The LiTerary Work of Lha bTsun rin chen rnam rgyaL1

Michela cleMente

introduction

This essay has the aim of presenting a short survey of the literary work of the bka’ brgyud pa master lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557),2 one of the closest disciples of gTsang smyon heruka (1452–1507).3 This latter undertook a cultural project with the help of his heart–sons. They wished to glorify their lineage and make works available to many people. earlier texts had remained in manuscript form until that time. They organized the carving of woodblocks that would guarantee a wide distribution of the works and reduce the risk of their loss. They also wished to bring prestige to the sNyan brgyud tradition, transmit-ted to gTsang smyon by sha ra rab ’byams pa (1427–1470), his main master.4 gTsang smyon and his disciples did not confine themselves to printing the existing works, instead compiling, editing and writing many texts they committed to blocks.5 after their master’s death, rgod

1 i would like to thank Professor hanna havnevik and Professor charles ramble for inviting me to contribute to this volume. i wish to dedicate my paper to Per, with whom i had the chance to study after my ma thesis during a six months stay in oslo. i would like to thank him warmly for his suggestions, help and kind encouragement during and after my stay there.

2 see clemente 2009; clemente 2014; clemente (forthcoming a); Diemberger and clemente 2013. a preliminary paper on this topic was presented by me at the 12th semi-nar of the iaTs in Vancouver (august 2010). see also Diemberger and clemente 2013: 134–37.

3 see Larsson 2011; Larsson 2012; Quintman 2006: chs. 5–6; sernesi 2007a: intro-duction, 100–18; sernesi 2010: 406–08, 419–20, 422; sernesi 2011a; sernesi 2011b: 191–98, 201–02; sernesi (forthcoming); smith 2001: 59–74; i. m. stearns 1985.

4 on the snyan brgyud tradition, see sernesi 2004; sernesi 2007a; sernesi 2010; sernesi 2011b; Torricelli 1998a; Torricelli 2000; Torricelli 2001. on sha ra rab ’byams pa, see ehrhard 2004a: 587–88, 593, n. 6; Larsson 2011: 432–37; Larsson 2012: 271–73; i. m. stearns 1985: 23.

5 see clemente 2007: 122–26; clemente 2009: chs. 1.2, 3.6, 3.7; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 134–37; Larsson 2012: 229–73; schaeffer 2009: 58–63; schaeffer 2011; sernesi 2011a; sernesi (forthcoming); smith 2001: 73–79.

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tshang ras chen (1482–1559)6 and lha btsun mainly carried on the pro-ject, respectively at ras chung phug (yar klungs Valley, central Tibet)7 and brag dkar rta so. here lha btsun founded a small homonymous monastery that quickly became a famous printing house.8 according to hTng (f. 20b4), its establishment was predicted by the seventh karma pa (1454–1506).9 lHa btsun arrived for the first time at Brag dkar rta so just after gTsang smyon’s death, but he established his seat there only in 1525.10 since some xylographs produced there are undated, this latter date is extremely important, allowing us to narrow the period in which those xylographs were printed. in addition, with the help of information on artists who worked on those xylographs, it is possible to narrow this period further.11

lha btsun’s choice of brag dkar rta so was probably due in part to its strategic position, at the border between mang yul and gung thang. This could have facilitated his mediation between local factions, while enabling him to receive sponsorship from both. furthermore, brag dkar rta so is located near the forests of skyid grong, from which he presum-ably imported the paper and the wood for his activity.12

it is likely that the gung thang kings sponsored the foundation of this monastery. lha btsun was indeed a member of the royal family, being the son of one of king rnam rgyal lde’s numerous children, most likely shes rab dpal bzang.13 lha btsun established his seat at brag dkar rta so

6 for this master’s dating, see ehrhard 2010: 132. see also ehrhard 2012: 155, 158, 162–63; Larsson 2012: 255–61; sernesi 2007a: ch. 2; sernesi 2007b; sernesi 2011b: 191–92, 197–98; sernesi (forthcoming); smith 2001: 62.

7 see gTrn: f. 240b; kTbP: f. 10b3–4. see also Larsson 2009: 230–31, n. 1203–1204, 264–65; sernesi (forthcoming).

8 cf. bkDr: f. 29b2. on lha btsun’s printing activity, see clemente 2009: chs 3.6–3.7; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 134–37; schaeffer 2009: 58–63; schaeffer 2011; sernesi (forthcoming); smith 2001: 75–77.

9 see also ehrhard 2000: 55, n. 8; ehrhard 2004b: 426, n. 203. 10 cf. hTng: ff. 28a4–28b1, 31a2–5. see also clemente 2014: 482–84; Diember-

ger and clemente 2013: 128–29; ehrhard 2004b: 426, n. 203.11 This is an on–going research at the university of cambridge thanks to two cor-

related projects: “Transforming Technologies and buddhist book culture: The intro-duction of Printing and Digital Text reproduction in Tibetan societies” and “Tibetan book evolution and Technology (TibeT)”. The former, in cooperation with the british Library, is funded by the british art and humanities research council (2010–2015). The latter is granted by the marie curie intra–european fellowship (2013–2015). see clemente (in press b); clemente (forthcoming b).

