·. ---~ .

Census of India, 1931

VOL. I-INDIA

Part 1--Report •

by

J. H. HUTTON, C.J.E., D.Sc., F.A.S.B.,

Carreapoacllaa Me1nber of the Anthropologieche Gesell-chait of Vlama

To which ia annexed

an

ACTUARIAL REPORT

by

L S. Vaidyanathan, F. I. A.

DELHI: MANAGRR OF' PUBLICATION8

1933

Governmen~ of In~~ ~blications are _obtainable from the Manager of Publica­tions, Ctvil Lmes, Old Delhi, a.nd from the following Agents :-

EUROPE. U-45.2.St') OniCE OJ' THE HIGH COMMISSIONER F0R INDIA, G

1 lNDIA HousE, ALDwYCH, LONDON, W. C. 2. v l• I

And at all Booksellers. INDIA AND CEYLON : Provincial Book Depots. 1 6$l6 2..

..IAJ,f:Ml :..:._Superintet•dent, Government Press, Mount Road, Madras liOltlHY :--:-.Superir.tendent, Go;-crnment Print ,ng and Stationery, Queen's Road, Bombay. StNL> :- -Ltbrary attad1ed to the Oflice of the Commissioner in Sind, Karachi. H!!:I>'i.\L :-Bengal :-iecretariat Book Deput. Writers' Buildings, Room No. 1, Ground Floor, Calcutta. UNJTEJJ PrrovJ:;CEs OF MRA AND OuDH :-.Superintendent of Government Press, United Provinces of ARra and

Oudh, Allahabad. PUNJAB :-Superintendent, Govemment Printing, Punjab, Lahore. BURMA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma, Rangoon. CENTRAL PROVINCES ANL> BERAR :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Central Provinces Nagpur. '.\.ssAM :-Superintendent, Assam Secretariat Press, Shillong. ' BJHAn AND ORISSA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar altd Orissa, P. 0. Gu!,.u·bagh Patna. NoRTH-\\TE.ST FRONTIER PROVJNC£ :-Manager, Goverument Printing and Stationery, Pe:;haw~.

Thacker Spink & Co., Ltd., Calcutta and Simla. The :::\tudents Own Rook Depot, Dharwar. W. Newman & Co., Ltd., Calcutta. Shri Shankar Karnataka Pustal-"a Bhandara, Mala-8. K. Lahiri & Co., Caleutta. 1t1udrli, Dharwar. . The Inui:m Sdwol ::;upply Dep&t, 309, Bow Bazar The English Book Depot, Ft:rozepore.

Street, Calcutta. Frontier Book & Stationery Co., Rawalpindi. Butterworth & Co. (India), Ltd., Calcutta. •Hossenbhoy Lrimji anJ Sons, Karaclu. M. C. Sarcar & Sons. 15, College Square, Cal!lutta. The English Bookstall, Karachi. Stnndard Literature_ Company, Limited, Calcutta. Rose & Co., Karachi. A'~"ciation Press, Calcutta. Kealt & Co., Karachi. CLukerv~rtty, Chatterjee & Co., Ltd., 13, College Ram Chander & Sons, Ambala, Kasanli.

Square, Calcutta. The Standard Bookstall, Quetta and Lahon;. The Book Company, Calcutta. U. P. Malhotra & Co., Quetta. Jan,es Murray & Co., 12, Government Place, Calcutta. J. Ray & Sons, 43 K. & L., Edwardes Road, Rawai-

(For Meteorological Publications only.) pindi, Murree and Lahore. Ray, Choudhury & Co., 68-5, Asutosh Mukherji Road, '!'he Standard Book Depot, Lahore, Nainital,

Calcutta. liJussoorie, Dalhousie, Ambala Cantonment and Scientific Publishing Co., 9, Taltola Lane, Calcutta. Delhi. Chatterjee & Co., 3-1, Bacharau1 Chatterjee Lane, The North India Chtistian Tract and Book Society,

Calcutta. 18, Clive RoaJ, Allahabad. Standard Law Book Society, '1, Hastings Street, Ham Narain Lal, Katn., Allahabad.

Calcutta. '' The Leader ", Allahabad. 'fbe Hindu Library, 3, Nandalal Mullick Lane, The Indian Army Book Depot, Dayalbagh, Agra.

Calcutta. The English Book Depot, Taj Road, Agra. Kaltlala Book Depot, Ltd., J 1;, College Square, Gaya Prasad & Sons, Agra.

Calcutta. Narayan & Co., Meston Road, Cawnpore. The Pioneer Book Supply Co., 20, Shih Narain Das 'rh~: Indian Army Book Depot, Jullundur City-

Lane, Calcutta. Daryaganj, Delhi. P. C. Sarkar & Co., 2, Shama Charan De Street, Manager, Newal Kishore _Press, Lucknow.

Calcutta. 'l'he Upper India Publishi~~g House, Ltd., Literature •Bengal Flying Club, Dum Dum Cantt. Palace, Ammuddaula Park, Lucknow. l:ali Charan & Co., Municipal Market, Calcutta. Rai Sahib M. Gulab Singh & Sons, Muftd-i-Am Press, N. M. Roy Chowdhury & Co., ll, College Sqr., Lahore ai!d. Allahabad.

Calcutta. Hama Krishna & Sons, Booksellers, Anarknli, Lahore. Grautha Mandir, Cuttack. Student:> Popular Depot, Anarkali, Lahore. B. C. Bas11k, Esq., Proprietor, Albert Library, Dac(ja. The Proprietor, Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot, Higgiubothams, Madras. Saidmithn Street, Lahore. Rochouse & Sons, Madras. The Insuranoe Publicity Co., Ltd., Lahore.

G. A~ Natesan & Co., Publishers, George Town, The Punjab Religious Book Society, Lahore. Madras. The Commercial Book Co., Lahore.

P. Varadachary & Co., Madras. The Univl!uity Book Agency, Kachari Road, Lahore. City Book Co., Madras. Manager of the Imperial Book Depot, 63, Chandney Lnw Publishiug Co., Mylapore, Madras. Chawk Street, Delhi. · '!'.Ire Booklover's Resort, Taikad, Trivandrum, South ,J. M. Jaina & Bros., Delhi.

Intlia. • Fono Book Agency, New Delhi and Simla. E. M. Gopalakrishua Kone, Pudumandapam, Madul'U Oxfor1l Book and Stationery Companv. Delhi, Lahore, Cent,al R11ok Depot, Madura. SirrJa, Meerut and Calcutta. Vijapur & Co., Vi:~agupatam. Mohanlal Dossabhai Sh~ Rajkot. 'fhackt'r c..: Co., Ltd., llombay. Supdt., American Bapli:;t Mission Press, Rangoon. D. B. Taraporevala, Sons & Co., Bombay. Burma Book Clnh, Ltrl., Rangoon. Ram Chuwira Govind & Sons, Kalbadevi Road, S. C. Talukdar, Proprietor, Students & Co., Coocb

B.. ··bay. . Behar. N. 'M. Tripathi & Co., Booksellers, Princess Street, The Manager, The Indian Book Shop, Benares City.

Kalhadcvi Road, Bombay. Xnndkishore & Bros., Chowk, Benares City. ~l'w :tuu ~t'condhantl .Bookshop, Kalbadevi HoH<l. The Sriv:illiputtur Co-operative Trading Union Ltd.

Bnnd.Jav. Srivilliputtur (S. I. R.). ' ' ,J. M. Pandia & Co., Bombay. . Raghunath Prasad & Sons, Patna City. A. H. Wheeler & Co., Allahabad, Calcutta and The Students' Emporium, Patna.

Bombav. K L. :\Inthur & Bros., Guzri, Patna City. Bnmha,v ·Book DepOt, Girgaon, lloml>ay. Kamala Book Store~, Bankipore, Patna. Dt'nnett Coleman & Co., Ltd., The Times of India G. Banerjea & Bro~ .. Ranchi.

l'r<'8S, Bombay. M. C. Kothari. Haifmra Road, Baroda. Tlw Popular Bonk Depot, Bombay. B. Parikh & Co., Baroda. Lawrence & Mavo, Ltd., Bombav. The Hyderabad Book Depot, Chatlerghat, Hyderabad ThP. M:onagl'r, Ori~ntal Buok Supplying Agency, 15, (Deccan).

~hukrnwnr, Poonn Citv. S. Kri:;hnaswami & Co., Teppakulam P. 0., Triehino-Ha~R Krishna Bros., O{,po~ite Vishrambag,' PooM noly Fort.

S. ~~.l~ookstall, ~1, Budbwar, Poona. StHnrl~~rd Book and Map Agency, Book Sellers and Publishers, Ballygunge.

ThP Intl'rn~ttional Book-' Service, Poona 4. K Man!<alt1n~ & Sons, Booksellers and PubliehPTB, arnatah Puhlishing House, Bangalore City.

P.ha'-"a Ta!ao, S:1rat. Bheema Sons, Fort, Bangalore City. Th,, Stan•lRrd ·Book anfl Stationery Co., 32-33, Ruperintendent, Bangalore Press, Lake View, Mysnre

Arhah Road, Peshawar. Road, Bangalore City. --------------AGENT rw PAJ.ESTINB :-Steimatzky, Jerusalem. ___ _

To

Sir,

OFFIOE OF THE

CENSUS COMMISSIONER FOR INDIA..

SWnlD, tAe 4th JuM 1933.

The Hon'ble Sir HARRY HAIG, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., I.C.S.,

Member of the Governor-General's Executive Cwncil,

Simla.

I have the Jumour to ~Ulnn·it herewith a report on the census of India taken in Felw'IJMy 1931. The reports and "tab1£s prepMed for indivUlu,al Provinces and States have already been puhlisluJd, since the necessary materwl is availiJble in detail 'JWovincW,Uy beffYre it can be oompiled jO'f the whole of India. These provincial and state oolurnes will be found to deal in particuJm' with points which ' I have bee,. abl£ amy to treat in. general, and tke method I have followed for the most part has been to examiM for myse~f the figures for I ndw as a whole and then to tum to the provincial re]XJ'fts to point a mmal or adorn the tale, but the ooncl~ formed and the opinions e3pfe8sed

are my awn.

This InJAa oolume OCJn8'ists of five parts, (i) my report (together ·with that of the actua.ry, Mr. L. S. V awyanatlw.n), ( ii) the stati.,tical tables for India, (iii) a collection of papers of etltn()[Jfaphical interest, (iv) the social and linguistic roops for India and the Provinces bout1~l separately and ( v) an admini:strative report, the tWQ IDtter oolum&t bemg interuled primari'£y for departJmenta~ use. In s·uhm,itting it, it is my forttmlll6 duty to 'bring f0f'f114Uy to your fiOtice the able series of the 1931 Ctm~tU Reports alA-eady mentioned, which are numbered indeed after this t'Olume but have appeared before it. I have therefore Ute hortowr to reoommer&d with OO'nftdeooe to your pe'I'UIGl flOC tAil report but the other twemy-&e'001&, CJRd to be

sw,

J. H. HUTTON,

C6IWIV8 c~ fM India.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER.

IBTBODUC'l'IOJI

L-DIBTBIBUTIOII AIID JIOVBMEIIT OP POPULA!'IOII-

..

(i) Srope of the &port. -Geographical Area : Natural and political divisions ; External· population ; Area and population ; Movement ; Migration ;

.' Mortality ; Economic

(ii) Prwincial distribution and tJt.Jriatum.-Ajmer-Merwara; Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Assam.; Baluchistan .sengal; Bihar and Orissa; Bom­bay ; Burma ; the Central Provinces and Berar : Coorg ; Delhi ; Madras ; Notth-W est Frontier Province ; the Punjab : the United Provinces ; Baroda ; the Central India Agency ; Gwalior ; Hyderabad ; Jammu and Kashmir ; the Madras States Agency, Mysore ; Rajpntana ; the Western India States ; Other States

(iii) The Populnlion Problem.-Nature of the problem: Rem.ediea ..

Subsidiary Tabl~s.-Area of India, provinces and states; Population at six censuses ; Distribution and density of population; Variation in natural popu­lation ; Comparison of areas and population ; Pers&.s per house and houses "

. ../per square mile; Comparison between census figures and vital statistics; ;, Reported birth-rates ; Reported death-rates ; Reported deaths from

certain disea&·s

Appendix.-Population problem~ Bengal (A. E. Porter) ..

D.-:UBBAN AIID RURAL- •

Statistic<; of urban and rural population ; Definition of urban areas ; Urhaf population : Vrban sex proportions ; Race and religion in towns ; Cities ; Selected great cities ; Rural population ; Houses and families ; Pressure of populatioh upon housing. . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsidiary l'nbles.---,:O~ribution .of the population between towns and villages ; Number per mille of each main religion who live in towns; Towns"classifi.ed by population

In.-BIRTB-PLACE AND MIGBATIOif-

Reference to tables; Figur,es of figration; Nature of migration; Casual, periodic and temporary "injgrahon ; Semi-permanent and permanent migra­tion ; Assam ; Bihar and Orissa. ; United . Provinces ; l\Iadras : Daily mig-

• ration; British India and States; French and Portuguese India; Exter!llil migration ; Malaya and Ceylon ; Indians on the high seas ; Indians

1

' 11

33

40

44

60

OV!'I'l'>eal' 62 Subsidia.rrJ Tab1,•s.---Distribution 'by birth-place and place of enumeration ;

Migration lft·tween Province£ and States; Variation in immigra.bt.;; from for.-ign countries ; Indians. enumerated in. Great Britain and C-olollies ; Emigrants to colonies registered at Indian ports; Actual and Natural

-~

populations 73

IV.-AGE--

The return ot age ; Mis-statements o{ age ; Preferential digits ; Formation of age groups ; PeriOilic variation ; Age distribution ; Mean age ; Expectation

v ot life ; Vital statistics, Infantile and puerperal mortality &

Subsidiary Tabl~.s.--Age distribution of each sex ; Age distribution of each ~~ex in ead1 main r~>i:gion: Age distriLution of each sex in certain castes; Pto­portion of ehildrr:l. p~'rROns, and of tnarrit>d females, Pwportion CJf childrtn, person..;;;, and of mar:·ied femalea in certain religions; V a.riation in population at cert11in age pen·•b; Reported birth-rate l•y sex and pr.vince.. 98

4ppe1uli:c.-A Ct>ntral Provinces Centenaria.u (W. H. 8hoobert) 106

.dnne.rurle.-:-Actwirial Report .on the Age returns (L. S. Vaidyanathan) 101

Life T~bles for India anrl for pro\·ir\ces (L. S. Vaidyanathan) .. 173

V.-SEX-

(i) lnterprctatk:m of tl•c Retvrtt>.----Se"t. ratio; ~Iw;culinitv and U.,.'lliae; Se.x ratio aud C'lmmunity; Reproduetive period; f", x r.:t;o by casi.e.. . 196

Jlli(.'C iii d

IV

CIIAPTER. 1' AGE.

V.-8EX-contd. (ii) Fertility.-Fertitity stat;%h.:.~ ; Sex of tirst born : FertiEt:; awl ag·~ at

marriage ~ Size of family b:· occupation ; Size of family and dw:at.ion of marriage by community; General conclugions 204

&bsidinry Tables.-General proportions of the sexes by proYinc~::; and states. Xumber of female5 per 1,000 males at different ag~-periods by main reli­gions at last three cen.suses ; X umber of females per 1,000 males at different age-periods by religion; X umber of females pe:: 1,000 male; fo;: certam selected castes and tribes; X umber of deaths in each se:c at different ages in British districts in India . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

VL~COHDnrrOB-

Instructions to enumerators ; The statistics ; Correction of error ; Group bias ; Marriage ratios of commmunities; Marriage ratios by age ; Civil Condi­tion by caste ; Interpretation of married ; klfant marriage ; Widowhood ; The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1930; Widow remarriage and divorce; Inter-caste marrin.ge : De,·adasis 215

Subsidiary Tables.-DistTibutwn by civil condition of each sex, religion and maiu ag,_; perioJ : Distribution by civil condition of each ~x at certain ages ; Distribution by main age-periods and civil condi~ion of each sex and religion ; Proportion of sexes by civil condition in the main provinces ; Distribution by civil condition of each sex at certain age~ for selected castes; Proportion of married and widowed at certain ages 239

Appendix.-Notes on marriage in the United Province.:l (A. C. Turner) 250

VU.-INFIRMITIES-Instructions to enumera.tors ; Defects of the returm ; Reference to statistics ;

lll88nity ; Deaf-mutenesi! ; Blindness ; Leprosy ; Elephantiasis ; Other diseases 253

Suhs·idiary Tables.-Distribution of the infirm of each sex by age ; Number of persom affiicted at each of the last five censuses; Number affi.icted of person;; of each age-period and the ratio of fem9.les atRicted -~ 1,000 males 269

VID.-OOCUPATIOB-(i) Olassiji-Ca'ion and distribution.--Instructions to enumerators ; Workers and

dependants ; Earners and workers ; Incidence of dependency ; Occupa­tional classification ; Distribution of occupations, Subsidiary occupations ; Dependent occupations ; Occupation by sex ; Organized industry 273

(ii) Statist·ics of Orders and Graups.-Exploitation of vegetation; Exploita­tion of minerals ; Industry ; Transport ; Trade ; Public force and ad­ministration; Professions and liberal arts; Private Income and Domestic service ; Insufficiently described and Unproductive occupations 286

(\it) Occupation by Caste and Race.-Occupation and caste ; Occupation and race 295

Subsidiary Tables.-General distribution of workers at each occupation; Earners (principal occupation) and working dependants ; Earners (subsidiary occupation) ; Occupation offemales ; Selected occupations ; Occupll.tions in selected cities; Number of persons employed in the Railway Department on the 26th February 1931 ; Number of persons employed in the Inigation Department on the 26th February 1931 ; Number of persons employed in the Post Office and Telegraph Department on the 26th February 1931 ; Statistics of Factories in British India subject to the Indian FactQiies Act 305

Appendiz.-Notes on the Ages of Male Earners and Dependants (B. L. Cole) . . 321

IX.-LITERACY-Reference to statistics ; Increase since 1921 ; Distribution of literacy ; Literacy

in eitics ; Female literacy ; Literacy by community ; Literacy by caste ; Literacy by age : Literacy in English ; Literacy for franchise ; Comparison with returns of the Education DeJiartm~nt ; Educated Unemployed . . . 324

Svbsidiary Tables.-Literacy by age, sex and l't'ligion ; Literacy by age, sex and locality ; Literacy by religion, sex and locality ; Literacy in English by age, sex and loeality ; Literacy by caste ; Progress of literacy since 1901 ; Number of institutions and pupils according to returns of the Education Departmen* sillre 1 901 339

v

CHAPTER.

X.-LA!IGUAGB-(i) TM Pvlurns.-Extension of language return; Subsidiary language and

Oris8a boundaries ; Bilingualism ; Changes in classification ; Survi"v·al of tribal languages; Difficulties in classifying Indo-Aryan languagea ;

P.t.GL

Script 348 -(ii) LiftguUtic Pre-hi&tory.-The Brahmi alphabet; Austroasiatic; Dravidian_;

Indo-European 367

SubtMiary Tables.-Distribution of the population of each aex by laDguage; Distribution by langilage of the population of each province, state or agency ; Number of persons speaking tribal languages 370

Appetuiix.-Correspondence between tile Census Commissioner for India and the CeDBU8 Superintendent of Burma regarding & new written character in llurma and Aasa.m 378

~-RELICHOK- . (i) Religion and tlte CeMUS.-Religion; Ambiguous sects; Interpretation of

Hindu; Jainism; Reforming movements; Pilgrimages; Propaganda 379, (ii) The figures.-HiAdus ; Sikhs; Jaii_!B; Buddhists ; . Zoroastrians ; Jews;

Muslims; Christians; Tribal Religions;· Others; Comparative numbers., 387

(iii) General.-Hinduism in ita relation to primitive religion in India 39'J v Suhqf,diary Tables . .,.-Proportionalstrength of the main religions in each province ;

Religions of urban and rural population ; Distribution of Christia~eir number and variation 418

3-CASTE. TRIBE AIID RACE--.

Enumeration Of Caste and Race ; European British Subjects ; Other foreigners ; Anglo-Indians; Tribe; The retnm of caste; The tabulation of caste; '!he origin of caste ; Race - · 425

Stthsidiary Tables.-Variation in population of certain castes; Statatics of Euro-peans and Anglo-Indians; Persons born in Great Britain and Northern Ireland . . 462

APPDDICB8-I. Extef'Wr CfJBtu

- II. Primitive Tribes IIAP8- ...

(i) Colowed.-Layered map·of Iudia

Linguistic map oflndia

Map of India to show distribution of communities

(ii) CTncolouf'ed-

Ma.p to illustrate comparative rainfalll921--30

Map to illustrate comparative rates of increase in popu­lation .

Map to show comparative density of population

Map to illustrate inter-provincia] migration

Map to illustrate deaf-muteness

Maps to illustrate distribution of communities

wfacepage wfacepage

. . wjace page

to face page

wfacepage

to faa page to face page

~face page

to face page•

471 500

1 350

38i

1

' 6

64:

258

37~7

Map of Indonesia restored at the 100 fms. line t. «1 Map of migration rout«:a into India to jtMif page 460 Mapa of ancient site& ~ illustrate Chaptca VTI, X, XI, Xll 461

(iit) hsel in Text, Mapa of India to illustrate-

India showing respective area.s of British territory and 8tatee I

India showing •lensity by Provinces and States • Areas visited. by calamitous ftoods or locU8ta Areas which suftered from famine or acarcity Distnlmtion of Infant Marriage

.. , Blindness

" " Leprosy .. , Literacy

8 8

~7

~

263 326

V1

JIAPI.----oontd. Distribution of Austroasi.atic Languages

,, ,, Dravidian Languages

, , Indo-Aryan Languages

, , Tibeto-Chinese Languages

, , Indo-Aryan Languages showing Outer and Inner Bands

PJ81JBE8 II' TBD­Roughly shouldered celts

Shouldered copper implements and highly polished celts

Shouldered Iron Hoes ..

Shouldered celts from Assam

Curved celts from Malay Peninsula and Santa! Parganas

Shouldered hoes from .Al-Ubaid

Stone implement fro~ PnHfynastic Egypt

Script invented by Pao Chin Hao Horns, soul-fignree of the dead

Enemy skuDa, menhir&. etc.

Stone memorials in water-COODie in Cha.m!­Skull from Adichanallur

Cranium from Sialkot ..

81..-ull from Nal

Pearl-Shell Crescent from llalabar Coast DIAGRAMS Am GBAPBB--

Progress of cooperative movement in India

Belative rates of increase of population ..

Male and female population-urban, rural and literate

Growth of urban population

Sex proportions in towns

Hist~ of annual age returns in Madras

, , distribution in Punjab by religion

Age distribution in India and inN. Ireland

, , by quinquennial groups-two eeruruses

, , by decennial groups-three ceruruses

, , of provinces on lndia=100

Infantile Mortality per mille in British India and in Provinces

, , per mille of births

Curve of population-growth

Sex proportions for 50 years

Change in sex ratioe by communities

Sex:proportions by communities

Sexes at different age-periods ..

Marital Condition by community and aex

Age pyramid by marital condition

Proportional distnlmtion by community and marital condition

~.omparative cu..rves of infirmity

roface page

wface page wface page

A@e distribution by sex of Insane .• ,

" " ,

,

"

Deaf-mute

Blind

Lepers

PAGK.

365 365 367

367 368

360 361 361 362

362 363

364 3Tl

4:00 405

407

441 441 442 446

9

32 30

47 48 84

85

88

88

88

89 .. 94,95

97

147 196

. . " 198 199 201 223

223

224 255 257 258.

260 264

Vll

PAGL

DWJRA .. A1ID GBAI'IIB--ontJ. Distribution of workers by occupation 275

Proportionate distribution of occupations 1'19 Comparative distribution of occupations in luger provincea ~

, , occupatiooa-dependent, principal and subsidiary i83

Agricultuml occupations by sex ~

Other occupations by aex 185 Growth of literacy since 1881 ..

Comparative litemcy of provinces

" , oommUDitiee

Change in proportion of communities

.Age groups of Europeans born in the U. K.

, , and Anglo-Indians

to face f111!18

.. tofao~ page

INTRODUCTION.

At the very outset of this Report I find it incumbent on me to depart from prec•.;dent and to begin with acknowledgments,_ ~ of_ all, as is fit, t.o the people of India themselves whose good sense, good mttzenshtp and general co-operation made the taking of the census possible, but mo~ of all perhaps to that great body of some two million unpaid enumerators by whom the census was actually taken and Without whom it could not have been taken, many of whom were out of pocket by the taking and many of whom carried out their work under ci~.a~ces of opposition, interference and general unpopularity. The greatest ored1t 1s due to them, and that, and a sarw,d of printed paper, is the only reward that most ~f them have had. The taking of the pecennial census in India involves the co-operation of more than one-sixth of the world's population over an area of nearly two million square miles in a combined response to organised enquiry, and the expense would be prohibitive if all the services rendered were paid. Moreover enumerators' duties were often as onerous physically as they frequently were morally. \Vhile city enumerators had generally to take larger b~ocks than usual since enumerators were harder to come by, those in rural areas often had to cover long dista.nces; in Baluchistan the average enumerator had a block of 836 square miles (in the tribal areas 1,460) in which to find his fifty houses, as a 'village' was often a moving encampment of two or three tents with an average area of 36 square miles to itself.

Acknowledgments are_ due likewise to the other links in the chain of organisation. Supervisors, Charge Superintendents, District Census Officers, District Magistrates are all part of the necessary machinery and no whit less essential than the enumerator, and in their case the census came as an extra--a piece of gratuitous and troublesome overtime work added to their usual duties in many places already onerous and trying above the ordinary by reason of political

v', agitation. For this census like that of 1921 had the misfortune to coincide with a wave of non-co-operation, and the march of Mr. Gandhi and his oontrabandiatas to invest the salt-pans of Dharasana synchronized with the opening of census operations. The blessing which he gave to the census at the last minute in 1921 was this time wanting, and, though he himself is not known to have issued any advice to boycott the census, it seemed good to some other Congress leaders to do so. as, although they do not seem to have regarded a census as objectionable in itself, the opportunity for harassing government seemed too good to be missed, and January lith, 1931, was notified by the Congress Committee to be observed· as Census Boycott Sunday. This boycott was not, however, taken up with any real enthusiasm and, except in the Gujarat cities of Ahmadabad, Broach and Surat and some smaller municipalities like Ghatkopar and Villaparle, had very little ultimate efiect on the taking of the census ; but the petty annoyances, resignations and interferences with the preparations for final enumeration very greatly increased the work, the responsibilities and the anxieties of local officers in charge of census work, including as they did not only revenue officers of all grades and . village schoolmasters but police, magistrates, paid and honorary, railway offimals, forest officers, port officers, ministerial officers in government offict:~J, munieipal officers and many others. On the other hand no less trouble was ca~sE:'d in some places by au excess of the zeal on the part of all parties to regtst-t•r as many adherents as possible in view of the possibility of a communal

_f{imchise based on the ('ellSU::l returns. This was particularlv the case in tlJc l'm1jab. where the exterior castes, badgered first by one party then by a~wther to return themselves as Sikh~, Hindus or Muilims as the case might be, la Ldled themsdn~s Ad_ Dhanni, or adherent.-:; of the original rel4,rion, and so added

·to i be nnmbt~r of rdigwn~ ~etw:ned in the. census sc~edules. So high did feeling rnn un•r the r~turu ?f rehgwn m the PunJab that di'5fUtes as to whether a man w;,, _\,} Dhanm or ~ikh led to a number of aftravs and ~t least ro one homicide. J'ditics wen· als~ troublesom•' in the border:., of Orissa where a pan-Oriya i rr.:·agaudd, carnt:d on _tv a11 ~.xtent calculated to frustrate its own purposes, ~.ng··Ld.• rt-d a eorn·s1 (•lllhng ~-o~mter-propagandA, all detrimental to census taking. :-sr,.,~·lal lt:t.<ll'ure~ were nt·~ded m )iadrab and much arlditional \vork c:aused to the Sup~.•rint•·udent of that pruYince aud in a less degree also to the Superintendents of IOICC ix

INTRODUCTION.

Bengal, Bil_lar an~ Orissa and the Central ~'ro~·inees. Other pr~vinces experit>neetl ~..- the usual difficulties that attend census takmg m India. In one the Bhilc; for in,;:tance

would not have their houses numbPred on superstitions grounds, while in Burma householders objected on artistic grounds. In the Shan States the thirtP(•nth and

. ~ast survivor of a pre-annex.atio_n raid_ happened t{) occupy the thirtf-·'nth lwuse m a b~ock. As ~he enum~rator lllconstdera~ely rehl:c;ed t{) re-arrange th"C· muul·~rs, he dectded that his was up mdeed, went forth mto the JUngle and comntitt~'>d h~1rahri. In less law-? biding places the disp~tion was r~ther towards disembowelling the enumerator than the enumerated, while t.he·effacmg of ceru;us numbers was a minor

•./ difficulty that was particularly troublesome in 1931. Here and there wild beasts interfered instead of wild men, and the· Administrator of Bastar State. when inspecting census wor~ on the ni~ht. itself, was attacked by ~ tiger, which ·sprang oiPto the bonnet of his car, but tindtng the pace and the radiator too hot for him

-!_ailed to make an end either of the inspector or his inspection.

Difficulties notwithstanding, the census was taken at the appoint€-d time and a complete return was received from all places ttxcept Ahmadabad in Gujarat. The returns for some other towns in Gujarat, e.g., Broach and Surat, were probablv defective, but, as received from the municipalities concerned, were ostensibly correct. In the case of Ahmadabad the censu~ was not completed and the number actually enumerated was estimated t.o be some seventy-five t.o seventy-six thc>usand short of th~ real total; according to the census since taken by the Ahmd.dabad Municipality itself the deficiency was nearly the double of my estimate. In Burma a rebellion broke out between the preliminary and the final enumeration. It interfered with t~ latter in at least ont: district but with the former hardly at all. In the Census Abstract published for Parliament I b~esJ. my estimates of tlie error caused in the census enumeration by Congress activities un the very cal"efully estimated error worked out by the Census Superintendent of Bombay for that province which came to ·04 per cent.; this I doubled for the whole of India arriving at a maximum deficiency of · 085 per cent. in the Indian figures. If the Ahmadabad Municipality return be accepted and the deficiency be re-calculated accordingly the error still works oo.t at only ·l per cent. for the total population of India. This of course refers to any: deficiency caused by the clash of politics with the census. Other ina~curacies, whatever the amount, are likely td be fair~ constant from census to censu.s ; the error in the numerical count has been put at a maximum of one per mille and is probably less. The Census Commissioner in 1921 estimated the percentage of error in recording sex and religion at about one per cent.; I doubt myself if it is nearly as high as thi:;, but otherwise his estimates probably hold good of this census also. Owing. to the Sarda Act however there has been a definite decrease of accuracy in the record of civil condition, and I estimate the error in this r68pect to be not less than ·5per cent. an~ proD"ably higher. Fortunately it seems possible to allocate with safety at least the greater part of this error to deliberately i.naccurate returns of 'unmarried' instead of 'married' for girls married during 1931 in contravention of the age-limits imposed by the Marriage Restraint Act. Error in classification aft-er the return has been made is quite a diffe_rent thing from error in record and it is extremely difficult to form any' estimate of its extent. The ·entries in the schedules are copied on to slips, omitting the block, circle and charge numbers and of course the personal names, and are then sorted into sets of labelled pigeon-holes and counted for the figures which constitute the tables_. Difi~rent coloJ.rs are used for dii'terent religions_ and e.ach slip is s~mped or pnnted '_Vlt~ a svmbol to denote sex. These svmbols m 1931 were amphfied by hand to s1gnily civil condition. It was found quicker to add to the symbol than to have previoll:"ly marked svmbols from which the correet one had to be selected, a course wh1ch inYolved ·a choice of six according t{) sex and civil condition for each indh·idual slip. Probably also the practic-e of altering by hand involves less error tl11m that of selection when the tendency. will_be for the copyist, who must turn out a minimum number of slips and is paid in Part at any rate by outturn, to fill up the wrong slip r.1.ther than to waste time by changing it when "'!0~1gly s~lecte~. In any case there is room for error in slip copying and for error agnm m· sortmg, t:nough careful supervision at both stages may .keep it dO'_Vll to a verr small :ma!gm.' A c-ertain difficulty and ;momaly was also mtroduced mto ta1ulatwu h• tlle.r~ct ::~t the Burma figure~ were tabulated ou a difierent system from tlut followettl!l _In.:ii~

· ;1roper. The metLod of tabulating by religion has neve~ been fouu~ Ytr_v _smrahle Ul Burma and on this occasion was abandoned for tabulat10n by race m th·~ mterests

O."TBODUCTIOl'f.

of that prm-inc.e, but at the cost of some inooruristencies in the presentation of the India figures.

This digres.<'~ion on error ha.s led me aside before maJ?ng ~y acknow:I~uments t.o the census officers of pro,;nc:es and stat€8. of whom a l_Ist will be found m l hap~.er I. It geemed to me that their work as a whole was adnurable. Several had speeial diffi.f'Ultie9 Captain Ma11am in the North-West Frontie(.ProYince .. .Mr. Turner in the l~nited Provinces, Mr. Porter in Bengal and Mr. Shoobert m the Central Provinces all experienced difficulties in organising their enumeration on account of political agitation : and Khan Sahib A.bmad Hasan Khan in the Punjab had his trouble when the actual enumeration took place ; even in Delhi his enumerators found their house numbers obliterated and their movements obstructed. ~1r. Dracup in Bombay had to contend with the most difficult and troublesome situations of all on aee.ount of the anti-census campaign in Gujarat. Bombay has a bad reputation for bre.akiug the health of her Census Supe~ntendents. The first Superinte11dent in 1911 broke down after the enumeration was over and the early death of tht• 1921 Superintendent mUBt be imputed at an; rate in part _fo ~he strain of that census. Mr. Dracup managed to carry on t1ll the compilation was almost fini~hed and his reports begun (for the Bombay post involved writing two additional reports, one for the Western India States Agency, the other for the Bombav Cities), hut his health could not stand it; he ~uffered the chagrin of being bl'<l.tf'IJ ·on the post, and had to make over his material to Mr. Sorley .. More pro,;nces than U8u&l were handicapped by similar changes. In Bihar and Orissa Mr. Scotland's health broke down very early in the operations and his work was taken owr by 1\Ir. Lacey who had a very uphill task indeed to get his census to synchronize. as he came in at a critical stage wh • ..:h found him unfamiliar with the early part of the work and at which the preparations for enumeration had fallen sadlv into arrears at:~ the inevitable result of Mr. Scotland's ill-ht•alth. In the North-WeRt Frontier Province f'aptain Mallam lacrtro like }!r. Dracup till his report was part ·written; at the earlier stages he was more than once taken away from his censll.l) work for administrative e~d c;; and hut for these diversions would probably haYe :finished single-handed; as it was, Mr. Dundas had like· Mr. Sorley the difficult. ta~k of writing a report on a census of which he had seen nothing b11t the materials collected in th,course of operations in which he had taken no part at all. Mr. Shoohert in the Central Provinces and Berar wa~ likewise hampered by being abstracted from his eensus work for administrative necessities for an inconveniently long period at an early stage of the operations and was delayed by illness towards tht>ir dose. Rai Bahadur Anant Ram in Kashmir had the disau \'antag~.~ of not ha\iug been in charge of the censm~ from tht:; start of operations and Khan Baha•lur Gull\Iuhammad Khan in Baluchistan was taken away before he had finished to be Wazir-i-Azam of Kalat State and had to write his report while performing the onerous rlutief' of his yizierate. Colonel Cole "with Rajputana and Ajmer-)lerwara, Mr. Porter with Bengal and the City of Calcutta and Khan Sahib Ahmad Hasan Khan with the Pw1jab and Delhi all had two Reports to write insU>Jld of one.

Special diflicultie.s were experienced in Madras and in a lesser degree in As"Bm ~nd also in Bihar and Orissa a.nrl more or less in all provinces as a result of the change m syst-em. which aetually took place in 1921 but the full eifects of which were not e~-perienced until this census, by whi<>h all costs were made debitable to the Central Governments. The local expenses of enumeration, including the tra veiling allowanees of al_l loca_l oftice~s doing census work in addition to their ordinary du~ies, and mduding statlone_ry, stamps and so forth required in mofussil operations, had all beet~ charged hitherto to the expenses of general administration, much the mos~ eonvenit:11t and economical way of dealing ·with small items extremely difficult to ~·se~tangle fro~ ot-hers where. n? sep~ate organisation existed ; and owing to the!!· bemg merged m general adm.imstrat10n no separate reeord of the expencliture was extant. In 1931 the operations were carried out precisely a<J before and the methods used by local officers at preYioUB censuses were us.ed a~in. It was not till aftt"rwards that it wa.c; discove.red that serioUB liabilitiec;; ~had bt>en ineurred in !he matter. of trave.llin_g allo~ances to meet which no provision had be~'n made m bu~gettmg. D1stnct Offieers had little enongh time to srar(' ft•T t~h~ census l:fl. any case, _and the general tendency was in ffi't!lY

\.'8!-t•s to t<'l L"l"' the posltlon that thi-. was a eentral charae. let the central authorities stcf:' t(' it. Moreover, many of the clail118Wt>re s~Lmitted at a date

Th"TBBDCCTION.

which though admissible for ordinary audit purposes was so lono aft~r the journeys had taken pllK'e that any check of the claim was made n;:rem~lv difficult. Mr. Yeatts in lladras received no fewer than 26,000 unanticipat~d bills foi travellino all~wances. amount_ing in all ~ approximately Rs: 3,00,000, many of the~ clal.IWi received dunng 1932 for JOurneys undertaken m 1931. .Man-v of these bills contained cl~ n:Ia~ a whole char~e or even taluk, and the 'actual number of personal claims mvprvm· was greatly m excess, of course, of the mere total of bills. By subjectin~ bill to the stric~st ~rsonal scrutiny in the light of the ac~al expenses probably ~curred Mr. Yeatts was able !-<> reduce th~ total actually paid toRs. 1,30,000, bu~ It was only by ruthlessly cutting down the claims to the amount by 'Yhich claimants w~re likely to have been actually out of pocket, a comse of actiOn only made possible by the fact that Mr. Yeatts himseH had never drawn more than his actual out of pocket expenses when touring, whatever the rules allowed him to draw above that. Both he and Mr. Mullan in Assam must have incurred no little odium in the comse of their pnming of travellino allowance bills for the extent and nature of which they were in no way to bla~e, as they had not even been in a position to prepare their own budgets, since the provincial budgets for the year of enumeration were all prepared bv local (!overnments before superintendents took over charge, and there was in ~ny case~ no separ~te record of the very considerable sm:ns spent in this way from I-'rovincial revenues in 1921.

It was another of the misfortunes of the 1931 census that it coincided with a , fall in revenue and a period of economic depression which made the most rigorous economy necessary and which left me no choice but to cut all expenditure as fine as possible and to goad my Census Superintendents unremittingly in an att~mpt to finish sooner ~nd spend less. Their responses were loyal and whole hearted, and in almost every province the actual cost of the census per head censused has been appreciably reduced, if those items be excluded which never appeared in the accounts of 1921. These items not only included the tra veiling allowance of local officers, previously debited to general administration and the pro,incial revenues, as well as stamps, stationery and other items used in district offices and similarly debited, but also included all pay of officers whether Provincial or Imperial who were deputed to the Census Department, aa.well as their le.ave pay earned during their census service, passage contributions and so forth. In some cases the budget of this census has even been debited with the leave pay of officers who served the derartment in 1921 or earlier but not in 1931 at all. Wages had all increased since 1921 and the cost of printing to the c.ensus has been enormously enhanced, in some cases by two hundred per cent. or more, as the result of a change in the method of costing. {;nder the old method the overhead charges were not debited at. all to the census when the printing was done, .as most of it is, in Government presses. It will be seen at once therefore. that a very large p~ of th~> incr~ in the gross cost of the census, approXImately Rs. 48,76,000 m 1931 agalllSt Rs. 40,00,000 in 1921, is an increase on paper only. As nearly as can be reckoned the actual net expenditure incurred for the 1931 censMwhich is comparable with the expenditure on-that of 1921, excluding items not then charged to the census budget, amounts toRs. 40,13,000, and when this is reduced to the cost per thousand of per­sons censused, which is the only fair standard of comparison, the 1931 census comes quite creditably through the test having cost only Rs. 12 · 8 per thousand persons . censused as compared toRs. 14 per thousand in 1921. The cost of-the census of Enoiand and Wales in 1921 was £9-5-6 per thousand (about Rs. 124 of Indian moriey) ·· e:xdu.siw of the e:s:pendit~ on printing, stationery, maps, etc.", the -exclusion of which from the costs of the Indian census would reduc~ the cost per thousand to Rs. 13 · 3, while the c.ensus of "Northern heland in 19"26 cost over £15-6-4 ~r thousand inclusi:e of _printing, etc., that is ~- 2lJ2 per ~ousand as c~ared to India's Rs. 14 mclUSive. The census of India therefore IS not only bv far the most extensive eensus operation in the world but, besides being one of the qUickest, it is probabl; the cheapest .. ~ven so the. cost is no in~o~id_erable it.em at a time when the difficulty of restricting expenditure to the limits unposed by dwindling revenue is so difficult that many countries decided to dispe~ entirely with tl>e census due in 1931 ; and it was therefore necessary to exerciSe a very parsimonious economy, and I owe to all Census Superintendents and likewise to their administrative, office and compiling staff not only my acknowledgmenta for their ungrudging co-operation but aL~ my apologies for driving them at a pace -~

ISTRODt:'ITIOX. xiii

whi('h has admitted )f dosin2 dow!1 the department soru,· seven months earlier than u.-'l,: l. and for cutting down their t>Stimates to the finest possible ma.rgin compatible wit:J reasonablP Pffic:::ncy. The work of a provincial census officer in India, e;i\ q••I'C against time. agaill.8t exrenditure, and without holidays, is far from the 1 1···: ,~mt occupation which it.-:; interest would make it were the need for speed and

r·~·r,~ ;:1:p;;;~;~::~~re has been no falling off in the qdilty of the n-ports which well maintain the high standard set by past series. The Andtmans and ~icobars Rc·p•Jrt reflects Mr. Bonington's lifelong acquaintance with the forests of those islands and their shy, little-known inhabitants ; Colonel Cole brought to the Hajputana volume a knowledge of the Rajput.s and their clans acquired not only re~imentally but in the f'Ourse of several years as Recruiting Offic.er for Rajput battalions: he also showPd a commendable despakh and but for his press would ha \·e finished even earlier than he did. The other authors af British India Reports arl' all executive officers in the Imperial or Provincial services and the outlook of thP settlement officer is conspicuous among them throughm'tt the series, from .Mr. :Mullan's lively volume on Assam (also one of the first to be published) to :Mr. Turner's exceptionally fUll and detailed report on the Vnited Provinces. Their Ren~ral qualities may frequently be inferred from the excerpts given freely in this volume, and where all have reached a high standard it would seem invidious to discriminate. The reports of :Messrs. Bonington, Shoobert and Lacey all contain interesting ethnographical material ; l\ir. Yeatts' particularly well written volume is 11oticeable for his treatment of infirmities, and l\Ir. Porter's for a new attack upon the population prohlem and for an interesting account of the processes of c.ertain decaying rural industries. In Burma and in Bombay ~Iessrs. Bennison and Sorley have brought to the census the expe!ience gaitH'd in the study of social and economic quPstious, and Khan Sahib Ahmad Hasan Khan has opened the volume on Delhi, new to the series. with a conspectus of-the capital's historic past.. Among the States and Agencies the Rajputana volume has already been mentioned, as also l\Iessrs. Dracup and Sorley's on the Western India States, another new addition to the serit•s, while il.l.r. Venkatachar has filled in somewhat of a hiatus in the census account~ of the peninsula with his exceptionally interesting report on Central India.

The States that contribute separate volumes pay independently for their own operations and the total cost of their census. Owing to this fact I was fortunate enough to be spared the unpleasant task of reducing budgets, but the exigencies of the India work compelled me in some cases to keep hurrying theii Census. Commissioners during the compilation stage, and my acknowledgments are due to the latter no less than to the Census Superintendents in British India for their efforts to comply with an impatience which they may well have regarded as untintely, and which must certainly have been inconvenient at any rate to Rai Bahatlur Anant Ram in Kashmir, who had tO finish off his census at a time of political and economic disturbance with a depleted and inadequate staff. Of the other states· C'emms Commissioners ~[r. Ghulam Ahmed Khan in Hyderahad ~d Mr. Rang Lal in Gwalior have approached their subject from the administrative

· poi?ts of \·iew like most of the C'Pnsus Superintendents in British India, 1\lr. Khan ~nc1dentally adding to our knowledge of the Chenchus, while )lr. Venkatesa Iyen~ar m Mysore has given another detailed account of processes of declining industries. :Mr .. bankara 1fenon in Cochin has written a thoughtful report as an educationisl-, a calling unrepresented in the British series. In Travancore Dr. Pillai has to his cr«:dit an admirably produced report embodying not only a brief economic survey o~ the st~te. ~ut a g?od deal of fresh information as to the vaniBhing tribes and d1sappearmg mdustnes of a state which is so advaneed that he was able to make a usdul t>xpr~iment i? compilation by the employment, as in Cochin, of women as sorters and shp-copYJSts. and verv efficient they proved. The outstanding report among the s~t~s is again that of :J"rr. Jlukerjea on Baroda who is to be congratulated n<?t onlY: on !us admirable presentation of material but on the extreme rapiditv w1th whiCh he produced so comprehensiw a volume. His previous experiew~t' in 1~:?1_ has b~n put to the best account and I have myself taken advantage of it, part1cul~rly_ m the arra~ement of fertility figures. He is also responsible for an mll.oYatlon m l'Dumeratwn by billets it~dieiduels which may very well bear ,nuch frUit at the next census of India.

To )Jr. Trousdell and )!r. Golder of the Government of India Press in Simla I ow ' both acknowledgments for their patience and despat<:h, and apologie8 for M~'\.\.~

X1V 11-."TRODU'CTION.

the inconwnience cau!'ed by repeated calls for fresh proofs of altered tablt>s. whiJ, I haw to thank )Jr. Carter of the Gonrnment of India Press in Delhi as well as Mr. Golder for much wry useful advice and assistance. To Colonel A. J. H. Rns"-ell: thtn Public Health Commissioner, I o"·e the diaarams of vital statistics and information on sewral points in Chapter YII. To seve;al others, to more indeed than I can mention here. I owe ?.cknowledgments of some kind for advice. i1iformarion or eritici-:m. )Jr. L. S. Yaidyanathan of the Oriental Gowrnmrnt SeL·uritv Life Assura_nce Co~pa~y, ·Bombay,. who has contributed the most compreh~nsiw actuanal exammatwn of the Ind1an aQ"e returns yet attempted and the life tablt's based on them, Dr. B.S. Gnha of the Anthropological Branch of the Zooloo·ical SunYr of India, who carr-ied out for this census a detailed anthropometricalsurv~v of certaii1 castes an? !ribes and who has contributed his valuable analysis of theh physical charactenstics to the volume of ethnographical appendices, Colonel R. B. Seymour fewell, Director of the same Department. Rai Bahadur Ramaprasad Chand·a and Mr. E. J. H. ~lackay, both of the Archa=-ological Survey, han· all helperlme with information and ~riendly critjcism a~d to Dr. G~a again I o•;·e the d.rawings of the Bayana, Smlkot and .Nal cra.ma that appear m Chapter XII. Mr. Yeatts has addEd to my obligation to him by his assistance in proof rt>ading.

