construction of the reinforced concretefloor slab. Besides, in this practical training reportalso, I have included with the method of the how toconstruct the reinforced concrete floor slab. Hence, Itis started from the formwork for the floor slab, frommake it the floor slab board that made from the timberand wood, installation of beam steel structure,installation of the service pipe and wiring conduitsuch as sewerage pipe, electrical conduit andtelecommunication conduit, installation of Brc on thefloor formwork and then placement work for theconcrete. When the construction process of thereinforced concrete floor slab being held, there haveseveral problems that arise that have been identifiedfor the construction of the floor slab,this practicaltraining report has been include with the severalcomment and recommendation from my opinion that cansolve the problems that arise. In conclusion, from thispractical training report that I has done can explainwith detailed to all the reader about theconstruction of the reinforced concrete floor slab.



Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction of study

Based on the practical training experience that

I has been through at the Rushdan Yusoff Properties

Sdn.Bhd, I have choose the suspended concrete floor

slab as my topic for the practical training report. I

has choose this topic as my practical training report

due to I has found that suspended concrete floor slab

construction is more exciting and interesting that make

me attract to make for this topic. Hence, due to the

works that has been done at the site more is more to

the floor slab construction.



Suspended concrete floor slab are used to

support everything from patio furniture, to foot

traffic, to semi-trailer trucks. A suspended concrete

floor is a floor slab where its perimeter is, or at

least two of its opposite edges are, supported on

walls, beams or columns that carry its self-weight and

imposed loading. The floor spans between supports and

will normally deflect under load to a dimension that is

limited by the design used. The suspended concrete

floor slab is combination of the steel and concrete,

this combination will give the floor slab more strength

and can bear the high load from the building and the

user of the building.

1.2 Objective of study



The objective is to learn and know more closely about

the methods of construction of suspended reinforced

concrete floor slab. The objectives of the study are :

1. Knowing the method of construction of suspended

concrete floor slab.

2. To identify the types of floor slab that has

been used

3. To identify the equipment’s and machineries

involved and used for the construction of

suspended concrete floor slab.

1.3 Scope of study

The scope of work includes construction of suspended

concrete floor slab at the construction site.

1. To study the construction process and stages of

suspended concrete floor slab.

2. To study the types of equipment and machineries

that has been used for construction process.

3. To study the problems that arises during the

construction process.



Chapter 2

Background of company

2.1 Background of Rushdan Yusoff Properites Sdn.Bhd

Figure 2.0 Office of Rushdan Yusoff Properties

Rushdan Yusoff Properties Sdn. Bhd.,

established in October 12, 2006 is a result of a

strategic alliance among construction companies owned

by the third generations of Haji Ali’s progeny.. The

Rushdan Yusoff Properties it is a developer company

that construct houses and shop building and sold the

building.



Under the new collective management,

Rushdan Yusoff Properties Sdn. Bhd. has a substantial

experience and expertise in the field of development

and construction businesses. The reputation is due in

part to their ability to pioneer in property

development and construction since year 1980s and

venture into plantation and manufacturing businesses

since year 1970s.Nowadays, there have few of project

that has been construct right now ,it is construction

of Villa Alya(kok lanas),Villa Atria(pengkalan

Chepa),Kompleks perniagaan Saidina Ali(KPSA kok lanas)

and Taman Hajah Wan Fatimah(jertih).

The company is located at Jalan Kuala Krai, Perusahaan

Batu Bata Haji Ali, Batu 8, 16010, Nilmpuri, Kelantan

2.2 Company Profile

Name Of Company Rushdan Yusoff Properties Sdn.

Bhd.

Address: D/A Perusahaan Batu Bata Haji

Ali

16010 Nilampuri,Kota Bharu,

Kelantan

Telephone/ Fax 609-712 6666

Date of Incorporation 12 Oktober 2006

Shareholders: 1.Mohd Rushdan Mohd Yusoff

2.Suhana Rasdi



Director: Mohd Rushdan Mohd Yusoff

Registrations: Kementerian Kewangan

Malaysia

Table 2.0 Company profile

2.3 Misson and vission of the company

Mission

To enable the company in involving with larger construction

and development project and venture new business

opportunities.

