Chapter 24: The Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968 - Breathitt ...

744

The Civil RightsMovement 1954ndash1968

1954bull Brown v Board of

Education ruling issuedby Supreme Court

1955bull West Germany

admitted to NATO

1958bull Pasternakrsquos Dr Zhivago

awarded Nobel Prize forLiterature 1959

bull Mary Leakey discovers 17 million-year-oldhominid skull fragment in Tanzania

1960bull Sit-in

protestsbegin

Why It MattersIn the 1950s and 1960s African Americans made major strides They began by challenging

segregation in the South With the Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King Jr achieved national and worldwide recognition His peaceful resistance inspired many

especially students After Kingrsquos assassination the civil rights movement shifted focus Many people in the movement began to see economic opportunity as the key to equality

The Impact TodayChanges brought about by the civil rights movement are still with us

bull Civil rights legislation provides protection against discrimination for all citizensbull Economic programs for inner-city residents by government and social service

agencies continue

The American Republic Since 1877 Video The Chapter 24 video ldquoThe Civil Rights Movementrdquo chronicles the milestones of themovement to win rights for African Americans

1957bull Eisenhower sends

troops to a Little RockArkansas high school toensure integration

1960bull France successfully tests

nuclear weapons

1953 1957 1961

Kennedy1961ndash1963

Eisenhower1953ndash1961

1955bull Rosa Parks refuses

to give up bus seatMontgomery busboycott begins inAlabama

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61492714

745

1963bull Over 200000 civil rights

supporters march onWashington DC

1968bull Civil Rights Act of

1968 passed

bull Martin Luther KingJr assassinated

1963bull Organization of

African Unity formed

bull Kenya becomes anindependent nation

Americans march from Selma Alabama to Montgomeryin support of the civil rights movement

1965bull Malcolm X assassinated

bull Race riots erupt in Los Angelesneighborhood of Watts

1965bull Chinarsquos Cultural

Revolution begins

1967bull Arab-Israeli War brings

many Palestiniansunder Israeli rule

1965

Johnson1963ndash1969

1969

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the American RepublicSince 1877 Web site at

and click on Chapter OverviewsmdashChapter 24 to preview chapterinformation

tarvol2glencoecom

The Movement Begins

1954Brown v Board of Educationof Topeka Kansas decision

746 CHAPTER 24 The Civil Rights Movement

The Origins of the MovementWhen Rosa Parks agreed to challenge segregation in court she did not know that her

decision would launch the modern civil rights movement Within days of her arrestAfrican Americans in Montgomery had organized a boycott of the bus system Mass

On December 1 1955 Rosa Parks left her job as a seamstress in MontgomeryAlabama and boarded a bus to go home In 1955 buses in Montgomery reserved seatsin the front for whites and seats in the rear for African Americans Seats in the middlewere open to African Americans but only if there were few whites on the bus

Rosa Parks took a seat just behind the white section Soon all of the seats on the buswere filled When the bus driver noticed a white man standing at the front of the bus he

told Parks and three other African Americans in her row to get up and let the white mansit down Nobody moved The driver cautioned ldquoYou better make it light on yourselves

and let me have those seatsrdquo The other three African Americans rose but Rosa Parks didnot The driver then called the Montgomery police who took Parks into custody

News of the arrest soon reached ED Nixon a former president of the local chapter of theNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Nixon wanted to chal-lenge bus segregation in court and he told Parks ldquoWith your permission we can break downsegregation on the bus with your caserdquo Parks told Nixon ldquoIf you think it will mean somethingto Montgomery and do some good Irsquoll be happy to go along with itrdquo

mdashadapted from Parting the Waters America in the King Years

1955Rosa Parks refuses to give up busseat in Montgomery Alabama

1956Group of 101 Southern members ofCongress sign Southern Manifesto

1957Southern Christian LeadershipConference formed

1954 1955 1956 1957

Rosa Parks

Main IdeaAfter World War II African Americansand other supporters of civil rights chal-lenged segregation in the United States

Key Terms and Namesseparate-but-equal de facto segregationNAACP sit-in Thurgood Marshall LindaBrown Dr Martin Luther King JrSouthern Christian LeadershipConference

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about the birthof the civil rights movement complete agraphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the causes of the civilrights movement

Reading Objectivesbull Explain the origin of the Southern

Christian Leadership Conferencebull Discuss the changing role of the federal

government in civil rights enforcement

Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy In the1950s African Americans began a move-ment to win greater social equality

Civil RightsMovement

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11389193

CHAPTER 24 The Civil Rights Movement 747

MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYAMERICAN SEGREGATIONIn an Oklahoma City streetcarstation in 1939 a man takes a drink from a water coolerlabeled ldquoCOLOREDrdquo Raciallysegregated facilitiesmdashwaitingrooms railroad cars lavatoriesand drinking fountainsmdashwereprevalent all across the SouthUnder the so-called Jim CrowsystemAfrican Americanswere legally entitled to ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo educa-tion housing and social serv-ices In practice however only asmall percentage of public fundsearmarked for schools streetspolice and other expensesfound its way to AfricanAmerican neighborhoods

protests began across the nation After decades ofsegregation and inequality many African Americanshad decided the time had come to demand equalrights

The struggle would not be easy The SupremeCourt had declared segregation to be constitutionalin Plessy v Ferguson in 1896 The ruling had estab-lished the ldquoseparate-but-equalrdquo doctrine Laws seg-regating African Americans were permitted as longas equal facilities were provided for them

After the Plessy decision laws segregating AfricanAmericans and whites spread quickly These lawsnicknamed ldquoJim Crowrdquo laws segregated buses andtrains schools restaurants swimming pools parksand other public facilities Jim Crow laws were com-mon throughout the South but segregation existedin other states as well Often it was left up to eachlocal community to decide whether to pass segrega-tion laws Areas without laws requiring segregationoften had de facto segregationmdashsegregation by cus-tom and tradition (See page 964 for more informationon Plessy v Ferguson)

Court Challenges Begin Thecivil rights movement hadbeen building for a long timeSince 1909 the NationalAssociation for the Advance-ment of Colored People(NAACP) had supportedcourt cases intended to over-turn segregation Over theyears the NAACP achievedsome victories In 1935 forexample the Supreme Courtruled in Norris v Alabama thatAlabamarsquos exclusion ofAfrican Americans from juries violated their right to equal protection under thelaw In 1946 the Court ruled in Morgan v Virginia thatsegregation on interstate buses was unconstitutionalIn 1950 it ruled in Sweatt v Painter that state law schoolshad to admit qualified African American applicantseven if parallel black law schools existed (See pages964ndash965 for more information on these cases)

Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican RepublicSince 1877 Web site at

and click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 24 for anactivity on the civilrights movement

HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom

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12282534

New Political Power In addition to a string of courtvictories African Americans enjoyed increased politi-cal power Before World War I most African Americanslived in the South where they were largely excludedfrom voting During the Great Migration many movedto Northern cities where they were allowed to voteIncreasingly Northern politicians sought their votesand listened to their concerns

During the 1930s many African Americans bene-fited from FDRrsquos New Deal programs Thus theybegan supporting the Democratic Party giving itnew strength in the North This wing of the partywas now able to counter Southern Democrats whooften supported segregation

The Push for Desegregation During World War IIAfrican American leaders began to use their new political power to demand more rights Their efforts helped end discrimination in factories that held government contracts andincreased opportunities for African Americans inthe military

In Chicago in 1942 James Farmer and GeorgeHouser founded the Congress of Racial Equality

(CORE) CORE began using sit-ins aform of protest first used by unionworkers in the 1930s In 1943CORE attempted to desegregate

restaurants that refused toserve African AmericansUsing the sit-in strategymembers of CORE went tosegregated restaurants Ifthey were denied servicethey sat down and refusedto leave The sit-ins were

intended to shame restaurantmanagers into integratingtheir restaurants Usingthese protests CORE suc-cessfully integrated manyrestaurants theaters andother public facilities inChicago Detroit Denver

and Syracuse

Examining How had the rulingin Plessy v Ferguson contributedto segregation

The Civil Rights Movement BeginsWhen World War II ended many African Amer-

ican soldiers returned home optimistic that theircountry would appreciate their loyalty and sacrificeIn the 1950s when change did not come as quickly ashoped their determination to change prejudices inthe United States led to protests and marchesmdashandto the emergence of the civil rights movement

Brown v Board of Education After World War IIthe NAACP continued to challenge segregation inthe courts From 1939 to 1961 the NAACPrsquos chiefcounsel and director of its Legal Defense andEducation Fund was the brilliant African Americanattorney Thurgood Marshall After World War IIMarshall focused his efforts on ending segregation inpublic schools

In 1954 the Supreme Court decided to combineseveral different cases and issue a general ruling onsegregation in schools One of the cases involved ayoung African American girl named Linda Brownwho was denied admission to her neighborhoodschool in Topeka Kansas because of her race Shewas told to attend an all-black school across townWith the help of the NAACP her parents then suedthe Topeka school board

On May 17 1954 the Supreme Court ruled unani-mously in the case of Brown v Board of Education ofTopeka Kansas that segregation in public schools wasunconstitutional and violated the equal protectionclause of the Fourteenth Amendment Chief JusticeEarl Warren summed up the Courtrsquos decision when hewrote ldquoIn the field of public education the doctrine ofseparate but equal has no place Separate educationalfacilities are inherently unequalrdquo (See pages 959 and962 for information on Brown v Board of Education)

The Southern Manifesto The Brown decisionmarked a dramatic reversal of the ideas expressedin the Plessy v Ferguson case Brown v Board ofEducation applied only to public schools but the rul-ing threatened the entire system of segregationAlthough it convinced many African Americansthat the time had come to challenge other forms of segregation it also angered many whiteSoutherners who became even more determined todefend segregation regardless of what the SupremeCourt ruled

Although some school districts in border statesintegrated their schools in compliance with theCourtrsquos ruling anger and opposition was a far morecommon reaction In Washington DC SenatorHarry F Byrd of Virginia called on Southerners to

Reading Check

Separate but Unequal Linda Brownrsquos court caseended decades of official segregation in the South


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2800966


Car Pool Pick-Up Station During the monthsof the Montgomery bus boycott African Americanswalked or volunteered their own cars as free taxisfor other protesters Why did African Americanschoose to boycott the city bus system

History

adopt ldquomassive resistancerdquo against the ruling Acrossthe South hundreds of thousands of whiteAmericans joined citizensrsquo councils to pressure theirlocal governments and school boards into defyingthe Supreme Court Many states adopted pupilassignment laws These laws created an elaborate setof requirements other than race that schools coulduse to prevent African Americans from attendingwhite schools

The Supreme Court inadvertently encouragedwhite resistance when it followed up its decision inBrown v Board a year later The Court ordered schooldistricts to proceed ldquowith all deliberate speedrdquo to endschool segregation The wording was vague enoughthat many districts were able to keep their schoolssegregated for many more years

Massive resistance also appeared in the halls ofCongress In 1956 a group of 101 Southern members ofCongress signed the Southern Manifesto whichdenounced the Supreme Courtrsquos ruling as ldquoa clearabuse of judicial powerrdquo and pledged to use ldquoall lawfulmeansrdquo to reverse the decision Although the Southern

Manifesto had no legal standing the statement encour-aged white Southerners to defy the Supreme Court

The Montgomery Bus Boycott In the midst of theuproar over the Brown v Board of Education case RosaParks made her decision to challenge segregation ofpublic transportation Outraged by Parksrsquos arrest Jo Ann Robinson head of a local organization calledthe Womenrsquos Political Council called on AfricanAmericans to boycott Montgomeryrsquos buses on theday Rosa Parks appeared in court

The boycott was a dramatic success That after-noon several African American leaders formed theMontgomery Improvement Association to run theboycott and to negotiate with city leaders for an endto segregation They elected a 26-year-old pastornamed Martin Luther King Jr to lead them

On the evening of December 5 1955 a meetingwas held at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church where DrKing was pastor In the deep resonant tones andpowerful phrases that characterized his speakingstyle King encouraged the people to continue their