My final but far from least weighty acknowledgments are due first to my own office, to whose ungrudging co-operation is due the early completion of the report. particularl.\ to the Superintendent l\Ir. A. R. Chitnis. to whose statistical eA."Peiience and careful scrutiny of figures must be attributed whateYer degree of accuracy their presentation here can claim, t{) the head compiler. :\Ir. F. E. Wright and his second l\Ir. :Mulherkar, who are primatily responsible for the compilation of Part II; and then to m~- predecessors, to Sir Edward Gait in particular, whose work in previous decades has done so much to simplify nrine in this. The conceptjon of the sorial maps was due to a scht'me for a population map of India eYolved by Colonel Tandy in 1921 and here modified and adapted to suit &mall scale maps and a high density of population; the idea of the linguistic maps and the record of bilingualism first oenured to me in the course of correspondence with Colonel T. C. Hodson. now Wyse Professor of Anthropology in Cambridge. The German anthropologist, Baron Yon Eicksteclt, suggested a series of maps which would show the population of each village by caste and religion in coloured points of Yarying sh~pe and size. Tr.t· s~-sttm i:::- an afl.mirable one which would if applied to India give a m·~t valuable and interesting l'ecorcl, but the cost of producing series of maps·on the large scale necessary to show every village with its inhabitants by castes or tribes was in itself c•b\iously prohibitiYe, apart hom the time and labour involved in compiling the statistics of caste by \illages.

A word of apology is due on the contents of this report. The opp(lrtunities of a census of Inctia come if at all but once to most of us, and I am only too conscious of opport.lmitv nef.J'lected. for I haw left undone that which I ought to have done and I have done 'much less than I should like to haYe done. Res angusta cit.·itatis is my defence ; I should be the first to admit it inadequate, but the imperati•·e necessity for a 1-jgid economy made any departure from and still more au}~ enlarge men~ of the kno~n and familiar paths dangerous as well as extremely difficult. As It \.-as, some of the material actuallv collected in the enumeration schedules had to be left 1.mcopied and unsorted as a.· measure of retrenchment, and the industrial statistics of 1921 were not attempted; a tally of horsepower. handlooms and mechanical shuttles is hardly a legitim .. ~te part of a popu!ation census in any ca~e. and t.he statistics can be just as well colle~ted at_another time by the DelJ<~rtmeD~ uf Industnes and labour b,- means of the cuculatwn of forms unsynchrom::-ed mth the census schedules. Ail a.ttemrt to collect a return of the educated unemployed ~n separate schedule!' was a fiasco, as though large numbers of the schedule;.. were J<:sueLl n'ry few were n:cci,ed back: the reasons giwn are Yarious but apath~ was pro~al·ly the prevailing oPe. Such as the~· are, both the_ reasons for the fm~ure and tht.· t_gures obtained will Le fOlmd recorded m Chapter IX. The returns of age are probably more accurate than ewr before, thanks to the methoJ of treating the figmes adYocated bv )h. H. G."-· )Ie1kle, as a result of his actuarial examination of the 1921 returns. and: adopted for the first t;J»~ in 1931_. . On the other ha~d the figmes of urba11. popuh:.tioll in Gujarat and of cn;.l cont.l1~10n mn~t be admitted to Le below the previous standard of acc-uracy, a degen~ra.t.wn ~ue m the ~ne case to l ougress actiYities and in the other primarily to the mdirect m~uem:e ot the Sarda Act, but

. also pe1haps ;n some degree to the wr-y same change m the metlod oi .:::o1tmg and

DITBODUUl"ION.

compiling which ha<; BO much improved the return of age unqualified bv ot.her factQrs. In any case the treatment of sociological features of the population of India is much prejudiced by the absence of any general or compulsory rPgistration of births! deaths or ~es ; . an .absence which woD:~d go tar to nullirr social leguda.tion such as that Implied m the Sa.rda Act ,Itself, and to which attention was drawn by the Age of Consent Committee. The difficulties of introducing compulsory registration are no doubt great, but it is not easy to see how sociallegtslation can be really effective without it. Nevertheless some attempt has been made at this c.ensus to collect figures for the fertility of females of different social standing and of various occupatioll8 in the hope of throwing some much needed light on the rate of reproduction in India. These are censorious days and there were not wanting articles in newspapers of the baser aort to suggest that the figures of fertility were being collected with a view to defaming the people of India. lt is possible therefore that critiC8 may be found who ·will conceive that they detect in Chtt.pters III to VI, or elsewhere in this rePQrt, the cloven slota of a considered cloacinity. It is of course impossible to dlilcuss the growth of population withvut any reference to its health. Those determined to see ill motives will be deterred bv no denials, but to those who are not I would offer an 888urance (whi('h I hope.is uot needed) that nothing has been set down in malice. ln the first five ehapters, exc.ept for a page or two on the population problem, I have allowed myself to depart as Little as possible from the statistics to be examined (no haunts for Apollo here) ; in Chapter VI the social movements and legislation of the decade have called for a short digression before returning to the figures in C'hapters VII, VIII and IX. In the last three Chapters I have frankly permitted myself, aftn examining the. rPlative figures, to venture aside to a more speculative treatment of race and religion. What was for long the orthodox view of the history of race and culture iri India w~ brilliantly propounded by Sir Herbert Risley in the Census Report of 1901; the work that has· been done since makes it probable that there has been a far greater degree of continuity in the pre-historr of India than was then supposed, and certain that India was not characterised, as Sir Herbert believed, by racial or cultural isolation. Much work has to be done before any views on these subjects can claim finality, but certain hypotheses may fairly be advanced on the material a<:eumulated since th~t census. With the exceptions mentioned I have stayed by my statistics, a valley of dry bones it may be, very far from Helicon, and I no Ezekiel to clothe them with flesh, content if I have played the part of Joab to hope that I may at least escape the unhappy recompense meted out to that early numberer of peoples. At any rate 1 have made no naughty omission of Levi and Benjamin on purpoee, and if some of the tale have gone untold they must be few indeed when the increase alone since 1921 numbers nearly thirty four millions. For the Father of History is proved right again. 'Ivoruv ·st: .,x~ecx, he said near twenty-four hundred years ago, '77'A€LaTC)v eaTt 71'aJITWv Tr,;,JI i,/ML<; iSp.& av0pWr(A)v a.nd this census hu justified him indeed, for it can· be once more statEd with some oo~ence that 'of all the natioris that we know it is India has the largest populatioQ .'. .

&tniG,

June 4th, 19.33. J. H. HOTroN.

APPENDIX I.

~ Exterior Castes.

N.B.-No aUempt lw11 been m.ade here to deal with events that have taken pla« ainae 1931.

This tenD. for the Hindu castes liitherto known as '4 depressed " wae originally suggested by the CeD.BWI Superintendent for Assam and baa been adopted in thia report aa the most Mtis!;wtory alternative to the unfortunate and depressing label "depressed class ••. It has been criticised a.a being the Mme tt·rm as • outcaate' only 9f five instead of two ~tyllablea, and it must be admitW tha.li ' exwrior ' is but old ' out • writ large.. Ali the same time it ia here 1mbmitted

• that outcast.e, witb an e, hu not u.nnatura.lly attracted to ita connotation the implicatiollll of the quite d.ifierently derived outcast. with no e. Ou'Waate correctly interpreted seems to mean no more than one who is outaide the caste system and is therefore not admitted to Hind11 society, but since in practice the exterior castes also contained those who had been ca.st out from the Hindu social body lor some breach of ca.ste rules ' outcaste • and ' outcast ' were io. 110me rJl8ea synonymoUB and the derogatory implications of obliquity attaching to the latter term have unjustly coloured the former, a taint which ia not conveyed by the substitution of the word ' exterior ', which may connote exclusion but not extrusion.

The inatructioM of the Government of India for the taking of this census concluded with the following enjoinder :~ .

" The Government of India also desire that attention should be paid to the collection of inJormation conducive to a. better knowledge of the backward and depressed classes and of the problem involved in their present and future welfare."

In that connt>Ction the following instructions were issued to the various Superintendenta of Census Operations in India :-

14 For this purpose it will be necessary to have a list of castes to be included in depressed claHBee and aU provinces are asked to frame a list applicable to the province. There are very great difficulties in framing a list of this kind and there are insuperl able difficult.ieJO iu framing a list of deptessed claAAes which will be applicable to India as a whole." ·

4 subsequent inatrut'tion ran 8.8 follows :-

•• I have exl'lainl'd deprl".x!!Cd casteB &S castes, contact with whom entails purification on the part of high caste Hindus. It is not intended that the term should have any rt>ference to occupation 88 such but to those castes which by reason of their traditional position in Hindu soci£>ty are denied access to templea, for instance, or have to u.-;e separate wells or are not allowed to sit inBide a school houae but have to remain outside o-r which sufftJr similar social disabilities. These dik!11hilitics vary in different parts of Iudia being much more severe in the aouth of lnJia than elsewhl're. At tlw same time the. castes which belong to this clo.ss are ~enerutly known and can in mo.-;t parts of India be listed for a definite area, though perhaps the lista for India&~; s whole will ntit coincide."

ThE' question of the preparation of lli;te {tJr each province was discUl!Sed at a meeting of the 8uft'riutendE>nta t>f Ccnsm Opemt.ions in January 1\:131 before the census took place. It was agrtJed that t'ac·h provinct: should make a lht of CRstes who 8Ufiered disability on acc-ount of their low sooil'-1 pOt!it.ion aud on ac.count ol bt~ing debarred from temples, schools or wells. No sp~ifio d"tiniti(•n of depressed eastos was framed and no more precise instructions were i~ued to the ..Su~rinterulcuts of ~wmg Operntiollil, beca.uae it wna realiBed that conditions V&Uied liD much from provinee to provinc>.e and lrom district to district, even. within some Jlrovinoes. t},at it would be uuwise to tie down the Superin.teudents of Census. Opera.tioD.B with tao meticulous inJStructions. ':the general method of procceJing presorihed wa.s that of looal enquiry i11to what castes were held to be deprel::l8ed and why a.nd the framing of a lis~ accordingly. It wa.a dt;:t:.i.tled th"t M118lints and Chriatiana :;hould be ncluded from the term '"depressed class" and that., generally l'opPaking, hillandforest tribes, who had not become Hindu but whose religion wa.s returned lUI 'l'ribal, 5hould &lao be t-~duded and in the numbers of the ex~rior ra4~s given below thtt,se principks h&ve been followed. A note on the depressed and ba<~kward cla~s in As~aru suLmitt,l'd to the Franchille Committ~s by the Supl'riutendent of Census Opere.tiows for tha.t. province affords a very clear example o{ the way in which the.'!e principles were intend('d to be applied and have been applied by Superintendents o£ CeusUB Operations, and ~n,exttact from it js given towards the end of this appendix.. ,~

'71

A.PPE:NOIX I. 472

. li · al JII'IUOM it ia obvioualy ~ to 1 now the number of the~~~ Booth for~ and po tll' h 1 b t a leo in dit!enot provinOPa. Tb~ natt~ U. of import­

dullee raoi only m India u a w lo .• ~li'Hf!nt.atiou in the body pul.it~ but aoo .-ith refe~nce uoe DOL only nth refe~noe ::~leU' :w..U. .,U.irig t.hflm froiD their }'ftlllent ~kward poei­to any eoci&l work thlat • to n~~.rt~hi:O:..ith that of more adnnoed eocU.I group&. tioa to one more near 1 oomr-- . • • ,

. . . 1921 (C•W!IUB or Indl&, ~ olume I. p.u1. I, para~rt.pb 19.1) gave The ~[lfltl8 Co~.ooer lD ben of the J){oprt"Mt-d c~a..r~ ill v-a.rioue pru,·itl(~Pa, makin~~

.. _ .. be deer.nbt-1 u .... .-m.- num I · · d -.. _. · Tbie fi be etatea, must. be tak(lln u • ow 4"!>tlrna~. 1m~'e 1t '* no' ~total of 52,6t(),~. ah wd ~ bet·n iJwludl-d, aod be .,.-... •• We n~y t<lnfid,~ntly pLu:le mdude aU thotlfl ..- ~ ~~all of •hom &re eon!!.idem:l irup~. at (ll()!lwtLing between dle numbers ~.tb~ r!ru. ,. Of the 5:!1 lllillion for whirb the Cen•n•a Commt.ioner Mud 60 miilionJ '{;. th&n-:;r:uruon were to be found in BritUh ln~h• Thi4 figure~ P.~ actual ~e 42 millioo odd gi,-eo aa the figun of. IJrt.p~ Cia·~ by. the Pr.mfbiae ~~~of J9J9. It ia aJBo not grw&tlyat variance w1th the .4-tl ~~thoo~llUla~ by t~e c~ . tral Co 'twe f 1929 .. the figure of ~pre.wd CLuwollll HrlU!I.b lnJIII., Lut It Tl.rtf'l

!\a.D" Cen "derab~from .:he Hartog Com.mitt.ee'a figuno of •l•proxim.&t,..Jy :W_milli.~n. Cloe&l'ly '!f!rJ ~nr.t ~.._ .. ~ ...... ~ definjt-4' 6PUJ'E8 wl'J'e obt.ainM thaD &he ftrtlll'lil:.t"ll L1th,.rto ~mployerJ. jt • tuJle to.+ auuo" _.._ D . -- l • • • • dc_'tfo ed fi There are bowuer a oonai.Jt"Iable number of cL.fficwtrf'& m amnng at • nnw gure.

The definition to be need in anivins a& \he ftg_ure of Drp~ ClaaeN i8 a vny iliflka.lt matter. The followillg poeai ble teste &nJ to be OOOSI~ :-

./ (1) Whether the caste or elaee in que~rtion can be .-rved by cl...an Bra}.liD&DI or n~. (2) Whether the caate ot claHa ia quNtio~ t'aQ be eent'd by the b.ii.d:M"n. ...-flt.Pr•auiell,

J t&ilora, etc., wno eerve the eMte HinJua.. {3) Whether the caste in quE:Btioll polluu-e a bigb u&t~ llin•lu by eon~.d or br

proximity. (4) nether the taate or cl&ll in quectiOil ia one from .-boee ha.r~<1s a ~.e llindu oaa

'-ake water. (5) Whether the CMte or clue in quefi.ion il d.-barred frum osin~ puhli<: eoc.1·~~noe1,

eucllu, roads. ferriea, •ella or ..:hool ..

(6) '\The\.ber the C&llt.e -or c:Ja. in qUrt'll&.ioo is dtob.ntd from tbe 081!1 ol U:nJa. ~mpJs. m "ftbetbs iD. ordinary IOcia1 intelroune • ..-~u ~ueak-d Dlo"mbH or the ea.-«4!1 Of clall

iD queAion will be UeaMd Mao equal by high taste~ lll Lhe aame ~~tiooal qualifiem.W...

(8) W\ec.her $be cute or c:Ia.'in quftllt.ion il IDl"~ly dt-p~ on ~un& of ... ~ ~ l1fu.enq or poverty and but for tb.C wouf<t ~ SlOLJ•d to oo social ddahility.

J (9) ~ a is depoeed on aoooon\ of the oocur..tion f,,lJ&.J'Irf"d and ~ t. .. Lher bal. l~ ~ oocupariga ii woruld be Rthjed 1o DO IOCial dia&bilit~.

~a--ilia obno. tha ~enl.oftbelletest8themaelve6im·oh·e aa unku·urn f..:wr-~ il a c&r.. Bnhrna.a 1 l\lW il the line Wtweea a high t'Mte ami a ltJw e.-_. JI.nJ.a. a.inoe boUl ..:f."'!JtSlft!l .. ,. aad ordiMrily would baTe • ~ly eoDlp&nLt.iU ~ r Wl..at rooatitutel ~ ... •bat. CIODititatel '-be right to 11M. t.emplo, Iince bel'!'·~ tr. .. r~ ·=---· srwit.• from U.... •ho BUlB& ft!ID&ia eoU.rely outlide and~ approach a ~rnple •t all w t 1.~ wbo are tw!m&u.ed io the innrr t&Dd:WlTJ f In deciding what is &D Ext.onor CL'!too. nnf!C of tht'M teiY aa be taka alooe. Fl'OIIl 'b.e poim of oriew of tiM~ State the impoM.&m 'ld!lt. ~ tLt! right to DepWlOc coo~. welle &nd ~eboola, aod if \his~ tAken.,. the r,m~:uary- u-..c., rcligi001 ~ and ~iN; IOcial clJOOultiea in~y involved by tiulm may ~ ,..,~d~·t &A Mntriba· klr1 only. Some unportanoe IIUJIJt. be att.ache.d to Lhem. ain<A~ obviorLi.ly ii ih6 g,.:o-..~ nLJ pubho ~ the penona of certain g!OO.pl &I 10 ~ful that. coTtCftrt<..J at..1 i .... n i" rt'-8llrtc!d to in order lo keep them away, pel80D8 of thoere groups do auft.~.~ under a •··riowa l;.MLiJity. It iJ 1K4 eoough to eay t~ a road ia a poblU, toad, and that if A oorutiJ .. n hirue..:U pol !:It~ by th1 ~ of B a& • d~ ~f. 30 -~and no compulsion ftl8tl nn B to temO"Ve bJm~~t·lf from tu ro.d t~ le& A.~ th! disability • A 1 and uo\ B'a, .me. A must l.mve \b11 1"-*•l or he polluted. ~.18 all "'~well if B ~d IUa frienda a.~ in auch a poe.ition u to be ~~oblB 1o0 imp()IM on A the ~ of be~ o~ ~ leave the mad. U, however, it. i.a poMihle for A aud h~ frienda by boyeott.ID8 Band hie !rie~. force~ ~urpceel to bring preMru-., oo B to 1liirPgatti L.i.l. ](>gal righU and &o oonf~ to A. • _religiooa P~JUdiQ61 and leave the road wheru..,·QI' A ia ~ u iii.&. a &LA anoe, tftrly B ~ m Pl'8ct;Ice no medom of action ill the tnattor of the ros.d ~h,.tb,.r hia religious ICI1l~J.e. ~ mvolved or not.. Thia ctu~tiou of t.he uae of I'O&d.l h.a4 been t&k.m 1111 M illu.tmtioll. bQt 1ll .pomt of fact. 1.~ l9flt~ioo ol t.h. UMe of ltl&da is one ..-bich ~ to be ~nerally dd­~peMIO: ~a;! hr r:bly di...JJ~ to 1uch ao extent that Lhe q11ettioa AM&Y be ignored .. dia&.:it ~ h 11

... 11 00~· The 11M of weUa, ho•evm, y another nw.t.~r and the

1 t • exterior c...tel VBnA!I from Dot. 'b.,ing allowed t.o approacb the village weU ai all

EXTERIOR CASTES. 473

to t.he positi.on common in Bengalm which peMons of certain C8f!te8 may not draw water them~ r~elves but mullt await someone of a clean ca11te who draws water for them at the well. The question of schools is another very real problem for the exterior CMtes, since in many parta of India. if they sit inside the ecbool they would be made to snfler in some other way by the higher cast.es using the school, and whel't'.aa the acquisition of reading and writing at leaat may be taken for granted in the case of the children of any Brahman, and of other castes 88 well. it is an excep­tion in the CBBe of the exterior ca.steiJ, the presence of whose children is disliked in the 8Chool by their social superiors and whose children, if tl1P-y:rea.d at all, ml18t sit outside in the sun and dU!It.

(It is oft.en argued that unt.ouchahility is merely· dep<>ndent on the occupation, so that &n ·unt.ouchable penon or caste abandoning an unclean oooupation becomes touchable. This may be true in a. literal sense, but it is not true morally, since members of exterior ca'Jtes who may have abandoned their traditional calling for two or three genera.t~ona are still liable to be treated as outsine the pale of deoent society, and their presence is apt to be regarded && an ofience by membem of interior c&.stes, while they would not be ordinarily admitted to social functions on a footing of equality:)

For purposes therefore of deciding what persons are to be included in the numbers of the extf'rior castes it has been necessary for each province to deal with the problem in its own way and to pTol'iuC',e its own list. It ia not possible to say generally that su<:h and such a caste is exterior to Hindu society and to apply that dictum to the wholeoflndia. It ma.y be p088ibleto do so in the case of certo.io castPS, such as those of Dom and Bhangi, but it certainly is not the case that a caste which is depressed in one part of India is depressed everywhere. CoDBequently

,each prorincial superintendent has bad to draw up his own li<rt, taking into account the va.rious factors t>nurnemtE-d above, and to tf'lCkon ss d"pTeBSed only those castea or daast~S who ddinitely suffer from BE>rioua Racial and political handicap on account of their degraded position in the Hindu ROCin.lscheme. So muf'h is this the position that, in the CentraJ Provinces for instance, tht> c!¢RS t.o be trP.nted as d!'ph'.!j,Sed for rurpoaes of figures in this Report have varied from district to diatrict and no list is possible at all which is applicable to the whole of the province for all the easte8 concerned. :Many castes ·and tribes who would be included by some, at any rate, of the tests mentioned above have bt>en excluded from the list on the groUn.d that t!tey suffer no tangible disU.bility as a rt>sult of their inferiority in t.he Hindu syRt.em. Many primitive tribes for instance ·are in an ambiguous position by reason of their not really being Hindus at all. Such tribes when they come withiu the Hiudu systf\m often become automatically depre">sed, largely on account of the fact that t.hPy have no pmjudie.es against oNmpations and food which are taboo to interior Hindus. On the other hand, the socially superior individuala of these identical tribes a.rn very frequE'ntly able to get tbems~>lves incorporated into the Hindu system as Raj puts or Ksba.t.tl'i.yas, though their fellow tribf'smE'n may N!main ext~rior. In some cases, however, a co;nplete tribe hu suc~.eerlf'd in etrtablishing it.s claim to 11o more or lel>S equivocal twic.e-born ststus. l11 these ('if('um~lttllN'B, therefore, non-Hinduiaed hill and forest t.ribes have been excluded from the total vf thl' E~tt>riot C&StcS, fl! until they r~ch the stage of incorporation in regular Hind11 society, th~y do not lt'al!y su:fft'r L.v their potential position in tha.t schE'me: Similarly criminal tribes ha\'~ not bt>en included uniPM their conrlition be such t)Hlt e\'en if they ceased to be criminal by ha.h~ or prufef'.8ion and lived M pt'.accable and law-abiding citizen.a, they would still be d••prt>gst>d on account of their socia.l p08ition as distinct from their occupational stigma. Again there are numb.-1'1'1 of ('Mf . .-e who, thou~h they are regarded by interior Hindus as ceremonially polluting and aueh as from ~bose hands water cannot be taken, have in many cases such strong caste or~uni-.u.tioiUJ and include so many individllals of substance and education tha.t they havl" built up ft•r themselws a strong position-which "obviates the need of any Bpecial measures for their sucial, political or rPligious protection. It is these considerations whlch have caused the Cen~<ua 8upt~rint.;ndt,nt of Coohin State to exr.lude the lruvailll from the number of thoee depre6aed. while the ~huhas, Telis o.ud Mahhhyas of Bengal and Assam would theiD!!mvea prote.'lt at a.ny such inclusion.

Tile note on the Deprrf'Sed and Backward L'1t.LS.-¥.'.S in Assam by the Census Superintendent for thllt J'rovincc, whieh fmms an appi'ndix: to tbe ASbll.m Census Report, a.:ffords an excellent exampla of the fucts and consideratious taken into. aooount in determining what constitutes a dcrJrf•8Scrl (;ftSf.e. In the t:ase ol Assam the numbers of the exterior castes are 8()

higb in comparison to tbe tot.w number of interior Hindus or ra.t.her the number of interior Hindus hJ ao comparatively small in a province iu which the numbers of backward clssses and hill tribl".s is h1gh, that the disabilitiE's attaching to depreSSion are slight compared to thoae in most provinces, but the factors to be t.aken into account are the same everywhere. The non­llimlus and the hili and forest tribes included by the Assam Census Superintendent as Backward Classes have been excluded from the figures given in the table billow which amount for all India to just a little ,over- fifty million.

· These figures ata given p!ovinM Ly pro•-inoe in this place; tables in a somewhat different form will be fowui towa.rJ.s the end of this appendix. The tota.l number of exterior oa.stea in British India appesra in Table XVII as :l9,la7 ,405, the difference being due to the fBCt that in two provinces the figures in Provincial TableD on which that table is based difier slightly f1o.Lu the figures obtained from the ca..'lte ttlble for individual castes. •

Quote.

A.heri lla.rri llalaa S.•bili ~ BuP J-:banci n ...... I:lahlal' Dlwlak G.NCM. Glle.DcM lU!l-11& Ka.nja.r Kt...DPr Kachbuld Jb.bar )L¢nl !...- •• ....... Raipr Ra..J ~ ~ 8atia •• Thori T~

p,..w­

~ lia-wa ..

Total .

J..U.-. .Ka.ilartta •• T.--~woUeC!UCm Ot~

,..,_f~

flb•m-h •• Daobi

. D1llda .l~.lo &lid lll&lo lugi ~ MlldU P&&ni ~uadhar ••

~,......,.~

:Brittal.tluia Jijra

'<I

E.ori .•

Pui

. . .

TaW

. LtPESDIX I.

~U.til<4.

87 :.'i4

lUi I 6, 7!14

II 7~

8,1iCI 16.114

67 • 1,681l

48 (19

s·•s ~.5

t .... 3l 10

618

·~ ' !1,8111 HI

i6J 71

' 1. Aj_.,-·JlfflMn~.-Theotr~e 6,_::1n··~ (76,816J

diftt\f bv 81 froro the tut41 founJ in PrrwinditJ Tahlf' ii for the provinl'lft •h,.~ the t.Qta.l of '[)top~ C11LIW'A appeera M 76,733. This &mailer tigure ia due to the omiM.rnn froiD the Provincial Table of the numbers o{ 80 &gri• and one S&nsi. (total 81) wh~ reli~dt•n was dubio11.&ly ~turned ILl •• tribal".

41116 J _:.

7UUI

611 }

2. AMa.a" l.Jand....-'So f':lturn was maJe b~ the ~nsua Su(Jf'rintendent allil tbellf' fi~ (Jl:?) h&ve beu extract~ bv nu! from hiA t~l.it.._ u repreet"nt~ CAStes un.:.ttli\·oc:llly d••pf'e\~ 1

!.~ 1 i!J,511f ]4Sol,ll7t

UJl..)l!

·-~ ~.413.5 2':!.~1 lt.5tJ

10.a;;s 113,\t'>'..l!

S,.&!t 7..312

51.414 12,.516

l4.3-l8 l'-rt2il

!28

~7'

Jt

7

• 1

fi.7.22

.

3. ,A,_,,. __ Hef@ it .-ill~ r~tcetl th11t the lu.t (t<Jt.all,8.10.43fl) vati(l8 in ditlt>rt-nt (111rt.8 or the pro­\'ince. Jugia, for inata~. &~ f(,und i11 bvth V~Atieya. hut aretreat.ed aa ew-rior in &h., Swnt& vafl,yand om in the Brahms putra ~~"""Y. • Oth,.rs •. in the figurN appl.M-able to the whole rr-.~vinee do not include an• e&&tee not in the list, Lut rn,..relv t"Mtee listed for ~ne vaJiev (lr the ot b~ but tuu~t:rated elsewhP~, of whlcb a 1111·parat~ hliy i.~ n!Jt now available. Of the tot.J 1,421 ·~ foohd in the Aaaam Stat~ the ~maiwld' 1,8:19/Jt./9 t;.m~; in. British tforritory.

f. &lucJ.iBta~a,-()f thiR total c•f t\,i22, ouly 20 ate fotmd in Baluchistan Stat.ee, ~nut.iw1Ar { i, 70:?) being in Briti.sh territory. Ia a Jdition to th6 caste.a in the above l.i..tlt th~ IoUowing castell appe.v in the BalllChat,.n list.. ft~ of which have not OOen 8CJl'eJ!ted hy rne, u the e:.:t~rior position of llf'vera.l of them is a10 lca..-d open to dispute, and 1t appeared t•J me that th6 t00\1 net had been C&8t. too wtde auJ 1 t b~ore rejected for the India list the following M~St.e& wb.ich appes.wi to me to bedoubt(ully t:rterior:-

Dbobi •• llochi · .• Nu .Kumd Lbirpeuthi Kurnhv G~.a .Ju.l&hoa Kohli .• Teli

Total •.

7-49 3'-i!J l!!.i 109 M '11 ~ 31 28 21

1,62&

Caste.

Bbuinmali

Dom ••

Halalkhor

Hari , .

Kavru

K.i!'!hak

Lalbttgi

Moo tor

}hgdi

Ee.b<'lll~

Eo uri

P.h11iya

:Bind

Rinjhia.

('hamar

Dbennar

Db obi

Doai ••

Dot!ll!ll1

Cba.lli

:Kadar

Kan •• Ka.nwftr

Kotal

Lobar

Mal ••

Mo.llah.

Muchi

Musahar

Naiya

Namaaudr&

Pal~>iya.

p,q,n ,.

PRsi .•

Patni

l'c.d ••

J>u,alnl lta.jwu Snnrt

Ti.yar

Turi •.

BILiti ••

Erodl)11

Fddu.r

ll~:-rua

:Sb$tiya

]Jolllki

(ionrht J.,Ha. Kall .. uHa Jtwlu, Malo linl,.,.e.r . Kaudm Kapn.li Ka.Jlul·ia. 1\a~J>!!~> KL~~otik

'1\.cmai Mahar JSn~ar Nat •• lb.j'll •• ~u~ogitd~

.. . ..

..

. ' ..

.. .. •• Total

EXTERIOR CASTES.

l'opuln.tion.

72,804

140,007

N76·

132,:1?3

lCJT.~

2 4,f!65

23,278

987,fi'i()

4,-wa 331,2:!8

4<1,37(1

11),518

3l7

15-t'l,458

« 2.21'1,673

t;Hoo 36,420

5,312.

],078

06

133 7,651

60,167

111,167

26,252

il4,!l19

11.714

40

2,~14,9&7

43,160

UM J8,P26

441, 760i

1\tl-:',731 :U,2.'ia 21,337 76,920

"6.413

16,19?

8.SS8

7,2-141

3,1~

!167

6.oa11 5,H"'

ast.u72 198,0\l'ot

1),.63) •

4,'124

lM,~

176

i.SM l,M1

41,0.:>8 1.1186

16,164 '1,~

~.na­a.-..

6,93(),631

ti. Be11gal.- Of this total of 6,930,631, 30,822 Are fmmd in the BengRl States, leaving 6,89.9,809 in British diRtricts. Here again a number of namf'& have lK'-en added by the Local Government, aome of "'hich are also regarded as Exterior by the CenBus Superiniendent. Moat of theA(' a:re primitive t ribea whose names I have rejected for that rMRiln. 'Ihf'se tribE:a are ma.tkoo with an asterisk, a.nd it must, of course, be borne in mllia that rua.ny of thf>m a:re adually in the process of being trans­formed into e~i.erior castes of Hinduism, if they have not already become so. Of the others not so maJ·ked some are admittedly doubtful and their inclusion M exterior castes might be justified ; others on the contrary appear to me to be such tha.t tl1eir inclusion would be entirely unjustified, e.g., Khandait, while Suklis have definitely pro­tested against their inclusion, and the attitude of the Rajballbis has been equivocal. It is unner­stood that the Local Gove:r;nment are also including Kurmis in their list of Depressed ClafiBes, but I do not my!Wlf regard this as even a doubtful case. They will not be found in this list. Thea.dditiona.l na.mea in the Local Government's liBt are-

•Agaria.

•ABu ..

•.Bhumij

•Birhor

*Ga.ro

*Ha.di

•Haja.ng

*Ho .. ~

*Kanda

Kaatha

*lt&ur

*Khaira

Kh&nda.it

*KochA

*Koda (Kor&) ••

Koiri

*Korwl.

Loo.lha

~!ahli

•M:n.~p&haN

•Mrell

•Munda.

.. •Na~ua

Nmii:ya

"'Oraon

.R&j_ba.~bi

*Sa.Iit&l

&Mi

Tipara

..

230

37,9(1\}

14,334

19,693

23

1,525

2,601

1,781

38,287

35,080

8l,.2:J9

46,789

16,021

11,001

16.262

1J,782

4,8'7&

63,107

2,osa

!8,100

136,427

•• 2,078

... 1,806,3~

(33.~

3,860

•• 196,85.>

476

('.ute.

!lA uri ~h(lj.'l& }ihu·,,. ()ta,I~Uj nu .. nar p, ... ,..J lJi,.,bJ I '0111 ••

l ... -n. hhul t;hlllllln& (".odra (,n.l:h& .Halaik.bte lbli .• lnlo:a .. Ka.ndl'a li.anJar li.ela •• .li. ura.riar Lal~i )tabu tie )tafljl&n ){,xhl .. Mualla.r 1\~t •• P10n ,. J'a«i .• ::-....... T~n ..

Caeta.

A~r •• ln,ambi ~h&ngi. fl'te. Cbamt.har Db« .• Khalpa .• .li.okha IKoJ,gha) Koli·Vh<11' Kotwai.MI )laha.l Mang lila~ Garndi M'"l!h•al Timal.i Tnn .• \"itholia ~ .. n.stoda Othera

•Andh~

&aut •&labi "llOO&r •.t>ahna ('hamar

"'Chada.r -Lhauba.o

D<oiB •Db obi •l.lhi.mar •JJobor •Dt:•at •J ,., ..... t •vtwoiur:

GaOO.. •Gha,.. ._ •H•Jllya •.Jauliam •Kon •J-u.ua. •ii.umbar •Khata •Khallllu •Kar.J..ari , , Ha bar, .llf.ab1a M"ng •. Meh t&r, Bb.a.ngi )tr,chj ••

•.M.&~ij,ji

.lPPE!\lliJ: I.

roj.u laLoon.

31-4.!!7\1 tlfl.fl,' ..

&.! l,tlt\2 ~titi.41 ...

l,!lit\.tli'll :t, ;;t7

~14.:.!:.!1 li!IW.~44ll

1.!.'\lll,ll:lll 71\,1'1711

,,1148 1,11.'13

4)\.11~'!

ttl, 74i U5,4H3

3.:~ •t;~.ll-'

:l.l'>liiJ 11,4113

ti • .'H )U~

la,al'\lt 1144

!2.!1M T..'l),{l;ll

i1~•~2EI ,11,710 l7VItll

il.~tll ~.o-il

Tm..l t,3711,257

Pgpula t.KD.

e.AAO 8,7:111

711,4tl3 2lii,Hll

let,l!71 II.~ 1.114

15.11:'3 l,4PJ

1.2~ ..... 31f!.l.\l:l8

4.3.'\4 .... ". il<7

f\01 ],(1.;\3

526 6ti4J

13,67&

Population.

7411 53.:!rt4 33,776

•oo I

528.fr.iQ ?,J,tnl :t,lrt& 4,fj/j()

73.1104 f6,071 6.~111 1,7>41J

833 a

108,1J43 .U,4011

3,4J\I 12

30,-177 24,SIO 23,111)3 J I,J:!7

7.1>.r,l) 2,1!17

],2;>5, 71J3 IOJ,H:! 31),11{,1)

ti.J 711 10/170

fi. RJ.ar a I'll ~sa.-Thia tot a.) (i),376,2il7) e~dudtoa tho figunl8 of Raj\l:ar (133,93/'i) which ha vt~ btwn i111 ludl'd by t.he Ct>nsnA Rtl{\Atint.••nt!t~ut who gi\'t'8 the f,,,t~J number of bitt Ol'J'r'l'AAI'd eltlMe&

!48 6,rHO,l!l:!. The figure that ap1wars ltowtw••r iu his provincial tab:e lias 6,4(19,3:17 of which 6Ht,:!G6 appear in tht~11tnW.. the remainJt\r, ~hat ia!:i.760,1171t bt-ing in Brit.iilh tt•rrit.ory, a figure htt.le hi!(hor tLnn that J'Mch,•d by me after exolndi..ug Rajwara, and differing from his rcpurt total on ~'('Oilllt of aome omi.Miona in the provinf'i,.l taLh 'l'he "..AM

of t.he Rajwara iu RihM lef>ma to me to h~ opt•n to doubt and they do not apJif'&r in t.h(' V nitt>d ITovinces• list. In my OJiiruon the F'rrmeh~ Curn· rn.itk-e wa.e not juatifi....d in i'Jxdnding fNm tla~ dPpreelW'd. Cd8fd Bauri, l:IIJogta., llhuly,., lll.umij, Gh..W, ran anoi Turi. \\it h the J"'fl."-ihlo t:t;l..'•'p·

tion of Bbutnij and Bbwya thrst' 8f"Vf'A cannot be r~~Mdoo u J'f'taining ruu(·b. if an~·· tribal cohP~ion, and they &r@ outwardly Hinduilk'ol. Of thft total 6376257 in my lilrt. not more tbnn 6JJ,MI are f~und in the Biluu· llnd ~ Rtat.l's, hniug not lrtlll than 5,UJ,39J in Bn,t•11h district!~.

7. Domhay.- Of thia futu.I of 2,(~li-I.~J~<-l, 318/lil. are founJ in the Buml•ay !"I.I&W<~, thn r-•rnamtng 1,iS0,4'.!4 being in Brit.U!h tt·rritory.

8. Centml Pror·inu~ and f/.,,~-r.-Of thiH t•ltfll of 3,071,078, not nwcu tLll>n 2;'!.,1.1:2 IIJ'fll'ij,r iu th., st.atdl, nut le!V! than the remo.in.ing 2,5 IS,J.Jii b.._,ing in Britillh territ•Jry. It will be uoti1:ed thiil an B.rlt.• riJo\k appeara against a largP. numLt!l' of <.asf•• in tl1e margina.lli.ot, and onl'l" tho·!I-E' e<lbtes Lave bN.-n tn;at,.. cd &a exterior throughout th~ provir•r.e a;(a.in.d, wlu•·h no llllt.eriak appeant. Wbe.rn~r a <'&It" ~ Jo.'l.t .... riHked the implieat.ion iA that m lll()mo J.IIU1" of the province it is trt>ated u Exterior u.n•l iu otJmr parts it 1$ treated ae Int,criur. IJ"'tai~ of this <Lstribntion may be oht.ained from the pr,vi.adR.l tables if reqllired. TLt~ uumlJent slJOwu ug"'irltlt each cute rder, of coorRP, to t1te nJmJLefll aduully treated &8 exterior and nt.Jt to the nur11her of the castes found in the province The f'..eru11JB 1-3upcrin­tendent givea the figare of 3,180,075 sa t.L~.: total of thtt deprresed clas~ in the Ct·nt.fdol l'rovinoes and Berar. bot.h in Cllnpter XII of hill report and in Provincial Tablll II and in Ap,Pf)U.W.!t Il to W.

•101Jih• fo:rwvcl

•M"Ia •l'olli!Brabl •Ujh" ........ !hi •Pardhii.D •Pu.nka "kaJjhu

Jolu.tr>a mi

c.uto. A•ll-llrnida "-•tlya !l«iMjllll •• H••l..,v• h.&lloda J\.l)fama K•••ltva Jjl•fiiO!'a )f .. o.lap:a .MIII"V8 ,..,.~t .. M1wb1 )l•mo.l.Lla !\ " ... 1\.&.1111 9&rll Pajp • ,

r·.n~h•m• Parma kat l•a.-.evan ,_DI&KAra Surava

R&•aria n.amar ('huh,.

'""'" • nil Koli •• llh&nalc. Kh~to~ell. ..-~

..

(' .. lA',

Arli-.4.1'Jrih,.. A-li-I~Tida A•h-~~ Apla •• t .1v,.,r,..,lau Ar~JntbuUIII'al' H11i11a • }l&.i.u<i.a

~••n•l& Hanlli B .. ttada ko.vnri 1\o-U,.,.., ~Y"-11"-ri l-il"'•hat,j f:hd;.li.•I•Y•II <-ru.~ ... -t~ f'hiiDl..r Cban<h!& Cb .. rua~aa n1Wl<4tl n ....... lh.l rak uli.\.Dioll tDuml>u •• flbMJ f;'(lli,..Jt,.]l G1.odal1 Uodol& 0011Anl(i • , H&ddi HIUI.I~t .Hnl<.ya ollr.f(j!Dli ,la .. illbuvulu 1'K.,Un 'Kailadl Kan&kka.n tK ... rit»pAI..n tll.att.IUJ&YUau ~u<ltl.lo .. li~ K.ota$1& 1Kudiya

..

..

Tot.-.1

..

.. Total

-Total

..

..

..

·~

EXTERIOR CASTES.

PopuiMion. 1,4&'1,027 - 8. Otmtml Provi~WU Mla Berar--contrl.

1,ll-t8 11.11711 -.. 1,718

re~rt. ~n ~he _latter plaoo the total given' f(lr B~vl&h DLBt.raot-.11 uU8]1ciute~ a.a 2,927,936 instedd of 2,927,343. AJ tbese 6.~ mrlude thoa6 returning tribal retigio11s, 1 have taken aa the tot!il of tb.e d6pr•~Med caetfl8 the sum of those returned as Hindu by religion, the figluea of which appear here.

-..

·U 7],110fi

2~.3'" l,l/11

1-4.11.~7

B,01!,U711

Pvpulati•m. :II

fl t:IO :J:ll)

II 12M .Mil

4 lilT 1:13 u 2Cl 117 ~

S,lll:! lll,;o71

fl· 34•)

... 3

h,Hll:t

PopnlaLiou. Hi

C2.11.'i:t 11,11411 6.11:!11 I.:!!! I 3,:'1~2

227

'7:1.~

P~p•datiou.

004."-14 1,0111,227

dH 669 Ill)

17.:11t6 1 ,1<711

!;116 li:•3

3.6145 MJJ

4-2,tWt 117

8,4b9 6,131,)

et>tl, i7" 3,-12:i

140 2,113

214,117!1 44,21S

4-,019 7!1,(\43 8,(~1

9t19

··~ 141$ ~

17,U3 3u8

4-0,637 . 3,U:JO 6,701 4~1

ti,737 9'.!,04.6

2,807 1,5Sl

28,4.JO lUI'l

<&,042 8,~7

3,47fl.·l22

•

9. CoonJ.--Of thQ. wtal. (21,803) of the~~e caatea ~udiya ap}Xl&l"8 also M a primitive tribe and there •• t.herofore an ov~rlup of IH9 between exterior ~ste~ and primitive tribes in Coorg, or of 1,089 if the MarratlHl (5-lO) b& included in the former Ctitegory ; for the purpo8e6 of thf'Ae figuree it baa boon omitted.

10. Ddhi.-Thia total (72,883) &greee with tha\ given in Provincial Table 11. .

11. Madra.~.-Tbis total (7,299,400) is taken frorn the Madras Ca~te Table for 1931, 65,298 beiu~~: fllund lD the Illadra8 Statf~s other than Cuchin anJ Travan('{]ro, i.e., in Pudukkot~i. Banl.(a.U!Ij'alle and Sandur; the rem:Jning 7,234.104 are founJ in Brititoh wrritory. The total differs from that given in l'tfatlrM Provincial Table II by a. fignre of 34,05:t This rcpreHents the nlllllb.:!n o£ the Mllrallti or Marra.tha tribe, a caste or tribe found in ~rJuth Kanara (ibJ name has nothing to do wit.L • Marll.tha' as ordinarily understood) and d(>IICri!Jed by the Ccrurus Sup~rinteudeut and the di.t!t.rict offioer as a primitive tribe, but listed by the .Madras Government u a depressed CIJ.ste. In S()uth11rn India, i.e., in India sout-h of the Godavari, littlt>~ difference is to be distinguished aa a rule in. tbc,tn•at.mcnt of primitive tribes and of ell:terior re.stea ; both alike are l'f'garded as untouchablM or pollu~ at a diata.noe, though the aame doe• no' apply to all the tribes in the Agency ttlct which is to the north of the Godavari. This Marr~~otha tribe howtlv-er should probably be excluded from the list of depressed oa.stes proper, and I have thflrefore excluded it in this li ~t, following the caste table and not Provinci&l Table II, the numbel'l of wbil:h include this tribe. Several other tribe. appear in the Mat.l:raa table both u primitive tribes and u depre88tld Clastea. They have boon induded by the Mn.dr&e Cewms Superin~ndenfi both in his Ca.s~ Table and in Proviucia.l Table II, and their names will be found in the above list marked wit.h a dagger. The total numhem of theMe tribes involve an overbp between the

('..,:e.

tl\:~d'-'H 1\nctum'...a Ku"!!Tan •!oi.lJ.rt-. hdl6D +l\ urnmo.n Ma.d.•ri lbw~<• ){,..la lt&Ja .. Mala fl&.~ +!l{&la,.oar­

)l.t•nzi t!'lla-nili.D !1',-.c•r Muehl f,!,mdala 'lo:~PV&~Il

NaYadi. Plloli&dai p,.,,j; POULd& Paino P&.Ua.n Pamt. .... -t. Pamida Fant"h&ma r •. u.n-&D Pa~J.andi +P..no P..r'l'i..-an

Para~•'' Pca"avL'l Puth...-...i Vazcno.ll RaTII.'ur Jl.-til- .. 5£ln"-4lan. Sunt'UI Sap&n Sentman n .. u T1rn'"allu1"ar 'f•,!lUT&D

Valr!'ik:a Vetu..-u

P.>pnl""''n. ... S-,17".4:~

-•

J~~ 11":7

~.I hi i.llt

lti.Hl 11,617

GU,-Hl 1,4:H

8.~~.718 ,,:l~

;.,Jill t·::'~

l,:ltl 713

I ,.,.~ ·' -

f\.2.ill 1.4"!1 ~.!H

771 311.-n:

u: !.017

!i:Uo,t~·~ :v ...

·-~· ?.\(\~· 3:!,4ltl

f4 7f'.t-.. ~7

l,ll7.t .. 7 P<:6

~:~.:• ~e: 74

~. ..... l?4.l!J9

2 11)8 [l..-.; 4<·:!

1,1\•S l,I.:N

:.?•17 :i9.:!•r.?

4.:':.1 ~ .. 'i:'5

11. Jl,ltiro~.-('ur.td.

primitive tri~ant! Pitcrior t'.R.Bk<>of HH,618 orof ~~~.671 ii the ~fru-n.tha (34,0.)~') be in• h11l•d. Tae )!arrathJ.s h1ne how-t>vl"r l..w-en t-:<cludt>d f~·m n1y flt.'llr>.'~. tboul!h h.,·a!""-.1 a.s • [), pn·.<;.,~,J' by tl.ae uovernnwnt of .Matira..s.