Vission

Rushdan Yusoof Properties Sdn.Bhd will always become success

and become the larger company in construction world.

2.4 Organization chart of Rushdan Yusoff Properties

Sdn.Bhd


MOHD RUSHDAN MOHD YUSOFF

C.E.O


Chart 2.0 Organization of Rushdan YusoffProperties

2.5 Projek of Rushdan Yusoff Properties: 2.5.1 Rushdan Avenue


HAIRI WAHAB

MARKETING

WAN NUR AISYAH WAN DRAMAN

ACCOUNTANT

NURUL HAZIQAH HASSAN

SALES & MARKETING

MOHD SAZILIFAWZI

ENGINEERING

NIK AZMAN NIKDIR


Figure 2.1 View of Rushdan Avenue

Project : A small town project consist of 9 lot premium shop,9lot Gred A restaurant with escalator, 4 storey office with lift,water theme park, indoor theme park and gynamsium.

Location : Kok Lanas Kota Bharu Kelantan.

Value : RM10 million.

2.5.2 Taman Hajah Wan Fatimah



Figure 2.2 View of Taman Wan HajahFatimah

Project : A housing project consists of 23 bungalow linkhouses.

Location : Padang Landak,Jerteh, Terengganu.

Value : RM 6 million.

2.5.3 Kok Lanas Prime



Figure 2.3 View of Kok Lanas Prime

Project : A project for the concept of KOMERSIL-RIADAH-‘SANTAI BERSEPADU contain of supermarket, shops’lot, Mc Donald, restaurants, water theme park and a swimmingpool.

Location: Kok Lanas, Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

Value : RM 23.5 million.

2.5.4 Villa Alya



Figure 2.4 View of Villa Alya

Project : A housing project consists of 3 single storeybungalow and 3 double storey bungalow.

Location : Kok Lanas, Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

Value : RM 2.3 million.

2.5.5 Villa Lily

Figure 2.5 View of Villa Lily


Location : Pangkal Kalong, Kota Bharu,Kelantan Value: RM 2 million.

2.5.6 Villa Teratai

Figure 2.6 View Villa Teratai




Location : Kem Desa Pahlawan, Kota Bharu,Kelantan.

Value : RM 750,000.

2.5.7 Batang Merbau

Figure 2.7View of Batang Merbau


Location : Batang Merbau, Kota Bharu,Kelantan. Value : RM3.5 million

Chapter 3

Literature review

3.1 Concrete floor slab

Concrete slabs are used to support everything

from patio furniture, to foot traffic, to semi-trailer

trucks. With such a wide range of purposes and support

requirements, concrete slabs present many constructionCONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB


variables that must be considered before concrete

placement begins.

A slab pour requires efficient planning so that

all of the elements that go into producing a high-

quality slab are done in time (before the concrete

sets) and done correctly. Knowing the right finishing

tools to use and the right time to start bull floating

and final troweling are essential to preventing

dusting, scaling and craze cracking of the slab.

Provide a firm and stable base for the concrete

slab by compacting the subgrade properly. Neglecting

this critical step can result in serious slab

settlement and cracking problems, especially in slabs

placed on poor subsoil or exposed to heavy traffic

conditions.

Determining the right concrete mix design and

reinforcement requirements for the anticipated slab

exposure and traffic conditions is essential as well.

You’ll need to calculate the proper water-cement ratio

and air-entrainment requirements for the concrete mix

to ensure that the slab will perform as intended.

Proper positioning and support of wire reinforcement is

also important to control and minimize cracking.



After concrete placement, you have a whole new set

of issues to address, such as proper placement and

spacing of control joints and adequate curing. The

timing and execution of these post-pour activities are

equally essential to good slab performance, since rapid

drying of a slab and improper installation of control

joints can lead to inadequate strength and unwanted

cracking. Concrete that is moist cured for at least

seven days is about 50% stronger than uncured concrete.