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14304486

protest ldquoThere comes a time myfriendsrdquo he said ldquowhen peopleget tired of being thrown into theabyss of humiliation where theyexperience the bleakness of nag-ging despairrdquo He explained how-ever that the protest had to bepeaceful

ldquoNow let us say that we are notadvocating violence The onlyweapon we have in our hands thisevening is the weapon of protest Ifwe were incarcerated behind theiron curtains of a communisticnationmdashwe couldnrsquot do this If wewere trapped in the dungeon of atotalitarian regimemdashwe couldnrsquot dothis But the great glory of Americandemocracy is the right to protest forrightrdquo

mdashquoted in Parting the WatersAmerica in the King Years

King had earned a PhD in theol-ogy from Boston University Hebelieved that the only moral way toend segregation and racism was through nonviolentpassive resistance He told his followers ldquoWe must usethe weapon of love We must realize that so many people are taught to hate us that they are not totallyresponsible for their haterdquo African Americans heurged must say to racists and segregationists ldquoWe willsoon wear you down by our capacity to suffer and inwinning our freedom we will so appeal to your heartand conscience that we will win you in the processrdquo

King drew upon the philosophy and techniques ofIndian leader Mohandas Gandhi who had used non-violent resistance effectively against British rule inIndia Like Gandhi King encouraged his followers todisobey unjust laws Believing in peoplersquos ability totransform themselves King was certain that publicopinion would eventually force the government toend segregation

Stirred by Kingrsquos powerful words AfricanAmericans in Montgomery continued their boycottfor over a year Instead of riding the bus theyorganized car pools or walked to work Theyrefused to be intimidated yet they avoided vio-lence Meanwhile Rosa Parksrsquos legal challenge tobus segregation worked its way through the courtsFinally in December 1956 the Supreme Court

affirmed the decision of a special three-judge paneldeclaring Alabamarsquos laws requiring segregation onbuses to be unconstitutional

Describing What was the ruling inBrown v Board of Education

African American ChurchesMartin Luther King Jr was not the only promi-

nent minister in the bus boycott Many of the otherleaders were African American ministers The boy-cott could not have succeeded without the support ofthe African American churches in the city As the civilrights movement gained momentum AfricanAmerican churches continued to play a critical roleThey served as forums for many of the protests andplanning meetings and they also mobilized many ofthe volunteers for specific civil rights campaigns

After the Montgomery bus boycott demon-strated that nonviolent protest could be successfulAfrican American ministers led by King establishedthe Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC) in 1957 The SCLC set out to eliminate seg-regation from American society and to encourage

Reading Check


i n H i s t o r yThurgood Marshall1908ndash1993

Over his long lifetime ThurgoodMarshall made many contributions tothe civil rights movement Perhaps hismost famous accomplishment was rep-resenting the NAACP in the Brown vBoard of Education case

Marshallrsquos speaking style was bothsimple and direct During the Browncase Justice Frankfurter askedMarshall for a definition of equalldquoEqual means getting the same thingat the same time and in the sameplacerdquo Marshall answered

Born into a middle-class Baltimorefamily in 1908 Marshall earned a lawdegree from Howard University LawSchool The schoolrsquos dean CharlesHamilton Houston enlisted Marshall towork for the NAACP Together the twolaid out the legal strategy for challeng-ing discrimination in many arenas ofAmerican life

Marshall became the first AfricanAmerican on the Supreme Court whenPresident Lyndon Johnson appointedhim in 1967 On the Court he remaineda voice for civil rights In his view theConstitution was not perfect because ithad accepted slavery Its ideas of libertyjustice and equality had to be refinedldquoThe true miracle of the Constitutionrdquohe once wrote ldquowas not the birth of theConstitution but its liferdquo

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21426161

African Americans to register to vote Dr Kingserved as the SCLCrsquos first president Under hisleadership the organization challenged segrega-tion at the voting booths and in public transporta-tion housing and public accommodations

Summarizing What role did AfricanAmerican churches play in the civil rights movement

Eisenhower and Civil RightsPresident Eisenhower sympathized with the goals

of the civil rights movement and he personally dis-agreed with segregation Following the precedent setby President Truman he ordered navy shipyards andveteransrsquo hospitals to be desegregated

At the same time however Eisenhower disagreedwith those who wanted to roll back segregationthrough protests and court rulings He believed thatpeople had to allow segregation and racism to endgradually as values changed With the nation in themidst of the Cold War he worried that challengingwhite Southerners on segregation might divide thenation and lead to violence at a time when the country

had to pull together Publicly he refused to endorsethe Brown v Board of Education decision Privately heremarked ldquoI donrsquot believe you can change the heartsof men with laws or decisionsrdquo

Despite his belief that the Brown v Board ofEducation decision was wrong Eisenhower felt hehad to uphold the authority of the federal govern-ment including its court system As a result hebecame the first president since Reconstruction tosend federal troops into the South to protect the con-stitutional rights of African Americans

Crisis in Little Rock In September 1957 the schoolboard in Little Rock Arkansas won a court order toadmit nine African American students to CentralHigh a school with 2000 white students Little Rockwas a racially moderate Southern city as was most ofthe state of Arkansas A number of Arkansas commu-nities as well as the state university had alreadybegun to desegregate their schools

The governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus wasbelieved to be a moderate on racial issues unlike manyother Southern politicians Faubus was determined towin re-election however and so he began to campaign

Reading Check

Crisis in Little Rock Fifteen-year-old Elizabeth Eckford (in sunglasses at right) braves an angrycrowd of Central High School students in Arkansas How did Governor Orval Faubus react toattempts to integrate the high school

History

TARII-751

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15046436

as a defender of white supremacy He ordered troopsfrom the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nineAfrican American students from entering the schoolThe next day as the National Guard troops surroundedthe school an angry white mob joined the troops toprotest the integration plan and to intimidate theAfrican American students trying to register

Television coverage of this episode placed LittleRock at the center of national attention Faubus hadused the armed forces of a state to oppose theauthority of the federal governmentmdashthe first suchchallenge to the Constitution since the Civil WarEisenhower knew that he could not allow Faubus todefy the federal government After a conferencebetween Eisenhower and Faubus proved fruitlessthe district court ordered the governor to removethe troops Instead of ending the crisis howeverFaubus simply left the school to the mob After theAfrican American students entered the schoolangry whites beat at least two African Americanreporters and broke many of the schoolrsquos windowsThe mob came so close to capturing the terrifiedAfrican American students that the police had totake them away to safety

The mob violence finally pushed PresidentEisenhowerrsquos patience to the breaking point Federalauthority had to be upheld He immediately orderedthe US Army to send troops to Little Rock Bynightfall 1000 soldiers of the elite 101st AirborneDivision had arrived By 500 AM the troops hadencircled the school bayonets ready A few hourslater the nine African American students arrived inan army station wagon and they walked into the

high school The law had been upheld but thetroops were forced to remain in Little Rock for therest of the school year

New Civil Rights Legislation The same year that theLittle Rock crisis began Congress passed the first civilrights law since Reconstruction The Civil Rights Actof 1957 was intended to protect the right of AfricanAmericans to vote Eisenhower believed firmly in theright to vote and he viewed it as his responsibility toprotect voting rights He also knew that if he sent acivil rights bill to Congress conservative SouthernDemocrats would try to block the legislation In 1956he did send the bill to Congress hoping not only tosplit the Democratic Party but also to convince moreAfrican Americans to vote Republican

Several Southern senators did try to stop the CivilRights Act of 1957 but the Senate majority leaderDemocrat Lyndon Johnson put together a compro-mise that enabled the act to pass Although its finalform was much weaker than originally intended theact still brought the power of the federal governmentinto the civil rights debate The act created a civilrights division within the Department of Justice andgave it the authority to seek court injunctions againstanyone interfering with the right to vote It also cre-ated the United States Commission on Civil Rights toinvestigate allegations of denial of voting rights Afterthe bill passed the SCLC announced a campaign toregister 2 million new African American voters

Explaining Why did PresidentEisenhower intervene in the civil rights controversy

Reading Check

Writing About History

Checking for Understanding1 Define separate-but-equal de facto

segregation sit-in2 Identify NAACP Thurgood Marshall

Linda Brown Martin Luther King JrSouthern Christian LeadershipConference

3 State the outcome of the Brown vBoard of Education case

Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy Why did

the role of the federal government incivil rights enforcement change

Critical Thinking5 Interpreting Do you think the civil

rights movement would have been suc-cessful in gaining civil rights for AfricanAmericans without the help of theNAACP and the SCLC Explain

6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theefforts made to end segregation

Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the

photograph of Central High School students on page 751 How would youdescribe Elizabeth Eckfordrsquos demeanorcompared to those around her Whatmight this tell you about her character

Efforts to EndSegregation

8 Expository Writing Take on the role ofan African American soldier returning tothe United States after fighting in WorldWar II Write a letter to the editor ofyour local newspaper describing yourexpectations of civil rights as anAmerican citizen


Study Central TMTo review this section go to

and click on Study CentralTMtarvol2glencoecom

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21300761

In the fall of 1959 four young African AmericansmdashJoseph McNeil Ezell Blair Jr DavidRichmond and Franklin McCainmdashenrolled at North Carolina Agricultural and TechnicalCollege in Greensboro The four freshmen became close friends and spent evenings talkingabout the civil rights movement In January 1960 McNeil told his friends that he thought thetime had come to take action and he suggested a sit-in at the whites-only lunch counter inthe nearby Woolworthrsquos department store

ldquoAll of us were afraidrdquo Richmond later recalled ldquobut we went and did itrdquo On February 11960 the four friends entered the Woolworthrsquos They purchased school supplies and then satat the lunch counter and ordered coffee When they were refused service Blair said ldquoI begyour pardon but you just served us at [the checkout] counter Why canrsquot we be served at thecounter hererdquo The students stayed at the counter until it closed then announced that theywould sit at the counter every day until they were given the same service as white customers

As they left the store the four were excited McNeil recalled ldquoI just felt I had powerswithin me a superhuman strength that would come forwardrdquo McCain was also energizedsaying ldquoI probably felt better that day than Irsquove ever felt in my liferdquo

mdashadapted from Civilities and Civil Rights

May 1961Freedom Riders attempt to desegre-gate interstate buses in the South

1962 1966

The Sit-In MovementNews of the daring sit-in at the Woolworthrsquos store spread quickly across Greensboro

The following day 29 African American students arrived at Woolworthrsquos determined tosit at the counter until served By the end of the week over 300 students were taking part

Challenging Segregation

Four North Carolina collegestudents after they participated in

a lunch counter sit-in

1960 1964

Spring 1963Martin Luther King Jrjailed in Birmingham

August 28 1963March on Washington

July 1964President Johnson signsCivil Rights Act of 1964


1965Voting RightsAct passed

Main IdeaAfrican American citizens and white supporters created organizations thatdirected protests targeted specificinequalities and attracted the attention of the mass media and the government

Key Terms and NamesJesse Jackson Ella Baker FreedomRiders filibuster cloture Civil Rights Actof 1964 poll tax

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about chal-lenges to segregation in the South com-plete a causeeffect chart like the onebelow

Reading Objectivesbull Evaluate the Civil Rights Act of 1964bull Summarize the efforts to establish

voting rights for African Americans

Section ThemeScience and Technology The civil rightsmovement gained momentum in theearly 1960s due to national televisioncoverage

Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders

African American supportof Kennedy

African American voter registration

TARII-753

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11363072

Starting with just four students a new mass move-ment for civil rights had begun Within two monthssit-ins had spread to 54 cities in 9 states Sit-ins werestaged at segregated stores restaurants hotelsmovie theaters and swimming pools By 1961 sit-inshad been held in more than 100 cities

The sit-in movement brought large numbers ofidealistic and energized college students into the civilrights struggle Many African American students hadbecome discouraged by the slow pace of desegrega-tion Students like Jesse Jackson a student leader atNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical Collegewanted to see things change The sit-in offered thema way to take matters into their own hands