12 see Diemberger and clemente 2013: 128–30. for the history of mang yul gung thang at that time, see everding 2000: 558–60; everding 2004.

13 see clemente 2014: 457–63; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 122–25.

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just one year after king kun bzang nyi zla grags pa (1514–1560) had succeeded his father kun dga’ rnam rgyal lde (?–1524).14 by supporting the monastery and its activities he would have generated merit while strengthening his position against his rivals.15

lha btsun produced many works at brag dkar rta so, mainly spon-sored by his family, but also by numerous other patrons.16 i counted 42 works compiled, edited, written or printed by him. as far as i know, 15 of these works have not surfaced in their original version yet, and it is therefore impossible to verify the attribution. most of the unavailable texts were written by lha btsun after he had experienced visions.

complete catalogue entries of the available works will soon be dis-played in a database of xylographs from mang yul gung thang and neighbouring areas.17

rin chen rnaM rgyal’s works

1) lha btsun’s autobiography and songs, dPal ldan bla ma dam pa mkhas grub lha btsun chos kyi rgyal po’i rnam mgur blo ’das chos sku’i rang gdangs.18 as far as i know, that of brag dkar rta so is the only ex-isting edition.19 This work is partially recorded by disciples of lha btsun

14 for his dating, see ehrhard 2004b: 82.15 see Diemberger and clemente 2013: 129; everding 2000: 557–58.16 see clemente (forthcoming a); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 127–31.17 see clemente (in press a); clemente (in press b). The database contains detailed

description of texts, transliteration and mark–up of colophons and entire biographies, entries of personal and place names, paper and pigment analysis and a map. This is the result of a teamwork of several people—to whom i owe my gratitude—but it has also been achievable thanks to the initiative of gene smith and the research by franz-karl ehrhard. The database will be accessible on the websites of the above–mentioned pro-jects. it will also be linked to Tbrc and will supplement it with entries of people and places that are not currently available there. i would like to thank burkhard Quessel of the british Library and Jeff Wallman of Tbrc in particular for making this possible. The pictures of most xylographs have been processed to make them readable. i wish to thank fabio miarelli for this.

18 cf. hTng. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck 2003: 331. for a descrip-tion and a study, see clemente 2007: 124, 130–35; clemente 2009; clemente 2014; Diemberger and clemente 2013. see also schaeffer 2011: 475.

19 a photostat reproduced from the brag dkar rta so woodblocks is available in u rgyan rDo rje 1976: 273–379. however, by comparing it with the xylograph, i noticed that it was revised. The illegible words were replaced but such interpolations turned out to be wrong. see also ngmPP L477/13 (its quality is not excellent; f. 2 is missing); dPal brtsegs (text no. 31).

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in order to recollect him.20 according to the ’bras spungs catalogue (2004: 1526), the author is ’Dul ’dzin chos skyabs. in my opinion, he might be one of the editors and a donor. unfortunately, sponsors are not mentioned in the colophon.21 ’Dul ’dzin chos skyabs was one of rin chen rnam rgyal’s disciples22 and may therefore have revised this work with others after lha btsun’s death. We do not know the writing or print-ing dates. The work presents a chronological account of lha btsun’s life at least until 1555, and appears to contain phyi, nang and gsang levels with emphasis on the first. 2) lha btsun’s biography: rNal ’byor dbang phyug lha btsun chos kyi rgyal po’i rnam thar gyi smad cha. as far as i know, that of brag dkar rta so is the only existing edition.23 it contains many spiritual songs. The work seems to have been written by lha btsun’s disciples, presumably based on their master’s material.24 it exhibits a chronological account of rin chen rnam rgyal’s activities. We do not know the writing or printing dates. It starts with an episode that can be fixed after 1524. lHa btsun’s death is narrated here (hTmc: ff. 28a2–28b4), but the account contin-ues with the history of brag dkar rta so immediately after the event and with episodes related to this master’s editorial activity. 3) gTsang smyon’s biography written by lha btsun at bsam gtan spyil po and printed by him at brag dkar rta so in 1543. it bears the title Grub thob gtsang pa smyon pa’i rnam thar dad pa’i spu long g.yo ba. rin chen rnam rgyal started to draft it probably by using the basic material written by another heart-son of gTsang smyon, namely nor bu dpal ldan.25

4) The so–called rDo rje’i mgur drug, a separate collection of songs attributed to mi la ras pa, but entirely compiled and edited by rin chen

20 cf. hTng: ff. 1b–4a5. 21 cf. hTng: ff. 53b6–54a4.22 cf. hTng: ff. 36a7–36b6, 37a2–5.23 cf. hTmc. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck 2003: 331. for its de-

scription and study, see clemente 2007: 124, 130–35; clemente 2009; clemente 2014; Diemberger and clemente 2013. see also ngmPP L456/7 (its quality is not excellent); schaeffer 2011: 475.