3.2 Suspended concrete floor slab

A suspended concrete floor is a floor slab where itsperimeter is, or at least two of its opposite edgesare, supported on walls, beams or columns that carryits self-weight and imposed loading. The floor spansbetween supports and will normally deflect under loadto a dimension that is limited by the design used. Theprestressing of a concrete floor slab can eliminate itsusual deflection below support level. This is achievedeither by pre-tensioning, where precast floor units areused, or by post tensioning with steel wire tendonsincorporated in an in-situ concrete slab.

Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in directcontact with the ground. They form roofs or floorsabove ground level.

Suspended slabs are grouped into two types:



• one way slabs which are supported on two sides

• two way slabs which are supported on all foursides.

The way a slab spans its supports has a direct impacton the way in which the slab will bend.

3.3 Types of design for concrete floor slab

For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs toimprove the strength-to-weight ratio. In all cases thetop surface remains flat, and the underside ismodulated:

a)Corrugated Slab:

A corrugated suspended reinforced concrete slab is madeusing a combination of steel and concrete. Concrete ispoured onto a strong steel tray, which gives it addedstrength for use in building or other constructionpurposes. The tray will have a corrugated design. Thecorrugations will run across the short dimension fromend to end. Corrugations add to the strength of theconcrete slab.

In addition to having high compressive strength, itdoes not bend or deflect. The corrugations will alwaysbe on the underside of the concrete slab. When acorrugated slab is used in a building or construction,it enhances the ability to withstand fluctuations oftemperature and/or adverse environmental conditions.



The advantages of a corrugated suspended reinforcedconcrete slab are that it has a high strength to weightratio. It is ideal to use for large suspended concreteslabs.

b)Ribbed Slab:

It is lighter and stiffer than a comparative flat slab.Since they are light weight but strong, the extent ofthe foundations can be reduced. This helps in savingcosts.

Ribbed slabs have wide band beams which run betweencolumns. It has equal depth narrow ribs which span theorthogonal direction. To complete the system a thicktop slab is used.

The advantages of a ribbed slab are that it isrelatively light and flexible.

It gives considerable added strength in one direction.Since it has good vibration control, it can be used inconditions where vibrations are an issue. The use of aribbed slab speeds up construction work. It is robust,has good thermal mass and is fire resistant.

c)Waffle Slab:

A waffle slab is usually deeper than a comparableribbed slab. They have a thin top with narrow ribsspanning both directions. The column heads or bandbeams have the same depth of the ribs.



A waffle slab gives additional strength in bothdirections. The advantage of a waffle slab is that ithas excellent strength to weight ratio.

It is light and relatively flexible. Due to itscomparative light weight, it saves on the cost of thefoundation. It is robust, fire resistant and has goodthermal mass. The use of waffle slabs speeds upconstruction

3.4 Reinforcement design for concrete

Reinforcement designs of concrete slabs come in twotypes.

a) One way slab

In this slab it needs moment resisting reinforcementonly in the direction of its shorter side. This isbecause the moment on the longer axis is minimal andcan be ignored. When the ratio of the length of long toshort side is > 2, it is considered as a one way slab.

b) Two way slab

It needs moment resisting reinforcement in bothdirections. If the ratio of the length of the long to



short side is < 1, then it requires reinforcement ofthe moment in both directions

3.5 Construction method for reinforced concrete floorslab

A concrete slab may be prefabricated:

1. Cast in situ.A concrete slab can also be cast in-situ. It usesformwork into which the wet concrete is poured.If the slab is reinforced, then rebar’s areplaced in the correct position within theformwork. Concrete is then poured into theformwork.For suspended slabs, the formwork will be in theshape of a tray, with supporting slabsunderneath. After the concrete sets the formworkand supports are removed.

2. Prefabricated.It can be pre-stressed in the factory or post-stressed at the site. At times it may beunstressed. . Prefabricated concrete slabs arebuilt in a factory and transported to the site,ready to be lowered into place between steel orconcrete beams. They may be pre-stressed (in thefactory), post-stressed (on site), or unstressed.It is vital that the supporting structure isbuilt to the correct dimensions, or the slabs maynot fit.