Populst~< .. n. 1:!. Sr.rtJ.-lf,'!J Frm11 . .., p,.,.,-,.,r.--TL,~ ~~~~rn 5,i'S.'i P•,IIHI) (::<\((....d,. tfo ... fi~u-p s.:"i'> <;J•!·····r••g io

2'.!7 H:~> Sortl,-\\,·~t Frrmti•·r J'r.,.-i,,ci . .l T,;l,le II Tvtal "·.t•ll• by 5-/:!. The (•J..pLHmtwn i.-> 1~;.'\t thi~ r;:_:-u,..,. fol:l

ff'ft-rs to ertt:rior ca~tet> er" :m-::Illt.Pd m tran.."·frnntt•·r po:-ts wl..ilh w .. r,. t!.tr•-r'Htl ou'.-.1'!·· !lie w:<'J~ of Pronnri&l Table II. anJ tf.e .-·orrect fi{!llrt' is tbt> one 1--'l\PlJ lwr••.

t....t.,, l'<:>p•1lar..,.11, 1 :J. PIA .. jab.-TL·~ t•,t .• l f, ;:-•11-e lP re arri' •••l at 1. Bswom IA,I:::" (l,i'GIJ.;~<I5) diJTt'n; !.y 8:!.57tj fn•rn t 1

" fi._.-uro "hicb !!. r_'h...m..- (Ul,!l!:.! ill pi\'f'll l•V tho· \_,•fL.,;lld ·"·'j*~ uf•·p·f•·r.t. rqr ,_ c~e"h" 4'>-4,;;2 ! P . I .- J. r . J '1' ,, II J I f.D~-.o11 KuJ1 1•1.47:! t.r un]a•m 118 rnVJt!'l. ld•~·: ·. 111:-1 Lll•·r o. Lmlln& 37.;,.,-. fi:lllre a• 1 ,t; . ..:t,~~~~- l,ut tt J,,..g L"t lh<";•J•lt• all &. ~~t.. 2

:'.W:J tLt: d•·J•rt>:-.:wri ''li~···~, '*' f:,. •an:.1. Vur!tua, _\!,·L'h 1. '"'f"~l 3!,1M.> 8 .. "lare..-a i_,,.._l 8TI<I S..r.·ra are o:J.iru•d iu l'r••Yirwj.d Iul-la• If. "- Ut~~~(Ad Dhar:ui) 7.-..:JJJ Tn .~pr~·r:•li'- I t•) ("!mpt.'r XI tia•• (. n~ il!

T•,t&J J,7f',>;,)oo.lt"i St!flf'rlat•~h·it·nt ~.;,-,_,Lt.· t .. r.,! fi;.11·,. ,,f rlr·J t<·••· d "~'~'~!' as 1.7:1;'-(,&:!'i. ~~ohi..!, e:oc•·,., . .[._ tf_.., l•,tal

&N·Ppt':'d IJ_V me for th~ lwlia £;: rn·'l hy :.:l,el,.-1. ()f th .. · e<i,;t•·-~ t"l\·.--n 1r JJ•Y IH al~twe !1-J.';.llare fouJd in the PUlljah .Stat•·~.3~! .. 9.?:J are foun•i in. tlu· l'u11j:.b~r~t•_. .-\!•l1•·y, and t.l:te rt>mai.nrlr;r, 1,279,4-~.'J. art! in the Britiih •li~tril'ls. Th·:.-;<· fi;:•JT•·.; 111• bJd•· all il•'''"~ ll ho ~tnrul'-d t L,-.iJ- rd4cion as A·l-Dha.rmi the tt•tal nund,.•r of wbiJJu ,_.. 3:•:J ,.JJ7 in Hrr: i~h di.-;1 ria;l-1:1 ar.d 19,-tr:~u thF! f:;tal<1! and tbt• Ag•·HCY t<•)!'·tllfor. I have tak•:ll r.,r {u.jid 'h·· fi:,o:rrr·~'l r·f tlu'l ei,2Lt Cll.i!t"='-<~ in th~ aJ.ovr: L"'t aHd :<II'~; otl.•·td v:uo rl:'tUrn~"d tb•·11Lr:1•·h·•.e u• .-\_,J.]J:,rnn•L Tile fti•3U8 fiH p•::rint.--r.aclt·nt f<Jr the Punjab, L (JWP\'er, W:ii!Wfl ei.\ t<P••[.a ('J.~t ... .-; llq •• Vq. rr•.-;,• ,,,j awi ~aclnrard ". ExdudiiJ.I? the 8 casks et.r:., giwn by 111e tLt oth•~r •·uAt·~ r::wr,.,J L'.\ l1im u.•.lude :-

B,;;..n& l.oh·~h .• (;bc"'i . , .JuW..a. Ka.r,., :\h.hwn (l{j

b1m•la&ia

'l'ot-.1 . . . . Tt • .-1"-'<t tvQ rot th""" ea•U.. ue r·-~·u·b d hy lmfl u quil-l' n"''"itdy d'-'P"'f!HI·J.

I:..', , l:.l L!llit

ll~,4:.!'.!

111 ..... 2 h!JY.:I 12,:!:!.5

Fiii.l£~•

Cute. Ap:&rlya 1\buiya Bhu1y.r C'llero .• Ohuiya Kha1rala .. •• li..ba.rw&r {nrloding Banbui) Majhwr.r (M6lljhi) Panka

. Parahiya r.~~~

Kol • •

ll:oPWa

l!anmAllu ~IIVr.r" D~n$\a.r )fu.aw.r

S.ou .•

8ilpkar

J.lala.hal' lhu111rbor Dbark,u

~~--· Dom •. l)QDIU'

o\heTlya

Buell&

'Bandl ]t;.b.n.

Khatik Chill ••

.. . ..

.. Pui ( lncludu. Y arm aU) ••

Baia.l. Bbar (t~~~:ch~dq &jbbr.r)

Bhil •• Dbari .. 1\in«h aria p ........

Duudh :B.-nn Jtao4r.Ji Bb.Antu

Xuwal or Karaul

Sa bill'& a-..-.jr.r (i!ll!ludiLI tiaptta

t;apana). 8&D&ia

Jl..it .• JlitJ&nlwo ll•ill'l Gual •• K&Jab.a w.. . . J,tdhi.k

JltU"WU law&riya (Ban!i&)

e..hariya

8aaa.uhiy.

Gidhiy.,

Bh.o~ri

f!lwnar

Dabg.v Ub&rmi ·

Doobl ¥uri .. llclchl Aak.b Lp.ria

Kllal1'W'a

Kot-w-ar Tb.a.ru

M2200

•

..

••

Total

EXTEIUO& CASTES. 4.79

68,1~

'76,8415

~7

""} .. 78.770 .. 2,275

813,737

""} .. .. 1U8,908

.. .. iS.o&&

-~.~

"} liiS .. "} 100,&68 ..

1,460,9t0

"} .. . . .. "} ..

136 • t31,6!U

28

'7,599

T3,62t

12,14.16

IOi

l,IHIS ud 23,311

37,038

1.367 Ulf

J5,B.Je

14.113

ll 191

<t82,Tld

8,2\12,338

"} 857 .. 666,00$ .. 9:!2.~7

6,75a

i6,Q61

1101

II

84 31,1'7'8

.. 11,331,1~

14. Uniud Promncu.-Of this total figure of 11,531,145, 208,864 are found in the Statee and the remaining 11,322.281 in British districts. In addition to the above the Ceneua Superinten· dent for the United Provinoe8 includes the follow­ing ea.stef (1,288,804) in bis list. There is lOme Joubt about the correct clasaification of the castes in th.i& eooond list and I have excluded them from my figures:-

Bel.dat Xharot Kwnb.ar Luniya

T.l:ie C&Stes accepted by me include a number of qU&~i-abori¢nal tribes. In the case of the United Provinces I cousider them correctly clasaified aa exterior ca.stes, && with the possible exoeption of BOrne~)() Korwa.s they are reported to be completely · detribalit.ed ud their aocial poaition ia indistinguishable from that of other depressed ~te& includt.ld.

(SO .urt~i'IliX I.

._-\ftlJr.t.-The total ti.~ for dt•Frt'N!II'd caste-s in 8tntt>!l and A![f"ndt'B ap[lf'are in Table XVII u11,11:!,9.J2. Thi8 fig,~ includf'6 the figures al~ad.~ uwnti••nl.'d of deprt>SBed caAtP~S found in the ~>t~r.es in politi".aln>lation with the various provinoea. The Statt>s and Ag••nci!!B forming census units are dealt with IJl"pata~ly below:-

C.ut6. Popolatioa. Ft>.nl!i 3I.ni8 &n.>p.bor . . • • •~a C'b&llllot(il!...tndini &.ha.lpa) f2,il••i Garoda i, 7tl6 Bolar.. 1'>4 ~ r;;j :.J.ang 37 1'\ada ~~>!!

• ShMt..-a ~.tM-1 n~ M Turi .. 1.':'11 ,._...,.iaNudilll Dhed •• 107,\ISS Ot.hen IAQ'.a.J.. 2tlld

c... ::s..Iai Buor B!:>ulbi llbangt Chamar Dbarbt l•bell" Dom •• Domar Jhamral ld..ilu Mug )1~.-.I

Cute. Bagri :&iai &rat &lyvqda B.U-.. lJ.t.na .Bhangi Chamar 'Kan1ar luur.uk .liub

T.-1

..

.. To&&l

.. . ..

ToMI

Popular ioo. liii.IM .a.:MI

e.t>OO !8,429

613.M17 .. li.)()

:il fil

4o4j

l.f>l9 .. ~ l,.2:'o~ 1,3";3

'l8'l,liluS

Poplllatiou.. 23.!'19 li?,IS~ t ,11'01 1.1<31

U,IJ.'i~ 5,807

2i,405 fl5,!150

oil)2 16."'.0 71DJL.

61&,119

15. Bllroda.-The marginal list of d.-pN'~d cutes, t.ot.al tO.J,().f.J, agr~a with thfl fi~U'('B gi\·en y the BaroJa ('(·nsua Superinkndtont &!! d;•ph!&~

in his Appendix IX to his C'harto.?l" XU.

16. Ct!rilml IttJi.a Ag."nry.-Tbe t.otal given abovt', ';f/7,9(1:!, exC'E'6ls thP totalav~•aring in the A,qency Provincllll Table II by .')8, the reason b..ing that it includes 08 Chamo.ra "h~ n·l·~•on wM

turned u • Tribal' and who, there(nre, •pf>"'aN>d in a diii~·rcut ClVhm:m in the Provincil.l TaiJle. Exct"pt in this C'.&~~e and in that of Aj:ner<!II.-rwara. in botb of whirh tbeoorrectneM of the rPturn ~ma Opt'D to considerable doubt. in•li v-iJ ·~all! r~·t•truing a tribal r.-li~rion han been rigidly exclud~ from myfigurea.

17. Gvali.x.-No return of deprP!I.~ CMt"s wu made in ~t.atc Tal..Je II, and th~ fig11W1 lwtl• a.re

. ~ken from Chapter XII of the Gwalior r~c·port

Cute. f\h~>r (indudinf l[,.t._ K&laar) lf.o.rlifl& (inl:ludmt )U.og) Othen

'Xot.l

P"'pul.~ j IR. H•1d~.-TLe total in thi11 St.ate i1 ::~~:~~~ }2.4i3,~30. 'Otb~n 'iD tl.Lisl!M ir&CluJe a numbur

llf.i.5W of rumor utenor ca.st~. e.g. Hl,qu<;J, for y,·hich 8(-l'ant.te totals ».re t~ol gi\• .. o tn the State

z.•;3"230 TableA.

Cute. Banr~ Buub Batw&l C'ha.miU' C'bnhta Di:uya:r l.lom •• Gardi JC>Iah& )[~b kat&.! s.n-.... \\atal

C...u. F.rnalao lrob.n :kauil.rl K~ ••• Ka"'"" Koot&n :W:wun N...-.;.li

..

Toto&l

Puiavan • •. Samb. ... a (including Paniy&D.) t'Llat&D • • •• V&!IU\TiUl

Vetnrvaa

·•·

Population. IH<Il2 11.213 6,64.~

f),)l'c9 1.607 3.Jfi5

34.Jt9 113 fO

70,000 41}8

2.3M 13

170.11;18

Popnlati<m. f>41 !!41< ~lli

13.)!;2 140 ~ttl

3,1!!/.J 1.'.2

82,('43 . 1J,!IJ4

778 212

11,797

124,:>3CI

19. Jammu and K.uhmir.-TLe c.J.!'t<'!l in t.hiJ above list (tllta.l 1 10,9:!~} are thrn;e r•·I>(•rtctl u exterior by thr c~·nsu11 {'ommi.-~oi .. ner for thP l"ltst.e, aod the- nuOJbera are thnse that av~~el,• 11t.'1l.ir1.~t the cast<:a named in the St.at'! Cu'!~ 'f,\IJI~:. They agr~ with tl1e numb"r! of dq•r<'lll!f':J dll.~<"-."a given in the State Table ll.

20. Cochin.-Ilere the nuu:.l*f'!ll gh ::n (£!5,:;.'19) are those of the c~tee dt:~riiJ('d as e:.ktir;r Lv the CellHU8 Superintendent for the f'tfltA•. His . Stu to Tab!P II giv,...s t1e totfll of d«J:l~d rL~ &8

126,fj52 excet'ding the total l!i vcn brc hy l ,31. 3. Tbjs total l'f~fera to the Va•Julan CIL'Ite, and ltA c!OA.-'lificatio.n. as dt:prel!Bt:d ia erronf'•)tLa ; it wa.a includl'd in the provincial table ll!',.cjdo.:ntally and I have therefore omitted it.

Cute. Arli-Drnida Alayan Ampattu Aravn Bav"uri Bharat.bar Cb...-·karavar CbakkiJiyiiUl Cba<ral81r.k&rii.D Chay&kk&r&D u~van lhtvathi Karlmla.n Kalrkslan Ka.niyan Kathik.karan liaw-11tlti •• Keralamutbali •• Kurav11.n Marakkao M8f'aYiiD ){..Jara M11kkuvan Nllrlar l'i•:'l"·adi •• Nul&\"&,Q PAll an Pan~~o~~ Patullkan Par&1'"&.n l'oa.ra.ivan Pulavu 'Pulh~vao Than ran Tbantapula_vaa Thon-..u••n \'alAR ''annan VAmavat ''...lAkkitha.lallayar

· v .. h.n.. . "" ,. ,.ltatb .. lanayar Vetan v .. tt.a.k.kai'IUl •• \"lklavan 'Minor and Un~o.-ilird

Tot.&!

..

EXTERIOR CASTES. 481

Population. 96tf 734 301\

23,11!10 164 2'76

3,tl36 6,11'18 1,730 2.168

86!J,!jl\3 6,~M

4.'i6 1.1\0fl

l!i,852 Jill

2,2!13 J,H3

87.1171 3/i:J

14,:1119 afl3 61lfl

233.98:.! 144

3,129 2'4.~0

3.!112 :m1

l~.fl02 70.61l4

:.:m.:t:n 1>27

4.1.214 7!1$ &l4

21,17:! 13,4:{3

11\11 !l0.61)3 16.21>3 14,1178 9,4116

4Pli 8.4DT 7 ,P'I\16

l,76D.7M

• 21. Tra"'MOr"e.-The CensUil Conuuiaaioner for

)'ravancore State gives & list of CMtes regarded a.a depresRed in that State. the ·number of which is extracted from hill Caete Table and added up amounta to 1,769, 735 but the number that appea.n in hie StatAS Table II i.81,787,300. I have therefore accepted for India figure the 11maller total obtained from his ca.ste table. The larger total in State Table II includea the hill tribes, probably with justice.

22. Myaore.-The r!"'alex:tnior castee of ~Jyaore State ate the H-oleyas and Ma.digaa, number­ing (JCtwt>en them 1.fJUJ,326, who have been jointly returned at at thia censua as AdikarnaUJ.lcar.

In addition the 1\lysore Government treats as P()pul'ltic.n. c .... • e.

n .. t .. ya} Ha.diga

T lta.l

.. l,II00,:128

--.. I ,00'1,3211

depreBBed the following four castes :-

Banja.fa 50,709

Kora.ch& 10,238

Koi'!Uilll 13.607

Vodda. 164,876

wbjch acoounte for tht• total appt:"a.rin~ in the Myeore State Table II of 1,239,856. It seems clear that at any rate the Ea.njartt. and V odda are not etrietly exterior castes and the case of the othet two, appt~.l.'t'nt1v t.wo no.rut>.a for the same caste, is doubtful; they are more criminal than depreK!!Cd. !fur the purpo&'fl of Indian ligures therefore the total of 1,000,326 is taken f_or Mysore.

('a.ru,.

Aheri th.~o~ri l:&lai B&mblJ );an~phor B~~orlli

''fiMif!ILt llb&lll[l

liid ... kia (~bamar

u .. ~ .. r Dhana.k

'Dbed 'O!IIrl:oda ,_Ohronoha K•dbPha KRnjar

''Khaflgar :J{.oria, • Kochb&nd

M22CO

..

.,

..

ropulatlon. I 2t"l.&

}0,397 2hUj!\1 162,!163

IU6 I ,i>fl3

372 92.747

til 76il.fl43

81il! 80.733 III.IIH7 fl,tl09 4.,772 3.740 3,5.'i3 Z,92.'i

11.30:~ 32tJ

23. Rajputnoo.-The total of these C!t.stes ( 1 ,!)6.5,409), reported as depresBed by the Census Supt>rint.entlent and compiled from figures extracted from his Caste Table, agrees ;with ·his total in Provincial 'l'~ble II.

ll.hat Mt'fbw&l Ka' .. PMi ..

~·' ka1.-&l SaMi ·s..roh~ S.rga.n S&ua .• Tbori ~Ill'

• ~ ](ehtu

Mucha Sanri Bh•..iya

D.mai Db<Jbi Kalwu Lob&!'

~.r ·-

Populatioa.

Bron«ht forward • • I,M:2.~71i

$.3tli 23.t'i:'l tl,tltl

43 13ll.l03

tli7 6.i19

2!1 Jl,:Jo.IO

1,113 17.397

708

Total

1.665.4011

23 I

19 2 s

I.P-06 e

M

11

Bbambi •• C8

l 33.4:?:! 4i.7~~

~-~ 10.nr.

Bh~ (incJudi.ral H&.Wkhor) Chamar Gazoda Koh Dhar KoTwalla )(Ahu }(~h•al run ..

Dl 174 ... 6

43.!"o9 2,:206

318.220

•

•

•

21. Sikkim.-Tbe fig1JI'C$ (2,0:!9) are eJ~;tra~•kd from the &n!!&l and. Silkim C&Ste Table aod re­preae.nt the rasle::1 returnr-d a.s deprrll&'d by the Cemua Superiutendent. No Statf' TalJit• iL'I pub­lished.

25. Jre&'em 1 ~~~lid Slnlt>4 .f~l· -Tht" fi)!"un>8

(3Ui,:!:!O) agn>e \\·ith th~ in Provinrial TablE' II &Dd indude Rll ra.ske retntt\OO b" tht' C.•J!8U! .r Suptorintt-nd'l'nt &I! depf't'Mifd.

{

lndia •• G~D Tor~ Pr~

Stai.u •.

r lt' .B.- Tiut *'•!AI heft ~riT<!Ih for pn>Yin•• indu.l•• U>&t tJl the ttate~ ,.n., hL..:I to tn .. m. Fur .,..f.,..'"' lh!,,...,.- Tahle

•• ti0.195,ii'IJ B below. The tota.J. do n••t pl"'lrif~My no>rn-epoo•l ~> th•.-Kino •• 1/.Q!Jl,.J~ l' in Table XV II nf l'art I~· u tbB latter to :u~ .. ,., t..ll"" fru• .. fl.lUI,iljQ the l'MnnciaJ Tahle II m tbft ,._..of u,J.'"r &11d '1,._ and

of the C'entul Protin·• lllltl Heru, in t.o,,th uf .-lu h ,_, deo ta.i.lii do not tally p~~l.J wi • b t.bi'W'.r lf-W'n {ut" lh~ w I. hit' prr>­vince.

These then being the numbtore of the deprei!Eed cla51:!e:o iulntiu. 8(ln;e 1'1'>tlllll1t,. it> ll• ... ·•·l"'-~~_ry of theiz Fosition at the pit-sent time. and it has already been point$'~'! out that tLP.ir rt~.;'.li lnlitttoe ean be r011ghly divided into two t.attgoriu. Firstly, that under wl>i(h thty are bn.rrC'rl. t;~m public ntiltiea, such as, the w;e of roods and tanks, and l!f'comlly, tbt>ir n:-li~icmi dt·,ahrltuea whith debar them from the me of temples, burning ~oond8, tnau and "'rue mJ.~r i1 :Mtit 111 inns. In additit;m to the above, but arie.ing out of the .econd 6f tl..er.e, tht:re are th(' dii\UbilttJN; in~·uln::d "' in relati<ln with private individuals, such as the et>rvicts of harhf.'.r<! and the ~JmiJ«.sion t4 tea-shors, hotels or theama o.-ned by private individuala. A rewlu•ion of tJ., Anti-elltoueb­abilit.y Confen>nce of Ht29 in Madras regretted " to note tLat in li~>P'Itanrnnto,. t 'or!.oe H(ltt'lii, Hair Drel!sing Saloons, Water Panchls, ete., notice& are hung :prowil.Jrnth f.'nlati :~ the _ llntou~:h.ables "• and the Census Superintendent for the C~:vtral.Province~ -...rit.(·F " '1'11> f•wt thiJ\ • n~pe_r may sit beMde a high-cla.ss Hindn in a railway carriage or a m()~t•r-lr•rn without a_uf question of his right to do so has not yet made it any more easy in the i11terior kr a t.vurulg officer to penmade c:artmen of some castes to carry bjs swf'elJer from uunp to car11p. I.:i .fact in certain di!!tricu it il always essential to employ at ~aHt (lne t:.artmau llf btnr.l.ll' cMt~ Jor thls Pur:¥* '',

TheoreticallyperhapetheadmissiontoHjndu tem}lles 'illould bPenou~:h, onf'~ it ill ~onrvl~t to remove all the other fubilitieA, f(Jf the tt:mple is not mf'rtlv a reliwou., il.J.tlt1tc.t~ou Lut i.a alEo in Dlat.y waye a BOOia.l one, lor the term must Le taken to in~lude 8uch lm.ildinvs al'. •t"r;:gadl$ whi<"h, u templ.ea do in 80Ule pa.rtB of India, Bf:'rve a.s a village- hull -ot' & tuwn • hall fM the pubhc ~~nerally. A if-mple aiM cont.Bins a scbwl, 80 tLut the alll;l·nce (l{ t.J.e right of fnwri..ug th~ t.-m}'le may de lou an individual from the r•ut:isibilit y of attRnding tb~ p,.:;hrvl. In ~tnn:e lhndu t~mples, eu~h aA the P~Lati T(:mple in Pooua., the Kalar,.ma T('mrk at N a,ik, t.h~] b]CJ Tem1'le 111 Aoeam, 1t bae been 1n the p88t the pradief> to admit non-HinduR, such sa Cbm~t.Jane ar.d :.I~aiJIDII to a point to whit;h the untouchable Hindus wete r1ewr ad1uitt ... ,d at a.ll. lt is however not quite ~rtain how fa.r under prelltnt conditions the a.ctuul right ol admi:::.~iv_o to • teiDpitl •ould., if oonceded, remove the 1ocia.l wAAbilitiet~ of the d~prt!"'~~:.d r~ste~ since l'

EXTERIOR CASTES. 483

Jni~ht have the effrd o.f merely driving the higher castes to shun the templea to which the untouchables were admitted. In any case the right varies much in difierent places. An Irun or a Thiyya in Male.?ar m~t s~y 32.1) f('!et from. the curtain waU etf the temple of Gur11vaynr, for inl!ltanl'e, and thls wail 11 So10 feet 8<)11are WJth the temple in the centre. Yet the lruva have not been t:e.a~d, in Cochin State at any rate, as .• deplW:lll8ed. ca:rste at all, sine. though deprived thr-rc hkt'Wl.Be of I emple ent.ry they are othervtU!e well-to-do and not ill educated.

As re~srdl.l the civil rather thA.n the religious disabiliti(:a to which the deprea..'led claRSes are at pre!W'nt 8uhja·teJ, the firllt .. one mentioned above ia the right to use the public roads; up to bow rt'<'"'ntly the u~ of public road.e bas beRn deba.rrcd in certain cases D'l&y be gathered from the faet tlw.t the u~tou{'h~blea of Trsvsncore ?1~de an organised attempt in 1924 to obtain • tbe Ul!{> of rmvlM whu.:h skirted t.he t.Pmple at \ .ukom. These roads were public roads, main­tained by the :3ta.te for the UP~ of everybody, but on IWA:ount of tlH:ir proximity to the temple builtlin~. tbe Ulltom ba.blea were not allowed to use cerbin sectioM wbich skirted the temple too cloHI'ly. rltimatPly, as a I'('RU!t of satyagraha, the temple compound was enlarged and the ban on the roads was rcmovt>d, the roans haYing been ft).ali~ed BO that their users were no lou~er wit bin the JloBnting distance of the ~mple. In 1926 and again in 1930, a similar case occ\med in Travancore in connection with Ea.cbindram Temple which is one of the richest in tl1e 8t.al4.l. n ... re BtlBin the dr>pres..~d ciiUW's wantf'..d the right to use a ro!l.d maintained by public fuuds Rnu belonging to the State. In the matter of the use of roads generally, however, tbl' df'prPSI'-rd l'Mh'l'l are no longer in the position in which some of them were when the ManlZSlore District Gaz,..t.tA.•er was written, when the Ande Koragas had to carry a spittoon round thf'ir nPClu! lUI heing 80 b ighly polluting that they could not be allowed to expectorate on the public road, thou@ll .it hu recently been reported that a. caste has been found in. the Tamilnad, tLe v..ry li..:bt of which iB polluting, eo that ita unfortunate members are compelled to follow nocturnal habits, leaving their df'n.a after dark and SCllttling liome at the fa~ dawn like the blu4!t>r, hyaena or aard-vark. TA6 Hindu of December Uth, 1932, writa of them u follows :-" In tJ.is (TinneveUy) diBtrir.t there is a claN of UUBeet~.blet~ called Pura.da Vannans. They are nut allowed to rome out during d11.y time because tbeir sight is considered to be poilut :on." ~me of thP.se peo}Jle, who wash thl' clothe8 of other exterior castes, working betv;~n miduif,!:ht and duybl't:'-al.:, were with difficulty persuaded to leave their holl8e8 to iuten·it>w lli. A. V. Thakkar, who described th·~m as coming only after repeated persuasion t.J.U1 then with " th .. ir whole boJ.iee shaking and trembling". · -.

The colt(> of wt-lls bas almulv bf'!Pn alluded to, and is a far r:nore widespread and real ,nevao.ee tllan any whi•~h may still aunive in regard to the use of row. Generally speaking, i.f tbe t<xterio\r C&l'otl'>8 h .. vo suocet><l~ w a.seerting their right to use public wells, the higher CA2tt'8 hnve givt'o. them up. Hne &Jr!ain t.he difficulty about the use of wells will be found to . be mOtlt preval{'nL in the dri1~r parta of India where water iB ~a.rce. In As.ssm this difficulty ia nut worth DltmtLorung aud i.o Ben~~:.J ..-bare jt exists, it is nsuQlly got over by water being drawn for the f'Xlt>rior c.ast('l.5 hy some interior caa~ Hindu. Tb.ii arrangement i.e .obviollSly Opt'n to CPrtain druv.·ba;:·ke but it is not so ~.~erioua aa the ~uatom in many pa.rt. of upper Indi~ •nd (I()UtJJan India v.hi...·h proh.iLit.a the exterior 011Bf.e8 from having water a.t all from the well whit·h is ullt'd by intt·rior IIindu.e. The liB.me a.ppliPs to the U'll! of dharamsh.a.las and of public burnuqz f!luttB and the bur1ul grouuds in regsrd to aU of which the position of the exterior caste~ il nm~·h the sarue 11.11 it is in n>~[a.rd to the U\ie of wells.

With r.-gard to sd&uoll~. tbe Di~tor (l{ Public lnstnlction for Bombay reporting for the yl'ar 19:.!K-2~. n'DULJ ks that l'ldmi11sion to fW'boola w~ not refllS('d to the children of the depressed do~ in t},p "'dwuh! UJHl1·1' tht> control of any looa.l body except the Diatri.ct Local Board at Ratna~?iri, M•me srhoolt~ of tht> DiRtrint Local Board of the N!i5ik Di4rict_&nd in the Ahma.da.b&d. and Sunt •iiKtrif't.<~. In the la.tt.t-r di!ltricts the students gpner&lly UBed to sit in temples, dLaram~lutl~e or pri\o·ate hc:ms!'S and t.he pupilll of th~ depre~~>d clM'Ie! were objected to, but tht> ohj~>ction was withdrawn on bdnz warn .. d tl1at such scho<>t'l would loose any gr&nts that they enjoyrJ from tLe GovernmP-nt. · How far thi.e withdrawal of objection waa effective is doubtful, "sihL'i} Mt any rott} in one case the dPpN'ssed cl.al:'lles at Sorst had to withdraw tfieir ebildn·n hum the sdwol11s a result of the inrlirect prt>&mre exertt>d on them by higher castes. Similarly in wmlf' CMif'B th" der,re&-.ed ca.!:'te pupil!! 6nd it bett.er to sit outside the sehool, 8.8 if tht>y sit itt~idc they are boycotre(l and rornpellttd to leave the school. Thua at Kaira.. in Apri] 1 !:131 11-ome Dhetls took tlwir l:!f'ats with other Hind11 boys in the municipal school. Kaira had be-en ont" uf the cmtr~s of ]llc. Oandh.i'sActivities and no objection wa.a ra.i&')d on that.dav, but when t.hl' pa.rl)nta of the ;ntmiot caste boys hl;!ard of it they threatened a boycott of the 8\:hool and (1£ tLI! trachcr if the Dhed bora were allowe{i to sit with theirs. or even to occupy the fd!Dlc claSE. fO(Jffi, with t.he l't'sult that ·t.ha next dav the Dheds were refUBed admission to the Bi'hool p:t<"ll•i;;(•R, On the other hand in Sind n.nl in the centml ao.d southern divis.ion:s. of Bombay it wal! n·ported that there were no primary achools mana.)Zed by tb.e local authorJtles whil'b refused admiBsion to thf' depressed (•ll.8tes' childr.-n. Similarly in Assa.m no inoollvenicnce a]Jpea.rs to ha.v"' bPPD uperienced by the extt'rior castes in the matter of IKlhoul attendance. On thtl other ho.nd in many parts of India the inconvenience iB greater than it ilil in BomiJay: V~ry fpw of the e:-:terior ()&stes attend schools nominally accesaible totherg in M22CC

4S4 ArFEXDIX J.

Kt'•'Sj1&t.am. Rumh$kClnl\m, Timu'\"t'Uy, C'Ot'<~nada_. Bt•zwad.- 1wd ~;mmpur And other towna ill ~.urhe-rn lndul. though in :'ola.l.ras, ~h~lJU"a, Sn·ag"arlga ~nd tl•lffil' otht>r te0wns a numh•'r. of t>Xtcrior L'Mtt•s' child.t'('"n art.-nJ ~·heo1ls wlm b arc nt~t t':'l!lt'c.IIlll)' n>~rr~c~ ~or tlwrn and wlu~·h are rlPt OO)Tt1ttcJ by the hi~ht'r r.astes .. In _u1~st parts of Wl~tht•rn I_ndLa It Is m:e~~ry t.o have ~ 't'1:l~~ol81.'hools for the ext~rior c11~tt>s, l'lllCt' 1t ~s not yd _PC'Blll Lie to 1~duce t~t> hi.f!her c~~t.•s t.o 1!arn in tl:<'ir Ct~mpany. In JulY 1!1~11, wlum 1t was dt-..•Jdt>d to arhmt f'XtNJor rll •• .;.t•:s tntQ &Jl thf' aitit>d Sl'hools, a uum\x>r of :<i·hooJs hi\J fo close and fnml ~1 1llt:: 0~ Uer ~·:hoob ! Ill' h1_.:her caste rhildrt'n wt're \l"ithJnnm. Similarly in Baroda State tho abol1t1un of ~pam_te twhools in Nowmbt>r 1931, ]s rrpvrted to han' ~i'-"f'tl g:r<"at l'\'S('Ut_m<'ut h\ t h(l ("""'t~ Ihntlus who in 8<--rue ('.Ao-<'"' w1thdn'w their rhildrm from s.·hools and m l>tbt"~ df'5tN•n-d the •'rops of the e>::erivr r&tes or J><'l.U"t"i.i kl'roso>n, oil into tht> "·ell<~ u,;.-.J by tlwm. In R.·n.L!nl tl1~ Rural Pr;:r:ary Etlucation BiU pa..,,;eJ in HK«l. ap~&nlt~hsH loef'~l_oppo ... ~·-1 b~ llWiltlw~"' r••pr._·,..-.nting the caste H.indtUJ, and it is allegPd that th1s oppoMIUon wns amwd at ~lqJrJVP•~ the non-<'.iSte Hindus and alw the rool't'r ~~u~lims from the ht•nf'fJUI of likrar~·. In Cr"·hin State on the othl'r hand much has ~n done to open 11ll ~luratinna.J in!<ltJtutinns to the e.~tf'rior r~tt"s though th.is has in,,.oh·E'<I in sornf' ca<.•·q tLe f't"lllO\",,) of the sdJOo! to IUJOthd l!ltt', ~hile cast"s hav-e~ occurred of some ill-tl'\'atment of thr r.;\.'ltt'~ nnw· odmittt·d to the schools. Gt-ner&lly Spt"&killlt, howen•r, during the Ja...;.t U<.'l.'aole the l'Xt-t.•rior l'li ''"~ ut sdHJf>l itl Cor. Lin ha•e inrrt'a..~ in number fn.lru some I,rli.MJ to some u.ooo and out of jO(l J't•u•_:t.i:o•:rl ,..-hool~ ouly 3 are still n-st>r,-N. t~ the higher C'astes, and a l'rot-t.>ctor of tit~ bar'.. ward aud t.I. pn•s.-;o•tl cbSSt:'s has rectntly brtn arpointecl. Cochin, howevo:>r, is probably in mMIY wn rs t•xn·pt iu!lnl.

In rt>gard t.o the matter of thP ri~ht to t>nt('t Hindu t.·mpl~'s, the f'Xt< riur ra.-.t••;> were ad'-L~ by lli. Gandhi not to atr,.,mpt t<> g;un entry by his o"-n nwthod uf Mtya!!ntha &.~ Uod n>sid,•d in thtoir hf'P~Ul. A tt'mplt', however, &B has heen poillt .... i nut, is mnr·· thtut a pur.·ly reli~ous institution and the rit:ht of tEmrle .-ntry is by 80me n-garJ,..,i Rtl thf" hr 1~1~itinu with regard ro the rt'mo>al of untouchahility. The rlaim to ent.-.r tA:>mpJ.,s is nut OJ•J~<lfll'd only by L.igh-<'a,te Hindus; e\·en JustiN., the organ of the ant1-Bra.hman l'arty, wntc! ~~follows:-

"For many centuries thest' pt'Oples, most of whom until rt'<"t·!ltly w.-rJ> _\nlmi<ts. wrre conY>nt to worship &t their own shrint>s, and to try to force th1•ms.·h···~ int.o Hindu temple.sisnot .......... to makf! tJH·Illl'(•]\'t"S pl•puJ.u. ~I!TCRn We tJ.ink that any gran wrong is done by their eontinu<>d exda.-it)n ..... 1 th•.·v \vt•uld ~ lx-tter oceupied in improring their own (:Onrlirivn than in R ,-iuleut attempt to a~;;ert righta w-hid1 no one had h<·ard of till a kw :n:ar~ a~o."

There is on the other hand a ddinite mo\·emt-'lt amo~o~!.! manv mort> ad\·ariN•I Hit11lus to remo~e the ban on the tt>ru~ole entry, 8 m~wr:lit'Ot whi(·h has si11n t.ht• ('•'ll~ll~ lt~•(•!l f!l\"1'11 IIlU<·h

impetus by )lr. Gandhi's fa~ and the negntiatiu!l8 follo""iu~ it f••r th.~ llllmi.-..•iron uf untnuru· ables to Hindu t.emf•le8 geuerally, and it may be menti•)md a~ 11n ir;..:;tkno-~ 1•f tbi~ thnt 8 ~mplee. of & Tdujltl rommunity in Bombay were TPport~·J to han: IJ.-..·n op•·n,..,J t•J nntom·Lal>lM in February 1930. On the other hand l'l?f'ent csS~·s of atto>mps to oht.tll• f'r.tn· hv Ut'[•l'f'".;o.d caste-s ha'\'"~ le-d to vioknf'e. Some 2.000 untouthahl•·8 ec•ll··ct•·•l ouuid·· tl1f' K·Lb Hum kmple at S a.oik on 1\Ia.rch 3rd, I !130, and a mto-:'tiug w!Jich att('mpt.ed t.o lo1JT1g sbout a .J>ttlo•ment was stoned by the ortbOtlox. l1timat,.,ly &Orne F..O.fiOO ~labli!"!'l an·l c htwu'rs '''~'r" r•·r~<•rt-t:J to ha.\·e r(lUecteJ. at -~ ::.sik .and the temple had to be cJn,...·•l for a bm1t a. month to let'p !-htm from entning it. The admission c.f c.a~tf' UiiJ(llt~ fly a J•rivat.o;• J•t'.:'>i>.' ._.,. ,.,. ;,_.,I in vi<.llt>u~ In v.-h.ich the orthodox \\"ere the aggTPf'SOr~, and v.Li•·h was t•XtPud•-:tl t., ~Lal,~:or ,-Jilac··s in the_ nPighb•"J1lihrxxi w-here the depres.wi cast('~ were vi•Jlcutly att:<d .... t} by C!l'>!P lliwhr<~, th1.:ir Wo!lla

pollutl:'d and in some C&'ll'-8 th~i.r hrou..-lt"'J burned. A siru.ilar atT·'tli!Jt •o furl'c aa Nltmwe a yt•ar

later had similar resulta, and in UL-cember 1~31 thi!! sanw sort ui ~>itll.ttion •v"~'-' ~'u 1111 al'•·mpt of thl' dt-pww·d castes to bathe in the Ratru~.kur,J, tbe t,; • ...-:red l.liJi'l &t .S'l~ik. n•J'l a;•a<'l •n Aprilvv~r the dra~.;ing of the rat/a. Similarly at Sing1.1.niil IHr in t11111th lwl1a tiJ•• q tl~>-.tiou of eutry oo a ~wple led to a free fight in I !130, and at 80ffil' urfu•r ('W··c,; Jll,;.(J. In .Xu ~pur a tt> 111plo

was voluntarily opened to unU.uchabks aud in the Dac,;a Di\"i.~IOI.J iu ll•·n;.:~al a '"''!J'UJmi.,J. of 9 months duration ended in the t<!mple doors ~;ing forced opr:n by a mu.•lof h i~h ca~l'{' \I.OJUen wbo sympalhi'Y'd with the .(JJJ.lyagrahiA. This was iu }illy, but it wtLB , ... l'Orte•t in O.;tuher t~at the temple was d"'!Wrted by high ca.8W Hindu~. One woarleu tlF!T•·f •Jf•! bow far the hi~her ~t~ are ~ely to make use of a pan-Hindu temple re•.;<~tlt:y c·n·Iuwt-d at Ratuagiri With a Vlt:W to proVldllig a common pl.ai;e of wol1:!hip for all c,a;lt.es.

~ue pll'.hibition again..rrt exteriQr ~tes entering the Hindu tRmplr>s ru.llmtlly l'ai,;es tue que.;_t~on ,whether tbP.y ~n r~..ally be called Hind~ at all. Genr~~ally Bf"~a.kiut.;, tht: a!UiW•:r must be t.U:J.t tney are defi1utdy Hmdus; they worship the sa.me d'•Jtu·s and, thnu~h rd•IHI•d entry tt> ~he teThrles, boxes are p~ outflide, at the limits to which tiJey C!ln iiP£•r>,a,•h, to T•"')r!ive th .. Ir otie~. Thl! dt-gree of Hinduism doea, howevt-r, vary com,idr~ralJly; tnua tiJe Mahara and Chauuars m g~:meml a.re v~ry decidedly Hindu, wherf!a.s the t'huhra t.f tl•e 1'unja.b iz~ very d?ubtfully iiO, taking a_ Hmdu tnne when living by a Hindu vilhig:fl, a ;\lu.-Jiru tone 10 a MW!lin:l village and t_h~t of & .':i1kh in a Hikh village; p*lrhapt~ the CbuLra should rru.lly be d1·~nibed as tnhal by relic_"lon, and. the JKibSibly Mnnoc~d Chodlira of the Bombay Pre~i•lo:o<"y is d·dinitcly rE:gard.-d u a fortdt tnbt rather than a caste. In a.ny cace, in tLc PunjQb the question ha~:~ beea

E.A."TERIOR CASTES.

partly solvl'd at tlli.s _ccMUI!I ~~ the C11ulu~ rt:turn.ing himself &II an .Ad-Dharmi, that is to say a. follower of the OTij{lnal rclig10n. For hr~ 1t mean11 the customa Immemorially oh'lervcd by his 0811t,e or tri~. b11t of {l~U~e thl' term ~m~ht ':~PAn very diff~~nt thing!! to different peoples. In the Punjab tta llfiP. as distuu.·t from Hmdu (m {)tbe:r proVInces the exterior C8.11ks have frequently ret.urned tb('!Tl~W>lwl!l BM Adi~Hf~du, Adi-l~raWJ_a, etc., with a similar implir.a.tion to that of All-D!Iarm~) IB proha.b!y a political exped1ent m order w obtain more effective repte6Cntation on thto }'rovinrinllt·,l-i~lative body, and in spite of the occasional UBe of the word • Hindu • with refi\I'<'DC~ t,o MRt.e Himlu11 and ex:eluJing the exU>rior castes it must be held that thPse ('&..~t.>s g•·nernlly are HinJ11 by rrligion even ii thPy are not Hindu socially, hence the e:<pre&Uon "e:d•'rior r'lloflte" is .snit~Lly applied to OB~:~tes who follow the Hindu religion but are not ndmitt!'\1 to Hmdu aom•ty.

This social ba.r t.-.wb _to Fnst . ..r c~nvc~ion to the Sikh ,~ith, to Islam, or to Chri.;tianity, thouJlh I"VI'll aitN rm.n•NH•n tl11• sor1al F.tiJ.,'lJta dol's t1ot vawbh at onlle, This is hardly to he exprcted. The l\l~r.l1bi .Pmh11 ~rc. loo~Pal down upon by tht> Sikhs ~ho are no~ Maz~bi. ~he Suuth,·rn Inu1An ( h n,.t wns d1st lnJ!III:->b lwtwePn the cafltes of thetr converti m thcll' · eattn<' art'ommoJation in <'hurrht:'~, and thr di~like uf the exterior ca.'ltes dues not immediately diNlppt-ar wht>n th.:•y tum hlu!i~lim: ~t tho 811.?Jfl time once Htf•y are converted it doe.1 not ta.ke tbrm .,·ery long bd•.m~ thry can rtAA Ill the :fOC'tal fK·ale, and in the case of Indian Christian& in sonthf'rn Iu.lta B fH'riod of ubout thrro f:!~'nel'lltion'l often, perhaps usually, sees them accepted aa the t>q ual of pr••vioua l":(lnvert'l of most castt'!l.

Thf"rt' BH' otlwr JJointa in v. ltit·h the exterior ca.<~tcs aufier socially. Thus exception ia t.aki'n to tlu•ir \\t·nrinJl the ornan·•·ntl! u11ually worn by higher C8.3l.Ps, and in some cases they are not allowt>d to Wl'ar ~()ld omaroente at aU. tallt'8 are on record in which Chamars for int:tanct' haw• bt·t•n bt•a.tf'n for drt'N~ing liko Rsjruts, and the rnountin,a of an exterior caste brid••I(!OOIU Upon a hn111e ft>t hit~ hriJaJ prOC{'&~ion hu led to a ooycott. of the caste in 'fUestion Ly the hij[hrr l'~tc n•·~~blxmrs. lu December 1 u:lo the Kalla.r in Rarnnad propounded eight J)ruhibition'!. tht> dw··~ard of v. liia;IJ leJ to the u~~e of violt•n(•e by the Kalla.r aga.in.st the exterior C'aHtt>1' wlaL~ lJIIta v•t·re fir•·•l. ~IJ~ ,Uimarit·s and property were destroyed and whoae l.iwstod. \\lls loutr>d. 1l.N!f• f'iliht J•roLibitiuns were as follows:-

.. (i) thu.l. tl111 Adi·lhB\·id<1A sl.wll not Wttar ornament of ~ld and silver;

lii) that tlu• mnl•·s fihoul•l uot Ln allowed oo Wt'ar th~·ir clathes helow their knees or nhove thn hipA;

(• il) that t ht-ir mal<'e ~<huu 1·1 Dl t wr ar coots or shirt.s or baniyans; •

(if•) no Atli·Dnwirla shall be allow~:"d to ha\'e his hair cropped;

(r•) that the .Adi-IJravi,)as 11houlcl not u~ oth~r than f'arthenware vessels in their homes;

{t.;) tl•(·ir \lonwn r~hall Mt oo allmHd to c.u,·er the upJlf'r portion of their bodies hy clothes or r~~o\-ukais or tha\'llllit'S ;

(r1i) t Ll·ir .,.·,.m··n IILAll nn' ~ allowed to USt• flowt'I'I:J or saffron paste ; and

(t-ia1) th~ mrn shaU nnt usc rut.hrellas Cor vrotof.'ction against sun. and rain nor should tbry '1\'@1\1' ll.l!nd~lll ''. '

In Junt' ID:ll, the ~;;!Itt prvhihiti•JIJ8 not having b('en satiaftu:torily observed by the extc:>rior c.astcs irt qn""'t ion, the KKIIsr met tog••! her and CramPd eleven J•rohibit.ions, which went still ht.rthl r t ban thf> ori(!in!lf eit~:ht. auJ au att-empt to enforce these led to more violence. These t~lcven t•ruhiLJtion& V.t'fe :-

.. I. 'I'Ll• Adi lJmvidas aud Dc\'l'ndrakula YC'll.a!nrs should not wear clothes below their knees.

2. 'The ntt•u 1•1111 wouJt'D nf t.ht- above Mid der•ressed closs(>S should n(}t wea.r gold jewels.

3. TL~ir \lonrne11 MhoulJ ·carry tHli·cr only in mud potr~ and not in copper or brass vesael.9. They sbould u~f' ,nra.v uuly to e:ury tlH• wat.f'r }JOts nnd no cloths 11hould be used ff'r tl>nt

_purpot->e. -1. Th,.;jr ~:hildwn abJulJ lll•t· re::~d anJ get tlwLul!eh-es litvrote or educated.

n. 1'he d.ildn·n sl,o~tld be askoo only tu Lt:nd the cattle of the Mirasdare. .

6. Th~ir mt>n .md wom('n !~hould work r-8 !Sinves of the :\Ii.J:asdnrs in their respective PIIIUJ"ill, •

7. Tlwy ~olwttlJ. t~ot. r;~tl•.iva.t.c th~ bnd either on waram or lt>ase from the :\Iirasdars.

tt Tl~t·r n,a1st s..:II ;muv· tL<~ir own Lmd1>1 t.o l\Ju·11sdars of the vi1l•1go at. wr:t ··ht'ap rates, and if t.ht·y ·dun't dn 141.1, nu ~llt••r will l'e allnwf'd to them to iiTigate tht>ir lands. Even i£ son,ethn'i! is J,rrowa hy tbe Lelp o{ min-wnt.er. thl· ~:rupa should bt' robheJ away, when they are ripe for niLJ'\"t'l'!t, •

9. 'l'h£-y nlll!ti" "nrk 1111 (:ooli1·1> hom 1 A.:-1. lu 6 P.M. uud(•r the .Mirtu:~dars and their wages shall. b•· for nlt'n }~.,. 0·1·0 p£'r duy o.nrl fM woutr•n Re. 0-:!-0 per clay.