24 cf. hTmc f. 2a1–7.25 cf. hTng: ff. 16a6–16b5; vol. 706. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck

2003: 341. see also ngmPP e2518/10; L12/2. for a description, see clemente 2007: 124, 135–37. for a presentation, see Larsson 2012: 49–51. see also clemente (in press a); clemente (in press b); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 134; sernesi 2007a: ch. 2; sernesi (forthcoming).

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rnam rgyal. its complete title is rJe btsun mi la ras pa’i rdo rje mgur drug sogs gsung rgyun thor bu ’ga’. it was printed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so on 1 april 1550.26

5) The rnam mgur of ras chung rDo rje grags (1083–1161), Tshe gcig la ’ja’ lus brnyes pa rje ras chung pa’i rnam thar rags bsdus mgur rnam rgyas pa; written by rin chen rnam rgyal, then printed in a male Water Pig year at brag dkar rta so.27 This date would correspond to 1503 and 1563. lHa btsun first arrived at Brag dkar rta so after gTsang smyon’s death, which occurred in 1507, but he started to work there only in 1525. it therefore seems unlikely that this xylograph was printed there in 1503. 1563 also raises some issues since lha btsun died in 1557.28 it is likely that he started working on it during his last days, but it was printed after his death.29

6) The miscellanea of different authors (Saraha, Nāgārjuna, Śavaripa, Virūpa, Tilopa, Nāropa, Maitrīpa, Kṛṣṇācārya) entitled Bram ze chen pos mdzad pa’i dho ha bskor gsum / mdzod drug / ka kha dho ha / sa spyad rnams; composed by saraha, compiled and edited by rin chen rnam rgyal and printed at brag dkar rta so in 1543.30 This is probably

26 cf. vol. 1089/2. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck 2003: 394. for a de-scription, see clemente 2007: 124–25, 138; clemente (in press a). see also schaeffer 2011: 470. another copy is kept in the cambridge university Library (Tibetan 155.2). see cTmb. according to hTmc (f. 22b4), the stimulus for printing it was provided by a woman in a dream. on the importance of visions and dreams for lha btsun’s literary work, see Diemberger and clemente 2013: 135–37. see also roberts 2007: 38; sernesi 2004; sernesi 2011a: 198–99. for a translation of the whole text, see cutillo and kunga rinpoche 1978; cutillo and kunga rinpoche 1986.

27 cf. hTng: ff. 52a7–53a4. according to roberts (2007: 7–9, 37), this is the ear-liest surviving biography of ras chung pa written as a wholly independent work. it is mainly based on the Ngo mtshar nor bu snying po written by sum pa ras pa in 1195. see also sernesi 2007a.

28 lha btsun’s death date is confirmed by the printing colophon of sha ra rab byams pa’s biography produced in 1559 by byams pa phun tshogs (1503–1581), a disciple of both rin chen rnam rgyal and rgod tshang ras chen. byams pa phun tshogs states that this was printed to fulfil lha btsun’s last wishes. cf. ngmPP L109/11: 25b7–26a3. see also dPal brtsegs (text no. 36); u rgyan rdo rje 1976: 451–501; bacot 1954: 292; clemente (in press a); ehrhard 2012: 173; schaeffer 2011: 473.

29 cf. vol. 657/3. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck 2003: 330. for its de-scription, see clemente 2007: 125, 142–43. see also ngmPP e2518/3; clemente (in press a); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 135.

30 cf. vol. 1102. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck 2003: 397. a description and a partial translation of colophons are provided in clemente 2007: 125, 138–40. see also ngmPP L237/13, L456/6 (incomplete and damaged); u rgyan rdo rje 1976: 107–79; clemente (in press a); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 137; schaeffer 2011: 468.

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the work that HTMC (ff. 22a5–22b4) identifies as Bram ze chen po sogs rgya gar gyi sgrub chen ’ga’i rdo rje glu.31

7) The history of Śākyamuni’s previous rebirths in eighty chapters: sTon pa sangs rgyas kyi skyes rabs brgyad bcu pa slob dpon dpa’ bos mdzad pa; printed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so in an ox year (1529, 1541 or 1553). since one of the carvers involved seems to have been active in gung thang from 1540 to 1555, the likeliest years are 1541 or 1553.32

8) The mgur ’bum of ye shes rdo rje (1161–1211) entitled’Gro ba’i mgon po gtsang pa rgya ras kyi mgur ’bum rgyas pa; printed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so in 1551.33

9) The rnam mgur of Pad ma rdo rje (1128–1188): Grub thob gling ras kyi rnam mgur mthong ba don ldan; printed at brag dkar rta so by lha btsun with sponsorship from kun bzang nyi zla grags pa;34 undated, but probably printed between 1525 and 1555.10) The rnam mgur of mgon po rdo rje (1189–1258): rJe rgod tshang pa’i rnam thar rgyal thang pa bde chen rdo rjes mdzad pa la mgur chen ’gas rgyan pa; written by rgyal thang pa, edited and expanded with songs of rgod tshang pa by lha btsun, compiled, committed to blocks and printed at brag dkar rta so in 1563.35

11) Nāropa’s biography: mKhas grub kun gyi gtsug rgyan / paṇ chen nā ro pa’i rnam thar / ngo mtshar rmad ’byung; written by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so.36

31 see also smith 2001: 77.32 cf. vol. 707. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck 2003: 341; for the transla-

tion of its colophon, see clemente 2011: 60–61. see also clemente (in press a); clem-ente (in press b).