Another form of composite construction is that of anin-situ concrete slab cast on and integrally with aprofiled metal decking supported usually on the beamsof a steel framed building. Some aspects of theconstruction of this type of slab and associated designconsiderations are given in Concrete Society GoodConcrete Guide 5, Composite slabs on steel decking.

Where a concrete floor slab is to be built on weakground of poor supporting characteristics, it may besupported on concrete pile foundations or ground beamsto prevent excessive slab settlement under imposedloading. These slabs will have to be designed andreinforced as suspended floors.

3.6 Advantages of suspended concrete floor slab

The suspended reinforced concrete floor slab give a lotof advantages, it is:

1. Suspended reinforced concrete slab is that it ispossible to get high strength, but at the sametime keep the weight low.

2. Reinforced concrete floors are non-combustible andwill help to contain the spread of fire withoutemitting dangerous fumes.

3. Floor coverings laid on a firm level concretefloor will have a much longer life.



4. Concrete floors will not rot and are not adverselyaffected by moisture, insects or fungal growth.

5. Good integration of indoor and outdoor areas.Quieter living.

Chapter 4

Background of Case study : Rushdan Avenue

Kompleks Perniagaan Saidina Ali(KPSA) kok lanas.

There have two shop building of KPSA it is, 4 unitbuilding and 9 unit. The construction of floor slabthat have been choose on the Rushdan Avenue(9 unit).

Rushdan avenue it is 9 unit shop lot building.



Figure 4.0 Location plan of Rushdan Avenue, Kok Lanas



Figure 4.1 Rushdan Avenue

Rushdan avenue it is a building that will used for

business, it is located at the Mukim Mahang West, kok

Lanas, Daerah Ketereh , Jajahan Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Darul Naim. It is 9 unit of shop lot building, for the

2 unit shop and 4 storey, that used as a office on

the lot PT 5037 and PT 5038. Then, for the 7 unit and

2 storey, that will be used as a business building on

the lot PT 5039- PT 5045.

Rushdan Avenue is a building that with a contemporary

design and a leisure center that offers a new and

unique perspective for business. Besides, at the

Rushdan Avenue also will be provided a swimming pool

for leisure activity to the user of the building .



Figure 4.2 View of swimming pool

at Rushdan Avenue

Rushdan Avenue a majestic and luxurious new downtown

business space at Kok Lanas with a comfortable and

prestigious building for users.

Furthermore the size of area for the building it is:

Floor Size of area(SQ.ft)Ground floor Covered area: 11333.00

SQ.ft

Uncovered area:

3278.00 SQ.ftFirst floor Covered area: 8622.00

SQ.ft

Uncovered area:

5989.00 SQ.ftSecond floor Covered area: 3361.00



SQ.ft

Uncovered area:

10305.00 SQ.ftThird floor Covered area: 3532.00

SQ.ft

Uncovered area :

579.00 SQ.ft

Table 4.0 Size area forRushdan Avenue

Chapter 5

Case Study : Construction of concrete floorslab at Rushdan Avenue( KPSA Kok Lanas)

5.1 Introduction

The type of floor slab been used at the Rushdan Avenueit is suspended concrete floor slab. The concretefloor slab have been construct on the first floor basedon the case study that I have choose.



Figure 5.0 Suspended floor slab

Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in directcontact with the ground. They form roofs or floorsabove ground level.

The type of design for the suspended floor that beingused it is corrugated suspended floor slab.


Suspended Floor


Figure 5.1 Section of corrugated floor slab

A corrugated suspended reinforced concrete slab is madeusing a combination of steel and concrete. Concrete ispoured onto a strong steel tray, which gives it addedstrength for use in building or other constructionpurposes. The tray will have a corrugated design. Thecorrugations will run across the short dimension fromend to end. Corrugations add to the strength of theconcrete slab.In addition to having high compressive strength, itdoes not bend or deflect. The corrugations will alwaysbe on the underside of the concrete slab. When acorrugated slab is used in a building or construction,it enhances the ability to withstand fluctuations oftemperature and/or adverse environmental conditions.