10. Tho tL1•)ve aa.ld oommuwt.it·s ~;h(luld not uso Indian Music (Melam, etc.), in their marriages und ot.her cckbrotioM, M220C

.\lTJo''-'"fllX I.

lr 1, 11

,., ,. 1 !~'"''''1 tl1•1t tl:f' ••it-: 1,! ,,, t'lr·Yen injurwtl•"l'> nf t.he 1\.~!l:.t' w,,,j].j lw t.;d.,;,•n . . ..... · .. !·,· .1 ,1 '~' r••H· ["lf ,~, 1 ·n·~··i,·,·s l·11t. th•''' KJ"f' l]ll•'l•·•l ll''f'i' !p p,,l., :•~" du· altl'll•l••

' ( T\ :--, .. lj :,.- • ~ . , , . ,

dt:n a•!,· 1·!c i tcH~. 1 rd,; t],. P\~•Tior r:1~k~. S111uhrl> 111 H•'H!!d tht• II·" h,· n \.trlJ.!;<ll.l•·:,

b•·:d 1,,~,,,,;ll ..,{ 3 }' ,Janq11ill in ll Ill:lrri:lt!P j•r'l>c'o'.;."<J>ln lt·1J to 1\ di·!Hrhllll'l", :>uoi t••ho·r itt..,1111i('l'8

(•'ll!,{},l'"J':\hJ; l>t: o1

JJootPJ fTCI!ll ()t}Jt'f l'tlr':~ ,,f lndi1l.

J f•'•)ll()IJ1icnlk th,, Pxtt•rior l':h'•"' ia ,.;.,~t.-rn Indi,, an· g··nf'ralh- ~:"· .• km!.: ~··,f.,.q'l'"rt 111g

8Ld h· ~w lll•'<l.,~ ,},~l····",!lo•:y rr><•r. In we~t· ru t!llill\ th···r )'·lsitinn •·f~1'1l I' I ]'If. ,,f ~· ·"'''"~··r or vil : .. c:•• m·•ni:d f,_,r ~-l"'"•· s~rvi• ··• t ],,·rt> i.< a n·:-t~l in RffiO'lllf of tw~···"'~' · ,. '' ), ;, ·h 1., r•• ., un pl·n ..... ·d l;w fl ~~'.,tt:.,~l:\1 rr,,,-,,i,,n (If ro'M'lill ,-j!1.l:.:oe bn.ts Dr hy o1lwr ,,,,., t,. ... ]~ uf P"'' rw·ut in kin·L T·!:.· fr•>nl·l·· f~•'•jUo:>nrl.•· ;:< th-1t d1<!' 'llll~alwr f\f tlw~P nw11ials l1a>~. 1""--"'1''' "'IJ''.'r!l.wtJ" ;ill· I dt<'\'

llo'lll' t~,1' lt'S.."' (':(po·d W lw (,.,-!_ h.1· t],, \ ~;·:eP f,r 1111W.Pli•··l ,...n ic.·-.. llrt•l if tlwy .1.1 ,,,.t L!d ~·)food th<:> .s<t•al•h,o ~ui11. n,1 .i.)ubt r·;.:•r•!:·~:! its~ th··ir-1 h r·~l1t-.. In _ll"m~ ... rn l•;.!i. :1!!.1111 th~ l'x>•ri. •r ca~'t··~ ~Il' i!t·nn-:; '~~- dl'rl' ,-d fn ·rn ,.an • "'" {' la·'""'l' nf I'Ull 1 ,·at 111~ "' ·r'-; "'hu :11 ;I •I rr·n'tl 1 I\" ?:crl' •i<.J ro th.· s•1il. Iu w•r!~l•'rn ltdi:l t 1•• ir t'C•llldltli•· posi· i·'ll 1·.1ri•·,.. a !!"".! .! .. 1l, _,;, ... e lt•ad .• •r-wo~k!'r.- fnr iflS;,m•·,.. 1n i"o]u,.o;ri~l t•~WlJ."l fin•l a ..,_.,,.h- l1v•·Ll1•"• L "L· r.·:..-; 1 'w ",!t·r>•or

{';l.St~ in th.- llf!Tirul:ur:ll ar.•:1S. w111·r·· they Ctm only Phl.li'1 t!u• l\llt'-1 b:<d a'l•lll"• ·.\"r'l ,,,.p_,, ~ Yf'r:" ofr··n c;<;.\ r>'md_., 1 -ow·rt:"'·~tti,.k~·n..

TL .. ori;.:iuof the l'''rtinn nf tlw P'-lf·r;•.r (';t.;i~·s i" l'artl~· r ,. ; d. T•:lrh· :'•·l•:'"il' .1111 !• .rth­a r,:.a-t""r Qf .:.•-..:·ial c-mT•.om. Tlo··re~·an ll<..·l, .. ! .. doul•t tLd tlw i·l• ,-, of lllt'·Y·• h,,h,:i, 1 .-r>l.'ll.:Po·>~ in t..l.Kl(). R.-mirli.. .. ·•·:l('P~ of !'lll"h 8 H1hno lin> :~rill to l-lfl "''''I• ia R•1m1• "·h·ro .:··1' •·! :-< m! 18 il. f!'Ofo·:"-iL)n ill\'· ,!,-jn_g ,} .-u..·j,,J !"TigTH.l. of & kino) WJ1i• h \UiJ nnt !• 1111:~ l•f .\'i.·••·t,lll 1'1

wi~h Pf'S•.ILS of othrr rrnf,.,...,j,J!l-". .\ t'<ln:(•a~iliOn of t~.i~ r•t-:1 I'll \\ i! !I tl.f' ;"''ll i,JO • .,f 1 tJ""'' wto di:! tf:H<'" fnr t1:•• hill ~ril>+s in thl' ;;ru·roun•linj! llr•·.;s (,.,,., .•• .; l1ttl ... j,,JJI•t 1,,. th •t the r"ru:..,~.:·n ori:Iina:.-,-. in thf· f,'ar of wme d"''~-'·h inf,,~iun, :Hll tl,,. nn·~··rl:.·n•;! j,j,., L"l II••'·

t~at tl:.P )'t'T"oOn b~ms--lf is p:):.lu•ffi by und"Ml work but t.h,.t l1i>~ fllt'rt• n~~n i.,rwn wnl, d··n~!i n:av itJ<Y'T o·'ho"rs 'l""ith whuw tlw jrr.lVe·d.!f,'l.:,.r C"<:•rll•".'l iut •> I'Hith·'t w•r \, : t•f' I·~,.f,tf,, ;; , . .,f dyi~1£ The ~r··.>;nH·nt Q{ W.h}wn:.wn ,JJ ovo>r I 11olia a.."J :1 d··j•f'P"-"'''l ,.,, ... ,. i·· :d:r• · .t •. ;.rr ·•·•.ly •rciC•·c.h!" to a s;m;M .. tab'"'· rhe C•l·/c tion p.·r}•up~ sri- i•l"-' fT•· m '' '' <1 '-" .- ,,· · ''• wit , t I .-. '" ;, 'ro1 d clnrL•·s (•f Wt•rPf'IJ. and (~;n-;.-rpr··nrlv nn inf,.,·::on v•hir It, in f]..- !Jr,.t i11~:.•: .. ,_., 1' 1.1 ~~ ·.d r: .... ~·h it J;n,,r enme.s to lw r•Q"ar.: • . ] ~····r·.·l•· ,~~a m:l7tPr ,,f l'":·rs')tl·,! ,.] .. ,ll,';r .. ·-.·;. T .. ., ;.fl'·''" I, .. .,J,h· v.·hirl> }::1< or;:;:;n'lt:Pr! in 1"''''" ku; ut.·l•JU1•tr•dlv L.¥n 1'1•:>'!'.1· o.a•-·d 1,, ,l,;:,·r• •,, ··~ t/ ~ •.. ,. :w•l 1fi.=. r,-l.!·ir..J R~1,.i~ llL:es ~ .. (1i1·h ~·~f·l]l C'Of'Ltl)il[} tO ~y,-.r\· l•r.Lni (i r,!; 11+• J.,i •. I .. Ll f .. lf~:r,_· ;Uld ~i-l\'fi

r<>nJ•·rr:'('oi tl·e no:1zi•al t:<i•'JO. An iu.•l;Hw•' ,,f tr1is s.:.r. of thil•!.! n•••\· <11!1;,, )., f"'l'.d 1:1 B·nma, wLi·h. ~>" ~~~~-rl:' i~-1·0 Ul'"~!' in tho:' [nJ;:.in !.f':J«', i~ u.-..•h1 a.'i I·ro··-, !;;,!! •·· li'1PJ•·· .,f ri.'.) pr•··r•,:.o.~ uf (·l"t':' fr•ffiJa1i•m. Jft>r>' pa;c<><b dtY""!, t.b· .-'1.-il!IS ,,£ 1~],"111 i~ Jwr,•.i:ll :'· ,.r,• f.,.,:;.·] r!nl\'11

llf'r'lO l: f)•l,·'r 'l,,, •. o. In i' .. 'l•·r-11 f'·l:!Y'Ia d;,\'t""' lio\'f' Lo·•:d r··ct•!:'•··l 1r·ti:l t;•"' I~·Jr'Jif'"'-'.fl('o" L..~t· f•llmi,.-~, of Ar .• k.tn•·!'A". T. :.,;l•:h, \lai11)•'Jr;"l a.1 • .J ~'•«••· ,,,.f .. , .. ,. f,..,.!J .,, 1' · ... i :,, \';U ,,.ll'\

]~-Jr.~ c~f t~uru...--~ Lv V·1ri{_,~H (·•~,.~!il··:rifi:,! n~~)~l.,f"' h:i a..'-' .-d.t·,·r .... uf d~;T~ "'" -~- !•d~~·d ..... ·r!ti..., r .• ,_·ial • !I:'!L··U is ;·rr.l ~.~.~~-In h-: lr;u·, ·1 a).'.•in in yl,,. J>r•·h!IJJti••!l oA tj,,. '·••·'lri,,)! .,f ·r >.>~• ,.,,1 c :.,,. ,., r; :1ia (J,;,.,_ TLt;.• m t~Jf' Y.•'.'il Hil!o i11 _\,,wl iJJttl(' . .\r,lril,., ••T••· ,,f 1] .. •1.'• ·r ···' '•·-"·~·:.. w!,ir·:, i'l Dt j'dt··1~·h ... nf ,j~rl>.·r··rt• ..... ,{.J.I;_::~~ 7 ~ ~ ~! .... r·--..1. <,f t :.P trllJ•·, i~ nr1t ;1:l11A··· j t • ,,. . .1r r·. ''I' ·Jia :~.,f~l ··na"'l. 1-:o:lll!c;r ;.·-,rri·"Ti .. rt' art· f•JiJI!d ••t r;,., L.r·r·adiv1• f~lw•ll'l TL•· .. ,·u•: ,.),.,,, .. :,: ! ; .• i .. ·Ll_l• ll)•i"'•'r" i~ d.f' J'rwti< P of lc''[wrl:\•:•:·- <11,.; tl,p f:r,t "~··p whi··h a•n· :<>·•·•i.••• of .!o1 •"-~· ,;,.r ,,, .to· t. :;o·s in (~rri,~r i_Q f:tiV" i7s .iCM :.d <t.u.·1itJ£! 1.;; (IJ J •. ~,V to t;tll''f ,~f""'''tnrL'- tLf~ r;~ i1t t., £1 • ~! .. P \• :; ~ ri IIJ•rlJI••f~ t),, .. u\-! ... :,liLlllfli! fnr t!Jt rim"' ht·ir,g tot:~);:,. v.i\'A" frr)lll llfllo•l~ t~lt Ill. lio~;~ i!'•\•' ti,·· IL ._ .. -,, .K ... ;I ,,rn:,;; '-'-\:r·ro·•l tl-•·[)",..,, h·"" fr,,m rlw Jo.1llYJ. K:tibar1Lrs .ud P,l..l ,,1,. I t 1;1 .l-'' ',,._, ·...s :\ St.[-·.Jf;.-jtr-- t_·.a-,tt:-. l.O lfJIJ..[!••r d··FT"t· .. ~··rl, :-~.rlrl f•\"i•fl Q(~ a ~~·f5ttl•n ,r t:l,~ Xaln ......... ,.b-·L..l i~ Ll•J'\' .1"'·' rnl•, ;1~·~ tr, _..;!f•-;.'"l" ito,•-: f. Jr,.J,,.d.AiJ rJorw .. <-n diif•·n·ut. t!o<-dii>lo.S r,f tlw r-•.kritor, .,~!•·, ;····111oiw · ;, j•l'it

... ;_fnll£.! a:-. L•-t\\- ".·IL d ~; ll_~.t~_·ri~rr c·a:·r"e.~ u11d tfii .. ··:'l'"ff .. rior f'a..-~1•·") !!' .. lt'I:Jih/. ·r:t•• ',~ ,t1 !!·.~ 1 . .~. i!•;tn.L;•\~ };IYf' roLj• '~f'rl to t-Ldrill(! tl,•·ir i''>llll'i>·;:; "IJ•I C•>ttfo·r••flr P» .wo•.i 1 i'l. tr1'J'·;·~. ;~n·l ~.J.t:. "" ,,11-l ( l:..m.,r~ L~1\'(" lll 1 Hi:n1111~',. '=')'\'rr"·d tl"· Ll1;11t[!i. Strl'iL••I\· i1 1 :lhdr-1.'1 l';.liaro; lm ~' 11: ,;.•o·: ,.,l trJb'!!r~f'l,ls"·! '\'.;·b ('i...ol:i:.,wJ,cmJ1~wyr•·; .. rda...;u., ],'*l ilof•·rJ••rt . .ti.ulltl..:o:ltl"' l.t . ..ti':'W> th(•~;~J, (jJ d.~~~:~~ , 1 11' '!l~~(>f~~·i. dj'4 ~ ":'J c--4 'g 1 11'Jd 1·~1-..•~ JliUfLl. J~•·li~~ 1 11l of t~lti-tW \\11 h ~t, t\!'!)o.t·;~(.tli ,,f L' ly \·.,._ .. )..;, .:>.v·r(·d l1JriJIItl;; <1:1•1 '\,J(;[''""·•·wt pr:f•ii.'l h:t'll al'<ll .:nl:· 1 1, ;~t·d t.n tiJl' !'f •.1+iull

d tLe i 1• .> <:.f ll!l1.•oil•·!,,tl,·,,:.':, a,•J f>•JCi~>1 V l!l j!tli•H . .J hy it;; lwi .. ,r,~l d•<l;h~ of r·.-r .,1in 1111··!,-,,lt : . - . . . I.V 1 lll'·'; .•;!,~ ar.rll _; ,·~ ."'t·ry J'r'·'l'•·r at.ltip.tt]:y to crimin.:tl J•f•,fr~f-.'lhJfl:i J,.la o~um! ru•Jc-f, hJ fl•·pr.•:.~ a!.•l "'-"r•·Q: ,.i •: tl,•: 1'''''1 ••n .,f t [.,, tJo:t;_·rwrca;;tts.

In l'•jf, ,,r;•l ~~ tiu :n E·~_rl. •h"' c;,,,,..,rnn: .. ,,t ••f lr1dia r·:tll•·•l f"r a P']"'rt. a.;'·" till' rant;ll awl '11 ;·"·!:,,j (·I,;,·!' ''J' ,f t>: 'l• i r• -,-,·•t ,;,, .. .-,.,., litld f,,r l'ffJfJO"':J;,, f.,r tf1roir itiJJdi•lf'l.t.io:, lT,lu .~1! lr.,,., 1 gr·•:o rr.f' t-·:r~. TJ:,. I• • nld~ nf tl.e ('O!L-;o•rptellt r•·p .. rt.; \\ill f,e f.,llrt•l lllldt·r Prrwvn/1 11-q.; rj f/,, (;,,,,.fl.,,.,.,.r 'f L.,J;,t ;II f),., rr,,,,-. ]J, ]••lrlnwnl, Nrr!'l, 1:V1 --J:ll uf J•tly l9lfi, .'.2~1-:;11 nf .\IJ~IF't l'J:!fl,

EXTI:RIOR CASTEM. 487 . During t.lH~ J'l~:.'t d('('tH!I:' a p•}(•d dPfll l1tl..i hN•n dune part.it~tdarl.v in Madms to bend-It the

t"l.:t•·rior ('USlt'll in \"aT lOllS \Yil~ R. :;{•>t Ollly ha .. 'l the .'l/)(1 ra.t! nnvt>rnment appointed a ComtJlli~iour~r of LaLonr (·ntr-lst"ri with the t.1 ..... k of tmcmiplgin~o:: the educ·at.ion of the d"pre'iar.u cla.'i.<K:a ancl of lookinJZ a.ftr>r Hu<r t-(•o;wmir intPr<•!lts, hut. rn:u1y priva.tP- socirti~ h::xe aL-;o he•~ll at w01rk. Rl"sidt•t- a nmnlwr r•f ChriJootiau ::\fi&..,iou.tl, tb•:: lk.preat\l,d l'lai\~!eB Cnion, t.h.~ P(Jnr Sl':hool So(;iety, tb•• ~oeia] ~PrYit'f! lfague. t!1f' Allfih r:~ De•<IW Sc•va Sangam, and t.l," Dr>pre38ed Cla.ssP..s TlliB.iiun of )hnr,nlorl:l Rrt> !l'lllH~ of 1.hc i ngtit.nt.ioiltl working for thi~ oLjcct, ThP Arrot )1 Ls'>lflll hRS ~t.arted nn ngrirult•tml R<·honl .md Local Bo:~rds ha\'t>, alsn be~n RJlilnrling money tiJwa.rd, the same ~ntl. In a•lditiuu t.o tIt;,., mnc h L~~ ho~en doWJ by th1:1 :'-e]f. Rf'o,1pe<'t mnvement and t.he Depre!!Sed ClaK.~es r~mf•·rr'IWe. TLe act ll&ll!teps t.nkt•ll by the Govemmeut of Madras have been, t.~a~idea the RIIPoint.t!lf•nt of 11o Cumtuii-l'-lioner of l.abour, the iUBistence on tLe right of &Jmii:IBion of e;..·teri(•T f'tlste pupils into all puhlidy man;~"d sehoul~;, the reflolsal Clf gr&llts-in·aid to privately nlUtlJIU•·d twhnoll1 "-"hich d~ not a<hnit extf•rior caste puvJ.h, the removal of !JULlidy l.WWiigeJ srhnnlt> from placl'8 im~,.rro..nihle to exkti·l-T to;\Ote~, tile op£>ning of Bpt"cial schools and hor-.tels f~~r tho (•x:t erinr t"'a~· •'II, tJw remiK.'Iion of their feR~, and the pro\·i~:~ion of fl(eh<Jiart~hips and of fiiJ'f"Pilll E.wil it it'S ror tJw trainin~ of exteriur (~a"te tt.acl.tt•f3. Otl the econonuc side the Government of ~flltlrnl\ },1\B tuken Slf•JI!I tnwnrdf! thf' {'PJ\'illil'fl of bou!'e sites ftJt the Tl'Iief of congl'stion anu for pilf\•"~','S of fre•·ing tlw <'XfNior c~•-"li!S fruiU DJ'f'lP . ....,iun by their landlorrL, the organiMtlon ,nnd Mllmin~ of . ('O·Of•t•ratiYe 6(Wl<:liP'I1 fl111 pr()'lisir-.JL of Jrin.king Water by COilSt.tUr:ting neW w•·lb aud 1"'' l''"i ring <>ld, t ~t' proyi,.;ion of louri:LI g;ruund.,; and s.anihry req uirement.s for the ext~rior c:~A.'It .. s. t.lw a.,.,irnnwnt of laud for c:uhivati1•n bo1.b by r•:!lerv!ltion for and free assignment. to ext.l·rior e .. :rtt' . .., of lanJs not da.ouwd as n~luablt·, th~t. is, l<•l.ldl! nut afioJeted by irrigation proj•·•'1.:-~, ttnd by r•·:.NY M ion for extt•rior c.•&stes lif lands cl >1-'!aed ad Yaluable and ar;..-:igwnent to tlwm ort t''l" fll"lit v( murl..,,t , ..• l11e in c.r..sy in.-:>talmenti. .~a re~mlt of the~ measures some ]•f11;!W'(Ij LJ; .... L .... , 11 m"d". In l!l~(l, iht'fl' wt're 1-G't,Oou pupilEl of exr.erior cadtcs in schools, in l!Hn. tlwrt> 1n•re :.';~ 1 ,IMIO, Over l(l(l/tliO of t1lt:.Me w<'re in Christ.il-\n )ii~ion sehools sud nH<'<\" ul tl·~ l't'mdiwlcr m 11•·houls mail,tainPrl by t.he soc.il•ti··~ mentiuned above. Mmrt; of tlw-;,• ll(·huul"' uro <~nly 11rimc~ry ~«.·!, f)oLc;, tbf'ro b .. in~ only about 2, 7u·O pupils in educa.tional institllt.i••h.!! a1.o\·,. tl.e priwary ii1.aJi:e of whom ~thout r.o only werf" in coll('ges. Out of 230,000 Tt'adiJrJo( in fA:I.ooltt in 1~1\11 alo•)Ut 7.~J{J wr.r{' girl8. Or the 2:_li),U00 only lG,OOI.J, boweYet, were J't>a•iillJ1 iu orJitHlry !• honls nut T1·~'rvl?d fnr exto::l"ior cMto•s while over 70,000 pupils who •lid m't t. .. J.,.r,~ t•> 1he t•Xt··rior C'1~tes w~·~ rea,Jing in sehouL:. B}lt'Clally maiutained for those c.a,.1•"A. A.'l ('nmi'ar··d with t.hfl r.·:;t of t bo popula.~ion. while aht:mt 6 per cent. of the population O{ )i.l•lr~l!l WIWI fl)ing to o<dwol wheu titi.i ceUSUI:l took pJat.:e, ouJy about 4 per cent. of the t-'\t• r111r , .• , .. r~·:i Wl:n• Rt t><·ho .. \, ttud <•f that tol!allPss t.llim l per rl'ut. W.iS beyood the primary "~ ·' ';••. En•numic·a:Iy Vt·ry r·nw~i,!t·ralrlo sam~ ha\... lw~'n Spt1nt hy the :lladras Government •1•tring the p.!-,t l<'l\ Y•':LI'.~ i11 t1n:IIlt:irt;:! RH•l ort,aui .. in!( co-01•1"r.lf.i,·e t;(•ciet.i•.'.S !orthe 3cqulliition of l>I!Hl fnr ~~~~~~"" !lit•'!i atHJ f .. r tbP. ~rt-•U1i11g nf !\t;{l'lcult,u~·a.l k1aH.S and fr)r purposes of flood r,.J;,.f. rur;.~l l"t" lit. an·! r•.-,ll••r ri-,-~ rmrg:~iuing. Ill lfJ:.21), tlwre '"f're over l·l,f:iOU members of n:t•·ri11r ("a':\11""! in abn••t 11111 r·o-hpi:.r>l.tivt> s0r it•tJI's: a..~ a n·su\L of t.he work donl' durmg the d•'c"d'1 '},,,w ~~oro· h!'IW •• bout ~ .. ·~1{) 1-.Uf·h &.•('i,·t '''s cort:<i;:;tin~ lll>linly of ~'";"·'~ritlr Cliltes and during rm·t·J,I, :-····~~·, w-w ~"~l'l• i .. ti•·:; lorwe loet>n r··~~istP-red ut th.1 rate of over Hitl a yt>ar.. Over 55,0()0 Lou .. w ,iif''9: h., H b<•r·n 1 •!'(IYJ• j,.t{ ..: ml "'-'Ill~ :11 It f,CH IU a•·res of lund han! heeu a.'-:ligned to ext.erio:r , . ..~ .. t., l'oJ[;i, ·,:r,J'>I. Kut ar t[,~· time of t.luB cen.-;uo; :-Jwre wcr.i. st-ill six Jist.ricrs in Madras llnr,·IH,.r,r.,l l,y , iw .•1·: n·~ti'·"' of c.J,r· t'·•n.wti.~~i"IH'r of Lab• !Ill'. In BomiJay ap<i.rt frvm the work olu::e hy pri\-at-t:> iu-;1 'i·~ll rn?ts artll,rtg ,,·hidl th_, 8f'r\'lll\ts of lrulia Hocieliy is v..:ry prominent•, htt.!n h.o.'i :.-··t. L .. .-n, d·••u!. A '· lo'1ifllilt.r>~> wail ~tppnint<'d hy the Govt'l'Ill9eut of Bombay tv

·t~'''iain~ i•tll") r.J,,; !"Otul;;.;u:o t'f tho: d··pr•'!!>t.t'J c~:~-~t••ll >md Hbni'igiU;~I tr1bes in the Presidency iu ;\ c•v.,,. _l.t•r I G!,w;, ,\,1.1 r,·~ult of • hj' r•·•·ommeu•lu1.tulls oft hat. Cmmtllttee un ollic.:er was appointed iu 1 r!:;), c h .... r~<> l .Yir it 1 h·· 0•11 5 u( w .• tdJirt~ uwr t.ht'l•NgrPss of aw.l of upboUing t.he right" of the hu.d•''<•ld d .•. -<.-u·s. l•t a.lcl•tiuiL tu th:•t· a Ht-.'J\•1uhort f,( r.IJe GnYernment of Bombay-directed the ft"•'ru~t r>J<·nt. 11~ n1• rnl•~fo oft he c!qtr··l'>.'!•·d das,-;es In t.ile }lolif'e. It is perhaps significant that th•l Cc.m.:nir ~ •.•. rn.rwl !~ [jf'l''-'"t>;!J'V to i ueluJe in theJI rl'COllllllt'Uda.t.iolld au addition to ~he tim·•!rlll,rt••t!: St·r··:•ut.;' Coudnet ltnlt'.a frdihed wnu a vi~.~w to en.for<'ilig polite treatment of the Jer·rc:o..-:•·d d.~.,.'~~'~ by 1 he otti,•i,,ts of l~o' t!rrunent.. In regard to the edUt~a.rion of th&e "das.->e.s in Brit ,.,b lruua wnerully IMUfl ini<lTm:.tt ion ha.tl alre;;ldy been given in C.ha.pt-er IX. .\fauy of thl'l IuUian 'l't~~ot•;S h:wa alo;o rPtugutM•·~l1,he m·oeo:~Jity for S_lJe<."l•<l mtn.sures for the uplift oJ t;xt.t~lJ(Jr (1W-!f·tl8, J.JJ pal t·il..l.ila.r, B'u'IHl:I, Cul'hin !illd Trav<loncore; while in Gwalior and Jaipu:r unioa ha.-. ltt'tlll tak(•a mor~ part it.'Uiill·ly ill r<·:;ard to the crimirud t.ribes of whic.:h there are t:c•mH.;•kn.J.I•le n•uL.I.•er!l iu tllo•w :-it.ates. In Jaipn:r t~re;w; of la11.J have been allotted t:> the crinLi:l.a.l triht s antl t1peci1ll sd10(1!s h:lve been opmu'd for the edncation of their c.:hi!J.reu, aud tile ~tame hill! h~u u01w in Uwalwr.

'f!Jl!: wc_·a~ion of t.L.is Cf'llli:l.i, coming a.s it did nt. a time when politicl~l reforms appeared iuw,in•mt., t:•,mplij'ai.,•d trw :llrcady pii:'JLti£ul dilllculties in the way of getti11g an exact return of nuu1b•·r of e\krinr c:tHI·t'-S. .\ hlllloh~"'r of conflict.ing forceM w••.rf! at work, as, ap;~ort from the :l.;.tural dt•sii'O 11f intli\·icl•ulls of exteri••r ca,;Lus to raise tlwir uwu s<:wia.l ot~•tus by making themselves out 'to L.c smD.cthli~g utlwr tlnm they were recogu.is~d to be by their_ ueighbou~, a. d~fiui.te moVl'nlt!U.l w.1.t1 1:1r>t adoot by the Hindu Mahw.~tLha fllr the retiJIU of aU HllldUilas llmdu &mply . .

APrENDU: 1.

9oith no quolL1ico~nioru1 of w .. -.te Ol' l!t't.'t. In 1'1::8 t.hf' HillllnlLtlui.S.lhlul it,~·lf (lll...._'l.,d a l'l•solut inn .j,d"rio~ t.JJ:.~ tln' so c~dlt•J unt.ourhab],.g hat.l rqu:ll ri,l'ltts with v~h..,r Hiu•lus to sturly in &!.•"•i:t, Hlill h1 u~ v..!l.s and I'U4<!s 1\~Hl t••mf•l"~· artd the r~<~rue f''.'<liUtlnu mll!·J on ptiP~:s, llllrt~t•rs and wll.Sbt·rn~"n to ntTol'll th~·ir s.·n·if'•'~ ;•' UlltOu•·hnl•l•·q. .\t. thia ('<'II:>IIs,

b(l'l'l•''"''t, p-..• hr~~--~1 c.'•HI.'!J•l• ·ratt.ms t\rnbal•l.r 0\'~'!W•·I'.! lted ,,,} t'l<M.• lln•l many <>1i .. rt,. ""' '1"1' m,1,fe to ir..hwf' Ullh.HIC;l,\hll>:! t.o fl"("nrJ tlwm~·h·f'll ns 'llindu~' ,.ud nnt.IHJ';l; ('1:-lf>. T!JP t·'\tPTi•)r ~.a..~t<:'~ tL<'Ill<!<•h·.·s Wo'ft', Lo\H~\'!'1'. !Z•'Ill't":lll)' iiLVt> t.o thfi' f*-t ; hat. tlwir iult'n•,q,., rr ]Ui.rt··l th .. .ir numl!.·T8 to lW" d,·f.uitt>ly known; :1t I b·· &lllle tinw t.l1cy "•'T'-' nut Ul1t'<lft<i.~•imi~< of thP f . ..ct t.Lat H n•il-!~t I Of' ac~Yil nt-<.~t'flUS tot bt>tn to t'l'rn·~"Jt && m.mo;- ~'IL~t··" R..''-pUri.-.iLJ,. a.'l !-~"ill~ JP[•n" .... ~ .. d in or•lt'r to S'IWII t ht'ir nuudlf'nt in iul~t(•rt.ant.~. Ct.•!l .. 'l4"<JIWUrly," hi1t• Ill the Punj .. h t.lw Ali. India F:Jr .. uibsi:LlkOd llt'l'1"1'89t'd ClASSo'S ~li.•.sion was raliwg 011 tlu> Pxt.,riur t'J\.,.te.; lu ,..t.lJIU tLPm:idn~ a.'! Art-a ILnJus in . .;t.,a,J ~)f, fM iu.-1:uwe, Arh ut~ or D...li: 1\, t I1C ,·xt f'r~••r l'll'lto·!l' own h•ad••N lii'Crt' ca.lli11g on t hl'tT follv~n·n; to rt'fllrn t ht•ms;•l\'PS s.s .:J,,_JJ/Ilr,..,,, l·y ~·li~iun und nut H intlu at aU; anJ iu oth<·r prawlllf•"i thP 11"-'IO<'int ir>\1~ (•( t hr e~t.t·ri.1r G~-.t•'li Wt•r>" r .. (H• ~it·uting as 'd··prt'S..."''d ' r•..st·t'" ,,lw b Vl'ry J~•uLdully hll int.o that ···•' ncorv 11Ud manv of wl1icb h.iH' llrl'n rx,·lutkd on &l'rutm:'· C~·ner.~lly IIJ)('>iking. hmv .. vt>r, it. i~ h··li•·P·<J tl111t ·thP fi:znrf.'8 forth~ t':tlt:nor el....-..-.es oLt.<iu .. d at t lois <'~DSllS l.&H' l~L Ro·f'urate on t !11:' v. ho!t• ar..i tlw m••t hnrls adc>ptt>fi i..u d:ff,.~lit l'~·vinc.es to dt•tl'nuiw> what con.•,tltllt.<•:> an ('Xkriur c".:>f" lun·l' .dt,.,~;)y b.:-o·n ref~·rt\"d t(), while l:'.xtracto from SQme of t hr Pro\'iHcial 1\.t·IlOrt'! will be folutd h.·ll•w.

little infl,ml&tion exht.s as t-o the actual numl,..rs of tlw~<f' exteri•lr (' . .Ht•~ w!Jo al'l' !'n~itl•:'d to a ,.,Jtt> under th~ pr.'.SA'nt e<"ttr..,.titution of the pwvinn>s.. F.xr••pt in fht• cJl .... ,. of :\f:I,Jma, nom.iU8tion ha..s L.:o~n 1'1 sort(.J to t.o llh.IU'6 thl' ft'jl'!"f';;,,,ntation of •l·prt·'W'd rla.'-l.'*'"· Four DJ.Pmbers LaYe bt'<'n so nominatl'd in Hl' C.-nt ral Prn,·in<'oo·~. t.wo ('a•.:h iu Bnm l•av ~;~.nrl iu Hi IPU' and Oru..>o. OUt' t'at·h in Bengat and in the- rnit.,d P:-o•inc•s and nune in thf' Punjab or in A,;sam. In :Ja.,Int.s kn nwrnlwrs "'"n' nominnt.:d to 1'i"pr··~··ut nin~> Sp.:'c:iti•.J t·otJUnn nit it>-8

re.:ordt....l as dt>~·~ssed, ~hile incliYidu,\lfl of th::- e:•;:krinr c&-1P~ wo·n· ll"t tld.,,rrrrl (l(

collll!e from voti~ in a ~··n<"rnl 'onstituPnry if t.ht·y har!Jt.'H"rl. tCI hP jl'aal•ficd aa elect(ll'i;. It has ~n estiml\t('J th:~t tbt'TE> an'l in ){.,draa ro1hi'T k~-~ tL.an a':',tlll() tXl.-rior r·aste

elt'Ctors in & total of more than ll million" non-)l.lbome l.m '' V•lh·n\ tlmt is t(\ sa\·, u.hout 4i p.'r C('nt., thou~h the er~rior ('I\Ste8 furm som~ 16 per~·~nt. tA tbt> t"'taltiCID ·'lililLm roi·u'=~t ion. In Bombav a rou~h e,..tima.te has ken nm•le th<'t there are 1J,IiOO o>.l.terior <>.&•'•• \"01••rs out of a t~tal of ~~~1.041(1 l'oters in all the gPner..Ll cunstit llPncie.~, that l8, about 2 ['l"t c·~ut ,,f tb~ e:r:terior C'astes have voks, ~ ht>reaa thl")" cQrupriFe (l';er 8 per {;t'Ut. (lf t ~.u popubt iou ol the Presidenl'y.

The followin~ TaLles A and B will give some iudir.-atiun t•f the num>:'ril~l WDRtit ul ;.,u of the depressf'd ca8tes and of their d.itrtributiun and COllilJit.rati\·e lit-eracy. lt slouJ,l l;e m·•·l~ do>ar that fgurt>$ for litemcy an! avallnl•le in (Hirt only, sud the pel'l'en•age llhOI\U tL.~ lit•·Nte i-3 the ~reenta.ge calculated on that total only fur wLieL figul'1'1\ of liten~-y arc a\·uiJuule.

Ad.iya

Ager

Aberi (Aheria.)

Aj•la Ale.van ..

AmL,.ttan

·Arakb ..

.Ara.na<i: U1

A•a~·:w •. Ar'-<n1h'JtLiya.r

Au<lhli&

n,.~; (Ba:;<L, B~·lhik)

J;;.lJdtJI

l;.,tm.<

n~ira

P.a :·i ~.tp·>H ... U·.

llak 'Jda

Jh.la, (Bal••hil

Total number tr~atcd

exterior.

TABLE A.

Locality in which trPated u ext«rior.

5 Coorg.

7,108 B<41Dhay, Weatem lndra St.o.t..·• Agl•ncy.

24,375 Ajmer-Merwara, l'nited l'm' in~ and Ra.jput.a.na.

6.';{1 Ma.dra.e.

73( Tra.vanCGre.

:lfl5 Travanc·ore

(j( I !oiw.l' ..,; .

2.1.:h1) Tra ·:e.u·c;ro:.

74~ Chatti•f?arh (C. P.).

l,();!!J.I:!i .\i m<:r·Mo:rwarn, I:enl1'al. 1'. r· .. c: Wlllior, l'..;jp~>t .. na.

4'J.flfl7 l'r·r•j!&l, Pr,il•·d Pro~·inl'<'~. U A.rr.ra.~.ti ll~~r& r).

1.1!79 8. Ka.r.Ara ('t1>lr%). S.>l~ Jkng~l.

~H t'mted I•rovince6

l!t•IIJ. S. Ka.n&ra (~•v.!.r!l.fl).

5tiJ,J.if,Z Ajmer·MPrwllra, fA-ntrttl ]'rovinr•<A :l.rl•! ~erar (PO\''"' L'rul(·d l'rovillc.,., Central lndta., Gwa1ivr, Jtaj puhna.

_B,.rhar •·a.-t..,. el •·..-1~,.,. fl"t LFe-aVat-1 a-li ,.'\f.f•(lfcJt.

Tt.lal rr '"·<•'n<J 7,~71\ {·I .rowlwro U•JI trcuh·d ll> C.\tcnor.

Name of Cut.e. eta.

:811olagai Ba.ndi (K~~ob&ria) •• Bill"., •• .Ba.rgi •• Bargunda Bariki •• Ba.rwala (Barwar) Baaith •• Bat WI. Bata.w..l Bauri (Banri. Ba.wr.riat

Bodar

Beldar

Bellar a ••

Bt>riya (Bediya}

Beroa ••

...

Bham.\Ji (BIUilbhi)

B h8.fl~V ( LaJ butrio Mehw. llaJ.a,U..bor ).

Bhar

Bharathar l:!batlya ..

Bhll

Bbogta ••

Dbu.inma.li

Bbuiy..,coto.

BbnLDij

BidalUa

Bind

BmjW. ••

By~ari

Ch&chati

dbs.cillol' •• Ch&kkMaftor

Ch!!.llili:r-..n Cbla..-&dl

..

Tot& I number

EXTE:RJ_QIJ. CASTES.

treated Looality iD whicb matecl M exterior. 8.111

uterior.

130 Coorg. 1,066 United Provinoe•. S. Kanara (Madra.e). 1,3~ Gw&lior. 1,668 Ajmer-Merwua, Rajputana. J ,[131 Owalior.

-3,69S Ga.njam. aod Viza.gapat-am {Madraa). 9,0011 U. P.,_Jammu .00 li.a..ilbmir. 6,213 Ja.=u and Kaabmir Sta.t.e.

&58 S. K&nara (MIWriUI). lli,SU Jammu and Kuhmlr Sta.IA;!. •

721,21J9 .8eng~~ol, Bih01or a.nd OriMa, Delhi, Madr1111, PunJab, Unit«!. Provin~-e~~. Tra.vancore.

372 Raj patana

400 Central Province• and Berar (part)

3,139 B<"ngal

87 S. Kan~ra (.Madra.s).

U.lM Bengal, Gwalior, United Provincee.

367 B~tngal.

183,917 Ajmer-MeJ'\Vara.. Bombay, Centra.! India, ltajputa.na., W astern India 8t-atee Ag ncy.

866,4U3 Ajml!'r-Merwsra, Anda.msne and Nicoban.

461.6~-&

275 :i2:!

28

66,054

111,439

A"""m· ll"'nJial, Bit1a.T a.nd Orialla, BDmtJ8.y, f'.f'ntra.l Provincea and Berar, Un•r.--J l'ro\·incu, liaro<Lt., Crntr&l Indo a. 0 .,.alior, ~ajpntan,.. l:hkkim. W!!IO~m India. Stat<>~~ A.geney.

l'nit~:·J Provinces

Tri>VIW!.'OI'I:o

Jtp.ngal.

Unif.t.d l'ro-winffil,

~ibn ~d Ori.&a.

AINI&IIl, lleng 11.!.

489

. Remarks.

Totr.l reoorded 2,'1M. No' elsewhe~ tre&~ 1111 exterior.

Total recorded 991,~6. No~ el.ewhetetr-ted u u;t.eri&r.

Tot-al Beldar, Bind, N'lllliya. Od and W a.ddar recorded aa 661,926 for IndiA. Only reported e3:terior in Bqal Pd Puoja.b but latter figurea not i.Doluded here. Treated aim u depreued by lly110re State.

Bee Rajwa.r,

7:J:8.4 71} Bt",rral. ni.hllr a.nd Orissa. Sikkim. United lnoludea Agaria. Chero, ew.,

2M,4{14

G3 19JH8

317

8.-'-'::9 6,130

21,071 8,0:'1)

t\Jtt,3,"l(l

3.-t~

Provin~. iA U. P.

Bihar and llri..aa.

R~jputJUla.

Bc-i!!llll.

Beu<;11l.

8o>ll!U')' (MildJ-<18).

Viz.op!l.p..l.-.m (Mvlra.e).

CMtr.J J>rovin~e~.

Tm'l'sncorc.

:Uadn;e awl 'fl'IH'IIIICO;ro.

TMl.uy (Mi•tlraH).

..

Ob&llllot (Chambbar, Kbatpa, 11,761,187 tla~ga.ra, &.tMIJ.'i).

Ajmor-M...rw-11ra. Anda.mans 11-11d NiQoban, Raluc-ioi .. I:Jl,n, Bo.nga.J, BihAr and on-, Bu•nl~y, C<~ntraJl'rovin008BDd I\orar, Coorg, Dalhi., Madron, Noeth-West

India total Ul,Hl5,616 returned from the Provinlll!ll here mentioned:

Cb&uh&n ... Chaupa-1

Cbavalakkamn

\i'hayalliNa

ChWira ••

Dahg&l' ••

2,026 2,737

1,730

2,ll>S

~.rm6

1.363

, Fraut-ier Pr<>vW<-'6, Punjab, United fr<JVm«MM, D•11·orla., Vent.rnl India. Ajll'n<:y, G\\alior, Jammu and Kuhmir, F..ajjJUtiJla0 ,,. 61WD India Sta.tilll.

Drug (('..eutr~ll'rovinoes).

Bihar and Orilaa.

Tn.vanoore. Travaocore;

Balnohi.stan, Delhi, N •• w. F. P., Punjab, Jammu and Ku.hmiz.

Ajmer-Merwan.. United Province~, Raj. See Huohl. putlwa.

Dewu ,,

Dtaiyv ••

mhbi ••

~ (.lli.WIJ

DaM

.. .. ..

Doa (Doa..r, Doebo. DuaDa. Buuph~. lluor, Ilboubr, l>awii. "~··

Dagl& ••

»-.dh

G.uda ••

O.mda ••

Ghuda

Gba.a ••

~ .. Oocba •• GOIIrili •• Go.ngi lhbuftl

H&dd:i (Belli) Ii&ri (Brittial)

llaaia,, Rift.

nnathl .•

hava.a

lrib •.• ..... ..

.:

.. • ..

... Jaliya Kaibartta

Jam.bonlo

.laupm

.Thalll'Malo

JhamraJ ..

Jolaha ••

JQ@i Kadan ••

Kadar •.

Raibri

..

..

..

APPENDI:ll.

Tt~e.l numbf,r tn~alfd Loo.lil] In W'bi(llllii'Mttd II •llteriOf, , ..

a\H'ior.

833 Damola (Cftlwl PraYill.a).

7,01:11 &..-! ud. Sill!• •

44..!611 O&njam (Madr'M) •

4,0lt Tamiluad iLdlat) . I,'Ta8 Cb.UtL~ (Central i'Jo'l"i~).

S3, 737 Aj uw.M..-ra • &u~ (('.o&Rl Pro- ludia t.ot..l ( lri~ Lodra, f·'- 1 Yioeal), [)r.lhi, Rajput4n.. '1~671.

44 13foapi.

1,408.!91

Ja.uu:nu .ad ltubm.ir. .&.am.IIMpl, Riharaad 0"-. ~"'I ~and Berar, Fnitai l:'ro'l'ino::et. Sikk!aa.

Bowl.y, Ot!nu.l ProYioo.ll.nd :&.-r. Bqa.L Aj--:W....,., A-m. BuotJa., ~I.

Bi.bar IUid On-. flam lay, OontraJ PnmD-allli )lerv, Wad.n.., PunJab, 0111~ ProTW- C.tnl loJ••· Jammu &acl .K.uhmir, Bajputao&. o-hor.

1..623 ~ ....

1.400,.8711 Bena:al. Bihar and on-, t'Diied IWo

"-· .. l.C«mA.

101.&43 Cn.tral rron-171 Ja-aand Ka.hmir.

li:Uat Ai-·..._.., Buoda, Rajpuu.ea. ... ..._b.dai&aa.~.

UM Aj-...JL...n, Rajpatana.

132.382 Ba.ludl--. Bllnpl. Bdaar aa.d <m.a. Ctntnll:'nn-incea. Ga11jam aDd V~.&apoo pac.am (.Yadrat I·

.S,82! Bihar and on... l,&tt Bihauud on-.

Jgl l:oit.ed Pro.u.-. 8etl Gaajam u.rJ ViJ.apt-tam (:MadruJ.

tll Do. 141 L ~ (Ldna).

1;553 BiharaudOri-.

6,149 BeapL

!4C Oililglepua. (liladraaJ. l,IU6 United Pruriooel.

lruha Wtal IDaladl"' v-. (f. •.), P•~i and Valutt.edu S,lll1,~8.

tl,87J Ganjam and ViAgapat.am ~) 262,354 A-m. &ogal, Ribar and on- -}No doq~ ~~

• • origin& I ty. u.me ....

388 8. K&D&ra (Kadrae J. 16,828 A-.m. 8,965 Tra ... ~

869,863 Tra-neoN,

332 Bi.barlmd Or-. . 240 Cochio.

1.~ (h.njaa aM. Visapratam (Y&dra•l· OOl.JH A-aa, Beqal.

e. 'fQI Coda 't'&ri (lfadrw) •

12 Bb.oda.ra (Central l'foYinclel) •

208,926 8ulma Valley {~m), Banpl • 1,619 Central rndia.

40 J&IIIDUI aod Ka.ahmir.

83,922 Surma Valley (AMatoJ.

768 Madra.a.Cochin

1,078 BenpJ. 2,157 . CentraL PruvUwe. and Ben.r.

~tri~tly ~kiDs I juQ$ll.e tribe, bot tNJ&t6d ae UD­t.ou.obAble.

Jtaikt~l&D

X.&Ualr.o

KaJbelia

](a.)la.di. K.alJ.clQ ••

K.a.\war ••

Kaa

Kanak.lr.an

K&ndra

Kloniyr.:n Kaojr.r,,

Kaol'll ••

KapaU ..

Kapuia

Kai"MMj•

Kariulpalan

X....--1 •• Kat.h iltk&ran

K.atia ••

Ka.ttu~~ayakaa

LnthJ

'Kave~ ••

K.ela

uralamut.hall

Klut.irwr.

KhaOj_I:U

Ki;Jh&k

..

'Kimzharia (iocl. Dlwbi, i'awari&),

Kodalo 1{1)1

Kulcha ••

Koli and Dagt

Koli ))hor

KooaJ ••

K.onwv

K"'* , • KOt!taD

..

•• ll:llftolola •• •• 'Kort~.ma (Kurumao)

Kori (Koria) ...

Kotal

Kotwr.r

Kotw.W.. Kuuh~llDd

Kudiya

KudubJ

Kud~hali

Kumh&r

Kuru.riar KIU'r.YU

KD.riohohaa Llppua

--.. -

..

... -. -

-.... ... -... -..