33 Cf. NGMPP L581/4: f. 52a4–7. See also NGMPP E2518/7, L970/4 (difficult to read) and L194/10 (difficult to read); Clemente (in press a); Schaeffer 2011: 472.

34 cf. ngmPP e2518/6: f. 57–61a7–b1 (last folio is numbered 57–61). see also NGMPP L194/11 (some folios are difficult to read), L12/1 (difficult to read) and L581/5 (incomplete; last folio is missing); clemente (in press a); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 129, n. 67, 135; schaeffer 2011: 472; smith 2001: 76.

35 on the issue of the printing date, cf. the work no. 5 in this list. cf. ngmPP L211/3: f. 42a2–7. See also NGMPP E2518/8, L969/5–970/1 (incomplete and difficult to read). a copy of this work is preserved in the Library of Lhalungpa, new Delhi. see also hTmc: ff. 8a3–9a1; hTng: ff. 52a7–52b2; clemente (in press a); clemente (in press b); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 135; schaeffer 2011: 472; smith 2001: 75–76, 289, n. 183.

36 cf. ngmPP L969/4: f. 46a6–7. see also ngmPP L36/1 (almost unreadable), aT29/5 (dbu can manuscript); clemente (in press a); PbP 2007: 346; smith 2001: 76. This text has been translated into english by guenther 1963.

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12) The mgur ’bum of ko brag pa bsod nams rgyal mtshan (1182–1261): Khams gsum dran bral grub thob ko rag pa’i mgur ’bum; printed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so.37

13) Vajradhāra’s biography: rGyal ba rdo rje ’chang yab yum gyi rnam thar; written by Tilopa (928–?) and printed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so.38

14) Tilopa’s biography entitled Sangs rgyas thams cad kyi rnam ’phrul rje btsun ti lo pa’i rnam mgur; printed by rin chen rnam rgyal at brag dkar rta so in 1550.39

15) a biography of rDo rje rgyal po (1110–1170): bDe gshegs phag mo gru pa’i rnam thar; written by bsod nams dpal at gdan sa chen po dpal kun du bzang po’i nags khrod, edited by lha btsun. The blocks were carved in 1552 at brag dkar rta so.40

16) mar pa’s spiritual songs: sGra bsgyur mar pa lo tstsha’i mgur ’bum; written by gTsang smyon heruka. lha btsun abridged mar pa’s biogra-phy by his master, retaining all songs and largely deleting the narrative passages, and printed it in 1552.41

17) mi la ras pa’s mgur ’bum: rJe btsun mi la ras pa’i rnam thar rgyas par phye pa mgur ’bum; edited by gTsang smyon heruka and reprinted by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so in 1555.42

37 cf. ngmPP e2518/11: f. 16a3–6. see also ngmPP L 456/8, L970/2 (some fo-lios are difficult to read); dPal brtsegs (text no. 28). This work has been translated into english by stearns 2000. see also clemente (in press a); schaeffer 2011: 473.

38 cf. ngmPP L456/14: f. 11a4–7. see also ngmPP L969/4 (incomplete, ff. 2 and 11 are missing); u rgyan rdo rje 1976: 85–105.

39 cf. ngmPP e2517/6: ff. 23b7–24a6. see also ngmPP L1107/4; dPal brtsegs (text no. 32); u rgyan rDo rje 1976: 37–83; clemente (in press a); schaeffer 2011: 469; smith 2001: 76.

40 cf. ngmPP L194/13: f. 18a4–7. see also ngmPP e2518/5, L970/3, e693/4 (difficult to read); U rgyan rDo rje 1976: 1–35; Clemente (in press a); Schaeffer 2011: 472.

41 cf. ngmPP L969/4[1]: f. 40a7–8. see also ngmPP L194/7 (some folios are difficult to read) and E2518/2 (incomplete); Clemente (in press a); Schaeffer 2011: 470; sernesi 2011a: 201; smith 2001: 77. a special thanks to Dr. marta sernesi for providing me with this colophon.

42 cf. ngmPP L250/8–L 251/1: ff. 248b7–250a7. an original xylograph is kept at the british Library in London (vol. 19999a3). This is the one used by Jäschke to work on his dictionary and contains many hand–written notes. see also clemente (in press a); clemente (in press b); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 135; eimer 2010; eimer and Tsering 1990: 71–72; roesler 2000: 227–29; schaeffer 2009: 62; schaeffer 2011: 470; sernesi 2011a: 184, 188–90, 200, 225–26.