The advantages of a corrugated suspended reinforcedconcrete slab are that it has a high strength to weightratio. It is ideal to use for large suspended concreteslabs.


concre

Ste


The concrete slab that have been used for theconstruction it is in situ concrete .

An in situ concrete suspended floor is one constructedwith reinforced concrete and designed to carry its ownweight and any imposed a loading, spanning betweensupporting members in a structure. Supports for floorsare typically beams, columns or walls.

Figure 5.2 In situ concrete work

In situ concrete reinforced suspended floors can bedesigned to span one-way or two-ways between supports.Such floors can be designed and constructed to have acontinuously flat soffit. Alternatively, the slabsoffit can be formed with special moulds to give anindented profile to produce a `waffle` or `trough`floor.



. A flat slab may or may not have dropped sections atbeam strips and column supports. It may be solid orhave a coffered or waffle soffit profile.

5.1 Construction of floor slab:



Flow chart 5.0Construction of floor slab


Construct the formwork by

installation board of floor slab,by using plywood for the board,and scalfolding as

supported

Installed the steel reinforcement for

the beam.

Installed the wire pipe for wiring services and

services pipe for water flow,such as pipe for gutter or for the toilet

Installed the steel reinforcement on the plywood board

floor

Place and compact the concrete

Finish the surfaceconcrete.


5.2.1 Construction of formwork , it isinstallation board for the floor slab

The construction of board has been made with a fewstages. Before the construction of board beinginstalled, the workers will do the shaping work. Theplywood and timber that have been delivered at the sitebe make for the board shape.

Figure 5.3 Board for formwork

There have a few size of timber that have been usedfor the board, it is timber size 2” x 3” and 2” x 4”.



Figure 5.4 scaffolding and plywood

After that, the installation of the floor board can bestart by the construction of board frame. Thescaffolding as the support the load from the board. Thescaffolding will support the load from the frame of theboard to avoid from collapsed.

Figure 5.5 Frame forformwork


1.Installation of scaffolding for the

4. Installation theplywood board for

2. Installed the timber on the scaffolding as the base for

3.installed thesecond layer oftimber on the


Figure 5.6 Construction of formwork

The standard size of plywood that have been used forthe construction of the formwork it is 4’ x 8’ plywood.For the size of formwork for the beam board it is 1”x2”.


7. After that, installedthe plywood on the framebox that has beeninstalled. Installed the

5. Installed thetimber on the middle of the

6. Then, installed the timberon the middle of the frame box as thesecond

8.The space for installation of structure of the beam


Figure 5.7 Side support for frame board

The floor frame board will be construct for the wholeshape of the floor as same as on the plan detail. Theinstallation of formwork as shown on the figure 5.7.


9. Then, installed the timber for the side of the frame board to support or as the

The space that have drop, it is on the


For the area of toilet, the thickness of the floor slabis lower than the standard of the floor thickness. Theusually thickness of the floor it is, 127mm but for thearea of the toilet the thickness of the floor is100mm., because of that the formwork for the floorboard area is more thin that the other space, it iscalled as the drop area.

5.2.2.The installation the steel reinforcementstructure for the beam.

Figure 5.8 space for the installation of thesteel reinforcement for the beam

After the floor frame board has finish being construct,the installation of the steel reinforcement beamstructure work will be started. The space for theinstallation of the beam structure will be provided asshown on the Figure 5.8.


Formwork for the floor slab board.

Space for the installation of the


Figure 5.9 The mark for the beam to be installed

Before the construction of the steel reinforcement ofthe beam, the space that have been provided will bemark by number of beam as same with the plan detail.

Then the steel reinforcement of the beam at the placethat have been provided, The installation of the beamwill be connected to the column steel reinforcedstructure and the construction of the steelreinforcement of beam structure will be installedfollowed to the plain detail that have been provided.



Figure 5.10 Theinstallation work of beam structure

The standard size of the steel that has been used toconstruct the beam structure it is steel Y 20mm andsteel Y 12mm, and for the stirrups the size of thesteel that has been used it is R10 mm.