Tot.al ~:~ambftr tnlat.ed. ..

eat.erior.

EXTERIOR CASTES.

Loaa.llty iD whlah tr..ated u exterior •

4M Travanc~m~.

l,tltJO TravM:~oore.

4,133 Ajmet-M..nr&n., Rajputana,

li, 738 :tiftJ&haf (MadraY), Coorg.

13,627 Bt'rngaJ,Sik.klm.

68 B.ngr.l.

81i,23S )JAJ.b&r (Madraa), Oocbln.

1~.8!17 ll«lg.W, ~ihaund on-, U,M2 TravallClOI'e.

ao,f67 A·mR-Monrara, Bihar and Oriur., United Provinc,...,e, GwalioT, R&jput.a.ua.

I 07 ,!Ml8 Bongr.l.

l6tl,683 lleopl.

873 Bengal, United Provin--. 8,8M &opl.

2,807 lllalabar(Madrae).

108 Unit.tJd Pro.m-.

161 TraY&JlOOI'L

·~10 Central Provi.u-!,.681 IU!ab&r(Mad.na ..

1,293 lnvuoon.

11.10 Coohla. 8,493 Bihar and OriMa.

l.W Ttava.noon. 81 Uu.it.ed ProvinoeBo

10,577 Ajmer-!tlerw&ra, Central Pro.ma. and llen.r (pan.), Rajpur.ana.

. -

" '·

.r

'

... ,I_

... .. ,;.

.~

I af..

r ...

.. .( :f.

241,493 Balu~hill161l, :S..,gal, Centn.l Pro'rin~ India ~-.led, (1J,820~ and H.eru (put), De1bJ. UDited l"2. rince!l, Gwalior.

2 'Be~al.

'1,6\1'9 United ProTinL'f'fo

!8,(10 Ganjuu (.Madra~).

76,8411 lTniwd Prorincea

1,114 Bowba.y.

-Delhi, Punj&-b, Gwalior,

-t63,'Jl'il

26,3Ml

fi,(I.')S

133 818

Bombay. 'Wtlllt.ern India St&teeA.,enor,

BenguJ.

Benpl. S. K-.na.ra ( Madnt.e}.

228 t:ochill. (,o.l:.l :&ll..ry, S. Kan&ra (Madras).

lt),~76 C'.oorg, Mala.lnt.r (Madnls}.

1164,tltU Andan.awo •nd Nicoba.ra, Balo.chU:taa, U..nt.r..J Pro'rit~ooe and &ra.r (part), UnitV<i Provinnee, R .. jputa.na..

4t17 Ooited Pruvinres -

'J ,E!H Bengal,

M Unit~ rrovinoetto

1,469 Bomh .. y, W<ll!tem India St&tea • Blla AjllliJI'.,\Ie.rwar•, T~jp,.t.&na.

4.04~ <Awg, 8. K>lll&ra {\LI.rit'ae).

12,0ll lh.dru.

827 Tl!oDlilnad (Madras) •

ZJ,863 Centnl. Pl'Ovin0811 and Blll'&l' (part).

eat :Billar and Ori-.o 89,Hll Tmvancore, Malabar (Madru).

7,112 Ma.J.ba.r (Madru).

' Co~.

.1 ' .. 1

r'I 1

Treated u au BXteriot cute iJa Unlted Pro'rinaM only, et..­whl!l'll u a forea' 'ribe. ·

:!

.-i

., 'I

. ·t [

I Eleewhe:re •naW~~ u a p:l.tlloir

•ivetribe. .

Lollar ••

...... llaila •• x.-nu. ...... llall.:raa Lltya ll.a1l&ll ••

.. ..

-~ (lla.dip. llatu!A Lgll. ~- Jbd&i).

Kqo-di Kaupa lbmna ~ .. Tillaa ..... (li.Drt) •• llosw •• llliDILi (1(oalli. ll-w)

5adu w...- .. H....,: •• !(.pn:~U

Kaiya ••

Nay..b •• li.Jayu O,JM P.,adai .. l'aidi .• Painda •• Paky ..

..

I.PPENDIX I.

'loW .... ....... LoAlity 1111 .... .._ ...... n;Wior, .. awioL

• Aj--~ ..... A_., Beupl, Bomb.J'

l""'«trJ., CaltnJ l'ro~ Mod »xw. lillldrM. Un111!d I'Nrinew, Bwod-. c-~ lndaa..IL&jpu&aaa, HJderal.d, Vo<-.lwl. Tn.---, W-...ra ladJil Slat"~f-

1,388 B~.,.dOriML 1,-.31 B. x- (MadrM). Ulll .lndhndfllh (l(adru). 1.101 Jla,rbu.

J.l86 OoataiL IJI c-a.

J6,Jfil Beoaa.l . I,M7.0S1 Ajmer·M---. <'001'1. Bombay, Om!Lnl

~n- .uti Barar, K..d:ru. PWlJ•b. 8uoda, C.Ou.l lad-. H~ J¥UIIIl• -.1. K..Mmir, R&jpu~aMt

413& lN

lt,M 361

l,.MJ '1,011 m

t68.M

Vi...,. Iadia State~ A~y. Botabay. Bib&ruclQ~

TraftlleON. K..w- (MadrY). ~ lbdrM. TmT~. 8. La.ra (lladn.).

A--. .BoenpL BiW ud on- CA!!Pt.ftl Pro~. Mel~. Coor,. (?anJ-.. ~). c nit<ed Prv'l"i-. ~klt!m.

691 TJ.y-. U31 Cocq. 8. X...... {Wacba).

11(1.536 II.,..._ Bibt -t on-. Uai.ted p..,_ ,..__ 133~ T .. ,...UIOOft.

m BarvdL lU &t lleap1. ' l,iiO Cent~ PIV'I'iDclll aod Berv.

fO Beapl.

t ~-l,M B. K-a.. Pfadru).

2,!67,589 A..m, Beo,p1, Viu!rap&tam (~l!ul. 61,175 Ajmer.lfenrua, Ba.lueb~J~t.&ll, ~b,fal,

Bi.bu- Md On-, United~ Ra.Jpu~

811 K.labar (lladru), Cot-hin. ~ ........... 1.1%9 TJay-· . 1,111 Celltral Proru.-(pm.).

771 Tamila.d. (H .... ). 19,437 Ga.ajam, Vappo~t.a~D (JladrM).

OJ Gaujam (Xadraa). Z,OIT N.Ciro&nl(lfadru).

P.Jaira P&le !'a.llua ••

• .. u.I60 Bena&L.

Pambada 1'.-.idi

3,1111 Coo1J. SM,IO& ·JIIatb.a, Tn.YIIIK'Onl,

336 B. X..r..ra (Kad.ru). .U Gao jam (!lladru).

Ladla ~ (iaoladill( ~ llliAI Ju.wwl I,O'.:o,toO lnQ 80S...., .. -..~-~-

1'1111 tPaob, PIIIIGo PMiik) 188,4.50 Bengal, Bihar and 0"-.Cent.ral Pro- TlltAI NCOrdHl (...-ttb c..,,l&,

P-. .. l'aaeha.ma PaDilla P&lliyaa

PIWliaadi

. ..

Plftiya (SMilt.,...._) ......... P.rdhala P.dlu •• ... Pad , • hl1ana

vin01111 (p.rt), .lbdru.. q. • .. and B&raik} 1,.!41,J~t. 3,81% T~TUIOON •

95,140 Coorg. Kadru. 402 Coocl'l• Trav~>ruX~te.

3.2,410 H..l.abaz l)ladraa), M TaiDilnad (:au.dru).

• • 1,100,135 Coorg. lladru. Cochln. T~.,.a.uoore. 14.428 Hadru. Trannoore. 11.906 Central Prorinr:w and Bere.r.

•t Nuainghpar (C&ntral Pro-riGoee) . 1.1161.4.78 Ajmer-llenrara, Andama.w and Nicobare,

Balucbi,tan, Bellga.i, Bthar .uul Ori.a, l:nic.ecl Pro'l'tn.-. Rajput.na,

661,"/al BengaL -0!'1' TravMWOIW.

Purutarl J>ut.hlr&i Va.IlDaA Raig&r · •• Jt&ju R .. jwll.f (Ratjbar)

Rlill('ya~

&tal Rawal Relli Satuol

Sanaurbiya Sarbha~

SaJ'!!..r& Saryara (Sal'flt&) • , Sat.ia ., SauD Silpkar •• Siyal Sbajlirdap.wba

Shcn•• S~mri

furava ,, Satradhat

S&IDb611 •• ~pari •• &-mmu Tu·gar •• Tiru·nllunr Tbantan Thantapulayaa Tba.ra ••

Thoni.6DlAQ Thntl Tbori T1w&L T1yAr Tun Turi

Vllatan V&la.n .• Valluvan VanniiUI Vamava.r \' ~t .. u tt-b.IIJena.yM \"t"l&n

Velnth&diiJI&Y&l',,. v~·tal2 .. • •. V+;~ttillarao • , \' etLu~ 1111

Vit.holill •• Watal •• Ya.d.&n.n .AJ.l-.Andb~

.AcU-Dr .. vida Adi-Karna.taka TO)& G...,den C'ooli() C881:N

Oth$rs (Sudra, Va.lmilci, 1:-1 ru:nduiA. u nna.ruell. minaruui IIWipecili!ld ).

EXTERIOR CASTES.

Tot>ll numbt-1' trt.>&t«i ' Locality in wwcb trea.ted u &ll.terlor • ....

exl.efiar.

3!,255 Beong&.l.

'74 Tamilned (M~rae), 1~:!.7fJ4 Ajmer-M.,rwara, Raj putana. 66,'1'18 B..,nga.J. :l2,oo~ Bengal, Cf.latral P?ovin- (p.rt)

1.480 M...dru. 4~ Jn.mmu and Kaebmir. 71JO Ajmer-Mtmrara, Rajputana.

39,4413 Ajm·~r-ll<>rwara, Delhi, Punjt.b, United l'"ro\'inOIVl, li.aj put.na.

14,113} • l'oited Provinct~~~.

31 ~ R~>jputaua.

::12,002 Ajmur-!lienrara, Rajpatana. 9,437 Punjab, Jammu and Kaeh.mir, l.ltl4. Ajrner--Monrara, Rajpa~ 2,275 United Provino-.

813,737 l'mred Proriooee. 9.281 llib&r lldld Urian.

333 Bcnga.l. 1U43 B t>rod&.

'18,922 Bentra.l, Slk.kim. a lwrg.

493

Treated ae ~terior alto by CeWiua Supermtend.Mt of Bib.r and OriMa. Total recorded for India (wi~ Bhr, f·tl·) 630,708,

In.cluded in H&ddi.

12,573 A.olllam A. boat building oaete; dittinot

G57 4rl2

1.1118 713 207

Tamiluad (Ma.drlll!l}.

\iizo.r"~ta.m"(M&dru).

TamilJlad (MadrBil).

Ajmer-Menrata, Rajpotana. Maclrae.

41.214 Trua.noore. 7~~ TraT"a.nooro.

31.~78 l"uitf'd Provmo..

6'14 . Trav&OilO!"Uo

l,63'ci Chi11.!.1l"pu.t {M!\dru).

. '

11.4.'1.' Ajmur-M'lrw.va, Rajpotrula, BIU'Oda. 68 Dnm.bay.

M.-U 3 l!,·o.-n.l. 711,::40 B1 h_"r a.11d Utinso., Be111ga.l

4,970 u .. rntin., w~~m India. State. Agency, Bumbay.

'118 C01.hin. 21.172 Tra.vancoro. 51.1,414 - Ma.rh-ag, ('o,hin. 13,43:1

Hi6 :JU.6U3 lll,2!l:J 14,:978

9,496 4118

Xra\'ClO<'OJre.

:Uo. llo, Do. Do. D{)., Du.

40,1;!2 1llu.o.lr1~, Coohln. 5:ltJ llomb&y.. Ia J amm n And KIIBhmir.

8,4~7 Tr!l>vllolJ<'we •

e64,844 Ma.d~as . lt,6:JI),671 _f',oorg, lladr1111, My~~Vre. Trav-a.noore.

644 Madras, 1,2.~3-.512 As.!a.m. 2l8,8!l6 A9'l'l.!D., B~lud1ista.n., Bombay. Ma.drPoB,

.Baroda, Hy~abad. Travanooro, Puoj~

from" Viawabr&ohm&lll ·~.

Treated u a primitive tribe in Bihar and On- Not t:reM-­od aa depnwOO ill Dougal._

A dupl'tlf!800 tri ba.l uoi t.

'l'ut.l li0,111.5, 770

.APfi.NDlX L

TABLE B.. ~~of£.£-. hr.aen~

n..)t --ua- uf T·'W Elc..nor

uw.nor B.ndu Tuta.l --c.s.w. Pu~a. Pl:lpu!.uoa. trb(l

• .,.

titer ate.

IJDIA

~.

J50,6.21l,Ml 138,1tl.lt0 IO,If\170

171,U1,MI 17T,'m,t81 III,OIM.OOI

21

2'!

IR

u lt

It

I

l·t 1·1

1·2 L Ajmer Kuwara

!. Ancla.mant ao4 S" 100baa ......... 66o0,2l"J f3UOi

;H,t(l.3 I 7,CI(8

a.re-~1 •.~1.7ttO

~ BaluehiBWI (.DUirVU Pill .ta.illil­..,. TeJTilcJrtu)..

&63.008 tl,f~

I. BNigU

e. S.w a.ad Oriaa

7. &mb&::r

.. Bania

.. Oeat1W Pmn- -.Dd Banr

10. Cboi'J

IL~

12. lladnl

u. Sonll.-rr~ Flva&iar PrvYiDce

~~Punjab

IO,Ilf,OO"J 21,670,f01

. .. 11.m.mcs aJ,ou,nt tl,W.~ 11,1t!!l ,221

lt,W7,Wl 170,1161

1UO'I',7'23 U.,w,2l3

18!!.1."'1 1 ~007

I3&,.:U3 M,86l

tl,r.7,)11>

lf:!,t7'1

e,~,Mtl

J&. ODired Pron- of Ap.lllld o.d.k

64,740,107

2,426,078

13,.w:J.~

tB.f08.ia

7$.088.088 ·~-~ 14. ... 8~ ••

IT. &lurMI&aA Staa

18.. :s-..da Sta&e I ••

li. ~alSC&lel ••

10. Bihar Uld on.. Sc.w ••

2L Bolll.ll.t Sw.ee

2'iL O.Ulh.l I...t.a ~

21- Oentn.l Pron-S~ ..

h. G-..lior Skoio

24- BJ*...WSc.t.

k J_. .ad K.bmirSc.&e

2'1. .llallr. ewe. ApBCJ

Coc.M ,_

2'--.&tllc

OrA. If ... &Giu

28. H,..,N Bt.Me

.. .. .. .. . . •• I. .. ..

21. llor\lt-WI!H ~tie? Plorill.ee (~f-'• _, TriW ~,...).

JO. Pnjab sw. .. II. ho)ab Bc&tel Arlk!f .. J2. Raj~~, •

33. Sikti111 s~

M. OlliW l'!on.c.. Sw..,

15. Wen.ern IDdi. St.ke ~1

625.«18

f05,10U

U.U,007

t,-«18,1""

G,Q-l,'790

2,4S3,2H

1.3lS,070

li,QS,lt8

1,641,24.3

«1,'16U&I

J,ztJIIJJa

S,IJ9S,VIJ

UI,I9S

I,MT,Q

t37,781

~i12.218

11.225,712

109,808

1,206,o;o

a,999.2M

tl,te'T.lU

ll7'l,tll90

12.Ut

t,J'l,0'11

&fl,M'l

f,lM.878

J,9'l:l/~

I,M'l.,~

1,788,WI

J,271 ,ITII

1:2,176,7'27

73&,22'2

U23,UO

T86,18i

J,lJI,§88

4()1,171

8,01~.&80

13,11o41

383,8!S3

1.8117,249

u,:ns,!IO& 47,()7f"

000,724

J.2~.71J8

711.8111

II~

•• ~.(l()t

., IT It

tl,S~.M 3:.!

l.i"-m Lit

l,'l'oo,..z• 11

No nkull of -ta.

t,lllA..Ue Jl

!11"-!kll IT

7'.!.88! hi

'F.~.IIH

;5,666

J ,27",t.OII

1 I ,:t!:l,UI

n.111,'Nt

1,421

*' M,•J43

8i8,118

2,473.230

110,921

I.BM.no lU,.'JJj

1.71Q,1JI

f4,f9f

1,000,1'..!41

~2

94,347

3"2,999

l,li65,40U

2,009

208,804

3lfi.2'"JO

18

• to

28

I If

.. I

l6

• It .. tl

00

46

" H

Jf

17

' 26

21

16

.. ~

10

~·

u ., •

11

15

11

15

I

u H

I

I

If

!

(j

10

19

17

I

29

JD .u J4

14

•

".

H i

17

a

' 1·1

S·t

1·0

0·1

1·1

1·1

l·l

l·t

hS

J·l

0·1

0·6

1·1

II t

1·1

IO·S

t

1·0

1·8

0·3

0·1

t

0·1

0·1

lS !J

4·1

14·1 ,., l·t

!

0·1 ., 0·~

1·0

The following extraota are taken frolll the Provincial and StatAl~ Reports on "h.e subject of the depn:eeed ela.aee8.

T ~e treatment of the eubject by the Cell8ua Superintendent of A.Ma.m h88 already been .-11tJooed u typkal of the method adopted in all provin<:ea at tha OOD.!!UB. lie writee as foUo- _

EX'I:ERIOR CASTER. 4U6

Alsam.- Umler th•· or•1er'~ or the Census Cumrni.'l8iotlf'r !or ludia a lis~ i.)I depre~sed and bl'ld. ward dn.~s•·R hll" to hP. J•rt:pan·d fur every provinc~ in lndi~. The invidiouil taRk of preparing sueh a li:-~t for A .. rnm ba~, therdore, bPt:n laid upou me aud I am compdled, howc\'er rdn•~hmtly. t.o fi&IUIJlf! lbe fu.ndions u£ a wmlPrn Balla! B•.J.J ..•................ , "Ill•pre~,~sed" as us•·d in India in t•onnr-t~tton with nash• hn<~ r.ome to he a:-.~o.:iat,Fod particularly with persons bt·loll~ing to crrt.11.in •.·a~h·~ iD .M,.Hira.a who are unappruaclJable, "'bot-~e touch u~ces.-.itat.ea immediate purifie~ttiun and \1-ho ure not allowPd to t••a•l in the whools a.lm1g wit.h otL.•r bl'.Y"·

ThNe i~. I e Ill glad to ~y. no illl!'b d,.,.grcl' of dt>p e~sion in .\.:o~iiiUU ; an un-approaduLole ca:;~te is unknvwn l1ere and boy!! of all ca~:~t.e11 a.re £ret>ly nrl.mitt.t·u iuto all f\C!Loolfl and cuiiP;!rs. Nor a.rc thnl' any ditlic~ulti~s worth mPntioning as N'gar([s t.he drawing of watRr by all u'l:-lf('S from. publi11 ' tanks ' aud wdla.

Ilt•nce I wm1lu l~e !UB.f h to apply to any ca.:>~tc in thi~t provinctl an adjPctive which Las come to c<)lltloU> nn Pxtrt>me state of dt•graJation.. Tbt! f·xpression •• depr!>!lsed «:a.st""s" d~H however or cur frctJLWntly in t hill note in the extrncts quotRd from tht> opinionfl of wriou:-~ officers. 1'his i>~ mPI'i'ly br-tlliJ~ t lH'sc OJiiBinu~ Wl:'re tl'ceived bPfore I had decided that I would not use the tf'nn in A~'ilnH.

Thi~:! tJTlll!<llld C'<J.'tf:s .... ion "Hindu Ext·~rior Casi:A:'R" bu bc•en invP.nt('d hy me in fl.f'.cordance with tl•c pl•rrHir>·~ion ttiwn l1v the ( 'Ptllill~ ( 'orllnli~irmt·r fur India to Provincial S11perint!'nrlents to u~ 1111)' t>xpr<'s."i"n wfli,·h'th,•y con,;iclc>reJ more .suitabli;"'W locQi condition:; than the hac:kncyed t.•rm " d .. pr~'~"d ".

To rt•turn t..1 nur tlm•e di\'i~inn~ :-

(1) "l!i~~tltl f:.rl•-ri·lf' CUJ<lr~ ··.-·-This, a~ I ha.ve ('onf·~~'lf·d, ill an l.'xprt-ssinn to whirh I pl~ad guilt~·· I am by no Jllt-&111' proud of 1t ami it il:l opt•n to n.any criticisms. I have boo.nwer a:>ke(lln:my ln•li11n tt·~ttll'lu.-n tol :,:i\'c me R brot,trr flUe hut they ltave not succeeded, The exptt'."""iron, &I! it stanJ~. t'onnot~·fl c:~l\U··R wl1it.h ure Hindu ca...-,tf!s but whieh are out~:~ide :iOmething and that is rt"ully wlrnt I nrean to irnJJly.

What ai'P tlwy out~idc ! Th(' &IL~In'r iA th11.t tlH·y are outside the soeia.l pale f'f Hindu 8ncio·ty; that tlwy am" lwluw tiH• Mh "; tlntt the:-y are on the other sirle of a barrier which J•rl'\'t'lll-11 t bo·m froru movin~ 11 t'"IHtl~.

But bf•fore !;''in,!( furtlwr 1 mw1t ddine w lmt I nrear1 hy" Hindu Exterior f'~~s ".

• By tl1is cxprnlt~iun I llll'all (:tL..,tt:S J't'r·•ll[roi/oo·•l r:lcfmiu•ly as Hindu castes wbo~e water iB not ~<'t·•·ptal..lt: a11d v. !Jo, ita wld;ti .. n, are 1<0 dodlj,;.Jo•nt aa C3~le~o~ in Pducation, wealth aud influence or. for Born(' rNt~ou elll'lnt•df'ol ...,.11 h tho·ir tnulitirma!J)('011pntions, are so looked down upon tha.t there Bt-ems Ltttle l.opt~ uJ Lht•lr b··in~ allmn!d hy }!inri:J Socidy to acquire any further social privilege!! v.itl1iu-al Puy mlu---tiJl" Ju·J..t ·l~·adP.

T'.y thP u~ o( thf' v. md " P~t•·ri· lll'll~'e " I Clertain.ly do not inknd to imply Lhat ·such a ca&te can IJ<.'VE•r rai~ it.-~t•lf to a h iglwr t •• ,.,.J. On tJw crmtrary I intt'nd to imply that this can happen; &II it a• tu<>lly lut~ h~:~.r;ot·n .. tl in tJ.,. f•-t<'t, and that an PXtf'rior caste m(ly in the course of time pc•9sihly ko'(ollit' v.h:tt I n<~ly<allan '' im.,nor ''one.

Jt is i•npo.-..irl•lc·to J.,y t.lnwu Rtt.v !'implc t.·~t to dutinJEIIiRh mNnLers of the llindu exterior l':'Uil•·s in A:wtnl fr••lll otlwrs. · Tne mllin k:;t to ,[ji'.t<ingui!ih "cl"'a.n ., r.a.'!tl:-8 from "undeau" rMt<'l:l Hi \':h.-tl~t•r tl1e wRtt•r of the l''ti'lt~ i.'! act·t•pt~'ol by nwntlJer!l of the uppt~r ca11tes. A cae;te whUP.e wat"r i~:~IH't'I'JJ!o.lAe i11 ~n,nvn In t!w ~tJrr1u1 \'alley :-tl! "jttl<:h(d" and a ea!!te wlm~e water ill nut lltJ:Pptf'd may Le c·onvo.·rJhttly rldiued II.S "jal-<Jcltul". In A.~:mm the words" pani chal.e" a:nJ "}'ani t1fl t·llr:.lt! '' ttro~ in ''"h'~'t', But. WC' c.nmot apply thi._ s~mple tl'st alone in order to find out wh.ic.:h {'tU>1.t ... are P.\t•:rior an1l \\ h;, han~ not. It is trm' th:\t all t).Xtt'rior castes are jal-u.cht1l but .it iB not Jrue that nil ;jo~J.udud c:c.;h·:> ar~ p-.;:t~·rior. For example in the SyliH.•t district the f\Laha<~ arc fedmirally ~;~ jul-a-Jc;l r;,t-l<' h11t, t ~;t•y u1·~ a v .. ry Wt'a.lthy aud influ<'nti.~l community 1l.!t'l un> l rt'at.-,l wit-h enn. ... i,t.<ra 11le rP<:JJi'('t in ~orlt•t~· nutl by a peculiar social convention are }"-'11nith·d lo pul'l hnse thrir Lrido•fi fn:.m the highe>r ca:'tP~.

Th(' Sltahas u.rc in fad a g\IUI.i !'XIl'IIJ•l~· oJI\ caste wui;:h though t('dmically unclean i.lave Ly tl1o>i.r own effort-. ui~cu tUf'IIISL•h ''6 t.o u po-;ition in which tl1e upper clttsBPB simply cannot aft oru to i!!nor..: t hcru.

llttlve not tlwrdore c1a&;((} the ~hahas tt~ an" Ext~rior Ca"to''. On~ ()f my friendly <'titics~ B<~hu K. C'.lJutt.a., Est.ru A~i.'>tant CoHwlissiont>r, ba~ t.akt'D up t.his point.

!t12iCC

''Yon ,]o not dH . .w ., he writ•'" "tht> Shaltas as an e:ortrrior caste simply because of their t:ducat.ion a•1J th~ weahh and intlut~W'"' t.hry commnntl. Yet tht~_y ate not jal-chal, th£< y 1L1'~> !Jut allo,.·cd entmnco irtto the Tlm/.. u.r,llhar of thl' cleanrr cap,tes and the d\!1<~\.Ji)ity lJol ll<J(:. !ihly to l~ 1\•laXeil in thP llc:\."t .Jt•cade. ! do llOt COncede. for 3

monwnL t.lwt. f he disabil.itil'.s that lmr t ht~ Sh1~h~ are any more pnmounccd m th., CH.t!e of the lc.;s iuflu~mtial and 'Uu'·ultnn•d ra.'Jt.(•!>. TheRe e:\"tt>rior castes are suffer­in!!: from want of edumt·ion, v. (·a It h, culturt:, in fact., all that cnnh·ibut.etl to social int!ucnce. At1 soon W:l tbq lmvl~ aehicveoi tlofll:le, their por;ition will be akin to that (If the Shahns--rwitli<'r l'bm nor dPpresscd. "

APPI'l~ 111 X [.

Thl" Shi\~3.1 Al'l.', nf t'lllrtlt', ~'(t••rio\r to ~hf' ('J;to·~t that thry r~.n OQ t\~_, oth .. r_!liue _of t.h ... gr-ea, line w-b.,•h di •·i,l·~ Hind11 ~,)..-<('ty--t h~· )'u...-1.:~ hn,.,:-bu~ thou~h t-hu1 lme I& etdl of g~t • . ..... otb •r tht· •. , ... ru··_... be l!lk•·nmkl C'IIWLI•Iotmhvn. lDlt-or an• ,~ • ·.-~ """'

lf. '-'r PXampl~. thl" Patni~ an•l ~an~.M-•IIltNI. '-'"••tlJ ~h"l.f' (lfl the tr~td.ition wilirb L'Wlf'ia.t~ tbrm wi1h Ot"4.'ll(•dio.)ll& l'l'~l'l.h'"'' a.~ lmll' (m•w of tlwm .""' lLOW l"Uhi\'Klor.t ~~~~t tr31titiou AS!IOI.'i:II<"S 1 llt>m with 6:thinjland b.>tlt -pl~·~n~) an<INuiJ At'<l n1r.>, u a ra.,tfll, a rq•uli~l&on for Wt'Mlt h an,i culture they 1muM.I &.lmit. lot> in 11turh tlu· same l~"ititm &~ thf' ~h.du.a &l'f' t•Hby.

T.lla pru••'•'SIS .011. hoWt"Vf'r, '-akt> tn.•~~ ~··n~ut iot\l't &tlJ m the runan: i~e t~ry 11.re, .in my opinion, clf"~rl~· eufl,•riup; frorn ,r.>'lt .. •r dto~oahilaf~ ~h~n th(' ShM.ha.'l, th" d&ll&hlhiiMt hetag the y-pry abecn•·" of tbtllle fat"tors 1rhid1 hllY"' ru ldl:' •h~ ~hah•1 a 1'\~l'''''t~ C&!ltr..

Tbua while t.ht> j.,J...-Ja.Jlline is a utt~:fullin .. of di vi~inn ho-t WNn t.l...•' U}'po·r ~tvl the low~r oaato1 it &a n.lt of mut·h u~~e as a tt"'t for ll.-tennining the ·· ~:-''~·rinr c, .... ,tll!l... Nur d•~t\8 thA t.Nt of &emplt: t:ntry afford us much a&~istanet>.

G<:'tl>'r:~lly !lpt'akin~ io. thf' Suma ,. a ll··y an """''"''"" ..... lli··h &:--.:> •• Ill •J ·h! .• are ll•Jt allowt>d into the actual Th.JJ:!U'}T.tu of tt•mplt-a in v.·hi,·h the hi~hf"r m'\t•'~!l wor..;brp ~r1rJ ar~ not allowed til as;U.¢ jn the cel'l..'moui~ by brmgitqt tulsi an•! fttl\1"rt'! with wluch tD dl"'lnr.,t~ the idol. la!-6l'l.4l ~ Arf' bowewr allt,wt'd •• d.lhhan" and are p..•ruiu.,,J too come llltol th6 r•,m("''•Lnd of the &emple... ln. thf' A~m Valley 91bf'41' the'' .\'(Jtrtglwu" ~··nnalty t-"k•-A th .. l'Lll.'.t' of tb!'l t(lmple the S;WlP principlt> h•>lJs good hut a Ji.,tinrtion i5 m~,lt.> b.c·h·,..·n Ji 1I·~r-.·11t rh.-·.s of j.,!-oc.Jaal C&3t.f'll. ~aJiyals an l Bsnia.s for f'::t.;.o.~npl"" are not allowed al al1 iuro thf" Nam.qftar• of hi~htor eastt'S ~~rh!'nu& Katonis a.nd Sut.t an> alluwNI in t10rnc di!!tri..r.,. t•1 t-n,t•r the rllrt not rPgaN.ed as particularly ho]~~. i.t'., they &re not a.llowe.J to ll!'nt.-r tht> Jl.-nnH111l.

The .-hoi~ mattt-r bt-ing. th•ltdol't', 11-0 in•!··tRnniMtc ],.., •. , it m 1V 1.~ a~k·~~I, r4Tl I P'~iib!y venture to aay, with any d~ of cer1 ,Linty, what c-a..-.t•'"'l .,.... ~.\tt•ri11r. Th1• Ollly f"MStble ru~>thod wa.s 10 find out by local enquiry in t>&cb di.o~.trit.-t tht> g .. n~~t.d ...... i~41 po...,,tio11 of .. 11 c.s~t.-w "Ahi•·h migh~ bt- thought to cornf" unJ.-r the definition of "exh·rtor eA•t••, ·•. ThU. j,. tho m•~tLnd I adopted ............................................... .

C.a&e in the Assam r allt'y iB not. &S et~wla•·ll", chit'1y • (lltLctil)fWI ui ... i.:.iun ; it iA l'l'.lllly a nciAl div\£1ion and fWlctional ~~ &Nt 'r'~'T"J f..-w •

• ProLahly for tMt ~llJ!On Hirulllism in that \'alley is tol.•raut t(\wftr•I. tL~ tri~l «lQmtnun.itiea

whi.;:h have not yet heen completely almorW into it.s o~ru~m. ft mu~ 1 iu (,,d 1 ~ er:t~meJy difficult for an AJiiame~ Hin•lu to dl'6pise at h,..ut a man ,.h{JM(' Hi1,d 11i,.m i1 O(•'D til (',On"lid~r­able doubt but .-'bo f'Onsid~l'$ th&t be is j111>--t M gooJ a man 88 ony KlJ'I_·tJ ur K.alita. Ia fad perrpltt like the Deori.s oom1J*'r that they llr@ llJU..:h b.-twr and d•la·, c.,~ wbo knowa it. Nobody can be depres.~ who bite you with a big ~~t.kk i( you utt.·mr•t &->show y·~lf cor11A>mpt for him.

As a :result the only ca.<U..>s in the A.."-iJ:UD "'"llq .. hieh <'au l>t' , ... r:d e (tflnflr ar<i c.~o~~-tt-a which are either traditionally a&IOCiated with !IOIIHl d·~~hng or.·cur• .. ti•J'l (~uch u ~I!Jng fi~h) or wh~ trailitiona.l origin is 8.1180Cbited with a har ai11i..st.er. Al>out sorn~ f"&'>t4'fl it'l t.ht!$ vulJ~y theN i.a. hO'Ifever, no po..-iLle doubt.. Let o.5 deal with th•·.lkl firn.

There ia, I oon.-.I,l{'r, no doubt that in the A:t.'W\111 V o1Il~y the ('&'>1-e wbic.:h 1..t thi~ ceu~tua !Jill'!

adop~ the name of B~nia aud which at. l)rt>viom CNISWil ~ WIJS s!} let! Brit t.i.J· nau.ia i• 60

extenor CMt~. Some of the leAiting ruen of this comm•uuty l .. ~v(" io fa . .-t iuf•mu•d me that their po<l.it•on in 110eiety is hope\~ an.d have a. .. k~ to~ r:LiA<to'd llJI a d··pn·.,~··d r·:l."ll.t!.

ThJU; this ct.8U!I i!l an e~rior ~~~ is al,o the waanim"tUl O[ainivn of all rw.1Jun...ihle ollir:~ra whom 1 have oowmlted.

Nor ill there any doubt ahout the larg<! <:laill whi~h I....J~t noR ath1ptc j tbP. co.<~w name of Kaibartt&---6nd v.hich YI'M pre•iously kl.iOWn ail Na.tl.iyal; nor about th13 ChariLIH £J! r~wer Assam ~h.o now call tbems.>lves Xamasudra.s with their oflohoot t1u: Uim.,. 'IIu. gcm~rJ.l O(,inlon · al:.out all th~ ca.stl1s i.& UllllnimoU8.

ThuA the C('I:&ISUS Officer, Dhubri1 ~pc:~rta :-

" Na111M1ldra.K or :S~diyala or Jaluas o~ Omral<i or K.aihart.l-u.5 or Dorn:t 11.t!l MU.iidcrHtl untot:··hJ.hle Ly ~ HiudllS wb? neither arlmit them into t-heir pbc.c& of worehip

• OQr take water touched by tbem •:

and the Cetu;us Officer, J orh'\t :-

" Among tLe imlig•mou• A.s~mese ca&es th" following are clcprc::saed :­

(1) KaibartJas or N adiya.IB or Doirul.

(:!) Britti.al-Ban.iaa.

(3' HiraJI or Charals (found in Lower A..ssam ou)v) ••.

EXTERIOR CASTES. 497

From Darrang oomea further evide~ce :--

.. TbR.t l>onlA, Na.liyals, Nu.ma!ludras, Cha.rals, Hira.a and Brittial-Ba.ni88 are depre88ed, ifl admitt.f'd by the nwmbers of the community themselves who were con.s,dt~>d," writes the C-ens\18 Officer,

• ln fn.ct in rwt•ry clistrict of the As11am Valley the opinion ie unanimous tha.t the Brittia.\-

Bftni~ anci t.he Ka.ih'll'f;t.~ (wbicb name D1ay be taken to include Charals, Nadiya.la, Hiru and all the otht~r tll\ffi!'lll whicb. froru time to time have bP~U applied to various br~~onches ol this family) sre the mOf!t exterior cru~tes ill the whole of the Assam Valley.

Theile ra..-.t~~s ru-e I!(X:i~lly" outside the pale" and though the Brittial-Banias have worked hard to irupfCive tlwir p1~t.ion and hove a coll.BiJerable numb~r of educated men amongst them they appur to be lUI fur off as ever from any 80rt of social rel.!ognition.

Anr·ient cW<tQm and pmcrke havfl ordwn~d that members of these castes are to be treated u practically nntmwhablt~. It is tn1e that the former nece!!Sit-y of taking a bath il touched by a mewber of OtJP of th~ e&~tt-s haA fa.llen into disuse bnt a Brahrna.,n offi••er of about 30 years of age hi1.8 i11formed mi" that wb1'0. he Wllo8 a small boy he had to take a bath if, by accident, he was touched by oue dl the bated Dom11. _

AboYe thP.~e cast{'Al~ame others 11·hose position seemed to me for a long tirne to be extremely doubtfuL T.ht·y are the Naths or Jngis (known in Upper Assam lUI Katonis) and the Suts who are abo rommonly c.alll'd Borim1.

A cardul sntdy of the pol'ition of these c.all'tes has however convinced me that I would be wrong to da-;l! them a11 e::derior .... , .••••.• The truth about the Naths and the Suts appears to h.,. tLilt I hey are exterior •'a 'Itt'S who have mane COD!!idera!J]e efforts to raise themselves socially and that their _.fYortB uro lwbrinrung to bPar fruit. There is a bar agairu~t them but they are l:wo~~;inning to bl't'ak throu~h it : th"Y are really " supt-rior exterior castes" who are moving upwa.rd11. 'l'hcte is. in fad. hope for them. As one A!id&mese officer hi1.8 briefly expressed it :-

•• .AU Alllllim""RP luw cat~t~s have a rhanoe of rising in the social scale except the Doms and Haria wh'W' C&l't'! is ho pelesa."

The Sut8 and Nath• do not th~m~~elvru desire to be classed 68 depres:red or exterior and in fact st.ton!:tiY ol!jt'f·t to it. ........••.....

''The EJ·~···,tinn D~pt>rhuent in 1915 provid(,>d three genera.l dining halls and four separate rooms and the un1lt<tritanJing hu always bt!en tha thll upper caste boy~ are to din" iu the lo(fll.ll'ral diuing halls and the depressed or backward class boya are to use t ln• above fuur room~ .•.. , . • . . . . . . . For the last two yeam, there baa been a wry stccon~ movemf.'nt for a.IDJittin~ tl.tese remaining 'backward' caste bofB into tile ~n•:ralllin.ir~ hall-therf! ia an overwhelming majority in their favour, only & small ruinority of a Lout five or six ~ttill bl'ing in the opposition.'"

Prnft'H-''Ior &·n Gupta ha-t enhSI"qlieutly infonued m-6 that the movement referred to in the last pamgraph uf hits nut.e n"!lult....J in Augu~t l!JJ 1 in the abolition of the remaining restriction and tllllt-u a t•·nt.at.ive ru~Hhare-pt~rr~tUl.-tion wa.a given to the 1:1tud~nta who had formerly dined ill the fuur room11 set. a part to dine in the ge,neral dining hall. The ProfCBBOr th.inb it probable that the conci'AAioo will continuA,

TLis last pi~~ of information, I con!~. surprised me. U the conee&:~ion is allowed to conti11ne it will re.ftnct ~rMt. Cl'f'tlit on the libl.lrul e1-irit of ProfCMOr Sen Gupta's mess and may, in time, l1av~ 1\ Llr-t"C'O..'hl!•g f'flt·nt on !W<}ial custom in the Assam Valley. It does not, however, ~ballb'6 my os•u.iun tL11.~ thl:) K.a.iLarttus and llauias are definitely .. exterinr caates '",

On tht'l wb,le I lc~w f~~.irly confid~>nt that my classification of exterior C&Bt~ in the Assam Valley ia ca.m"{:t,, ............ "',, ••• .........

I only v.-i~h I Iult Qd oonfidPut ahout t.he exterior castes in the Surma Vdlley.

. Con<litioru;. iu. 1 h .. t V'l.llt·y am wry difft·rent Irorn tho11e in the Assam Valley. Sylhe~ is littl{llil'lticully a.nd et.hnolQj!'t('Rlly connected .... ·ith Bt•ngal and tho incluaion of thia large district in .• htmm Wl\8 orihrinally ffi(',rt:ly ~ m~M11l'' of admini5trative convenience.

f.ylltet and CaLhar (whit"h is la.rgt<ly pnpulnted by JleOple of Sylhetti origin) sre therefore 411->~Rutilllly Ben~ali iu tbPir culturl;\. Hence thP.re arc many more functional castes than in the Assam Val1ey whert", a-s I hBve alroal'ly explained, C&Bte l.Siargely rauial. Moreover, the preseuce of a large uppt::r vu.:;te zo.mindar l'la~:~~~ in Sylhet-the arbitrntore of social usage-has not tended to ~noourHge aay relax.Jtion in the treatment of Lhe lower orders of society ...•.•...••• 'l'a.ke for cxa.mplt> the eli!le o! 11.1\1. A. of tha Syfhet Mali caste occupying a good Government poat. Many responRible Huu.lu officer11 have informed me definiwly that if euoh a person c.ame alone to see them in their }J&ternal hom("s a chair would not be offored to the guest. A jQl-~uki (small w'oodt'n stool) n~ight be offered. Ji~ven MuslimB treat these 'low castes in the same way. A Muslim Sub-divisional Offictlr ttllls me that if a Dlmbi friend of his occupying a. good position In Oovernmont service were to come to his homte to aee him •• I would not offer him a chair. I would 11imply say " sit down •• e.nd the Dhubi would not take a chau-:• ll2200

498 . AI' PEN Dl:t I.

Su.n'ly if the urJ""r C"~te Hindue "·i,.hoo t<l b~l~ th~ lo'"'r ea .. t.('-11 t.h"' l•·ast. they mi~bt do it to tl'\'&t the f>du<'ateJ. men IUUJ.)Dg the l~..,...-~.."' Ci'."t~ v.·1t.h the Mmt~~ cou.rt"'IJ' as they would extend to an tducatll'd Muslim.

The ft)Uo91ing opiu.i~..m of a rrl'pon...,jhlf' llindu G<wl"rom~nt offl('('r is o{ iut('~t: u Some lo" rat~k' men by their .. 4b..u .... ~itvo ~itude "-1~ the bl.'arf!l of the upper t'-ll"t(• mt>n &tld f!l~t partial admis.·•.ion into I!IOCiety. Othf'ra claam as of nght and ~·· rdu"""i. A lut dl"pt,mla on the rna.n JUn,,.,.lf. If ht' claims too mul'h h• IZ\'ta ha.Jly snuhW. In plaCN w b~reo orthutluxy iA stroul!!: b~t "ill not, in any ca..•, gt•t fair treatwP~t. ln the tov.·WI ~N".a~ m:'n.t 111 rnure hb.-ru.l tuan in tha r~ In the vilkg~ orthodoxy aull prevaila: U a 1 at1u 1ft t~ft tt>.nant nf •. Z..tni 11dar he will ne'\"l"r ~t fair 1, .. :lo!.'W t'N'atm('ot howe\'6 h~hly edu~·ated hP 111: Ortl•oovxy 1a 11tron~,''Mt amoo~t the Z..mindars. But if the low l'.&Bte man 1ft an eJt'II.'UlJVIl oBacer t~ucb u a ~ub-l)Pputy CoU<'<'tor o.r an Extra _-\.s,;i~t.ant CouLmis .. ,.ion.-r he llroulJ. be giv('a betwr tl"('~tru~nt than a nolH!.::tecutin offirer, ,.g., than a J>.t.puty Jns~'('tor o£ Schou!:~". Tb"' aho\"e remarka refer, of 00~. only ta f'rivat~ SO<'.ia] intt>roollr!l('. Ou aU tocialand 1mblu.' Ol'(~inm the t>durat~ Mali or Patw ia simply nowht're. He has 1Lf h~ ~·e to t b~ r-eremony) t~ ~ital•m~ wit.h hia othsr caat('-men outside the ho\18t" on the milt provtded for theu rast4!1, wh1l(' tht.· ~her e&."~t.>!l ..it i~de the house. ,..

Add the following fact. :-

(1) llcwboot'l!' of e&.-'teelike :ll.ali, P:ltni, )[u~hi. ct.c., are, not sllow.-<1 ~ t'UIRr into the templt'8 !'ll't up by the higher ca.et("t! ;

{~) Tht> upper ('&!tl"8 will not t.&ke wat,..r or foc.od touch~ loy th(·m : au• I onA bo->~tins to real.i..u the dreadfu.l Sf'll.~ of mi~k"li inferiont .'~ and hatl"t'<J wLida au etlucated member of one of tbt"~ cxrenor ca .. t~ mn~t ft't'l iu1u118t e&. ... 'IJ to"Aar.lB the higher easte&.

The ertaior l"&St<"8 thf>m.<~t>l\'t'S art!, howt>Vt'r, J!Hilty of Aimilnr ti'P•'l,f'flt to e.wb ot ber and an exterior c&Ste "'hich considen1 itself to be eon a Lil!hcr "'"': ia]J,\·d t!u, n a uul h .. r rxt•lnor C&::lte ad(\ptAJ exactly the Mme attitude u the hif!IJ"'r ChSleH do tn.~:lri.LI tl.e ,•:,h~ri•Jr Mitefl, A ca.se whKh l'f'('filtly hap~noo in Sunamganj IU•::ttrat4'11 thiR f>'•int. Th.- lut·a' f··rryrnan there (a Patni by c&..i1;(>) was ri"'OJe('utOO for J't•fru;ing to row • ~I U(' 1.i al'l'Oitl\ tl.e riv··r. HL.. d~fenr-e 'tml

that, acrording U:J social custom, a P&tw eould not rvw for a :Uudll 811-i th11t it hM alwR)"S ht>en the practice, if a Muchi wanted to ctOM t.he river, for tho parJ,Jlt. to l,... ~i \'t·r.. to him A<> that he could row h.imae-lf acrosa.