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18) mi la ras pa’s rnam thar: rNal ’byor gyi dbang phyug dam pa rje btsun mi la ras pa’i rnam par thar pa dang thams cad mkhyen pa’i lam ston; written by gTsang smyon and reprinted by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so.43 19) mi la ras pa’s songs: Thun mong ma yin pa rdo rje mgur drug sogs / mgur ma ’ga’ yar; printed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so.44

20) a prayer to gTsang smyon, gSol ’debs, written by rin chen rnam rgyal in 1522 at Ling ba brag dmar.45 This should be the same work listed in the ’bras spungs catalogue (p. 1674) as gTsang smyon rus pa’i rgyan can gyi bstod pa.21) a work entitled Chos rje dags po lha rje’i gsung / bstan chos lung gi nyid ’od, compiled by sgam po pa (1079–1153) in 1134 and printed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so in 1550.46 22) an explanatory text on the four stages of mahāmudrā written by yang dgon pa (1213–1258) in the monastery of dPal lha sding and printed by lha btsun in 1556 at brag dkar rta so. entitled: Phyag rgya chen po rnal ’byor bzhi’i rim pa snying po don gyi gter mdzod.47 23) a work called rGyal ba yang dgon pa’i bar do phran sgrol in hTmc (ff. 22a5–22b4). it probably refers to Yang dkon chos rje’i mdzad pa’i bar do ’phrang bsgrol, edited by yang dgon pa at dPal bu le dkar ba and printed by rin chen rnam rgyal at brag dkar rta so.48

43 a copy of this xylograph has not surfaced yet. according to sernesi (2011a: 200, n. 50), the colophon of this reprint is preserved in the Peking edition of mi la ras pa’s rnam thar and added in handwriting at the end of a damaged and lacunary blockprint in the Van manen collection (de Jong 1959: 210, edition c). see also schaeffer 2007: 229, n. 19; schaeffer 2011: 470.

44 cf. ngmPP L477/14: f. 19a7 (the initial four folios are in the wrong order; ff. 1–3 are damaged; some folios are difficult to read). see also ngmPP e1256/1 (diffi-cult to read), L20/3 (incomplete); clemente (in press a); schaeffer 2011: 471; sernesi 2011a: 199.

45 cf. ngmPP L581/6: f. 4a5–7. see also schaeffer 2011: 474. i wish to thank Dr. stefan Larsson for providing me with a copy of this work.

46 cf. L970/5: f. 25a5–7. see also ngmPP e2518/4. This work is mentioned in hTmc (ff. 22a5–22b4) as mNyam med sgam po pa’i bstan bcos lung gi nyi ma. see also schaeffer 2011: 475; smith 2001: 77.

47 cf. vol. 1356: f. 18a3–6. for its cataloguing, see De rossi filibeck 2003: 447. for its description and the translation of its colophon, see clemente 2007: 125, 141. see also ngmPP e1784/3 (incomplete), L194/8 and L 567/5 (incomplete, ff. 1–9 are missing); clemente (in press a); schaeffer 2011: 476.

48 Cf. NGMPP E2518/9: f. 38a7–8 (some folios are difficult to read). See also NG-mPP L970/6 (many dark folios) and L456/5 (some dark folios); clemente (in press a); schaeffer 2011: 473; smith 2001: 77.

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24) according to hTmc, lha btsun worked on texts called sPu to ba’i dpe chos rin chen spungs rtsa ’grel dang bcas pa.49 This probably refers to two works, the former being dPe chos rin po che spungs pa’i ’bum ’grel, composed and printed by rin chen rnam rgyal at brag dkar rta so in 1555.50 25) The second work is entitled dPe chos rin chen spungs pa’i zhung; written by Po to ba rin chen gsal (1027–1105).51

26) hTmc also mentions a work entitled Phyag rgya chen po’i ’grel bshad gnyug ma’i gter mdzad. it probably refers to rGyud kyi dgongs pa gtsor ston pa phyag rgya chen po yi ge bzhi pa’i ’grel bshad gnyug ma’i gter mdzod, composed by lha btsun at brag dkar rta so in 1548; printed in 1561, most likely by one of his disciples.52

27) according to hTmc, rin chen rnam rgyal wrote a text entitled rDo rje gzhung chung. This probably refers to rDo rje gzhung chung gi sa bcad, authored by him after a vision of gTsang smyon in the form of Tilopa.53 28) according to hTmc, lha btsun printed a work called rJe sna phu pa’i mdzad pa’i bla ma mchod pa la rje nyid kyi sa bcad sbyar ba. it might refer to gling ras pa’s bla ma mchod pa54 entitled Grub thob gling gi mdzad pa’i / bla ma mchod pa yon tan kun ’byung dang po’i sa spyad.55 29) around 1531 lha btsun experienced a vision of the mahāsiddha Virūpa. After this, he wrote a text called Lam ’bras kyi gsung rgyun man ngag rnams zin bris.56

49 see also smith 2001: 77.50 cf. ngmPP L10/22: f. 169b2–170a7 (f. 79 is missing). see also ngmPP L813/2

(last folio is missing) and e2617/9 (incomplete); clemente (in press a); clemente (in press b); roesler 2000; schaeffer 2011: 476.