Figure 5.11 Theinstallation of stirrups

The stirrups will be installed and will be tied withthe iron wire to make sure the stirrups stay and notmove on the original position

Figure 5.12 Cross section ofbeam structure.

The size of the beam that to be construct it is 230mm x460mm, 230mm x 610mm and 375mm x 610mm.



Figure 5.13First floor beam layout

The beam structure will be installed to all the spacethat has been provided as same as the plan detail assown on the Figure 5.13

5.2.3.Installation of service pipe.

The service pipe that will be installed it is wiringpipe for the electrical, wiring pipe for thetelecommunication, water flow and for the sewerage pipe

The installation will be installed after the floorboard is finish being construct, the service pipe willbe installed on the column reinforced section, pipe forthe gutter and on the toilet area for the uses oftoilet.


Beam


Figure 5.14 servicepipe on the column section

Figure 5.15service pipe for water flow

The service pipe for the water flow will be constructas shown on the figure 5.15 , with followed to the plandetail. For the down pipe the size that has been usedit is 4 inches pipe.


Pipe for the water flow.

Reinforced sectionof column


Figure 5.16 Installation of wiring conduit for the electrical and telecommunication conduit

After that, the wiring conduit for the electrical andtelecommunication conduit will be construct, the wiringconduit will be construct as followed to the plan thathave being provided. The size conduit that has beenused it is 1 inches.

Figure 5.17 Wiring conduit that has been installed


Wiringconduit


5.1.4 .Installed the BRC on the floor board frame.

After the installation of reinforcement of beam ,service and wiring pipe is finish being installed ,the floor will be installed the BRC on the floor boardframe to make the floor more stronger to hold the loadfrom the buildings.

Figure 5.18 Steel reinforcement

The size of BRC that has been used it is 2.2 m x 6 m.Based on the plan, the steel that should be used forthe floor it is T10 / R10, but when the construct theBrc will be used for the floor, it will easier theconstruction of floor and can save time forconstruction. Usually the type of Brc that has beenused it is Brc A6 BS and A8 BS.



Figure5.19Placement of steel reinforcement

For the placement of the Brc, there have two layer willbe placed. Firstly, the first layer will be placed onthe top of the formwork.



Figure 5.20 Spacerplacement

The spacer will be placed on the under the first layerof Brc, to make a gap or space between Brc layer withthe board and to avoid the conduit from broken whenthe Brc being stomp by the workers when constructionprocess

After that, for the second layer will be placed on thecross section of the beam.


Spacer


Figure 5.21 Secondlayer of Brc

The second layer of Brc will placed on the whole of thecross section of the beam. Then, tied the cross sectionof the first layer with the second layer of Brc usingiron wire to avoid from the movement of the Brc. Themain reason for this second Brc is to control thecracking which inevitably occurs as the concrete driesout.


Second layer Brc placement


Figure 5.22 Brcbinding work

Furthermore, the side of the Brc that exceeding will beinsert under the floor board frame.

Figure 5.23 Tidythe Brc

5.2.5.Placement and compacting concrete work



After the placement of the Brc is finish being placed,the placement of the concrete can be started.

For the placement on the concrete, the concrete thathas being order with the supplier is concrete Gred20( Normal mix).The placement of the concrete beingprocess with a few stages, for the first stages thetotal of concrete that has been used it is 70 m3, thesecond stages it is 60 m3, the third stages it is 60m3and for the last placement of the concrete it is 45m3.

Figure 5.24 Concretemixture lorry

The concrete that has been order will be delivered bythe concrete mixture lorry, the total of concrete thatwill be delivered for a lorry it is 5 m3.The concretewill be poured on the concrete barrel.



Figure 5.25 Crane

The uses of the crane is to lift the concrete to theupper floor. After the concrete is being poured on theconcrete barrel , the crane will lift the to the upperfloor.

Figure 5.26 Commanded people forthe placement concrete.



To place the concrete on the upper floor, there have aworkers that will command the movement of the crane toplace the concrete, by show the hand sign language tothe crane driver.