At first the leaders of the NAACP and the SCLCwere nervous about the sit-in movement Theyfeared that students did not have the discipline toremain nonviolent if they were provoked enoughFor the most part the students proved them wrongThose conducting sit-ins were heckled by bystanderspunched kicked beaten with clubs and burned withcigarettes hot coffee and acidmdashbut most did notfight back They remained peaceful and their heroicbehavior grabbed the nationrsquos attention

Examining What were the effects ofthe sit-in movement

SNCCAs the sit-ins spread student leaders in different

states realized that they needed to coordinate theirefforts The person who brought them together wasElla Baker the 55-year-old executive director of theSCLC In April 1960 Baker invited student leaders to

attend a convention at Shaw University in RaleighNorth Carolina At the convention Baker urged stu-dents to create their own organization instead of join-ing the NAACP or the SCLC Students she said hadldquothe right to direct their own affairs and even maketheir own mistakesrdquo

The students agreed with Baker and establishedthe Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC) Among SNCCrsquos early leaders were MarionBarry who later served as mayor of WashingtonDC and John Lewis who later became a member ofCongress African American college students from allacross the South made up the majority of SNCCrsquosmembers although many whites also joined

Between 1960 and 1965 SNCC played a key role indesegregating public facilities in dozens of Southerncommunities SNCC also began sending volunteersinto rural areas of the Deep South to register AfricanAmericans to vote The idea for what came to becalled the Voter Education Project began with RobertMoses an SNCC volunteer from New York Mosespointed out that the civil rights movement tended tofocus on urban areas He urged SNCC to fill in thegap by helping rural African Americans Moses him-self went to rural Mississippi where AfricanAmericans who tried to register to vote frequentlymet with violence

Despite the danger many SNCC volunteersheaded to Mississippi and other parts of the DeepSouth Several had their lives threatened and otherswere beaten In 1964 local officials in Mississippi bru-tally murdered three SNCC workers as the workersattempted to register African American voters

One SNCC organizer a former sharecroppernamed Fannie Lou Hamer had been evicted fromher farm after registering to vote She was thenarrested in Mississippi for urging other AfricanAmericans to register and she was severely beatenby the police while in jail She then helped organizethe Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and shechallenged the legality of the segregated DemocraticParty at the 1964 Democratic National Convention

Explaining What role did Ella Bakerplay in forming SNCC

The Freedom RidersDespite rulings outlawing segregation in inter-

state bus service bus travel remained segregated inmuch of the South In 1961 CORE leader JamesFarmer asked teams of African Americans andwhites to travel into the South to draw attention to

Reading Check

Reading Check

Sit-Ins Fight Segregation African American students challenged Southernsegregation laws by demanding equal service at lunch counters How did theNAACP initially feel about the sit-in movement

History

TARII-754

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26912408

the Southrsquos refusal to integrate bus ter-minals The teams became known as theFreedom Riders

In early May 1961 the first FreedomRiders boarded several southboundinterstate buses When the buses carryingthem arrived in Anniston Birminghamand Montgomery Alabama angry whitemobs attacked them The mobs slit thebus tires and threw rocks at the windowsIn Anniston someone threw a firebombinto one bus although fortunately no onewas killed

In Birmingham the riders emergedfrom a bus to face a gang of young menarmed with baseball bats chains andlead pipes They beat the ridersviciously One witness later reportedldquoYou couldnrsquot see their faces throughthe bloodrdquo The head of the police inBirmingham Public Safety Commissioner TheophilusEugene (ldquoBullrdquo) Connor explained that there had beenno police at the bus station because it was Motherrsquos Dayand he had given many of his officers the day off FBIevidence later showed that Connor had contacted thelocal Ku Klux Klan and told them he wanted theFreedom Riders beaten until ldquoit looked like a bulldoggot a hold of themrdquo

The violence in Alabama made national newsshocking many Americans The attack on theFreedom Riders came less than four months afterPresident John F Kennedy took office The new pres-ident felt compelled to do something to get the vio-lence under control

Summarizing What was the goal ofthe Freedom Riders

John F Kennedy and Civil RightsWhile campaigning for the presidency in 1960

John F Kennedy promised to actively support thecivil rights movement if elected His brother RobertF Kennedy had used his influence to get Dr Kingreleased from jail after a demonstration in GeorgiaAfrican Americans responded by voting overwhelm-ingly for Kennedy Their votes helped him narrowlywin several key states including Illinois whichKennedy won by less than 9000 votes Once in officehowever Kennedy at first seemed as cautious asEisenhower on civil rights which disappointedmany African Americans Kennedy knew that heneeded the support of many Southern senators to get

other programs he wanted through Congress andthat any attempt to push through new civil rights leg-islation would anger them

Kennedy did however name approximately 40African Americans to high-level positions in the fed-eral government He also appointed ThurgoodMarshall to a judgeship on the Second CircuitAppeals Court in New Yorkmdashone level below theSupreme Court and the highest judicial position anAfrican American had attained to that pointKennedy also created the Committee on EqualEmployment Opportunity (CEEO) to stop the federalbureaucracy from discriminating against AfricanAmericans when hiring and promoting people

The Justice Department Takes Action AlthoughPresident Kennedy was unwilling to challengeSouthern Democrats in Congress he allowed theJustice Department run by his brother Robert toactively support the civil rights movement RobertKennedy tried to help African Americans register tovote by having the civil rights division of the JusticeDepartment file lawsuits throughout the South

When violence erupted against the FreedomRiders the Kennedys came to their aid as wellalthough not at first At the time the Freedom Riderstook action President Kennedy was preparing for ameeting with Nikita Khrushchev the leader of theSoviet Union Kennedy did not want violence in theSouth to disrupt the meeting by giving the impres-sion that his country was weak and divided

After the Freedom Riders were attacked inMontgomery the Kennedys publicly urged them to

Reading Check


Riding Into Danger On May 14 1961 Freedom Riders were driven from their bus outside ofAnniston Alabama when angry townspeople set the bus on fire Which civil rights protest organization coordinated the Freedom Riders

History

TARII-755

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23908035

stop the rides and give everybody a ldquocooling offrdquoperiod James Farmer replied that African Americansldquohave been cooling off now for 350 years If we cooloff anymore wersquoll be in a deep freezerdquo Instead heannounced that the Freedom Riders planned to headinto Mississippi on their next trip

To stop the violence President Kennedy made adeal with Senator James Eastland of Mississippi astrong supporter of segregation If Eastland woulduse his influence in Mississippi to prevent violenceKennedy would not object if the Mississippi policearrested the Freedom Riders Eastland kept thedeal No violence occurred when the buses arrivedin Jackson Mississippi but the riders werearrested

The cost of bailing the Freedom Riders out of jailused up most of CORErsquos funds which meant that therides would have to end unless more money could befound When Thurgood Marshall learned of the situ-ation he offered James Farmer the use of theNAACPrsquos Legal Defense Fundrsquos huge bail bondaccount to keep the rides going

When President Kennedy returned from his meet-ing with Khrushchev and found that the FreedomRiders were still active he changed his position andordered the Interstate Commerce Commission totighten its regulations against segregated bus termi-nals In the meantime Robert Kennedy ordered theJustice Department to take legal action againstSouthern cities that were maintaining segregated busterminals The continuing pressure of CORE and theactions of the ICC and the Justice Department finallyproduced results By late 1962 segregation in inter-state travel had come to an end

James Meredith As the Freedom Riders were try-ing to desegregate bus terminals efforts continued tointegrate Southern schools On the very day John FKennedy was inaugurated an African American airforce veteran named James Meredith applied for atransfer to the University of Mississippi Up to thatpoint the university had avoided complying with theSupreme Court ruling ending segregated education

In September 1962 Meredith tried to register at theuniversityrsquos admissions office only to find RossBarnett the governor of Mississippi blocking hispath Although Meredith had a court order directingthe university to register him Governor Barnettstated emphatically ldquoNever We will never surrenderto the evil and illegal forces of tyrannyrdquo

Frustrated President Kennedy dispatched 500federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campusShortly after Meredith and the marshals arrived an

angry white mob attacked the campus and a full-scale riot erupted The mob hurled rocks bottlesbricks and acid at the marshals Some people firedshotguns at them The marshals responded with teargas but they were under orders not to fire

The fighting continued all night By morning 160marshals had been wounded Reluctantly Kennedyordered the army to send several thousand troops tothe campus For the rest of the year Meredithattended classes at the University of Mississippiunder federal guard He graduated the followingAugust

Violence in Birmingham The events in Mississippifrustrated Martin Luther King Jr and other civilrights leaders Although they were pleased thatKennedy had intervened to protect Meredithrsquos rightsthey were disappointed that the president had notseized the moment to push for a new civil rights lawWhen the Cuban missile crisis began the followingmonth civil rights issues dropped out of the newsand for the next several months foreign policybecame the main priority at the White House

Reflecting on the problem Dr King came to a dif-ficult decision It seemed to him that only when vio-lence and disorder got out of hand would the federalgovernment intervene ldquoWersquove got to have a crisis tobargain withrdquo one of his advisers observed Kingagreed In the spring of 1963 he decided to launchdemonstrations in Birmingham Alabama knowingthey would probably provoke a violent response Hebelieved it was the only way to get PresidentKennedy to actively support civil rights

The situation in Birmingham was volatile PublicSafety Commissioner Bull Connor who hadarranged for the attack on the Freedom Riders wasnow running for mayor Eight days after the protestsbegan King was arrested and held for a time in soli-tary confinement While in prison King began writ-ing on scraps of paper that had been smuggled intohis cell The ldquoLetter From a Birmingham Jailrdquo that heproduced is one of the most eloquent defenses ofnonviolent protest ever written

In his letter King explained that although the pro-testers were breaking the law they were following ahigher moral law based on divine justice To thecharge that the protests created racial tensions Kingargued that the protests ldquomerely bring to the surfacethe hidden tension that is already aliverdquo Injustice heinsisted had to be exposed ldquoto the light of humanconscience and the air of national opinion before itcan be curedrdquo (See page 936 for more on ldquoLetter From aBirmingham Jailrdquo)


TARII-756

null

3142681

After King was released the protests which hadbeen dwindling began to grow again Bull Connorresponded with force ordering the police to useclubs police dogs and high-pressure fire hoses onthe demonstrators including women and childrenMillions of people across the nation watched thegraphic violence on television Outraged by the bru-tality and worried that the government was losingcontrol Kennedy ordered his aides to prepare a newcivil rights bill

Evaluating How did PresidentKennedy help the civil rights movement

The Civil Rights Act of 1964Determined to introduce a civil rights bill

Kennedy now waited for a dramatic opportunity toaddress the nation on the issue Shortly after the vio-lence in Birmingham had shocked the nationAlabamarsquos governor George Wallace gave the presi-dent his chance Wallace was committed to segrega-tion At his inauguration he had stated ldquoI draw aline in the dust and I say Segregation nowSegregation tomorrow Segregation foreverrdquo OnJune 11 1963 Wallace personally stood in front of theUniversity of Alabamarsquosadmissions office to block theenrollment of two AfricanAmericans He stayed untilfederal marshals ordered himto stand aside

President Kennedy seizedthe moment to announce hiscivil rights bill That eveninghe went on television to speakto the American people abouta ldquomoral issue as old asthe scriptures and as clear asthe American Constitutionrdquo

ldquoThe heart of the question is whether we are going to treat our fellow Americansas we want to be treated If an American because his skinis dark cannot eat lunch in arestaurant open to the publicif he cannot send his childrento the best public school avail-able if he cannot vote for the public officials who will

represent him then who among us would be con-tent to have the color of his skin changed and standin his place

One hundred years of delay have passed sincePresident Lincoln freed the slaves yet their heirstheir grandsons are not fully free And thisnation for all its hopes and all its boasts will not befully free until all its citizens are free Now thetime has come for this nation to fulfill its promiserdquo

mdashfrom Kennedyrsquos White House Address June 11 1963

TURNING POINT

The March on Washington Dr King realized thatKennedy would have a very difficult time pushinghis civil rights bill through Congress Therefore hesearched for a way to lobby Congress and to buildmore public support When A Philip Randolph sug-gested a march on Washington King agreed