After cartful ooru.iJt:>ration and aD.M.!.ysia of the l'\i•ieu.o.~ I LA\'P r•):t.~·'~ ,J, l Lave come t-o the eonclu&on that the following are t·he tnl!in C&Stell in tbot" Surma \'all, v "A"b~-1~ t>brJUlJ be c~ aa exterior .. Thl'y are arranged in alp~bt:ticaJ order :- •

1. Dhupi or Dhobi. 6. }iaharn.

2. Dugl.a or Dholi. 7. lhli (Bhuiwua.l:),

3. Jhalo and llalo. 8. :\' a.w;uu.lr.~o.

4. Yogi (Jugi) (Sa.th). 9. Patni.

5. Ka.ibartta (Ja.lliya). 10. Sut.ra.dLu.

There iB general consensUB of e\·idt:nce that th;ose C&d~ are e.-<if'r;or t Lrvut!l,oFIL ibc Surma Valley though the position o( &Orne of them ~IWI t.o be wucb more hol":ful in Ca.o·bar than it ia m Sylhet. I baNe no douhr tha.t thia iB due largely to the aL.;c~ uf " Z..rui•!Jan duM in ('a.char which ia a temporarily-settlfod district •.•••••. , ••. lluave lof'~U tflld bv ~><..ver.il u.fik.rrs that the Mal.aras are a jal-d&al C&ttT.e and that people of tW. C&H~ were Lnndo ' d .. .an ' hy ~o<•ml' ancient P.aja of Syihet-the idea being that. the MaLafhS u..ed tQ f'litry tl1e l!aj"''" l"~111n•~WD Knd, u Raja .want~ !-0 smoke in it, he had to have &8 paLI.nqu.in-be&r~N P•-Oj)h• who c~tUhl nt~u·i to W. IIID.OkiD.g requuemenl:6. On_ the oth~r hand 110m~ olii~l'8 ronq•lt'tdy d,ny t h~ Btory and say ~hat tb.e Maha.raa a.re not a jal-clwL C1~ .••. the :Uaharas are priJa:ipuliy to be fouml ID South Sylhet. The Sub-diviaional Offioor (a Mu&!.im) reported ...., follows :-

"I have made. dose and caro:fu.l enquiri(:(j and t-her•· is 1\ gr·twrul <:(Jh~lll!Uij nf or.inion that the llaharaa are not Jal-ckal anr:l ore a deprr~d elaJU.~. The story t.J.!it f:.aju Subid

• Narayan made them j,.J-chal for smoking re•Juirewcnb ouly, 5eCLL8 to he true. lf the Mo1.1.a.ra& ar<: u.t all jal-cJ,al, th•'Y are jaichal only m the se~Jlj.,! that. a. mnn of lligher caste can smoke a hulca fillr~d with water by a. ~Iuhara, l'bt::ru ia not " sil~le graduate a.moug the MahM'Ile in this suLdi\·mion and not evf'n a. l!;ugle ma.trkula~ can Le found. • The Veputy lru~pecwr of SchooL~ ~jJOrtll that the only educated ~~abaru h(! bas met in the whole subdivision ar•: thrctJ }J~'I'Sons work.iug aa \ ernacukr t(:a(;}.P.III in Primary and Midrlle Engli.bh :::klwol8. So the Mah1U11.11 are dP.pr~..J botu lliO('ially and educationally ......••• , ••••••

EXTERIOR CASTES 499

One ge~tlemnn from Karir~1ganj-himp,elf & .Nath-hii.S, intleed, no bf'sitation in including his cowmuntf.y among the extPrJOr castf'.s. He \\'l'Jt<'B os follows:-

"So fur ns my knowlcd~e P:•••11, amrtn~o~:st; the IIintlua i11habitin.g this sub-division the· Patuis •• Jogis (N'at.hs), N:1.ms.sudras, M1Jis, Dhullis and Du!!:las are to be properly indu1lcd in t.he list of dl,prt'l'-'lietl d~:ws, The reasons o( dqm·~ion regarding each of t.lH~~e comnJunitics ore almo11t t.he 11ame, namdy :-

(1) The memh~n o( these communiti;c~s are not allowed hy the so called high ca..~te Hindus, to enter the temple ; even their shadow df'filea the image in the tPmple.

(2) The higb cla.'l.'l Hind~a never take any food anrl water touched orshadowed ' by the.'IO people.

(3) Ur.~llffiins of ca.;te Hindus never agrne to olficiate as priesti in ceremonies pprforrued by th('se people even if they requeRt them.

(1) Some of tbe.'l" communitil'a are not. altowefl. to have the sll.me barber who works amongst t.he high cla11 Hinius til work fo-r them.

Iu coudusion I b.-.p: to say t.hat thf•.'4& a-re hut few a.mong)lt the m.~ny di•wlvant.sges from whirh tbi'Me people Slltll'r,"

Pre-vinu~ cemn1.:~ rt'pllrt.:l :~how tlJ,'\t for the l~•~t forty years the ~atbs have been endeavouring to raise th•·ir ~>or~~~ po..itiott by giviug up widow re-marriage a.nd refusing food prepared by other ca..'lt(~~. Iu 11l'it.e, howevr.r, of th••,e eflorts the Sath community of the Surm3 Valley is still very nmeh loHk~d dnwu upon and I mu~t. I ('onsi(ler, class tht•m as an" exterior caste".

This da..oc.'11ti•·athm may IIN'm p••cnliar inasmt1ch as I have nnt classed the Naths (Katouis} of the Assam \"allry as ext~>rior. How fnr the A'Wl.ta Xaths are connected with the Sylhet N11th"' 1M a matu~r iuto whieh I int!!ll!l to r>nrp1ire further but I doubt whethr:'r there is any very d%c cvnD~'<'twn. I 11 1~uy o.:~\Re a l:lllilll·i\·nt t>xpl11nnt ion of thi11 difference in treatment would Mpf".'<H to be that. Jlin,luh·m in Ryllu't ill not !!O tolerant as it is in the Assam V a.lley. Ev~n in the MurlltidtBIItl ( 'oll<'~f' ti't-~t·· r•~t.ri<·tiouct ~<o;o~·m toLl' murh more closely observed than in the Cotton Colh·)!!'. [ han· n-cdn-.~ a not.e un the system of ml'~ing in that college and it a.ppeara tliat l'\'Cll tl•·~ Sul11~s ure nut al!t•Wl'U to t.nkc their lllt•als in the glc'neral dining hall reserved for the uprwr ca.~te ~.~tudt.·nt.>. [n fa{·!; Hw j,J.(']u.d Jjue is Ht.rictl,'{ ohservcd there-at least nominally­awl the studt•Jlt.l w hu dn nnt lwlung L•l t.he up1~er ca."ltl'll h:we tht•ir meals served to them •• either in th<·ir own roouh> or ill tho.;c tw~ npait in the main bl()('k or in two out-houses provided for the purpose "_ .

Of the Chuhr~s tiP l'··IIMilS S lt~t•rintenrl •. •nt of Ba!uchish1n writtlS :- .

Baluchistan.-" Thfl l'huhrn-4 ce!l~>ut>ed iu B<lluchiota.Q have returned theru.selvca a.a bclongu11( to tLe rt·lt)!iuu~ groul)S n~nw~l bt:low :-

Column 4 of St•h~'~lule, i.e .• J~clifion.

Uiu.ln R1hniLi

Hirtclu L!.il ll··~i

~lumlm.-n L:~l fh•zi

~}u,;.tdqL<lO Bal...-,hai :::iik h .llololllm!Ji t:huhra

•,•

Column 8 of ScheduiP i.~ .• Caste or Tribe.

Chuhrn. Chuhra.

Chuhra. Chuhra. Chuhra. C'huhra.

AltLough thrlle pt t"'OWI without PACt>pt.iun I\T6 not allowed to w·ink !rom wells. belonging to tPa'\1 11 indus, :'Ua'<l.imo, M S~J..hs an,J are not pt·rmit.ted to enter their phLces of -won,~hip, I includa them in tl1e fil.'un·;; fur thf' Vl\tiom! rdiJl,itona tu ·which t.hpy rlaim to belong giving scpH.rately the DUIJl Ul'rl (.\la]t''l a.w.l FeuuL)(''~) of th{'~e untouchablE>~ in a footnote in f'aelt case.,.

Madras.- 1'11!> fo11owing <'xtmt.:i~ ar~ takt>n from tLe Census Report for Maclras \\'herf the Crn&uB Superinttntlt·nt gives li-'1 the total number of ch•pressed dtlsses 7,300,000 in round fi~'llres, or l!'J6 P"r t~l'nt. of the J'11pulatiou of tlu-1t provinee. He goes on•:- •

"'F(lr "Pt4liU!.UI already gil·f 1.1 this figure c1mnot be taken as an absolute tale of those to whom thP peculi1u disabilitit-s 11UnH1cd up in the broad term' dt>pressed' attach. 1'here are many ('h ristian con' ''rt .->on w h nm J~~ ... l.ili l i.;s !Jffi:IB Do t1 hit light.-:r tLau in the unt.ouchable commllll.ities they u•1 ned 1->eforP. TLI:ll>~.! are nut im:lu(kd, for personal aud local and sectarian variations en~r tQO larg··ly for rl'U~11S allocation tn be }JOSsible. There are other bodies the difficulties of 'whose lift" It te hardly l(•tlf:l HHt..n those of nny Adi-Dravida but to whom t.he technical stigma of untouchability drt;s not apj1ly. 8uch do not figure in the census list. The census total therefore can fairly be tt·rm~o only 1\.n approximation. It U. however a good approximation and, as an inrlieation of the grlll~ral dimclliliOlll:l of untouchability and through it of the dPprPB!it•d claH~t>s problf•m, is alJtmlutely reliuble. Whether its approximation is above or below wonld depenll on tho ]JOint fromwhieh appnoached. Ifthis viewedprima.rily theexistenceof heavy social ili~;abilities, tho figure 7,300,~0 is a miuimum, if it coru;iders strict pemonal polluting power it is u. ma>..iruuru. The genrral JimeDBions of seven millions are beyond contest. M22CC •

500 APPEXDIX I.

The i,300,000 f4,"'llrt'!11 and tbe disc.tlssions abo_ve rofrt of cO\~~ only to JH'l'llnllli t'ntlmE'r~ted within the f'tO\-ince OD N-nS\19 n4;:ht.. . . . . .ol third of the Pllll!!f!lnt.s be-long to the dt'tpr&'ISed cla!'l."k"8 and ront't'<:ptt>nth·. '1\"t"re the natural r<'rul .. tion t.o bto o.,Mid,•r<'d, .,j~] tt ruiUioru~ \\ ould have ~ be taken u the rnnnd ~re for thPm illllt.ead of !It"\ -en. • . . . . . . • .

Onlv one of the comn:mnitiee ri'prtW'nt..'li showa an in('rt'l\.~ at n.U nwr th(\ di'Cade an(l for the Chakkili>8ns the e&Sh' r~ord seems full and.., aC"Curate M any !'NMll:\ fi.£'llrt'll of caste Mn he e.rpt'('tOO t.o be. Ap~rtntly the Ch11kkiliyan is still I."Ontot>nt wir_b th(' o)J rtame of his community IJld is prarticslly frt't' from th~~ot St't'ktng afkr new wuu<-s whic-h hu afllwt.·~ the d*'prt>W'd as a whole. His I.:llow )t"'ather ~llfker of the north has not f'!IC'&llt'd the C'(\lllajl•0n for :M~,Jij{aa have diminllibed appArent.!~ 16 ('f'l' ~nt. Morl.' pronoum'l'-d dPdille howe¥"l•r ~ app1uent in ti'Wir ht>reditary t-aPn'lit>S, the ){alas. who ha\·e aht'd & mtllion, 'l'lhile in the !'nnth the P1Ha1~·a.ns hav~ dNpped 11 millio:JB a.nd the Totis ban' pra.cti.~ally JisariWar•"<.L ..... thn f~gllit'!i r••tnrned for the .-Lli fawilv ..•. _ .sufficil'ntly a('('ount for the t~oboYe pheuom«>na. The .\mthra !k>~·tioo (the name !It'*~ t.o ha,·e t.\ken on DlO!<t in E.:.\St Ood&\'ILri). now two-th.ird!l million 11trong, ha j no returna in 1921 while that ,Y't'&f coulJ yil"lJ only 50,000 AJi-Dravi,}.~i &."! Ao~a.in~~ ~~~ l 's l,tH!l,OOl, tbirty·t~o tima~ great.er. The drift from the old narut>S i.s DE'~nty a.s markffi on theW t':dt Co.lflt. Holeyu wei'(" 9Z,OI') in 19~1, 50,000 ten years later. Tbf'y were 1:1.),0(~) in ld9l an•i have declined steadily. The fe~ hundred .oldi·Karna.takas do not com*' bP~ hri·~gin~ the gap and are in any case a. BellllolJ and Coiwbat.ore, nl)~ a. Ka.Mra pro.lurtion.

It rnay be th3ot tht' emergence of23,0l10 Pula. yaM, a oommunity not n-•:or le.l from Yalalll\t in tg:!l, accounts for some of the ru.i.ssing Holeyas. Tbe word.s &rt' i,f,.hli,·«l, '"ith n.t~>rely the cba.racteristic substitution of • 'Kanart.'fte' h 'for a Tamil or other • p' a11rl it ia ditJkult to see how Pul&VBM could have vanished in 19:!1 wht>n tht>y &re a weU-Iwowu leaturl' of the rt>gion, On the other hand 98 ~r ex>nt. of the Holeyu of 1921 rt>turn•-d lan~aa.g'('S ot ht·r than Ma.layalam, which goes against the Pulayao theory. The prt'Sf.lm·e d 16,1'100 .-\d.J llra\idas in South Kanara e].,.rly ~unts for part of the 40,000 and it is int.-r~ting t~u~.t hia t<'rw alwuld be preferred to Adi-Karn.ataka. The preference is understandable wbl'n it ia rt'memhtorf>(l thnt the Holeyu are etBentially • Tulu, not a Ka.n&rese, community and th.&t while A•li-I •ravi·la does mean 110mething i5 ia extremely doubtful whether Adi-K&rnat..:Joka or for tlut.t n~t~N, Adi Andhra. has any even theoretical justification at all.

Even the Oriya depressed are not immune from the Jr.; n••n.l d~tino<. f•)r Ba vu ri~ and Ha•ldis show a mark!)). decline in numbers. Gha.im, Chacbati&, K01lalus, llcJari.!l arlo! H1lrikis now appear in the records howeve-r in numben oonsid~>ra.hly gn-~:~.ter than the <.HrnitJut.ivn in Ba.\'Utis and Ha.ddi.s and th<'ir emergent"e is the e.:o::planation of the oth..,n~' ,J,.._.line. Other Jepro.-wJed cla.ssee of the Oriya ft'gion all 6how an increase, DanJa-ll, ReUi, Pui.li, I'M'!o, l"fJu.lbo. eM., and the quest for t-uphemisrru~ baa nl)f; Mriou.sly begun in thia area, a a inJ.ir ~At ior1, Qli ~>lrf"<Ady rl'm"rked, of the much lese acute.uess which attends the whole d.-pre&~t>J "la.<~A (pt~t inn tb••rll. Conditions in fa.<:' refiect th06e of north India Hthef than I!Qtltb. The lJuuJ.s.l!i l~)uHutmity h:A nf recent years made considemble eflorta at reform of ita own custo~ and l r&,.ti•'f.!B, with succe...a; it bas not thought it necessary to di.ieard ita rather attracti\·e a.nJ t.•-'l'lorvu.-< ra::~te title but baa ~ly devQted, it.ii attention to C(JDtents rather tba.n labPL

There ia 110mer.hiug infinitely pathetic in the vain id••a that a 'dut·t~·~ ._,f lll\:nc can rever!!le the stigma of centuries; yet this community would appal'f'nt:y l"~t·•rt to) ,lu!wt. tht~ot. &lJ lict in a name. It ia a mista.ke to encourage terms •·hicb obt~Cure rea)r;,oc;~r unit~. T11 .• ~ >O ul>(ly and clumsy • term u Adi-Andhra should come to otilitera.~ rPAlat..J F1 •·It· •.h lti'•<"tir·:.,.s na Mala and M.a.diga is hardly to the good.. C<>mmumtif:'l'l of s,Jch nHm(·ri•<ll iro'p .. :rt.~.:-\ .. -C ll'ltl pronounced· individuality should be encouraged to retain and dcnlop a pridt> in t~·~ir ;.'()~~htu:·Jlfl •.......••

It cannot be aaid that tbe social diJI.a.bilities tmJeT •·hi<:h th~ NnJ.'l.iUJlit~•·l luLour &re in sight of extinctioadespite the grow-th of wlerance and the ine,·itshle ~fit~.:t oi !!1P. dewoltJ[•l.u"nt of oommnnicationa and of urban li.Ie. Distinguished indi\-irlual t:!l(Jrt ........ irt hy nr, rnr.-ns rare but it remains indi\-idua.l. Communities canniJt yet bl" said cnm to ban £,t, f'i"'·d ap.-·rec iably in outlook. I came ac1'0611 in a Telugu delta district & subord inatf.l ufliet:r of tL e Labour ~·:!'1\l'tlll~tlt ()('('upying the dak bunga.low, an unusU&l thing for such ··Tf•:"'Ni, v.·h() •mlll:.urily rut ur with eoiDE' cast.ewan in tha village. His ca.;temen however allied off h.im, bt:><;.ji.U~ (•1 uL• t>mpl0fL'1tmt, .-lOCh brought him into coDStant a.osooiation with the d£::pre&>ed cl~. 'I'h iii nJall wu~ of no notaUyeultedeaste but a Tel&ga. It is prob~ble that resentml'nt a.t st•fll'"ial r•J:n .. i,.JPr.-ti••n !iLuv·n to the depr~ classea inlandB.&Iignmentand ofherdirPCtions is rtd!I:'!Ct .. d 'l.ko in snch ao atiJL,J,]c, the ri:'SP.ntment tha.t the ruing of the under-dog never fa iJs tO &rOtl~ in thoae Wf.0 have kept him d(JVt'D, a feature not peculiar to Inilia.. It re[IUJ,irul hlJwenr an in(li~tiou of tlie ~nu• r()<lition in the rural artaa where the d"'prf:>!o~Sed c~ are m08t represente<l . . • • . . • •

A peculiar refinement of the untoucba.hility t1Jt'uty was distanc:e pollution. 'llu~ 1d out <:~:-rtain f'..AStes as pfJlluting not mer··ly on contact but by mere approa.eh. The ~&\'&tlill w•:rc thl' backmarkers in this handicapping 11ystem and were pra.ctically dPnied ordinary 11ae ;,f puLii~ wars. When the systf.>m '1\'a& in full force ~aya.d.i progre86 must han~ borne a strong res~mLla.nce t.o that of a I~Ja.leL.<.wr for "'-hom & warrant il:l out and whose one object is to avoiJ clOF;e contact with hiP ff'Uaw men. A lifetime so llpent can hardly produce ehH•a.tion of thought or desire anrl a community whose c~ a.apira.tion is to avoid DOtice caWlot cvntribute much to natioual life. Th.iJ

EXTERIOR CA8TES. 501

remarkable dlwelopment of the superiority theory was practically confined to the West Coast ant} ,,[ Jaoo )"l.'.f8 bas greatJ.v Weakt>n~>d PV!'D there, probably more becaufle of development of communications and iqc-:rP~~ of !JOpulation t,hao from any conscious realisation that th~re is in 11uch a system something hnrdiy compH.tible with claims to culture and nrlvancewent. It ia proho.hly becoming P.vhlw1t that a pell'IOta of euch rare texture that a presence sixty feet away pollutt>s him had bt•ttt!r 1wek 011t !'!Orne der;ert illls.nd or develop a. less fragile purity. The train bt>gn.n the breakdown of this p!E'post.erons aystetn ; the bus may complete it.

Coutac.t pollnt,ion on tLfl othE-r ~and rxi.sted ancl exists all over the pre10idency.

An i.ruttance of the mooifi.ca.tion and at the Mme tirue- o£ the persistence of di.~critnination is affonkd Ly the river and caualferries of the Telugu delta dllitricts. According to petitions quo~ in a Government. Order nf HJI9 a. member of the depressed cla!IS(>a might have to wait fur hours befor~ being tahn over as he and a Brahman would never be tahn together and the BrahmllD a.lways hl\d priority. In tlte hi~o:g~r boats plying on the two rivers and larg!\r eana.ls t.here i11 nnw no such pr~ft•n•n•·.e; any pt'r!IDn wa.iting ie a,Jmitted on board. Depressed cla!>Aes huwevcr ha.ve to J..E't.:p to" Jillr~rc•nt e!lt.l of the buaL from Bra.hma.ns. In the cross-river ferries the disa1•pear11.nc e lit uot li'' complctl.' a.nd an intluentia.l Brahman would he taken over in ptdl•tfi'nre to a rrm.nl of depres..<H~d cla!'!Ses of prior A.rrival. In other casP~ either the Brahman or the ,I,•pre.;·wJ d&SB Jlf'n!on would hold back t.o avoid tm .. ·clling with the other. The exwnt to wU.i{·h prejud.ice aurl pn>fNence bn.vP' scopt> varies from village to villa.ge and with the importance of tlH• BmLnH>n or c•J&lighl.(;llilleut of the ,Jepre~~·l. It h~:-~ been noticed that Chrllitiall3 of dt'{•r•··"-'>l'rl c-lass origiiJ mu.l..c no homos ~uo11t ~ett.ing into the boat whether a. Brahman is waiting or not. ThP. f~·rrytnl\n O('f'll.~iom~Jly too bM-a pr('jlltliCes.

On t.he t~mull wnal (t•rrirs Bmbman prcct>dence is still the ~encral rule, Lut where the traffic is con!;idl'rahle and t,he Lu.mkt\t'J big, a,; at ::.\'itladavole before the bridge was built, conditions rt•seoJbi•.'d tL~ o)n the river bwta.

1'h"" sume pd,if iou t·omplainetl th.\t in ct·rt.ain municip11Jitirs depressed classes were den.ied the u~ of w:1tRt t~ll'll tP:.Prwd fnr hi~her ca<>tl'.i, Uf'!4pite circumstances of proximity and C'nnvt>nien('f', Hu('b rt>stTit·ti<•n if it t>ver t•xi..-;tl'd as an otftfial practice no longer does.

lJt· ... pit.-o th~·ir luwly Htatus, tht'.~ cnmumnitil's pltLy a huge and important pa.rt in the life of the pr.':sidPn~v. It is. d~·~y w},o f1uni~h th·~ ba<•kbone of agricultnrallabour in the chief rJr~'!Unlling di.-;t.rief-'1. In ont> fnrm or mwtlwr tlwy have been the victim!) of an ~>grestic serfdom whete\w they hr.\'£' bN•n. ThiR~Zl'I.ll'rally t.ook (atal !'till t.akf's) t1e form of comptllsory advances Ul>rn thl:'ir f'n1)1)o_n~rs Wh i1:h C' 1uJd nen•r bll rt'pll.it) in full and tbu11 tit;ld the borrower to the soil. This \\':l.'IJJJMt nntillelll.tle in Tanjon> but a poralld '~YSkm of advauees produced the same effect in South K:iuam, It h•lht h .. l~id to the ~.;rl"tlit (,f t.:f>ylon 11.nJ othe:r ('stat.:s that they have <Jone wore to rui~~e tht> Stlf·rt-spf'~t of t.tu~ :-;ou~h Indi .. o de?re~sed dasses worker than any other single rircnmstarwto. It i11 posgihl_v forth~ 11amc r~on that emigrat.ion is opposed in certain qua.rtera. The 'Ma.rlra.ii Uon~rnm•~ot &Jlpointt:tl an oflict>r a:. Corm:nllisioner of Labour and among his partil·ular fmu:tit\Oq Aft! tht> 8tr.-n•iing to tlw tJCed.s of ,],~pressed tlasses. The decade has seen much t-lt.p~'nd..iture nn provU..inu nf wells for them, oi Bchools, and a most impOrtant feature, the buyin~ u{ bou.<;e sitM for th•·m mainly in the delta art•as. A notable example o£ a. breakaway from ('&l-Ite tr~lit.i<•n.e is ill t.he Nambutlri who \\'~ 5<'hoolmaster in a. depressed c]BoSS{'S school in Malab~~or. The Xayadi colony of Olavakkot formed to houae members of possihly the most contemned community in Malahu.r b& bN)n able to develop its activities more than it anticipuw.i. ~ .. .ot.ly howe~·er some difficulties have &risen through a boycott by other eM~ of & 11<bool which rt'eeiv~ !IOtne Nayadi pupila.''

APPI:!\ 01.'\. ... ' I.

Primiti\'e 1 ribe5.

11~ P"~l"',.. ".f thi1 o,,,.,.da..r .i• tw1lll qtt'f' 111• (I(YYIOJ"' uj l'rim1ltf'l'l lrd:-.•1 lml tn r<YliiMI~ tl!.·~r ,..,. f~<.TI Qr.J J :,~~,btiJtll,., to •rM~IJt /)nl ftiJ t:'ef'1.a," •n•p•Jrl.a Rl cu,..,,J, ""''"IJI ~4 • .-A ,,.,._,,, ull

tJt. •' ~l}1rt' .,,.J .:dri<IP!uo.',nlw•. CJft; 1111 poitJ 04il tc)t,p "''"'' J,Jp,lnl traf,.,,,..l/,uN U u.ul[,.J.{.-.

~i~ I ~:·I no •·ritd~ attempt ~WPmS to h .... _. bP.-n mll.il,. to arriq• Rot the fh.,'11r( of Hill an.I F.-,r8t t.r1Lrs. Tbe t~:>ln" ~\""t'D in TabJ.. X\'11 in 11'1~1] ..-u D,."'"\.~•11 IJ~lt tt llt":l-!1 dnuly in­<"••D'I l•·tP. ud:·dmf .a it d;d the lk'4lul~""~ir.2:0J_J at t,h•t ~~'ioll"l ~anJ olh~~ a•u L ~ thE<.l>ublu and r.J.a,-iaa of B•:>l'fl~ofiV and Barflo'lll (li:!.O.d lD }i<.lt). 1 h·· I .-ruml ( ~)IJIJIIIN<Iflflo'f 111 l~;!l rou ·Uv Ntima.tNI tbr s;,...n::tb of h,H and fn,. .. t trilw>~ at 111 mil:;,,n (j-.~" ::~1;, & .. ti,•n l!ll rcZ:.~ Rf'port, lr•:!l). but lli.!! wtiru&f~ \\&A t.a..d "F)-41'1'11d,v on tl•fll ti!!Ht•'l' of majnr tribo·!l (~r .-hid. a ouml..-rare ~)N~ in~tioo f'7 (lr b~~ ehat·t .. r n· (1"''-'t' 11~1. Ho• d·loHI not IT···tJt;on t:1tft !() i!r:!vr'ta!lt nun.erically &II RlilliUlj (~ lj~.:!"-'"1 in 1 lj~1 ). 1\ul n_;..._ L':i iu 1 :r.!l). Bl..-ria ft)Jfi.~oo.tj;! in 1:--~l). {lr Kart'n (l.~:.l(l .. ,:Yi io 1~•::!1). anti IU f!,,. l'"'"'' nla,!~ uf the I~~''P"klion J,.i•l do11·n uq•ULI:fjir.g&• l"ttnrtr:!~to l~ I!O'j.•Hillrly talmllltc~ r••ust l.rnt:nd ,J u••t of t.dt·1b.t1ou utlf• l\' a ~ .. n- bn .. ~ n•1mb.-·t .._,f &Ut.kll unitA. L., f•l'l•t ... t.ly failed t<J n·.~it..- til,. V..r\' l.trt."'' ti1'1Jl't' • ... -h.kL ~ rflo'J~d "' i.r>~l.-f'n anJ l!l.'&ttt~n.J tril..-·t~ ~tmall and •u~il'tll!i• alit i•"l" id••tlHy. At tLiE «-n~c:~ "l 4'W iLj,mrtioiJ8 \1-t>~ ,L!in•o ti-Jat aU prinutjn• trilH·• "'N'" '" l~ t..l,,lL&t•~ 'I L..~~n~r thP;r ntULk111 arnl irre:!r....ctn·l' uf the J"'r,..,·nl 'lO:t· pro•·i!OQ "-·r. t ~.'" ind1v hi, :a I t...i ,, ,1 ~'I"D CJf ('Lltdl. It is tht>refure n-o·,.. JlCitiible to J[in are:•[lltt~ numbN11 .,r a."." tol• ·;:r,'t.:al.l .. tril-~~ol 11nit., thor..~:;:h rt ia 11"!18 e;,..,y to iuJj.:at~ th~ ~·:t·•nt to "<<it h Plllrb & U11it r-•ulair,-. 1·rirn.:.iv~ i·1 it~ lal:.itll.

Tit Lo&-iC' t2":.re i.r.rlK-at:~ tbf' fntal nlliH~r of ~·Oilli•I\'P .-: ...... H :n '-"" (lrotait~ ... i rmrn r.r.:.. xru l.y ~ng tu-c .. .:hf'l' ti .. &ot.l fi:!Un>a ,,f grnu, ... r. 1111· ,, HI. n, .. :~.:,;ftl QIIJ'l•lflf~ to :!I>,;:"J.j,~).jjj, but I'QO e adj~•-tmt-nt~ o.rv ro•..-~"11\ty. ltJ,_. IOJ'I~t:, Plf~lll • .umnt ~ ... n\rtl··•l cqt YltL f!"t'<'L"illn,ul!ll·, IN.ll; ti'ilxo:&. parri,:-uw!y in the B11ll KoTJ, and 1;w1•J Jrrllll!'"'· f~>·l~ ••II in~o ra~t..,.,., • h~~vf'r t.h.;y L,·e in •he J•l.it.u~ vr<Jf,..tH'Ouutry 11.11 tmJin1u·•• II tn<!" v ill~-~.:· r .... l··rt ,f o-~•rt&in eomt kt<1 ~;rou:• be dedu.-t>t-(1 and oth•n alJo,.f:'J t.o rrmain. "ll••~P it i!l lnl~"~"~l,f,. t•• .l•·&l ,.-,tb bn:.L~n un;tA, lilr.d if no &tt4>tnpl M&~J"! to ind.Jole a <"·,rt~lfl nu<ni,..r of u~>u""' Lc r~i~*8 K-f • .-.

amditi«JD U; duuiJtful araJ, if pr•~1 oerly .l.-•·ril.fflili-l·ri w 11' ~. it iP.p•·rl•al •:! t h1· , .. .,,1l ~ !Jf d··..:··•wn\' ion r..rb.-r than f&.iJlllt' to rir.r·, trii~rt~ •·~·b &B 1-ianj:sr£, for in-.t.t·l,•'. or 1\,.il.J.·ii. Y~rui.:.1la.a Par•!Lili or s.~~ (~d~ t .. !:tk X\11 gr•11;p XI. 11), r.r d ... Koradta, t-.,·r-~uu, ..... 1 Kur•.l·• (Jf ll•·~"' .-L~!'e 1:!.3.)3 .... ,..JU. luve ~·n ft>t~ &A of trilml n'l1~rion (~t(•l>f1. fnJIIt t!o• ir ,;:-,U.fll)ll f,.JI,nr trit..-.rr .. ,n 1'1-;ttm-..,d ~ Hindu), IllJ~ of • h~.>rn ha\'e bN>n •nd.JJ ... t in t !w hjo(iltd! b .. I"P Ki''••u of l'r.n.itJH trit..-s, then a ~.ator..,;.Liy lloCl-ur11te fig-1re can lJe re&ti.P!.I" r••prt' ... ot;'l"::{ t 1u• toL-.1 Jhp-i.i1iOD •bi•·b un. J•ropPrl~ he d~·riW Ly the t""rm • J•rimiti\·e trir .. -.· ·. rj,,,,, ... i;! "''!I be iH'IOital,ly •. ~i~!.t O'\erlap 111ilh th.- fi;!UIT:"e c,f the .-xt•~r]ur ru1~~ ~iw·u 10 .\i'i .. nd!'~ l, "·.'1· in the c.-a.e eor Tun m BihM ard (~-

Aith(!{'gh thil! ~-t 11M loy no n'ta:.a ~n ri):.ri<ily &Jl~··rwlto, d,e tril ".,:i·.-t'n in T .. t.l•: .XXII ,..iate f'r'Jutiy to prin.Uti\·e trike ennu.erakd in rnurr. twn o:u• Jlr"•i·••·f'; •u~:~o'IV orh~r prinJit~vetriho~w.illbefoundinTable XVIII, Lut trohile !'Orue &J-JJ"-&r in b<'th, •.Jtb.-l"' ,,~ l1~dy t<l be foJ;.nd m. ooHLPr taLie a.nd ncfPrent'f' for th('ir d(·tail. h!\.11 tQ Le n~lt to ;•t•;\·nln~) (•t 8t-&ut \"vhi,.-lefl. It a OOwt"~U('Iltly ~ry here to RJJ to t~tf: bll.o,it tigutt tue (.J:Jc,,.-:!.)Z : -

Primi•.i~ Tnt- ~ Trav&UI'JOft Kuce oot 1. To f"''•p ill.-1Dt:luded ill Ta-Wt xru. Tra,-.. no...,rt: Tnb.."

Tnbe. J>ttp~<!alioo. (Pbill.d l 'raJ.. lunt ~..-. BJJ&rJ.o• .f, K ~,i>-hraL 11.~-... Jf4ltl-rlrrtl<• <Nr 19111'; "-"""J M~o,. ... aa bol ~ retlmMJ kn ''-f '.f'r.;.,..,l_ ': llala~ .. ..._ 1!17 llvy op~ ... 'l'o.Wk 1 rJ I, c;,;

Mah.v"la~a.a 2.'.-4 • GL.o Fuli~rw1Ui1). X&Uulla\·an 3,1 ~~~ Kam~·aa ia Matinu~ .• ~- Ui~ XutbGTUi •• 1.3"1 T r:.anupoalay~o.~~ 7.,.$ Uia.taa 6.1 :! I \ et1.u.-an• • • 1.3~:! \iAi>..... •• ·; 1!10

:!. To group J.-Andb in H}odinl·_...t State • . . , , ,

AMI\ iu Ctmtral Prrmr~ ....rt S..rv

3. To grovp 1.-&.;_tat.a in M~ •• TOl.al !O,.:r.."J '-To gtVtop 7.-1opwa i11 &niCal.,

•Indwied las T.ble X\U M • _... undt.... Tif..u&ID .'-m •• - •• rr-1' H t. 3. TQ vrottP 8.-Khyang in ~111

I. T(l fr'*'P 11.-Tbe fo;,llowing kit- in A.-.m :­Atq Aka I'* IJoo.ori Cbutiya Lal~ •• Mjlu~

tim )l ... hmi

6,11Jit

~11 . .'»9 ;{.6,37~

21:3,1.~-l~f

14.~A:! :M

1,6'~' 4.1~.,,.

43,44~

129,7117 M,0:-18 !!,23,&

..

rRIMlTIV£ TR.JEF:S.

7. To fJNY'Af' 11.-1'be fvUQwlng trib~ in TI<tngal­

Bh·•l•a (.'bakma. Dl1in•a\ Kha.mlnl ;\Jurml

L'P' ha Toto • Yakka

anrl in ilikldm­J:hol ia

Kl.pmbu ~lurm i

'iallkfi

...

To Vffl'JP ll.--1•• A-m-Alien Tribetl on In 1:1-urm..-Lolo-Mui,BO ••

14, 7g3 13.'},5118

316 32,601

35,22! 12,720

3!14-873

15,1!12 18,/)fj;j

7,017

142 {;:1,121• 93,211

50!

'Ibe~>e ll•lditi .. n'l .,dfl up to l.1128,7G5 ruuking 2i,iiiUO·I.

with the first mentioned fi~urt' a tota.l of

}'rom thi;. t;,[a) Cl'rl~du d•-'•hwtiuns tkarl.v },ave to be maJP-

1. f,pm :lrt•up2 l\fw:L$ Ot"l M•'<ll' {l,111),47!J) and ~lent and n.Ierats (13rl,528) should be exl'lullcll. 'Jh·~- ('.nnuut uow ht" r1 .:!<•rued in J!•'neraJ.. M primitive, though the :\[ina may in some ca~1·3 n'tuin :.unw pritnil in• ,.},a.raet••ri~tit·l!.

:l. l'mm •rrm1p~ 2 twd J tl1e dt ff••rf'n•·'" twtwf'Ptl th~> number returned by Baroda as Primith·e ~tnd Fr-r•·"-l Trihf'll and tLP n11mlwn. for thet Stntt:> indutled in these groups. This ditlerl"nce ill2.'•0,~~·i, th~· t.~ur,. by whid1 the htt••r eu••<•ds the formf:'r.

:L frm11 y-rrmp3, t;·{!.~;m K~di~ t·numN'ltrd in the Pur~jab, and fi,~34 Kolis in Ddhi, a caste in tJ~,-~ c·.a~.-t~ r11tlwr tlum A triltP.

4, l'rmu _qrmtj• 8 M,·ithl·i" lJnth in As.'13w (32.4.4:~~) and Burma (6,113) must be deducted. Tlwy l'tumnt f,.- tiTai•·J su! 1-r·iu.itin• .

.J. f'rr)m !l'"'lfl ](} .\ho111< (:!1!1.4.)-!) ami Hltans (~lfJ(),204) must be deduct-ed for the same r~~~n. ,

Thi" muhl'll a lo\nl f•)r dr-fhwti••o of 3.1!'10 2!'"Ji ¢ving a rema.inder of 24,613,84H ~the total pop1l .. c!on nf J•nnntin~ tribes in Inclia l !J:H. It is unlikd_v tbat thi::i hJtal is undcr!"tatcd and ita tt"n•h·ni'~· j,. c)lwiuu!ll)' to dt'l'TI'a'-•• mtlu•r tl,an inci'{!Ase with the lapse of time.

0! tl.il! totaln•w•'·•·r of24 ,f. 13,:Jii-i only t1,2Qil,34 7 luJ.VE' l>ct.:n retu.rn~d .a.s adherN.1g to _their trtiJal r.•livi"ns. Th~ n•ruaind1·n Krl" Jmoilll,l' H mdu, Lut in ct>rtain tribes there are lar~o:e numbers of f'hri•tiu11.~. ~ 1111e (; u•ldh j_,.t.w,<u1•Ld••\-.·, like thf> TaJvis of KhantlPsh, are lluslims. T10hle XVIII will "bow fur flutu_v tril"'~ not r·ul) t}H' T"" ftt"Ctive }Jroportions in Hl~l but the change from <l:'nl!Ult I o ..... flWll- whf·rev•:r tir~ln'-14 arl) anulab].,._

T 1t~ nli!in tifun·,. ot di,atriuu.Llou can aauin be obtuined hom Table XVII where figures for rrovin('('~ rwd stnl<•.:! are shov.-[1 ill brJ-td:;t~ a~dinat U('h group of tribea. Thot;e indicated aLu\·~ &rt' to b.- schl··J and sul•trl\elc•d r-p~pectively and the res11lting figun>s are stated by }Jrovilll:''li l~t•luw :-

Ajn ·~r-M..,-.. ·nra ~ nda.ltll\lt-~ 1\lod "icnl-al'il A-.m H"'-~"'1 B11,..r "1'ci o-rr-. p_...n.bay }~11'&)\d

C•·ntr-all'a· ..,; 1'\;'('11

Cto.l1'..(

!\.-drQ& t lnit.-.i I>rovio•:L>e _,.,..,. .j '<V'-' •'ll"t~. ti!\,-..,_IK t:t•nt.r<~llnr!Ur. ( :o.chin (;"ahor llvJ••rahnd &jpu~oana 8ikkun Tr11vant-••re Weswrn IndiA St.at.es

. . . ...

LB-.904 10.406

1.67B-,419 . 1,92i ,2\19.

.• 6,&~1.228 • . - 2,1\41,000

2,206,3.56 •• 4,065,271

1,()1:!9 •• 1,262,:1()9 •

400,184 • • 2},092,610 •• J,.52t,238

313,273 •• 1,342,0~11

1,(148 281,(1;)3 222,800 80:!,178

41,257 21.7:!8

4115,S34

Total •• 24.613,848

' N. 1:1.-T~ 6.!f1Jt"" M/i!r dlie!ly to trilwM from Chot&~&gpur and tho MadrM A!{enc-y kacta but Ndu~e II.QY who h11ve l11tu:rueJ their rel~iom 811 lllndu. 'The llll.t!'r, tb11t is of coui'9C the v~t m&Jorlt.v, appear iD Appendur I &II exterior caatee,

Religion,

DlstrillutloiL

,id'mil'litl"lit' Proi!Mm.

APt'E:\fllX Jl.

A ·I. k ) tlw~· l;•mr.·s WI' mav ct~mpan> t!&t·rn \\tth tJH,lllt' 11rrin•d at h,,. l'ro\'iwialt'••tll'lli!J

fl&{ l" \D ... . l . . fi ·~·I 'l•l'l J I I' . . . t. l !!I Thm~ tlu• fi,~llrt' hl're for RlhiLJ' ann un. ... '\1\ Ul .h. ·--· HllU t 16 •Iolii~ for ~l.pt·rlll • nur11 •. ,... . • , · I' · , ·

· · t ·1 1~"" arri\·t'liat b\· ~lr l..~t•···\' {l'r tl.Bt prn\'1!1!'1' U' ~.h-1.1,131 JJJ ll• 11tlt"ll t11 .,.. ;~wL h(' Jrllllltl\'l' T "' • • . • I (f! I n~·(l·.ll'l I.~:\7,!it>7 as tlw fi~lll't' of ttilJt-s ••r oC.a.toft•8 011 ~Ia•_ burdt•r trw. l "'" f-t•IJJ 7,11110. 01'10, r,,~•l!"l\' :1.\141t.J.tM~) han• t.1~n tn·at.•tl36 t:xh•rwr l·a~tf·,. .llldJ\.~ttm~o: tlu&l tl11' ('IYtJlnp 111 tit." h:•11n~ of pri1;1i1.1,." tril~o·~ anti of Pxh•rit'r l'llst~·s in tllt' llf'JWIItlll'l'll •·"~ not n•n ~Jf••at :11o! Ill!~' rnt•• 111 l~1hRr •nd Ori,...;a. "'hi•·h nlntrlbllk8 nt•arlv a qua.rtt-r ,,f flu• wh,.J,.. :\g-nm tit(' l·~·ur•'K f••r J>rtllill IVt' td~-s ll\~<ilu.blt> frc~m tlu• c .. ntr.•l Pro\·i~o:·,·s is 4.Il1.~1';2 (\ide Cn•~''·' J.',·,•orl .f.•r (',llml ]'ronnt't'-~ a..d R.mr, l!(;),J'&!-'\' :~.j~l) & tit'llfe \loltid1 t'llthnd•,•"-llttlLn (l:!O.;~.l) awi11Jlw (:\lOti)

Gm"J~ n-t umcod fi\>ID ~ladru l>.•th ..,.. prln1tt i"f' tr!t.-. ...,d ..a dtop....-d ....,.,'"'' and .. ~. ludl'<l , ... m lho!' ll.glln-.. ~tin•n lor~ r.or l'nmlll>'e Tnhooo. [l.,mt.., l\ar~mpalom l\ otl u ..,.,·..J.:LD hudubi. l'an•~

1 • ."•~1 12.1'11

Dut illl'lUtlt•d i11 tlu'l-•' Ji~Hrl'.~. Ji't'UIJI ~fudrn~J­

II:.!aill thl' Jlll!lll>~•r (obtuin••d frn111 tl1e t•llolt•ll J8

1.-l:.!."'.!nrl. but thi'l iJlllutl"s l(oli . ."ili!) \lobo hrl'

oh·l'l·rih+'ol l11\t has •l• j•r•• ... ,...,[ n.st+·!ll It ltd J!ll j'rlllliti n•

trilw~. Tlwy !tan• l•e••n 11111iltnl h• I" ar>d an•

<"•WN\'J h,· th" I~:.!'JTf•'l in ,\ l'l"'r .. l .. ~ I.

Tl.l' t{>eal ti'.'ure of rriJHitiw tri1 .• ;g in l!!+lill 1'111\' tlwn ,,. td.P!I fill ~."i.(~~).l~ltl in f<>liii•J

nun1IA-r'\, of whi{h about :.!O.fMIU,U1.)41 an· in f'nq,h lncl.>1 ,,f •d,ol•l .o~onit• :.! :no lM~I ""' fotm.J in Bum;a. for tfH re a.rc in P.urm<l a numlH"r ul Lilltnl .. ·!l.., J,o \H"'' ollly 1 Hrti,, lh· ''lalllt:•-rnt. ,I a!. tht> (·+"n~'ll!ll. It l.as al!f'a+IV lx···n in,J:, dto·J lloat tlwir J••"'iti•ott 111 ~·11 r~'~tlll•llll;''- nf a "'"P• dt n·l• ·t~i o'ttitlltf' ~m·~nts ; . .,rtain J•r• ol ,J,•lll"' of a.!a•Hu.-1 rn t tt•tl. -\;;~ ""•).: , .. , ll J •IIIII it 1\'!' r r "'"

rt'lhlllll~ in j,.._,J.., tiou ronclur t i 1, I! it.. (t\' '. :1 \111 i~ fllTitl ~;111-! I•• i~ ~ 0\1 u Ia 1\ . ., a ntl ,. •I "' ol · 1"' it )'f•'"'' n I~ no ~·r•~l.tew ... M·•·t·t that rt"'l::ir··d ttlt•N., .... ,, wi.\11•!.' ••r ~·li·~·• f,orn·~ •·f H~~n ~·''l• •·It B~<•n· ,.,. jJ,,. ,J OT J,·S.~ \\atlikt' n••l;:hhtliiN. f',,r thilljtllfJl"'-~' a 11\lltl.lr_\' •Wl 'l]'.lllllll of t••ffil<lfY t!lli_\' ],.. lli•t't'''""Y

and a j.,._,~ ~~->I<>HJ l•f p<'·liu• ult·ontrol nr adn mi><t:cJ.tloll of ""•"" !<ott" hi.-!, n•···d 111 t tii'·.,Jve more th:~.n a t'Lillit•IIIIIJ of interf,..n•.t•·•• wiTh tril•al r'.l~>l 10 1ll~ artd Lln· t·-·q•·""'' ,.( '~ht,·h. if p••ato.·r, a a it n .. ru ... lly wlll l . .o•, th:ul auy r•·\·· t11h'' yi..l.k•l hv "'u•·L Jt• an•11, i" "' tl.t• t1Hr •:r .... r in., •. rence. \Y}.,·re t·Oullnllninttiuns art' nwa;..<r•· or nf•n-e;o.I-T•·nt HJIII;od \\llh tllf' "·ll•·r \,·,,rJ,I v.1'l tl(' 10 "l"w t),f.lt t!•.-"ll•·r•t ,,fit~ il'•)oJ!l'l\ltll w•t b(~ r••!':d ••t.<1ltcoli f••r nl•···n·:.tiun at,, I,, .. o·l '"':.'•' • ,]J ta'.r ,.,;)d' in t hr I •ri lllit""i'' '111111' lllli1.1' c•:\(t>}'t tlu• iJfi.-l•Ld p .L pt "' i· •ll til. ! ,,I;~ mt It'll ro ... (!] r I !1 ~ lroru rbt' iLtt:rl4..lt'r-.(' on the In:,!! .. :~ of the li.rt.'a i•tl.al•lt•·rl. l'LillH.:•·M L·f lltl"- l.i11d lll\10hin~ a \f'tj' .·l<ow rhall.:(." of ..-nnn~r>ll•<.'Jit nud (lutk • .,k o~t·• f>~tail;al t'J•u•::h i11 l11.l•a .. ,,.] !,,,,. 1 .... -n t:t•iuJ:r•tJ~oru·nturiu.ifn~>t ,~,ilh·nnid. ~u se•iL•I'" l•tol•lrnl !lrl"-1:1 until ll,j; )•rtK·•·"-~ of _,]ow ll>lapta.fiu"l i!> illltc'rftcrrd "irh by a •i!'\'t>lll~•rlJ•·JII of •••mthtJJ•it .. tJon Hllll 11 su.ldl'!l iu··r,· ,..,. ,,f (•(•!Jt<lf't:\.