51 cf. ngmPP L10/21. see also schaeffer 2011: 476.52 cf. ngmPP L194/9: ff. 49b7–50a7. see also ngmPP L512/8, L1219/3, L503/2

and L956/8 (incomplete); clemente (in press a); ehrhard 2004a: 593, n. 6; schaeffer 2011: 476.

53 i have not been able to find a copy of this work. The national archives preserves a manuscript with the same title (ngmPP L1/9q. see also L23/m, produced on the basis of L1/9q) but it is not lha btsun’s work. on texts written after visions, see clemente 2009: 3.6; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 135–37.

54 see i. m. stearns 1985: 91, n. 35.55 a xylograph is preserved at the national archives(vol. 788/1; ngmPP aT82/11)

, but it is not a gung thang print. i was unable to go through it, therefore i do not know if it is based on a gung thang print.

MICHELA CLEMENTE194

30) Rin chen rnam rgyal also saw his master in the form of Nāgārjuna. Then, he composed ’The Essential Meaning of the Five Pacifications’ (Zhi lnga’i bsdus don). 31) Another vision of his master—this time in the form of Nāropa—led lha btsun to compose ’The instructions on the Twelve major Trials’ (dKa’ chen bcu gnyis kyi gdams pa rnams).32) after a vision of the mahāsiddha Śavaripa, Rin chen rnam rgyal authored two works, the former being ’The oral instructions on the six Dharmas’ (Chos drug gi man ngag rnams).33) The second work was an ’outline of the Thirteenth chapter of the sign Lineage’ (brDa rtsa le’u bdun pa’i sa bcad).34) ’The oral instructions of the essential meaning of rGya gar gsang spyod’ (rGya gar gsang spyod kyi don bsdu’i man ngag rnams) was composed by rin chen rnam rgyal after a vision of mar pa.35) lha btsun wrote ’The notes on the oral instructions of the Three cycles of Sre ’pho’ (Sre ’pho skor gsum gyi zhal gdams zin bris) after a vision of mi la ras pa.36) after seeing Padmasambhava, lha btsun authored ’The Profound instructions of the inner essence of the master’ (Bla ma yang tig gi zab don rnams).57

37) lha btsun’s last vision consists of saraha’s apparition, after which he wrote two works, the first being ’The Autocommentary of the Sign Lineage’ (brDa rgyud kyi rtsa ’grel).38) The second work is mentioned as ’The oral instructions of Ye shes stong mthun’ (Ye shes stong mthun gyi man ngag).58

56 I have not yet been able to find copies of items 29–35. On the visions described in these works, see clemente 2009: 3.6; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 136–37. corre-sponding locations in hTng are as follows: 29) ff. 35a5–35b2; 30) ff. 39b6–40a4; 31) f. 45a3–7; 32) f. 46a2–7; 33) f. 46a2–7; 34) ff. 46b3–47a3; 35) ff. 48a5–48b1.

57 cf. hTng: ff. 49a4–49b3. The national archives preserves a work with the same title (ngmPP L351/3). it is not a gung thang print, but i was not able to go through it. on this vision, see also clemente 2009: 3.6; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 137. Bla ma yang tig refers to Klong chen pa’s new codification of the Bi ma snying tig and is part of his sNying thig ya bzhi collection. Personal communication from Professor franz-karl ehrhard (see ehrhard 1990: 20–27).

58 cf. hTng: ff. 51a4–51b6. so far i have not been able to find a copy of these two works. on this vision, see clemente 2009: 3.6; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 137. some of these visions have been mentioned by Quintman (2006: 238, n. 123). on ye shes stong mthun, see sernesi 2007a: 70.

THE LITERARY WORK OF LHA BTSUN 195

39) hTmc (ff. 22a5–22b4) mentions another work produced by lha btsun, Ma ṇi bka’ ’bum gyi zhal gdams kyi skor.59 This should refer to a reprint of the third section of the Maṇi bka’ ’bum.60

40) a dKar chag of the Svayaṃbhūnāth stūpa’s renovation works su-pervised by lha btsun.61

41) a dKar chag of the ’Phags pa lha khang’s renovation works super-vised by lha btsun.62

42) a short biography of ras chung pa entitled Ras chung pa’i rnam thar mdor bsdus; printed by lha btsun in 1538.63

conclusion

This short survey of rin chen rnam rgyal’s editorial activity has been presented here in order to show his relevance for Tibetan printing his-tory. Due to space limitations, only preliminary data of his works have been provided. complete catalogue entries with pictures, paper analy-sis, information on masters, craftsmen, places and so forth will be soon available on the database of the above–mentioned projects. it is my hope that it becomes a useful tool for scholars and that they can contrib-ute to its further expansion.