On August 28 1963 more than 200000 demonstra-tors of all races flocked to the nationrsquos capital The audi-ence heard speeches and sang hymns and songs asthey gathered peacefully near the Lincoln MemorialDr King then delivered a powerful speech outlininghis dream of freedom and equality for all Americans

Reading Check

Forcing Change Birmingham police used high-pressure hoses to force civil rights protesters to stop theirmarches Why did Kingrsquos followers offer no resistance

History

TARII-757

null

1871961


A Dream Deferred The 1963 March on Washington was the emotional high point of the civil rights movementIts nonviolent atmosphere and Dr Kingrsquos eloquent speech made it one of the most momentous American eventsof the twentieth century What significant legislation resulted from the March on Washington

History

ldquoI have adreamrdquo

mdashMartin Luther King Jr

ldquoI have a dream that one day this nation will riseup and live out the true meaning of its creed thatall men are created equal I have a dream thatone day the sons of former slaves and the sonsof former slave owners will be able to sit together atthe table of brotherhood I have a dream that myfour little children will one day live in a nation wherethey will not be judged by the color of their skin butby the content of their character I have a dream when all of Godrsquos children black men and white menJews and Gentiles Protestants and Catholics will beable to join hands and sing lsquoFree at last Free atlast Thank God Almighty we are free at lastrsquordquo

mdashquoted in Freedom Bound A History of Americarsquos Civil Rights Movement

Kingrsquos speech and the peacefulness and dignity ofthe March on Washington had built momentum forthe civil rights bill Opponents in Congress however

continued to do what they could to slow the billdown dragging out their committee investigationsand using procedural rules to delay votes (See page960 for an excerpt from Dr Kingrsquos ldquoI Have a Dreamrdquo speech)

The Civil Rights Bill Becomes Law Although thecivil rights bill was likely to pass the House ofRepresentatives where a majority of Republicansand Northern Democrats supported the measure itfaced a much more difficult time in the Senate Therea small group of determined senators would try toblock the bill indefinitely

In the US Senate senators are allowed to speakfor as long as they like when a bill is being debatedThe Senate cannot vote on a bill until all senatorshave finished speaking A filibuster occurs when asmall group of senators take turns speaking andrefuse to stop the debate and allow a bill to come to avote Today a filibuster can be stopped if at least 60senators vote for cloture a motion which cuts offdebate and forces a vote In the 1960s however 67

TARII-758

null

12554194

senators had to vote for cloture to stop a filibusterThis meant that a minority of senators opposed tocivil rights could easily prevent the majority fromenacting new civil rights laws

Worried the bill would never pass many AfricanAmericans became even more disheartened ThenPresident Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas Texason November 22 1963 and his vice presidentLyndon Johnson became president Johnson wasfrom Texas and had been the leader of the SenateDemocrats before becoming vice president Althoughhe had helped push the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and1960 through the Senate he had done so by weaken-ing their provisions and by compromising with otherSouthern senators

To the surprise of the civil rights movementJohnson committed himself wholeheartedly to get-ting Kennedyrsquos program including the civil rightsbill through Congress Unlike Kennedy Johnson wasvery familiar with how Congress operated havingserved there for many years He knew how to buildpublic support how to put pressure on members ofCongress and how to use the rules and procedures toget what he wanted

In February 1964 President Johnsonrsquos leadershipbegan to produce results The civil rights bill passedthe House of Representatives by a majority of 290 to130 The debate then moved to the Senate In Juneafter 87 days of filibuster the Senate finally voted toend debate by a margin of 71 to 29mdashfour votes overthe two-thirds needed for cloture On July 2 1964President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964into law

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most compre-hensive civil rights law Congress had ever enacted Itgave the federal government broad power to preventracial discrimination in a number of areas The lawmade segregation illegal in most places of publicaccommodation and it gave citizens of all races andnationalities equal access to such facilities as restau-rants parks libraries and theaters The law gave theattorney general more power to bring lawsuits toforce school desegregation and it required privateemployers to end discrimination in the workplace Italso established the Equal Employment OpportunityCommission (EEOC) as a permanent agency in thefederal government This commission monitors theban on job discrimination by race religion genderand national origin

Examining How did Dr King lobbyCongress to expand the right to participate in the democraticprocess

The Struggle for Voting RightsEven after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed

voting rights were far from secure The act hadfocused on segregation and job discrimination and itdid little to address voting issues The Twenty-fourthAmendment ratified in 1964 helped somewhat byeliminating poll taxes or fees paid in order to votein federal (but not state) elections African Americansstill faced hurdles however when they tried to voteAs the SCLC and SNCC stepped up their voter regis-tration efforts in the South their members were oftenattacked and beaten and several were murdered

Across the South bombs exploded in AfricanAmerican businesses and churches Between Juneand October 1964 arson and bombs destroyed 24African American churches in Mississippi aloneConvinced that a new law was needed to protectAfrican American voting rights Dr King decided tostage another dramatic protest

The Selma March In January 1965 the SCLC andDr King selected Selma Alabama as the focal pointfor their campaign for voting rights AlthoughAfrican Americans made up a majority of Selmarsquos

Reading Check

Voting Rights In the early 1960s African Americansfocused on increasing their political power


TARII-759

null

25569586

population they comprised only 3 percent of regis-tered voters To prevent African Americans from reg-istering to vote Sheriff Jim Clark had deputized andarmed dozens of white citizens His posse terrorizedAfrican Americans and frequently attacked demon-strators with clubs and electric cattle prods

Just weeks after receiving the Nobel Peace Prizein Oslo Norway for his work in the civil rightsmovement Dr King stated ldquoWe are not asking weare demanding the ballotrdquo Kingrsquos demonstrationsin Selma led to approximately 2000 AfricanAmericans including schoolchildren beingarrested by Sheriff Clark Clarkrsquos men attacked andbeat many of the demonstrators and Selma quicklybecame a major story in the national news

To keep pressure on the president and Congress toact Dr King joined with SNCC activists and organ-ized a ldquomarch for freedomrdquo from Selma to the statecapitol in Montgomery a distance of about 50 miles(80 km) On Sunday March 7 1965 the march beganThe SCLCrsquos Hosea Williams and SNCCrsquos John Lewisled 500 protesters toward US Highway 80 the routethat marchers had planned to follow to Montgomery

As the protesters approached the Edmund PettusBridge which led out of Selma Sheriff Clark orderedthem to disperse While the marchers kneeled inprayer more than 200 state troopers and deputizedcitizens rushed the demonstrators Many were beatenin full view of television cameras This brutal attackknown later as ldquoBloody Sundayrdquo left 70 AfricanAmericans hospitalized and many more injured

The nation was stunned as it viewed the shockingfootage of law enforcement officers beating peacefuldemonstrators Watching the events from the WhiteHouse President Johnson became furious Eight

days later he appeared before a nationally televisedjoint session of the legislature to propose a new vot-ing rights law

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 On August 3 1965the House of Representatives passed the votingrights bill by a wide margin The following day theSenate also passed the bill The Voting Rights Act of1965 authorized the attorney general to send federalexaminers to register qualified voters bypassinglocal officials who often refused to register AfricanAmericans The law also suspended discriminatorydevices such as literacy tests in counties where lessthan half of all adults had been allowed to vote

The results were dramatic By the end of the yearalmost 250000 African Americans had registered asnew voters The number of African American electedofficials in the South also increased from about 100in 1965 to more than 5000 in 1990

The passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965marked a turning point in the civil rights movementThe movement had now achieved its two major leg-islative goals Segregation had been outlawed andnew federal laws were in place to prevent discrimi-nation and protect voting rights

After 1965 the movement began to shift its focus Itbegan to pay more attention to the problem ofachieving full social and economic equality forAfrican Americans As part of that effort the move-ment turned its attention to the problems of AfricanAmericans trapped in poverty and living in ghettosin many of the nationrsquos major cities

Summarizing How did the Twenty-fourth Amendment affect African American voting rights

Reading Check


Checking for Understanding1 Define Freedom Riders filibuster

cloture poll tax2 Identify Jesse Jackson Ella Baker

Civil Rights Act of 19643 Describe the provisions of the Civil

Rights Act of 1964 aimed at ending segregation and racial discrimination

Reviewing Themes4 Science and Technology How did tele-

vision help the civil rights movement

Critical Thinking5 Evaluating How did protesting and

lobbying lead to the passage of theVoting Rights Act of 1965

6 Sequencing Use a time line like theone below to show relative chronologyof events in the civil rights movement


photographs in this section What elements of the photographs show thesacrifices African Americans made inthe civil rights movement

8 Descriptive Writing Take on the roleof a journalist for the student news-paper of a college in 1960 Write anarticle for the newspaper describing thesit-in movement taking place across thecountry


Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461

Thursday July 12 1965 was hot and humid in Chicago That evening Dessie MaeWilliams a 23-year-old African American woman stood on the corner near the firehouse at4000 West Wilcox Street A firetruck sped out of the firehouse and the driver lost control Thetruck smashed into a stop sign near Williams and the sign struck and killed her

African Americans had already picketed this firehouse because it was not integratedHearing of Williamsrsquos death 200 neighborhood young people streamed into the street sur-rounding the firehouse For two nights rioting and disorder reigned Angry youths threwbricks and bottles at the firehouse and nearby windows Shouting gangs pelted police withrocks and accosted whites and beat them Approximately 75 people were injured

African American detectives clergy and National Guard members eventually restoredorder Mayor Richard Daley then summoned both white and black leaders to discuss thearearsquos problems An 18-year-old man who had been in the riot admitted that he had lost hishead ldquoWersquore sorry about the bricks and bottlesrdquo he said ldquobut when you get pushed youshove back Man you donrsquot like to stand on a corner and be told to get off it when you gotnowhere else to gordquo

mdashadapted from Anyplace But Here

1965Watts riots break out in Los AngelesMalcolm X assassinated

Problems Facing Urban African AmericansCivil rights leaders had made great progress in the decade following the Montgomery

bus boycott but full equality still eluded many African Americans Until 1965 the civilrights movement had focused on ending segregation and restoring the voting rights of

New Issues

Dr Martin Luther King Jrmarching with protesters in

Chicago

1966Chicago Movement fails

1967Kerner Commission studiesproblems of inner cities

1968Dr Martin LutherKing Jr assassinated


1965 19681966 1967

Main IdeaIn the mid-1960s civil rights leaders beganto understand that merely winning politicalrights for African Americans would notaddress the problem of African Americansrsquoeconomic status

Key Terms and Namesracism Chicago Movement Richard Daleyblack power Stokely Carmichael Malcolm X Black Panthers

Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thechanging focus of the civil rights move-ment complete a chart similar to the onebelow Fill in five major violent eventsand their results

Reading Objectivesbull Describe the division between Dr

Martin Luther King Jr and the blackpower movement

bull Discuss the direction and progress ofthe civil rights movement after 1968

Section ThemeCivic Rights and Responsibilities In thelate 1960s the civil rights movement triedto address the persistent economicinequality of African Americans

Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884

African Americans in the South These were goals thatcould be achieved through court decisions and byconvincing Congress to pass new laws

Despite the passage of several civil rights laws inthe 1950s and 1960s racismmdashprejudice or discrimi-nation toward someone because of his or her racemdashwas still common in American society Changing thelaw could not change peoplersquos attitudes immediatelynor could it help those African Americans trapped inpoverty in the nationrsquos big cities

In 1965 nearly 70 percent of African Americanslived in large cities Many had moved from the Southto the big cities of the North and West during theGreat Migration of the 1920s and 1940s There theyoften found the same prejudice and discriminationthat had plagued them in the South Many whitesrefused to live with African Americans in the sameneighborhood When African Americans moved intoa neighborhood whites often moved out Real estateagents and landlords in white neighborhoods refusedto rent or sell to African Americans who often foundit difficult to arrange for mortgages at local banks