; Enn E'Xl'iso_. lawo;, altho11~h in many wa;.'s to t)Jr> b~··uf·iir of (•rimiti\'P trilw·~o, nw~· r•J••rnt!: a. a !.a.nl;l,ip. and lntt.ld lw found rx• to,.sivdy fW"\·.-r~ if tl1e ,·,·rr l'tL'J"'r r·"'triniuu~ on di:-ti!IJng WGI' r-xtr·w],_.fi t(, ]"!.-f.,,r.J., anrJ f•lT1 DJ:l.•!P fur hou!-dtulol•·on~un •!·' 'oJIJ and f+Jrll•lh~ a \'t>ry i111 porh111. J'&rt (Jf lh(' Ji .. t u{ trtiJI'·s t!utt cawwt grow su,.'1jr ,md 1\r>:' too• l"'"l tu btl\" it. J•or tlm·e JlliJ!Ith~> m tl,t> hOJt v.eatl,er t!.e ~[ariu of ('b,ln•m live al.wd f".:•·lul'livt·ly nu B. \'•·rv t11oldlv aln,!.olie Le'>+'fllJ!P. ntu('h u th•~ An~:azui ~a,;;a doP:>. t,, a l(·h.Q •I· ;,!rH' iu -\~"'il..lrn .\n)· · .. , .... w···ll ll.l''! unint~ "11 h t·itl.~:rtri bt- will nVIJly rt"<llif:lt• t ht- l!iu lr-l11p 1 hat mi ~I, t IJtl WtUII)l: >t },!. h; :!' I• <l }'I• ·hihitioniJ.,~ anxious to di~;aUow to odwn tl-,at frN•d••m '1\'llit·f, t ltPy .~., II!Jt \alt ... j01r thPlJt,..,IVP.8, and total('rohihition is a ]•••!icy bLIIn·d l·y lli.,.du,.. 11 nd )ln-lw;.,, Th r·rnl.ihtt J(lll nf dL~hlli11g it.~li D•a)· k a hard:ohip, lUI for the Go11d who mu.t <..ti•·r l•• lu,.. vod h•jll"tdi~ttll•·rl Ly t bt' f smily of \\ Ot!!hipr!PrK. but this is J•rol,;. IJ! y one of tho.,., I hat lnu~;t L·: h"tllf' iu t ue intettt~ts of tht: •:om:nunity, lih the g11.me lawa tfu~t preVf!IJt s K••:l1l~tl ~;q:a ur a K11l.;i irr·m oflP.rin~ game at tht"gravF>l!of th~ th·ad durin~ tbe do!le Kl'asnn, or lh~ ttrJubi~< .• otllf' f<olrictiut•~ on homi('ide which prevf>nt a Wa from f4'rtiliziu~ hi1.crop l'ilh tl1t' lifr• '''''ll'rH:P ,,f Bllltbll~•·t, or the 1\oudh from doing tht Mme ,.ith t~e rru:na}• Le Las r•!&rt:•l fqr that (Jilt_lJ•Jtoe.

The rapid OJlf'nir~ up of eommunicatioru;, invoh-ing ronluct at n1any (J(Iints anti oJtPII tJ,,~ paeti<·¥leett1P.Llent of t.ribu.l country, entuely alt•·rs tht- a~pf'ct of any vradmd cl.alJ!(.PS th,.t D•ay bne be.-n talcing fJlatt>. Generally Ht>~·aking it ~ub~titutf'8 eouflict fur crm~;i. !'\ot Dl"(.'+obMrily, that is, a tonfhct of arm~> but uf culture and u! mat.t"rial inter+>Rt. Attewpt.fl to drYtiop miut'rals, fore"t• or land lnr intl'nsive cultivation can 011ly h~ mad~ at th~<~:qwn~ r,f tl.e tribe "h~ ibulation iB t..hus invad1·d. The cuetom.s "'hid rP~Jlat(! tl1c ownert~hip, U~<llfruct or t,_ru.ff'r of la.nd among priUJitive tribf's are ~,..nerally at vurianee wi1h thiJ!l{' oLt~~•rved by more IWj•hu;ttrah•d oommunitif'll, and in the conflict ~tw£-en the two the trilnd r;u~ton1 ia n"rmnlly IP.l I*~ded by ~ oo?e wh.ich is nei.tbtr valued nor under~tood by the trt bt: and in the a l'l ,Jj, ution r~f v.hlc.h the tnt~ 18 depnved of 1t8 prop~>rty, g,..n .. rally iu tile name of law, eitLPr hy ~liew~tiou tl~ fort~l'll o~ by trawsforming the tniHtl't:I'.Li p of a tri b"l r·hid inlo abi'!CJ)ute own~r.,J.ip of a. kind qut~ fort,lgtl to the Clli'IWfUI of the tribe. Thi.tt hnll befllll"'n uoth Lhe l\Iun..Jaq, f··r inl!t.lli!Ce .,ud the lUll_tnllf'l! {Jf Chitu~or~g, tv m,.ntion twrJ it.ll!t&ntNl only, v.bile ew•n in J{anrntana a IK<~••Lat ~:~mular procc!!ll has been at work l1cre an autbority 1.hownghly conver~nt WJth

PRIMITIVE 'IRIBES.

the people ancl ronditions in that Agf>ncy stateA that during the L&Rt 21} years there has been a very rnarkl'd chau~e in the JlOBition of landlorda from the chiefs do11nwsrds :-

•• What., ••.•.• , .h" happenl'>d in Rajputana in ~he la~t oentury i1 a compll't.e dPpart.ure from the ~onelrnt. rPIBti•:tnJhip of peBAant and ~hi,.f, wha~r!!in the chit•f lt.u become !ecur.-ly eA~bli11hed in • ri)lhtl! • that ""'"'not h111 a hnnJr..d yMnt IIJ!O, and the pP811Ant bu bPen d"Jll'ivcd both of righta and ret~potU!il..ilitiet~. It wouh\ not. ha\·e bct-n diffi<'ult to e~~t&hli&h UniVI"''Mal franc hiM! a oentury aJlO 1 u a matter offatJt It 111'1Ul e:XI!l'C!i8ed (and le 1til1 .. xcrl'i~o~"'l in in!\t'.('t st~il•l~ plac>('a) without heing In belled. · To liuy it woulrl lm 110 difficult u aJmOIIt ~ ll!'ll'm an impnMible t.Mk to n•n.ke thfl J>"a&ant withdraw bi1 watchful R"'~ frnrn hia lan•llord'R activitie& 'ullt within tho· botd.:-111ot tho law, lnn~t POI>lll!h to ui'I'Cilll! Bn lntelli:;rrnt vow, IPt alOilll & ret~pollllihle one., •.• : In the ct>ntury theoJK'ratiun nf Brit i~h IRw and it,jj influt'nllf' ha.ll"t up thl:' ruling chief• in a IIOCilrity, authority and prNt1~e ti.Ja.t nevrr appert~inrd to th.-ir fl'"llil.ion in earlier time~, and •••• ,.,.,.,,., the pcM&nt hu I.Jeeo de-prived of just 100 DJucb 1111 h!UI vcru'!t! til the other. , , ••••••• Pro!?f'811ivcly, and at an accderaW pace JiD('o J.hrd Minto'• oommtm·tom,.nt of the pnliry uf non·interl.,rencc,thecommun people have boon deprived both of author~ty and l'f"ffpon<tibllity. 'l'he Hritillh idt>a of law and applkation of it. ha~ made thia JITOOIIMI e&IIJ ~d &pptll'l'tltly natural."

A lliillillir appliratinu of alil"n law also usually dit~turbe the tribal customs of debt. Tribal customs of d(·bt arc fr•:l.ju.-ntly, fK•rhayJR normally, &tate~ in term~ of extravagant.usury. Such· terms howevt"r rt>pn·Mt·nt h"¥ the rP~t customs observed Ul practice than the ideal which the ll'ndl"rt:"on.~i(lo>rll onght t•• Lethe rt<t.urn, u.nd in point of lact they are qualified by very import11nt oo11.8icft'rations. In thr fi~t piJJoe tl1"re 18 commonly no law of limitation, a.nd the borrower may not ('XpPCt t.o !1'1 •R:V bd or~ the nP:d ~,..ncra.tion while the lender ia very often eo placed that thrrf1 i11 a m·m~l comr••ltion to lend undt•r fwrtain dreum11tances even if no l't'turn is expected in hia lifPt imP. Thus it is olt~>n the cut~tom for a chi~f to lend paddy to the mMt indi~ent and UDJlr<•ti~b!e of hi:~ villaJ.:I'nl in timf'S of I!IC&rcity though he knows rep&yment to be extremely unlikely. In any case when Z'f'puyntcnt d~s take plu.oo there is normally a settlement by accommod!ition bety.e..,n botb parti .. e whir-h bears little relation to the payment due on a strict int£'rpl'O'tation of thl' lnw of usttty u formally stated by the trihe. It is only natural that tribt .. ~men whfl!le vipws of d••Lt are dictated by this sort of VBf51le custom are perfectly ready to •ubauiiJe without d•·mur to tho most tiH.grantly ueurioWI agreements exacted by foreign morwylt·rJdt·rs who intend to invoke a foreign code to compel repayment on the lett.-.r of the 8L,rrN"ment and at the time when it awt.e them to do ao instead of at Buch time as 1 he cl.~htor tln•l11 himAClf in a position to pay. Similarly the criminal law of a l'i\·ili:&t·J ~ommunity i8 often entirely at variance with whr.t is felt to be just and pro[~t·r Ly triltal clli!tmn. Afiort•swtion again is a frequent grievance, and in fowsta whkh wt•f'tl conarnon proputy under a tribal r~.gime it becomea a punishable offence tel txf'l''l•ise what th .. triLt• n>g&rds 88 an inalienable right. Thus under the Ailllam Fon·Bt J<,.lo! 11lntiuns lei !Ja.l Lmd \I !"''d for ;'huming ia held to be Unclassed State Forest, and a11 ~uch at the ab!-lt•lute tlillrosnl of Government. It can be taken and ita posse880rs ous~d without a11y sort of cr,rupt~nAAt ion. But this land has by the great majority of hill tribes been rt'jlllrdPd for many gt•nt·rations u th.-ir mnst valut~blf! n'al property. Further under a re('.ent rt>~u latir.n it l.;u~ b.. .. m held tltat a man q 11arrying stone, for hi& own WIC,. on his own jhum laud is liable to JlllJ Ha. 10 per month or R-i, tno a y('ar as a p-rrnit fee on the ground that the land from whi~·b he u,kNI the 111ont' is Um.-l.li!S('d l'itate Fore.st, although it may have been the subject of beqt1orst, 111nrtjl:ag~. or t.r~m,ft•r by ABI~:~ and pu.rcb&!lc for twenty generations, and ita boundaries a mattt'r o1 cunum)n L:nowll-ligP in tLA vill<A~"· bdt't'd a recent ease O<'.curred in which a young and int":cyri~'ltt.~C•l oflil't·t announre-d, on th.e stro•ugth of this Unclasaed State Forest doctrine that he would ri'COIQlit.e no in•lividuul ri~hts in jbum land. aml even fined a man for letting land hou;.:ht hy ILiA own b'TSDtlfntfat>r to another man on lllu.:~e.. Such an acti()n would in aome trilwf! ha.w hu·n alrnn:-~t.l'n1mrh t(• CtlllAA a rf'bdlion by i~lf; but it was in no way inconsistent wit Ia I he t h<~nry that t lte- t ri I •a11md is unc!acw-l'd flt.a.t.e £ore11t. In the MaJras Agt>ncy Tract& ag11in tit!' l!lal.l•<' ~~ot t1tudc bns bt-.:n u~J...Pn towards Jhu·m, thl\re caHt>d podu, and ha.s been carried

, to th~ PXtPnt of thf! pr,iJiiJ;tiiJll of r.ultivat.ion, twi<·e bringin~ the 8awA.ra tribe t~ the verge of open ,,~lJ"Iliun. lJ(dnu (or f11'1rar\, a~ it. is dwre called, is tlim•la.rly forbidden in the Central hov;t,c•·R, ,.oi•Jfll.llill~ Li11~ for(·st. tril~>C3 to f'nlti,·ate only under the land settlement system whid i~J i11 nwuy L'll.~'" ummitt·1l to them. Primitive systems of agriculture are frequently extr,·m~ly WA•.tdul uf ft•r..at ltmd nnJ may iu hill country prove damaging to adjoining plains oo w:ouut roC dl'rHJ•\lion. the tAoo r<q•id e~rapt~ of rain nnd oonseqtwnt inunuation below. At the 11.9me timf' WRSteratl c·ulti\'atinn nf t.t,io kind is very oft~n the only known mean• of subsistence, It ct• nnnt Lr iil, .. mlHncd in a duy for '4h~r ·mf'thods with which the cultivator, whoso knowkdf.t' ie:~ tr11.d11 iontil, is uafamilio.r. A •tain the t:<ploitation of minerals not only involves thP. tnkLn~ up of tril,al ltu,d lmt ::•·neru lly 1 ht~ introduction of an &lion population, usually of an e~trf'.nJPly mixf':tl chBnu;ter Rnrl not infr.-.fJncntly e:s:cf'ptionally dis.~olut.e. 'l'biB impin~s on tnh11.l lifl' in D. n111nber of diiiPvnrt•rtin~ wu.ys. }~vt>n the invasion of missirmaries ~liable to pro.Ju<'u as tnUl·L rvil all ~oorl, if nut. rr.r.re, for thl:'ir eond11ct and oLjectB are g.:-nemlly ln extreme confli~t \'oith triht~l rt•liginn and with tabus of all kind!!, a.nd their point of view, readily comJm•henHihle to an alit>u atlnaimRLration which untlMstauds the tribal positivn very v&guely if at all, ond hM· ked as it MO nftl'u i~ by influentially voral sorietiP.fl at a di:Jt&noe, is much more likl•ly to IJOtain the 11npport of Rutuority than tubus whic:.h are on the face of them tln~ee.·mnabl!:' to a.Jl except thorse to ~~o·horn they are the mogt vitally importaut thin~ in lile. A Blfl_ulnr mitmndcrstandiug of th1~ tribal point of view ill apt to u.rise in the case of many ousto~, and 1t may be enou~h to wellt.ion that of marriage by a form of capture common to Loth Bluls

Al'l'.f:\l'IX 11.

n T~-t" Hri~l~h :!-,·~t.··n, of a..tn1•rllFf-p.fhl0 nf ju!'Otit '-'· .. a •• h:t*" urnnh uritoiiHih· l'l"1'-111······· ••. ,Kill dl·t·f,lli'Llt• ("'1 ..... 0~ t:tu~ Rk•ltd.f c·h•\r'','l t··r ur ltnl :~1 ... ,:-.,:dll.!l. .• hi" ("t)Jnpl•·'"!\lt"(t -..I .. :.·&n ,.f ln.-a "iU•i I· ·.d rr• ... •t!H't•,

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"ii.t~ a ti....,·.~ hJ 1 t.._·~ il::'tJCt,_. \'f'ry f~·w {If tl··•n \\t .. n•. nt ~t1lJ n•··. C"••li\•·r ... nt "''I• tiH•lnr• ... ''··-'''~ . .t"•i"'1•qlltoof1nJ

blt·r·,t~~ L. \ .~; ~!~t• pt"t ~-t 1 • .\nd t f1us 1 t, L"' run~~'' l' ·;H• 1 ~~-.;::' lll ,,f :'\ it ~.II H'"t r tilt ·n n( J ~~ .. , t. • l111~ t ·t~· it f•""~l lo ; 1 t ._a 'T

th~ n~tc;;.,:l tr:~':cl1loll'-;; nnd ht'lu-sty of t!•f ~~••pi, Ill 11Wil) C:L.• ~. I(\ T• t>-·.ot. •I]• IIH[,,I • '-I"."''"'''!],, l"''i•ll' ll.WI' f•" .. nd tiHt 1m•i•·r tht> ,.., 1111'"•·>~1.-l >tiHI <'lllnC•ro•u> l'n• ,.,(,,.-..' ·•I• • ""d !I t•" ~<'• '·11' .ol L·1" •A I ,,,j, "' ,.

\lhnh &T1?' Jlf~\\· Hl fnr.P a1;J ll-t"n ... h aTf'i tw_nl,ld tlll"lf rnnlprllwn ..... ~•·[l. llwtr llft-:"r••· l'l11rii_L1 ~•Jr\.\.11"" !u· ...... "1"l ""t:·r"!\ ... il\- IS no nlll~~ h {t•t tiw -:hjc,U ·-~y ant.i tn~:-.~·L•• .. ~ anci till 111 •' , . .li~l'< 1. tTl•'"-:". •·1u1•l ·\··-d l_ !.11 .. t t :~~ u1 1~v f;l'"!L\-,:ft!1,;r.ad\-•f"".'~"l!i!~, ~.\~tll''l.H1A·1••U1~-~a,,\ill .. hf·rt···tt~-f~·--.'1'1.:.,~· •-~~ ~t--t:-c ·A 1 • '•••t u •'if~_· run lll·E~ U.f'n~ ~ a.111 T-t thro ua\~ .,f t~1t_•lr ~~:\·f"~!l•~- :"'lJ h &d\•t(' lillb Pl 1

\ 1"· \ '"W IH•. \ 1 '• ltr i1 I ih,...._ I!•• 1 ... h ratl.•T, \lnl~·J.],-_ )'"-·Jf .. fU. i~ iHf'1 rt.ullt~. t~W f':\pt . .'n.-.1'.1' :00_\.-.lt"Jll -11{ iJ' .. t1r rn th!'"•"· .. ll t1, l't•llr: ~l'lr r HI'''~~ .. 1-

lr•ur\< c•f t•n.:ual ohlr:•..i.lliiC·l· l'c•l n~ ,,f Ftrsl .-\, !" •l I!J d ( ••Uri, ,f ·"'""d .\pi... • r··· ·""'" f.,r ,,,., po.)r8h-.1ri.:bnal. v.l!c~. iu UJ·~t ··as.:~!'~ •An·.ot li..:h! up tv tbP Lt ... r. H.tld f·\•11 tht~'" y,i:J;,·'\I .• ••Id_, l··,.f :t·, ;n~ i1•'fil in~hren,luttorh ruiL••Itl,•-.;•u~h tl>t' <'\.l'<'ll''"' 11o1.d tl"""'' ,f ''"'•If''.:: ••i'lllo'lo' , .. •,·r.\ I•, II •· ~ 0\ ih" COT!il illat-t...-l J--':n~-~~h-lndi~tu ..;\"o;telll of n.·-~: LliHfr'T•IIIo-IL of JUStn·-~·JnWi" , ... ~. ,,r-(·n th.~u lrll~ t~-~-JJ·~i ill r~ n~lt_ rhe-al1Jr·,_!fl.lll5 "'-''''" t11l· ,.(,~ and m dr.:Ta<I'Jl~ til· m "'"mlh·.

Tht Briti< f, ~~ <1, ·m o! L,,. auJ adrn:lli,!ra l i· •11 h !I.e !u ·: i wr '· 1111" I t" 11 1 '· t1 r : !: • ,, " 1 ,, ! ,.. · h ·I ·•Ill 1 .,f II ,. 1 rot •"~'~ A.!11i ~;!\..,;; Wf'-ukr·Th;l t!:W dll~IJ••nt\· -11f tltr? !'0-\JI;·la.) ht·J.d!ll Of t•.tll l11 t' ;J.I -·I t',,. It""]"'..., t l ~ •• ,-:, •·r:_, ··••lltiJ J~f,.f, ·! .. l"nnl n····n:h-, ><h··n 1•"\·c·rllm;·nt or·kl'!' \'.llc<lllltll~ trll•al • u•~"ll•·•r.\ !,,·, r> • .•. :,·: • I• ····~-t·•l! and irili•.-rrran<'f'\\~-n-rn.•Dl'Ji_='lt• l. th{" fvurtl" r.ft.,.n dt .... f'l~~ .... !·i·t ... i tht· L·t~..;.:nrn .,..: .; .. , ~nLtr.~· .. ,,. I\ ·i.tlj.._•h'• ~ a.n•l •JI'Li.dt-ntht-lP.S:"-Ui..'t'l' ..... ~l·•:r .. \..._:t~r1}~•·ln·~•r ... .._,:"',,n111·1lh t 11t·fur1 i:•r·:~u1nJ .... \-..:n: ~tr,t• 1 1i'~P. .,.,,t .j, "',..,,f k1u...::iup o-ft!tf"Ir)f,i"-s, rntll~'~'"~;.;!t\ "h-.-n n,.I.~I-.,...S..,':l.&1S1 ahr,~rs.--.~'''fluf,•~Vt ... t~ .!1,n·i~ "ili··n· i,. ll'l ;i:1f,.., V ~•·•l"r·Jf'\1 Itt.:.,

th-t ~nt·IPnttnh..Ilr:-U!itor.tl_.e:s_lHI,.t ~Lwh a!H.ll.'lfi•Hl ¥•a~ Hl\ .. ri" d•:r .·-.rd••l. 1r! ,., ... ,nLt, .,.h a 11 ·J,,t!Hrn,

a.! 't"fl B :nLius .at d \L-.Itur.J~llins ~ •·n· -q:b11rn._ tl ttJ ,;h,. '•II-~-~ ... r- ~ d\ IL ... 1 rr d .. f\1r~ h•·r • t, ... r. 1• _ ... ,,. I• ·II ',: ~ hf· '1!tl ,-Jla;:.:t 'lLrrn.ullitY. TLt· rt·(:t--n.t J't~!r!•·H~·n~ .._ .. -J~a,_..t .u.l1· f•,.ai:·•U t·'H\\' Hllh"' t-j; h1~t·. fln·~ ! 1•• f''"'~'i ~~ h:1\•· t.,,.,l n(.w· .ro }r n~ Mr•J~tflfiJ~ d hl ~~H. J, tra.n~f··n~, t hal a l~t.r..:•'" r'""···.:t 1"1~ •Jt lh~· itf,--t:J[•lot· 11tJ...., (. ,.1 tl.· ~ · r ...... -· 't i• •II~ n l ....... ,fu6

a.:,.d nr. ~(·Jl..,;e.f n. "f"'d,..,..j~ anJ 81.r·t.Prfu~f'-ti &["('" ~~~·-•·fj rt-·t-o)rll"o(i 1i'l 10 (lr-t~··r tn f'\ QdP '•,. lj, I tr,. f,c •rlil th~

At"'(K ,.;-l•lt~ ·1 ( itnti'J _ri.J-jf'I.J.' of l'....f.•' f_ 1)~ltJ..! ·t u·::., u· .. --'lt~n• t . • ,.,,, .... ,;'••-•rj-J(,,f,.f'l., j],l .. lr" •f'~'' IJ /,' • .. ,.:r·A ~C.:- },1 :J.

It i;; t·a•v to .:>o.·e Low a tontbirdrtiun vf IUlli-tril·al f~·r,·•·1' '" ld;;o·h· t•t ,.,,.,,• .. ,, "!iditlllll ,,f f'~:r-t-~·1\·r di,,;.,,r.,fnrt in tril·al Lift", tltt' nt•••t l'!·ri()IIS a•r•·r·t uf '\\ l.il'it i; ti,,. , . .,,.,, 1 ..... Ln··d..~lc,wn of the ('ommur:; d 1H;!:int7ation. A trit,.- hnn;! in u"''loHfa'l·.'f> i~· I t t••r. "d! lhiJ,,!lv I"· iuun•l to han• <.l,.,.,.J.,p"d an a•h,J'tatiun to its f'll\'lfOnlii<'Ht v.\.uh 1\fTI,lll tc·t~:llll i:•,.,' "JI'r""' il 1 3

}.erfH·tic•n. au s.JJ['t&tJUn w!.ith may h~v·· tab·u IJ:HII_\' n.til• 111r1.1 •., JJ•·, .. o:!lo .. nrl 1be bre~kdo"n of \1.!1ir·b n,a~· J, .. tL1· ruin of tltr• trih". f,,r it j,. lil.;,·k ''' l''w•..-d at "•.,r ·::~ .d•·r rult•

thau tilhf:'r tlw ;::radual d.un;Ie Ill i'hy~iral tlJ\'!roiurwnt ur t!um tho. ~tdl .•l·.\\•·! l'ro"'' "·~of arlaptatiun to tl1~t chango·.

In tu(' r·a'lt tlol' aumini,.:tra.ti.)[J of trib..d ar•·fl~ Btl fjqiJ-ft•I.!IJhti •. a di:-tfl• "'!&iii\ iu '\Pf\' 1!\llllf

(:8."".'1' doni' rw1d.J to rnakf' tlw ]'"'it ion Pal"i•·r f.,r rJ,e tri:,..~ afT··•·t••rl. ll<i\U·\'o•r U!il'<•llq•r• j,,.,,dl!u.~ 81Jrl unr·(•n•r•rdwndNi tl1e arlmiJ..io~tr~tir,n lltfH' I,a\f: ho·•"n rl wa• Ju u l·"·lf:on I•· t .. '''!" r j~,,, f:onfL, t uf int~r··~t. and tQ that pn•iti,,n baY" h1·o·u d11f~ pr•"<aldi'"'~ "'H h "" !),,. l'luoia .:\a :J•'•r 1'f·riFIO< ·y Act, r,r s1;r·h as f>X .. m pti• •n frr11n t hP J'PH i~imJ.S nl tJ11• lr ,d:>lll·"lr• ., . "·. ,, '11 A• r .. r • ,f r J,,. ,.;! -.,,,I' A•·t, or r•·l'tricticor,~ on the BJ·r••·aram:e of ]'lo:a•l•"nl in •·••urlh l••·anrq.! r' lf,al •.., ....... F ,., 11 1·. !,, re Fur·h ex .. rnpt1on'-. have h~f'n rrH:r•i•• they Lav•· t•ft..-n Lot•l•n tool1:,)f },..ar••·d <t:1d !·11• ',,.·II'~. dlr 1 ir·.~. (jf ~tJflll:' :'.0 ptiTIII1ive triiJt•s in tile ('pntml l'rr,\·irw<·!l <mly !) •• r•· ~]"'' ,j;,"ll·' , \• 1 q.t .. .j fl<'"' ti,.• (·l•"•atiou hit!,, In,lla11 ~l.lr:tef;-i•m Act." l,iJ,. in A:--:ial/1 a ltil'rmtn \\hu ~u[,., rd.•·o; u' lr•· 1111•>t.

dr, v.h"n in (}o.,;enua<·t,t l"trvir "• to th~ c; .. ,,f·ral Pro\·id,·nt Ft~rul utllhiJt ur•rniu:•f•· Ill' J,,, J,,., Li:; Lrl·tLf'r fJt hi.~ btlltl,.,r·s !lfJ!J ar·(·ordir,~ tr, hiH ''"'0 VI•Jif'J'Ill•·<l ''tl~tom l.llt tf lr·· La::. 1\fl ;,.,,w nm~t n•m •. iJ<atl" his wife. This is n·a<onai.le 110 d<JIJIJt t'J a Hriti.~lwr, bnt i~ r·•Hll('J..t•·ly ,,t '"anann: \'oltb ~-ntirn~nt and f'UI!torn in th•~ A.~""l•l ],;11,, nnd g"n..rully o..·it b ~.,.,J liJ••I ~''H"·i•·rrt rf·~"'111. ~lrnilllrly the Pr,~t (Jf!i•·•· S;,viuifB HtJnk r··cnif••iZI'MIIllldu and ~l't"'lir11 Ia .. r Lut not trib,d e:u.tr,m. It ~·•:m-~ fil'Jre than ),kf.Jy tLat tlH• iJH·orpurati<on 11f trilJ:ol U.J<'I\s llllur•·J.'ubtwn atc·:n,

,.. b"'n M ,,,. h afl ·a 'I are :,rr>V<·rnNf L y murl> (Jf I•·>~<~ d ,. rn• wru t r c I • ,rrw• of !!•>v,.rmtwllt on t l,., 1 <111><1 i "11 t i" 11

(Jj l'.hir·h t),f• fJlto<el!! WJil he pla•:•·d in On ill·.i(!Jtificant litlll<Jrit r, ~·,jiJ IJring IJwir intA'J'f•,,T>I 111111 dirr•ct Cut•fiwt wnh tl1., intotrr•sts uf tlwir w il-'hluJur~t uud•·r ,.,.,l,flfillli!-! iu wlail'la tlrf~ udllllni~tratiou uf tLe trih.sl ar.-a will lra.ve Vl·ry little l'''"'(·r t() modify the 1\f·Vf·rit y witlr whid1 it will rr•JJ!..L lin tL~ tribr:R. Tritx,s t)l?<.:upying 11•1clr un an·a n·alize little ur nothina of tlll':l tJir•t!rn•l in which law~ are admiui1'1tt-rtd out~iJc it; ii thPy clo tl11·y have no orcaW:I of rm•kiLlg tL•:au'!l·lvc:~ h<':ard.

PRIMITIVE TRinES. 507

The cousequ~nl',e is that a few alien !lettlers who are able to dn so aud ar~ wiHhful to live under the ordinary code~~, which J(ive trcOlf!ntluue advo.ntagt>.B to trarll'rs and others dealing with simple and unletten'!d ruf'n, are lilwly to sw~c.eed (it baa under existing contlit:ions often boon d<li.Ul) in ~flttiug a nw.tLod of admi.nistraLion Pxtc:ndt.:d to a tribal arna the disadvantages of whloh to the tri!Jd.uwn are compl..tdy UD!iftf'rtx:iat.ed Ly th,.m until they find them!Wilves irrevocably ,.-ithin il-4 grip. I 11 the }JI uceM of &OJtJOUimooalion it iB only too likely that a previouAly nouhindtti~~MJ hill trillt'l may b~...-crome a nH'l"fl dPpn>ll!led caste M hl\8 happened to the .Turu, Koru and Khari~, to mPntion only thr"'e in"h.n<'PR from the same part of India,"' while the cullivaror iB d.~prived of hifl right-a in tril,u.l land and rkJ.ti"atl•ld to that of a landlPsa labourer, a proceM poin~d out in the ea.AA (Ji Gourl11 and kindr~d tribes by the Cen~ns Superintendent for the Centrl\1 l>ravinu·a iu Appt'nilit: III of bja report. .

In the a..llNntil ivf' tlwy tn:&y rl"tain a eort of em&~~Culated tribal life, deprived of the custom.s and fet~tival~ that g~ve it H•~>a.n.ing a•Ld c.;ohc&uu, and fall into that psychical apathy and physical dec lint> which hll& r!ut·imatt>4 !10 m.uny tri lt11l cottJmunities in the l'acifie and elsewhere; and tbiA decl.lliP is QC('.t.•l••mt~Jd in auntLcr wuy by the OJ:Rning up of comtnwlicationa. Many new di.'W'M68 arc iruportt-d B!f&irlllt wlliuh no ]ntmunity haa be-en evolved, since they did not form part of thl! environment. W whieh the trit..., is ada'ptoo, and the rPHult is & sta&,teriJli moft.:l]ity fwm wh;•:h th .. re D•BY Le no ff"(:o~ery. The J"Jipidly approaching extinction of the tribf...a of Great Anrlamuu haa lnrl.(dy bt:-t·n due to dillea8C8 imroru.>d into the penal settlement a.nd commuuitJRl.Pd to the> All<l.utuuw~ J..y r.unvict.s. The n~~e of distilled liquor, of opium and evr"ll of rnf:"rc11ry (M 111 J.n•R) is pt·rfurmi•·~ a eimilar d~rYiee for other tri008 and is likewise the result of the improvt-d cowruuuieations whieh corrupt p-ood manners. The Durbar of a State known to the ~to:r ,·dot'•l the advent of rail commuuit:ations on the ground that railways were an Pvil: tlH:y ouly UrtlUl,!ht in dirt, di.~~;;e. crime and 11trangera. and the state was bet~ withuut,--6 j•Hl~·~m(oht in "1\hich v•e Otay find very lnuch ind('~d to cowmt>nd.

Mt·anwhilc tLe diftinaltit·s under wltich I•rimitive triht-8 are placed with re)!"a.rd to ed.u(:atioo ha,·e alrt<ady hn:.H poitJh•d out (rulr parnwapb HI in Chapter IX), a.ud in Bihar and Ori.sa& a oaemomudurn uf tial f.jO\'l'rh.ot .. nt it..-...:1!, sul•naitted to the St.atut~ry Corillllise.ion, sta.tea that io the matt.tor of t:ductt.tinn thu Khurig:iuailo~ of that proviuce "ass whole are, relatively to the ..:•·n('rnl rl(IJ• 1J! .. tion, in a. \l{)t~ l··~•ti(t0 than thl'y "1\t:~ in 1921. They have g(lt a little li"M than th··ir g•·tlt"r ... J r;l.aw of lltt1 iH~ advAw·e rnad•~ in priuuny etlncation and decidedly less of the ad \'ant·t> !u bivlt &ll•l mi•i,ll•• e.Juc'ltJUn ". EdlJI·ation in it '*'if i.ti a. <loubtful blesoing in 8G fa.r as it is apt t~ u11lit tlat>ru ftir tlwir {·nviroru111mt, but it ig probahly a nec:;e&;ary weapon of defence for tlll'm in tLt! c~rt' U11114fltJH"•'8 in "l11(·h U''"'Y nre plRt't•d, perhafl8 the only one of sny permanent. l•alu•·, tlaou~~h thf' l't·al 114...luti••tl of lltf> }•tol•lcm wouiJ apiJt·sr to be tQ crt'a.te S~..Jf-governing trthaJ lll'l'<loll v.ith ff'l>e }l•_rwt·r of r..1l!-ddt·rruinlltion in rt'g&.rd to surrounding or adjacent l' ro\· ~lll'inl u.nih.

It l't'lu~tin~ to a.Jd a li~t uf all l'"f'l'T" in the 1:.131 C('Ill!US sNies v.-hir.:h deal with primitive trlbt-8 from oue &Sflt"·t ur anoib ~Cr. borne ol tht>lll 11 re collt!CU..d in part III of this volume but otherR can o~tly IJe l<Jtll•tl hy r,.f·renf"e 1() the J.lrovjncial volum~ concerned.

lMl £1 pas.v1:J.:..c •n l'r<•"' ,,~-~~J nr•d Su!lt' C1"1L1'118 &port~ (1:131) bt'.an1tg Oft t.M cwtoms, ocmditionl Retermc.. m u••lf.JJ-: .-J ,,.,.ni4~•etrihes, ltnrl4 '"'"'rhdu•itha1J ast .• :ri.JSk a~ar in Part Ill oft.hi. wlume; \lr:ms Jfll.n-lrv/ t (Ire ~o "'J'''''lu.·,J bur i11 ptirf o11ly, r:w in a dijferf':lli.jorm.

Cen.ua YoiUD\41 &~<d ('ZOo VIIlUC,etO.

Ulaptar or p-,~• tB whjc.!J mt. r !!JI( ... u. m ll<itt. Subjl!'(lt,

T"'i'" II • .AJp~tn;w a.od Xtcrol·w- A. .lh.li.!c.mtt.n Lw.n<ia. t Tilt A ltorigi!Wl M. 0. C. Boni1J8ton. ~

lailt.HIJ•. l-iH!oj.l.t'r \'. •

V J 11. Boll:lbay

B. :\'i.-oi•.u- lelal.d.'l,t Ji.41.1td.oyy, de., of .\·~oru,-Char·ttolb \'.\'11.

Do.

Aj,pco<h:.. A• Til£ 8/wmp•r. 0.,. ApJ•'Jdtll B" R•lf!.rwn qf K ... , .V<ftui>M G. Steveoton.

{:h,.~''~'' Xll, .AppeuJi:~ 1(:.1) Ha.-houni Tribu ·.• • •• C. S. MulltWJ.

AI'J.oc .. udill A• EJ!ed tm J>nm;liw. Tnbu .J/ J.P. Mills. ,, .,llnd8 wtL'& civihza. IWII.

ApJ'ilnolil. B• Not~Jt on ceri<Jall lli41 Tnbu.. J. P. hli1l1 and othen.

App<•Q.dix u• .. N·J,-~ ""the /'t~oph .. "oJ 14~ J. P, Mills.a.nd oth~n.

.App•mdix v• J\ pp<•udix VI t

Apl-'6udiJO B

Chilt<lgo"q liill1'rod.Jt,

Tfu Kunuill of Cllo14 Nag pur

'I' h• /;<mluJ~

Notu Qll lhe aborig~~ and lbll hba. jourN til ~~~ p,.u>J.elltliJ.

•Tb<cll" w••moot 111i1.•Lt. b4l irtcl\• • ..,.d i.itd•,finit.-.ly Prnotic&JI.v all the primitive ;ri!MM aout.li tlitbto Godavari river bave LIN.'Oine llt~lll dr>prn.o~ {lll.ilt'"'·

608

.ll. Bwtl& ••

UFENDII 11.

Subj~t.

LaJw .M x- ....-;..,. eu. ..,..,, Nf!/IM • b\o, I wit-.. .a.-. .B .. .._,

J. H. T.Ur<lfd,

I. H.Gmoo.

•• lt'afll Trttt.. ou ,..., ....,. T. P. O..war • .. .....,. . XII. o-,..t~ Pmvi- C'haptfll' XII, Soc\ioo II •• PrVelliw f'ribu • ,

IY.d )ierv. • • W. H. Shoob.t\ ... d otb..,

A~.t.:OP ••

:xrr. Kadru •• Cb~ XJit, pp. :91'1()..!(12 ,.....iii .. 7'ritww •• . , lr. \V. )(, y eatt. aQd.

oth""-

xnn. Uni...r PluYi- C.pt.er XII. •r~ D., Jl """9"'•r.u ""' -""'" l'SifiM ... 'l'r"-.

IlL &md& ••

%D. C«JaiD ••

.nm.~ nv.K,...

•

Chapt« XII. Seotioo 4M .lppeodm u. (..:UC. , .....

,,... aM Pri..ati"' 1'..W.. •• a..,.., ~.,, .. _. IDJTWC f'~ Mrf).

• • Appeodill It

App.odia Ir- •.

- .lPf*!dU It t

AppeoddX

J.p~dil.lf

-

••Mn9mp4~ _.. ..... "' ,.. b'*-" r . ...,.,. r...uo..

• • 11~ t/ C~-..1 '!'nl ... ... c ...... J .. ,...., ..-~ .

• • f' .. I orw~ !'nllw rl/ Cao:io" f'.UC1....:lu

K. G<:J.,imia lfl'DIID.

O.A.Ith.a.G,

&-/a~W~..gjuwpri- K, V~ .,..,... • ...... rnt..

Tlw Pn...ih .. 'I'...,., N. K1111i1U1 Pilla~ ud L. A. KrWiDa 1,-v.

INDEX.

N. B.-Firtlrelln ol&n~Ddoojne indicate pararraplu.

Figuree ill dllarJ' Qrpe ludicata Pille&.

Abortion, '78. A.crobat.IBt, ori lhll of, t I G, ,\o,uar-y'• repor' (19'.!1}, 70; t\ll:'ll ~ 10'7, ~qq.

J.deu, 11 : Prot.ootnra-. 1, A~.U9.

Ad-dbannl, 184. 166.

Adicb.oalh•r, almlta f01md at. hO, 44 t. Adi-Dr-.•ida, Adi-Hit•du., AdH\•m•taka.166.

.&dmi.U.tralion, P~t.lin. 111.

.ldoD~. Garcl.ona of,103.

Adoption, Appl. kl C'h. \'[.

..

,A.f!Air·birth, .. ~tioa of osLfo.roa) aoul, il a; .. Wk!JD• 414.

Ap, l'l'hm or. nf inf .. nt.. 18: mi111t•t•m"""ta of, of puberty, .,t womllft, om•thl'>(la of ,...,•lumlflll!, iqnror,.noe of, 6i: (ndia.n attif.ttdr t.oW"al'll•. 7& l of C.m .. •nt, O>•nmitt.N,17 J dl•tribu~ooo,e~hur in. '72.

Al!8 ,rouP-, t ..... tmt~nt of, onortAhty error ln, a-l)oatment of. 110rt for, 71: 1IM't f.,r kn n1lat.1on t.o ~i.,il oond,tion, 92 ~ coomrarat.iv.,, 73.

Ara., '17 ...

Arm"nl&, 102.

A rm.n.iana,f71.

A-contd.

, Ann&noid type, 45'2: 'lr.Dll or, 462: distribo\lon or, 662, -663; at8araer, -l5".!; ak••ll•t Harap~1 4&3.

A.nuy,l31.

J.rtemia,IOS.

Artino ,IJ"an. of. too.

.Ut., 180 •

Ary•n invuioo, 30S,

Aryau, in r»nl••d witb lranialll, -t6l); Rif;.,,,,u.,, 4~ 1 mo'te. men til or, 4-68.

Aryu, tel.

Arya Samaj, l60, t64,166.

Aaia Minor, S91: and ...,utb lndiu oulture,1,t1.

Aatwn. U : frlledom from plague, rat. in, Ul ; li~r~ooy of hill-trih. in, 141 ; migrat.lon to, 63; •ubtld1ary oco.a­t•at.lona in, UO ;, .,it.Jetatiatice in, 78.

- ~uru,4!'17.

A,rborlt-.nth, ~~.

A,n lknl-. 4"o9,

AI!"' 13.

, _. Aaon,lll!lllunrl 1ang~~~tge ~ltlf to, 151.

Agrlcuhul'fl. 81, 1H, 1111,124.

,AI(ricnlturallal,,u,.,.: 124.

.. A~.II4\

Anir, 41)5.

.Abl-i- Oadi• _.t, L&Z. t11.

At.madabad, 41.

Altmadiya, t7t •

.lit P'()ree, t 29,

~iMP'tfG 81'04-"4. til),

•

Ajm4'f, "''IC'""ti•Jft t<'o, 53: l'>~.v. ap• of wnrk .. ,. in, &fld ~ ........ &11"1 of worlum1 ln. llof'('~. t" l'b \'IlL

AQ!i ~M:Il•, 160. IM.

AI- K hi•lr, 169.

Alrn• huU.,•I, iumato,.. nf, f33.

Alpin,.•, So'l'; tvpe hl B .... ,.. ... 1, HQ; ~vpe at T.uhoor. 4.'10: intru~j .. n nf l11t.n [tlJn•, 4:~1: lol.v•d jll"')ll ~. t..J~; r_, .-.. n~<& of, 4!'>'.! ; lnvuion, 4,\7.

Al-tlbaid, •\:111l• of, 4~:l.

Ammon, t02.

An .. u, ""' : •knllo r!)Uild at. H:,,.

Andamans •nd .'I ll"nhr.n, 10, SO.

An-taman.-., ·I•) ', •W !, .U;I; ""'' r.,tio Lft. 79; d~olmf' In, 17S; llt.nK•Isl!"'• 150.

An,~:ami N"'l•• -111,

Anglo Tndi,.n•, .. ,.._ r .. tio &fiV•IO~. 79; IIMIIflll.tiona of, 184; a.•l ju.-tluMt ol l'"l•tum nf, 171!; d••linitlou of, 1110; in n>la­t.nn to (u..li"D Chu•llo.'l~, li!U,

•AnimiMtll, t 74,

Anthr<•t>e•tn•>l'l,hi••n. Apph .. d to •mul m11tt•·r, 4U!l.

A p~•tamha, 41~-

A ph.-otii ~. 10~.

Aphrodiii'M~ll.. r·anhO.!;tlll, liS9.

Arohit.H:tto. f30,

Aru<"& nut, 4.1~.

Aaylt~ma, inmates rJ, 181.

Atbea., 167 •

An~tro-A11iat•c, 4--i~; "'llj(ll•cee.UU, Aneta. 45<1, .:;a •

Babylon, 10!'.

B .... ·k nay, 41.

B~~orl&nan ~ultnl'l' +U.

Bag..ra o.la, 413.

B"'::hsll..hand. tS.

Bab.W•m, 189.

H .. idh;vas. '!'19.

Faiga. 151 •

B

Balfour, Heory, on pteb.iAt.orio pot1.o1r1, ""'

Ba.l11chi!tan, 11, 44(): Iangn.p ill, US; former fertility of, 4u4.

Banajiga, 4.~3.

BaugAlore, SO.

Banking, 128: Enquiry Committee, 11, 83, 1211.

Ran·da, &;<\'!~!of worke-1'1' in, appx. kJ Cb. VIII; ~mi~ration frolll., 24, 51, 67 ; infant marria.ge prevent-i<>tl in. 99,

BarrW!, Mauri~"• 180,

llllrtl1' h. t 0~. B.wtWi1, toll.

R&llhi Strait, 449.

B!l.l'tlll I' tate, 149.

:Ratala, 82.

BattJLII:o <iOf.

Hayana, akull found &t. ,oW, 441,

1\egLl,.l't!, 132.

TXDKX. SlO

B-Nmtd.

, '"-1 :i ""' · L.n.ru.....,.. ISU. , .... "'~ • . . . f :&.P.r.J IS. do-n;oit'· ,,f. f; in!anl .. am~ in. !99 : '"""' ... 1° 'l:i • ,j ' 11, )lo;,.!1m JOOf"'I&IH>fl of • .f!!; rt!liiUMI..ci f'"J'U a•

".::.: ~; , .... w.,•b~ ~nih o~jan>l, "'~J, 4.\1; bra<"h.v· ~ M-pb.al.' Ul IJ"I .\t~lD!I"!itn.440. 4a7.

B~ni-1,.,....:. ast. llf'"·'-•·111. Bfoz:r~rr. 102. ~thAI.M.

B~ tdauria 78.

Bapam.s, &59.

Bb&Lt31.

Bhs•t!'b)·.a. T'urana. lf\0.

BbJ. R •i f"<~l rukr, with blvod. ac~iDW by, 40-4.

Blnl.o.tS4.

Blmjn~. 4.>7.

Bhlli~!hars, t5t. Bbllll!ij. 151.

Biw &: Ori>'•a, 14 i m~r.t.ioa frono, 53, 67. 58, 80.

Bikaclll', 22, It i mi~tion Jn.U.

Biun~..ru.m. 141.149, 1~1.

Birhor, ¥-f.

Bin lnhstl'f, 123, lB8.

Birth rontrol, aG, &0, a:l

l:llrtL.,>I-. 53. Bi•ll<•r-,ln~ ltiZ.

!kohooi Brahman.. ¥.•!, 410.

J;.,ind.......,., d.-D.nitiOD nf, 10! ~ d.h-cta in r~llllntl of, 104 j dultr.l.t11lo.n of, ra ll~.o ol, tot.

Blood 6"' ..... ~I, 152.

BOOdJ!Ig, R.!·v. P tt,,141.

&hr11o1, io :'i~n. 4!'7,

&lar?m, 15.

Ison.o~•"· PMdtonc.v, 15; •~ ;,.., liteni':V in, ind"•'r:r irl, dlm6i '~ of, ~'It' 11'1, 4i i O'l'l!ll'CI01JdiiJI ID, ta. 51.

&Hmerjea, '~h-

BoJOoftt, •••

B"'-'C.yrepbaly, 97; of Bengal not Mongolian, «0, ..:i7,

Bni41na, 3~. 39'1; en!Tilll! of, 4JO. · 1 ~mao~J>m, oon- 'f ed.ic ek·m,.nw in, 396.

Brahm..aa, 1!3 j '•o groope of, 157 j Hui!Bain.i, 1&9; B.11ho .. 1, 4Ar4 41fl.

B~hid....ha, 3\tl.

Bn~urta,3~

Bahmi !'<:r:pt, 4511.

Brahmo '>.m&j, lSO, 1641 185.

flr.a~ui, 12, 158. ¥.r.2, 454: bl'aehyoeT'hai:V of, 4.5'); ""PIWic mdex of, ~oJii11; f!lldogamy of. "lin; d.~!la, el,•!"' of, 4r.S.

Branding for !eru I ity, 4' •3. ·

llr-.y, ~ ~ l>eny~; 1;:.5.

B1e•en. 126.

Bril.lllit Guiana,&..

Broad-:a~~t.m~, 22.

Bud<ih..,a, 28,168; B1ndo,- tS8; oewm..d aa Hindu.a, UIO.

Bull cui~, 3~3 ; jumping. 45(1. :&onck-lkbaod, 26.

B..ro•a, tl, ~; "'""'lt,oo ill, pr.roee iD, tl; race i.u, 40: m.ieratioo Jn,ia; .n~tco• of life in. infut m~trf.olHy in, 74-; lea r~llo 111, erUigrllotioo into, 80 ; 1u hond1e.J'Y fX>Ou pa.. 1-tona ID, I ao ; "'~ commtmJtV in, 133; liU,ro,r·· ill, 131 i addi1.1o...J new ~er•Jo& i.O. lila 0 Europea~U ill, t78 •

.B~ on Anrl&mUUI, 10.