The concrete will be poured on the formwork of thefloor slab board and there have a few workers willpoured the concrete to the floor slab board.

Figure 5.27Placement concrete work

After the placement of the concrete, The workers willcompact the concrete that has been poured using thevibrator machine to ensure the concrete is compact andno more air space when concrete process.



Figure 5.28 Compactingwork using vibrator machine

5.2.6.Finish the surface of concrete

After the placement of the concrete, the workers willalign the concrete using hoe.

Figure 5.29 align work the concrete

When the concrete compaction and screeding is done,the slab should be roughly floated with a trowel to



give a smooth surface. After floating, the slab shouldbe left to set hard enough so that a man standing onhis heels will not sink more than 5 mm into theconcrete. Free water (bleed water) will rise to thesurface of the slab after it is leveled. Wait until thesurface water dries before doing the final float ortrowel finishing

Figure 5.30 Trowel finishing work

This finishing work must be do twice to get thesatisfied finishing.

Chapter 6 : Comment and Recommendation

Based on the my experience at the site thecomment and recommendation tha for the constructionprocess on the site it is arrange the concrete scheduleon the suitable day. When rainy day the concrete workshould not be held ,the rainy day should be avoidbecause rainy day can causes to much water in theconcrete and it make the mix become sloppy and easierCONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB


to work place but the concrete will be weaker, andcrack mire and have a poor surface.

Besides, using a quality Gred of concrete,The typeof concrete Gred that should be used it is concreteGred 25,because it is more quality than concrete Gred20, because low quality of material, more lower thequality of buildings.

Furthermore , prepare or assume the amount ofconcrete should be used, Before the concrete work isbeing process, the calculation work should be done withcorrectly to assume the amount of the concrete shouldbe used for the concrete process to avoid from thewasting material and will causes the higher cost.

Then ,using the equipment such as machine with aright way, The using of the vibrator is the vibratormachine should be hold the vibrator straight up and becareful to avoid from damages or injured.

The other recommendation it is the workers shoulduse the safety equipment, The authority thatresponsible should more give their attention for safetyof their workers, must make sure all the workers usedtheir safety equipment and followed to the safetyinstruction when construction process.



Conclusion

In conclusion based on the experience and the

observation that has been through for the 4 months at

the construction site ,there a few stages to construct

the suspended concrete reinforced floor slab, and based

on my observation and experience the construction

process of the floor slab is very complicated . Based

on the my practical training on the site I also being

expose to the machinery ,equipment, material and method

that has been used for the construction of the

reinforced concrete floor slab. There have several

material that used for the construction of the floor

slab it is plywood, timber, steel, BRC and

others .Besides, for the construction of floor slab

also will be used the vibrator to compact the concrete

when the placement of the concrete. The construction

of floor slab must be carry out with very careful and

detail to make sure the construction process is same as

with the plan that have been provided, the construction

of floor slab very important because ,for each of the

construction of floor slab ,we must make sure the



suitable material to be used because to make sure the

floor slab is strong to hold the load from the

building.

As can be seen, planning , preparation, steel

reinforcement, placing ,finishing and curing all play

an integral part in the construction of a reinforced

concrete slab-on ground. Failure to follow any of these

steps may lead to the following problems occurring,

Non-level floors, Plastic cracking (cracks occur prior

to final set of concrete), Post-hardening cracking

(drying shrinkage, foundation movement), Dusting of

concrete surface. Because of that, each method that

what to be carry out must be followed to the plan that

have been provided.

References



1.Chudley R. and Greeno R. (2005). Construction

Technology (4th ed.). England: Pearson Education

Limited

2.Dr. Punmia T.C. (1993). Building Construction (5th

ed.). New Delhi, India.

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab

4.http://www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete-construction/concrete-floor-slabs.aspx

5.http://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=054f9a2b6dec49e82cfac12985f1eeda14c6fc4d

6. Interview person : En. Sazili Fawzi ( Supervisor)



Appendice

sCONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB

Construction of reinforced concrete floor slab

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