Even if African Americans had been allowed tomove into white neighborhoods poverty trappedmany of them in inner cities while whites moved to

the suburbs Many African Americans found them-selves channeled into low-paying jobs They served ascustodians and maids porters and dock workers withlittle chance of advancement Those who did bettertypically found employment as blue-collar workers infactories but very few advanced beyond that In 1965only 15 percent of African Americans held profes-sional managerial or clerical jobs compared to 44percent of whites Almost half of all AfricanAmerican families lived in poverty and the medianincome of an African American family was only 55percent of that of the average white family AfricanAmerican unemployment was typically twice that ofwhites

Poor neighborhoods in the nationrsquos major citieswere overcrowded and dirty leading to higher rates ofillness and infant mortality At the same time thecrime rate increased in the 1960s particularly in low-income neighborhoods Incidents of juvenile delin-quency rose as did the rate of young people droppingout of school Complicating matters even more was arise in the number of single-parent households Allpoor neighborhoods suffered from these problemsbut because more African Americans lived in povertytheir communities were disproportionately affected

Many African Americans living in urban povertyknew the civil rights movement had made enormousgains but when they looked at their own circum-stances nothing seemed to be changing The move-ment had raised their hopes but their everydayproblems were economic and social and thereforeharder to address As a result their anger and frustra-tion began to risemdashuntil it finally erupted

The Watts Riot Just five days after PresidentJohnson signed the Voting Rights Act a race riotbroke out in Watts an African American neighbor-hood in Los Angeles Allegations of police brutalityhad served as the catalyst of this uprising whichlasted for six days and required over 14000 membersof the National Guard and 1500 law officers to restoreorder Rioters burned and looted entire neighbor-hoods and destroyed about $45 million in propertyThey killed 34 people and about 900 suffered injuries

More rioting was yet to come Race riots broke outin dozens of American cities between 1965 and 1968It seemed that they could explode at any place and atany time The worst riot took place in Detroit in 1967Burning looting and skirmishes with police andNational Guard members resulted in 43 deaths andover 1000 wounded Eventually the US Army sentin tanks and soldiers armed with machine guns to getcontrol of the situation Nearly 4000 fires destroyed

ldquoPerilous Goingrdquo This political cartoon highlights the problems thatAmerican cities were experiencing in the mid-1960s Why did riots breakout in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts

Analyzing Political Cartoons


TARII-762

null

2669296

1300 buildings and the damagein property loss was estimated at$250 million The governor ofMichigan who viewed the smol-dering city from a helicopterremarked that Detroit looked likeldquoa city that had been bombedrdquo

GOVERNMENT

The Kerner Commission In1967 President Johnson appointedthe National Advisory Commissionon Civil Disorders headed byGovernor Otto Kerner of Illinois tostudy the causes of the urban riotsand to make recommendations toprevent them from happeningagain in the future The KernerCommission as it became knownconducted a detailed study of theproblem The commission blamedwhite society and white racism forthe majority of the problems in the inner city ldquoOurnation is moving toward two societies one black onewhitemdashseparate and unequalrdquo it concluded

The commission recommended the creation of 2 million new jobs in the inner city the constructionof 6 million new units of public housing and arenewed federal commitment to fight de facto segre-gation President Johnsonrsquos war on poverty how-ever which addressed some of the same concerns forinner-city jobs and housing was already underwaySaddled with massive spending for the VietnamWar however President Johnson never endorsed therecommendations of the commission

Explaining What was the federalgovernmentrsquos response to the race riots in Los Angeles andDetroit

The Shift to Economic RightsBy the mid-1960s a number of African American

leaders were becoming increasingly critical of MartinLuther Kingrsquos nonviolent strategy They felt it hadfailed to improve the economic position of AfricanAmericans What good was the right to dine atrestaurants or stay at hotels if most AfricanAmericans could not afford these services anywayDr King became sensitive to this criticism and in1965 he began to focus on economic issues

In 1965 Albert Raby president of a council of community organizations that worked to

improve conditions for Chicagorsquos poor invited DrKing to visit the city Dr King and his staff hadnever conducted a civil rights campaign in theNorth By focusing on the problems that AfricanAmericans faced in Chicago Dr King believed hecould call greater attention to poverty and otherracial problems that lay beneath the urban race riots

To call attention to the deplorable housing condi-tions that many African American families faced DrKing and his wife Coretta moved into a slum apart-ment in an African American neighborhood inChicago Dr King and the SCLC hoped to work withlocal leaders to improve the economic status ofAfrican Americans in Chicagorsquos poor neighborhoods

The Chicago Movement however made littleheadway When Dr King led a march through the all-white suburb of Marquette Park to demonstrate theneed for open housing he was met by angry whitemobs similar to those in Birmingham and SelmaMayor Richard Daley ordered the Chicago police toprotect the marchers but he wanted to avoid anyrepeat of the violence He met with Dr King and pro-posed a new program to clean up the slumsAssociations of realtors and bankers also agreed topromote open housing In theory mortgages andrental property would be available to everyoneregardless of race In practice very little changed

Describing How did Dr King andSCLC leaders hope to address economic concerns

Reading Check

Reading Check


Anger in Chicago When Dr Kingrefocused the civil rights movementon the North some white Americansprotested What did King do todraw attention to slum conditionsin Chicago

History

TARII-763

null

2308771

Black PowerDr Kingrsquos failure in Chicago seemed to show that

nonviolent protests could do little to change economicproblems After 1965 many African Americans espe-cially young people living in cities began to turn awayfrom King Some leaders called for more aggressiveforms of protest Their new strategies ranged fromarmed self-defense to the suggestion that the govern-ment set aside a number of states where AfricanAmericans could live free from the presence of whites

As African Americans became more assertive theyplaced less emphasis on cooperation with sympa-thetic whites in the civil rights movement SomeAfrican American organizations including COREand SNCC voted to expel all whites from leadershippositions within their organizations believing thatAfrican Americans alone should determine thecourse and direction of their struggle

Many young African Americans called for blackpower a term that had many different meanings Afew interpreted black power to mean that physical self-defense and even violence were acceptable in defenseof onersquos freedommdasha clear rejection of Dr Kingrsquos philos-ophy To most including Stokely Carmichael theleader of SNCC in 1966 the term meant that AfricanAmericans should control the social political and eco-nomic direction of their struggle

ldquoThis is the significance of black power as a sloganFor once black people are going to use the wordsthey want to usemdashnot just the words whites want tohear The need for psychological equality is thereason why SNCC today believes that blacks mustorganize in the black community Only black people

can create in the community an aroused andcontinuing black consciousness Black peoplemust do things for themselves they must get money they will control and spend themselves theymust conduct tutorial programs themselves so thatblack children can identify with black peoplerdquo

mdashfrom the New York Review of BooksSeptember 1966

Black power also stressed pride in the AfricanAmerican cultural group It emphasized racial distinc-tiveness rather than cultural assimilationmdashthe processby which minority groups adapt to the dominant cul-ture in a society African Americans showed pride intheir racial heritage by adopting new Afro hairstylesand African-style clothing Many also took on Africannames In universities students demanded thatAfrican and African American Studies courses beadopted as part of the standard school curriculum DrKing and some other leaders criticized black power asa philosophy of hopelessness and despair The ideawas very popular however in the poor urban neigh-borhoods where many African Americans resided

Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam By the early1960s a man named Malcolm X had become a symbolof the black power movement that was sweeping thenation Born Malcolm Little in Omaha Nebraska heexperienced a difficult childhood and adolescence Hedrifted into a life of crime and in 1946 he was convictedof burglary and sent to prison for six years

Prison transformed Malcolm He began to educatehimself and he played an active role in the prisondebate society Eventually he joined the Nation ofIslam commonly known as the Black Muslims whowere led by Elijah Muhammad Despite their namethe Black Muslims do not hold the same beliefs asmainstream Muslims The Nation of Islam preachedblack nationalism Like Marcus Garvey in the 1920sBlack Muslims believed that African Americansshould separate themselves from whites and formtheir own self-governing communities

Shortly after joining the Nation of Islam MalcolmLittle changed his name to Malcolm X The ldquoXrdquo stoodas a symbol for the family name of his African ances-tors who had been enslaved Malcolm argued that histrue family name had been stolen from him by slav-ery and he did not intend to use the name white soci-ety had given him

The Black Muslims viewed themselves as their ownnation and attempted to make themselves as econom-ically self-sufficient as possible They ran their ownbusinesses organized their own schools established

Malcolm X Makes His PointOnce the most visiblespokesperson for the Nation ofIslam Malcolm X originally dis-agreed with Dr Kingrsquos passiveprotest tactics What did theldquoXrdquo in his name symbolize

History

TARII-764

null

2723636

their own weekly newspaper (Muhammad Speaks) andencouraged their members to respect each other andto strengthen their families Although the BlackMuslims did not advocate violence they did advocateself-defense Malcolm X was a powerful and charis-matic speaker and his criticisms of white society andthe mainstream civil rights movement gained nationalattention for the Nation of Islam

By 1964 Malcolm X had broken with the BlackMuslims Discouraged by scandals involving theNation of Islamrsquos leader he went to the Muslim holycity of Makkah (also called Mecca) in Saudi ArabiaAfter seeing Muslims from many different races wor-shipping together he concluded that an integratedsociety was possible In a revealing letter describinghis pilgrimage to Makkah he stated that many whitesthat he met during the pilgrimage displayed a spiritof brotherhood that gave him a new positive insightinto race relations

After Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam hecontinued to criticize the organization and its leaderElijah Muhammad Because of this three organiza-tion members shot and killed him in February 1965while he was giving a speech in New York AlthoughMalcolm X left the Nation of Islam before his deathhis speeches and ideas from those years with theBlack Muslims are those for which he is most remem-bered In Malcolmrsquos view African Americans mayhave been victims in the past but they did not have toallow racism to victimize them in the present Hisideas have influenced African Americans to takepride in their own culture and to believe in their abil-ity to make their way in the world

The Black Panthers Malcolm Xrsquos ideas influenced anew generation of militant African American leaderswho also preached black power black nationalismand economic self-sufficiency In 1966 in OaklandCalifornia Huey Newton Bobby Seale and EldridgeCleaver organized the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense or the Black Panthers as they were knownThey considered themselves the heirs of Malcolm Xand they recruited most of their members from poorurban communities across the nation

The Black Panthers believed that a revolution wasnecessary in the United States and they urged AfricanAmericans to arm themselves and confront white soci-ety in order to force whites to grant them equal rightsBlack Panther leaders adopted a ldquoTen-Point Programrdquowhich called for black empowerment an end to racialoppression and control of major institutions andservices in the African American community such as schools law enforcement housing and medical

facilities Eldridge Cleaver who served as the minis-ter of culture articulated many of the organizationrsquosobjectives in his 1967 best-selling book Soul on Ice

Describing What caused a divisionbetween Dr Martin Luther King Jr and the black powermovement

The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr

By the late 1960s the civil rights movement hadfragmented into dozens of competing organizationswith philosophies for reaching equality At the sametime the emergence of black power and the call bysome African Americans for violent action angeredmany white civil rights supporters This made furtherlegislation to help blacks economically less likely

In this atmosphere Dr King went to MemphisTennessee to support a strike of African Americansanitation workers in March 1968 At the time theSCLC had been planning a national ldquoPoor PeoplersquosCampaignrdquo to promote economic advancement for

Reading Check


Black Power US athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos give the black powersalute during the medal ceremony at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico CityHow did black power supporters demonstrate their belief in the movement

History

TARII-765

null

23500485

all impoverished Americans The purpose of thiscampaign the most ambitious one that Dr Kingwould ever lead was to lobby the federal govern-ment to commit billions of dollars to end povertyand unemployment in the United States People ofall races and nationalities were to converge on thenationrsquos capital as they had in 1963 during theMarch on Washington where they would camp outuntil both Congress and President Johnson agreed topass the requested legislation to fund the proposal