BiBliography

Primary Sources’Bras spungs = dPal brtsegs bod yig dpe rnying zhib ’jug khang 2004. ’Bras spungs

dgon du bzhugs su gsol ba’i dpe rnying dkar chag. beijing: mi rigs dpe skrun khang.

59 see also smith 2001: 77.60 This xylograph is available in the cambridge university Library (Tibetan

276–277.1. see cTmb). see also ngmPP e2934/3–2935/1, L118/2; bkDr: f. 27b; ehrhard 2013: 152, n. 17.

61 cf. hTmc: 8a3–9a1; hTng: ff. 32b7–34a6, 37b4–5, 38a6–38b6, 40b5–42b5. see also clemente 2009: 3.8; Decleer 2000: 39; Diemberger and clemente 2013: 131; von rospatt 2001: 206–7. i have not yet found a copy of this work.

62 cf. hTmc: ff. 4a1–5a2, 5a6–8a3, 8a3–9b2. see also clemente 2009: 3.9; clem-ente (forthcoming a); Diemberger and clemente 2013: 130; ehrhard 2000: 49–50; ehrhard 2004b: 82–85. i have not yet found a copy of this work.

63 cf. ngmPP e908/3: f. 38a5–6. see also schaeffer 2011: 471.

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dPal brtsegs = dPal brtsegs bod yig dpe rnying zhib ’jug khang 2013. Bod kyi shing spar lag rtsal gyi byung rim mdor bsdus. Lhasa: bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang.

PBP = Pho brang po ta la do dam khru’u rig dngos zhib ’jug khang 2007. Pho brang po ta lar tshags pa’i bka’ brgyud pa’i gsung ’bum dkar chag. Lhasa: bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang.

u rgyan rdo rje 1976. Rare dkar brgyud pa Texts from Himachal Pradesh. A Collection of Biographical Works and Philosophical Treatises. Reproduced from Prints from Ancient Western Tibetan Blocks. new Delhi: institut d’asie. centre d’Études Ti-bétaines.

Cambridge University LibraryTibetan 276–277.1 = Chos skyong ba’i rgyal po srong btsan rgam po’i bka’ ’bum las

smad kyi cha zhal gdams kyi skor (ff. 1a–377a).

National Archives, KathmanduBKDR = brag dkar rta so sprul sku chos kyi dbang phyug (1775–1837). Grub pa’i

gnas chen brag dkar rta so’i gnas dang gdan rabs bla ma brgyud pa’i lo rgyus mdo tsam brjod pa mos ldan dad pa’i gdung sel drang srong dga’ ba’i dal gtam (ngmPP L940/8, ff 1a–48a).

ngmPP e908/3 = Ras chung pa’i rnam thar mdor bsdus (ff. 1a–38a).ngmPP e2517/6 = gTsang smyon heruka (1452–1507). Sangs rgyas thams cad kyi

rnam ’phrul rje btsun ti lo pa’i rnam mgur (ff. 1a–24a).ngmPP e2518/6 = Grub thob gling ras kyi rnam mgur mthong ba don ldan (ff. 1a–61b).ngmPP e2518/9 = yang dgon pa rgyal mtshan dpal (1213–1258). Yang dkon chos

rje’i mdzad pa’i bar do ’phrang bsgrol (ff. 1a–38a).ngmPP e2518/11 = ko brag pa bsod nams rgyal mtshan (1170–1249). Khams gsum

’dran bral grub thob ko rag pa’i mgur ’buṃ bzhugs / badzra dho dza (ff. 1a–16a).ngmPP L10/21 = Po to ba rin chen gsal (1027–1105). dPe chos rin chen spungs pa’i

zhung (ff. 1a–7a).ngmPP L10/22 = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). dPe chos rin po che

spungs pa’i ’bum ’grel (ff. 1a–170a).ngmPP L109/11 = Zla ba rgyal mtshan. mKhas grub sha ra rab ’jam pa sangs rgyas

seng ge’i rnam thar mthong ba don ldan ngo mtshar nor bu’i phreng ba shar ’dod yid ’phrog blo gsal mgul brgyan (ff. 1a–26a).

ngmPP L194/9 = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). rGyud kyi dgongs pa gtsor ston pa / phyag rgya chen po yi ge bzhi pa’i ’grel bshad gnyug ma’i gter mdzod (ff. 1a–50a).

ngmPP L194/13 = bsod nams dpal. bDe gshegs phag mo gru pa’i rnam thar (ff. 1a–18a).

ngmPP L211/3 = rgyal thang pa bDe chen rdo rje. rJe rgod tshang pa’i rnam thar rg-yal thang pa bde chen rdo rjes mdzad pa la mgur chen ’gas rgyan pa (ff. 1a–42a).

ngmPP L250/8–251/1 = gTsang smyon heruka (1452–1507). rJe btsun mi la ras pa’i rnam thar rgyas par phye pa mgur ’bum (ff. 1a–250a).

ngmPP L456/14 = Tilopa (928–?). rGyal ba rdo rje ’chang yab yum gyi rnam thar (ff. 1a–11a).

ngmPP L477/14 = mi la ras pa (1040–1123). Thun mong ma yin pa rdo rje mgur drug sogs / mgur ma ’ga’ yar (ff. 1a–19a).

ngmPP L581/4 = ’Gro ba’i mgon po gtsang pa rgya ras kyi mgur ’bum rgyas pa (ff.