Bun~~<Ut<ki, 1b0, 157, 4:..0.

Buu, mvlho-r godW.. at, 4fo6. boa ton, rJu-llty, 440. UJ, 442,449. hyh!u.,tl)%. by,.u:l-.U.

c • C•li'•"'ttl•s M<~oncM'"""''· 146. OunJu, .. ,.,,

t 'akutla, do·lu•.1 Y of, t&• t:' 111, PUl•nollil ul1 42.

(&)d ... .-11, l!'td.

t·•n•J•~II, '-•r.l., t7. l)allnll'61••1u, ~H.!, ~a. -&>•.5

l'antottmrnt-", ST.

l'&ll51&n, Final, lllil'rolothir flint• of, 4H.

l'&eboh, dn,C.., 40~.

Caah ('ol'n1tiratH, I. • l-...,~. Jh M'lall,•o to rr·l.hrJO, 144 ; •• 1.-u•fl'·r...i hv n •• lr) .. ,) ..

li<>ll ·•• Hi; m I IHIOll ... llly, l!ill; rnl•· •nd 1<41«', an J rd>lrh of. chanol"•o on, ,., .. .,. k> lui'l11•r, H12; Ia b•llatioo nf,al,.•hllo:..u nf rrlurn ul, HL~; oru1•a ol, utr.._,n.w~ of. "•'"" of. chAd•anl"I:N ••I. 11!4 ; 'lron"'·r rn -..uth, of~lll <a.•t..-e t ... rn•.-..1 from trot-, fill> •·ash·•, llrJ>..._ d, •n 1-:""""'"~"·

t'awa.·t. JOf!.

{'ath<>hr~. l{nman. JOt, J;jV, 16:.!.

l .. II'Tlfk'IY" 5:,

l'rn..11•, of•'•• ol. te i t.u,\'•"'''' of, 4f: J""i' .. h"•n. 164;

l~nttn•HIM, •:·px. kt C1t. 1\·.

c.-rural ln<tia ........ o. "· :'i. Centi".J fr.onw .... 17.

Cqoboali~ mJ,·x, U~f.

l''L',dfln, t'Dtqrraii(•D 111,65,

., ... u..-........ 16:.!.

l1!.&11i.r, 133, 182.

Cha.1uba. ~17.

('b.a.nda, R.i ll.~.dur Ha~.·a 1 ·•ua..J, t67, 3;1t\, .. ~ ... ..eo, b) polh<·~IB Of, 4-f~r, '.'d); <•0 ('olWID blarna.,o .. , of,..-i_.

~'halll•!"tibl, lfl!,

(lwn.iraJ JorWU•. \80 136,

l'bo>t~P.awi -·t, t£-lt

C'!Uidc, oo .-\F)'ll.n la.lllfU~. 4•11.1,

l'hrna. ~f, fl7.

t.l.m......,, 16.

lwn,langu"W"'· 150; nPw arl" r·l .,,_ J~. lllicra.k41R, 1~9. I 7 ~ l'hri.-11&118, 159, 1':'8 : _...,. uf, 162: lodoon t!o rda~ic:.n to

poltt.i<a,162.

<.lut~-'l!'"''!l!• lht Jo.lh"'t.o In, 11:18.

l'hul.rur. 1&9.

Citif.a, 41,61 ; d .. n.Uty "'· 41 ~ unn!ru•·c~u.,: '''·ill.

lh il ,.,.,.,foLI••n, "l>~&nHif' of, Sit, 9'6; ,,~,.,.... nf. IIG; f4run-• of, error• 10, 91 ; "''" f.,.,, 92 ; l·y &JII!', 114 ; Ly ~••1~, 116.

('rnlt7.&11""· on~in or ••. -.:l. cJ .. n. al P"'·fo:...i ,,~.~~, sao, taa. C61-run. 29; litn.w,v m, 137, 1~; (~,n •• -. s,.i ... 'l"WI>dr·nt of

(qwot.ed), 160.

~nul, 10,29,40,1~.

Code of )lanu, 4:!,..

LOit1on, in m~~o.:ie, ~u"'!!""W ell'l~ati.:.r. t.~l, ~ 111.

C<>le, Col. li. L .• _<W app-r. w C1•ap. '\.'11 I

('Qlnoel Ru-·11, 77.

Q)lllana, 102.

Com p~l.ot1<111,t.rio:h•ry ill,l64, O,nc:oealmtlnt, ,,f a.f,(<-, 89: t~f mal'ri .. goe, 92; ol infirmot!P~, 104:

of in"&nily, 106; or d('&fmul.f'llf' .... , 107 =of lerrO!Oy, 109' ,,f .-1<-J•ZI.IIUtia-.M, 110,

Con!!'"•ti<•ll, 4&, 441 411,61 1 io villages, of d. pro·""Pd ele-•, 61.

Omlu~rana,1'74,

Congrelll! 'II'<Jriuor,132.

(~nvic:t,., 102.

{.:oo.,h lld•Ar ~lat-e, 13.

.IND&X. 511

Ooorg, 18, .l[,O 1 migration to, 63: infantile mortality in, 77.

Ool'l'ngaled iron.IO. ~-wivea, ratio of, PO. Cow parifioe, 395.

Cremation, a~.

O'eteo, 102. 458.

Criminal tribea, r11DM! ol, 451.

Crookt~, '-49.

Cultintiofl, 124.

Cultu,.._ fution of, 311:1.39-4.

Cyprnl. 101.

IladuJi60thi, 15g.

D&ityM, 4fi7. Dill~ in g. origin of, 4111.

Dardic !AilglU~. UiT. 4.72.

Da ... b.ra, 102. 40~. -416.

Dllte, culth·ation of, fM.

Dawudi, nl ; flo,rah•. 16!!,

D

J).,6[mlllf'nf'""· d"finiliron of. l'lln•• r-f, r,,.,., of,('()nl'l'alrnent of, dJOtnlouti.:.n ni.IIICII and, m~litutw!Uifor, 107.

Ildvclhf'&, \'Ull<'llllvD ,,f, H.O,

l .. ·lhi, IP, 1.6; B!lmlln•r JUJ"LI~>Iiao ()f, r<H•ptlllli·JD in, 46: Jll!IIU' '''" 1.,, 53.

IH·n&•r:t• 4 ; of huul!e10, 60, 61. ~~ndn"t-,112, Ut. 11':1: non ... <>rkil'l.'. Uft; (>('('11p11tillD!I

of,12l; a~ ••f, "''"" •i'l"'· to l.:bap. \"QI.

Deprnd"ncy, inrid~>nftl of, difttnhnlion of, 118.

1).,,,~ rutH, ~~ E1t~rior { .UtH.

_ De'l'aolaoull, t02, ::b3: •·nfrandli,..m,•nt ol inam-holding 10llo abiJiJtbr<l•n ll!>ll('tfl", 3\f\1.

Doon-Na~t~t.ri, 1541•..,.. X...;ari).

Dha.nnulw>~tf&l! I.'Ontrut.Mi,.ith Rwverla. 3911.

D•JC•Ia, p~'<'f,•renti,J a.nd age ro:tum, 70.

I.ti .. &llll.ll, 111, ,.,. 3!1.

Dia~illen, 128.

Divorce, tOO ; &J•J•X. k> f:h11.p. VIi lnJi~ A,t, 101.

Di•um, of:j(/; "" .h~l.,an hr!Wl:y< ... phaly. 4 l:.!.

D•>lmeo, .Wtl.

l.Jom~>~tu• &rvicoP, 1:!1, 131.

O.•n•, f'ICO::l.l['lllioo of, 183

l'oublt-day, o61.

Dra.vidi&n, ll\lli:ll""'"·a, 151, 15G: in }.·. IHdi.., 4:>li; lna.n word~.,.,,..,., ""'"u in 'h·-wf"'t.amla•and lra.n, iD ~la.tion to KhaoniW (flurriWll, 138.

Duboi~, A hht'-, toa, -t 10 ; quo! .. d, 4;13,

Dula.ure, quuf.rd, 4H7fL.

Dur\rh ... im, If. I'.!.

Dutt, Prof. N. K., 156, 4.30..

E

•

Eam .. r,112, 114,115; agPH of. A.ppx. to Chap. YUI.

Easl.ft'" l.hL11<l, 165. EABt Indi&na, 180.

Eduoation. 130; prtrHary, dN-Iine ol, 137 ; DevMtm!'"nt, com­ptloritoll With 1'\'ti.J.rn" of, 145.

Educated UnDmploy;,d, 146.

.. Egypt, 102.

Eicbtedt, 442.

Ekavira, 102.

E!efltion propaganda. 40.

Electricity, 22, 126.

Ele phanti&lliS, 103n, 110.

Elija.b,1fi9.

Elliot Smith oa Adicha.nallur skulls, 4,40, .WI, 444.

Emiltra.tion, from Rihar & Oriel!&, 63, &T, &8; Madru, 531 80 1 United Provi.neea, 6.8, 69 J ludia, 64 J Prol'lDces, •u MiJlf"&tion. to Malaya, 66, Oeylon, 66,

Eogliab,litflra.cy ~n. oitiel, 143.

EraniADII, 157 (and •u Irani&D).

Eri du, 437, 461.

E.chatology, 394.

Euoocbs,102. • E-.p~H;~rbia, -wa. Euruia.tio type, 4.16.

Euro'P"&DI, nccufl&tiou of, 134; need for adjllehng tbe figurt'& or, cnnfu ... d for Anglo-Indiana, D!!UfeB of female, 178; non-liritieh,179.

Eu.-o~"'" British Subjeeu, 178.

EI.OJlamy, 4!l!l. ..

Extcri'lr c~JOt .. .,, App:.:. I: 473 eqq.; litera..-y of, 141, 14.5; hhulatu .. n of, 182, 183, 311\l; tel!1.8 of, 472 ; instructions for •nfluLry 811 to, 4il; numhem of, 41-l--482; treatment d, 4.1\2-41'!(1; orijlio of, 41:!6; a.melioratiou W. condition of, 4>~7, 488; rf!l'tw<'Dtation of, ot88; list of, 488--493; d••tribution of, 4!14; in Assam, !l\16-499: in Balnl'histao, .aw: in ll&dru. 499-501.

F

Famil~ lilt of, 51. 88.

Familil'll, 50 : coo~~ .. ll8&1, 50.

Faminr, 23.

Farm eun-eys,12-l.

FP-&I'tll of 'olPrit., 31l7.

Female lite, wastage cf, so, ez. F•·nlBII"s, ff'wf:r born, 78; tmrvival of, 78, 82 ~ ratio of. 78;

11bort .. numeration of, 80: short~~ of m8JTled, &1 ; ooou· l'atiollll of, 121, 122: ~mploym~nt und.-rground of, 125.

F .. nnghi•, 180. F<lrtile {!rt>sceut, 4."13, 454. L

Fertility, 85, 83, 88; ill re:ati~:>n to. age of_ rol\l'riagt-, 85, ~7; · in rdatiou to oc!'upa.tion, 86; 10 relatiOn to oomrnun.tt!,

87; and c:aete, 8'1; cults, 397, 398, 411, 416; cuh>, ong1n of, '16. • •

}'ir.v..r, 397, 406.

Fiji, 67, 97. Filll•ing, 124. Fto&ting population, 86, 51.

Food indU8triea, 126.

Foreatry, 1M. Fo~&yth, quoted, 411.

Fort. Wilham, 42. Foundation aacrifi0611, 408, <l09.

Francb.•seo in JEtlation to litera~y. 140,144.

F "·r J 10'" • ori oriain of t<>te:miam, '12. r&"l.:el'. C"l "t Iii • e.~

Fren~h 11nd Portuguese India, 68.

Fustel dfl l'oulanges, 394 •

512 DI'DEX. r

G

G.iJ-w,W

t;att, So.r Edward. 73. 17. 117.

Ganja. 1:!'6.

C..·i•"'· laug~ ill, 148.

o..o-. M. G~-.M,4t"l.

G.ro. 3W, 400.

G&u~ l~ld..

Geoeli~ '71. O.JW, .. ~

sw.;-.a. •PP-1· 10 Ou.p. n. ~ 4(.'1$.

GlulriJ' Dr .. 4.36.

GU.pt, 28.

Girla, ll:dul!lioll of &l 'J'Vbety, 0.

Ginilnd&-R~. «2. «~ ~­GJan,"'ma. 108.

Gonol.Mato :, j..)5.

•

GoDAI.a, bilin.gual, 141: ft'turned .. Hindu. 1M.

0....,. ~

Gno ... D.oppen, 117.

Gru~ra, t:!l.

Griei'80U. Sir C'.aorge. 157, MO, ~I q110t.HI, ..s2.

Grilti&h Taylor, ..U..

Gri ffitba. 42.

Gri~ Mr. w. v .• 141. Gnh., Dr. B. 8., 0& .. «0, 442..

GllineaW'Qflll rctr.ooa~l. 111.

' '

Gujard., 151; i11faot ~ iD, HJ _...llih.aftd with tlengal, ~. ,,, ••.

Gurmukbi.. 153. 1M.

a-lior, 25.16 i ~ iD. a i c-..,. Co~ ot II!, ~of e:iril eondia.GD in., 12; &p o1 W'Ork­io, &flJJ•. to Chap. Vlll: Tribal B.elig~011 ft!tllrD6d u llw<iumn., 1'13.

ll

B~ f40, «~ ; oa Tucli&a brachyoephaly, 14~. Hagiol&try, 417.

B.air, ot'e~ to &itiOI, 102 ; .ant.ainlo life nanae, 3~.

R.lbi, 241.

Baldiao, 15'5.

H.acdy, Prof., oa Polynesiaa origins, ~.

Halla 'IUoll., .o7.

BarapP&. A~enoid Halla at, W; )tor bwi.la at, 4M.

Hargr"e*~ !lr. H., (5oH,.

n-IM,M .

. Head wr-at.ely ~ to'l.

JI.ol-hQJltiog, 402, 401: u ~ te muriap, CO:I. tf•i\.

llcape, 79..

·~~ Geld.erll, 393. . ~ H~rc.dotus, 1 02, 156..

High ae.., rndi.aaa 011, &2, H. lliMi, 153.

Hindu. 160 : ll.gu,. ol 111i 1 Buddhilt1, Jam.. lA ; ~r.tt .. JAA, teo.

}LadoW., t78: pte.V..dic, t&l.

Biog\aj, 46::i.

Bi~""l,.tua. 102.

Hittit-. 157; lan!JUo~ of, tM, Ui7.

Hu. l~l.

8Df', •hooddow.od, tM > ill 1f}'ml"l', '"6 Horrnloo, lh.,r1 of, 16'7. H ... hti<'h. Sir Thoma&, q110~ fi!"'. Bd4. 3!1S, 416.

B- ICil«vN. ... 3. H0111rtong, 81.

H~M>kwotm (ankylo.tomiuia 1. 1 J 1.

u.,....,. pr .....

a ... .., ..... ri&., 397

Hon-..110; ine,.... nf, !II; on1~-1uary <..i, 5I : OIH' ~.,.___. u ~~

a~.,."h B.;<tt. .... .a. Hrdbeh, •U

Hultgr.mma, lot. Human aec"'"""' ~.,.,, ")3, w~. fH9, 411, f lA.

H urn an. 151.

llydnat.ad tltate, !1, 46; •ll bea.ltb ill, imrnnmenlll la. f,5

Hn~ef1dly. 434, 417, Us. H)"P"gUJY, tU, •38.

B .r I'"' brae by~ phaly. 4~

Jb~t.>D, ~3'..

I

(dar, inf&Dt lll&IT'i.a~ prt'lTelltiOD in, d,

lmpooYelllent Trwt~~. 51. lnaome, penoona li-rin11 oa pri.-ate, l!l.

lndan Chrisha~~ llamage A<-&. 101.

Indo A.ry&D, l&ngli"..,., ll!i:!. l'J1.

Indo-A.-yam_ a<!.-mt or, -4M.

lndo-Earopu.Q, ~. 157; ~~<:riP' uf, IM.

lado~ 44&. .. lnrlon.-R_.u. uwo tbocl .-.t makini ftre, •aanoe in 8. Lnd!.., 4-44 ;

cat..c!plll, 4-4&, ~

Inclra, 39t, :196.

ladua cb&ra.·t.cn, 164.

1ndu.;rt;ry, 126; tt·l 'om (If, Hlh nr,;a•hx·d, 128 i t.o'*oO• b,,.~.8o j23, .

lllfant mania~, 6;tll""" of, 80; l<,...t il"'"alent in .,strrme -.aLh, 4:l~; .,., alM> 'mArrO.;;" '.

J_p(a,nt 11J_Ottlll;ty,•74, 77; Cl\tlJtH of, 77,

lnlant-i'Jide, 78; iD J&mm~t an<J 1-' ~l.nur. ~3.

lnlirm, 111rvival of, 106; ~· of, ~05-

lntirmitics, rer.-nrd of, joJ; c<>R<:""t~lm!'roL or, jl)-l; pmltipl~, 101 ~ ilu~tuat.luna of, 104; at,.tt•lir-4 ul, 106.

lnael- br11111cb of lndo-Eurol'Ca.D lli.upafi.Ao jl)7.

lnaaoity, t'<>nooalm .. nt of, t(l8; •mvog fpznalo: .. 106; nauiiM of, 108: do.l.&nition of, 1M, 106: dcf.w!t.a ill l'f'turtll of, 108, tot.

loatitoti<mll, educatwnrJ, numhl>r uf, 14e'S, M7; incr<"a.MI ll1, i46.

lat.emal mi~t.ioo, H.

lraui&n anociatioue io India, oi/i6 (find •u' Eraniau '),

lr-.q, 87.

lrril!'•liuo, 1:M.

hemi .. 3118.

Jyer, LA. K. qoot.sd. 102.

INDEX. 513

J

J&l'kaon, A. M. T., -1:16.

Jacobit<'~~, 182'.

Jail~. inmat~· of, tS2. Jain, 161. t87; Hindu, 168; l'ndo~ramy ar·ong, lvw f•·rtility

of, 167.

Jainiam, pl'e Vedic, 18,,

Jai11ur S&at"• 78.

Jawmu, 28.

Jamllo,.drur, 61.

J3nl(ida.. 1811.

Jat. 133.

Jatak~. 133. 4:IR.

Jua, '-43. J,..,,, impo!"t&nt'e of, 402.

Je~my. Epi~tlr of, i02. Je~. Whit<·, 1r>i.l70; oH'o<-bin, .. ' rJltio in, 79, 80; lit...-aey •

of, 140.

Jhin,..ara, 133.

Jltrtm, 124.

JIIADg. J5j,

J ugi cut.·, 166.

J., 81kd, Ull.

K

Kal•irranthi, 159, 186.

K&c.rhari, 151 : ..,.Ji!-1t•m of, 164.

Kvbwal•a. 71. Kadar, of ..,utb lnrlia., f.l~.

K&lirt.lan, 4ll2.

KakkaJan, 166.

J;:~~,lo~-a.zer, til.

Kalat, Kllw of. bilinlf1w, H8.

Kallar, '.'Jtl

Kan•h¥>-Rokt .. , 1sa.. Ka111ul, 102, 411\.

Kan~a, 4111.

Xar...:-bi, 6&.

KAf'1'n, 44Q, UD : do< triM of IIOlli-IJlartt·r, 4H{i, 410,

K&l'hmir, 28: infanti.-id\' in, 78; 11111\flt marn<'!l'~ t•,...,ention in, 99.

KuKilftl, 157, ,~.R.

Kay&~~tlwr, tsa. Kl'&M, -'4:!.

Keith. Rir Arthur. >440; 110 ori.rin ~>f bun• &a rAC'f'_., 443: on W>utb Aralriau lorachy~q.baly, 442.

Kl'ratomaiMia, 108.

K~ahadha.ri b1kh-. J66.

Khano4vo, 300.

Kha.ndoha, 10:1.

KhaniadluUla titate, 215.

K haria, 161, .w~.

Khirian languag.>, 168.

Kbarri, 157.

KbailiR, u Hindus, 164 J Unitarian. IU!ICIIl(l:, 171. E half'a, 41'10,

Kben·ari, 161.

King, Mi11-1, 79.

King•hip, Sum.,rir.n.' Hindu aa~t of, :'IQ4. • Kirtan.iu, 169.

Kifth, skulls from, .. -ll, 443. M22CC

K--col!td.

K"lar G(lld li'idda. 61.

Kondh, 40].

Konow, Prof., 8t-en, 4-UI

Km·ku, 151, 31.lfl.

Korwa, 151 : religion of, 100.

K uki laru~uo.gf>l, l60.

Kukm, u Himlua, 164.

Kumbb !tlo·la, 188, 186.

Kornhh&rwad&. 43.

Kuntoitl, ~ll9, 411'l: infant mArriage* of, 95. 99; bn.chy­cephaly of, 4'..0.

Kurmi, 13, ~o 8~ Kunbi, 457.

K urukb, 161.

K uno: banda., JGt.

L

Lshour, indu•tri~~ol, oonditionl, of, e&llna.l, 123.

!.at:-. 124.

W<Ju perie, Terrien de, 446ft.

La~rasb, 437, 4fll.

Lohir:i, 4.51.

l.hon-, d .. IUiity of, growth, uf, 47.

IAihe~., 159.

L&lung, 261; rrligion of, 16>l

Lwdlorda, 124.

L&ngd•m, I'('(lf,·a:rmr, 154.

WIJ.:11&1!P, return of, 147: aubaidiary, 148, 14&: cla.sai!icatiOD of, 150.

l..an~'UAJl>'B, ovE-rlapping of, 147; nnclutWd, gipr!y, Antit~nmllt'l'e, 150; trib~~,l aurvi,BI of, gipsy eurnvBI of. tni">al lo!!!t of, 151; Anetroasiatic, 151, 156; llldo­,1\,.·an. 152, 157, Dnr....-idian, 151, 156; distribution of 157 ; s.gglutinative, 456.

Lal'lla., -13'1', tt>l.

L&tto•a, -151.

Law, 180._

LeJX>rll, IM."l; of, 109.

J..toprney. definition of, 108: diagnoeil of, oou~ment ol, survey of, re.I incider:.-.e of, O&llll4lll of, epre&d of, i08.

Lo· tf.Prll, t30. Li!)erly, quott-d, 99.

Lifl', expe<'tatinn of, 74, '7&; alirir ol, 4-04; lpoutaueously eng.-nd,.n:d, -111.1; Tablet~, 173, ltiJ'l·

li"9"m (lo""a), 3116, 4('6.

LingRyal, 159, 180, 166.

Lingni.oti<l Survey, 147, 165.

LiterMy, 81: d£>fiMd, in Arabic, record of, fi_llllrea of, 185 ~ in~re81\f' in, proportion of, in provin0011, 138 ; in at.tea, 186. 137 : growth uf, 136, 145; distribution of, ecoaomic yal1u> of, in Burma, tS7; in oitit~B, 138; io Coohin, 187, ta9; fen!a.ll', 189: by community, 140: in relation to trade, aee, 140, 14S; in l'('lation to c!ISte, 141 ; lot~~~ of • 142, 14>5; in EnlJiiBb., 143 : in relation to franchiae. 140, 144-

Lob&, 404.

Luei&n, 102.

Luoknow, lil.

Lushei, 410.

INDEX •

• w ... ~ •,""· o1111 lara tullh. lt" ..... \ ... Maq.....,._. til.

~.IT.

M..d'l ,. -.~~a. !!-11'1. Mad· JO. 44 . ~t.PN ~ ... tt: indr»tnal ctoom''l-' ,..., ~.:..':....,_,Jl,. t'<~~Uoalll, ... ; '1"11.1 .~ ........ '"· "''".,_"_ -,_ 7t· .,.~tl'f\ftl,51; ..,....of~r'-o:-n. ..,,.., ai'I('L

~A• ~ \·rn; ~ ~up:-.nn~orndrut ol quotrd. l~•

I! adra:oi. 17. :v..,du,.., 51.

ll.af .ahs., &37.

•u:t•·. "tf; tnb.J, tl6.

IW.ai ·Worala, l9ll. Li~gl-_.., imm..ip-ua&o~o, 11. S7.

•a.HIII ....... .-yakm. tOI, 4l&. lf.alo...-..n .. lid brt- _. ..... .-..t. t-'>.i

.. ,~5..

)(..I..~ he. 34, s .._w, ·•- of brads.rarJ·ba!J ia.. .._o;o_

Jbl,.tlldri, tt. .Mal&..-... ~~ s.o..a IWMim. ~~ fl L

IU.kr, 155.

ltali. t33.

'IIW ULa. 151.

~. ani L.hari. ~,q-

l!alt '1.;&, " I.

lb:to. lit. w.5

llal-. z:;..

~ l··7. J.(WI, ¥.Jil, ~11

JllaaW..n:., 151.

Haadi. !:L

Lr..pJc-. 51.

)[aD"" 0>&- al. Ill. ..

~ri, 71.

M"an.:ba, brvhyw;UJ:y ul. d.

x...r.tai,. 15&.

Kamv.-. 4.56.

-.uopolo, 1!4

lh,-,;I"Ik. ~~

~. ~b.rrl, Ti. 181. M. r7; ia BD"'"II·IL, 81; dorati<•

"'· 57 : lf'rtllltT ia ""'-- .. ~ ot. &i, 11 : to • ..-A. n. 10'2, d.-t.w.t... ~f. It; ,..w., H: r&t.- ol ._,., •• m ·t~. N, ,. • ..,. t>1 afN, M; ~u11 ~o1 ell. K t9 ... f&,.o""'· 116: J11011 ~ 17; I Lld lli.a.r."'aft 1'......-a.nl Att. 19: af.n\, ttl- )!~;~~~iuJ:·"· ~t. 94, t7. t8. tt; ~~~<>e Ch:-..1''.., ll~ A~ JIJI>II, n:t.-r,.u~. Fr~"UJ M. ,.t,.-t , ... !. ~ )(~ \'•h<ilty II:U. lltl: i..D tile l•u\M Pro-nw-, apf11.1LI0aJ>. \ L

X&n1#"d. tnloerprr4lic:m of. H.

llan'WI. Sr .Joh.B. W

-.c-. llr. J. T •• 10.

hn--.JC. Jtan ... oaal-Wl.!l'*. ~ .. ~; in ftlatioll to wo:t ratie. 82. too.

10.:..

:.r_,.lir>it r, e..u- -'>d. 7L

)(u !tol'l&, 412.

Ma.~riah•m, 35. IU.krr. ''·Y· im&atliiA', TJ, Sl : too fn!qumt, 77, !2.

Mal b.ia. 1\ IJil hi. 1.51..

Matnlil'l' .1 .,.~.,.. 101..

lla.trifu.,. 4?il,4.'"oil 'rlan~ frr..m tel f'&ll'il:ny, 3<J4.

J(aa!'iUWI, 87.

llllllsa,ti.

Mup.o,n. U

lllu.hbt Siio:b8, 166.

){~Wocia. Fair:r l~ruwr (){. 411

llf'&ll ~. 71, n. lllt-r~..nK-s ...... al.-.llfa.

.11• ..Un.-.e, 130.

:Wr dit.r~ t.N ; oon· Wnal j(.n .-i tb .trmtJu:>td, U...'\ •~ ..

:W..pJ1t!'.K a.ooun~n&ao, t~'6. 4."•3.

.... .,.., ~w.,_, •. ";.ij.

)1 .. ~111.

lk~.H.&.

)l .. nl:ur •• o6.

Jlcnd. t'•l.

Wdopot&&ia, 102, l&e. 157. ~h4 •

ltiin-tiort.. t(• t<·~ ": t"l A•._m, Bunra. J~ lt.i, f'onra, :\JII'-f'r, 6&: tro-rn tl•bar awl 1 •"-. 6!. 67. 611; frnm )ll .. u-, 1.&, 10; fli'Uil"l l"nlt~ r~...uw-. " li. da.lo) II : n.&;ul'l!t of, ~...1. f,..n<odk-, 1·-n·f">t"S.ry, lo6. per. a.a,n.. fll. M; ..,., -.a br. ••.b. huiia at <I :O.I&to ... ~2; in....,... ~OIYUJ, ft llll&)JI o 111 l1.-.Jwr. f~l.-, ~; frota J"""'b and f'oMIII!f- h1dia. e.3; o.r.M'<'T1.J. H.

lii.Aa., t"jli, )1ft : tn ~ N 03.

llhll'U..hi. '>~bo-:n-d ~~ .... ;.

Hu..-nJa, tZI; es r~··tt&tot111 ol, 117.

Vu.s. 117 llfi!TWO .,.! .. h. 10Z.

._., r-:..~;.-Al, 1M.

If: -l!-.....c.&ltOn. 79.

' lllti4LJ';, ........ ; lat.f~~· ol. lM.

)fo:Jw.<Jj-..,._,..,, !-11. W•: ~:4 of, J'l-4: Lv...-'" of, 156: ",,....,, attnt,..~ II) P~ui.1~; al.c;,a ,..,.., t-41. +43, ._... ; •1 -1.lu:a.t.t<'11 d.a~ nf. 4-iA. 4-'>t-; Ia;;~~ ol, ~...;.. ... c-:'.

;,{.:,~:.,._; .... tlo.f, t'<..

~on.. 1•::.6; Mon Kh.m•r. 1Ji6-

W•-ar>¥.;<» 4W; tl&ita iD Ceoua.l lnd•a. .w«. lt'>tl-Kb£ H .~itin. , .. ~

JilOft(;I.J t Ia, 41,.

)for~> .-.. t .. ·mr-. WI.

~ortAJito;-, ratra ot. n; iw.atile, P"'"rJ't'fai. 711 in:a.nt.. a~n.rJ ..... ;18'1'

MotMr (,,Art.-, 3:t4; at B!.utiD BihN" • .ac;n,

H•~u!>h y, ••'J')I.fti, 4 It.

}1""""""".-11•.1!., •.• tmetusli ... r rl(·.,ulalic'n, 6. ~­

lt{U('!li(-.. 42.. )lunda. 151, J(f1, 4"0, •~I'.; .Jti,.d to Ora-<•n, 155.

Muni, Ult.

MoniriJ.'I&l llt'"mN!, 129.

.Monr<:J(.:Jit-., 40. Mur&r- t D flt.lain life, 1(,3.

Jhriia, t02. .MMiima, 171 ; lit..: rae~ ~f, l-10; truat«·• for fhndu t.cmpiea.

lS9. :\IJJJOr., 30, 36, 61; orit.,latati~tj,.., in, 78; ~ni&J>t ~ •

1'"'' .... t inn in, 99; ~··Iilli""' n,,..,..,m ... nt 10, tfiil : (eDIIUI Comt.uilllwnu ol Cqu~l.-d), 160.

INDEX. 515

R

N&gfl, 300, 4-•)0, 410, 496; langu&~ .... liSt; .. Hindus, i&4~ - Auo!l'ami,404.

Nag&ri, 153, 1M.

Nagel, Dr., 79.

Nag~da.,43.

Nai,183, 18Z. Nal, Ilk nil fnund at, 44r'l, U2 ; l'Oj'J)ef ton It IPX''B"'attd at,

4l\3j 4Mt1.

Namuudra., 441'1.

Nam budri, 4!lll.

Nana, 4.'if;ft.,4:'i0&

Nan• Phararl, tot. Nanja.n~ud, t 10.

N&Z'mor, palett. of, tl l.

Nual inde1, 4:Ht.

Navy, I~.

Nayadi, orna.rm.ul of, +46.

Nar-or. 4.'1A.

Nayt.u, 159,

N~uderthal, 413.

• Negrito, 10, :m~. ::1!17, 442 : tradition of. in .AMI&m, 4.4.1: in

P~nian Gulf, «2 ; and proto.auatralord. 444.

Nl·~. Ootoanil', ....W.

NNfi(•Ld, 433.

N...atori&na, 162.

Nr ._r, 40"l.

New Ddhi, 46.

New GuiM&. t:J7, ......

Ni.u, 401-l.

Ntrol • .r l~l&t•da. I&" n.llo in, 80; ya'ln, in 111 ; elepha.nti&Aia in, 108~~o.

Niool,.reM, 3H9, 40•\ 4M, 41.'1.,,

Nigeria., 1080 IU.

Nili ,.,/wwlru. 69.

Nlum'a Dominion•, 27.

North-W..e& Fronti .. r p..,\"ince, l!J.

Nudit~·. of .Jaina, UIJ.

0

01'cU)l&tion, in r<'Jatior> to (.,rtil!,\, 86 ;f'nom¥ratiuo ,.f, 112; .. la.~~aitic-atinn of I U, U7; aud '"'"'"• traditional. 1i8; of guropoa11,.,of Attglo-lndiana, ta4; "'ith n>feren~to ag(>, n.-. •rJJ:K t{) Ch•p. VIll.

Ocou pationa, diMtrih11tion of, 113, 118; '"'l'••>gious 117; rba.n~t"• and d!>l!IIJ'iration o{, U7; di~t riloution of in prnYin<!f't<, 118 ; di,tribut;nn of c-h&ng(>ll in, U9; ~ul,..id;...-y, Ull, 100; of dcp<'ndanh, 121 : of females, l2J,122; Ul8110ocif'lllly dt>~~t>ril~t•d. 119, 132.

Off11pring from clitl, .411.

Om~,41l.

Opium, 126; u a oauue c.f infantile mortality, 7?a.

Oraun, 151, 155, 164, .cna ;origin of, 445.

Orcivo.l, 40711.

Otcd.,al, by wntl"r, 4()2.

OriM&,148,

Oriya, 14, 148.

Otlub, 2a.

Outf.r branch of Indo-EurOJle&D languages, 167,

01·~rcrowding, 43, 61 ; in viltagNr, 51.

Ovei'!Wu, Ind.i&us, 62, 67,

Owners hi I' of lo.nd, 124.

p

Pllla~antllr~ J'Qlutift.u, 44.'1.

Pal&i.nlf, 160.

Paliyall, 444.

Pa.1m, oooonut,l24.

Pamilll, 28, 167 ; P origin of blood group B, 4l51, 452, 4!)().

Paniyan, 446.

P~W Chin Rao, 158, 174..

Po.phOII, 159.

Pt~rncA,n, 61.

Par~an. +«l. Pargiter, 440.

Paruurama, '-59.

P&r~~i, 169; literaoy o£,140; low birlh rate of, 169. P~~oRture, 124.

Patriliny. rlwlge to from matriliny, 3f~.

Patual!, 169.

PllB.ke and FleUI"'I, on Badarian cultuftl, 444.

Pea.rl'a Logistic Curve, arp!i!'d to Brngal, 41.

Pdl'e Law, 41.

Peehawv, (51.

r~trie, Sir Flindel"ll, quoted, 177.

Phallic culte, 393.

Pht:lf'niciA.102, 1M.

Pilgrimag.-e, j 63. Pi pal, 407.

Pirpantbis, 159.

Pi•acha, 4.')6 ; 1a.nguagea, 167 ; dia.lecte, 450,

Pitt Ri\-ers, 711.

Pl.&centa, u ~eat of external Bout. 113; eaten, 4l4n,

Plague,IU.

Plantain, tree. 413, 41411; ayuonymoua with human b4!ing, 414.

Pliny, 436, 458.

Police, 129.

P"lyaodr,~o·, 28, 90.

Polygamy, 90.

Polygyny, 90,

• Pont~W~o, "10Z.

Popul"tion, problem, 84; paychologic.al facto-r in, 35; rural, 49; floating, 86, 61 ; of Bengal, 42.

Porter, A. E., 41.

Porto Rko, 84 •

Poaaes&ion (dPmoni&eall, 4lG.

Post Ollice,l26.

Prabhua, br&l' hycephaly of, 450.

Pra.n Nath, Dr-1"­Pr.llikmw, 434, 459.

Prd!Jtl31la, 408. 410.

Pre-uss, K. T., 442..

'

Primitive trihea, ina.dequate repre.eentation of, 144, appen­di~ n. 502--508; number of, 1>02,503: religion of 1103; diRtrilltltion of, 503, 504 ; administra.tive problem of, 1i04-.'l07; references to provincial volumee, 507-508.

Priwotler8, 122. Privilege, Pauliue,101.

Profl'ssion&, olerical, 180, 138.

Propaganda, 1M.

Proatitutea,131, 182. Prostitution, why associated with strar.gem, 4Jf),

Proteats.nte, 159. Proto-austmloid, s.nd n1:111a.l indel!l:, 439; in India, 444.

l'rzyluaki, Prof. J., 166, 351, 300, 440, 457.

Ptolemy, 436.

•

11<41a., .t:• ~ j..la, ~~ ~. 2:2 i Pltltg:J'OW «''III'Ut•'l<• ~. Jt.J.

t.J-.a"' .. t17.

t.,......UL Ll.

...... iiL.

Q

a

--.. • :&--. • • dot :.!U~ IIi. an. t...~'ELfcr-1". iL

......... ~ .,.;.9,

~~ ... ~ ]( .,... ........ 11~-

L'~II; •z::r-.,t~ &-. il; ... ratio ia. Tl, • • ; .... ._" .,......,. .... fW •1-'FG- ... C~:o&p. \ Ul.

Z.;,aa.,., a..-.. ~~-...--s.

~"" a.. 1., ~ ~ f«'l M. ta/liN m, ION .p ~ a. tL

~- kL fUn~ 4)rj_ • z..---. ~A... tiL a..u.. an. ~ I It"- Jl td".mle...l;- i,. tt'1. f.,. ir:nr...':!C ____ ,.., liZ.

~.Atr--. tJL

~.r...;...;,T"&, ~ .. ~ 4'~

f...,j r x... tm, 151;- •~.t::r ~a nevw of. 151,. 1H • ~M~n. r-ar;T. u-- ttf, 171; of F...~r.-da. 1"~jiiF9~ A•ftal­.... ~.n.

P.,. ~.,_., ~' r.'t. ~----;- ~~·pr.Ae, 1&1.

~~~11- ·. f. -<@, ... 1-ul.,.., ~ ._,... .. ~~-t >r-1.. ~ -~ .. ...,_._ j5'f, 4::.i ; Ji.i!iU. IIJT.n of.~; ftJiJjna ~ "!m:. r -s d ......

~ ,...c, ·--.i. ~. ~-

L--;r. P'u E -r1.ert. ID:- auaJ m.d.t:sy ~­

L •H'1'. - e-•~" .., a: w~~. t.:-l.

"'•d. 4-4 '~-a.:.-.11 T n !";o.. 11.

f-.-- £.-.~:o;, r.JO.aa, t~

ki441iL

I:Mrk-~ <..&ool:d. lU. l,r_,~!~~ ~ 'J I. B.waJ f1<4Gla.liurJ, ....... ; pewtll of. II&, 88. P-.I;., ~A J. H., 77.

&-..... aJLnrt:.r ~ m.fiuq at. -v-1, ._52. ..-;.2 •.

!-v...N.,4-~-

~ .. /~ =m.ta., t&O, 161..

et. ... ~. t54.

I

("'Will.·~~- ... i .... ~.. ...............

~.nrw .• _..'\, 411!.; lilcora• l o,, Jtl.

1'\ar!la.ll, 1&1 •

~'-,...,~ .... !.

to..,......-.. fNotlh,oil'lll tnmlatrlfte •l. ..-•';' ...

krda Art. 10' ,.!l ... -1 r.l. 51-1, 511, vs_ H.

!i~k.r I R. Joi. ., 'i""f· ..... ·..&.

,..., '7'7. , ... .,, ... -.l.

8-.b•IU";, au. S.c:s-.,u • .-n • ., tY..

S.t_la~--rat• }!.,.._, 1~. S...•·• P.Mna.. t 11..5. ..... &1\t...W. J~

&•v&, t5L. J'llll, ''S. &.,..-,t ;o. 13.

~bmHJr, Fath..r, 4ltl

f...:IOI'nc .... uo . kri ,-t. lfiJ: Br-.l.mi. 25-4; 01:.-11 m~nt.o...i. HI ·~·IJ.L l.o

Chr• X.. Nyttu..lt. .._.,,

So-a, hJ..ana at. ee.. ~~ .. (~t,Wt. !SI.

~-~..d.41.

t;r, h.;.,. k., '71.

S--b-nll\, 3 ·7. -117.

S.lf rowll!l"'l!!K'nt.., n1 u• i< : ~..J. IT.

&-!,o.·ma.n. ••o Anl·ian br.,-l,:'-.--..!-h..J~, i 1:.?

So-nan. -ll3. •~ ~~.~. t-41..

lW-•t-11,{"1 ~\~'">cr. 'i" •t•d. 13fo, -wrl on o-rigia t~f l11Jiu p•,-w•t•"n. 4--t:,

!!-.-s.r .. llo, 11; of .. .,.,,.._..,"'..., :\f••J.e ... J•1..--d l'&-a, liO; iD ,...]alto"" ••• """'at•, .. ~ . ..& .r,.tta, 80; at ""pro­d•at:hwr '~"' 11. It~ 1A ""'!al 'WI l• • ..,.h., ll; in 1"1'4tion t.u wa <JI rit*t-l• .. rn.24; m rv-l•u • •u •·•~II C!l<mdtHon, 11; 10 u;rb.a •n-•. ~-

S., 1. of ,;,.. t . bom, 84.

fha.bdara (l~o~lbij. "6.

S1wr Ill" h. 102..

SbPkha••:. 71.

t:i~.a. 3~

Slwa.-Jir..l~.

BluuU1~ ~luu·~D> nt. 153, I~ 171. ,

~bi-.1'71.

!ii.~koL, rr&.~li uo1 f••m:ttl ••· 4-!'J. t-u: St<idi w ... rw.d, •t•PL t'l t. ~v. IY I 8tk-.nd.-.Lad (l'ntt~d }'-ro, :.n.- '- 61.

8ikM, 40. 77, 1$8: 9•u t'IJ,..~Int'IJI "} au.-..~ra d.U&n, 160 : Kc.h.-.lhu;, I~

Pikiim·.aa, aa. !\ilkwomlll, 124.

f:iind, 1&.

Sin I • ., .\rN'. Tl\rini, 77~.

EH.ter, +4tJ, t57.

fCm&U h•ildii'O:"· 84.

~m6.1l f't'-'llo t 11.

f>nallf" ('IJlt. J!t:l, :t9-4.

,qr,J.:M, 41.''t

or. 81 ; &h&j-

lND_EX. 517

Soul, idt nti Hed w~tb oh·..i<•1\', 4~13: loe&tnd in k>re~ad. 404 ; u ma01 1,in .t.ull: locah•d m l.h" b.,JI.d, ~119; In in8ee!h •'"·· 4111; euul.lllo(•~rt·JI, w•w<:l~n. ~illtl, +'10, 4VI ; metal, 40:.! -&H7' ~nul·toAtf4"r, Iilii, :J!t'l, av~. -w~. of.Utl; all ff'lrtilieer, .wr> ~ Kan.-u drx:trin .. uf, 4011, 410; in apring bunt, 416,

1117.

8ou1.b Afrka, 84, 87.

S'tllthun India, langnage~ of, t65.

S~i&l Xarrlate (1-m(lndmen~) bill, tot. Squ.t\e"- &1,

Bta.ndard•, 1\,m&D, Moogoli.n. 41 3".

Stein, i'ir AUl'ef,+eo, CliO: di..-o""et of In Zbob "alley, flll; in Gedrotoia., tot.

s~rility, as. Stone1, u fertiliun~, ~7. 411S.

Str•bo, quote-d, 102, 3116,4')2.

l-It. Fivro, chair of, 4fJ7ft.

St. G«~'l1e Dumet.riue. 15!il.

81. Ther-e .. '• ptit.i~l, 414.

f:llhl'&•eo~il.r, Dr. H., 77.

8Yl•J9Qt-a, 3il7. .. . , Suruer, acri pi or. tS4 1 it1 rd.tioh io Deluge luge.,d,. 156.

Snlt•tri..na, 4(-f, 1\ Stlll trOTihi p, 3{1~

Sorrlh&rg, 7&. 1

8u110i, 171.

Surtival rat... H.

s-tir% 123.

• SwiM', luu~u"'J"',

sypllili-. ut. Syrian,_,,,.,;~ •• 1a RyriAD ('o()ddeM,lO~ WI, -411,

,

Ttl.lohilu .:lt'tffiDJuay, 11\!.;oato,d origin of, 416.

T~mu•~79. i

·'!',.uin~. 51.

Tan.:im mu'I"<Jini'Yif,169,

TaiUirilfJ BmAm.J~J<~o 3!)

TaunH._, 124.

Tea, 12,..; g&rdeWI, fi7, &8

Tl'lt>grnpb, t2@. ~ Telephone, 126.

Tcli, ·~rcby unto~K~hahleo, 4

Telugu, 148, ·l.'i6: &b.qenrm o a«lhyoephaly ~~omong, 4116.

Tciiantl, t:M. \

Ten urea, 124.

Tha.do, 404.

T-co-nid.

Thomu, Mr. E., 164. --.

1'hllr!ltQn, 440• 453,

1'i(l8ra., language, UiO,

TobaollO indiUtry, 123, 128. •

Toddy gro~er.. 128. ~'

Tongue, u ee1.t of life, 40211,

Tonwv,78.

Toteroiam, 411, ~12, 413, 414.: ~nct'ptional theory of, 412; ~c1a~d W1lb fvod rl!lltnctionl, 412. 414: in connection with externaJ 110ul, 412, •U3.

Tra;.1hom.., 108.

Trade,128.

Tran&porL, 137 : me&ne or; 126. 128; by rGa.d, by rail, by Y!lter, fly air. 126 ; motor, 126, 127, S31. ·

'ln.v!ln<.-ore, 2t; denllity a!lrlcultural, M; 1.bolition of Deva· d&llia in, 102 ; eleph&ntillllia in, 1081l, UO ; agee of WOJ'kera in, .8e4l app:L to Vha.p. vm

Trihc.-, t73; return of by (,'h,Nti6ml, 181,

Trillo, :Primitive, •u Primitive T:ribee.

Tribal, religion.s, decr.-aee in, 1M. 178; languages. tiU, 376. ,

Trimulghery, 45 •

Trinidad, 67,

Tripur& l:itllte, 18.

Trobrland hluda, 4J2.

Troo ptt, British, 184.

T1aktlljp, 150.

Tubetcu.lo&ie, 111.

Tucci, Prof-or, 304.

Turi, 161.

Udui Badhua,164.

UgBDda, 87.

Unemployment, Ult >of eduoat.ed. 148.

llnitl)d Pro-riDCPB, 23: pnugra.tion from, 63, 59; aubeidiary 1100DJ:&tions ill, tOO ; language& in, H9, 158.

Unit!lrillJIJ!, 17!1. r

Unproductive. :183.

Ur, 437, olUI; doliohoceoph&lie ek.ulla of, 441.

Ura.li, -142.

Urban rcpnla.tion, 86 ; total, 38 l definition of, 87; eex pi'O. port tone, 89; all intlucnoe.f by reliQ.nn, race, rainfall, 46.

v

Vama,434. I

Veddah, 1.kull of, 441. • Vedi{l ritell, aurrivaJ, of 10oial elernfiDt.B in, 39~.

Village oommnnity. 436; ~ooupallon of. oi36.

Vishnu, origin of, 407.

Vyllll.,o&M.

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W;ow:en:L . .<I' 1.:., ill; quoto>d. 41.:'.

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dur-. A<'~ ,,f_ 90.

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rrr .,,,;,, Ll7. W .- 'M'r. J 12, !1 4, 115.

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