On the evening of April 4 1968 as he stood on hishotel balcony in Memphis Dr King was assassinatedby a sniper Ironically he had told a gathering at alocal African American church just the previousnight ldquoIrsquove been to the mountaintop Irsquove lookedover and Irsquove seen the Promised Land I may not get

there with you but I want you to know tonight thatwe as a people will get to the Promised Landrdquo

Dr Kingrsquos assassination touched off bothnational mourning and riots in more than100 cities including Washington DC TheReverend Ralph Abernathy who hadserved as a trusted assistant to Dr King formany years led the Poor PeoplersquosCampaign in Kingrsquos absence The demon-stration however did not achieve any of themajor objectives that either King or the SCLChad hoped it would

In the wake of Dr Kingrsquos death Congresspassed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 The act

contained a fair housing provision outlawing dis-crimination in housing sales and rentals and gave theJustice Department authority to bring suits againstsuch discrimination

Dr Kingrsquos death marked the end of an era inAmerican history Although the civil rights move-ment continued it lacked the unity of purpose andvision that Dr King had given it Under his leader-ship and with the help of tens of thousands of dedi-cated African Americans many of whom werestudents the civil rights movement transformedAmerican society Although many problems remainto be resolved the achievements of the civil rightsmovement in the 1950s and 1960s dramaticallyimproved life for African Americans creating newopportunities where none had existed before

Summarizing What were the goalsof the Poor Peoplersquos Campaign

Reading Check


Checking for Understanding1 Define racism black power2 Identify Chicago Movement Richard

Daley Stokely Carmichael Malcolm XBlack Panthers

3 Explain the goals of the Nation of Islamin the 1960s

4 Summarize the findings of the KernerCommission

Reviewing Themes5 Civic Rights and Responsibilities

How was the Civil Rights Act of 1968designed to help end discrimination

Critical Thinking6 Identifying Cause and Effect What

were the effects of the assassination ofDr Martin Luther King Jr

7 Categorizing Using a graphic organ-izer like the one below list the mainviews of the three leaders listed

Analyzing Visuals8 Analyzing Political Cartoons The car-

toon on page 762 suggests that the vio-lence of the mid-1960s was as bad asthe violence of the Vietnam War goingon at the same time What images doesthe cartoonist use to compare violenceat home with the violence of the war

9 Expository Writing Take on the role ofa reporter in the late 1960s Imagineyou have interviewed a follower of DrKing and a Black Panther memberWrite out a transcript of each interview


Leader Views

Dr Martin Luther King Jr

Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver

Atlanta Mourns Martin Luther King Jr The nation joined Coretta ScottKing (right) in sorrow following the assassination of her husband in 1968 Whywas King in Memphis at the time of his death

History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing

Why Learn This SkillWhen you write research reports you should

include a list of the sources used to find your infor-mation This list called a bibliography allows you tocredit the sources you cited and supports thereportrsquos accuracy

Learning the Skill A bibliography is a list of sources used in a

research report These sources include books arti-cles from newspapers magazines and journalsinterviews and other sources

There are two main reasons to write a bibliogra-phy First those who read your report may want tolearn more about the topic Second a bibliographysupports the reliability of your report

A bibliography follows an established format Theentry for each source contains all the informationneeded to find that source including the authortitle page numbers publisher information and pub-lication date You should document this informationas you carry out your research If you neglect thisstep early in your research you must locate yoursources again in order to credit them in your report

You should arrange bibliographic entries alpha-betically by the authorrsquos last name The followingare acceptable formats followed by sample entriesNote that all lines after the first line are indented

Books

Authorrsquos last name first name Full Title Place ofpublication publisher copyright date

Hay Peter Ordinary Heroes The Life and Death ofChana Szenes Israelrsquos National Heroine NewYork Paragon House 1986

Articles

Authorrsquos last name first name ldquoTitle of ArticlerdquoName of Periodical in which article appears vol-ume number (date of issue) page numbers

Watson Bruce ldquoThe New Peace Corps in the NewKazakhstanrdquo Smithsonian Vol 25 (August1994) pp 26ndash35

Other Sources

For other kinds of sources adapt the format forbook entries as needed

Practicing the SkillReview the sample bibliography below from a

report on Martin Luther King Jr Then answer thequestions that follow

Patrick Diane Martin Luther King Jr New YorkFranklin Watts 1990

Franklin John H ldquoJim Crow Goes to School TheGenesis of Legal Segregation in SouthernSchoolsrdquo South Atlantic Quarterly 57 (1956) pp 225ndash235

Washington James Melvin ed A Testament of HopeThe Essential Writings of Martin Luther King JrSan Francisco Harper amp Row

King Jr Martin Luther Time for Freedom has ComeNew York Times Magazine (Sept 10 1961)

1 Are the bibliography entries in the correctorder Why or why not

2 What is missing from the second book listing

3 What features are missing from the second arti-cle listing

Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on

page 769 and the Chapter 24 Skill ReinforcementActivity to assess your mastery of this skill

Preparing a Bibliography

767

Applying the SkillPreparing a Bibliography Put together a bibliographyof at least five sources that you could use for a reporton the civil rights movement Include books periodi-cals and any other sources you wish

Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills

TARII-767

null

17763435

Reviewing Key Facts10 Identify NAACP Thurgood Marshall Linda Brown Martin

Luther King Jr Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceJesse Jackson Chicago Movement Stokely CarmichaelMalcolm X

11 What event led to the bus boycott in Montgomery Alabama

12 Why was the decision in Brown v Board of Education a significant step toward ending segregation

13 What was the role of SNCC in the civil rights movement

14 How did the government react to race riots in cities such asLos Angeles and Detroit

15 What were two changes in the focus of the civil rights move-ment in the mid-1960s

Critical Thinking16 Analyzing Themes Civic Rights and Responsibilities Do

you agree with the viewpoint of Dr Martin Luther King Jror with that of the Black Panthers concerning the civil rightsmovement Explain your answer

17 Evaluating Why did the civil rights movement make fewergains after 1968

1 separate-but-equal

2 de facto segregation

3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence


Education attacksschool segregation

bull Separate-but-equaldoctrine in education is ruled

unconstitutional

1957bull SCLC is formed to

fight segregationand encourageAfrican Americansto vote

bull Eisenhower sendsarmy troops toLittle Rock Arkansas

1963bull Birmingham

demonstrationsand the March onWashington help build support for the civil rights movement

1965bull Voting Rights Act ensures

African Americans of the right to vote

bull Watts riot sparksseveral yearsof urban racial violence

bull Splinter groups within the civil rights movement advocate more aggressive means of gaining racial equality

1955bull Rosa Parks inspires

Montgomery busboycott

1960bull Sit-ins begin

and spread toover 100 cities

bull SNCC is formedand leads fightagainst segregatedpublic facilities

1964bull Twenty-fourth

Amendmentabolishes poll tax

bull Civil Rights Act of1964 outlawsdiscriminationbased on race genderreligion or nationalorigin and givesequal access topublic facilities

1968bull Dr Martin Luther King Jr

assassinated

bull Civil Rights Act of 1968outlaws discriminationin the sale and rentalof housing

1961bull Freedom Rides

begin

Major Events in Civil Rights Movement

1954 1961 19681954

18 Making Generalizations Why was the sit-in movement con-sidered a major turning point in the civil rights movement

19 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to compare examples of civil rights legislation

Practicing Skills 20 Preparing a Bibliography Review the following bibliogra-

phy for a report on the civil rights movement Then answerthe questions that follow

Fairclough Adam Martin Luther King Jr Athens andLondon University of Georgia Press 1995

Juan Williams Eyes on the Prize New York Viking PenguinInc 1987

Patterson James T Grand Expectations The United States1945ndash1974 New York Oxford University Press 1996

Bontemps Arna and Jack Conroy Anyplace but HereColumbia University of Missouri Press (NO PUB DATE)

a The entries presented above are not listed in the correctorder Using just the names of the authors put them inthe correct order

b What is incorrect in the Patterson listing

c Rewrite the Juan Williams listing correctly

Geography and History21 The map on this page shows routes of Freedom Riders Study

the map and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which states did the Freedom Riders

travel through What was their final destination

b Applying Geography Skills Why do you think theFreedom Riders faced protests during this trip

Writing Activity22 Writing a Script Work in small groups to write a script for

a documentary on the civil rights movement in the 1950s

and 1960s Your group should choose a specific topic move-ment leader or time period to write about Use your script toproduce a documentary to present to the other groups in yourclass

Chapter Activity23 Examining Interviews Work with a classmate to research

interviews with Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X Takenotes on the different points of view of these civil rights lead-ers and then prepare a chart illustrating similarities differ-ences and any bias which shapes their beliefs

Dep May 4 1961

Arr May 14Dep May 20

Arr May 20Dep May 24Arr May 24

and 25

N

S

EW

Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection

200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro

Route of the FreedomRiders 1961

Civil Rights Legislation Provisions

Civil Rights Act 1957

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

Voting Rights Act

Civil Rights Act of 1964


Self-Check QuizVisit the American Republic Since 1877 Web site at

and click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 24 to assess your knowledge of chapter content

HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom

StandardizedTest Practice

Directions Choose the phrase that bestcompletes the following statement

One difference between the strategies of Dr Martin LutherKing Jr and some later civil rights groups was that Kingwas committed to

A ending discrimination in housing and unemployment

B using only nonviolent forms of protest

C demanding equal rights for African Americans

D gaining improvements in living conditions for AfricanAmericans

Test-Taking Tip If you read this question carefully you willnotice that it asks for one difference in civil rights strategiesThree of the answer choices will represent common goalsBe careful to read through all the choices to find the onethat represents a different type of strategy


MotionIn

The American Republic Since 1877 - Kentucky Edition

Kentucky Core Content for Social Studies Assessment

Table of Contents

Core Content for Social Studies Assessment

Correlation to the Core Content for Social Studies Assessment

Preparing for the Kentucky Core Content Test for Social Studies

Countdown to the KCCT

Focus on Kentucky

Depth of Knowledge Levels for Social Studies

Table of Contents

Previewing Your Textbook

Scavenger Hunt

Reading for Information

How Do I Study History

Early American History Review Test

Reading Skills Handbook

Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary

Reading for a Reason

Understanding What You Read

Thinking About Your Reading

Understanding Text Structure

Reading for Research

National Geographic Reference Atlas

United States Political

United States Physical

United States 2000 Congressional Reapportionment

United States Territorial Growth

Middle America PhysicalPolitical

Canada PhysicalPolitical

Middle East PhysicalPolitical

World Political

United States Facts

National Geographic Geography Handbook

Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps

The Elements of Geography

Geographic Dictionary

Unit 1 Foundations of Liberty Beginningsndash1848

Chapter 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1620

Section 1 The Migration to America

Section 2 Europe and Africa

Section 3 Europe Encounters America

Section 4 Spain and France Build Empires

Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 2 The English Arrive in America 1607ndash1763