THE LITERARY WORK OF LHA BTSUN 197

1a–52a).ngmPP L581/6 = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). gSol ’debs (ff. 1a–4a).ngmPP L969/4 = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). mKhas grub kun gyi gt-

sug rgyan / paṇ chen nā ro pa’i rnam thar / ngo mtshar rmad ’byung (ff. 1a–46a). ngmPP L969/4[1] = gTsang smyon heruka (1452–1507). sGra bsgyur mar pa lo tst-

sha’i mgur ’bum (ff. 1a–40a).ngmPP L970/5 = sgam po pa (1079–1153). Chos rje dags po lha rje’i gsung / bstan

chos lung gi nyid ’od (ff. 1a–25a).

Tucci Tibetan Collection, IsIAO, RomeGTRN = rgod tshang ras chen (1482–1559). rJe btsun ras chung rdo rje grags pa’i

rnam thar rnam mkhyen thar lam gsal bar ston pa’i me long ye shes kyi snang ba (vol. 657/4, ff. 1a–243a).

HTMC = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). rNal ’byor dbang phyug lha btsun chos kyi rgyal po’i rnam thar gyi smad cha (vol. 657/6, ff. 1a–32a).

HTNG = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). dPal ldan bla ma dam pa mkhas grub lha btsun chos kyi rgyal po’i rnam mgur blo ’das chos sku’i rang gdangs (vol. 657/5, ff. 1a–54a).

KTBP = mkhyen brtse’i dbang po (1820–1892). dBus gtsang gi gnas rten rags rim gyi mtshan byang mdor bsdus dad pa’i sa bon (vol. 810, ff. 1a–26b).

Vol. 706 = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). Grub thob gtsang pa smyon pa’i rnam thar dad pa’i spu long g.yo ba (ff. 1–65a).

Vol. 707 = Āryaśūra. sTon pa sangs rgyas kyi skyes rabs brgyad bcu pa slob dpon dpa’ bos mdzad pa (ff. 1a–170a).

Vol. 1089/2 = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). rJe btsun mi la ras pa’i rdo rje mgur drug sogs gsung rgyun thor bu ’ga’ (ff. 1a–109a).

Vol. 1102 = lha btsun rin chen rnam rgyal (1473–1557). Bram ze chen pos mdzad pa’i dho ha bskor gsum / mdzod drug / ka kha dho ha / sa sbyang rnams (ff. 1a–35b).

Vol. 1356 = yang dgon pa rgyal mtshan dpal (1213–1258). Phyag rgya chen po rnal ’byor bzhi’i rim pa snying po don gyi gter mdzod (ff. 1a–18a).

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–––– 2012. Crazy for Wisdom. The Making of a Mad Yogin in Fifteenth-Century Tibet. Leiden-boston: brill.

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–––– 2011. “The Printing Projects of gtsang smyon he ru ka and his Disciples.” in roger r. Jackson and matthew T. kapstein (eds), Mahāmudrā and the Bka’-brgyud Tradition. Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Königswinter 2006, vol. 25, pp. 453–79. halle: international institute for Tibetan and buddhist studies gmbh.

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–––– 2007a. “The Aural Transmission of Saṃvara and Ras chung pa’s Legacy.” PhD Dissertation, università degli studi di Torino.

–––– 2007b. “A Tibetan Text on the Cakrasaṃvara Tradition from the Tucci Fund (isiao): Preliminary remarks on its authorship, Dating and contents.” Paper presented at the Journée d’études Indiennes, études bouddhistiques, June 20, École pratique des hautes Études (ePhe), unpublished.

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–––– 2011a. “a continuous stream of merit: The early reprints of gTsang smyon he-ruka’s hagiographical Works.” Zentralasiatische Studien 40: 179–237.

–––– 2011b. “The Aural Transmission of Saṃvara: An Introduction to Neglected sources for the study of the early bka’ brgyud.” in roger Jackson and matthew T. kapstein (eds), Mahāmudrā and the bKa’-brgyud Tradition. Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 11th International Association for Tibetan Studies, Königswin-ter 2006, vol. 25, pp. 179–209. halle: beiträge zur Zentralasienforschung.

–––– forthcoming. Re–enacting the Past. A Cultural History of the School of gTsang smyon Heruka. Wiesbaden: reichert Verlag.

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–––– 2000. “Padma dkar po’s arrangement of the bDe mchog snyan brgyud.” East and West 50: 359–86.

–––– 2001. “Zhang Lo tsā ba’s Introduction to the Aural Transmission of Śaṃvara.” In raffaele Torella (ed.), Le Parole e i Marmi. Studi in Onore di Raniero Gnoli nel suo 70° Compleanno, pp. 875–96. roma: istituto italiano per l’africa e l’oriente.