Section 1 Englands First Colonies

Section 2 The New England Colonies

Section 3 The Middle and Southern Colonies

Section 4 Colonial Ways of Life

Section 5 A Diverse Society


Chapter 3 The American Revolution 1754ndash1789

Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights

Section 2 The Revolution Begins

The Declaration of Independence

Section 3 The War for Independence

Section 4 The Confederation

Section 5 A New Constitution


The Constitution Handbook

The Constitution of the United States

Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans 1789ndash1820

Section 1 The Federalist Era

Section 2 The Republicans Take Power

Section 3 The Growth of American Nationalism


Chapter 5 The Young Republic 1816ndash1848

Section 1 A Growing Nation

Section 2 The Age of Jackson

Section 3 The Reform Spirit

Section 4 Manifest Destiny


Unit 2 The Crisis of Union 1848ndash1877

Chapter 6 Sectional Conflict Intensifies 1848ndash1860

Section 1 Slavery and Western Expansion

Section 2 The Crisis Deepens

Section 3 The Union Dissolves


Chapter 7 The Civil War and Reconstruction 1861ndash1877

Section 1 The Opposing Sides

Section 2 The Early Stages

Section 3 The Turning Point

Section 4 Reconstruction Begins

Section 5 Reconstruction and Republican Rule


Unit 3 The Birth of Modern America 1865ndash1900

Chapter 8 Settling the West 1865ndash1900

Section 1 Miners and Ranchers

Section 2 Farming the Plains

Section 3 Native Americans


Chapter 9 Industrialization 1865ndash1901

Section 1 The Rise of Industry

Section 2 The Railroads

Section 3 Big Business

Section 4 Unions


Chapter 10 Urban America 1865ndash1896

Section 1 Immigration

Section 2 Urbanization

Section 3 The Gilded Age

Section 4 The Rebirth of Reform


Chapter 11 Politics and Reform 1877ndash1896

Section 1 Stalemate in Washington

Section 2 Populism

Section 3 The Rise of Segregation


Unit 4 Imperialism and Progressivism 1890ndash1919

Chapter 12 Becoming a World Power 1872ndash1912

Section 1 The Imperialist Vision

Section 2 The Spanish-American War

Section 3 New American Diplomacy


Chapter 13 The Progressive Movement 1890ndash1919

Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism

Section 2 Roosevelt in Office

Section 3 The Taft Administration

Section 4 The Wilson Years


Chapter 14 World War I and Its Aftermath 1914ndash1920

Section 1 The United States Enters World War I

Section 2 The Home Front

Section 3 A Bloody Conflict

Section 4 The Wars Impact


Unit 5 Boom and Bust 1920ndash1941

Chapter 15 The Jazz Age 1921ndash1929

Section 1 A Clash of Values

Section 2 Cultural Innovations

Section 3 African American Culture


Chapter 16 Normalcy and Good Times 1921ndash1929

Section 1 Presidential Politics

Section 2 A Growing Economy

Section 3 The Policies of Prosperity


Chapter 17 The Great Depression Begins 1929ndash1932

Section 1 Causes of the Depression

Section 2 Life During the Depression

Section 3 Hoover Responds


Chapter 18 Roosevelt and the New Deal 1933ndash1939

Section 1 Roosevelt Takes Office

Section 2 The First New Deal

Section 3 The Second New Deal

Section 4 The New Deal Coalition


Unit 6 Global Struggles 1931ndash1960

Chapter 19 A World in Flames 1931ndash1941

Section 1 America and the World

Section 2 World War II Begins

Section 3 The Holocaust

Section 4 America Enters the War


Chapter 20 America and World War II 1941ndash1945

Section 1 Mobilizing for War

Section 2 The Early Battles

Section 3 Life on the Home Front

Section 4 Pushing the Axis Back

Section 5 The War Ends


Chapter 21 The Cold War Begins 1945ndash1960

Section 1 Origins of the Cold War

Section 2 The Early Cold War Years

Section 3 The Cold War and American Society

Section 4 Eisenhowers Policies


Chapter 22 Postwar America 1945ndash1960

Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower

Section 2 The Affluent Society

Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s

Section 4 The Other Side of American Life


Unit 7 A Time of Upheaval 1954ndash1980

Chapter 23 The New Frontier and the Great Society 1961ndash1968

Section 1 The New Frontier

Section 2 JFK and the Cold War

Section 3 The Great Society


Chapter 24 The Civil Rights Movement 1954ndash1968

Section 1 The Movement Begins

Section 2 Challenging Segregation

Section 3 New Issues


Chapter 25 The Vietnam War 1954ndash1975

Section 1 The United States Focuses on Vietnam

Section 2 Going to War in Vietnam

Section 3 Vietnam Divides the Nation

Section 4 The War Winds Down


Chapter 26 The Politics of Protest 1960ndash1980

Section 1 The Student Movement and the Counterculture

Section 2 The Feminist Movement

Section 3 New Approaches to Civil Rights

Section 4 Saving the Earth


Unit 8 A Changing Society 1968ndashPresent

Chapter 27 Politics and Economics 1971ndash1980

Section 1 The Nixon Administration

Section 2 The Watergate Scandal

Section 3 Ford and Carter

Section 4 The Me Decade Life in the 1970s


Chapter 28 Resurgence of Conservatism 1980ndash1992

Section 1 The New Conservatism

Section 2 The Reagan Years

Section 3 Life in the 1980s

Section 4 The End of the Cold War


Chapter 29 Into a New Century 1992ndashpresent

Section 1 The Technological Revolution

Section 2 The Clinton Years

Section 3 An Interdependent World

Section 4 America Enters a New Century

Section 5 The War on Terrorism


Appendix

Presidents of the United States

Primary Sources Library

Documents of American History

Supreme Court Case Summaries

Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index

Acknowledgments and Photo Credits

Feature Contents



American Literature

Different Viewpoints

Technology amp History

National Geographic Moment in History

National Geographic Geography amp History

What Ifhellip

What Life Was Likehellip

World History Connection

World Geography Connection

Looking Backhellip

Linking Past amp Present

TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History

Fact Fiction Folklore

Causes and Effects

Primary Source Quotes

National Geographic Maps

Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition

Chapter 1 Converging Cultures





Chapter 2 The English Arrive in America

Section 1 Englandrsquos First Colonies





Chapter 3 The American Revolution






Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans




Chapter 5 The Young Republic





Chapter 6 Sectional Conflict Intensifies




Chapter 7 The Civil War and Reconstruction






Chapter 8 Settling the West




Chapter 9 Industrialization




Section 4 Unions

Chapter 10 Urban America





Chapter 11 Politics and Reform


Section 2 Populism


Chapter 12 Becoming a World Power




Chapter 13 The Progressive Movement





Chapter 14 World War I and Its Aftermath




Section 4 The Warrsquos Impact

Chapter 15 The Jazz Age




Chapter 16 Normalcy and Good Times




Chapter 17 The Great Depression Begins




Chapter 18 Roosevelt and the New Deal





Chapter 19 A World in Flames





Chapter 20 America and World War II






Chapter 21 The Cold War Begins




Section 4 Eisenhowerrsquos Policies

Chapter 22 Postwar America





Chapter 23 The New Frontier and the Great Society




Chapter 24 The Civil Rights Movement




Chapter 25 The Vietnam War





Chapter 26 The Politics of Protest





Chapter 27 Politics and Economics




Section 4 The ldquoMerdquo Decade Life in the 1970s

Chapter 28 Resurgence of Conservatism





Chapter 29 Into a New Century






Haitian Creole Summaries

Chapit 1 Rankont Kilti yo Preyistwa jouk 1620

Chapit 2 Anglegrave yo Rive nan Lamerik 1607ndash1763

Chapit 3 Revolisyon Ameriken 1754ndash1789

Chapit 4 Federalis ak Repibliken 1789ndash1820

Chapit 5 Jenn Repiblik la 1816ndash1848

Chapit 6 Konfli Gwoup yo Ogmante 1848ndash1860

Chapit 7 Lagegrave Sivil ak Rekonstriksyon 1861ndash1877

Chapit 8 Kolonizasyon Lwegraves 1865ndash1900

Chapit 9 Endistriyalizasyon 1865ndash1901

Chapit 10 Mogravedvi nan Vil Ameriken yo 1865ndash1896

Chapit 11 Politik ak Refogravem 1877ndash1896

Chapit 12 Peyi a vin yon Puisans Mondyal 1872ndash1912

Chapit 13 Mouvman Pwogresif 1890ndash1919

Chapit 14 Premye Gegrave Mondyal ak Konsekans li yo 1914ndash1920

Chapit 15 Epogravek Djaz la 1921ndash1929

Chapit 16 Nogravemalite ak Pwosperite 1921ndash1929

Chapit 17 Lagrann Depresyon Koumanse 1929ndash1932

Chapit 18 Roosvelt ak Nyoudil 1933ndash1939

Chapit 19 Yon Monn Vyolan 1931ndash1941

Chapit 20 Amerik ak Dezyegravem Gegrave Mondyal 1941ndash1945

Chapit 21 Lagegravefwad Koumanse 1945ndash1960

Chapit 22 Amerik Apre Lagegrave 1945ndash1960

Chapit 23 Fwontyegrave ak Gran Sosyete 1961ndash1968

Chapit 24 Mouvman pou Dwa Sivil yo 1954ndash1968

Chapit 25 Lagegrave Vyetnam 1954ndash1975

Chapit 26 Politiik Pwotestasyon 1960ndash1980

Chapit 27 Politik ak Ekonomi 1971ndash1980

Chapit 28 Remonte Konsegravevatis 1980ndash1992

Chapit 29 Nan yon Nouvo Syegravek 1992ndashJouk Kounye a

Kentucky Core Content Test Practice Workbook

Contents

Overview

Guide to Analyzing Graphics

Core Content for Social Studies Assessment Tested in This Booklet

Diagnostic Test

Standardized Test Practice Lessons

Lesson 1 Using the Process of Elimination

Lesson 2 Interpreting Maps to Answer Test Questions

Lesson 3 Interpreting Charts and Tables

Lesson 4 Reading and Interpreting Graphs

Lesson 5 Reading a Time Line

Lesson 6 Inferring from a Reading or Graphic

Lesson 7 Comparing and Contrasting

Lesson 8 Relating Cause and Effect

Lesson 9 Identifying the Main Idea

Lesson 10 Distinguishing Fact from Opinion

Lesson 11 Interpreting Primary Sources

Lesson 12 Interpreting Illustrations and Political Cartoons

Practice Test

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition













































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism
























































































Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition

Capiacutetulo 1 Encuentro de culturas prehistoria a 1620

Seccioacuten 1 La migracioacuten hacia Ameacuterica

Seccioacuten 2 Europa y Aacutefrica

Seccioacuten 3 Europa encuentra Ameacuterica

Seccioacuten 4 Espantildea y Francia construyen imperios

Capiacutetulo 2 Los ingleses llegan a Norteameacuterica 1607 a 1763

Seccioacuten 1 Las primeras colonias de Inglaterra

Seccioacuten 2 Las colonias de Nueva Inglaterra

Seccioacuten 3 Las colonias del Medio Este y del Sureste

Seccioacuten 4 Estilos de vida colonial

Seccioacuten 5 Una sociedad diversa

Capiacutetulo 3 La independencia de los Estados Unidos 1754 a 1789

Seccioacuten 1 La lucha de las colonias por sus derechos

Seccioacuten 2 Inicio de la Revolucioacuten

Seccioacuten 3 La guerra por la independencia

Seccioacuten 4 La Confederacioacuten

Seccioacuten 5 Una nueva Constitucioacuten

Capiacutetulo 4 Federalistas y republicanos 1789 a 1820

Seccioacuten 1 La era federalista

Seccioacuten 2 Los republicanos toman el poder

Seccioacuten 3 Incremento del nacionalismo americano

Capiacutetulo 5 La joven repuacuteblica 1816 a 1848

Seccioacuten 1 Una nacioacuten en crecimiento

Seccioacuten 2 La era Jackson

Seccioacuten 3 El espiacuteritu de la reforma

Seccioacuten 4 El Destino Manifiesto

Capiacutetulo 6 Conflicto local 1848 a 1860

Seccioacuten 1 La esclavitud y la expansioacuten hacia el oeste

Seccioacuten 2 La crisis se profundiza

Seccioacuten 3 Disolucioacuten de la unioacuten

Capiacutetulo 7 La Guerra Civil y la Reconstruccioacuten 1861 a 1877

Seccioacuten 1 Los contrincantes

Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras etapas

Seccioacuten 3 El momento decisivo

Seccioacuten 4 Comienza la reconstruccioacuten

Seccioacuten 5 Reconstruccioacuten y gobierno republicano

Capiacutetulo 8 La colonizacioacuten del oeste 1865 a 1900

Seccioacuten 1 Mineros y rancheros

Seccioacuten 2 El cultivo de las llanuras

Seccioacuten 3 Los indiacutegenas americanos

Capiacutetulo 9 El crecimiento industrial 1865 a 1901

Seccioacuten 1 El surgimiento de la industria

Seccioacuten 2 Los ferrocarriles

Seccioacuten 3 Los grandes negocios

Seccioacuten 4 Los sindicatos

Capiacutetulo 10 La vida urbana de los Estados Unidos 1865 a 1896

Seccioacuten 1 La inmigracioacuten

Seccioacuten 2 La urbanizacioacuten

Seccioacuten 3 La eacutepoca dorada

Seccioacuten 4 El renacimiento de la reforma

Capiacutetulo 11 Poliacutetica y reforma 1877 a 1896

Seccioacuten 1 Estancamiento en washington

Seccioacuten 2 Populismo

Seccioacuten 3 El origen de la segregacioacuten

Capiacutetulo 12 Una potencia mundial 1872 a 1912

Seccioacuten 1 La visioacuten imperialista

Seccioacuten 2 La guerra hispano-americana

Seccioacuten 3 La nueva diplomacia americana

Capiacutetulo 13 El Movimiento Progresista 1890 a 1919

Seccioacuten 1 Las raiacuteces del movimiento progresista

Seccioacuten 2 Roosevelt en el gobierno

Seccioacuten 3 La administracioacuten de taft

Seccioacuten 4 Los antildeos de Wilson

Capiacutetulo 14 La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus repercusiones 1914 a 1920

Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos entra a la primera guerra mundial

Seccioacuten 2 El frente domeacutestico

Seccioacuten 3 Un conflicto sangriento

Seccioacuten 4 El impacto de la guerra

Capiacutetulo 15 La eacutepoca del jazz 1921 a 1929

Seccioacuten 1 El colapso de los valores

Seccioacuten 2 Innovaciones culturales

Seccioacuten 3 Cultura afroamericana

Capiacutetulo 16 Normalidad y prosperidad 1921 a 1929

Seccioacuten 1 Poliacutetica presidencial

Seccioacuten 2 Una economia creciente

Seccioacuten 3 Las poliacuteticas de la prosperidad

Capiacutetulo 17 Inicio de la Gran Depresioacuten 1929 a 1932

Seccioacuten 1 Causas de la depresioacuten

Seccioacuten 2 La vida durante la depresioacuten

Seccioacuten 3 La respuesta de hoover

Capiacutetulo 18 Roosevelt y el Nuevo Trato 1933 a 1939

Seccioacuten 1 Roosevelt asume el poder

Seccioacuten 2 El primer nuevo trato

Seccioacuten 3 El segundo nuevo trato

Seccioacuten 4 El nuevo trato de la coalicioacuten

Capiacutetulo 19 Un mundo en llamas 1934 a 1941

Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos y el mundo

Seccioacuten 2 La segunda guerra mundial

Seccioacuten 3 El holocausto

Seccioacuten 4 Estados Unidos entra a la guerra

Capiacutetulo 20 Los Estados Unidos y la Segunda Guerra Mundial 1941 a 1945

Seccioacuten 1 Movilizacioacuten para la guerra

Seccioacuten 2 Las primeras batallas

Seccioacuten 3 La vida en el frente interno

Seccioacuten 4 La retirada de las potencias del eje

Seccioacuten 5 El fin de la guerra

Capiacutetulo 21 El comienzo de la Guerra Friacutea 1945 a 1960

Seccioacuten 1 Los oriacutegenes de la guerra friacutea

Seccioacuten 2 Los primeros antildeos de la guerra friacutea

Seccioacuten 3 La guerra friacutea y la sociedad estadounidense

Seccioacuten 4 Las poliacuteticas de Eisenhower

Capiacutetulo 22 Los Estados Unidos despueacutes de la guerra 1945 a 1960

Seccioacuten 1 Truman y Eisenhower

Seccioacuten 2 La sociedad opulenta

Seccioacuten 3 La cultura popular de los antildeos cincuenta

Seccioacuten 4 El reverso de la vida americana

Capiacutetulo 23 La nueva frontera y la gran sociedad 1961 a 1968

Seccioacuten 1 La nueva frontera

Seccioacuten 2 JFK y la guerra friacutea

Seccioacuten 3 La gran sociedad

Capiacutetulo 24 El movimiento por los Derechos Civiles 1954 a 1968

Seccioacuten 1 Comienza el movimiento

Seccioacuten 2 El desafiacuteo a la segregacioacuten

Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos asuntos

Capiacutetulo 25 La Guerra de Vietnam 1954 a 1975

Seccioacuten 1 Estados Unidos se concentra en Vietnam

Seccioacuten 2 En camino a la guerra de Vietnam

Seccioacuten 3 Vietnam divide a Estados Unidos

Seccioacuten 4 El final de la guerra

Capiacutetulo 26 La poliacutetica de protesta 1960 a 1980

Seccioacuten 1 El movimiento estudiantil y la contracultura

Seccioacuten 2 El movimiento feminista

Seccioacuten 3 Nuevos acercamientos a los derechos civiles

Seccioacuten 4 Salven a la tierra

Capiacutetulo 27 Poliacutetica y economiacutea 1971 a 1980

Seccioacuten 1 La administracioacuten de Nixon

Seccioacuten 2 El escaacutendalo watergate

Seccioacuten 3 Ford y Carter

Seccioacuten 4 La deacutecada del ldquoyordquo la vida en los antildeos 70

Capiacutetulo 28 Resurgimiento del conservadurismo 1980 a 1992

Seccioacuten 1 El nuevo conservadurismo

Seccioacuten 2 Los antildeos de Reagan

Seccioacuten 3 La vida en los antildeos 80

Seccioacuten 4 El final de la guerra friacutea

Capiacutetulo 29 Hacia un nuevo siglo 1992 al presente

Seccioacuten 1 La revolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica

Seccioacuten 2 La era de Clinton

Seccioacuten 3 Un mundo interdependiente

Seccioacuten 4 Ameacuterica comienza un nuevo siglo

Seccioacuten 5 La guerra contra el terrorismo

Spanish Summaries






























Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition

Objectives Addressed in the Activities

Workbook Overview

Preparing for a Standardized Test

Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order

Activity 2 Using Latitude and Longitude on a Map

Activity 3 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact

Activity 4 Making Inferences

Activity 5 Interpreting Diagrams

Activity 6 Detecting Bias

Activity 7 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions

Activity 8 Predicting Outcomes

Activity 9 Analyzing a Political Cartoon

Activity 10 Persuasive Writing About an Issue

Activity 11 Analyzing Statistics

Activity 12 Interpreting Primary Sources


Activity 14 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda

Activity 15 Forming Hypotheses

Activity 16 Classifying Facts and Details

Activity 17 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence

Activity 18 Outlining Information for Writing

Activity 19 Interpreting Charts and Tables

Activity 20 Making Decisions

Activity 21 Writing a News Story

Activity 22 Interpreting Graphs

Activity 23 Making Generalizations

Activity 24 Recognizing Point of View

Activity 25 Writing to Inform an Audience

Activity 26 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data

Activity 27 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem


Activity 29 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full Available on OS X and Windows in Reader 601

Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1

745

1963bull Over 200000 civil rights

supporters march onWashington DC

1968bull Civil Rights Act of

1968 passed

bull Martin Luther KingJr assassinated

1963bull Organization of

African Unity formed

bull Kenya becomes anindependent nation

Americans march from Selma Alabama to Montgomeryin support of the civil rights movement

1965bull Malcolm X assassinated

bull Race riots erupt in Los Angelesneighborhood of Watts

1965bull Chinarsquos Cultural

Revolution begins

1967bull Arab-Israeli War brings

many Palestiniansunder Israeli rule

1965

Johnson1963ndash1969

1969

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the American RepublicSince 1877 Web site at

and click on Chapter OverviewsmdashChapter 24 to preview chapterinformation

tarvol2glencoecom

The Movement Begins














1954 1955 1956 1957

Rosa Parks









TARII-746

null

11389193









HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom

TARII-747

null

12282534








and Syracuse









Reading Check



TARII-748

null

2800966



History








TARII-749

null

14304486












Reading Check







TARII-750

null

21426161










Reading Check


History

TARII-751

null

15046436








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1

The Movement Begins














1954 1955 1956 1957

Rosa Parks









TARII-746

null

11389193









HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom

TARII-747

null

12282534








and Syracuse









Reading Check



TARII-748

null

2800966



History








TARII-749

null

14304486












Reading Check







TARII-750

null

21426161










Reading Check


History

TARII-751

null

15046436








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1









HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom

TARII-747

null

12282534








and Syracuse









Reading Check



TARII-748

null

2800966



History








TARII-749

null

14304486












Reading Check







TARII-750

null

21426161










Reading Check


History

TARII-751

null

15046436








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1








and Syracuse









Reading Check



TARII-748

null

2800966



History








TARII-749

null

14304486












Reading Check







TARII-750

null

21426161










Reading Check


History

TARII-751

null

15046436








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1



History








TARII-749

null

14304486












Reading Check







TARII-750

null

21426161










Reading Check


History

TARII-751

null

15046436








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1












Reading Check







TARII-750

null

21426161










Reading Check


History

TARII-751

null

15046436








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1










Reading Check


History

TARII-751

null

15046436








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1








Reading Check


















TARII-752

null

21300761






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1






1962 1966






1960 1964












Cause Effect

Sit-In Movement

Freedom Riders



TARII-753

null

11363072















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1















Reading Check

Reading Check


History

TARII-754

null

26912408













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1













Reading Check



History

TARII-755

null

23908035















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1















TARII-756

null

3142681










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1










TURNING POINT



Reading Check


History

TARII-757

null

1871961



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1



History









TARII-758

null

12554194











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1











Reading Check



TARII-759

null

25569586












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

Button2

Button3

Button1












Reading Check















Feb 1960

May 1961 Aug 1963

Sept 1962 July 1964

March 1965



TARII-760

null

23871461








New Issues


Chicago





1965 19681966 1967








Event Result

TARII-761

null

11451884













TARII-762

null

2669296


GOVERNMENT











Reading Check

Reading Check



History

TARII-763

null

2308771














History

TARII-764

null

2723636











Reading Check



History

TARII-765

null

23500485









Reading Check















Leader Views


Malcolm X

Eldridge Cleaver


History



TARII-766

null

15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








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Dep May 4 1961



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Profiles in History


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Charts amp Graphs

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Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































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3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































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3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































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767



TARII-767

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17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

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History



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15025536

Study and Writing








Books



Articles



Other Sources














767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































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767



TARII-767

null

17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































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Study and Writing








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17763435













3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

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3 sit-in

4 Freedom Riders

5 filibuster

6 cloture

7 poll tax

8 racism

9 black power





unconstitutional




1963bull Birmingham















assassinated



begin


1954 1961 19681954





















Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


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Dep May 4 1961



and 25

N

S

EW


200 kilometers0

200 miles0

90degW 80degW

30degN

40degN

70degW

AtlanticOcean

SC

NC

GA

TENN

KY

WVA VA

MISS

ALAARK

LA

MO

IOWA

WIS

ILL IND

MICH

OHIOPA

NY MASS

CONN

RI

NJ

DELMD

CANADA

FLA

Jackson

Washington DC

Selma Montgomery

BirminghamAnniston

Atlanta

Greensboro





Voting Rights Act





HISTORY

tarvol2glencoecom










MotionIn



Table of Contents





Focus on Kentucky


Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt



















World Political

United States Facts


Introduction

Globes and Maps

Using Maps





























































Section 4 Unions










Section 2 Populism
















































































































Appendix





Flag Etiquette

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



American Literature





What Ifhellip




Looking Backhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Youre the Historian

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

Profiles in History


Causes and Effects



Charts amp Graphs

Student Workbooks














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism























































































































Contents

Overview



Diagnostic Test














Practice Test














































Section 4 Unions








Section 2 Populism





































































































































































































































Spanish Summaries
































Workbook Overview































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Chapter 24: The Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968 - Breathitt ...

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Transcript of Chapter 24: The Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968 - Breathitt ...

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